Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 893, 36416, 23658, 5426, 83, 142, 81522, 2053, 9433, 214, 5426, 23, 18925, 25, 7, 202681, 7, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 111, 36416, 23658, 76519, 26698, 12989, 42805, 4, 101597, 40575, 4, 136, 53477, 124161, 76519, 5, 2823, 124161, 9433, 214, 76519, 118055, 538, 64209, 8060, 100, 124161, 7, 450, 27734, 10, 33120, 136, 1543, 26698, 1286, 3501, 1632, 14380, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 4, 5744, 1118, 124161, 9433, 214, 10975, 4527, 7, 23282, 707, 10723, 9433, 214, 136, 115835, 214, 10975, 450, 114864, 124161, 7, 47, 11675, 98, 12921, 13909, 13651, 7, 23, 10, 33120, 5, 360, 21334, 86685, 4, 93766, 36416, 23658, 1543, 56566, 98, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 124161, 24365, 10975, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 313, 102198, 16, 136, 64, 748, 63399, 87235, 1363, 36322, 41637, 47, 33493, 67, 70, 9433, 214, 111, 21334, 101935, 111, 133244, 114419, 47, 142, 36416, 23658, 9, 49133, 297, 63399, 5, 1326, 3853, 1286, 35968, 214, 8, 58905, 29367, 63399, 76519, 4, 36416, 23658, 115835, 214, 103391, 831, 15917, 67, 124161, 9433, 214, 54940, 48716, 13909, 7, 98, 10, 33120, 5, 36416, 23658, 83, 27983, 78779, 297, 3934, 4516, 9, 49133, 297, 6, 159958, 15, 13055, 284, 16, 136, 4002, 11374, 5, 2823, 124161, 9433, 214, 15, 22323, 23658, 16, 83687, 7, 914, 9319, 214, 107730, 4677, 4, 9433, 214, 70, 2053, 136, 1257, 56464, 144573, 2053, 47, 44961, 70, 43799, 297, 136, 9433, 297, 4677, 5, 1301, 111, 18925, 4, 2684, 53702, 7, 4527, 10, 63399, 24365, 5426, 47, 8060, 36416, 23658, 5, 36416, 23658, 83, 175100, 23, 10, 23282, 9, 39642, 5426, 5, 2823, 124161, 9433, 50509, 7, 1672, 108636, 982, 2408, 136, 34627, 14, 60089, 5, 1657, 64240, 33, 2408, 6226, 7, 142027, 450, 6626, 72095, 17203, 214, 70, 5701, 2053, 23, 70, 63399, 5426, 1221, 959, 186, 19048, 47, 15549, 450, 2053, 707, 70, 38937, 1556, 47, 40485, 24189, 70, 3789, 38937, 1556, 122799, 9433, 214, 4, 8108, 151134, 450, 63847, 111, 2053, 5, 69728, 14, 60089, 6226, 7, 142027, 450, 756, 70, 98441, 23, 10, 124161, 621, 140528, 65771, 538, 237, 10, 21115, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 2174, 2499, 98441, 17721, 70, 124161, 35782, 4, 756, 3789, 98441, 8110, 35782, 2843, 5, 717, 45367, 142, 36416, 23658, 5426, 4, 10, 51517, 8110, 3714, 450, 70, 21334, 14012, 111, 133244, 72095, 14602, 959, 193943, 678, 70, 5426, 25, 7, 23718, 5, 717, 51312, 70, 23718, 111, 142, 36416, 23658, 5426, 4, 10, 51517, 8110, 71864, 218527, 4527, 111, 63262, 90, 136, 234737, 7, 5, 581, 25632, 80854, 621, 106157, 100, 70, 23718, 111, 36416, 23658, 76519, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 2823, 124161, 9433, 214, 15, 22323, 23658, 247, 4677, 76519, 205794, 33493, 67, 136, 111240, 124161, 9, 49133, 297, 86685, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 30145, 44713, 58, 831, 765, 6626, 12921, 91084, 7, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 13648, 59911, 12, 23, 70, 2773, 39, 111, 13909, 7, 707, 63399, 124161, 7, 442, 8, 157, 1636, 142, 34627, 1771, 15549, 111, 11341, 4, 7440, 162, 23, 70, 2773, 39, 111, 8063, 707, 82466, 4, 70, 13579, 205794, 8, 157, 1636, 142, 121122, 111, 25313, 77630, 2449, 15, 162, 11814, 390, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 11062, 44713, 123996, 214, 94030, 70615, 707, 60091, 124161, 7, 5, 16, 36416, 23658, 1543, 4527, 124161, 7, 111, 70, 5117, 10644, 47, 17164, 124161, 7, 111, 70, 17932, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Systems design." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "An OLTP system is an accessible data processing system in today's enterprises. Some examples of OLTP systems include order entry, retail sales, and financial transaction systems. Online transaction processing systems increasingly require support for transactions that span a network and may include more than one company. For this reason, modern online transaction processing software uses client or server processing and brokering software that allows transactions to run on different computer platforms in a network. In large applications, efficient OLTP may depend on sophisticated transaction management software (such as CICS) and/or database optimization tactics to facilitate the processing of large numbers of concurrent updates to an OLTP-oriented database. For even more demanding decentralized database systems, OLTP brokering programs can distribute transaction processing among multiple computers on a network. OLTP is often integrated into service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Web services. Online transaction processing (OLTP) involves gathering input information, processing the data and updating existing data to reflect the collected and processed information. As of today, most organizations use a database management system to support OLTP. OLTP is carried in a client-server system. Online transaction process concerns about concurrency and atomicity. Concurrency controls guarantee that two users accessing the same data in the database system will not be able to change that data or the user has to wait until the other user has finished processing, before changing that piece of data. Atomicity controls guarantee that all the steps in a transaction are completed successfully as a group. That is, if any steps between the transaction fail, all other steps must fail also.", "To build an OLTP system, a designer must know that the large number of concurrent users does not interfere with the system's performance. To increase the performance of an OLTP system, a designer must avoid excessive use of indexes and clusters. The following elements are crucial for the performance of OLTP systems:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 39395, 28730, 7, 4, 30783, 7, 1672, 70, 81900, 111, 109412, 33, 1831, 56379, 45646, 7, 16810, 272, 70, 7082, 85683, 1363, 53099, 47, 85493, 756, 9, 130143, 1831, 79852, 7, 5, 14098, 75353, 1902, 97629, 7108, 47, 70, 756, 12924, 138241, 9, 128897, 112570, 136382, 74, 43876, 384, 11217, 31089, 71, 10, 29458, 2320, 100, 142, 756, 9, 130143, 1927, 26541, 5, 581, 120469, 57553, 509, 1286, 53560, 5, 14847, 442, 18738, 434, 98, 20414, 106, 4, 55591, 4, 70, 160469, 13, 31455, 5759, 1902, 10, 60627, 62690, 2822, 6, 14775, 4, 41499, 238, 22819, 132260, 72397, 4, 136, 6626, 6, 107791, 118258, 11516, 1837, 57875, 16, 170174, 4567, 289, 87907, 7, 132442, 77336, 9, 6295, 206, 25793, 14191, 7, 5, 1650, 40, 27686, 427, 44828, 26255, 5, 384, 11217, 68186, 71, 70, 62822, 4331, 136, 12989, 297, 214075, 