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StivenLancheros
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all_datasets_wikis

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Primula
Primevère
Primula is a genus of mainly herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the familiar wildflower of banks and verges, the primrose ("P. vulgaris"). Other common species are "P. auricula" (auricula), "P. veris" (cowslip) and "P. elatior" (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers. They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised - in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years. "Primula" are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas.
Les Primevères forment un genre (Primula) de plantes herbacées de la famille des Primulacées. Ce genre auquel on rattache maintenant "Cortusa", "Dionysia" et "Dodecatheon" comprend 433 espèces réunies en 6 sous-genres et 37 sections, originaires pour l'essentiel des zones tempérées de l'hémisphère nord.
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Jahangir
Jahângîr
Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim (Persian: ), known by his imperial name Jahangir (Persian: ) (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. His imperial name (in Persian), means 'conqueror of the world', 'world-conqueror' or 'world-seizer' ("Jahan": world; "gir": the root of the Persian verb "gereftan": to seize, to grab).
Jahângîr ou Djahanguir (« possesseur du monde » en persan), de son vrai nom "Salîm, Nûr ud-Din Muhammad" - (Fatehpur-Sikri, - Lahore, ) est le quatrième empereur moghol de l'Inde.
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Brewster Kahle
Brewster Kahle
Brewster Lurton Kahle ( ; born October 22, 1960) is an American computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, internet activist, advocate of universal access to all knowledge, and digital librarian. Kahle founded the Internet Archive and Alexa. In 2012 he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.
Brewster Kahle (né en 1960) est un informaticien et homme d'affaires américain. Après avoir vendu Alexa Internet à Amazon.com, il cofonde Internet Archive en 1996, qu'il dirige encore en 2019.
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Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488)
Bataille de Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488)
The Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier took place on 28 July 1488, between the forces of King Charles VIII of France, and those of Francis II, Duke of Brittany, and his allies. The defeat of the latter signalled the end to the "guerre folle" ('Mad war'), a feudal conflict in which French aristocrats revolted against royal power during the regency of Anne de Beaujeu. It also effectively precipitated the end of the independence of Brittany from France.
La bataille de Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier a lieu le entre d'une part, les troupes du roi de France, et d'autre part, celles du duc de Bretagne François II et de ses alliés. La défaite de ces derniers clôt la « guerre folle », guerre féodale qui voit quelques princes français profiter d'une période de régence pour se révolter contre la puissance royale, défendue par la régente Anne de Beaujeu pour son frère mineur Charles VIII.
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Glade Interface Designer
Glade
Glade Interface Designer is a graphical user interface builder for GTK, with additional components for GNOME. In its third version, Glade is programming language–independent, and does not produce code for events, but rather an XML file that is then used with an appropriate binding (such as GtkAda for use with the Ada programming language). See List of language bindings for GTK for the available ones.
Glade est un outil interactif de conception d'interface graphique GTK+. Il prend en charge toute la partie de gestion/génération de l'interface pour permettre au développeur de se concentrer sur le code « utile ».
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Marie Leszczyńska
Marie Leszczynska
Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (; 23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768), also known as Marie Leczinska (), was a Polish princess and Queen consort of France from 1725 until 1768 by marriage to Louis XV. The daughter of King Stanislaus I of Poland and Catherine Opalińska, her 42-year service was the longest of any queen in French history. A devout Roman Catholic throughout her life, Marie was popular among the French people for her generosity and introduced many Polish customs to the royal court at Versailles. She was the grandmother of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.
Marie Leszczynska, ou Marie Leczinska (prononcé en polonais "Maria Leszczyńska" (), née le à Trzebnica et morte le à Versailles, est une aristocrate polonaise, fille du roi de Pologne (1704-1709) Stanislas Leszczynski, reine de France par son mariage avec Louis XV en 1725. Par son fils le dauphin Louis, qui épousa Marie-Josèphe de Saxe, elle est la grand-mère des trois derniers rois de France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII et Charles X.
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André-Hercule de Fleury
André Hercule de Fleury
André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, Archbishop of Aix (22 June or 26 June 165329 January 1743) was a French cardinal who served as the chief minister of Louis XV.
André Hercule de Fleury, né le à Lodève et mort le à Issy-les-Moulineaux, est un ecclésiastique et homme d'État français, principal ministre du jeune roi Louis de 1726 à 1743.
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Diffusion
Diffusion de la matière
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration.
La diffusion de la matière, ou diffusion chimique, désigne la tendance naturelle d'un système à rendre uniforme le potentiel chimique de chacune des espèces chimiques qu'il comporte.
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Milk caps (game)
Pog
Pogs, generically called milk caps, is a game that was popular among children during the early-mid 1990s. The brand name "Pog" is owned by the World Pog Federation. The name pog originates from POG, a brand of juice made from passionfruit, orange, and guava; the use of POG bottle caps to play the game preceded the game's commercialization.
Un pog est une petite rondelle de carton illustrée qui peut être collectionnée ou utilisée pour jouer, qui a connu un pic de popularité dans les cours d'écoles à la fin des années 1990.
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Visual perception
Vue
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.
La est le sens qui permet d'observer et d'analyser l'environnement à distance au moyen des rayonnements lumineux. L'œil est l'organe de la vue mais la vision, c'est-à-dire la perception visuelle, nécessite l'intervention de zones spécialisées du cerveau (le cortex visuel) qui analysent et synthétisent les informations collectées en termes de forme, de couleur, de texture, de relief
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Elasticity (physics)
Déformation élastique
In physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. Hooke's law states that the force should be proportional to the extension. The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the original lower energy state. For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied.
En physique, l'élasticité est la propriété d'un matériau solide à retrouver sa forme d'origine après avoir été déformé. La déformation élastique est une déformation réversible. Un matériau solide se déforme lorsque des forces lui sont appliquées. Un matériau élastique retrouve sa forme et sa taille initiales quand ces forces ne s'exercent plus, jusqu'à une certaine limite de la valeur de ces forces. Les tissus biologiques sont également plus ou moins élastiques.
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Traunstein
Traunstein
Traunstein is a town in the south-eastern part of Bavaria, Germany, and is the administrative center of a much larger district of the same name. The town serves as a local government, retail, health services, transport and educational center for the wider district.
Traunstein est une ville allemande qui se trouve entre Munich ("München") en Allemagne et Salzbourg ("Salzburg") en Autriche, en Haute-Bavière. Elle est située au pied des Alpes, à du lac Chiemsee, sur la Traun.
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Tidal bore
Mascaret
A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the river or bay's current.
Le mascaret est un phénomène naturel très spectaculaire qui se produit sur près de 80 fleuves, rivières et baies dans le monde. Le phénomène correspond à une brusque surélévation de l'eau d'un fleuve ou d'un estuaire à morphologie convergente de type « hypersynchrone », provoqué par l'onde de la marée montante lors des grandes marées. Il se produit dans l'embouchure et le cours inférieur de certains cours d'eau lorsque leur courant est contrarié par le flux de la marée montante. Imperceptible la plupart du temps, il se manifeste au moment des nouvelles et pleines lunes. Les mascarets les plus spectaculaires s'observent aux embouchures du Qiantang (Chine), du Hooghly en Inde et de l'Amazone au Brésil.
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Shah Jahan
Shâh Jahân
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (Persian: ; "King of the World"), was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. He is widely considered one of the greatest Mughal emperors; under his reign the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its glory. Although an able military commander, Shah Jahan is perhaps best remembered for his architectural achievements. His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra, which entombs his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. His relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Indian art, literature, and cinema.
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram ( - ) mieux connu sous son nom de règne Shâh Jahân (ou Chah Djahan ; ") était le cinquième empereur moghol, qui régna de 1628 à 1658.
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Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)
Henri d'Orléans (1933-2019)
Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France (Prince "Henri Philippe Pierre Marie d'Orléans"; 14 June 1933 – 21 January 2019), was the Orléanist pretender to the defunct French throne as Henry VII.
Henri d'Orléans, né au manoir d'Anjou à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre (Belgique), le, et mort le, à Paris (), est un ancien "duc d'Orléans".
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Taste
Goût
The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste, along with smell (olfaction) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food and other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. The gustatory cortex is responsible for the perception of taste.
