StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Shem	Sem (Bible)	Shem (; "Šēm") was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature.	Sem (en hébreu moderne : שם, "Shem" ou "Sêm" ; arabe : سام, "Sām" ; signifiant « nom, renommée, prospérité ») est un personnage de la Genèse, le premier livre de la Bible. Il est un des trois fils de Noé, et le frère de Cham et Japhet.	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Visible spectrum	Spectre visible	The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to 740 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 405–790 THz.	Le spectre visible est la partie du spectre électromagnétique visible pour l'humain. Le spectre d'une lumière est le résultat de son analyse spectrale.	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Japheth	Japhet	Japheth ( "Yép̄eṯ", in pausa "Yā́p̄eṯ"; ""; ), is one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis, in which he plays a role in the story of Noah's drunkenness and the curse of Ham, and subsequently in the Table of Nations as the ancestor of the peoples of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, and elsewhere. In medieval and early modern European tradition he was considered to be the progenitor of European and, later, East Asian peoples.	Japhet (en hébreu יפת, en arabe يافث, "Yapht" signifiant « ouvert », « qu'il s'élargisse », « qu'il mette au large ») est un personnage de la Genèse dans la Bible. Il est, avec Sem et Cham, un des trois fils de Noé. Il est, selon la "Table des peuples", l’ancêtre des Japhétiques, des nations vivant au nord de la mer Méditerranée dans l'actuelle Europe.	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Put (biblical figure)	Pout	Phut or Put ( "pûṭ"; Septuagint Greek "Phoud") is the third son of Ham (one of the sons of Noah), in the biblical Table of Nations (Genesis ; cf. 1 Chronicles ). The name Put (or Phut) refers to the homeland of the Amazigh, it is also used in the Bible for the people or nation said to be descended from him, placed in Ancient Libya, but a few scholars proposed the Land of Punt known from Ancient Egyptian annals.	Pout (en hébreu פוט, dans la Septante Φουδ "Phoud", "Puth" dans la Bible de Louis Segond, parfois également transcrit en "Phut") est un personnage de l’Ancien Testament de la Bible.	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Scattering	Diffusion des ondes	Atoms or molecules which are exposed to light absorb light energy and re-emit light in different directions with different intensity. This phenomenon is an example of scattering, a general physical process where quanta of some form, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergoes scattering are often called "diffuse reflections" and unscattered reflections are called "specular" (mirror-like) reflections.	La diffusion est le phénomène par lequel un rayonnement, comme la lumière, le son ou un faisceau de particules, est dévié dans diverses directions par une interaction avec d'autres objets. La diffusion peut être isotrope, c'est-à-dire répartie uniformément dans toutes les directions, ou anisotrope. En particulier, la fraction de l'onde incidente qui est retournée dans la direction d'où elle provient est appelée rétrodiffusion ("backscatter" en anglais). La diffusion peut s'effectuer avec ou sans variation de fréquence. On parle de diffusion inélastique dans le premier cas, élastique dans le second. La polarisation du rayonnement incident peut être modifiée par la diffusion.	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Cape Town	Le Cap	Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad ; Xhosa: "iKapa;") is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa. Colloquially named the Mother City, it is the largest city of the Western Cape province and forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town. The other two capitals are located in Pretoria (the executive capital where the Presidency is based) and Bloemfontein (the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located). The city is known for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape's population. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.	Le Cap (,, en xhosa : "") est une ville d'Afrique du Sud, capitale de la colonie du Cap (1652-1910) puis de la province du Cap (1910-1994). Elle est actuellement la capitale provinciale du Cap-Occidental.	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HTML editor	Éditeur HTML	An HTML editor is a program for editing HTML, the markup of a web page. Although the HTML markup in a web page can be controlled with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors handle not only HTML, but also related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version control systems such as Subversion or Git. Many word processing, graphic design and page layout programs that are not dedicated to web design, such as Microsoft Word or Quark XPress, also have the ability to function as HTML editors.	Un éditeur HTML, ou éditeur web, est un logiciel conçu pour faciliter la préparation et la modification de documents écrits en (HTML). Un document HTML est le principal composant d'une page web. 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Reflection (physics)	Réflexion (physique)	Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The "law of reflection" says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.	La réflexion en physique est le brusque changement de direction d'une onde à l'interface de deux milieux. Après réflexion l'onde reste dans son milieu de propagation initial. De multiples types d'onde peuvent subir une réflexion, ainsi, les ondes électromagnétiques se réfléchissent sur les diélectriques ou les métaux, créant une réflexion vitreuse ou une réflexion métallique, les ondes acoustiques peuvent se réfléchir, ce qui est à l'origine de l'écho par exemple, les ondes électriques peuvent se réfléchir au raccord entre les câbles et les ondes mécaniques, telles les vagues ou les ondes sismiques peuvent aussi subir ce phénomène.	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La Voisin	La Voisin	Catherine Monvoisin, or Montvoisin, née "Deshayes", known as "La Voisin" (c. 1640 – February 22, 1680), was a French fortune teller, commissioned poisoner, and professional provider of alleged sorcery. She was the head of a network of fortune tellers in Paris providing poison, aphrodisiacs, abortion, purported magical services and the arranging of black masses, with clients among the aristocracy, and became the central figure in the famous "affaire des poisons". Her purported organization of commissioned black magic and poison murder was suspected to have killed 1000 people, but it is believed that upwards of 2500 people might have been murdered.	Catherine Deshayes, dite la Voisin (Paris, vers 1640 – Paris, ), est une tueuse en série (empoisonneuse) française, prétendue sorcière, mêlée à l'affaire des poisons.	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Affair of the Poisons	Affaire des poisons	The Affair of the Poisons ("L'affaire des poisons") was a major murder scandal in France during the reign of King Louis XIV. Between 1677 and 1682, a number of prominent members of the aristocracy were implicated and sentenced on charges of poisoning and witchcraft. The scandal reached into the inner circle of the king. It led to the execution of 36 people.	L'affaire des poisons est une série de scandales impliquant des empoisonnements survenus entre 1679 et 1682, sous le règne de Louis XIV, et qui secouèrent Paris et la Cour. Plusieurs personnalités éminentes de l’aristocratie furent impliquées, et ces affaires installèrent un climat hystérique de « chasse aux sorcières » et aux empoisonneuses.	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Wide area information server	Wide Area Information Servers	Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) is a client–server text searching system that uses the ANSI Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications" (Z39.50:1988) to search index databases on remote computers. It was developed in the late 1980s as a project of Thinking Machines, Apple Computer, Dow Jones, and KPMG Peat Marwick.	Wide Area Information Servers, ou Service, ou System ou Searching, aussi connu sous l'acronyme WAIS, est un système informatique client-serveur permettant à un logiciel client WAIS de se connecter à un serveur répertoriant des bases de données documentaires distribuées sur un réseau informatique et de lancer une recherche dans le texte des documents. Les recherches peuvent s'effectuer par mots clés ou en langage courant. La réponse est donnée sous la forme d'une liste de documents consultables triés par ordre de pertinence. WAIS utilise une extension du protocole de communication ANSI Z39.50.	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Moses Finley	Moses Finley	Sir Moses Isaac Finley, FBA (born Finkelstein; 20 May 1912 – 23 June 1986) was an American-born British academic and classical scholar. His prosecution by the McCarran Security Committee led to his move to England, where he became an English classical scholar and eventually master of Darwin College, Cambridge. His most notable work is "The Ancient Economy" (1973), where he argued that the economy in antiquity was governed by status and civic ideology rather than rational economic motivations.	Moses Immanuel Finley, né en 1912 à New York et mort en 1986, est un historien d'origine américaine naturalisé britannique en 1962, spécialiste de l'Antiquité grecque.	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Fusarium wilt	Fusariose	Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticillium wilt. This disease has been investigated extensively since the early years of this century. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is "Fusarium oxysporum" ("F. oxysporum"). The species is further divided into "formae speciales" based on host plant.	Les fusarioses sont des maladies fongiques courantes des végétaux, et parfois de l'animal. Elles sont causées par certains champignons décomposeurs couramment présents dans le sol, du genre "Fusarium" (deutéromycète) mais ayant dans ces cas un développement parasitaire.	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Fusarium	Fusarium	Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these "Fusarium" species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some "Fusarium" species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.	Fusarium est un genre de champignons imparfaits (deutéromycètes). Les formes parfaites (téléomorphes) de quelques espèces de "Fusarium" sont connues, et appartiennent à la classe des Ascomycètes (ordre des Hypocréales, famille des Nectriacées, genres "Gibberella", "Calonectria", et "Nectria"). Pour plusieurs espèces de "Fusarium", le stade parfait demeure inconnu.	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Place de la Concorde	Place de la Concorde	The Place de la Concorde () is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring in area, it is the largest square in the French capital. It is located in the city's eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées. It was the site of many notable public executions, including the execution of King Louis XVI, during the French Revolution.	La place de la Concorde, avec 8,64 hectares, est la plus grande place de Paris. Le nom aurait été choisi par le Directoire pour marquer la réconciliation des Français après les excès de la Terreur.	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Asparagus	Asperge	Asparagus, or garden asparagus, folk name sparrow grass, scientific name Asparagus officinalis, is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus "Asparagus". Its young shoots are used as a spring vegetable.	L'asperge est une plante de la famille des "Asparagaceae" originaire de l'est du bassin méditerranéen. Connue des Romains, elle est cultivée comme plante potagère en France depuis le. Le terme désigne aussi ses pousses comestibles, qui proviennent de rhizomes d'où partent chaque année les bourgeons souterrains ou turions qui donnent naissance à des tiges s'élevant entre.	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Camillien Houde	Camillien Houde	Camillien Houde (13 August 1889 – 11 September 1958) was a Quebec politician, a Member of Parliament, and a four-time mayor of Montreal – one of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government.	Camillien Houde, né le et décédé le à Montréal, est un homme politique québécois. Il a été député à l'Assemblée législative du Québec, maire de Montréal, chef du Parti conservateur du Québec et député à la Chambre des communes du Canada. De 1923 à 1947, il fut l'un des principaux adversaires des gouvernements de Taschereau et de Duplessis. Son opposition à la politique d'enregistrement pour service militaire décrétée par le gouvernement fédéral canadien de King en 1940 lui valut son internement sans procès dans un camp de concentration sur l'Ile-Sainte-Hélène à Montréal, pendant quatre ans avec les Italiens de Montréal aussi détenu à cet endroit. La répression dont il fut l'objet lui acquit l'estime populaire et en fit une légende vivante.	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Maildir	Maildir	The Maildir e-mail format is a common way of storing email messages in which each message is stored in a separate file with a unique name, and each mail folder is a file system directory. The local file system handles file locking as messages are added, moved and deleted. A major design goal of Maildir is to eliminate the need for program code to handle file locking and unlocking.	Maildir est une structure de répertoires particulière, qui est utilisée pour sauvegarder des courriers électroniques. Maildir a été créé par Daniel J. Bernstein lors du développement de son serveur de messagerie électronique : Qmail.	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Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)	Ministère de l'Intérieur (Russie)	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MIA of Russia,, МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia. Emperor Alexander I of Russia founded its predecessor in 1802 in Imperial Russia. The Ministry has its headquarters in Moscow.	Le ministère de l'Intérieur de Russie a pour sigle MVD (МВД), "Ministerstvo Vnoutrennikh Diel" ( ; ) dans la Russie actuelle comme dans l'ex-URSS. Cet organe a connu de nombreux remaniements.	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Constitutive equation	Loi de comportement	In physics and engineering, a constitutive equation or constitutive relation is a relation between two physical quantities (especially kinetic quantities as related to kinematic quantities) that is specific to a material or substance, and approximates the response of that material to external stimuli, usually as applied fields or forces. They are combined with other equations governing physical laws to solve physical problems; for example in fluid mechanics the flow of a fluid in a pipe, in solid state physics the response of a crystal to an electric field, or in structural analysis, the connection between applied stresses or forces to strains or deformations.	Les lois de comportement de la matière, étudiées en science des matériaux et notamment en mécanique des milieux continus, visent à modéliser le comportement des fluides ou solides par des lois empiriques lors de leur déformation.	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Pelops	Pélops	In Greek mythology, Pelops (; ) was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region (, "Pelops' Island"). His father, Tantalus, was the founder of the House of Atreus through Pelops's son of that name.	Dans la mythologie grecque, Pélops (en grec ancien, étymologie obscure), fils de Tantale et Dioné (ou d'Euryanassa selon les auteurs), est l'ancêtre des Atrides à Mycènes et donna son nom au Péloponnèse. Il fut aussi l'éromène de Poséidon. Il est principalement connu dans l'Antiquité pour l'épreuve de course de chars qu'il remporte contre le roi de Pise Œnomaos afin d'obtenir la main de sa fille Hippodamie.	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Matroska	Matroska	The Matroska Multimedia Container is a free, open-standard container format, a file format that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file. It is a universal format for storing common multimedia content, like movies or TV shows. Matroska is similar in concept to other containers like AVI, MP4, or Advanced Systems Format (ASF), but is entirely open in specification, with implementations consisting mostly of open source software. Matroska file extensions are.MKV for video (which may or may not include subtitles and audio),.MK3D for stereoscopic video,.MKA for audio-only files, and.MKS for subtitles only.	Matroska (du russe ', matriochka, poupée russe, ou MKV"') est un format de fichier multimédia, multiplate-forme et "ouvert". Il est mis à disposition du grand public gratuitement depuis le. Le format WebM reprend certaines de ses spécificités.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 13452, 509, 171530, 98, 305, 14487, 5726, 237, 10, 100, 92, 111, 70, 188516, 34749, 20037, 60972, 15, 32557, 919, 247, 7103, 217573, 9035, 17721, 276, 84683, 37105, 106001, 239, 2619, 82102, 3218, 74141, 136, 33662, 9, 188, 9, 372, 911, 2955, 937, 14037, 56, 41550, 339, 63624, 1672, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 5443, 510, 55356, 54092, 1294, 36939, 83658, 15, 24162, 39456, 16, 64457, 111, 10, 2394, 6635, 9384, 5, 3293, 60754, 297, 678, 10, 13007, 15477, 127, 552, 6238, 36356, 390, 70, 276, 84683, 25, 7, 37105, 106001, 100, 1919, 116338, 4516, 4, 20271, 3129, 2684, 111, 70, 26908, 69405, 39666, 3674, 47, 70, 3525, 13452, 5, 360, 36404, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 70, 4002, 594, 18215, 64, 10248, 9384, 2806, 186, 35509, 98, 10, 60641, 111, 70, 911, 2955, 937, 116419, 9384, 25842, 678, 6, 41195, 1019, 1202, 136, 4855, 6454, 18215, 5, 2161, 1936, 18374, 27580, 7244, 39563, 297, 450, 3773, 209, 2806, 8060, 27544, 56349, 136, 911, 2955, 937, 1810, 111, 70, 16530, 4, 59499, 47, 10, 63805, 1295, 25203, 62, 202, 4, 70, 57724, 111, 7244, 16556, 1916, 84837, 10760, 25, 7, 11809, 136, 202483, 7, 11399, 5, 3773, 209, 101044, 289, 1914, 22751, 6, 121137, 16193, 4598, 49814, 13651, 17366, 8060, 100, 27544, 56349, 136, 911, 2955, 937, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 6, 24162, 39456, 114864, 111938, 100, 22690, 9384, 65572, 5, 581, 911, 2955, 937, 7175, 1556, 36510, 297, 3060, 111, 2363, 4989, 9, 32166, 109458, 98, 984, 306, 1126, 5, 1478, 136, 126442, 1409, 32134, 4738, 7, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 25632, 621, 44, 519, 16765, 830, 959, 204988, 144573, 66139, 4, 111, 911, 2955, 937, 12, 360, 49129, 35412, 90, 621, 70, 10778, 90, 111, 6097, 4331, 109458, 5, 911, 2955, 937, 83, 8060, 297, 390, 10, 351, 9, 39348, 53702, 23, 9942, 15, 107035, 37135, 91255, 247, 136, 70, 71679, 5256, 621, 9803, 47, 30309, 5, 581, 911, 2955, 937, 13452, 83, 10, 121678, 939, 9, 32087, 9803, 5570, 450, 83, 4092, 47, 4527, 4, 136, 6863, 121392, 71679, 5256, 621, 19882, 100, 14375, 136, 60091, 4527, 5, 581, 911, 2955, 937, 34754, 7175, 86872, 7, 6863, 35773, 10484, 1379, 70, 20217, 21130, 4, 678, 366, 6953, 136, 11301, 12620, 35773, 10484, 19882, 1379, 335, 22916, 86872, 7, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 911, 2955, 937, 15, 693, 142209, 242, 4, 50944, 3581, 161, 4, 160, 2037, 4170, 142209, 4, 628, 276, 64831, 58, 25, 16, 437, 51, 9384, 8, 110267, 6024, 109170, 4, 6024, 92558, 9, 48429, 82, 44, 796, 11549, 740, 891, 437, 1239, 253, 50745, 115, 9963, 3835, 196249, 13106, 95, 5, 636, 9384, 4002, 594, 456, 41733, 67193, 8, 3401, 231433, 11044, 16681, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Duchy of Saxony	Duché de Saxe	The Duchy of Saxony (, ) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804. Upon the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Saxony was one of the five German stem duchies of East Francia; Duke Henry the Fowler was elected German king in 919.	Le duché de Saxe était un des cinq duchés ethniques germaniques de la Francie orientale, fondé au. Ce duché médiéval couvrait le nord du royaume de Germanie, s'étendant sur le territoire des tribus saxonnes entre les rives du Rhin inférieur et l'Elbe. Les domaines de la Saxe primitive ont été conquis par les forces de Charlemagne dans la guerre des Saxons jusqu'en 804 et progressivement intégrés à l'Empire carolingien.	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KGB	KGB	The KGB (), translated in English as the Committee for State Security, was the secret police force that was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. As a direct successor of preceding agencies such as the Cheka, NKGB, NKVD and MGB, the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", carrying out internal security, intelligence and secret-police functions. Similar agencies operated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russian SFSR, with many associated ministries, state committees and state commissions.	Le KGB (КГБ), sigle du russe "Komitet gossoudarstvennoï bezopasnosti" ( ), soit le "Comité pour la Sécurité de l'État", est le principal service de renseignement de l'URSS post-stalinienne. À l'intérieur de cet État, il avait également la fonction de police politique. Du au, le KGB, dont le quartier-général est domicilié au 2, place Félix-Dzerjinski à Moscou, fut l'organisation chargée de la sécurité de l'URSS, de la police secrète et du renseignement.	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Hans Urs von Balthasar	Hans Urs von Balthasar	Hans Urs von Balthasar (12 August 1905–26 June 1988) was a Swiss theologian and Catholic priest who is considered an important Roman Catholic theologian of the 20th century.	Hans Urs von Balthasar, né à Lucerne (Suisse) le et mort à Bâle (Suisse) le, est un prêtre catholique suisse du diocèse de Coire. Jésuite de 1928 à 1950, il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands théologiens chrétiens du. Créé cardinal par Jean-Paul II en 1988, il meurt quelques jours avant d'en recevoir les insignes.	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Bourgeoisie	Bourgeoisie	Bourgeoisie (; ) is a polysemous French term that can mean: The "bourgeoisie" in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charter, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie "outside the walls of the city" beyond which the people were "peasants" submitted to the stately courts and manorialism (except for the traveling "fair bourgeoisie" living outside urban territories, who retained their city rights and domicile).	Le mot bourgeoisie a un sens qui varie selon les époques : La « bourgeoisie », dans son sens premier, est donc intimement liée à l'existence des villes reconnues comme telles par leurs chartes urbaines ; il n'y avait donc pas de bourgeoisie « hors les murs de la cité » au-delà desquels les habitants étaient des « manants » soumis aux juridictions et aux corvées seigneuriales (à l'exception de la « bourgeoisie foraine » habitant hors du territoire urbain, mais y ayant conservé ses droits).	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Classical music	Musique classique	Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a more precise term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from before the 6th century AD to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period.	La musique classique désigne pour le grand public l'ensemble de la musique occidentale savante d'origine liturgique et séculière, par opposition à la musique populaire, depuis la musique médiévale à nos jours. On suggère que l’expansion de l'industrie musicale de la seconde moitié de XX siècle est à l’origine du changement de terminologie : l'adjectif « classique » remplace l'adjectif « savante » utilisé auparavant, afin de rompre avec la perception des pratiques liées à ce genre musical.	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Caltha palustris	Populage des marais	Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.	Le Populage des marais, Caltha des marais ou encore Souci d'eau ("Caltha palustris") est une espèce de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des Renonculacées. C'est l'espèce type du genre "Caltha".	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Chanson de geste	Chanson de geste	The chanson de geste (, from Latin "deeds, actions accomplished") is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, before the emergence of the lyric poetry of the trouvères (troubadours) and the earliest verse romances. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250.	Une chanson de geste est un récit versifié (un long poème) le plus souvent en décasyllabes ou, plus tardivement, en alexandrins, assonancés regroupés en laisses (strophes présentant la même assonance, de taille variable), relatant des exploits guerriers appartenant, le plus souvent, au passé.	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Virgin Cola	Virgin Cola	Virgin Cola was a carbonated cola soft drink and was launched in 1994. The beverage became popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and caught the attention of Coca-Cola, who subsequently began to create lucrative deals with stockists to sway them from carrying Virgin; this meant that whilst the Virgin Cola brand had become popular, it began to decline and fade into obscurity, and by the late 2000s was only available in limited locations. After being discontinued in the UK, it still existed overseas for a short time before ceasing existence.	