111, 70, 116086, 71, 31455, 5428, 7, 3129, 3542, 51713, 4, 1902, 1286, 113138, 87907, 7, 4, 136, 175100, 616, 44828, 26255, 23, 10, 11251, 9, 73, 206, 9, 113458, 377, 7568, 5, 581, 4331, 204971, 15672, 136, 28811, 1831, 59801, 136, 53333, 12989, 7, 134629, 5, 106073, 9572, 6850, 1902, 59038, 71, 10, 36049, 132954, 1295, 120469, 100, 169020, 4, 9508, 4, 110, 218343, 509, 16940, 23, 581, 231118, 5, 139661, 100, 28811, 59463, 341, 37150, 4, 6, 115447, 4, 140434, 7341, 4, 313, 19759, 136, 339, 120321, 59038, 71, 1829, 9572, 6850, 23, 70, 231118, 3542, 88303, 136, 86608, 19, 390, 120469, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 15520, 9, 3767, 48398, 47, 14713, 678, 148, 5180, 136, 25793, 14191, 7, 149, 934, 297, 4, 7068, 3657, 89829, 99, 1831, 28394, 7, 390, 9572, 6850, 43573, 70, 15520, 6982, 111, 30780, 141, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 70535, 168519, 707, 72756, 194, 4, 5345, 175870, 24890, 5, 34739, 10, 21373, 132954, 100, 31455, 5428, 7, 47, 186, 75060, 297, 23, 130891, 136, 95486, 297, 70, 14380, 4331, 2320, 5345, 175870, 6483, 5, 3742, 4, 1284, 102971, 10, 164498, 100, 1632, 1831, 56379, 509, 70488, 351, 13, 3542, 88303, 5, 116267, 132954, 509, 39958, 390, 70, 84649, 45394, 5345, 56379, 33734, 23, 15758, 74, 51, 5062, 9572, 6850, 136, 5345, 175870, 4, 84649, 45394, 88303, 43606, 1831, 56379, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 89845, 79298, 99, 19713, 1632, 120469, 9, 978, 24908, 1831, 56379, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 11777, 9782, 31455, 5428, 7, 3542, 88303, 678, 15700, 10031, 100, 70, 14098, 46684, 116338, 5, 360, 61540, 7650, 120469, 11341, 71, 23, 142, 5582, 450, 70, 31455, 5428, 11034, 1672, 3650, 203770, 117, 1831, 56379, 2174, 46889, 9, 102446, 297, 5, 106073, 645, 2420, 246, 24243, 390, 6863, 17982, 3181, 188, 223, 39457, 42, 4, 442, 509, 70, 31455, 5428, 450, 5117, 168360, 450, 44828, 1505, 1831, 26983, 5809, 186, 104577, 4, 46002, 136, 215543, 5, 1301, 10, 47, 1098, 111, 903, 4, 341, 37150, 30957, 297, 6863, 5117, 31455, 5428, 24784, 9, 169213, 44, 1062, 14, 814, 58, 15, 294, 1290, 92, 16, 23, 70, 18374, 58020, 4727, 196006, 1681, 5345, 94698, 17721, 9020, 136, 143757, 5, 13538, 111, 70, 387, 14018, 16037, 4, 442, 122799, 17932, 50155, 4734, 70, 60042, 9, 978, 24908, 8, 1391, 5115, 1760, 100940, 5, 12772, 28779, 56, 44, 145397, 7, 1353, 748, 13038, 740, 133698, 70, 3622, 120696, 1733, 111, 2510, 21974, 4, 702, 881, 4, 442, 509, 23, 70, 1831, 100, 16503, 21974, 4, 209, 881, 4, 136, 23742, 70, 62523, 40059, 111, 70, 45712, 5, 15, 3957, 100940, 5, 12772, 122799, 5117, 23, 70, 62523, 40059, 4, 1284, 70, 172040, 509, 390, 209332, 107003, 47, 63043, 4734, 1632, 91375, 53, 5, 16, 1650, 18738, 434, 341, 37150, 25, 7, 20324, 6, 175663, 84765, 36439, 4, 15, 11, 199823, 43222, 51713, 3501, 70, 51521, 45712, 36439, 247, 85358, 214, 6648, 4, 20662, 11907, 80889, 71, 44828, 1505, 7279, 4, 174548, 4420, 24145, 47, 39580, 1257, 10, 32594, 297, 44828, 1505, 4, 136, 3853, 100512, 72856, 23, 10, 4911, 7944, 129857, 136, 59335, 538, 179933, 23, 70, 51400, 7103, 10, 45, 46354, 6635, 132260, 99, 70, 884, 87180, 45712, 100599, 13, 98, 70, 4552, 4568, 6049, 111, 70, 120696, 5, 16269, 47314, 31455, 5428, 7, 88303, 100, 70, 14098, 46684, 126140, 5345, 89499, 7, 1379, 40368, 