Le goût (également écrit gout dans la nouvelle orthographe), ou la gustation, est le sens qui permet d'identifier les substances chimiques sous forme de solutions par l'intermédiaire de chémorécepteurs situés sur la langue (récepteurs de Vugo). Il joue un rôle important dans l'alimentation en permettant d'analyser la saveur des aliments. La perception du goût est intimement liée à l'odorat et le terme « goût » englobe ces deux sens dans le langage courant.
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Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
Juan de Borbón y Battenberg
Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona ("Juan Carlos Teresa Silverio Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg"; 20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993), also known as Don Juan, was the third son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. His father was replaced by the Second Spanish Republic, and under his son, Juan Carlos I, a constitutional monarchy was installed.
Juan de Borbón y Battenberg, plus communément désigné en français sous le nom de Juan de Bourbon, infant d'Espagne puis à partir de 1977, comte de Barcelone, né le au palais royal de la Granja de San Ildefonso, près de Ségovie (en Espagne) et décédé à Pampelune le est un membre de la branche espagnole de la maison de Bourbon, qui fut l'un des prétendants alphonsistes au trône d’Espagne sous le nom de « Juan III », avec de 1941 à 1977 le titre de courtoisie de comte de Barcelone. Il est le père du roi Juan Carlos.
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Computability theory
Théorie de la calculabilité
Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, of computer science, and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees. The field has since expanded to include the study of generalized computability and definability. In these areas, recursion theory overlaps with proof theory and effective descriptive set theory.
La théorie de la calculabilité (appelée aussi parfois théorie de la récursion) est un domaine de la logique mathématique et de l'informatique théorique. La "calculabilité" cherche d'une part à identifier la classe des fonctions qui peuvent être calculées à l'aide d'un algorithme et d'autre part à appliquer ces concepts à des questions fondamentales des mathématiques. Une bonne appréhension de ce qui est calculable et de ce qui ne l'est pas permet de voir les limites des problèmes que peuvent résoudre les ordinateurs.
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Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes (État)
Aguascalientes (; ), officially the "Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes" (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. At 22°N and with an average altitude of 6230ft (1950m) above sea level it is predominantly of semi-arid climate (Bhs and Bhk), and it is located in the northern part of the Bajio region, in north-central Mexico, bordered by Zacatecas to the north, east and west, and by Jalisco to the south.
L'État d'Aguascalientes (en espagnol « eaux chaudes ») est un État du Mexique situé au centre du pays. Entouré par les États de Jalisco et de Zacatecas, l'Aguascalientes couvre une superficie de et compte en 2015.
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Campeche
Campeche (État)
Campeche (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (), is one of the 31 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the southwest, Yucatán to the northeast, and Quintana Roo to the east; to the southeast by the Orange Walk district of Belize, and by the Petén department of Guatemala to the south. It has a coastline to the west with the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. During the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico's independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid-19th century, mostly due to political friction with the city of Mérida. Much of the state's recent economic revival is due to the discovery of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites; however, these are not as well-known or visited as others in the Yucatán.
L'État de Campeche est un État du Mexique situé au sud-est du pays, dans la péninsule du Yucatán. Il est entouré par les États de Yucatán, de Quintana Roo et de Tabasco; par le département de Petén (Guatemala), le Belize et le golfe du Mexique.
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Civil code
Code civil
A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.
Un code civil est une compilation de lois et règles régissant les matières du droit civil. Il en existe dans nombre d'États ou de régions.
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Pulmonaria
Pulmonaria
Pulmonaria (lungwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species ("P. mollissima") east to central Asia. According to various estimates there may be between 10 and 18 species found in the wild.
Pulmonaria est un genre de plantes de la famille des "Boraginaceae". Ce sont des espèces herbacées vivaces à grandes feuilles basales et à feuilles caulinaires plus petites. Les feuilles continuent à grandir après la floraison. Dans plusieurs espèces, elles sont maculées de blanc. L'ensemble de la plante est velu, à poils rudes à soyeux. Les fleurs se présentent en racèmes de cymes terminales. Comme c'est le cas pour beaucoup de boraginacées, leur couleur varie du rose au bleu. Calice tubulé généralement très velu à cinq dents. Corolle en entonnoir à cinq lobes avec à la gorge cinq petites touffes de poils entourant les étamines. Le fruit est composé de quatre nucules monospermes indéhiscentes.
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Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala (État)
Tlaxcala (;, ; from ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala.
L'État de Tlaxcala est un État situé dans le centre du Mexique, Il est bordé par les États de Hidalgo, État de Puebla et Mexico. Son exiguïté contraste avec l'ampleur de sa culture, la conservation de ses traditions, de son passé colonial et de son héritage préhispanique. Il fut fondé par les olmèques-xicalanques, comme en témoignent le centre religieux et les peintures murales de Cacaxtla, à à l'ouest de la capitale de l'État, ainsi que le centre de cérémonies civiques de Xochitecatl. De même le site archéologique de Ocotelulco, à au nord de la ville de Tlaxcala, dans lequel est érigé l'autel que l'on être dédié au dieu Tezcatlipoca.
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Medal
Médaille
A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides. They typically have a commemorative purpose of some kind, and many are given as awards. They may be intended to be worn, suspended from clothing or jewellery in some way. They may be struck like a coin by dies or die-cast in a mould.
Une médaille est un objet métallique généralement circulaire, souvent fait en métaux précieux (or ou argent) et éventuellement d'émaux. Lorsqu'elle est rectangulaire, on parle plutôt de plaque, voire plaquette. Elle est dite « pendante » lorsqu'elle est suspendue à un ruban, portée sur la poitrine (en boutonnière), en sautoir (autour du cou) ou en écharpe (d'une épaule au côté). On parle de médaille « de table » ou de « présentation » lorsqu'elle ne comporte aucun système de fixation, comme la médaille de la fondation Nobel.
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Zacatecas
Zacatecas (État)
Zacatecas (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (), is one of the 32 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas City.
L'État de Zacatecas est un des du Mexique. L'État de Zacatecas est bordé au nord par l'État de Coahuila, au nord-ouest par celui de Durango, à l'ouest par le Nuevo León, à l'est par celui de San Luis Potosí et au sud par le Jalisco et l'Aguascalientes. La ville de Zacatecas est la capitale de l ́État. L'État de Zacatecas se compose de 58 municipalités et ses principales activités économiques sont l'industrie minière, l ́agriculture et le tourisme.
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Guanajuato
Guanajuato (État)
Guanajuato (), officially the "Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato" (), is one of the 32 states which make up the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato. The largest city in the state is León.
Le Guanajuato est un État du Mexique situé sur le plateau central. Guanajato est aussi le nom de la capitale et ville principale de l'État.
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Lennart Meri
Lennart Meri
Lennart Georg Meri (; 29 March 1929 – 14 March 2006) was an Estonian politician, writer, and film director. He served as the second President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. Meri was among the leaders of the movement to restore Estonian independence from the Soviet Union.
Lennart Meri, né le à Tallinn et mort le dans la même ville, est un écrivain, cinéaste et homme d'État estonien. Il est ministre des Affaires étrangères de 1990 à 1992 et président de la République de 1992 à 2001.
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San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí (État)
San Luis Potosí (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí City.
L'État de San Luis Potosí est un État du Mexique situé au centre-nord du Mexique. Entouré par les États de Jalisco, État de Guanajuato, Querétaro de Arteaga, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, État de Coahuila et État de Zacatecas.
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Durango
Durango (État)
Durango (), officially named Estado Libre y Soberano de Durango (English: "Free and Sovereign State of Durango") (Tepehuán: Korian) (Nahuatl: Tepēhuahcān), is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest of the country. With a population of 1,632,934, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Le Durango est un État du Mexique situé au nord-est du centre du pays. Entouré par les États de Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Nayarit, Jalisco et Sinaloa, l'État du Durango occupe une superficie de.
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Oaxaca
Oaxaca (État)
Oaxaca (,, ; from ), officially the "Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca" (), is one of the 32 states which compose the Federative Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 570 municipalities, of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.
L'État de Oaxaca est un des États du Mexique, situé dans le Sud du pays, plus précisément au sud-ouest de l'isthme de Tehuantepec, dans les montagnes et vallées de la Sierra Madre del Sur et Sierra Madre orientale. Il tire son nom de sa capitale et ville principale : Oaxaca de Juárez. Il est entouré par l'État de Guerrero à l'ouest, par l'État de Puebla au nord-ouest, l'État de Veracruz au nord et le Chiapas à l'est. Sa frontière sud donne sur l'Océan Pacifique. L'État de Oaxaca occupe une superficie de (soit trois fois la Belgique) et constitue le cinquième plus grand État du pays.