Virgin Cola était une marque de cola appartenant au groupe anglais Virgin et concurrente de Coca-Cola et Pepsi-Cola. Virgin Cola a été lancée en Grande-Bretagne en 1994 et son image a été endossée par Nicole Richie, Nicky Hilton, et Ashlee Simpson.	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Veronica filiformis	Véronique filiforme	Veronica filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is known by many common names, including slender speedwell, creeping speedwell, threadstalk speedwell and Whetzel weed. It is native to eastern Europe and western Asia, and it is known in many other regions as an introduced species.	La Véronique filiforme "(Veronica filiformis)" est l'une des 200 espèces de plantes du genre "Veronica". Ce genre, traditionnellement classé dans la famille des Scrofulariacées, est aujourd'hui situé dans celle des Plantaginacées.	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Supermarine Spitfire	Supermarine Spitfire	The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations, and it was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire continues to be popular among enthusiasts; nearly 60 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.	Le Supermarine Spitfire (en anglais "cracheur de feu", mais aussi au sens figuré "soupe au lait" ou "mégère", d'où "dragon" également) est l'un des chasseurs monoplaces les plus utilisés par la RAF et par les Alliés pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il donna lieu à une diversification et à une multiplicité de versions jamais atteinte auparavant dans l'histoire de l'aviation.	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Magisterium	Magistère de l'Église catholique	The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to give authentic interpretation of the Word of God, "whether in its written form or in the form of Tradition." According to the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church, the task of interpretation is vested uniquely in the Pope and the bishops, though the concept has a complex history of development. Scripture and Tradition "make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church", and the magisterium is not independent of this, since "all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed is derived from this single deposit of faith."	Le Magistère de l'Église (du latin "magister", « celui qui enseigne, le maître ») désigne l'autorité en matière de morale et de foi de l'ensemble des évêques et spécialement du pape, sur les fidèles catholiques.	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Lavrentiy Beria	Lavrenti Beria	Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (; ;, ; – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security, sexual predator, and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941. He later officially joined the Politburo in 1946.	Lavrenti Pavlovitch Beria ("Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria", en géorgien : ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია ; "Lavrentiï Pavlovitch Beria", en russe : Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия), né le à Merkheoul (Empire russe, actuelle république séparatiste d'Abkhazie) et mort le à Moscou, est un homme politique soviétique. Né dans une famille pauvre, il est une figure-clé du pouvoir soviétique de 1938 à 1953. Chef du NKVD en premier lieu, il est à ce titre l'un des responsables du massacre de Katyń. Il est par la suite membre du Politburo de 1946 à sa mort, et contrôle l'ensemble de la sécurité intérieure et extérieure de l'Union soviétique.	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Recursive acronym	Sigles auto-référentiels	A recursive acronym is an acronym that refers to itself. The term was first used in print in 1979 in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid", in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning "GOD Over Djinn", to help explain infinite series, and describes it as a recursive acronym. Other references followed, however the concept was used as early as 1968 in John Brunner's science fiction novel "Stand on Zanzibar". In the story, the acronym EPT (Education for Particular Task) later morphed into "Eptification for Particular Task".	Les sigles auto-référentiels sont des sigles qui font appel à la récursivité et plus précisément à l'auto-référence dans un procédé de mise en abyme littéraire. On parle aussi d'autonymie. On trouve des sigles récursifs essentiellement en développement informatique et en sciences de la nature.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 242122, 4, 142, 39395, 40250, 23, 70, 114831, 26908, 15, 157225, 538, 99, 78999, 16, 509, 47, 55076, 10, 15322, 5264, 7, 136, 1563, 105160, 14, 21094, 450, 15005, 2822, 16000, 79850, 47, 61261, 707, 47, 3789, 1563, 105160, 14, 21094, 5, 181799, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 27781, 23, 903, 43701, 46, 1295, 23936, 46, 83, 70, 4420, 42, 45757, 44, 53049, 127, 992, 3675, 438, 18621, 830, 3129, 509, 75935, 47, 98363, 276, 1619, 4, 136, 10, 12960, 14432, 509, 15226, 5281, 47, 44, 594, 1619, 992, 3675, 438, 18621, 740, 1650, 158930, 98, 237, 10, 195625, 5844, 75101, 23, 70, 27211, 214, 46876, 384, 166979, 5, 360, 27193, 707, 25695, 21449, 384, 59537, 24073, 54390, 618, 2071, 11205, 384, 166979, 74054, 142, 30391, 100, 61707, 294, 4084, 59121, 15, 2940, 24, 4806, 16, 390, 91308, 85522, 5, 3293, 191722, 70, 6626, 78999, 1261, 7008, 68311, 30391, 7, 35839, 241, 25585, 24073, 647, 25585, 2071, 11205, 85269, 4439, 830, 30839, 100, 44, 3630, 18939, 136, 567, 24592, 568, 24073, 1511, 24592, 568, 5282, 241, 25585, 360, 1890, 25958, 830, 30839, 100, 44, 55547, 51029, 32255, 3542, 134629, 390, 22758, 87428, 73094, 25, 7, 165132, 15, 724, 33261, 25, 7, 11205, 992, 4084, 194, 52455, 27060, 2843, 26698, 40907, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 8, 93, 16765, 450, 70, 13580, 61924, 71, 83, 707, 3332, 195, 13566, 9844, 37076, 15, 143321, 70, 13580, 61924, 71, 14602, 23, 15824, 102337, 40099, 707, 83, 3853, 16406, 4126, 1295, 247, 47, 117414, 450, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 21373, 31075, 4, 442, 509, 117781, 1295, 70, 1528, 98, 3129, 442, 509, 35509, 5, 893, 110680, 27781, 135179, 23, 10, 28506, 7986, 14137, 98, 2053, 45646, 7, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 74189, 9, 196651, 159, 60436, 20113, 83, 11814, 47, 61924, 70, 234873, 7, 45252, 297, 23, 70, 7986, 5, 44, 294, 60436, 20113, 58, 83, 63043, 297, 47, 186, 10, 351, 9, 11, 15322, 24078, 238, 9351, 4, 1284, 44, 115044, 289, 99942, 25647, 765, 2809, 42459, 297, 58, 237, 14700, 66, 63239, 111, 70, 9351, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 157666, 83, 44, 140498, 27958, 1314, 15901, 853, 3181, 2822, 47, 70829, 159, 60436, 20113, 740, 15, 100231, 27781, 83, 6, 46741, 195625, 5844, 16, 31384, 53702, 7, 765, 2809, 24, 4806, 707, 120514, 4806, 23, 903, 3917, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 1734, 1144, 1577, 1809, 9, 4273, 32395, 21616, 14794, 2045, 224, 1144, 1577, 569, 12401, 35068, 253, 21, 3537, 48650, 155129, 82, 1001, 236879, 253, 96, 25, 8913, 9, 4273, 32395, 6620, 807, 51, 10402, 94627, 8, 17752, 22, 2314, 282, 5794, 4757, 9459, 5, 2161, 48294, 5206, 104, 25, 8913, 24078, 13, 5, 2161, 24215, 224, 1144, 1577, 3537, 48650, 70253, 134872, 674, 22, 40559, 165796, 82, 22, 41664, 7, 8, 21, 31425, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Opéra Bastille	Opéra Bastille	The Opéra Bastille (, "Bastille Opera House") is a modern opera house in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. Inaugurated in 1989 as part of President François Mitterrand's "Grands Travaux", it became the main facility of the Paris National Opera, France's principal opera company, alongside the older Palais Garnier; most opera performances are shown at the Bastille along with some ballet performances and symphony concerts, while Palais Garnier presents a mix of opera and ballet performances.	L’opéra Bastille est une salle d’opéra moderne située sur la place de la Bastille à Paris. Elle a été conçue par Carlos Ott et inaugurée en 1989 à l'occasion des festivités du bicentenaire de la Révolution dans le cadre des grands travaux pour Paris. C’est avec l’opéra Garnier l’une des deux salles constituant l'Opéra de Paris, institution publique française dont la mission est de mettre en œuvre la représentation de spectacles lyriques ou de ballet, de haute qualité artistique.	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Mission Chicago	Opération Chicago	Mission Chicago was a pre-dawn glider-borne combat assault in the American airborne landings in Normandy, made by elements of the 101st Airborne Division on the early morning of June 6, 1944 during the Normandy landings of World War II. It was part of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord. Originally slated to be the main assault for the 101st Airborne Division, the glider operation instead became the first reinforcement mission after the main parachute combat assault, Mission Albany. Because the area of responsibility for the division was in close proximity to Utah Beach, the use of glider reinforcement was limited in scale, with most division support units transported by sea.	Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'opération Chicago est un renfort à l'opération Albany. Elle consista en un parachutage et atterrissage de planeurs de la Division Aéroportée US américaine à Vierville en Normandie dans la nuit du. Cette opération faisait partie intégrante du débarquement de Normandie (opération Overlord).	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Encyclical	Encyclique	An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from Late Latin "encyclios" (from Latin "encyclius", a Latinization of Greek "enkyklios" meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).	Une encyclique (en latin "encyclia", de l'adjectif grec / d'après /, « cercle ») est une lettre adressée par le pape à tous les évêques, et parfois également à l'ensemble des fidèles. C'est une lettre « circulaire ».	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Mid-ocean ridge	Dorsale (géologie)	A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It typically has a depth of ~ and rises about two kilometers above the deepest portion of an ocean basin. This feature is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary. The rate of seafloor spreading determines the morphology of the crest of the mid-ocean ridge and its width in an ocean basin. The production of new seafloor and oceanic lithosphere results from mantle upwelling in response to plate separation. The melt rises as magma at the linear weakness between the separating plates, and emerges as lava, creating new oceanic crust and lithosphere upon cooling. The first discovered mid-ocean ridge was the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is a spreading center that bisects the North and South Atlantic basins; hence the origin of the name'mid-ocean ridge'. Most oceanic spreading centers are not in the middle of their hosting ocean basis but regardless, are traditionally called mid-ocean ridges. Mid-ocean ridges around the globe are linked by plate tectonic boundaries and the trace of the ridges across the ocean floor appears similar to the seam of a baseball. The mid-ocean ridge system thus is the longest mountain range on Earth, reaching about.	En géologie, une dorsale, appelée aussi crête médio-océanique ou ride médio-océanique, est une chaîne de montagnes sous-marine, que l'on rencontre dans tous les bassins océaniques. Elle se distingue de la plaine abyssale, la partie plate de la zone abyssale océanique entre et de profondeur, par des profondeurs beaucoup moins marquées, typiquement aux alentours de. Une dorsale se présente sous la forme d'un système de reliefs formant une chaîne, de part et d'autre d'un rift central marqué. Le réseau de ces dorsales est continu et s’étend sous les océans sur près de 60 à.	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Enabling Act of 1933	Loi allemande des pleins pouvoirs de 1933	The Enabling Act (German: "") of 1933, formally titled ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich"), was a law that gave German Cabinet—in effect, the Chancellor—the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag, and to override fundamental aspects of the Weimar Constitution. The Enabling Act gave Hitler plenary powers and followed on the heels of the Reichstag Fire Decree, which had abolished most civil liberties and transferred state powers to the Reich government. The combined effect of the two laws was to transform Hitler's government into a legal dictatorship.	La loi allemande des pleins pouvoirs de 1933, également connue sous le nom de loi d'habilitation ou sous sa dénomination officielle de "" (Loi du de réparation de la détresse du peuple et du Reich), est une loi allemande qui donna à Adolf Hitler le droit de gouverner par décret, c'est-à-dire de prendre des textes à portée législative sans aucune procédure parlementaire.	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Veneto	Vénétie	Veneto (, ; ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fifth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice.	La région de la Vénétie (, ) est une région du nord-est de l’Italie. Elle compte environ 5 millions d'habitants, étant la cinquième région la plus peuplée du pays, sur un territoire de. Sa capitale est Venise (en vénitien : "Venessia", en italien : "Venezia").	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Vistula	Vistule	The Vistula (; ; ), the longest and largest river in Poland, is the 9th-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is, of which is located within Poland (54% of its land area).	La Vistule (en, en, en ) est le principal fleuve polonais. La Vistule a donné son nom à une période glaciaire : la glaciation de la Vistule (en, parfois traduit en français par "glaciation de Weichsel"). Elle forme la frontière historique entre peuples slaves et baltes.	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Maria Theresa of Spain	Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche (1638-1683)	Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.	Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche (Madrid, - Versailles, ) : Infante d'Espagne, Infante de Portugal, Archiduchesse d'Autriche. Par son mariage avec Louis XIV, elle devient reine de France. Elle assurera brièvement une « régence » en 1672 lors de la guerre contre la Hollande.	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IL-2 Sturmovik (video game)	IL-2 Sturmovik (jeu vidéo)	IL-2 Sturmovik (Ил-2 Штурмовик) is a 2001 World War II combat flight simulator video game and is the first installment in the "IL-2 Sturmovik" series. The release focused on the air battles of the Eastern Front. It was named after the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack fighter, which played a prominent role in this theatre and is the single most produced military aircraft design to date. Along with its sequels, IL-2 Sturmovik is considered one of the leading World War II flight simulators.	IL-2-Sturmovik est un simulateur de vol de combat de Seconde Guerre mondiale conçu par les russes Oleg Maddox et Ilya Shevchenko et distribué depuis 2001 dans les pays de la CEI par l'éditeur russe 1C, et par Ubisoft dans le reste du monde.	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Francis Bacon	Francis Bacon (philosophe)	Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (; 22 January 15619 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution.	Francis Bacon, né le à Londres et mort à Highgate près de la même ville en 1626, baron de Verulam, vicomte de St Albans, Chancelier d’Angleterre, est un scientifique, un philosophe et un homme d'État anglais. Francis Bacon développe dans son œuvre le "De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum" une théorie empiriste de la connaissance, et, en 1620, il précise les règles de la méthode expérimentale dans le "Novum organum", ce qui fait de lui l’un des pionniers de la pensée scientifique moderne.	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Philip V of Spain	Philippe V (roi d'Espagne)	Philip V (, ; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 14 January 1724, and then again from his reaccession to the throne upon his son's death, on 6 September 1724, to his own death on 9 July 1746.	, dit "el Animoso" en espagnol, c'est-à-dire « le Brave » (Versailles, – Madrid, ), roi des Espagnes et des Indes à la mort de Charles II d'Espagne (1700 – 1716) puis titré roi d'Espagne et des Indes (1716 – 1746) à la suite des décrets de Nueva Planta qui modifiaient l'organisation territoriale des royaumes hispaniques en abolissant les royaumes de Castille et d'Aragon. Il abdique brièvement en 1724 pendant six mois, au profit de son fils.	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Étienne Marcel	Étienne Marcel	Étienne Marcel (between 1302 and 131031 July 1358) was provost of the merchants of Paris under King John II of France, called John the Good (Jean le Bon). He distinguished himself in the defense of the small craftsmen and guildsmen who made up most of the city population.	Étienne Marcel, né entre 1302 et 1310 et mort à Paris le, est prévôt des marchands de Paris sous le règne de Jean le Bon. Il se retrouve à la tête du mouvement réformateur qui cherche à instaurer une monarchie française contrôlée en 1357, en affrontant le pouvoir royal exercé par le dauphin. Délégué du tiers état, il joue un rôle considérable au cours des états généraux tenus en pleine guerre de Cent Ans : ceux de 1355 avaient pour objectif le contrôle de la fiscalité, ceux de 1356 demandaient le prélèvement de nouveaux impôts et ceux de 1357 devaient régler le paiement de la rançon du roi Jean.	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Sword	Épée	A sword is a bladed melee weapon intended for cutting and thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger, consisting of a long blade attached to a hilt. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographic region under consideration. The blade can be straight or curved. Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade, and tend to be straighter; slashing swords have a sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade, and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing.	L’épée (du latin "spatha", « chose plate ») est une arme blanche à double tranchant (se distinguant ainsi du sabre) composée d'une lame droite en métal pourvue le cas échéant d'une gouttière (dépression longitudinale), d'une poignée et, à certaines époques, d'une garde protégeant la main et d'un pommeau.	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Centre Party (Germany)	Zentrum	The German Centre Party ( or just ) is a lay Catholic political party in Germany, primarily influential during the "Kaiserreich" and the Weimar Republic. In English it is often called the Catholic Centre Party. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the Kulturkampf waged by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck against the Catholic Church. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities.	La (en abrégé, « Centre ») est un des principaux partis politiques de l'Empire allemand puis de la république de Weimar. Fondé en 1870 et initialement dissous le, il représente les idées des catholiques, minoritaires en Allemagne. Le parti est refondé après la Seconde Guerre mondiale mais est marginalisé rapidement par la CDU qui devient le principal parti de la démocratie chrétienne en Allemagne.	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Oblique case	Oblique (cas)	In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated ; from ) or objective case (abbr. ) is a nominal case that is used when a noun phrase is the object of either a verb or a preposition. A noun or pronoun in the oblique case can generally appear in any role except as subject, for which the nominative case is used. The term "objective case" is generally preferred by modern English grammarians, where it supplanted Old English's dative and accusative. When the two terms are contrasted, they differ in the ability of a word in the oblique case to function as a possessive attributive; whether English has an oblique rather than an objective case then depends on how "proper" or widespread one considers the dialects where such usage is employed.	En linguistique, le terme de cas oblique ("casus obliquus" en latin) désigne tout type de cas grammatical autre que celui servant de forme de citation (ou forme canonique, ou lemme). Il fonctionne essentiellement en opposition avec la notion de "cas direct". Son application précise varie selon les langues :	[ 250004, 250054, 104315, 19, 4, 142, 6, 140815, 187414, 238, 46876, 4, 2843, 1556, 142, 31110, 944, 7225, 3173, 100, 97160, 309, 7, 12, 930, 4935, 31486, 12, 893, 151814, 7225, 83, 94419, 98, 70, 14941, 3357, 97160, 309, 7, 136, 237, 6044, 21265, 7, 70, 31486, 111, 70, 94309, 4935, 136, 48, 4935, 50218, 450, 3789, 93951, 9, 183921, 46876, 7, 187016, 5, 32255, 3173, 7, 621, 27983, 35839, 36746, 97160, 309, 7, 5, 10660, 21265, 10, 96551, 111, 122092, 11, 70760, 32354, 7, 3129, 1836, 2806, 959, 23, 46876, 7, 450, 99710, 2182, 70, 6626, 5, 893, 27781, 17368, 5117, 3445, 67824, 151814, 97160, 309, 163, 12, 581, 97160, 309, 44, 282, 58, 83, 959, 23, 34334, 89829, 12921, 538, 23, 2499, 111, 6097, 4527, 7, 74, 442, 83, 11814, 100, 756, 122092, 11, 70760, 151618, 40494, 70, 38240, 4935, 7225, 111, 139355, 15, 73, 5570, 14941, 16, 136, 10, 351, 9, 3827, 461, 8766, 4935, 27154, 4935, 7225, 237, 70, 28368, 5, 25074, 92265, 1902, 10, 27154, 4935, 7225, 136, 142, 31110, 944, 7225, 4, 35839, 25, 2940, 25, 177981, 5844, 538, 5, 360, 18799, 92265, 4, 70, 6626, 50218, 765, 153161, 42564, 71, 136, 70, 44, 9381, 112251, 58, 1556, 188545, 71, 100, 70, 144732, 111, 3603, 1779, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 2565, 44, 58, 2271, 67, 58, 15, 33416, 16, 58, 12, 360, 3060, 50218, 4, 15044, 70, 44, 9381, 24693, 58, 136, 44, 9381, 112251, 58, 111, 1632, 110, 309, 765, 188545, 71, 1284, 181653, 6626, 3603, 1779, 23, 18799, 92265, 678, 12921, 91084, 7, 5, 89536, 8705, 18925, 25, 7, 25, 282, 10133, 44, 84240, 58, 136, 25, 164, 44, 277, 3180, 1830, 830, 1284, 23, 25074, 92265, 6097, 3542, 12921, 8, 11030, 19, 63239, 111, 70, 5701, 110, 309, 5, 83009, 77902, 1556, 142, 31110, 944, 7225, 100, 97160, 309, 7, 3129, 83, 11814, 97629, 538, 678, 1305, 40322, 7, 5, 1326, 3603, 1779, 4, 70, 31110, 944, 136, 48, 4935, 50218, 621, 42564, 71, 5, 17209, 4745, 1556, 142, 31110, 944, 100, 97160, 309, 7, 4, 36746, 7, 4, 136, 100, 36746, 7, 111, 49535, 2242, 64549, 7, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 357, 147158, 20873, 4, 95, 24117, 8, 4611, 31110, 944, 24073, 9381, 223, 31110, 5490, 223, 58, 22, 45137, 16, 54238, 40255, 2533, 10644, 8, 4611, 122092, 11, 70760, 19501, 41, 23814, 187646, 8, 13822, 8, 15869, 1363, 15, 796, 13822, 74413, 11503, 4, 628, 6, 117140, 194, 891, 86892, 134872, 674, 22, 177986, 1609, 21, 110, 1363, 8, 44, 9381, 8951, 740, 4815, 38415, 115953, 41110, 34418, 199, 79897, 7, 152, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