116338, 4331, 21094, 12, 6, 219575, 2203, 34525, 39933, 7, 48752, 289, 31455, 5428, 7, 765, 188545, 71, 136, 2809, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 952, 271, 142642, 23, 70, 25632, 59052, 7, 23, 70, 25632, 44677, 12, 581, 31455, 5428, 509, 70, 44, 144890, 8294, 254, 2091, 7532, 33554, 58, 450, 55852, 4293, 46068, 6079, 1672, 23, 70, 1346, 44, 571, 54969, 65386, 7, 58, 5173, 121763, 5, 62, 31455, 5428, 135179, 23, 70, 43357, 1346, 44, 100604, 18, 112639, 56128, 70, 57616, 4588, 96853, 39856, 214, 4, 5646, 16713, 4, 136, 132260, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 16912, 23, 113014, 5, 360, 70, 36327, 1346, 44, 152470, 1295, 241, 22766, 2481, 830, 70, 22631, 27585, 7, 98, 70, 44828, 26255, 136, 172040, 111, 10, 31455, 5428, 4, 21478, 53, 14012, 541, 9323, 118913, 4, 3129, 30482, 142, 161203, 132260, 23, 6, 137074, 29321, 181991, 53, 23, 70, 148814, 25134, 15672, 65172, 133, 5, 581, 47880, 4, 195769, 103332, 15, 441, 64, 839, 16, 616, 7709, 4, 188545, 7, 18925, 15, 21231, 468, 84041, 686, 6496, 1831, 56379, 16, 23, 70, 10576, 150370, 111, 70, 1632, 160404, 71, 390, 341, 37150, 3229, 442, 21449, 17932, 23, 70, 4727, 196006, 1681, 5345, 94698, 23, 58020, 4, 12403, 214, 10, 31455, 5428, 189893, 23, 70, 231118, 237, 24784, 9, 169213, 44, 1062, 14, 814, 740, 581, 2773, 24784, 9, 169213, 509, 72856, 23, 10, 150631, 10, 10846, 21775, 7103, 70, 4727, 196006, 1681, 5345, 94698, 5, 61804, 101985, 341, 5, 18968, 19, 456, 71013, 7, 1919, 39395, 13312, 237, 10, 60091, 20279, 12403, 214, 31455, 5428, 7, 23, 1919, 7199, 17990, 44, 17647, 67, 2071, 70, 134327, 740, 3293, 96853, 10, 106480, 182, 15555, 214, 15426, 111, 12403, 214, 10, 31455, 5428, 678, 99162, 6, 2980, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 120469, 31455, 5428, 83, 10, 25055, 184, 257, 4, 138241, 9, 128897, 71, 1831, 79852, 450, 509, 181653, 390, 70, 15672, 14380, 120469, 5345, 56379, 84829, 72134, 23, 58020, 5, 1650, 98438, 71, 678, 70, 112570, 136382, 5, 360, 61540, 4, 120469, 181653, 10, 150679, 11389, 35839, 70, 31455, 8316, 4, 3129, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 65771, 1831, 56379, 23, 32692, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Operational history.", "Variants.", "Military.", "Operators.", "Surviving aircraft.", "Notable appearances in media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In the early 1930s, fears about the safety of wooden aircraft structures drove the US aviation industry to develop all-metal airliners. United Airlines had exclusive right to the all metal twin-engine Boeing 247; rival TWA issued a specification for an all-metal trimotor. The Douglas response was more radical. When it flew on July 1, 1933, the prototype DC-1 had a robust tapered wing, retractable landing gear, and two 690 hp (515 kW) Wright radial engines driving variable-pitch propellers. It seated 12 passengers. TWA accepted the basic design and ordered twenty of the upgraded DC-2s which were longer, had more powerful engines, and carried 14 passengers in a 66-inch-wide cabin. The design impressed American and European airlines and further orders followed. Although Fokker had purchased a production licence from Douglas for $100,000, no manufacturing was done in The Netherlands. Those for European customers