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Chihuahua (state)
Chihuahua (État)
Chihuahua (), officially the "Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua" () (Tepehuán:?), is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Northwestern Mexico and is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the southwest, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east. To the north and northeast, it shares an extensive border with the U.S. adjacent to the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas. Its capital city is Chihuahua City.
L'État de Chihuahua est un État situé dans le nord du Mexique. Il est entouré par les États de Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Coahuila, de Texas et de Nouveau-Mexique. La ville la plus peuplée n'est pas la capitale Chihuahua mais Ciudad Juárez.
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Glyphosate
Glyphosate
Glyphosate (IUPAC name: "N"-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. It was discovered to be an herbicide by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970. Monsanto brought it to market for agricultural use in 1974 under the trade name Roundup. Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States patent expired in 2000.
Le glyphosate ("N"-(phosphonométhyl)glycine, CHNOP) est un herbicide total foliaire systémique, c’est-à-dire non sélectif, absorbé par les feuilles et à action généralisée. Exclusivement produit par Monsanto à partir de 1974 (sous la marque Roundup), il l'est aussi par d'autres firmes depuis que son brevet est passé dans le domaine public (en 2000). À la fois efficace contre les monocotylédones et dicotylédones, c'est le désherbant le plus vendu au monde ; pulvérisé chaque année sur des millions d'hectares, son utilisation a été environ multipliée par 100 dans le monde en 40 ans (de 1974 à 2014) ; en 2014, dans le monde, près de 0,5 kg de pesticide à base de glyphosate aurait été pulvérisés par hectare. Il nécessite des adjuvants (dont surfactant) car seul, il n'adhère pas aux feuilles et les pénètre difficilement.
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Supercomputer
Superordinateur
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform over a hundred quadrillion FLOPS (100 petaFLOPS, or PFLOPS). Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build faster, more powerful and technologically superior exascale supercomputers.
Un superordinateur ou supercalculateur est un ordinateur conçu pour atteindre les plus hautes performances possibles avec les techniques connues lors de sa conception, en particulier en ce qui concerne la vitesse de calcul.
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General Electric
General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York City and headquartered in Boston., the company operates through the following segments: aviation, healthcare, power, renewable energy, digital industry, additive manufacturing, venture capital and finance and lighting.
General Electric (GE) est un conglomérat américain fondé en 1892 par la fusion d'une partie de Thomson-Houston Electric Company et de Edison General Electric Company.
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Auxin
Auxine
Auxins ( ) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s. Kenneth V. Thimann (1904-1997) became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Went and Thimann co-authored a book on plant hormones, "Phytohormones", in 1937.
L’auxine est une phytohormone de croissance végétale indispensable au développement des plantes. Elle joue un rôle majeur dans le contrôle de leur croissance. Elle intervient dès les premiers stades de l'embryogenèse puis contrôle aussi bien l'organisation du méristème apical (phyllotaxie) et la ramification des parties aériennes de la plante (dominance apicale), que la formation de la racine principale, l'initiation des racines latérales et des racines adventives (rhizogénèse). L'auxine intervient également dans les tropismes en réponse à la gravité (gravitropisme) ou à la lumière (phototropisme). Ces multiples effets à l'échelle de la plante résultent du contrôle qu'elle exerce sur la division cellulaire, l'élongation cellulaire et certaines étapes de différenciation. Le terme d’auxine a été étendu à un ensemble de substances naturelles aux propriétés analogues, ainsi qu’à des hormones de synthèse. On parle ainsi des auxines fongiques — qui jouent notamment un rôle dans la production des ectomycorhizes.
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Melanin
Mélanine
Melanin (; from "melas", "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms. Melanin is produced through a multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization. The melanin pigments are produced in a specialized group of cells known as melanocytes.
Le mot mélanine est un mot générique qui désigne de nombreux pigments biologiques foncés qui sont notamment responsables de la coloration des téguments dans le règne animal. Chez l'être humain, la couleur de la peau, des cheveux et des yeux dépendent principalement de son type et de sa concentration. De nombreux animaux en produisent également, dont les oiseaux (coloration des plumes) et certains protozoaires.
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Blue whale
Baleine bleue
The blue whale ("Balaenoptera musculus") is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whale suborder Mysticeti. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and weight of 173 tonnes (190 tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale’s long and slender body can be various shades of grayish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath.
La baleine bleue (Balaenoptera musculus), appelée aussi rorqual bleu, est une espèce de cétacés de la famille des Balaenopteridae. Pouvant dépasser de longueur et, c'est le plus gros animal vivant à notre époque et dans l'état actuel des connaissances, le plus gros (avant deux grands sauropodes dont le séismosaure) ayant vécu sur Terre.
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Suffragette
Suffragette
A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisations in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections, known as women's suffrage. The term refers in particular to members of the British Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, which engaged in direct action and civil disobedience. In 1906, a reporter writing in the "Daily Mail" coined the term "suffragette" for the WSPU, from suffragist, to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage. The militants embraced the new name, even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU.
Le terme suffragettes () désigne, en son sens strict, les militantes de la "Women's Social and Political Union", une organisation créée en 1903 pour revendiquer le droit de vote des femmes au Royaume-Uni. Ses modes d’action, fondés sur la provocation, rompirent avec la bienséance qui dominait jusqu’alors le mouvement suffragiste britannique.
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Puebla
Puebla (État)
Puebla ( ), officially "Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla" (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 217 municipalities and its capital is the city of Puebla.
Puebla est le nom de l'un des 31 États du Mexique. Sa capitale est Puebla de Zaragoza (aussi connue sous le nom de "Puebla de los Ángeles", "Angelópolis" et "Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza"). L'État de Puebla est bordé, à l'est par les États de Veracruz, à l'ouest par l'État de Mexico, de Hidalgo, de Tlaxcala et de Morelos, et au sud par l'État de l'Oaxaca et de Guerrero. L'État de Puebla ne possède pas d'accès à la mer et possède un relief accidenté. Il couvre une superficie de où vivent cinq millions d'habitants, ce qui en fait le cinquième État le plus peuplé du pays. En outre, dans la région de Sierra Norte de Puebla (qui fait partie de la Sierra Norte Oriental) se trouve la plus grande population de langue nahuatl du pays.
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Robert Mundell
Robert Mundell
Robert Alexander Mundell, CC (born October 24, 1932) is a Canadian economist. Currently, he is a professor of economics at Columbia University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Robert Alexander Mundell, né le à Latimer en Ontario, est un économiste canadien qui enseigne aux États-Unis. Il a fait ses études à l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique, l'Université de Washington, et la London School of Economics.
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Goldberg Variations
Variations Goldberg
The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988, is a musical composition for harpsichord by Johann Sebastian Bach, consisting of an aria and a set of 30 variations. First published in 1741, the work is one of the most important examples of the variation form. It is named after Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, who may also have been the first performer of the work.
Les Variations Goldberg constituent une œuvre pour clavecin composée par Jean-Sébastien Bach portant le numéro 988 dans le catalogue BWV. Cette œuvre, composée au plus tard en 1740, constitue la partie finale de la "Clavier-Übung" publiée à Nuremberg par Balthasar Schmidt. Elles représentent aussi un des sommets de la forme « thème avec variations », et une des pièces les plus importantes écrites pour clavier. L'œuvre est d'une richesse extraordinaire de formes, d'harmonies, de rythmes, d'expression et de raffinement technique, le tout basé sur une technique contrapuntique inégalable.
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Langues d'oïl
Langue d'oïl
The langues d'oïl (, ) (also known as the French languages) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands. These belong to the larger Gallo-Romance languages, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western Switzerland (Arpitania), southern France (Occitania), portions of northern Italy, and the Val d'Aran in Spain.
Historiquement, la langue d'oïl, ou simplement oïl (prononciation : o-il [ɔ.il], ou-il [u.il], oui [wi], o-ille [ɔj]), est la langue romane qui s’est développée dans la partie nord de la Gaule, puis dans la partie nord de la France, dans le sud de la Belgique (Belgique romane) et dans les îles Anglo-Normandes, et qui était parlée au Moyen Âge. Elle se confond dans un premier temps avec l’ancien français, qui englobe alors les différents dialectes d’oïl. L'émergence d'une forme linguistique unique et standardisée au début de la période moderne (le français actuel) rend cette identification plurielle caduque pour le moyen français : on parle dès lors du français d'une part, et des autres langues d'oïl d'autre part. On considère que les langues d'oïl constituent un groupe des langues gallo-romanes. Ce groupe du nord a conservé un substrat celtique plus important et a subi une plus grande influence du germanique que sa sœur occitano-romane du sud, la langue d'oc.