The Rocky Horror Picture Show	The Rocky Horror Picture Show	The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British-American musical comedy horror film by 20th Century Fox, produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman. The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien, who is also a member of the cast. The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production "The Rocky Horror Show", with music, book, and lyrics by O'Brien. The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1960s. Along with O'Brien, the film stars Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon, and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre, Roxy Theatre, and Belasco Theatre productions including Nell Campbell and Patricia Quinn.	Ce film, qui rend un hommage parodique aux films de science-fiction, d'horreur et de série B, fut un échec commercial au moment de sa sortie. On lui reprocha en particulier d'avoir une intrigue lacunaire, une ambiance de dessin animé et un caractère trop sexuel. Malgré cela, "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" est considéré comme un « midnight movies » ayant marqué son époque et il jouit d'un large public de fans dans le monde entier. Premier film du marché des « midnight movies » à avoir été produit par une major, il fait toujours partie des films de ce genre les plus connus et les plus rentables financièrement.	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Veil	Voile (vêtement)	A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures it is men rather than women who are expected to wear a veil. Besides its enduring religious significance, veiling continues to play a role in some modern secular contexts, such as wedding customs.	Le voile (du latin "velum," rideau, tenture) est un vêtement traditionnel ou religieux destiné généralement à masquer tout ou partie du corps et parfois du visage d'une femme.	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Moment of inertia	Moment d'inertie	The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration. It depends on the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's rate of rotation.	Le moment d'inertie est une grandeur physique qui caractérise la géométrie des masses d'un solide, c'est-à-dire la répartition de la matière en son sein. Il quantifie également la "résistance" à une mise en rotation de ce solide (ou plus généralement à une accélération angulaire), et a pour dimension M·L2 (le produit d'une masse et du carré d'une longueur, qui s'exprime en kg·m2 dans le S.I.). C'est l'analogue pour un solide de la masse inertielle qui, elle, mesure la "résistance" d'un corps soumis à une accélération linéaire.	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Hijab	Hidjab	A hijab (;, in common English usage) is a veil worn by Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest. The term can refer to any head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to Islamic standards of modesty. "Hijab" can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may denote a metaphysical dimension, for example referring to "the veil which separates man or the world from God."	Le hidjab ou hijab (arabe :,'ou ), voile ou foulard islamique, désigne un vêtement féminin porté par des femmes musulmanes et qui couvre leur tête en laissant le visage apparent.	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Satyr	Satyre	In Greek mythology, a satyr ( "", ), also known as a silenos ( ), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection. Early artistic representations sometimes include horse-like legs, but, by the sixth century BC, they were more often represented with human legs. Comically hideous, they have mane-like hair, bestial faces, and snub noses and are always shown naked. Satyrs were characterized by their ribaldry and were known as lovers of wine, music, dancing, and women. They were companions of the god Dionysus and were believed to inhabit remote locales, such as woodlands, mountains, and pastures. They often attempted to seduce or rape nymphs and mortal women alike, usually with little success. They are sometimes shown masturbating or engaging in bestiality.	Le satyre (en grec ancien /, en latin "satyrus") est une créature de la mythologie grecque. Les satyres, associés aux féminines Ménades, forment le « cortège dionysiaque », qui accompagne le dieu Dionysos. Ils peuvent aussi s'associer au dieu Pan. Ils peuvent également accompagner les nymphes, qui sont des créatures féminines de la mythologie grecque antique.	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Jacob Grimm	Jacob Grimm	Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German philologist, jurist, and mythologist. He is known as the discoverer of Grimm's law of linguistics, the co-author of the monumental "Deutsches Wörterbuch", the author of "Deutsche Mythologie", and the editor of "Grimm's Fairy Tales". He was the older brother of Wilhelm Grimm, of the literary duo the Brothers Grimm.	Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (né le à Hanau en Hesse-Cassel et mort le à Berlin en Prusse) est une importante figure littéraire, conteur, linguiste, philologue allemand, connu pour avoir rassemblé des contes européens avec son frère Wilhelm et contribué à la rédaction du "Deutsches Wörterbuch". Son travail lui a valu une reconnaissance de ses pairs en tant que figure importante de la littérature allemande, notamment en appliquant la méthode historique aux travaux littéraires.	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Chivalry	Chevalerie	Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is an informal, varying code of conduct developed between 1170 and 1220. It was associated with the medieval Christian institution of knighthood; knights' and gentlemen's behaviours were governed by chivalrous social codes. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, particularly the literary cycles known as the Matter of France, relating to the legendary companions of Charlemagne and his men-at-arms, the paladins, and the Matter of Britain, informed by Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae", written in the 1130s, which popularized the legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. All of these were taken as historically accurate until the beginnings of modern scholarship in the 19th century.	La chevalerie était au Moyen Âge une forme de force militaire comprenant des hommes d'armes qui combattaient à cheval d'abord au corps à corps à l'épée puis en s'alourdissant à la lance. « Chevalerie » est un dérivé du mot "cheval", attesté en ancien français dès le. Le terme sous-entend une distinction entre les chevaliers, combattants professionnels d'élite montés à cheval, et la « piétaille » qui fournissait la masse de l'infanterie et, plus tard, de l'artillerie. Le terme donne lieu à la cavalerie des premières armées modernes. Les qualités de hardiesse et de générosité tiennent aux ordres militaires qui développèrent des chevaliers aguerris. À la fin du, par le biais des ordres militaires, les Templiers puis les Hospitaliers par exemple, et avec l'association des vœux religieux, une institution féodale rassemblant les combattants à cheval.	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Claymore (manga)	Claymore (manga)	Madhouse adapted the first eleven volumes of the series into a twenty-six episode anime series. Directed by Hiroyuki Tanaka, it premiered in Japan on Nippon TV in April 2007 and ran until September 2007. A CD soundtrack for the anime and a CD of character songs using its voice actresses were released on July 25, 2007 and September 27, 2007, respectively.	Il existe une adaptation en série télévisée d'animation de vingt-six épisodes faite par le studio Madhouse et diffusée sur NTV entre avril et septembre 2007.	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Flag of the United States	Drapeau des États-Unis	The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American Flag or U.S. flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.	Le drapeau des États-Unis, surnommé (littéralement « étoiles et bandes »), (généralement traduit par « bannière étoilée », et qui est également le titre de l'hymne national des États-Unis) ou encore, est le drapeau national et le pavillon national des États-Unis. Il se compose de treize bandes horizontales rouges et blanches d’égale largeur disposées alternativement (7 rouges et 6 blanches), et d’un canton supérieur (côté mât) de couleur bleue parsemé de cinquante petites étoiles blanches à cinq pointes arrangées selon neuf rangées horizontales.	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Veronica (plant)	Véronique (plante)	Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.	Les véroniques ("Veronica") sont un genre de plantes herbacées annuelles ou pérennes comptant plus de 200 espèces à travers le monde.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 107396, 9351, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 11814, 23, 333, 1687, 15403, 50372, 18347, 6644, 509, 19667, 19, 390, 25075, 94920, 19005, 35509, 98, 479, 54376, 214, 39210, 127689, 111, 70, 9351, 9041, 3296, 23, 5941, 28811, 46876, 7, 100, 18153, 7, 23, 903, 21115, 5, 62771, 4527, 23, 14941, 83, 243, 525, 297, 237, 39395, 237, 423, 12825, 5, 581, 9351, 31895, 44961, 7, 10, 94878, 678, 12190, 197043, 4, 124901, 42845, 9351, 83, 20654, 37838, 16406, 4126, 1295, 160600, 4, 45563, 3466, 5, 44, 15896, 95368, 105450, 58, 83, 6726, 133, 136, 21650, 5565, 223, 4, 237, 621, 2684, 114149, 23, 70, 107396, 197043, 4, 136, 83, 113771, 47, 765, 10, 196634, 21373, 47, 7401, 7612, 7, 7, 5, 581, 18153, 831, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 169569, 15644, 136, 3789, 43032, 111, 70, 4090, 14449, 5, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 4090, 14449, 765, 6, 108047, 5609, 71, 36418, 7, 4, 136, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 114149, 765, 68807, 297, 36418, 7, 5, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 5213, 5, 604, 275, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 70, 89160, 66724, 19, 54411, 70796, 538, 15, 162, 26156, 16, 100, 39734, 111, 171986, 7, 111, 70, 11066, 13048, 5426, 4, 143435, 53, 98687, 4, 207269, 5426, 4, 136, 159531, 5, 48752, 289, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 114149, 136, 98174, 4295, 621, 98174, 3674, 100, 4527, 237, 61585, 29256, 5, 48752, 289, 114149, 111, 38352, 19256, 621, 68018, 90698, 642, 297, 7, 23, 27165, 1779, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 1286, 39210, 111, 6097, 621, 57309, 66, 38352, 19256, 24073, 856, 5, 38265, 408, 74054, 49512, 10366, 38352, 19256, 24073, 856, 5, 33680, 5037, 164, 74054, 126041, 38352, 19256, 24073, 856, 5, 40710, 43362, 74054, 42712, 820, 38352, 19256, 24073, 856, 5, 19965, 297, 34368, 74054, 136, 17, 3033, 9, 14507, 4126, 38352, 19256, 24073, 856, 5, 6, 48535, 14, 144294, 51029, 1650, 83, 27983, 34844, 47, 14192, 1632, 114149, 1295, 15700, 5, 8622, 621, 43606, 47, 59671, 114149, 111, 38352, 19256, 23, 158115, 75447, 450, 621, 72546, 55681, 5281, 5, 24990, 3387, 111, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 621, 11814, 237, 15381, 18153, 7, 390, 70, 21, 26091, 13, 111, 3060, 114149, 111, 636, 45226, 78478, 11, 4, 26719, 70, 10314, 13894, 6259, 21658, 1264, 5, 893, 77253, 6897, 32692, 83, 51529, 47, 765, 216479, 71, 84797, 538, 40368, 20028, 28032, 70, 107396, 4, 678, 1257, 47, 10662, 111, 70, 107396, 5036, 19441, 142, 77253, 6897, 105823, 5, 893, 77253, 6897, 105823, 4, 136, 137272, 6, 178851, 109622, 110106, 7, 4, 83, 142, 6, 202444, 17569, 47, 765, 126809, 23, 57553, 47, 142, 111531, 187, 532, 707, 137567, 51, 19714, 1771, 22819, 65998, 4, 136, 1543, 70560, 23, 44, 15896, 95368, 58, 4743, 47, 10, 105719, 202104, 136, 4567, 2320, 111, 43032, 111, 70, 107396, 23, 136, 1295, 70, 66873, 71407, 174048, 13, 57116, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 1734, 34913, 191, 19640, 24073, 15896, 95368, 18939, 2045, 51, 30773, 8, 122844, 84995, 11676, 90, 143304, 1577, 628, 14113, 982, 1444, 53495, 660, 1001, 8, 1781, 224129, 253, 37317, 95, 11146, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Calypso bulbosa	Calypso bulbosa	Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus "Calypso" takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, "bulbosa", refers to the bulb-like corms.	Le Calypso bulbeux "(Calypso bulbosa)" est une orchidée, c'est-à-dire, une plante de la famille des "Orchidaceae," des régions boréales de l'hémisphère nord. C'est la seule espèce du genre "Calypso". L'espèce compte quatre variétés autour du globe.	[ 250004, 250054, 9113, 30400, 991, 707, 206, 30185, 621, 205794, 209, 47, 616, 1827, 23, 155955, 5, 581, 481, 124498, 77233, 29695, 28016, 831, 186, 10, 208331, 9683, 11, 18403, 143839, 98, 1274, 6048, 141037, 7, 1295, 72399, 11994, 98, 19364, 7, 4, 21208, 23, 70, 1286, 144477, 56, 538, 63920, 111, 2363, 37457, 1836, 54, 959, 29695, 306, 24189, 4347, 136, 18237, 5, 581, 18153, 7, 6867, 110, 1286, 3501, 43606, 5369, 5, 3293, 114149, 25, 37457, 83, 75723, 771, 320, 4, 136, 96853, 39897, 4, 70, 14434, 53, 71175, 117249, 136, 2684, 111, 70, 2684, 144477, 56, 538, 117249, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 74, 2684, 111, 25730, 74, 192286, 399, 5045, 111, 28811, 136, 14237, 9523, 49002, 74, 9098, 4, 187434, 4, 26320, 136, 15758, 2451, 21231, 173591, 22317, 100, 22288, 5, 106073, 70, 6510, 30400, 991, 707, 206, 532, 25, 7, 113068, 83, 38134, 4, 442, 83, 4552, 168194, 47, 100898, 7154, 4, 136, 83, 127298, 18507, 47314, 237, 120332, 33, 297, 707, 9667, 12060, 297, 23, 40368, 345, 5, 159, 5, 117249, 136, 23, 71006, 136, 29774, 5, 1650, 14602, 959, 116192, 5299, 36, 14775, 47, 6863, 759, 67070, 979, 14987, 6, 215131, 98, 29458, 221, 379, 162434, 5, 581, 8231, 4432, 765, 2809, 11814, 237, 10, 15381, 31344, 390, 23924, 15672, 24, 4935, 3395, 7, 5, 581, 170028, 32547, 42878, 7, 111, 56101, 121328, 11814, 442, 237, 10, 39734, 100, 126561, 25277, 133, 51775, 5, 1913, 19713, 43573, 5458, 4902, 4, 24748, 11, 4, 70, 6510, 30400, 991, 707, 206, 532, 83, 3722, 10061, 3674, 390, 373, 40099, 186, 90, 24073, 571, 306, 4223, 15, 683, 53, 84733, 18329, 7, 16, 58, 136, 44, 571, 5, 57248, 125166, 223, 51029, 1650, 28702, 90, 98, 44, 5877, 2397, 2320, 390, 8, 63928, 830, 237, 442, 110281, 7, 103665, 7, 47, 142, 9319, 9, 5062, 205811, 24887, 7, 99, 70, 14018, 3956, 47, 70, 160, 12665, 136, 100, 12225, 4272, 867, 53, 9, 5062, 45646, 7, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 160, 12665, 1284, 27489, 7, 110, 4272, 867, 450, 2806, 3603, 16507, 2856, 5, 360, 39797, 933, 69405, 30698, 959, 47, 456, 169697, 442, 5, 84361, 86675, 6044, 230466, 1543, 15426, 100, 3060, 111, 70, 19336, 143834, 23, 70, 6, 132641, 25, 7, 170894, 5, 65056, 6083, 285, 68794, 136, 1632, 959, 86587, 53149, 53, 15, 21690, 36743, 111, 113490, 59665, 1284, 170920, 23, 70, 56409, 16, 621, 125296, 71, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 9113, 30400, 991, 11876, 372, 6077, 44, 132, 94553, 30400, 991, 11876, 16091, 11, 16, 58, 437, 773, 707, 206, 72013, 4, 501, 25, 525, 9, 1298, 9, 48254, 4, 773, 35020, 8, 21, 27348, 224, 44, 19060, 206, 532, 189956, 4, 58, 224, 38038, 7, 3017, 446, 21183, 8, 96, 25, 16828, 2179, 11727, 10389, 10761, 5, 313, 25, 525, 21, 49907, 6, 229033, 115, 30773, 44, 94553, 30400, 991, 740, 339, 25, 229033, 12546, 35296, 227650, 7, 54718, 115, 32363, 13, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège	Cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert de Liège	St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège (or in full, the Cathedral of Our Lady and St. Lambert; ) was the cathedral of Liège, Belgium, until 1794, when its destruction began. This enormous Gothic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Lambert of Maastricht, occupied the site of the present Place Saint-Lambert in the centre of Liège.	La cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert ("Catedråle Notru-Dame-et-Sint-Lambiert di Lidje" en wallon) fut la cathédrale de Liège jusqu'en 1794, date du début de sa destruction. Cette immense cathédrale gothique, à la mémoire de saint Lambert, occupait l'actuelle place Saint-Lambert, au cœur de Liège. Avec ses deux chœurs, ses deux transepts, ses trois nefs à trois étages, le circuit de ses chapelles absidales et collatérales, son cloître et ses annexes, et sa flèche de, la cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert faisait partie des grands vaisseaux du monde occidental au Moyen Âge et était le monument majeur du gothique mosan. Elle pouvait contenir.	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Honoré Daumier	Honoré Daumier	Honoré-Victorin Daumier (; February 26, 1808February 10, 1879) was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century.	Honoré Victorin Daumier, né le à Marseille et mort le à Valmondois, est un graveur, caricaturiste, peintre et sculpteur français, dont les œuvres commentaient la vie sociale et politique en France au. Dessinateur prolifique, auteur de plus de quatre mille lithographies, il est surtout connu pour ses caricatures d'hommes politiques et ses satires du comportement de ses compatriotes. Il a changé la perception que nous avons sur l'art de la caricature politique.	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Vector graphics	Image vectorielle	Vector graphics are computer graphics images that are defined in terms of points on a Cartesian plane, which are connected by lines and curves to form polygons and other shapes. Vector graphics have the unique advantage over raster graphics in that the points, lines, and curves may be scaled up or down to any resolution with no aliasing. The points determine the direction of the vector path; each path may have various properties including values for stroke color, shape, curve, thickness, and fill.	Une image vectorielle (ou image en mode trait), en informatique, est une image numérique composée d'objets géométriques individuels, des primitives géométriques (segments de droite, arcs de cercle, courbes de Bézier, polygones, etc.), définis chacun par différents attributs (forme, position, couleur, remplissage, visibilité, etc.) et auxquels on peut appliquer différentes transformations (homothéties, similitude, rotations, écrasement, mise à l'échelle, extrusion, inclinaison, effet miroir, dégradé de formes, morphage, symétrie, translation, interpolation, coniques ou bien les formes de révolution). Elle se différencie en cela des images matricielles (ou images "bitmap"), qui sont constituées de pixels.	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Duke of Bourbon	Liste des seigneurs puis ducs de Bourbon	Duke of Bourbon () is a title in the peerage of France. It was created in the first half of the 14th century for the eldest son of Robert of France, Count of Clermont and Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress of the lordship of Bourbon. In 1416, with the death of John of Valois, the Dukes of Bourbon were simultaneously Dukes of Auvergne.	Ceci est une liste des seigneurs ou sires de Bourbon, puis ducs de Bourbon à partir de 1327 (branche cadette des capétiens directs). Le titre régulier de duc de Bourbon est éteint depuis 1830.	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Bristol	Bristol (Royaume-Uni)	Bristol () is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400. The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England. The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK. The city lies between Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. South Wales lies across the Severn estuary.	Bristol est une ville britannique située dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre (Royaume-Uni), sur la rivière Avon marquant traditionnellement la frontière entre les comtés de Gloucestershire et le Somerset. Avec une population estimée à habitants en 2012, Bristol est la sixième ville d'Angleterre et la huitième du Royaume-Uni. Depuis 1542, Bristol possède officiellement le statut de cité et d'autorité unitaire. Entre les, Bristol fut un centre portuaire de premier ordre dans l'économie maritime mondiale. Tournée vers l'Irlande et l'Océan Atlantique, elle est alors le principal lieu du Commerce triangulaire en Angleterre. Au, Bristol était la deuxième ville la plus peuplée du Royaume-Uni après Londres. La ville compte aujourd'hui 450 parcs et jardins.	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Percival	Perceval	Percival ()—or Peredur (), Perceval, Parzival, Parsifal, etc.—is one of King Arthur's legendary Knights of the Round Table. First made famous by the French author Chretien de Troyes in the tale "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", he is most well known for being the original hero in the quest for the Grail, before being replaced in later English and French literature by Galahad.	Perceval est dans la légende arthurienne un des chevaliers de la Table ronde. Dans la littérature galloise, son nom est Peredur. Il est surtout connu pour sa participation à la quête du Saint-Graal.	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Loglan	Loglan	Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. The language was developed beginning in 1955 by Dr James Cooke Brown with the goal of making a language so different from natural languages that people learning it would think in a different way if the hypothesis were true. In 1960 "Scientific American" published an article introducing the language. Loglan is the first among, and the main inspiration for, the languages known as logical languages, which also includes Lojban.	Le loglan, langue construite initiée en 1955 par le docteur James Cooke Brown, conçue pour une recherche linguistique sur l'hypothèse Sapir-Whorf.	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Night Shift (short story collection)	Danse macabre (recueil)	Night Shift is the first collection of short stories by Stephen King, first published in 1978. In 1980, "Night Shift" received the Balrog Award for Best Collection, and in 1979 it was nominated as best collection for the Locus Award and the World Fantasy Award. Many of King's most famous short stories were included in this collection.	Danse macabre (titre original : "") est un recueil de nouvelles d'horreur de Stephen King publié en 1978. La plupart des vingt nouvelles le composant sont parues précédemment dans divers magazines, seules les nouvelles "Celui qui garde le ver", "Desintox, Inc.", "Le Dernier Barreau de l'échelle" et "Chambre 312" étant inédites. Deux nouvelles de ce recueil seront développées par Stephen King sous forme de roman : "Une sale grippe" deviendra "Le Fléau" et "Celui qui garde le ver" est une préquelle de "Salem". La préface du livre est de John D. MacDonald.	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Multiple rocket launcher	Lance-roquettes multiple	A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) or multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a type of rocket artillery system. Rockets have different capabilities than conventional artillery munitions, such as longer range and different payloads, typically considerably larger warheads than a similarly sized artillery platform or multiple warheads. Unguided rocket artillery is notoriously inaccurate and slow to reload compared to artillery. To overcome this rockets are combined in systems that can launch multiple rockets simultaneously. Modern rockets can use GPS or inertial guidance to combine the advantages of rockets with high accuracy.	Le lance-roquettes multiple ou LRM également nommé lance-fusées multiple, est un système d'arme monté sur un châssis de char ou de camion, voire de navires, constitué d'une batterie de lance-roquettes. Celles-ci, contrairement aux armes antichars à tir tendu, ont un vol balistique et sont intégrées dans l'artillerie.	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Le Kremlin-Bicêtre	Le Kremlin-Bicêtre	Le Kremlin-Bicêtre () is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is from the center of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe.	Le Kremlin-Bicêtre () est une commune française de la métropole du Grand Paris, située dans le département du Val-de-Marne en région Île-de-France.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 1556, 74855, 7, 15044, 23, 30715, 136, 49002, 5, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 509, 7311, 538, 10, 2057, 1974, 35839, 42856, 1843, 238, 10122, 136, 105866, 28032, 70, 45556, 111, 44704, 114833, 5, 581, 9351, 1843, 238, 10122, 32497, 1295, 70, 332, 748, 88303, 2685, 390, 4939, 111, 43601, 125216, 4, 1843, 10534, 111, 17686, 104588, 15, 91384, 1760, 247, 23, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 9351, 111, 903, 1572, 748, 111, 17686, 104588, 509, 6, 66157, 297, 3934, 44, 856, 73, 206, 34892, 830, 7068, 44, 571, 9034, 5967, 830, 136, 155605, 1843, 238, 10122, 5, 581, 1843, 238, 10122, 27123, 509, 88303, 72134, 23, 611, 10289, 98, 70, 73573, 7, 111, 70, 332, 748, 5, 360, 543, 2681, 70, 1843, 238, 10122, 27123, 10, 89829, 237, 10, 13036, 116816, 6275, 100, 166499, 3674, 63044, 2449, 111, 70, 22634, 33119, 4170, 1295, 70, 92265, 116000, 191, 111, 49002, 5, 165079, 7, 111, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 49002, 11814, 47, 914, 9319, 23, 10, 308, 40862, 43573, 1843, 238, 10122, 27123, 5, 3293, 308, 40862, 509, 33662, 120514, 4806, 44, 58, 24073, 28848, 70, 110956, 73, 520, 429, 1236, 18939, 23, 91067, 47, 70, 124338, 110956, 73, 7440, 70, 52129, 7, 1902, 11491, 297, 5, 120278, 25958, 70, 9351, 110956, 73, 509, 11814, 100, 70, 28271, 205277, 10932, 70, 1843, 238, 10122, 27123, 4, 136, 118775, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 51521, 538, 23, 142, 8597, 19, 7154, 22288, 111, 543, 6460, 5, 147466, 70, 123055, 110956, 73, 136, 1843, 238, 10122, 3542, 33284, 297, 25842, 136, 100512, 70, 51521, 9351, 111, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 45556, 111, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 509, 75935, 98, 702, 14487, 121049, 390, 149, 934, 214, 6863, 181991, 53, 1295, 70, 45556, 111, 44704, 114833, 5, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 83, 149976, 390, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 29398, 98, 7270, 39447, 2955, 16777, 2861, 16934, 158978, 136, 37526, 1294, 115215, 12, 77648, 6635, 115215, 12, 8622, 83, 1632, 14375, 131830, 53, 136, 48807, 11192, 4, 16162, 86, 9, 71, 25, 7614, 238, 5, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 2843, 1556, 70, 13909, 41664, 115215, 26201, 19430, 136, 241, 15185, 79445, 5, 581, 13909, 56037, 449, 10696, 1311, 6238, 62903, 4, 6, 40713, 9956, 19188, 111, 46473, 136, 25924, 4, 70, 4002, 981, 23662, 6224, 136, 70, 10696, 241, 9, 23825, 7, 2037, 621, 2843, 105866, 23, 70, 45556, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 110956, 73, 9, 571, 1771, 10122, 15, 16, 437, 773, 45556, 72358, 8, 21, 207728, 37035, 115, 12801, 7270, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 115, 4769, 9, 112, 9, 16305, 86, 22, 38038, 164018, 13, 9, 112, 9, 160392, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Papal bull	Bulle pontificale	A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden seal ("bulla") that was traditionally appended to the end in order to authenticate it.	Une bulle pontificale (ou « bulle papale » ou « bulle apostolique ») est un document scellé (du latin "bulla", « sceau ») par lequel le pape pose un acte juridique important tel que l’indiction d’une année sainte, une nomination épiscopale, une définition dogmatique, la convocation d’un concile ou une canonisation. Le document relève habituellement du gouvernement pastoral de l'Église catholique, et s'adresse à l’ensemble des fidèles ou parfois aux païens. Il est ordinairement désigné par son incipit. Sa promulgation s'appelle une.	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Iconography	Iconographie	Iconography, as a branch of art history, studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style. The word "iconography" comes from the Greek ("image") and ("to write" or "to draw").	