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P. G. T. Beauregard
Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard
Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893) was an American military officer who was the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Today, he is commonly referred to as P. G. T. Beauregard, but he rarely used his first name as an adult. He signed correspondence as G. T. Beauregard.
Pierre-Gustave Toutant de Beauregard, ou Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard, est un militaire et homme d'affaires américain qui devient l'un des généraux confédérés durant la guerre de Sécession. Il est né le dans la paroisse de Saint-Bernard et mort le à La Nouvelle-Orléans.
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Régis Debray
Régis Debray
Jules Régis Debray (; born 2 September 1940) is a French philosopher, journalist, former government official and academic. He is known for his theorization of mediology, a critical theory of the long-term transmission of cultural meaning in human society, and for associating with Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara in Bolivia during 1967 and advancing Salvador Allende's presidency in Chile in the early 1970s. He returned to France during 1973 and later held various official posts inside of the French government.
Régis Debray (né le à Paris) est un écrivain, philosophe et haut fonctionnaire français. Engagé aux côtés de Che Guevara dans les années 1960, il est emprisonné et torturé à plusieurs reprises en Amérique du Sud. Il devient par la suite un écrivain prolifique. Dans le domaine des sciences de l'information, il crée et développe le domaine de la médiologie et fonde la revue "Médium". Il a été membre de l'académie Goncourt entre 2011 et 2015.
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Second Epistle of Peter
Deuxième épître de Pierre
The Second Epistle of Peter, often referred to as Second Peter and written 2 Peter or in Roman numerals II Peter (especially in older references), is a book of the New Testament of the Bible, traditionally held to have been written by Saint Peter. Most critical biblical scholars have concluded Peter is not the author, considering the epistle pseudepigraphical.
La deuxième épître de Pierre est un livre du Nouveau Testament. Elle est envoyée par « Simon Pierre, esclave et apôtre de Jésus-Christ » (1:1).
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Epistle
Épître
An epistle (;, "epistolē," "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter. The epistle genre of letter-writing was common in ancient Egypt as part of the scribal-school writing curriculum. The letters in the New Testament from Apostles to Christians are usually referred to as epistles. Those traditionally attributed to Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others as catholic (i.e., "general") epistles.
Le terme épître, issu du latin "epistula", du grec "επιστολη" ("epistolē"), désigne une lettre (au sens de "correspondance"). Il a pris le sens aujourd'hui d'un court traité philosophique ou religieux exposé sous forme épistolaire. Ce sont de courts traités le plus souvent philosophiques. Ce peuvent être aussi des « conversations en l'absence » de l'interlocuteur sur des aspects sociaux ou moraux de l'existence. Au fil du temps, l’épître devient, en littérature, un discours en vers du genre académique ou didactique. Elle prend rapidement le sens d’épigramme nettement moins acerbe que la satire. Le mot « épître » est un nom commun féminin.
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Peter Bogdanovich
Peter Bogdanovich
Peter Bogdanovich (born July 30, 1939) is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He is part of the wave of "New Hollywood" directors, and his most critically acclaimed and well-known film is "The Last Picture Show" (1971).
Peter Bogdanovich (en serbe : Петар Богдановић, Petar Bogdanović) est un critique, réalisateur et acteur de cinéma américain qui est né le à Kingston, New York.
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Abruzzo
Abruzzes
Abruzzo (,, ; "Abbrùzze", "Abbrìzze" or "Abbrèzze" in Neapolitan Abruzzese; ) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
La région des Abruzzes ("Regione Abruzzo" en italien), plus couramment appelée les Abruzzes, est une des régions d'Italie centre-méridionale. Sa capitale est la ville de L'Aquila. La région regroupe les anciennes provinces médiévales de l'Abruzze ultérieure au nord et l'Abruzze citérieure au sud. Ses habitants s'appellent les Abruzzais (abruzzesi en italien).
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Broadway (Manhattan)
Broadway
Broadway () is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for through the borough of Manhattan and through the Bronx, exiting north from the city to run an additional through the municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow in Westchester County.
Broadway est un des principaux axes nord-sud de l'arrondissement de Manhattan, le quartier central de la ville de New York. C'est le seul axe qui s'étend du sud (de Bowling Green) au nord de l'île et la seule avenue de Manhattan qui traverse l'île en diagonale et ne respecte donc pas le plan de quadrillage qui a été établi en 1881. De ce fait, elle a conduit à la construction de curiosités architecturales comme le Flatiron Building (« le fer à repasser »).
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Michael Cimino
Michael Cimino
Michael Cimino ( ; February 3, 1939 – July 2, 2016) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and author. He gained fame as the director of "The Deer Hunter" (1978), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and earned him Best Director. However, Cimino's reputation would be tarnished by his follow-up "Heaven's Gate" (1980) that was widely panned by critics and became one of the biggest box-office bombs of all time.
Michael Cimino, né le à New York et mort le à Beverly Hills, est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur et écrivain américain.
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United States Secret Service
United States Secret Service
The United States Secret Service (also USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting the nation's leaders and their families. Until 2003, the Secret Service was part of the Department of the Treasury, as the agency was founded in 1865 to combat the then-widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency.
"Cet article concerne un service de police. Pour ce qu'on appelle habituellement « services secrets », voir Communauté du renseignement des États-Unis."
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Epistle of Jude
Épître de Jude
The Epistle of Jude, often shortened to Jude, is the penultimate book of the New Testament and the Bible as a whole and is traditionally attributed to Jude, the servant of Jesus and the brother of James the Just.
L'Épître de Jude est un livre du Nouveau Testament. Elle est envoyée par « Jude serviteur de Jésus-Christ et frère de Jacques » (), autrement dit Jude l'un des frères du Seigneur cités en.
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Botanical garden
Jardin botanique
A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. Visitor services at a botanical garden might include tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment.
Un jardin botanique est un territoire aménagé par une institution publique, privée, ou associative (parfois à gestion mixte) qui a pour but la présentation d'espèces et variétés végétales.
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Creed
Profession de foi
A creed (also known as a "confession", "symbol", or "statement of faith") is a statement of the shared beliefs of (an often religious) community in the form of a fixed formula summarizing core tenets.
Une profession de foi (du supin'du verbe latin ', de "pro-" ('en avant') et de ('déclarer')) est la déclaration ouverte et publique d'une croyance ou d'une foi. Elle est individuelle, au contraire de la confession de foi (de = avec, ensemble et du même verbe "déclarer").
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Helsingør
Elseneur
Helsingør (, ; ), classically known in English as Elsinore, is a city in eastern Denmark. Helsingør Municipality had a population of 62,686 on 1 January 2018. Helsingør and Helsingborg in Sweden together form the northern reaches of the Øresund Region, centered on Copenhagen and Malmö. The HH Ferry route connects Helsingør with Helsingborg, 4 km (2 miles) across the Øresund.
Elseneur (en danois "Helsingør") est une ville et une municipalité danoise située à la pointe nord-est de l'île de Seeland, au nord de Copenhague. Elle fait face à la ville suédoise de Helsingborg, dont elle est séparée par le détroit de l'Øresund. Elseneur est internationalement connue par l'ancienne forteresse de Kronborg, qui fait face à la Suède. Le plus imposant de toute la Scandinavie, cet édifice est le théâtre de l'histoire de "Hamlet", l'une des plus célèbres tragédies de William Shakespeare.
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Perugia
Pérouse
Perugia (,, ; ) is the capital city of both the region of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the river Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio, and Marche. The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period; Perugia was one of the main Etruscan cities.
Pérouse (en italien "") est une ville italienne, chef-lieu de la province du même nom et capitale de la région Ombrie. La ville est notamment célèbre pour son université, qui est l'une des plus anciennes universités d'Europe.
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History of literature
Histoire littéraire
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.
L'histoire littéraire est la discipline qui étudie l'évolution de la littérature à la lumière des courants littéraires et des relations entre littérature et histoire.
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T-28
T-28 (char)
The T-28 was a Soviet multi-turreted medium tank. The prototype was completed in 1931, and production began in late 1932. It was an infantry support tank intended to break through fortified defences. The T-28 was designed to complement the heavier T-35 (also multi-turreted), with which it shared turret designs. The type did not have great success in combat, but it played an important role as a development project for Soviet tank designers. A series of new ideas and solutions that were tried out on the T-28 were later incorporated in future models.
Le T-28 est un char d'assaut moyen soviétique, dont le prototype fut prêt en 1931. La production en série commença à la fin de l'année 1932. Son rôle était le soutien de l'infanterie, lors de l'attaque de zones défensives fortifiées. Il est conçu pour soutenir le char lourd T-35, avec lequel il partage de nombreux éléments.
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Religion in India
Religion en Inde
Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. The preamble of Indian constitution states that the entire constitution is rooted in Hinduism as it encompasses all the different faiths, doctrines and theories that exist. However, at a later stage, the word secularism is added to the Indian constitution but with null effects of a separating state and religion in its actuality. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity, 1.7% adheres to Sikhism, 0.7% adheres to Buddhism and 0.4% adheres to Jainism. Zoroastrianism, Sanamahism and Judaism also have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis and Iranis) and Bahá'í Faith in the world, even though these religions initially grew in Persia. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right.
Les religions en Inde se caractérisent par une diversité des pratiques et des fois. Le pays est le lieu de naissance de l'hindouisme, du bouddhisme, du jaïnisme et du sikhisme et accueille de longue date le judaïsme, le christianisme, l'islam et le zoroastrisme. Dans l'histoire de l'Inde, la religion a souvent joué un rôle important, et elle est aujourd'hui reconnue par la loi. L'immense majorité des Indiens se reconnaissent dans une religion et celle-ci joue souvent un rôle primordial dans leur vie.
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Chinese character classification
Étymologie des caractères chinois
All Chinese characters are logograms, but several different types can be identified, based on the manner in which they are formed or derived. There are a handful which derive from pictographs () and a number which are ideographic () in origin, including compound ideographs (), but the vast majority originated as phono-semantic compounds (). The other categories in the traditional system of classification are rebus or phonetic loan characters () and "derivative cognates" (). Modern scholars have proposed various revised systems, rejecting some of the traditional categories.
L’étymologie des caractères chinois décrit l'origine des signes employés par l'écriture chinoise, c'est-à-dire la manière dont ils ont été composés ou dérivés, en relation avec leur sémantique originelle.
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25443, 111, 2499, 17311, 62816, 5, 154807, 36716, 214, 102256, 136, 25074, 76438, 6, 75189, 25443, 1295, 70, 6, 29786, 90, 13379, 23, 124850, 83, 2831, 111, 76438, 186768, 147158, 41637, 5, 360, 76438, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 44, 1723, 73, 20470, 16220, 13, 58, 15, 194, 627, 72089, 538, 6331, 76438, 124850, 621, 8834, 18, 83814, 7, 15, 16, 46, 31995, 52021, 188304, 7, 111, 70, 36746, 7, 1836, 33636, 5, 32255, 621, 137567, 54940, 70, 10332, 525, 124850, 5, 62, 10846, 4, 117414, 71, 35064, 678, 2363, 67896, 150, 525, 3173, 7, 4, 5622, 4420, 47, 3620, 11030, 32881, 7, 1295, 70, 808, 8420, 2480, 127, 142642, 335, 10854, 5, 32255, 8834, 18, 83814, 7, 100512, 161838, 538, 1286, 31995, 29367, 136, 72856, 2363, 8834, 188, 48461, 196634, 4, 41866, 237, 1836, 7228, 70, 149307, 1295, 70, 3620, 11030, 32881, 26499, 47, 70, 126970, 84654, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 567, 13885, 4, 1284, 2843, 47, 10, 199, 2189, 192961, 23, 70, 149307, 47, 70, 181186, 289, 26499, 111, 70, 2548, 73327, 8946, 5, 581, 23180, 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Euclidean division
Division euclidienne
In arithmetic, Euclidean division – or division with remainder – is the process of dividing one integer (the dividend) by another (the divisor), in such a way that produces a quotient and a remainder smaller than the divisor. A fundamental property is that the quotient and the remainder exist and are unique, under some conditions. Because of this uniqueness, "Euclidean division" is often considered without referring to any method of computation, and without explicitly computing the quotient and the remainder. The methods of computation are called integer division algorithms, the best known of which being long division.
En mathématiques, et plus précisément en arithmétique, la division euclidienne ou division entière est une opération qui, à deux entiers naturels appelés dividende et diviseur, associe deux autres entiers appelés quotient ("quotient euclidien" s'il y a ambiguïté) et reste. Initialement définie pour deux entiers naturels non nuls, elle se généralise aux entiers relatifs. Cette division est au fondement des théorèmes de l'arithmétique élémentaire et de l'arithmétique modulaire qui traite des congruences sur les entiers.
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North American T-28 Trojan
North American T-28 Trojan
The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a piston-engined military trainer aircraft used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and Warbird performer.
Le T-28 "Trojan" est un avion d'entraînement utilisé par la marine américaine après 1949. Il est remplacé par la suite par le T-34 "Mentor".
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Galahad
Galaad (légende arthurienne)
Sir Galahad (; sometimes referred to as Galeas or Galath ) among other versions of his name, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail in Arthurian legend. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur". His name should not be mistaken with Galehaut, a different knight from Arthurian legend.
Galaad, Galahad, ou Galaaç est le fils du chevalier Lancelot du Lac et d'Ellan, fille du roi Pellès, le roi Pêcheur, qui détient le Graal. Son nom vient du gallois Gwalchaved : "« faucon d'été»". Il est le plus jeune chevalier de la Table ronde. Il est le "bon chevalier", le seul qui puisse s'asseoir à la droite d'Arthur sur le "siège périlleux", comme prédit par Merlin qui l'avait présenté à la cour du roi Arthur. Il accomplit la quête du Saint-Graal accompagné de Perceval et de Bohort qui sera celui qui versera le sang du Christ qui se trouvait sur la lance du soldat romain l'ayant blessé au côté (la Sainte Lance ou la Lance qui saigne). Galaad sera le seul, au terme de la quête, à pouvoir regarder à l'intérieur du Graal. Il mourut d'ailleurs juste après car avec ce qu'il avait vu, il ne pouvait plus vivre. Son père Lancelot était lui aussi à l'origine destiné à la quête du Graal mais il en fut détourné par l'amour qu'il portait à Guenièvre.
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Loire Valley (wine)
Vignoble de la vallée de la Loire
The Loire Valley wine region includes the French wine regions situated along the Loire River from the Muscadet region near the city of Nantes on the Atlantic coast to the region of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé just southeast of the city of Orléans in north central France. In between are the regions of Anjou wine, Saumur, Bourgueil, Chinon, and Vouvray. The Loire Valley itself follows the river through the Loire province to the river's origins in the Cévennes but the majority of the wine production takes place in the regions noted above. The area includes 87 appellations under the "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC), "Vin Délimité de Qualité Superieure" (VDQS) and "Vin de pays" systems. While the majority of production is white wine from the Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc and Melon de Bourgogne grapes, there are red wines made (especially around the Chinon region) from Cabernet franc. In addition to still wines, rosé, sparkling and dessert wines are also produced. With "Crémant" production throughout the Loire, it is the second largest sparkling wine producer in France after Champagne. Among these different wine styles, Loire wines tend to exhibit characteristic fruitiness with fresh, crisp flavors-especially in their youth. The Loire Valley has a long history of winemaking dating back to the 1st century. In the High Middle Ages, the wines of the Loire Valley were the most esteemed wines in England and France, even more prized than those from Bordeaux.
Le vignoble de la vallée de la Loire est une vaste zone de production de vin en France, regroupant plusieurs régions viticoles. Ces régions produisent des vins blancs secs, demi-secs, moelleux, voire liquoreux, des vins rouges le plus souvent légers et des vins rosés ; on trouve également de nombreux vins effervescents. Toutes ces régions sont situées au bord de la Loire et de ses affluents, et une partie est située dans le Val de Loire..
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Scholasticism
Scolastique
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It originated within the Christian monastic schools that were the basis of the earliest European universities. The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Spain and England.