L'iconographie est l'ensemble des représentations d'un même sujet ou autour d'un même thème dans les œuvres appartenant aux arts visuels. L'iconographie est aussi une branche de l'histoire de l'art qui étudie l'identification, la description et l'interprétation du contenu des images : les sujets représentés, les compositions et les détails particuliers utilisés pour le faire, et d'autres éléments qui sont distincts du style artistique.	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Diplomatics	Diplomatique	Diplomatics (in American English, and in most anglophone countries), or diplomatic (in British English), is a scholarly discipline centred on the critical analysis of documents: especially, historical documents. It focuses on the conventions, protocols and formulae that have been used by document creators, and uses these to increase understanding of the processes of document creation, of information transmission, and of the relationships between the facts which the documents purport to record and reality.	La diplomatique (du grec ancien /, passeport, papier plié en deux) est une science auxiliaire de l'histoire qui étudie la structure, la classification, la valeur, la tradition et l'authenticité des documents officiels (les « diplômes » au sens historique du terme).	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Kulturkampf	Kulturkampf	Kulturkampf (, "culture struggle") is a German term referring to the conflict between the government of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Roman Catholic Church from about 1872 to 1878, predominantly over the control of educational and ecclesiastical appointments. What made the Kulturkampf unique in Germany compared to struggles between state and Church in other states was its anti-Polish aspect.	Le, ou « combat pour un idéal de société », est un conflit qui oppose le royaume de Prusse puis l'Empire allemand sous la direction du chancelier impérial Otto von Bismarck à l’Église catholique dirigée par Pie IX et au parti politique représentant les catholiques : le ". Le conflit s'intensifie en 1871, se termine en 1878 avant d'être définitivement soldé de manière diplomatique en 1887.	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Tensile testing	Essai mécanique	Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. "Uniaxial tensile testing" is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing.	Les essais mécaniques sont des expériences dont le but est de caractériser les lois de comportement des matériaux (mécanique des milieux continus). La loi de comportement établit une relation entre les contraintes (pression=force/surface) et les déformations (allongement unitaire adimensionnel). Il ne faut pas confondre une déformation avec un déplacement ou une dilatation.	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Ranunculus	Renoncule	Ranunculus is a large genus of about 500 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.	Les renoncules (genre Ranunculus) sont des plantes herbacées, annuelles ou vivaces, de la famille des Renonculacées. Elles comportent près de 500 espèces mais "Ranunculus auricomus" comprend un ensemble très complexe de 800 taxons apomictiques, auxquels certains botanistes ont donné le rang d'espèces ou de micro-espèces. Elles ont un port très différent selon les espèces et sont le plus souvent des végétaux herbacés vivaces. Aux latitudes tropicales, ce sont plutôt des plantes d'altitude.	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Apocalypse Now	Apocalypse Now	Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic war film directed, produced and co-written by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forrest, Albert Hall, Sam Bottoms, Laurence Fishburne, Harrison Ford, and Dennis Hopper. The screenplay, co-written by Coppola and John Milius and narration written by Michael Herr, was loosely based on the 1899 novella "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad. The setting was changed from late 19th-century Congo to the Vietnam War. The film follows a river journey from South Vietnam into Cambodia undertaken by Captain Benjamin L. Willard (a character based on Conrad's Marlow and played by Sheen), who is on a secret mission to assassinate Colonel Kurtz (Brando, with the character being based on Conrad's Mr. Kurtz), a renegade Army Special Forces officer accused of murder and who is presumed insane.	Il a obtenu, entre autres distinctions, la Palme d'or du festival de Cannes 1979. Il se place à la des 100 meilleurs films du cinéma américain par l' et est considéré comme l'un des meilleurs films de tous les temps. En 2000, le film est sélectionné par le pour être conservé à la bibliothèque du Congrès des États-Unis pour son « importance culturelle, historique ou esthétique ». Le succès du film, et en particulier sa Palme d'or, sauve le réalisateur du désastre financier auquel il était voué. En effet, Francis Ford Coppola a dû investir sa fortune personnelle dans cette aventure en hypothéquant tous ses biens.	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Tricolour (flag)	Drapeau tricolore	A tricolour or tricolor is a type of flag or banner design with a triband design which originated in the 16th century as a symbol of republicanism, liberty or indeed revolution. The flags of France, Italy, Romania, Mexico, and Ireland were all first adopted with the formation of an independent republic in the period of the French Revolution to the Revolutions of 1848, with the exception of the Irish tricolour, which dates from 1848 but was not popularised until the Easter Rising in 1916 and adopted in 1919.	Un drapeau tricolore est un drapeau comportant trois couleurs différentes. Les drapeaux nationaux allemand, arménien, belge, français, italien, serbe, roumain, britannique, des États-Unis, et congolais sont tricolores.	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Zenobia	Septimia Bathzabbai Zénobie	Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was probably not a commoner and she married the ruler of the city, Odaenathus. Her husband became king in 260, elevating Palmyra to supreme power in the Near East by defeating the Sassanians and stabilizing the Roman East. After Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus and held de facto power throughout his reign.	Septimia Bathzabbai Zénobie (en dialecte palmyrénien ), plus connue sous la forme hellénisée Zénobie, était l’épouse d'Odénat. Après l'assassinat de celui-ci et de son fils Hairan vers 267, Zénobie fit transférer à son fils Wahballat les titres de son père, notamment celui de « roi des rois ». Devant l'incapacité des empereurs à défendre la Syrie, elle parvint à réunir sous son autorité les provinces de Syrie, d'Arabie et d'Égypte, et commença la conquête des provinces d'Asie mineure. Elle proclama Wahballat empereur de Rome et prit le titre d'Augusta comme « mère » de cet empereur. Mais Aurélien, empereur depuis l'automne 270, entreprit à la fin de 271 de combattre ces rivaux. Après des victoires près d'Antioche puis près d'Émèse, il s'empara de Palmyre (« Tadmor » en araméen). Capturée par Aurélien, Zénobie fut envoyée à Rome pour figurer au triomphe, après quoi on perd sa trace.	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Convection	Convection	Convection is the heat transfer due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid). Convection includes sub-mechanisms of advection (directional bulk-flow transfer of heat), and diffusion (non-directional transfer of energy or mass particles along a concentration gradient).	La convection désigne l'ensemble des mouvements internes (verticaux ou horizontaux) qui animent un fluide et qui impliquent alors le transport des propriétés des parcelles de ce fluide au cours de son déplacement. Ce transfert implique l'échange de chaleur entre une surface et un fluide mobile à son contact, ou le déplacement de chaleur au sein d'un fluide par le mouvement d'ensemble de ses molécules d'un point à un autre. La convection constitue, avec la conduction thermique et le transfert radiatif, l'un des trois modes d'échange de chaleur entre deux systèmes, et diffère de ces derniers par la méthode de transfert. Elle a aussi pour effet d'accélérer l'homogénéisation de la composition chimique du fluide, par rapport à la seule diffusion chimique.	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Observational astronomy	Astronomie d'observation	Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.	L'astronomie d'observation ou astronomie observationnelle est la partie « pratique » de l'astronomie, basée sur des observations astronomiques. Elle est à la base du processus de création et de validation des théories astrophysiques. Elle peut soit confirmer des calculs et modèles déjà établis, soit révéler des phénomènes inconnus, que les théoriciens s'efforcent d'expliquer.	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Pepin of Landen	Pépin de Landen	Pepin I (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his death.	Pépin de Landen ou Pépin l'Ancien (né vers 580 - mort en 640) est un maire du palais d'Austrasie de 615 à 629, puis de 639 à 640.	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Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle	Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle	Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (; 11 February 16579 January 1757), also called Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment.	Bernard Le Bouyer (ou Le Bovier) de Fontenelle, né à Rouen le et mort, presque centenaire (99 ans), à Paris le (l'un des jours de célébration de Saint Vaneng, fondateur du monastère de Fontenelle, en sa Normandie natale), est un écrivain et scientifique français.	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Gadsden Purchase	Achat Gadsden	The Gadsden Purchase ( "The Sale of La Mesilla"), is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande where the U.S. wanted to build a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route, which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881–1883. The purchase also aimed to resolve other border issues.	L'achat Gadsden (en anglais "Gadsden Purchase", en espagnol "venta de La Mesilla") désigne l'acquisition par les États-Unis en 1853 d'une zone vendue par le Mexique de de ce qui est de nos jours le sud de l'Arizona et le sud-ouest du Nouveau-Mexique, au sud de la rivière Gila et à l'ouest du Río Grande.	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Organic matter	Matière organique	Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that don't involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.	La matière organique (MO) est la matière fabriquée par les êtres vivants (végétaux, animaux, champignons et autres décomposeurs dont micro-organismes).	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Favicon	Favicon	A favicon (short for favorite icon), also known as a shortcut icon, website icon, tab icon, URL icon, or bookmark icon, is a file containing one or more small icons, associated with a particular website or web page. A web designer can create such an icon and upload it to a website (or web page) by several means, and graphical web browsers will then make use of it. Browsers that provide favicon support typically display a page's favicon in the browser's address bar (sometimes in the history as well) and next to the page's name in a list of bookmarks. Browsers that support a tabbed document interface typically show a page's favicon next to the page's title on the tab, and site-specific browsers use the favicon as a desktop icon. Favicons can also be used to have a textless favorite site, saving space.	Une favicon \fa.vi.kon\ est une icône informatique symbolisant un site web. Ces icônes sont créées et utilisées par les concepteurs des sites internet. Les navigateurs web peuvent utiliser la favicon dans la barre d'adresse, les signets, les onglets ou encore les autres raccourcis.	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Psychological stress	Stress chez l'humain	In psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress, however, may lead to bodily harm. Stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, ulcers, and mental illnesses such as depression and also aggravation of a pre-existing condition.	Le stress chez l'humain qualifie à la fois une situation contraignante et les processus physiologiques mis en place par l'organisme pour s'y adapter. Chez l'adulte, le stress peut avoir des origines physiques, pathogéniques (ayant une maladie génétique, infectieuse ou parasitaire comme origine par exemple), socio-psychiques, médiées par divers processus hormonaux (hormones, ou molécules de stress), chimiques et biochimiques de l'organisme. 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Antofagasta Province	Province d'Antofagasta	Antofagasta Province () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). The capital is the port city of Antofagasta. Located within the Atacama Desert, it borders the El Loa and Tocopilla provinces to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Atacama Region to the south.	La province d'Antofagasta se trouve dans la deuxième région du pays, la région d'Antofagasta au Chili. La province comporte habitants "(2002)" pour une superficie de, soit une densité de 4,82. Cette province est subdivisée en quatre communes.	[ 250004, 250054, 117371, 176284, 4, 903, 10776, 509, 167956, 71, 136, 63043, 297, 390, 54766, 136, 192777, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 176284, 136, 176447, 70, 140280, 223739, 538, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 192777, 4, 136, 509, 51529, 237, 70, 25124, 408, 192, 63557, 4, 707, 70, 27668, 116235, 5, 1650, 77736, 3934, 70, 139355, 111, 54766, 23, 70, 5550, 111, 70, 109727, 111, 176447, 9, 13903, 4, 136, 509, 37772, 126351, 405, 48141, 47, 450, 456, 57964, 23, 96929, 5, 3293, 83, 167956, 71, 390, 192777, 237, 70, 168861, 5646, 5465, 111, 2831, 111, 10, 23295, 390, 10, 37515, 56, 64857, 5, 581, 140280, 27734, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 23, 70, 25124, 408, 192, 195075, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 17932, 142105, 140280, 23, 70, 23295, 4, 17932, 4734, 47, 893, 16597, 7636, 54766, 76, 192859, 2858, 4, 161125, 4, 12951, 109981, 1785, 247, 3129, 83, 959, 21640, 538, 125296, 71, 5, 1650, 7, 16128, 83, 98870, 23, 57, 2256, 136, 3789, 23911, 40370, 7, 678, 70, 5526, 5917, 46813, 7, 115392, 5665, 7, 1672, 144477, 9, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 173587, 63341, 6131, 5, 18852, 70, 3789, 140280, 7, 111, 903, 10776, 4, 173587, 63341, 6131, 27489, 7, 100, 31255, 552, 8079, 4, 115392, 4, 115392, 6, 19058, 4, 37105, 4, 31355, 17957, 111, 67757, 4, 30035, 425, 136, 28279, 5, 70599, 136, 46337, 24366, 6, 19058, 621, 2843, 14037, 3688, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 5726, 149039, 7, 390, 70, 9907, 126124, 28021, 43975, 4, 70, 140280, 1902, 10, 1324, 43904, 111, 6, 120301, 4, 127875, 4, 136, 10, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 5, 6619, 903, 43904, 4, 138, 2681, 4, 2357, 617, 15, 16665, 5, 11587, 16, 158930, 23, 27081, 58555, 136, 78646, 5843, 2858, 5, 14427, 16, 23, 28720, 58555, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 70, 12839, 136, 5726, 149039, 5908, 4, 70, 43904, 3514, 434, 390, 13646, 13961, 15, 15770, 4, 104656, 3445, 7, 194, 86247, 988, 173587, 63341, 6131, 4, 70, 7893, 59444, 7, 621, 10656, 1803, 136, 1215, 170, 62339, 90, 5, 1301, 10, 140280, 4, 173587, 63341, 6131, 83, 10, 17932, 9, 67919, 86757, 91853, 111, 54766, 4, 3129, 83, 53333, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 22759, 45556, 7, 24073, 277, 1946, 7, 51029, 581, 140280, 83, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 10, 79169, 25958, 6, 140545, 297, 23607, 42, 5, 65291, 41089, 35634, 66995, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 390, 13918, 219584, 3065, 27488, 219, 5, 92416, 10336, 167565, 1314, 621, 105866, 99, 114867, 31, 65368, 541, 7236, 6, 117180, 4, 32542, 31, 305, 4, 173587, 63341, 6131, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 140280, 104, 25, 7251, 188, 63341, 6131, 40, 24215, 807, 21, 94324, 38038, 115, 19859, 4, 21, 38038, 104, 25, 7251, 188, 63341, 6131, 531, 156054, 5, 239, 140280, 159307, 111123, 44, 132, 41632, 16, 58, 578, 773, 41554, 8, 4, 10274, 773, 168, 7, 5097, 8, 201, 4, 12012, 5, 20097, 140280, 437, 1614, 30618, 87308, 22, 35296, 45556, 7, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk	Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk	The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is an American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft that was developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). The F-117 was based on the "Have Blue" technology demonstrator.	Le Lockheed-Martin F-117 "Nighthawk" est un avion d'attaque au sol conçu par les États-Unis dans la seconde moitié des années 1970. C'est le premier avion militaire au monde étudié dès le départ pour avoir la signature la plus réduite possible. Il a été retiré du service actif le et sera mis définitivement hors d'usage à partir de 2018 mais quelques appareils servent toujours ponctuellement en 2020.	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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Traité de Guadeloupe Hidalgo	The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ("Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty was ratified by the United States on March 10 and by Mexico on May 19. The ratifications were exchanged on May 30, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war. On the Mexican side, there were factions that did not concede defeat or seek to engage in negotiations. The treaty called for the United States to pay $15 million USD to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $5 million USD. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights.	Le traité de Guadaloupe Hidalgo ou traité de Guadelupe Hidalgo (espagnol : "Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo" ; anglais : "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo") est le traité signé le, qui met fin à la guerre américano-mexicaine.	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Rurik	Riourik	Rurik (also Riurik; Old Church Slavonic "Rjurikŭ", from Old Norse "Hrøríkʀ"; 830 – 879), according to the 12th-century "Primary Chronicle", was a Varangian chieftain of the Rus' who in the year 862 gained control of Ladoga, and built Novgorod in the same year. This legendary figure was considered by later rulers to be the founder of the Rurik dynasty, which ruled the Kievan Rus' and its successor states, including the Kingdom of Ruthenia, the Principality of Tver, Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Novgorod Republic and the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century.	Riourik (en russe et en, en vieux russe : Рю́рикъ et en vieux norrois : "Rørik"), parfois également appelé Riurik, Rurik ou encore Rourik, est un prince varègue de la Rus' de Kiev (né aux environs de 830 et mort en 879) qui règne de 862 à 879. Il est le premier prince de Novgorod et fondateur de la dynastie riourikide qui règne sur la Rus' de Kiev jusqu'en 1240.	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Rómulo Betancourt	Rómulo Betancourt	Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; ), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the 47th and 54th President of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.	Rómulo Betancourt, né le à Guatire, dans l'État de Miranda et mort le à New York, est un homme d'État vénézuélien, président de son pays de 1945 à 1948 et de 1959 à 1964. Son parcours, bien que tumultueux et controversé, a marqué la politique en Amérique latine et il est souvent décrit comme le « père de la démocratie vénézuélienne ».	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Araucanía Region	Région de l'Araucanie	The Araucanía ( ), Araucanía Region ( ) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions, and comprises two provinces: Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south. Its capital and largest city is Temuco; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica.	La région de l'Araucanie au Chili est une région du pays. L'Araucanie est entourée au nord par la région du Biobío, à l'est par l'Argentine et au sud par la Région des Fleuves.	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Galliformes	Galliformes	Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkey, grouse, chicken, New World quail and Old World quail, ptarmigan, partridge, pheasant, francolin, junglefowl and the Cracidae. The name derives from "gallus", Latin for "cock" or "rooster". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds, or galliforms. "Wildfowl" or just "fowl" are also often used for the Galliformes, but usually these terms also refer to waterfowl (Anseriformes), and occasionally to other commonly hunted birds. This group has about 290 species, one or more of which are found in essentially every part of the world's continents (except for the innermost deserts and perpetual ice). They are rarer on islands, and in contrast to the closely related waterfowl, are essentially absent from oceanic islands—unless introduced there by humans. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans.	Les Galliformes (communément appelés « gallinacés ») sont un ordre d'oiseaux comprenant entre autres les dindes, les poules, les pintades, les cailles et les faisans.	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Z39.50	Z39.50	Z39.50 is an international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network. It is covered by ANSI/NISO standard Z39.50, and ISO standard 23950. The standard's maintenance agency is the Library of Congress.	Le protocole Z39.50 est un protocole de communication informatique client-serveur pour rechercher à travers un réseau informatique des informations dans des bases de données. Il est surtout utilisé par les bibliothèques pour interroger simultanément plusieurs catalogues.	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Cue sports	Billard	Cue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard sports, are a wide variety of games of skill generally played with a cue stick, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by elastic bumpers known as.	Le billard est un jeu d'adresse à un ou plusieurs joueurs qui se pratique sur une table, recouverte d'un tissu (souvent vert ou bleu) et bordée de bandes, sur laquelle on fait rouler des billes que l’on frappe à l’aide d’une queue.	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Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	XVIIIe dynastie égyptienne	The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1549/1550 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmosid Dynasty for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.	La (-1550/-1292) est souvent assimilée à l’apogée de la civilisation égyptienne antique. Elle clôt la longue Deuxième Période intermédiaire et ouvre le Nouvel Empire avec l’expulsion des Hyksôs, peuplade asiatique qui occupent le pays jusqu’à Abydos et dont la capitale est Avaris.	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Rafael Trujillo	Rafael Trujillo	Sergio Daniel Ortega (, ; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed "El Jefe" (, "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican politician and soldier who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He served as president from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman under figurehead presidents. His 31 years in power, to Dominicans known as the Trujillo Era (), are considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas, as well as a time of a personality cult, when monuments to Trujillo were in abundance. Trujillo and his regime were responsible for many deaths, including between 20,000 and 30,000 Haitians in the infamous Parsley massacre.	Rafael Trujillo Molina, né le à San Cristóbal et mort le à Ciudad Trujillo, est un militaire et homme d'État dominicain qui fut à deux reprises le président de la République dominicaine (1930-1938 et 1942-1952). De 1930 à sa mort en 1961, il exerce un pouvoir sans partage sur le pays.	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Jean Charest	Jean Charest	John James Charest (born June 24, 1958), known as Jean Charest, is a Canadian politician who served as the 29th premier of Quebec, from 2003 to 2012; the deputy prime minister of Canada from June 25, 1993, until November 4, 1993; the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998; and the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1998 to 2012. He became Premier after winning the 2003 election; after he lost the 2012 election he announced that he would be resigning as Quebec Liberal Leader and leaving politics. Charest sits as an advisor to Canada's Ecofiscal Commission. Charest is currently a consultant for Huawei on the Meng Wanzhou case and for its 5G network plans in Canada.	Jean Charest est un avocat et un homme politique québécois, né le à Sherbrooke (Québec) et ancien premier ministre du Québec. Auparavant en politique fédérale, il a brièvement été vice-Premier ministre du Canada en 1993 puis chef du Parti progressiste-conservateur de 1993 à 1998. Il s'est notamment fait connaître au Québec en tant que vice-président du comité du lors du référendum québécois de 1995. Il se lance ensuite en politique provinciale, en prenant la direction Parti libéral du Québec en 1998 puis devient le 29 premier ministre du Québec à la suite de l'élection générale de 2003. Il quitte ses fonctions au terme de trois mandats, après la défaite électorale de 2012.	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Shem

Sem (Bible)

Shem (; "Šēm") was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature.

Sem (en hébreu moderne : שם, "Shem" ou "Sêm" ; arabe : سام, "Sām" ; signifiant « nom, renommée, prospérité ») est un personnage de la Genèse, le premier livre de la Bible. Il est un des trois fils de Noé, et le frère de Cham et Japhet.

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null

Visible spectrum

Spectre visible

The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to 740 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 405–790 THz.

Le spectre visible est la partie du spectre électromagnétique visible pour l'humain. Le spectre d'une lumière est le résultat de son analyse spectrale.

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Japheth

Japhet

Japheth ( "Yép̄eṯ", in pausa "Yā́p̄eṯ"; ""; ), is one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis, in which he plays a role in the story of Noah's drunkenness and the curse of Ham, and subsequently in the Table of Nations as the ancestor of the peoples of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, and elsewhere. In medieval and early modern European tradition he was considered to be the progenitor of European and, later, East Asian peoples.

Japhet (en hébreu יפת, en arabe يافث, "Yapht" signifiant « ouvert », « qu'il s'élargisse », « qu'il mette au large ») est un personnage de la Genèse dans la Bible. Il est, avec Sem et Cham, un des trois fils de Noé. Il est, selon la "Table des peuples", l’ancêtre des Japhétiques, des nations vivant au nord de la mer Méditerranée dans l'actuelle Europe.

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Put (biblical figure)

Pout

Phut or Put ( "pûṭ"; Septuagint Greek "Phoud") is the third son of Ham (one of the sons of Noah), in the biblical Table of Nations (Genesis ; cf. 1 Chronicles ). The name Put (or Phut) refers to the homeland of the Amazigh, it is also used in the Bible for the people or nation said to be descended from him, placed in Ancient Libya, but a few scholars proposed the Land of Punt known from Ancient Egyptian annals.

Pout (en hébreu פוט, dans la Septante Φουδ "Phoud", "Puth" dans la Bible de Louis Segond, parfois également transcrit en "Phut") est un personnage de l’Ancien Testament de la Bible.

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Scattering

Diffusion des ondes

Atoms or molecules which are exposed to light absorb light energy and re-emit light in different directions with different intensity. This phenomenon is an example of scattering, a general physical process where quanta of some form, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergoes scattering are often called "diffuse reflections" and unscattered reflections are called "specular" (mirror-like) reflections.

La diffusion est le phénomène par lequel un rayonnement, comme la lumière, le son ou un faisceau de particules, est dévié dans diverses directions par une interaction avec d'autres objets. La diffusion peut être isotrope, c'est-à-dire répartie uniformément dans toutes les directions, ou anisotrope. En particulier, la fraction de l'onde incidente qui est retournée dans la direction d'où elle provient est appelée rétrodiffusion ("backscatter" en anglais). La diffusion peut s'effectuer avec ou sans variation de fréquence. On parle de diffusion inélastique dans le premier cas, élastique dans le second. La polarisation du rayonnement incident peut être modifiée par la diffusion.

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Cape Town

Le Cap

Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad ; Xhosa: "iKapa;") is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa. Colloquially named the Mother City, it is the largest city of the Western Cape province and forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town. The other two capitals are located in Pretoria (the executive capital where the Presidency is based) and Bloemfontein (the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located). The city is known for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape's population. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.

Le Cap (,, en xhosa : "") est une ville d'Afrique du Sud, capitale de la colonie du Cap (1652-1910) puis de la province du Cap (1910-1994). Elle est actuellement la capitale provinciale du Cap-Occidental.

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null

HTML editor

Éditeur HTML

An HTML editor is a program for editing HTML, the markup of a web page. Although the HTML markup in a web page can be controlled with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors handle not only HTML, but also related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version control systems such as Subversion or Git. Many word processing, graphic design and page layout programs that are not dedicated to web design, such as Microsoft Word or Quark XPress, also have the ability to function as HTML editors.

Un éditeur HTML, ou éditeur web, est un logiciel conçu pour faciliter la préparation et la modification de documents écrits en (HTML). Un document HTML est le principal composant d'une page web. Il existe deux catégories d'éditeur :

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Reflection (physics)

Réflexion (physique)

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The "law of reflection" says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.

La réflexion en physique est le brusque changement de direction d'une onde à l'interface de deux milieux. Après réflexion l'onde reste dans son milieu de propagation initial. De multiples types d'onde peuvent subir une réflexion, ainsi, les ondes électromagnétiques se réfléchissent sur les diélectriques ou les métaux, créant une réflexion vitreuse ou une réflexion métallique, les ondes acoustiques peuvent se réfléchir, ce qui est à l'origine de l'écho par exemple, les ondes électriques peuvent se réfléchir au raccord entre les câbles et les ondes mécaniques, telles les vagues ou les ondes sismiques peuvent aussi subir ce phénomène.

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La Voisin

Catherine Monvoisin, or Montvoisin, née "Deshayes", known as "La Voisin" (c. 1640 – February 22, 1680), was a French fortune teller, commissioned poisoner, and professional provider of alleged sorcery. She was the head of a network of fortune tellers in Paris providing poison, aphrodisiacs, abortion, purported magical services and the arranging of black masses, with clients among the aristocracy, and became the central figure in the famous "affaire des poisons". Her purported organization of commissioned black magic and poison murder was suspected to have killed 1000 people, but it is believed that upwards of 2500 people might have been murdered.

Catherine Deshayes, dite la Voisin (Paris, vers 1640 – Paris, ), est une tueuse en série (empoisonneuse) française, prétendue sorcière, mêlée à l'affaire des poisons.

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Affair of the Poisons

Affaire des poisons

The Affair of the Poisons ("L'affaire des poisons") was a major murder scandal in France during the reign of King Louis XIV. Between 1677 and 1682, a number of prominent members of the aristocracy were implicated and sentenced on charges of poisoning and witchcraft. The scandal reached into the inner circle of the king. It led to the execution of 36 people.