La scolastique (du latin "schola", "ae", « école », issu lui-même du grec "σχολή", skolê, qui signifie « arrêt de travail », ou bien « loisir consacré à l'étude ») est la philosophie développée et enseignée au Moyen Âge dans les universités : elle vise à concilier l'apport de la philosophie grecque (particulièrement l'enseignement d'Aristote et des péripatéticiens) avec la théologie chrétienne héritée des Pères de l'Église et d'Anselme. De ce fait, on peut dire qu'elle est un courant de la philosophie médiévale.
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Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
Antoine de Tounens
Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (born Antoine Tounens) (12 May 1825 – 17 September 1878) was a French lawyer and adventurer who proclaimed by a decree on 17 November 1860 that Araucanía and Patagonia did not depend of any other states and that a Kingdom of Araucanía was founded with himself as King under the name Orélie-Antoine I. It is disputed whether Tounens was a self-proclaimed king or was elected by some loncos (Mapuche chiefs). Arrested on 5 January 1862 by the Chilean authorities, Antoine de Tounens was imprisoned and declared insane on 2 September 1862 by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on 28 October 1862. Later he tried three times to come back to Araucanía to regain his "kingdom", but without success, and died in misery on 17 September 1878 in Tourtoirac, France.
Antoine de Tounens, né Antoine Tounens le à La Chèze, commune de Chourgnac, et mort le à Tourtoirac, est un avoué français devenu aventurier, fondateur de l'éphémère royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie (1860-1862) et son premier roi sous le nom d'Orllie-Antoine (écrit parfois Orélie-Antoine ).
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Collioure AOC
Collioure (AOC)
Collioure is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for French wines situated around the town of Collioure in the Roussillon wine region of France. Red, rosé and a few white wines are produced-the reds from Grenache noir, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Carignan and Cinsaut grapes; the white are made from a blend of Grenache blanc and Grenache gris. The boundaries of the AOC are identical with the Banyuls AOC as many of the grapes grown in Collioure are destined for use in the fortified "Vins doux naturels" of the region. The grapes that do not get used for Banyuls are then produced as non-fortified still wines under the Collioure AOC.
Le collioure est un vin d'appellation d'origine contrôlée produit dans un vignoble de 330 hectares sur les communes de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Cerbère, Collioure et Port-Vendres dans les Pyrénées-Orientales.
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Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie
The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (;, sometimes referred to as "New France") was an unrecognized state proclaimed on November 17, 1860 by a decree of Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, a French lawyer and adventurer who claimed that the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia did not need to depend on any other states. He had the support of some Mapuche lonkos around a small area in Araucanía, who were engaged in a desperate armed struggle to retain their independence in the face of hostile military and economic encroachment by the governments of Chile and Argentina, who coveted the Mapuche lands for economical and political reasons.
Le Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie, parfois appelé Royaume de Nouvelle-France, est un royaume éphémère d'Amérique du Sud. Le royaume existe réellement de 1860 à 1862, date de la prise de Perquenco, capitale du royaume, par les troupes chiliennes.
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Indian literature
Littérature indienne
Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognized languages.
La littérature indienne est riche de son très ancien corpus de contes et d'épopées, et d'une littérature moderne et contemporaine, d'une grande diversité linguistique. En effet l'Inde compte 22 langues dites nationales et 2 langues officielles, une grande quantité d'œuvres a été produite, dans ces différentes langues, au fil du temps. Les formes orale et écrite sont aussi importantes l'une que l'autre.
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Raster graphics
Image matricielle
In computer graphics, a raster graphics or bitmap image is a dot matrix data structure that represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels (points of color), viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats.
Une image matricielle, ou « carte de points » (de l'anglais ), est une image constituée d'une matrice de points colorés. C'est-à-dire, constituée d'un tableau, d'une grille, où chaque case possède une couleur qui lui est propre et est considérée comme un point. Il s'agit donc d'une juxtaposition de points de couleurs formant, dans leur ensemble, une image.
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Henry de Monfreid
Henry de Monfreid
Henry de Monfreid (14 November 1879 in Leucate – 13 December 1974) was a French adventurer and author. Born in Leucate, Aude, France, he was the son of artist painter Georges-Daniel de Monfreid and knew Paul Gauguin as a child.
Henry de Monfreid, né à La Franqui, commune de Leucate (Aude), le et mort le à Ingrandes (Indre), est un commerçant et écrivain français. Il a mis en scène sa vie aventureuse, centrée sur la mer Rouge et l'Éthiopie de 1911 à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans de nombreux livres, autobiographies et romans, publiés à partir de 1931.
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Gawain
Gauvain
Gawain (; ), also known as Gawaine or Gauwaine, among various other forms and spellings, is King Arthur's nephew and a Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. Under the name Gwalchmei, he appears very early in the legend's development, being mentioned in some of the earliest Welsh Arthurian sources. As Gawain, he appears in Latin, French, English, Dutch, German and Italian literature, notably as the protagonist of the story of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight". Other tales of Gawain include "Historia Regum Britanniae", "Roman de Brut", "De Ortu Waluuanii", "Diu Crône", "The Awntyrs off Arthure", "L'âtre périlleux", "Le Chevalier à l'épée", and "The Weddynge of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell", as well as the works of Chrétien de Troyes and the prose cycle Lancelot-Grail.
Gauvain (Gwawin, Galvano) est un personnage de la légende arthurienne. Chevalier de la Table ronde originaire de l'archipel des Orcades, il est le neveu du roi Arthur et le fils du roi Lot d'Orcanie et de Morgause. Il est aussi le demi-frère de Mordred et l'aîné d'une fratrie de chevaliers : Agravain, Gaheris et Gareth (surnommé « Beaumains » par Keu, le sénéchal d'Arthur). On trouve plusieurs équivalents gallois de son nom : Gwalchmai et Gwalchmei (« faucon de la plaine ») ainsi que Gawain en franco-normand et en anglais.
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Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan (; born Heribert Ritter von Karajan; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 34 years until his death in 1989. During the Nazi era, he debuted at the Salzburg festival, with the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and during the Second World War he conducted at the Berlin State Opera. Generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, he was a controversial but dominant figure in European classical music from the mid-1950s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate he was the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, having sold an estimated 200 million records.
Herbert von Karajan, né à Salzbourg le et mort à Anif, près de Salzbourg, le, est un chef d'orchestre autrichien.
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Zonguldak
Zonguldak
Zonguldak () is a city and the capital of Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It was established in 1849 as a port town for the nearby coal mines in Ereğli and the coal trade remains its main economic activity. According to the 2009 census, Zonguldak has a population of 108,792. The current mayor is Ömer Selim Alan, representing the AKP. Zonguldak is one of the highest income economies among Turkish cities.
Zonguldak est une ville de Turquie, préfecture de la province du même nom, située sur la côte de la mer Noire.
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Basilicata
Basilicate
Basilicata (,, ), also known by its ancient name Lucania (,, ), is an administrative region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia ("Puglia") to the north and east, and Calabria to the south. It has two coastlines: a 30-km stretch on the Tyrrhenian Sea between Campania and Calabria, and a longer coastline along the Gulf of Taranto between Calabria and Apulia. The region can be thought of as the "instep" of Italy, with Calabria functioning as the "toe" and Apulia the "heel".
La région de la Basilicate (en italien :, anciennement Lucanie, nom officiel qu’elle posséda de 1932 à 1947), est une région d'Italie méridionale de dont le chef-lieu est Potenza. Elle comprend deux provinces : la province de Potenza et la province de Matera. Son nom provient du grec "basilikos", qui signifie « royal ».
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Lazio
Latium
Lazio (,, ; ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy. Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,864,321 inhabitants – making it the second most populated region of Italy (after Lombardy and just ahead of Campania) – and its GDP of more than €170 billion per year means that it has the nation's second largest regional economy. The capital of Lazio is Rome, which is also Italy's capital and the country's largest city.
Le Latium, ou / en italien, est une région d'Italie centrale qui inclut la ville de Rome. C'est la seconde région la plus peuplée d'Italie, après la Lombardie. Elle est bordée au nord-ouest par la Toscane, au nord par l'Ombrie, au nord-est par les Marches, à l'est par les Abruzzes et le Molise, au sud-est par la Campanie. À l'ouest, la région est baignée par la mer Tyrrhénienne. La petite enclave du Vatican se trouve dans le Latium.
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Biblical manuscript
Manuscrits bibliques
A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures (see "Tefillin") to huge polyglot codices (multi-lingual books) containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as extracanonical works.