L'affaire des poisons est une série de scandales impliquant des empoisonnements survenus entre 1679 et 1682, sous le règne de Louis XIV, et qui secouèrent Paris et la Cour. Plusieurs personnalités éminentes de l’aristocratie furent impliquées, et ces affaires installèrent un climat hystérique de « chasse aux sorcières » et aux empoisonneuses.

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Wide area information server

Wide Area Information Servers

Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) is a client–server text searching system that uses the ANSI Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications" (Z39.50:1988) to search index databases on remote computers. It was developed in the late 1980s as a project of Thinking Machines, Apple Computer, Dow Jones, and KPMG Peat Marwick.

Wide Area Information Servers, ou Service, ou System ou Searching, aussi connu sous l'acronyme WAIS, est un système informatique client-serveur permettant à un logiciel client WAIS de se connecter à un serveur répertoriant des bases de données documentaires distribuées sur un réseau informatique et de lancer une recherche dans le texte des documents. Les recherches peuvent s'effectuer par mots clés ou en langage courant. La réponse est donnée sous la forme d'une liste de documents consultables triés par ordre de pertinence. WAIS utilise une extension du protocole de communication ANSI Z39.50.

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Moses Finley

Sir Moses Isaac Finley, FBA (born Finkelstein; 20 May 1912 – 23 June 1986) was an American-born British academic and classical scholar. His prosecution by the McCarran Security Committee led to his move to England, where he became an English classical scholar and eventually master of Darwin College, Cambridge. His most notable work is "The Ancient Economy" (1973), where he argued that the economy in antiquity was governed by status and civic ideology rather than rational economic motivations.

Moses Immanuel Finley, né en 1912 à New York et mort en 1986, est un historien d'origine américaine naturalisé britannique en 1962, spécialiste de l'Antiquité grecque.

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Fusarium wilt

Fusariose

Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticillium wilt. This disease has been investigated extensively since the early years of this century. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is "Fusarium oxysporum" ("F. oxysporum"). The species is further divided into "formae speciales" based on host plant.

Les fusarioses sont des maladies fongiques courantes des végétaux, et parfois de l'animal. Elles sont causées par certains champignons décomposeurs couramment présents dans le sol, du genre "Fusarium" (deutéromycète) mais ayant dans ces cas un développement parasitaire.

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Fusarium

Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these "Fusarium" species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some "Fusarium" species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.

Fusarium est un genre de champignons imparfaits (deutéromycètes). Les formes parfaites (téléomorphes) de quelques espèces de "Fusarium" sont connues, et appartiennent à la classe des Ascomycètes (ordre des Hypocréales, famille des Nectriacées, genres "Gibberella", "Calonectria", et "Nectria"). Pour plusieurs espèces de "Fusarium", le stade parfait demeure inconnu.

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Place de la Concorde

The Place de la Concorde () is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring in area, it is the largest square in the French capital. It is located in the city's eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées. It was the site of many notable public executions, including the execution of King Louis XVI, during the French Revolution.

La place de la Concorde, avec 8,64 hectares, est la plus grande place de Paris. Le nom aurait été choisi par le Directoire pour marquer la réconciliation des Français après les excès de la Terreur.

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Asparagus

Asperge

Asparagus, or garden asparagus, folk name sparrow grass, scientific name Asparagus officinalis, is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus "Asparagus". Its young shoots are used as a spring vegetable.

L'asperge est une plante de la famille des "Asparagaceae" originaire de l'est du bassin méditerranéen. Connue des Romains, elle est cultivée comme plante potagère en France depuis le. Le terme désigne aussi ses pousses comestibles, qui proviennent de rhizomes d'où partent chaque année les bourgeons souterrains ou turions qui donnent naissance à des tiges s'élevant entre.

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Camillien Houde

Camillien Houde (13 August 1889 – 11 September 1958) was a Quebec politician, a Member of Parliament, and a four-time mayor of Montreal – one of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government.

Camillien Houde, né le et décédé le à Montréal, est un homme politique québécois. Il a été député à l'Assemblée législative du Québec, maire de Montréal, chef du Parti conservateur du Québec et député à la Chambre des communes du Canada. De 1923 à 1947, il fut l'un des principaux adversaires des gouvernements de Taschereau et de Duplessis. Son opposition à la politique d'enregistrement pour service militaire décrétée par le gouvernement fédéral canadien de King en 1940 lui valut son internement sans procès dans un camp de concentration sur l'Ile-Sainte-Hélène à Montréal, pendant quatre ans avec les Italiens de Montréal aussi détenu à cet endroit. La répression dont il fut l'objet lui acquit l'estime populaire et en fit une légende vivante.

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Maildir

The Maildir e-mail format is a common way of storing email messages in which each message is stored in a separate file with a unique name, and each mail folder is a file system directory. The local file system handles file locking as messages are added, moved and deleted. A major design goal of Maildir is to eliminate the need for program code to handle file locking and unlocking.

Maildir est une structure de répertoires particulière, qui est utilisée pour sauvegarder des courriers électroniques. Maildir a été créé par Daniel J. Bernstein lors du développement de son serveur de messagerie électronique : Qmail.

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null

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)

Ministère de l'Intérieur (Russie)

The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MIA of Russia,, МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia. Emperor Alexander I of Russia founded its predecessor in 1802 in Imperial Russia. The Ministry has its headquarters in Moscow.

Le ministère de l'Intérieur de Russie a pour sigle MVD (МВД), "Ministerstvo Vnoutrennikh Diel" ( ; ) dans la Russie actuelle comme dans l'ex-URSS. Cet organe a connu de nombreux remaniements.

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null

Constitutive equation

Loi de comportement

In physics and engineering, a constitutive equation or constitutive relation is a relation between two physical quantities (especially kinetic quantities as related to kinematic quantities) that is specific to a material or substance, and approximates the response of that material to external stimuli, usually as applied fields or forces. They are combined with other equations governing physical laws to solve physical problems; for example in fluid mechanics the flow of a fluid in a pipe, in solid state physics the response of a crystal to an electric field, or in structural analysis, the connection between applied stresses or forces to strains or deformations.

Les lois de comportement de la matière, étudiées en science des matériaux et notamment en mécanique des milieux continus, visent à modéliser le comportement des fluides ou solides par des lois empiriques lors de leur déformation.

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Pelops

Pélops

In Greek mythology, Pelops (; ) was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region (, "Pelops' Island"). His father, Tantalus, was the founder of the House of Atreus through Pelops's son of that name.

Dans la mythologie grecque, Pélops (en grec ancien, étymologie obscure), fils de Tantale et Dioné (ou d'Euryanassa selon les auteurs), est l'ancêtre des Atrides à Mycènes et donna son nom au Péloponnèse. Il fut aussi l'éromène de Poséidon. Il est principalement connu dans l'Antiquité pour l'épreuve de course de chars qu'il remporte contre le roi de Pise Œnomaos afin d'obtenir la main de sa fille Hippodamie.

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Matroska

The Matroska Multimedia Container is a free, open-standard container format, a file format that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file. It is a universal format for storing common multimedia content, like movies or TV shows. Matroska is similar in concept to other containers like AVI, MP4, or Advanced Systems Format (ASF), but is entirely open in specification, with implementations consisting mostly of open source software. Matroska file extensions are.MKV for video (which may or may not include subtitles and audio),.MK3D for stereoscopic video,.MKA for audio-only files, and.MKS for subtitles only.

Matroska (du russe ', matriochka, poupée russe, ou MKV"') est un format de fichier multimédia, multiplate-forme et "ouvert". Il est mis à disposition du grand public gratuitement depuis le. Le format WebM reprend certaines de ses spécificités.

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Duchy of Saxony

Duché de Saxe

The Duchy of Saxony (, ) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804. Upon the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Saxony was one of the five German stem duchies of East Francia; Duke Henry the Fowler was elected German king in 919.

Le duché de Saxe était un des cinq duchés ethniques germaniques de la Francie orientale, fondé au. Ce duché médiéval couvrait le nord du royaume de Germanie, s'étendant sur le territoire des tribus saxonnes entre les rives du Rhin inférieur et l'Elbe. Les domaines de la Saxe primitive ont été conquis par les forces de Charlemagne dans la guerre des Saxons jusqu'en 804 et progressivement intégrés à l'Empire carolingien.

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KGB

The KGB (), translated in English as the Committee for State Security, was the secret police force that was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. As a direct successor of preceding agencies such as the Cheka, NKGB, NKVD and MGB, the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", carrying out internal security, intelligence and secret-police functions. Similar agencies operated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russian SFSR, with many associated ministries, state committees and state commissions.

Le KGB (КГБ), sigle du russe "Komitet gossoudarstvennoï bezopasnosti" ( ), soit le "Comité pour la Sécurité de l'État", est le principal service de renseignement de l'URSS post-stalinienne. À l'intérieur de cet État, il avait également la fonction de police politique. Du au, le KGB, dont le quartier-général est domicilié au 2, place Félix-Dzerjinski à Moscou, fut l'organisation chargée de la sécurité de l'URSS, de la police secrète et du renseignement.

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Hans Urs von Balthasar

Hans Urs von Balthasar (12 August 1905–26 June 1988) was a Swiss theologian and Catholic priest who is considered an important Roman Catholic theologian of the 20th century.

Hans Urs von Balthasar, né à Lucerne (Suisse) le et mort à Bâle (Suisse) le, est un prêtre catholique suisse du diocèse de Coire. Jésuite de 1928 à 1950, il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands théologiens chrétiens du. Créé cardinal par Jean-Paul II en 1988, il meurt quelques jours avant d'en recevoir les insignes.

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Bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie (; ) is a polysemous French term that can mean: The "bourgeoisie" in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charter, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie "outside the walls of the city" beyond which the people were "peasants" submitted to the stately courts and manorialism (except for the traveling "fair bourgeoisie" living outside urban territories, who retained their city rights and domicile).

Le mot bourgeoisie a un sens qui varie selon les époques : La « bourgeoisie », dans son sens premier, est donc intimement liée à l'existence des villes reconnues comme telles par leurs chartes urbaines ; il n'y avait donc pas de bourgeoisie « hors les murs de la cité » au-delà desquels les habitants étaient des « manants » soumis aux juridictions et aux corvées seigneuriales (à l'exception de la « bourgeoisie foraine » habitant hors du territoire urbain, mais y ayant conservé ses droits).

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Classical music

Musique classique

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a more precise term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from before the 6th century AD to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period.

La musique classique désigne pour le grand public l'ensemble de la musique occidentale savante d'origine liturgique et séculière, par opposition à la musique populaire, depuis la musique médiévale à nos jours. On suggère que l’expansion de l'industrie musicale de la seconde moitié de XX siècle est à l’origine du changement de terminologie : l'adjectif « classique » remplace l'adjectif « savante » utilisé auparavant, afin de rompre avec la perception des pratiques liées à ce genre musical.

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Caltha palustris

Populage des marais

Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.

Le Populage des marais, Caltha des marais ou encore Souci d'eau ("Caltha palustris") est une espèce de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des Renonculacées. C'est l'espèce type du genre "Caltha".

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Chanson de geste

The chanson de geste (, from Latin "deeds, actions accomplished") is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, before the emergence of the lyric poetry of the trouvères (troubadours) and the earliest verse romances. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250.

Une chanson de geste est un récit versifié (un long poème) le plus souvent en décasyllabes ou, plus tardivement, en alexandrins, assonancés regroupés en laisses (strophes présentant la même assonance, de taille variable), relatant des exploits guerriers appartenant, le plus souvent, au passé.

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Virgin Cola

Virgin Cola was a carbonated cola soft drink and was launched in 1994. The beverage became popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and caught the attention of Coca-Cola, who subsequently began to create lucrative deals with stockists to sway them from carrying Virgin; this meant that whilst the Virgin Cola brand had become popular, it began to decline and fade into obscurity, and by the late 2000s was only available in limited locations. After being discontinued in the UK, it still existed overseas for a short time before ceasing existence.

Virgin Cola était une marque de cola appartenant au groupe anglais Virgin et concurrente de Coca-Cola et Pepsi-Cola. Virgin Cola a été lancée en Grande-Bretagne en 1994 et son image a été endossée par Nicole Richie, Nicky Hilton, et Ashlee Simpson.

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Veronica filiformis

Véronique filiforme

Veronica filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is known by many common names, including slender speedwell, creeping speedwell, threadstalk speedwell and Whetzel weed. It is native to eastern Europe and western Asia, and it is known in many other regions as an introduced species.

La Véronique filiforme "(Veronica filiformis)" est l'une des 200 espèces de plantes du genre "Veronica". Ce genre, traditionnellement classé dans la famille des Scrofulariacées, est aujourd'hui situé dans celle des Plantaginacées.

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Supermarine Spitfire

The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations, and it was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire continues to be popular among enthusiasts; nearly 60 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.

Le Supermarine Spitfire (en anglais "cracheur de feu", mais aussi au sens figuré "soupe au lait" ou "mégère", d'où "dragon" également) est l'un des chasseurs monoplaces les plus utilisés par la RAF et par les Alliés pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il donna lieu à une diversification et à une multiplicité de versions jamais atteinte auparavant dans l'histoire de l'aviation.

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Magisterium

Magistère de l'Église catholique

The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to give authentic interpretation of the Word of God, "whether in its written form or in the form of Tradition." According to the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church, the task of interpretation is vested uniquely in the Pope and the bishops, though the concept has a complex history of development. Scripture and Tradition "make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church", and the magisterium is not independent of this, since "all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed is derived from this single deposit of faith."

Le Magistère de l'Église (du latin "magister", « celui qui enseigne, le maître ») désigne l'autorité en matière de morale et de foi de l'ensemble des évêques et spécialement du pape, sur les fidèles catholiques.

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Lavrentiy Beria

Lavrenti Beria

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (; ;, ; – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security, sexual predator, and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941. He later officially joined the Politburo in 1946.

Lavrenti Pavlovitch Beria ("Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria", en géorgien : ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია ; "Lavrentiï Pavlovitch Beria", en russe : Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия), né le à Merkheoul (Empire russe, actuelle république séparatiste d'Abkhazie) et mort le à Moscou, est un homme politique soviétique. Né dans une famille pauvre, il est une figure-clé du pouvoir soviétique de 1938 à 1953. Chef du NKVD en premier lieu, il est à ce titre l'un des responsables du massacre de Katyń. Il est par la suite membre du Politburo de 1946 à sa mort, et contrôle l'ensemble de la sécurité intérieure et extérieure de l'Union soviétique.

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Recursive acronym

Sigles auto-référentiels

A recursive acronym is an acronym that refers to itself. The term was first used in print in 1979 in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid", in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning "GOD Over Djinn", to help explain infinite series, and describes it as a recursive acronym. Other references followed, however the concept was used as early as 1968 in John Brunner's science fiction novel "Stand on Zanzibar". In the story, the acronym EPT (Education for Particular Task) later morphed into "Eptification for Particular Task".

Les sigles auto-référentiels sont des sigles qui font appel à la récursivité et plus précisément à l'auto-référence dans un procédé de mise en abyme littéraire. On parle aussi d'autonymie. On trouve des sigles récursifs essentiellement en développement informatique et en sciences de la nature.

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Opéra Bastille

The Opéra Bastille (, "Bastille Opera House") is a modern opera house in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. Inaugurated in 1989 as part of President François Mitterrand's "Grands Travaux", it became the main facility of the Paris National Opera, France's principal opera company, alongside the older Palais Garnier; most opera performances are shown at the Bastille along with some ballet performances and symphony concerts, while Palais Garnier presents a mix of opera and ballet performances.

L’opéra Bastille est une salle d’opéra moderne située sur la place de la Bastille à Paris. Elle a été conçue par Carlos Ott et inaugurée en 1989 à l'occasion des festivités du bicentenaire de la Révolution dans le cadre des grands travaux pour Paris. C’est avec l’opéra Garnier l’une des deux salles constituant l'Opéra de Paris, institution publique française dont la mission est de mettre en œuvre la représentation de spectacles lyriques ou de ballet, de haute qualité artistique.

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Mission Chicago

Opération Chicago

Mission Chicago was a pre-dawn glider-borne combat assault in the American airborne landings in Normandy, made by elements of the 101st Airborne Division on the early morning of June 6, 1944 during the Normandy landings of World War II. It was part of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord. Originally slated to be the main assault for the 101st Airborne Division, the glider operation instead became the first reinforcement mission after the main parachute combat assault, Mission Albany. Because the area of responsibility for the division was in close proximity to Utah Beach, the use of glider reinforcement was limited in scale, with most division support units transported by sea.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'opération Chicago est un renfort à l'opération Albany. Elle consista en un parachutage et atterrissage de planeurs de la Division Aéroportée US américaine à Vierville en Normandie dans la nuit du. Cette opération faisait partie intégrante du débarquement de Normandie (opération Overlord).

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Encyclical

Encyclique

An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from Late Latin "encyclios" (from Latin "encyclius", a Latinization of Greek "enkyklios" meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).

Une encyclique (en latin "encyclia", de l'adjectif grec / d'après /, « cercle ») est une lettre adressée par le pape à tous les évêques, et parfois également à l'ensemble des fidèles. C'est une lettre « circulaire ».

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Mid-ocean ridge

Dorsale (géologie)

A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It typically has a depth of ~ and rises about two kilometers above the deepest portion of an ocean basin. This feature is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary. The rate of seafloor spreading determines the morphology of the crest of the mid-ocean ridge and its width in an ocean basin. The production of new seafloor and oceanic lithosphere results from mantle upwelling in response to plate separation. The melt rises as magma at the linear weakness between the separating plates, and emerges as lava, creating new oceanic crust and lithosphere upon cooling. The first discovered mid-ocean ridge was the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is a spreading center that bisects the North and South Atlantic basins; hence the origin of the name'mid-ocean ridge'. Most oceanic spreading centers are not in the middle of their hosting ocean basis but regardless, are traditionally called mid-ocean ridges. Mid-ocean ridges around the globe are linked by plate tectonic boundaries and the trace of the ridges across the ocean floor appears similar to the seam of a baseball. The mid-ocean ridge system thus is the longest mountain range on Earth, reaching about.

En géologie, une dorsale, appelée aussi crête médio-océanique ou ride médio-océanique, est une chaîne de montagnes sous-marine, que l'on rencontre dans tous les bassins océaniques. Elle se distingue de la plaine abyssale, la partie plate de la zone abyssale océanique entre et de profondeur, par des profondeurs beaucoup moins marquées, typiquement aux alentours de. Une dorsale se présente sous la forme d'un système de reliefs formant une chaîne, de part et d'autre d'un rift central marqué. Le réseau de ces dorsales est continu et s’étend sous les océans sur près de 60 à.

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null

Enabling Act of 1933

Loi allemande des pleins pouvoirs de 1933

The Enabling Act (German: "") of 1933, formally titled ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich"), was a law that gave German Cabinet—in effect, the Chancellor—the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag, and to override fundamental aspects of the Weimar Constitution. The Enabling Act gave Hitler plenary powers and followed on the heels of the Reichstag Fire Decree, which had abolished most civil liberties and transferred state powers to the Reich government. The combined effect of the two laws was to transform Hitler's government into a legal dictatorship.