Un manuscrit biblique est la copie d'un texte fondateur des religions juive et chrétienne, écrit avant l'usage de l'imprimerie en Occident. Le mot "manuscrit" vient du latin "manus" (main) et "scriptum" (écrit), "Bible" vient du grec "βιβλια" (livres).
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ITunes Store
ITunes Store
The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. that opened on April 28, 2003, as a result of Steve Jobs' push to open a digital marketplace for music.
L’iTunes Store, d’abord appelé l’iTunes Music Store (iTMS), est un service de vente de musique et autres contenus en ligne proposé par Apple depuis le aux États-Unis, depuis le en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni, depuis le au Canada, depuis le au Japon et depuis le en Australie. Il est accessible par le biais du logiciel iTunes à partir de la version 4. iTunes est disponible sur macOS et Windows (Windows XP et supérieur) et peut fonctionner sur GNU/Linux par émulation.
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Carnation Revolution
Révolution des Œillets
The Carnation Revolution (), also known as the 25 April (), was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo, terminated the Portuguese Colonial War, and started a revolutionary process that would result in a democratic Portugal.
La révolution des Œillets ("Revolução dos Cravos" en portugais), également surnommée le ("25 de Abril" en portugais) est le nom donné aux événements d'avril 1974 qui ont entraîné la chute de la dictature salazariste qui dominait le Portugal depuis 1933. Elle doit son nom à l'œillet rouge que les conjurés portaient à leur boutonnière en signe de ralliement.
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Kellogg–Briand Pact
Pacte Briand-Kellogg
The Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". There were no mechanisms for enforcement. Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied of the benefits furnished by [the] treaty". It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after. Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact renounced the use of war and calls for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Similar provisions were incorporated into the Charter of the United Nations and other treaties, and it became a stepping-stone to a more activist American policy. It is named after its authors, United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The pact was concluded outside the League of Nations and remains in effect.
Le pacte Briand-Kellogg, ou pacte de Paris, est un traité signé par soixante-trois pays qui « condamnent le recours à la guerre pour le règlement des différends internationaux et y renoncent en tant qu'instrument de politique nationale dans leurs relations mutuelles ».
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Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969) was a Belgian–French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist and writer. She is most known for her 1924 visit to Lhasa, Tibet, when it was forbidden to foreigners. David-Néel wrote over 30 books about Eastern religion, philosophy, and her travels, including "Magic and Mystery in Tibet" which was published in 1929. Her teachings influenced the beat writers Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, the popularisers of Eastern philosophy Alan Watts and Ram Dass, and the esotericist Benjamin Creme.
Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David, plus connue sous le nom d’Alexandra David-Néel, née le à Saint-Mandé, morte à près de 101 ans le à Digne-les-Bains, est une orientaliste, tibétologue, chanteuse d'opéra et féministe, journaliste et anarchiste, écrivaine et exploratrice, franc-maçonne et bouddhiste française.
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Robert Jordan
Robert Jordan
James Oliver Rigney Jr. (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007), better known by his pen name Robert Jordan, was an American author of epic fantasy. He is best known for the "Wheel of Time" series (finished by Brandon Sanderson upon Jordan's death) which comprises 14 books and a prequel novel. He is one of several writers to have written original Conan the Barbarian novels; his are highly acclaimed to this day. Rigney also wrote historical fiction under his pseudonym Reagan O'Neal, a western as Jackson O'Reilly, and dance criticism as Chang Lung. Additionally, he ghostwrote an "international thriller" that is still believed to have been written by someone else.
Robert Jordan est le nom de plume d'un auteur américain de fantasy. De son vrai nom James Oliver Rigney, Jr., il est né le à Charleston (Caroline du Sud) et mort le.
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Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was known best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Under the influence of Adrian Maniu, the adolescent Tzara became interested in Symbolism and co-founded the magazine "Simbolul" with Ion Vinea (with whom he also wrote experimental poetry) and painter Marcel Janco. During World War I, after briefly collaborating on Vinea's "Chemarea", he joined Janco in Switzerland. There, Tzara's shows at the Cabaret Voltaire and Zunfthaus zur Waag, as well as his poetry and art manifestos, became a main feature of early Dadaism. His work represented Dada's nihilistic side, in contrast with the more moderate approach favored by Hugo Ball.
Tristan Tzara, de son vrai nom Samuel Rosenstock, né le à Moinești en Roumanie, et mort le dans le de Paris, est un écrivain, poète et essayiste de langues roumaine et française et l'un des fondateurs du mouvement Dada dont il sera par la suite le chef de file.
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Sigillography
Sigillographie
Sigillography, also known by its Greek-derived name, sphragistics, is the scholarly discipline that studies the wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate archival documents. It investigates not only aspects of the artistic design and production of seals (both matrices and impressions), but also considers the legal, administrative and social contexts in which they were used. It has links to diplomatics, heraldry, social history, and the history of art, and is regarded as one of the auxiliary sciences of history.
La sigillographie, appelée également sphragistique, est la discipline historique qui a pour objet l'étude des sceaux sous tous leurs aspects et quelle qu'en soit la date. Elle décrit matrices et empreintes et les étudie de façon critique, du point de vue historique, artistique, technique et de la valeur probatoire : types, légendes, modes d'apposition et nature diplomatique et juridique, ainsi que les méthodes de conservation.
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Epaulettes (stamp)
Épaulettes
Epaulettes (, ) is the colloquial name of the first series of postage stamps issued by Belgium. The stamps, which depicted King Leopold I and his prominent epaulettes from which the type's name derives, became legally usable on 1 July 1849. They were produced as the result of a series of national reforms to the postal system in Belgium, based on the success of similar British reforms in 1840. Two denominations with the same design were issued simultaneously: a brown 10 centimes and a blue 20 centimes. The stamps allowed postal costs to be pre-paid by the sender, rather than the receiver, and led to a sharp increase in the volume of mail. Although quickly superseded by new types, the Epaulettes proved extremely influential and have since inspired several series of commemorative stamps.
Épaulettes est le nom donné à la première émission de timbres-poste belges car ils représentent le roi des Belges Léopold en uniforme militaire, avec les épaulettes bien apparentes.
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Codex Vaticanus
Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus (The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; no. B or 03 Gregory-Aland, δ 1 von Soden) is one of the oldest copies of the Bible, one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century.
Le Codex Vaticanus (Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B ou 03) est un manuscrit sur vélin en écriture grecque onciale daté du conservé à la Bibliothèque apostolique vaticane. Il s’agit du plus ancien manuscrit connu qui transmet le texte quasiment complet de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Testament. Cependant, le manuscrit n'est pas complet et des portions sont manquantes.
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Books of the Bible
Liste des livres de la Bible
Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the "Torah" ("teaching"); the eight books of the "Nevi'im" ("prophets"); and the eleven books of "Ketuvim" ("writings"). It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew, and its Septuagint is the main textual source for the Christian Greek Old Testament.
L'établissement d'une liste de canonicité de livres fondateurs est toujours le fait d'une autorité. Il en va ainsi tant pour le canon de la Septante, peut-être imité d'une chronologie alexandrine, que pour le canon de la Bible hébraïque ou encore pour le canon des écritures défini au Concile de Trente.
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José Giovanni
José Giovanni
José Giovanni (22 June 1923, Paris, France – 24 April 2004, Lausanne, Switzerland) was the pseudonym of Joseph Damiani, a French writer and film-maker of Corsican origin who became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1986.
José Giovanni, de son vrai nom Joseph Damiani, est un écrivain, scénariste, dialoguiste et réalisateur français, né à Paris le. Naturalisé suisse en 1986, il est mort à Lausanne le d'une hémorragie cérébrale.
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Ford Torino
Ford Torino
The Ford Torino is an automobile that was produced by Ford for the North American market between 1968 and 1976. It was a competitor in the intermediate market segment. The car was named after the city of Turin ("Torino", in Italian), considered ""the Italian Detroit"". The Torino was initially an upscale variation of the intermediate sized Ford Fairlane, which Ford produced between 1962 and 1970. After 1968, the "Fairlane" name was retained for the base models with lower levels of trim than those models which wore the "Torino" name. During this time, the Torino was considered a subseries to the Fairlane. By 1970 "Torino" had become the primary name for Ford's intermediate, and the Fairlane was now a subseries of the Torino. In 1971 the "Fairlane" name was dropped altogether, and all Ford intermediates were called "Torino". This name was one of several originally proposed for the Mustang while in development. The Torino was essentially a twin to the Mercury Montego line.