La loi allemande des pleins pouvoirs de 1933, également connue sous le nom de loi d'habilitation ou sous sa dénomination officielle de "" (Loi du de réparation de la détresse du peuple et du Reich), est une loi allemande qui donna à Adolf Hitler le droit de gouverner par décret, c'est-à-dire de prendre des textes à portée législative sans aucune procédure parlementaire.

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Veneto

Vénétie

Veneto (, ; ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fifth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice.

La région de la Vénétie (, ) est une région du nord-est de l’Italie. Elle compte environ 5 millions d'habitants, étant la cinquième région la plus peuplée du pays, sur un territoire de. Sa capitale est Venise (en vénitien : "Venessia", en italien : "Venezia").

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Vistula

Vistule

The Vistula (; ; ), the longest and largest river in Poland, is the 9th-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is, of which is located within Poland (54% of its land area).

La Vistule (en, en, en ) est le principal fleuve polonais. La Vistule a donné son nom à une période glaciaire : la glaciation de la Vistule (en, parfois traduit en français par "glaciation de Weichsel"). Elle forme la frontière historique entre peuples slaves et baltes.

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Maria Theresa of Spain

Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche (1638-1683)

Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche (Madrid, - Versailles, ) : Infante d'Espagne, Infante de Portugal, Archiduchesse d'Autriche. Par son mariage avec Louis XIV, elle devient reine de France. Elle assurera brièvement une « régence » en 1672 lors de la guerre contre la Hollande.

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IL-2 Sturmovik (video game)

IL-2 Sturmovik (jeu vidéo)

IL-2 Sturmovik (Ил-2 Штурмовик) is a 2001 World War II combat flight simulator video game and is the first installment in the "IL-2 Sturmovik" series. The release focused on the air battles of the Eastern Front. It was named after the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack fighter, which played a prominent role in this theatre and is the single most produced military aircraft design to date. Along with its sequels, IL-2 Sturmovik is considered one of the leading World War II flight simulators.

IL-2-Sturmovik est un simulateur de vol de combat de Seconde Guerre mondiale conçu par les russes Oleg Maddox et Ilya Shevchenko et distribué depuis 2001 dans les pays de la CEI par l'éditeur russe 1C, et par Ubisoft dans le reste du monde.

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Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon (philosophe)

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (; 22 January 15619 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution.

Francis Bacon, né le à Londres et mort à Highgate près de la même ville en 1626, baron de Verulam, vicomte de St Albans, Chancelier d’Angleterre, est un scientifique, un philosophe et un homme d'État anglais. Francis Bacon développe dans son œuvre le "De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum" une théorie empiriste de la connaissance, et, en 1620, il précise les règles de la méthode expérimentale dans le "Novum organum", ce qui fait de lui l’un des pionniers de la pensée scientifique moderne.

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Philip V of Spain

Philippe V (roi d'Espagne)

Philip V (, ; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 14 January 1724, and then again from his reaccession to the throne upon his son's death, on 6 September 1724, to his own death on 9 July 1746.

, dit "el Animoso" en espagnol, c'est-à-dire « le Brave » (Versailles, – Madrid, ), roi des Espagnes et des Indes à la mort de Charles II d'Espagne (1700 – 1716) puis titré roi d'Espagne et des Indes (1716 – 1746) à la suite des décrets de Nueva Planta qui modifiaient l'organisation territoriale des royaumes hispaniques en abolissant les royaumes de Castille et d'Aragon. Il abdique brièvement en 1724 pendant six mois, au profit de son fils.

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Étienne Marcel

Étienne Marcel (between 1302 and 131031 July 1358) was provost of the merchants of Paris under King John II of France, called John the Good (Jean le Bon). He distinguished himself in the defense of the small craftsmen and guildsmen who made up most of the city population.

Étienne Marcel, né entre 1302 et 1310 et mort à Paris le, est prévôt des marchands de Paris sous le règne de Jean le Bon. Il se retrouve à la tête du mouvement réformateur qui cherche à instaurer une monarchie française contrôlée en 1357, en affrontant le pouvoir royal exercé par le dauphin. Délégué du tiers état, il joue un rôle considérable au cours des états généraux tenus en pleine guerre de Cent Ans : ceux de 1355 avaient pour objectif le contrôle de la fiscalité, ceux de 1356 demandaient le prélèvement de nouveaux impôts et ceux de 1357 devaient régler le paiement de la rançon du roi Jean.

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Sword

Épée

A sword is a bladed melee weapon intended for cutting and thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger, consisting of a long blade attached to a hilt. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographic region under consideration. The blade can be straight or curved. Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade, and tend to be straighter; slashing swords have a sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade, and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing.

L’épée (du latin "spatha", « chose plate ») est une arme blanche à double tranchant (se distinguant ainsi du sabre) composée d'une lame droite en métal pourvue le cas échéant d'une gouttière (dépression longitudinale), d'une poignée et, à certaines époques, d'une garde protégeant la main et d'un pommeau.

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Centre Party (Germany)

Zentrum

The German Centre Party ( or just ) is a lay Catholic political party in Germany, primarily influential during the "Kaiserreich" and the Weimar Republic. In English it is often called the Catholic Centre Party. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the Kulturkampf waged by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck against the Catholic Church. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities.

La (en abrégé, « Centre ») est un des principaux partis politiques de l'Empire allemand puis de la république de Weimar. Fondé en 1870 et initialement dissous le, il représente les idées des catholiques, minoritaires en Allemagne. Le parti est refondé après la Seconde Guerre mondiale mais est marginalisé rapidement par la CDU qui devient le principal parti de la démocratie chrétienne en Allemagne.

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Oblique case

Oblique (cas)

In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated ; from ) or objective case (abbr. ) is a nominal case that is used when a noun phrase is the object of either a verb or a preposition. A noun or pronoun in the oblique case can generally appear in any role except as subject, for which the nominative case is used. The term "objective case" is generally preferred by modern English grammarians, where it supplanted Old English's dative and accusative. When the two terms are contrasted, they differ in the ability of a word in the oblique case to function as a possessive attributive; whether English has an oblique rather than an objective case then depends on how "proper" or widespread one considers the dialects where such usage is employed.

En linguistique, le terme de cas oblique ("casus obliquus" en latin) désigne tout type de cas grammatical autre que celui servant de forme de citation (ou forme canonique, ou lemme). Il fonctionne essentiellement en opposition avec la notion de "cas direct". Son application précise varie selon les langues :

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The Rocky Horror Picture Show

The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British-American musical comedy horror film by 20th Century Fox, produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman. The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien, who is also a member of the cast. The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production "The Rocky Horror Show", with music, book, and lyrics by O'Brien. The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1960s. Along with O'Brien, the film stars Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon, and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre, Roxy Theatre, and Belasco Theatre productions including Nell Campbell and Patricia Quinn.

Ce film, qui rend un hommage parodique aux films de science-fiction, d'horreur et de série B, fut un échec commercial au moment de sa sortie. On lui reprocha en particulier d'avoir une intrigue lacunaire, une ambiance de dessin animé et un caractère trop sexuel. Malgré cela, "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" est considéré comme un « midnight movies » ayant marqué son époque et il jouit d'un large public de fans dans le monde entier. Premier film du marché des « midnight movies » à avoir été produit par une major, il fait toujours partie des films de ce genre les plus connus et les plus rentables financièrement.

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Veil

Voile (vêtement)

A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures it is men rather than women who are expected to wear a veil. Besides its enduring religious significance, veiling continues to play a role in some modern secular contexts, such as wedding customs.

Le voile (du latin "velum," rideau, tenture) est un vêtement traditionnel ou religieux destiné généralement à masquer tout ou partie du corps et parfois du visage d'une femme.

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null

Moment of inertia

Moment d'inertie

The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration. It depends on the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's rate of rotation.

Le moment d'inertie est une grandeur physique qui caractérise la géométrie des masses d'un solide, c'est-à-dire la répartition de la matière en son sein. Il quantifie également la "résistance" à une mise en rotation de ce solide (ou plus généralement à une accélération angulaire), et a pour dimension M·L2 (le produit d'une masse et du carré d'une longueur, qui s'exprime en kg·m2 dans le S.I.). C'est l'analogue pour un solide de la masse inertielle qui, elle, mesure la "résistance" d'un corps soumis à une accélération linéaire.

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null

Hijab

Hidjab

A hijab (;, in common English usage) is a veil worn by Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest. The term can refer to any head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to Islamic standards of modesty. "Hijab" can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may denote a metaphysical dimension, for example referring to "the veil which separates man or the world from God."

Le hidjab ou hijab (arabe :,'ou ), voile ou foulard islamique, désigne un vêtement féminin porté par des femmes musulmanes et qui couvre leur tête en laissant le visage apparent.

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Satyr

Satyre

In Greek mythology, a satyr ( "", ), also known as a silenos ( ), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection. Early artistic representations sometimes include horse-like legs, but, by the sixth century BC, they were more often represented with human legs. Comically hideous, they have mane-like hair, bestial faces, and snub noses and are always shown naked. Satyrs were characterized by their ribaldry and were known as lovers of wine, music, dancing, and women. They were companions of the god Dionysus and were believed to inhabit remote locales, such as woodlands, mountains, and pastures. They often attempted to seduce or rape nymphs and mortal women alike, usually with little success. They are sometimes shown masturbating or engaging in bestiality.

Le satyre (en grec ancien /, en latin "satyrus") est une créature de la mythologie grecque. Les satyres, associés aux féminines Ménades, forment le « cortège dionysiaque », qui accompagne le dieu Dionysos. Ils peuvent aussi s'associer au dieu Pan. Ils peuvent également accompagner les nymphes, qui sont des créatures féminines de la mythologie grecque antique.

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Jacob Grimm

Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German philologist, jurist, and mythologist. He is known as the discoverer of Grimm's law of linguistics, the co-author of the monumental "Deutsches Wörterbuch", the author of "Deutsche Mythologie", and the editor of "Grimm's Fairy Tales". He was the older brother of Wilhelm Grimm, of the literary duo the Brothers Grimm.

Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (né le à Hanau en Hesse-Cassel et mort le à Berlin en Prusse) est une importante figure littéraire, conteur, linguiste, philologue allemand, connu pour avoir rassemblé des contes européens avec son frère Wilhelm et contribué à la rédaction du "Deutsches Wörterbuch". Son travail lui a valu une reconnaissance de ses pairs en tant que figure importante de la littérature allemande, notamment en appliquant la méthode historique aux travaux littéraires.

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Chivalry

Chevalerie

Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is an informal, varying code of conduct developed between 1170 and 1220. It was associated with the medieval Christian institution of knighthood; knights' and gentlemen's behaviours were governed by chivalrous social codes. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, particularly the literary cycles known as the Matter of France, relating to the legendary companions of Charlemagne and his men-at-arms, the paladins, and the Matter of Britain, informed by Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae", written in the 1130s, which popularized the legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. All of these were taken as historically accurate until the beginnings of modern scholarship in the 19th century.

La chevalerie était au Moyen Âge une forme de force militaire comprenant des hommes d'armes qui combattaient à cheval d'abord au corps à corps à l'épée puis en s'alourdissant à la lance. « Chevalerie » est un dérivé du mot "cheval", attesté en ancien français dès le. Le terme sous-entend une distinction entre les chevaliers, combattants professionnels d'élite montés à cheval, et la « piétaille » qui fournissait la masse de l'infanterie et, plus tard, de l'artillerie. Le terme donne lieu à la cavalerie des premières armées modernes. Les qualités de hardiesse et de générosité tiennent aux ordres militaires qui développèrent des chevaliers aguerris. À la fin du, par le biais des ordres militaires, les Templiers puis les Hospitaliers par exemple, et avec l'association des vœux religieux, une institution féodale rassemblant les combattants à cheval.

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Claymore (manga)

Madhouse adapted the first eleven volumes of the series into a twenty-six episode anime series. Directed by Hiroyuki Tanaka, it premiered in Japan on Nippon TV in April 2007 and ran until September 2007. A CD soundtrack for the anime and a CD of character songs using its voice actresses were released on July 25, 2007 and September 27, 2007, respectively.

Il existe une adaptation en série télévisée d'animation de vingt-six épisodes faite par le studio Madhouse et diffusée sur NTV entre avril et septembre 2007.

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Flag of the United States

Drapeau des États-Unis

The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American Flag or U.S. flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.

Le drapeau des États-Unis, surnommé (littéralement « étoiles et bandes »), (généralement traduit par « bannière étoilée », et qui est également le titre de l'hymne national des États-Unis) ou encore, est le drapeau national et le pavillon national des États-Unis. Il se compose de treize bandes horizontales rouges et blanches d’égale largeur disposées alternativement (7 rouges et 6 blanches), et d’un canton supérieur (côté mât) de couleur bleue parsemé de cinquante petites étoiles blanches à cinq pointes arrangées selon neuf rangées horizontales.

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Veronica (plant)

Véronique (plante)

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.

Les véroniques ("Veronica") sont un genre de plantes herbacées annuelles ou pérennes comptant plus de 200 espèces à travers le monde.

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Calypso bulbosa

Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus "Calypso" takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, "bulbosa", refers to the bulb-like corms.

Le Calypso bulbeux "(Calypso bulbosa)" est une orchidée, c'est-à-dire, une plante de la famille des "Orchidaceae," des régions boréales de l'hémisphère nord. C'est la seule espèce du genre "Calypso". L'espèce compte quatre variétés autour du globe.

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Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège

Cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert de Liège

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège (or in full, the Cathedral of Our Lady and St. Lambert; ) was the cathedral of Liège, Belgium, until 1794, when its destruction began. This enormous Gothic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Lambert of Maastricht, occupied the site of the present Place Saint-Lambert in the centre of Liège.

La cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert ("Catedråle Notru-Dame-et-Sint-Lambiert di Lidje" en wallon) fut la cathédrale de Liège jusqu'en 1794, date du début de sa destruction. Cette immense cathédrale gothique, à la mémoire de saint Lambert, occupait l'actuelle place Saint-Lambert, au cœur de Liège. Avec ses deux chœurs, ses deux transepts, ses trois nefs à trois étages, le circuit de ses chapelles absidales et collatérales, son cloître et ses annexes, et sa flèche de, la cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert faisait partie des grands vaisseaux du monde occidental au Moyen Âge et était le monument majeur du gothique mosan. Elle pouvait contenir.

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Honoré Daumier

Honoré-Victorin Daumier (; February 26, 1808February 10, 1879) was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century.

Honoré Victorin Daumier, né le à Marseille et mort le à Valmondois, est un graveur, caricaturiste, peintre et sculpteur français, dont les œuvres commentaient la vie sociale et politique en France au. Dessinateur prolifique, auteur de plus de quatre mille lithographies, il est surtout connu pour ses caricatures d'hommes politiques et ses satires du comportement de ses compatriotes. Il a changé la perception que nous avons sur l'art de la caricature politique.

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Vector graphics

Image vectorielle

Vector graphics are computer graphics images that are defined in terms of points on a Cartesian plane, which are connected by lines and curves to form polygons and other shapes. Vector graphics have the unique advantage over raster graphics in that the points, lines, and curves may be scaled up or down to any resolution with no aliasing. The points determine the direction of the vector path; each path may have various properties including values for stroke color, shape, curve, thickness, and fill.

Une image vectorielle (ou image en mode trait), en informatique, est une image numérique composée d'objets géométriques individuels, des primitives géométriques (segments de droite, arcs de cercle, courbes de Bézier, polygones, etc.), définis chacun par différents attributs (forme, position, couleur, remplissage, visibilité, etc.) et auxquels on peut appliquer différentes transformations (homothéties, similitude, rotations, écrasement, mise à l'échelle, extrusion, inclinaison, effet miroir, dégradé de formes, morphage, symétrie, translation, interpolation, coniques ou bien les formes de révolution). Elle se différencie en cela des images matricielles (ou images "bitmap"), qui sont constituées de pixels.

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Duke of Bourbon

Liste des seigneurs puis ducs de Bourbon

Duke of Bourbon () is a title in the peerage of France. It was created in the first half of the 14th century for the eldest son of Robert of France, Count of Clermont and Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress of the lordship of Bourbon. In 1416, with the death of John of Valois, the Dukes of Bourbon were simultaneously Dukes of Auvergne.

Ceci est une liste des seigneurs ou sires de Bourbon, puis ducs de Bourbon à partir de 1327 (branche cadette des capétiens directs). Le titre régulier de duc de Bourbon est éteint depuis 1830.

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Bristol

Bristol (Royaume-Uni)

Bristol () is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400. The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England. The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK. The city lies between Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. South Wales lies across the Severn estuary.

Bristol est une ville britannique située dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre (Royaume-Uni), sur la rivière Avon marquant traditionnellement la frontière entre les comtés de Gloucestershire et le Somerset. Avec une population estimée à habitants en 2012, Bristol est la sixième ville d'Angleterre et la huitième du Royaume-Uni. Depuis 1542, Bristol possède officiellement le statut de cité et d'autorité unitaire. Entre les, Bristol fut un centre portuaire de premier ordre dans l'économie maritime mondiale. Tournée vers l'Irlande et l'Océan Atlantique, elle est alors le principal lieu du Commerce triangulaire en Angleterre. Au, Bristol était la deuxième ville la plus peuplée du Royaume-Uni après Londres. La ville compte aujourd'hui 450 parcs et jardins.

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Percival

Perceval

Percival ()—or Peredur (), Perceval, Parzival, Parsifal, etc.—is one of King Arthur's legendary Knights of the Round Table. First made famous by the French author Chretien de Troyes in the tale "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", he is most well known for being the original hero in the quest for the Grail, before being replaced in later English and French literature by Galahad.

Perceval est dans la légende arthurienne un des chevaliers de la Table ronde. Dans la littérature galloise, son nom est Peredur. Il est surtout connu pour sa participation à la quête du Saint-Graal.

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Loglan

Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. The language was developed beginning in 1955 by Dr James Cooke Brown with the goal of making a language so different from natural languages that people learning it would think in a different way if the hypothesis were true. In 1960 "Scientific American" published an article introducing the language. Loglan is the first among, and the main inspiration for, the languages known as logical languages, which also includes Lojban.

Le loglan, langue construite initiée en 1955 par le docteur James Cooke Brown, conçue pour une recherche linguistique sur l'hypothèse Sapir-Whorf.

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Night Shift (short story collection)

Danse macabre (recueil)

Night Shift is the first collection of short stories by Stephen King, first published in 1978. In 1980, "Night Shift" received the Balrog Award for Best Collection, and in 1979 it was nominated as best collection for the Locus Award and the World Fantasy Award. Many of King's most famous short stories were included in this collection.

Danse macabre (titre original : "") est un recueil de nouvelles d'horreur de Stephen King publié en 1978. La plupart des vingt nouvelles le composant sont parues précédemment dans divers magazines, seules les nouvelles "Celui qui garde le ver", "Desintox, Inc.", "Le Dernier Barreau de l'échelle" et "Chambre 312" étant inédites. Deux nouvelles de ce recueil seront développées par Stephen King sous forme de roman : "Une sale grippe" deviendra "Le Fléau" et "Celui qui garde le ver" est une préquelle de "Salem". La préface du livre est de John D. MacDonald.

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Multiple rocket launcher

Lance-roquettes multiple

A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) or multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a type of rocket artillery system. Rockets have different capabilities than conventional artillery munitions, such as longer range and different payloads, typically considerably larger warheads than a similarly sized artillery platform or multiple warheads. Unguided rocket artillery is notoriously inaccurate and slow to reload compared to artillery. To overcome this rockets are combined in systems that can launch multiple rockets simultaneously. Modern rockets can use GPS or inertial guidance to combine the advantages of rockets with high accuracy.

Le lance-roquettes multiple ou LRM également nommé lance-fusées multiple, est un système d'arme monté sur un châssis de char ou de camion, voire de navires, constitué d'une batterie de lance-roquettes. Celles-ci, contrairement aux armes antichars à tir tendu, ont un vol balistique et sont intégrées dans l'artillerie.

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Le Kremlin-Bicêtre

Le Kremlin-Bicêtre () is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is from the center of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe.

Le Kremlin-Bicêtre () est une commune française de la métropole du Grand Paris, située dans le département du Val-de-Marne en région Île-de-France.

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Papal bull

Bulle pontificale

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden seal ("bulla") that was traditionally appended to the end in order to authenticate it.

Une bulle pontificale (ou « bulle papale » ou « bulle apostolique ») est un document scellé (du latin "bulla", « sceau ») par lequel le pape pose un acte juridique important tel que l’indiction d’une année sainte, une nomination épiscopale, une définition dogmatique, la convocation d’un concile ou une canonisation. Le document relève habituellement du gouvernement pastoral de l'Église catholique, et s'adresse à l’ensemble des fidèles ou parfois aux païens. Il est ordinairement désigné par son incipit. Sa promulgation s'appelle une.

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Iconography

Iconographie

Iconography, as a branch of art history, studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style. The word "iconography" comes from the Greek ("image") and ("to write" or "to draw").

L'iconographie est l'ensemble des représentations d'un même sujet ou autour d'un même thème dans les œuvres appartenant aux arts visuels. L'iconographie est aussi une branche de l'histoire de l'art qui étudie l'identification, la description et l'interprétation du contenu des images : les sujets représentés, les compositions et les détails particuliers utilisés pour le faire, et d'autres éléments qui sont distincts du style artistique.

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Diplomatics

Diplomatique

Diplomatics (in American English, and in most anglophone countries), or diplomatic (in British English), is a scholarly discipline centred on the critical analysis of documents: especially, historical documents. It focuses on the conventions, protocols and formulae that have been used by document creators, and uses these to increase understanding of the processes of document creation, of information transmission, and of the relationships between the facts which the documents purport to record and reality.

La diplomatique (du grec ancien /, passeport, papier plié en deux) est une science auxiliaire de l'histoire qui étudie la structure, la classification, la valeur, la tradition et l'authenticité des documents officiels (les « diplômes » au sens historique du terme).

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Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf (, "culture struggle") is a German term referring to the conflict between the government of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Roman Catholic Church from about 1872 to 1878, predominantly over the control of educational and ecclesiastical appointments. What made the Kulturkampf unique in Germany compared to struggles between state and Church in other states was its anti-Polish aspect.

Le, ou « combat pour un idéal de société », est un conflit qui oppose le royaume de Prusse puis l'Empire allemand sous la direction du chancelier impérial Otto von Bismarck à l’Église catholique dirigée par Pie IX et au parti politique représentant les catholiques : le ". Le conflit s'intensifie en 1871, se termine en 1878 avant d'être définitivement soldé de manière diplomatique en 1887.

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null

Tensile testing

Essai mécanique

Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. "Uniaxial tensile testing" is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing.

Les essais mécaniques sont des expériences dont le but est de caractériser les lois de comportement des matériaux (mécanique des milieux continus). La loi de comportement établit une relation entre les contraintes (pression=force/surface) et les déformations (allongement unitaire adimensionnel). Il ne faut pas confondre une déformation avec un déplacement ou une dilatation.

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Ranunculus

Renoncule

Ranunculus is a large genus of about 500 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.

Les renoncules (genre Ranunculus) sont des plantes herbacées, annuelles ou vivaces, de la famille des Renonculacées. Elles comportent près de 500 espèces mais "Ranunculus auricomus" comprend un ensemble très complexe de 800 taxons apomictiques, auxquels certains botanistes ont donné le rang d'espèces ou de micro-espèces. Elles ont un port très différent selon les espèces et sont le plus souvent des végétaux herbacés vivaces. Aux latitudes tropicales, ce sont plutôt des plantes d'altitude.

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Apocalypse Now

Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic war film directed, produced and co-written by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forrest, Albert Hall, Sam Bottoms, Laurence Fishburne, Harrison Ford, and Dennis Hopper. The screenplay, co-written by Coppola and John Milius and narration written by Michael Herr, was loosely based on the 1899 novella "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad. The setting was changed from late 19th-century Congo to the Vietnam War. The film follows a river journey from South Vietnam into Cambodia undertaken by Captain Benjamin L. Willard (a character based on Conrad's Marlow and played by Sheen), who is on a secret mission to assassinate Colonel Kurtz (Brando, with the character being based on Conrad's Mr. Kurtz), a renegade Army Special Forces officer accused of murder and who is presumed insane.

Il a obtenu, entre autres distinctions, la Palme d'or du festival de Cannes 1979. Il se place à la des 100 meilleurs films du cinéma américain par l' et est considéré comme l'un des meilleurs films de tous les temps. En 2000, le film est sélectionné par le pour être conservé à la bibliothèque du Congrès des États-Unis pour son « importance culturelle, historique ou esthétique ». Le succès du film, et en particulier sa Palme d'or, sauve le réalisateur du désastre financier auquel il était voué. En effet, Francis Ford Coppola a dû investir sa fortune personnelle dans cette aventure en hypothéquant tous ses biens.

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null

Tricolour (flag)

Drapeau tricolore

A tricolour or tricolor is a type of flag or banner design with a triband design which originated in the 16th century as a symbol of republicanism, liberty or indeed revolution. The flags of France, Italy, Romania, Mexico, and Ireland were all first adopted with the formation of an independent republic in the period of the French Revolution to the Revolutions of 1848, with the exception of the Irish tricolour, which dates from 1848 but was not popularised until the Easter Rising in 1916 and adopted in 1919.

Un drapeau tricolore est un drapeau comportant trois couleurs différentes. Les drapeaux nationaux allemand, arménien, belge, français, italien, serbe, roumain, britannique, des États-Unis, et congolais sont tricolores.

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Zenobia

Septimia Bathzabbai Zénobie

Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was probably not a commoner and she married the ruler of the city, Odaenathus. Her husband became king in 260, elevating Palmyra to supreme power in the Near East by defeating the Sassanians and stabilizing the Roman East. After Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus and held de facto power throughout his reign.

Septimia Bathzabbai Zénobie (en dialecte palmyrénien ), plus connue sous la forme hellénisée Zénobie, était l’épouse d'Odénat. Après l'assassinat de celui-ci et de son fils Hairan vers 267, Zénobie fit transférer à son fils Wahballat les titres de son père, notamment celui de « roi des rois ». Devant l'incapacité des empereurs à défendre la Syrie, elle parvint à réunir sous son autorité les provinces de Syrie, d'Arabie et d'Égypte, et commença la conquête des provinces d'Asie mineure. Elle proclama Wahballat empereur de Rome et prit le titre d'Augusta comme « mère » de cet empereur. Mais Aurélien, empereur depuis l'automne 270, entreprit à la fin de 271 de combattre ces rivaux. Après des victoires près d'Antioche puis près d'Émèse, il s'empara de Palmyre (« Tadmor » en araméen). Capturée par Aurélien, Zénobie fut envoyée à Rome pour figurer au triomphe, après quoi on perd sa trace.

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Convection

Convection is the heat transfer due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid). Convection includes sub-mechanisms of advection (directional bulk-flow transfer of heat), and diffusion (non-directional transfer of energy or mass particles along a concentration gradient).

La convection désigne l'ensemble des mouvements internes (verticaux ou horizontaux) qui animent un fluide et qui impliquent alors le transport des propriétés des parcelles de ce fluide au cours de son déplacement. Ce transfert implique l'échange de chaleur entre une surface et un fluide mobile à son contact, ou le déplacement de chaleur au sein d'un fluide par le mouvement d'ensemble de ses molécules d'un point à un autre. La convection constitue, avec la conduction thermique et le transfert radiatif, l'un des trois modes d'échange de chaleur entre deux systèmes, et diffère de ces derniers par la méthode de transfert. Elle a aussi pour effet d'accélérer l'homogénéisation de la composition chimique du fluide, par rapport à la seule diffusion chimique.

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Observational astronomy

Astronomie d'observation

Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

L'astronomie d'observation ou astronomie observationnelle est la partie « pratique » de l'astronomie, basée sur des observations astronomiques. Elle est à la base du processus de création et de validation des théories astrophysiques. Elle peut soit confirmer des calculs et modèles déjà établis, soit révéler des phénomènes inconnus, que les théoriciens s'efforcent d'expliquer.

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Pepin of Landen

Pépin de Landen

Pepin I (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his death.

Pépin de Landen ou Pépin l'Ancien (né vers 580 - mort en 640) est un maire du palais d'Austrasie de 615 à 629, puis de 639 à 640.

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Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle

Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle

Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (; 11 February 16579 January 1757), also called Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment.

Bernard Le Bouyer (ou Le Bovier) de Fontenelle, né à Rouen le et mort, presque centenaire (99 ans), à Paris le (l'un des jours de célébration de Saint Vaneng, fondateur du monastère de Fontenelle, en sa Normandie natale), est un écrivain et scientifique français.

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Gadsden Purchase

Achat Gadsden

The Gadsden Purchase ( "The Sale of La Mesilla"), is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande where the U.S. wanted to build a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route, which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881–1883. The purchase also aimed to resolve other border issues.

L'achat Gadsden (en anglais "Gadsden Purchase", en espagnol "venta de La Mesilla") désigne l'acquisition par les États-Unis en 1853 d'une zone vendue par le Mexique de de ce qui est de nos jours le sud de l'Arizona et le sud-ouest du Nouveau-Mexique, au sud de la rivière Gila et à l'ouest du Río Grande.

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Organic matter

Matière organique

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that don't involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.

La matière organique (MO) est la matière fabriquée par les êtres vivants (végétaux, animaux, champignons et autres décomposeurs dont micro-organismes).

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Favicon

A favicon (short for favorite icon), also known as a shortcut icon, website icon, tab icon, URL icon, or bookmark icon, is a file containing one or more small icons, associated with a particular website or web page. A web designer can create such an icon and upload it to a website (or web page) by several means, and graphical web browsers will then make use of it. Browsers that provide favicon support typically display a page's favicon in the browser's address bar (sometimes in the history as well) and next to the page's name in a list of bookmarks. Browsers that support a tabbed document interface typically show a page's favicon next to the page's title on the tab, and site-specific browsers use the favicon as a desktop icon. Favicons can also be used to have a textless favorite site, saving space.

Une favicon \fa.vi.kon\ est une icône informatique symbolisant un site web. Ces icônes sont créées et utilisées par les concepteurs des sites internet. Les navigateurs web peuvent utiliser la favicon dans la barre d'adresse, les signets, les onglets ou encore les autres raccourcis.

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Psychological stress

Stress chez l'humain

In psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress, however, may lead to bodily harm. Stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, ulcers, and mental illnesses such as depression and also aggravation of a pre-existing condition.

Le stress chez l'humain qualifie à la fois une situation contraignante et les processus physiologiques mis en place par l'organisme pour s'y adapter. Chez l'adulte, le stress peut avoir des origines physiques, pathogéniques (ayant une maladie génétique, infectieuse ou parasitaire comme origine par exemple), socio-psychiques, médiées par divers processus hormonaux (hormones, ou molécules de stress), chimiques et biochimiques de l'organisme. Ses conséquences diffèrent selon l'individu ou le groupe (capacités d'adaptation et de résilience) et selon que le stress soit temporaire ou chronique, ainsi que selon le sexe

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Antofagasta Province

Province d'Antofagasta

Antofagasta Province () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). The capital is the port city of Antofagasta. Located within the Atacama Desert, it borders the El Loa and Tocopilla provinces to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Atacama Region to the south.

La province d'Antofagasta se trouve dans la deuxième région du pays, la région d'Antofagasta au Chili. La province comporte habitants "(2002)" pour une superficie de, soit une densité de 4,82. Cette province est subdivisée en quatre communes.

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Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk

The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is an American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft that was developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). The F-117 was based on the "Have Blue" technology demonstrator.

Le Lockheed-Martin F-117 "Nighthawk" est un avion d'attaque au sol conçu par les États-Unis dans la seconde moitié des années 1970. C'est le premier avion militaire au monde étudié dès le départ pour avoir la signature la plus réduite possible. Il a été retiré du service actif le et sera mis définitivement hors d'usage à partir de 2018 mais quelques appareils servent toujours ponctuellement en 2020.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Traité de Guadeloupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ("Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty was ratified by the United States on March 10 and by Mexico on May 19. The ratifications were exchanged on May 30, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war. On the Mexican side, there were factions that did not concede defeat or seek to engage in negotiations. The treaty called for the United States to pay $15 million USD to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $5 million USD. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights.

Le traité de Guadaloupe Hidalgo ou traité de Guadelupe Hidalgo (espagnol : "Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo" ; anglais : "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo") est le traité signé le, qui met fin à la guerre américano-mexicaine.

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Rurik

Riourik

Rurik (also Riurik; Old Church Slavonic "Rjurikŭ", from Old Norse "Hrøríkʀ"; 830 – 879), according to the 12th-century "Primary Chronicle", was a Varangian chieftain of the Rus' who in the year 862 gained control of Ladoga, and built Novgorod in the same year. This legendary figure was considered by later rulers to be the founder of the Rurik dynasty, which ruled the Kievan Rus' and its successor states, including the Kingdom of Ruthenia, the Principality of Tver, Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Novgorod Republic and the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century.

Riourik (en russe et en, en vieux russe : Рю́рикъ et en vieux norrois : "Rørik"), parfois également appelé Riurik, Rurik ou encore Rourik, est un prince varègue de la Rus' de Kiev (né aux environs de 830 et mort en 879) qui règne de 862 à 879. Il est le premier prince de Novgorod et fondateur de la dynastie riourikide qui règne sur la Rus' de Kiev jusqu'en 1240.

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Rómulo Betancourt

Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; ), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the 47th and 54th President of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.

Rómulo Betancourt, né le à Guatire, dans l'État de Miranda et mort le à New York, est un homme d'État vénézuélien, président de son pays de 1945 à 1948 et de 1959 à 1964. Son parcours, bien que tumultueux et controversé, a marqué la politique en Amérique latine et il est souvent décrit comme le « père de la démocratie vénézuélienne ».

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Araucanía Region

Région de l'Araucanie

The Araucanía ( ), Araucanía Region ( ) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions, and comprises two provinces: Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south. Its capital and largest city is Temuco; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica.

La région de l'Araucanie au Chili est une région du pays. L'Araucanie est entourée au nord par la région du Biobío, à l'est par l'Argentine et au sud par la Région des Fleuves.

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Galliformes

Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkey, grouse, chicken, New World quail and Old World quail, ptarmigan, partridge, pheasant, francolin, junglefowl and the Cracidae. The name derives from "gallus", Latin for "cock" or "rooster". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds, or galliforms. "Wildfowl" or just "fowl" are also often used for the Galliformes, but usually these terms also refer to waterfowl (Anseriformes), and occasionally to other commonly hunted birds. This group has about 290 species, one or more of which are found in essentially every part of the world's continents (except for the innermost deserts and perpetual ice). They are rarer on islands, and in contrast to the closely related waterfowl, are essentially absent from oceanic islands—unless introduced there by humans. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans.

Les Galliformes (communément appelés « gallinacés ») sont un ordre d'oiseaux comprenant entre autres les dindes, les poules, les pintades, les cailles et les faisans.

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Z39.50

Z39.50 is an international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network. It is covered by ANSI/NISO standard Z39.50, and ISO standard 23950. The standard's maintenance agency is the Library of Congress.

Le protocole Z39.50 est un protocole de communication informatique client-serveur pour rechercher à travers un réseau informatique des informations dans des bases de données. Il est surtout utilisé par les bibliothèques pour interroger simultanément plusieurs catalogues.

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Cue sports

Billard

Cue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard sports, are a wide variety of games of skill generally played with a cue stick, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by elastic bumpers known as.

Le billard est un jeu d'adresse à un ou plusieurs joueurs qui se pratique sur une table, recouverte d'un tissu (souvent vert ou bleu) et bordée de bandes, sur laquelle on fait rouler des billes que l’on frappe à l’aide d’une queue.

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Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

XVIIIe dynastie égyptienne

The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1549/1550 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmosid Dynasty for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.

La (-1550/-1292) est souvent assimilée à l’apogée de la civilisation égyptienne antique. Elle clôt la longue Deuxième Période intermédiaire et ouvre le Nouvel Empire avec l’expulsion des Hyksôs, peuplade asiatique qui occupent le pays jusqu’à Abydos et dont la capitale est Avaris.

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Rafael Trujillo

Sergio Daniel Ortega (, ; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed "El Jefe" (, "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican politician and soldier who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He served as president from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman under figurehead presidents. His 31 years in power, to Dominicans known as the Trujillo Era (), are considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas, as well as a time of a personality cult, when monuments to Trujillo were in abundance. Trujillo and his regime were responsible for many deaths, including between 20,000 and 30,000 Haitians in the infamous Parsley massacre.

Rafael Trujillo Molina, né le à San Cristóbal et mort le à Ciudad Trujillo, est un militaire et homme d'État dominicain qui fut à deux reprises le président de la République dominicaine (1930-1938 et 1942-1952). De 1930 à sa mort en 1961, il exerce un pouvoir sans partage sur le pays.

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Jean Charest

John James Charest (born June 24, 1958), known as Jean Charest, is a Canadian politician who served as the 29th premier of Quebec, from 2003 to 2012; the deputy prime minister of Canada from June 25, 1993, until November 4, 1993; the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998; and the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1998 to 2012. He became Premier after winning the 2003 election; after he lost the 2012 election he announced that he would be resigning as Quebec Liberal Leader and leaving politics. Charest sits as an advisor to Canada's Ecofiscal Commission. Charest is currently a consultant for Huawei on the Meng Wanzhou case and for its 5G network plans in Canada.

Jean Charest est un avocat et un homme politique québécois, né le à Sherbrooke (Québec) et ancien premier ministre du Québec. Auparavant en politique fédérale, il a brièvement été vice-Premier ministre du Canada en 1993 puis chef du Parti progressiste-conservateur de 1993 à 1998. Il s'est notamment fait connaître au Québec en tant que vice-président du comité du lors du référendum québécois de 1995. Il se lance ensuite en politique provinciale, en prenant la direction Parti libéral du Québec en 1998 puis devient le 29 premier ministre du Québec à la suite de l'élection générale de 2003. Il quitte ses fonctions au terme de trois mandats, après la défaite électorale de 2012.

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