La Ford Torino est une automobile familiale produite par Ford pour le marché nord-américain entre 1968 et 1976. Elle était disponible en deux ou quatre portes, mais aussi en cabriolet ou en station wagon (break) et disposait toujours de quatre vraies places. Elle était initialement un dérivé de la familiale Ford Fairlane produite de 1962 à 1970. Après 1968, le nom de Fairlane était conservé pour les Torino de base, cette dernière étant encore considérée comme un dérivé de la Fairlane. Dès 1970, cette particularité s'inverse, la Torino devient un modèle officiel et la Fairlane ne subsiste que parmi les diverses versions de la Torino. Le nom de Fairlane disparut définitivement en 1971 et la Torino devint la familiale de chez Ford.
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Dunedin
Dunedin
Dunedin ( ; ) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand (after Christchurch), and the principal city of the Otago region. Its name comes from, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
Dunedin (, ) est une ville de Nouvelle-Zélande située dans la région d'Otago, sur la côte est de l'île du Sud. Avec, elle est la deuxième ville de l'île de par sa population.
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Corsica wine
Vignoble de Corse
Corsica wine is wine made on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. Located 90 km west of Italy, 170 km southeast of France and 11 km north of the island of Sardinia, the island is a territorial collectivity of France, but many of the region's winemaking traditions and its grape varieties are Italian in origin. The region's viticultural history can be traced to the island's settlement by Phoceans traders in 570 BC in what is now the commune of Aléria. In the 18th century, the island came under the control of France. Following the independence of Algeria from French rule, many Algerian "Pieds-Noirs" immigrated to Corsica and began planting vineyards. Between 1960 and 1976 the vineyard area in Corsica increased fourfold. In 1968, Patrimonio was established as Corsica's first "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC). Today, Corsica has nine AOC regions including the island-wide designation Vin de Corse AOC. The majority of the wine exported from Corsica falls under the Vin de pays designation "Vin de Pays de l'Île de Beauté" (Country wine from the Island of Beauty). The three leading grape varieties of the region are Nielluccio (Sangiovese), known as the spice wine of France, Sciacarello and Vermentino.
Le vignoble corse s'étend tout autour du littoral de la Corse, sur des terrains granitiques (sud et ouest), sur des schistes (est et nord), ou sur des terres calcaires. C'est une terre méditerranéenne baignée de soleil et de chaleur souvent tempérée par la mer toujours très proche.
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Mitsuru Adachi
Mitsuru Adachi
Adachi is well known for romantic comedy and sports manga (especially baseball) such as "Touch", "H2", "Slow Step", "Miyuki" and "Cross Game". He has been described as a writer of "delightful dialogue", a genius at portraying everyday life, "the greatest pure storyteller", and "a master manga artist". He is one of the few manga artists to write for shōnen, shōjo and seinen manga magazines, and be popular in all three.
Il est principalement connu en tant qu'auteur du manga "Touch" qui remporte un succès commercial sans précédent au Japon ; l'anime est renommé "Théo ou la Batte de la Victoire" pour la diffusion française.
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Louis-Jules Trochu
Louis Jules Trochu
Louis-Jules Trochu (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's "de facto" head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871 (although he retained the role symbolically until the legislative elections of February 1871).
Louis-Jules Trochu, né au Palais à Belle-Île-en-Mer (Morbihan) le et mort à Tours (Indre-et-Loire) le, est un général de division et homme d'État français sous le Second Empire. Élève de Saint-Cyr et de l'École d'application du Corps royal d'état-major, gouverneur de Paris, il prend le pouvoir à la suite de la proclamation de la République en 1870, et met en place un gouvernement de la Défense nationale le. Il quitte le pouvoir le et met fin à son gouvernement après avoir tenté de poursuivre la guerre franco-allemande.
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Campania
Campanie
Campania (,,,, ) is an administrative region of Italy. Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region. As of 2018, the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it the third-most-populous region in the country; its total area of makes it the most densely populated region in Italy. Campania is the most productive region in southern Italy (and the 7th in the whole country) by GDP, with Naples' urban area being the 9th-most populous in the European Union. The region is home to 10 of the 55 UNESCO sites in Italy, like Pompeii and Herculaneum, the Royal Palace of Caserta, the Amalfi Coast and the Historic Centre of Naples. Moreover, Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
La région de Campanie (en italien : "Regione Campania" ), plus couramment appelée la Campanie, est une région d'Italie méridionale. Le mot "Campanie" viendrait soit du terme latin "campus" (la campagne), soit du terme osque "Kampanom", désignant la région autour de la ville de Capoue ("Capua"), qui était alors la ville principale de cette région méridionale de la péninsule italienne.
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Provence wine
Vignoble de Provence
Provence (Provençal) wine comes from the French wine-producing region of Provence in southeast France. The Romans called the area "provincia nostra" ("our province"), giving the region its name. Just south of the Alps, it was the first Roman province outside Italy.
Le vignoble de Provence s'étend du sud d'Avignon jusqu'à Nice, sur la majeure partie de la Provence. Ce vignoble est marqué par une très grande hétérogénéité de situation tant pédo-géologique que climatique avec bien évidemment une dominance du climat méditerranéen strict mais également de zones plus froides où l'influence du vent est déterminante.
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Phonon
Phonon
In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, specifically in solids and some liquids. Often designated a quasiparticle, it is an excited state in the quantum mechanical quantization of the modes of vibrations of elastic structures of interacting particles.
En physique de la matière condensée, un phonon (du grec ancien / "phonê", la voix) désigne un quantum d'énergie de vibration dans un solide cristallin : lorsqu'un mode de vibration du cristal de fréquence définie "ν" cède ou gagne de l'énergie, il ne peut le faire que par paquets d'énergie "hν", "h" étant la constante de Planck. Ce paquet est considéré comme une "quasi-particule", à savoir une particule "fictive" appelée phonon. Le cristal est alors réputé échanger des phonons lorsqu'il perd ou gagne de l'énergie. Le concept permet une analogie avec la lumière qui possède des propriétés similaires : elle se manifeste tantôt comme une onde, tantôt comme un paquet d'énergie "hν", qui correspond à une particule élémentaire appelée photon.
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Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus (, "Sinaïtikós Kṓdikas", ; Shelfmarks and references: London, British Library, Add MS 43725; Gregory-Aland no א [Aleph] or 01, [Soden δ 2]) or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek. The codex is a historical treasure.
Le Codex Sinaiticus est un des deux plus anciens manuscrits de la Bible qui rassemble à la fois l'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament. Classé par Gregory-Aland ou א, c'est un codex de la Bible, écrit en caractères de type oncial et datant du, entre 325 et 360. Il contient des parties du texte de la Septante de l'Ancien Testament, la totalité du Nouveau Testament, l'Épître de Barnabé et le Pasteur d'Hermas.
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New York Herald Tribune
New York Herald Tribune
The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when Ogden Mills Reid of the "New-York Tribune" acquired the "New York Herald". It was widely regarded as a "writer's newspaper" and competed with "The New York Times" in the daily morning market. The paper won at least nine Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime.
Le est un quotidien new-yorkais publié entre 1924 et 1966. Issu de la fusion du "New-York Tribune" et du "New York Herald", le journal a reçu au moins neuf prix Pulitzer lors de son histoire.
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Matthias Erzberger
Matthias Erzberger
Matthias Erzberger (20 September 1875 – 26 August 1921) was a German publicist and politician, Reich Minister of Finance from 1919 to 1920.
Matthias Erzberger est un homme politique et journaliste allemand, né le à Buttenhausen (Empire allemand) et mort assassiné le à Bad Griesbach (Allemagne).
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The New York Times International Edition
International New York Times
The New York Times International Edition is an English-language newspaper printed at 38 sites throughout the world and sold in more than 160 countries and territories. Founded under the title Paris Herald in 1887 in Paris as the European edition of the "New York Herald", it changed owners and was renamed several times: it became the Paris Herald Tribune, the European edition of the "New York Herald Tribune" in 1924, and then the International Herald Tribune in 1967, with the "Washington Post" and the "New York Times" as joint parent newspapers.
L', (précédemment lInternational Herald Tribune", également appelé IHT"' ou le « Tribune ») est un quotidien américain de langue anglaise dont le siège se situe en France, à La Défense (banlieue ouest de Paris). La ligne du journal est très libérale pour les questions économiques.
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