KLM, LOT, Swissair, CLS and LAPE purchased via Fokker in the Netherlands were built and flown by Douglas in the US, sea-shipped to Europe with wings and propellers detached, then erected at airfields by Fokker near the seaport of arrival (e.g. Cherbourg or Rotterdam)., Airspeed Ltd. took a similar licence for DC-2s to be delivered in Britain and assigned the company designation Airspeed AS.23, but although a registration for one aircraft was reserved none were built. Another licence was taken by the Nakajima Aircraft Company in Japan; unlike Fokker and Airspeed, Nakajima built five aircraft as well as assembling at least one Douglas-built aircraft. A total of 130 civil DC-2s were built with another 62 for the United States military. In 1935 Don Douglas stated in an article that the DC-2 cost about $80,000 per aircraft if mass-produced.", "Although overshadowed by its ubiquitous successor, it was the DC-2 that first showed that passenger air travel could be comfortable, safe and reliable. As a token of this, KLM entered its first DC-2 PH-AJU \"Uiver\" (Stork) in the October 1934 MacRobertson Air Race between London and Melbourne. Out of the 20 entrants, it finished second behind only the purpose-built de Havilland DH.88 racer \"Grosvenor House\". During the total journey time of 90 hours, 13 min, it was in the air for 81 hours, 10 min, and won the handicap section of the race. (The DH.88 finished first in the handicap section, but the crew was by regulations allowed to claim only one victory.) It flew KLM's regular 9,000 mile route, (a thousand miles longer than the official race route), carrying mail, making every scheduled passenger stop, turning back once to pick up a stranded passenger, and even became lost in a thunderstorm and briefly stuck in the mud after a diversionary landing at the Albury racecourse on the very last leg of the journey.", "", "Modified DC-2s built for the United States Army Air Corps under several military designations:", "♠ = Original operators", "Several DC-2s have survived and been preserved in the 21st century in the following museums in the following places:", "The DC-2 was the \"Good Ship Lollipop\" that Shirley Temple sang about in the film \"Bright Eyes\" (1934). A DC-2 appears in the 1937 film \"Lost Horizon\"; the footage includes taxiing, takeoff, and landing, as well as views in flight. In the 1956 film \"Back from Eternity\", the action centers on the passengers and crew of a DC-2, registry number N39165, which makes an emergency landing in headhunter territory in the remote South American jungle. The plane, Construction Number (C/N) 1404, survives today (see #Surviving aircraft) in the color scheme of the one operated by KLM when it came second in the MacRobertson Air Race in 1934, flying a DC-2 registered in the Netherlands as PH-AJU \"Uiver\". The real PH-AJU was lost in a crash a few months after the MacRobertson Air Race. Author Ernest K. Gann recounts his early days as a commercial pilot flying DC-2s in his memoir \"Fate Is the Hunter\". This includes a particularly harrowing account of flying a DC-2 with heavy ice." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 222201, 125663, 4, 27198, 4, 72367, 15, 23385, 866, 16, 9, 77007, 2053, 105816, 23923, 4527, 7, 1924, 9966, 4, 2053, 157353, 4, 136, 17203, 135355, 7, 47, 18276, 6863, 22799, 32354, 7, 5, 581, 1924, 9966, 135355, 707, 1924, 9966, 63399, 4343, 7, 49649, 2053, 125663, 297, 1295, 12638, 111, 70, 128994, 67, 31344, 2053, 76519, 5, 581, 157353, 135355, 78779, 90, 70, 128994, 67, 2053, 5423, 7, 390, 27198, 214, 70, 2053, 1295, 70, 1924, 9966, 135355, 27983, 3082, 214, 903, 27198, 297, 2053, 23, 142, 41018, 289, 2053, 4343, 15, 670, 13526, 16, 63399, 5, 581, 78779, 297, 2053, 621, 7068, 109133, 47, 14373, 15700, 63399, 4, 27983, 35839, 70, 2053, 105816, 23923, 63399, 4, 7440, 70, 2053, 83, 137356, 71, 3934, 1791, 54689, 6827, 94407, 4, 27983, 35839, 158208, 4, 136, 3934, 15824, 7, 136, 6, 197564, 13, 15824, 7, 5, 581, 162515, 111, 15824, 7, 136, 158208, 83, 68018, 35839, 10, 6057, 61903, 5, 581, 17203, 135355, 112397, 72095, 456, 3996, 3134, 2053, 5, 581, 5201, 31344, 111, 70, 2053, 83, 46622, 5281, 4, 27198, 297, 4, 221636, 71, 4, 136, 7228, 19882, 100, 4527, 390, 31095, 7, 136, 3789, 8063, 50582, 100, 2053, 324, 592, 4, 1118, 6, 140815, 289, 9433, 214, 4, 16839, 25188, 136, 51957, 8060, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 26950, 47, 456, 3996, 3134, 136, 7968, 53, 731, 2053, 4, 47, 125663, 4, 27198, 4, 136, 72367, 2053, 4, 136, 47, 111240, 70, 2053, 45, 10763, 6635, 621, 2843, 90698, 85590, 82761, 7, 111, 10, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 5426, 5, 52455, 91067, 7, 47, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 4527, 903, 134744, 56, 43701, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 142, 71062, 297, 80934, 100, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 96853, 8063, 6, 130687, 72977, 4, 72977, 47, 125663, 4, 27198, 4, 136, 72367, 2053, 3934, 70, 64722, 14, 31667, 4, 136, 72977, 47, 111240, 136, 456, 3996, 3134, 23550, 10135, 5, 90540, 14048, 31923, 35593, 11809, 294, 16852, 4, 3157, 5933, 5565, 23752, 4, 43681, 408, 46, 17170, 174426, 621, 3060, 111, 70, 72977, 3129, 621, 38134, 538, 11814, 47, 29479, 241, 41445, 35509, 2053, 105816, 23923, 5, 6, 162408, 35509, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 62163, 31351, 111, 10, 84797, 241, 41445, 55516, 100, 2053, 167201, 5, 175399, 4, 442, 76104, 7, 10, 1924, 9966, 16128, 46132, 70, 2053, 105816, 23923, 68034, 5, 360, 903, 51515, 4, 2053, 62163, 125663, 297, 1295, 77099, 15292, 10821, 31344, 76519, 136, 621, 7068, 105237, 72367, 297, 3934, 70, 2053, 105816, 23923, 4, 8108, 2499, 167201, 74918, 7, 5, 3164, 63559, 167201, 7, 621, 7068, 34831, 71, 46132, 70, 2053, 105816, 23923, 68034, 5, 201106, 4, 70, 45258, 3674, 2053, 62163, 72367, 297, 3934, 30388, 23180, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 2053, 105816, 23923, 5, 62, 2053, 105816, 23923, 76104, 7, 10, 43658, 111, 4677, 1295, 70, 31344, 124161, 76519, 5, 3293, 107653, 82451, 27140, 2481, 87344, 70, 54591, 47, 12, 581, 65998, 100, 2053, 105816, 23923, 7, 136, 68883, 96853, 70, 25632, 12, 360, 28601, 7, 47, 31344, 76519, 145870, 36917, 4, 627, 5, 95062, 82507, 56, 117249, 4, 44, 284, 39210, 31344, 100, 70, 2053, 23, 2053, 105816, 23923, 7, 83, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 41018, 289, 63399, 7, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 41911, 289, 63399, 7, 740, 180358, 214, 2053, 157353, 4, 82507, 56, 117249, 4, 44, 23389, 83, 63559, 47, 125663, 2053, 1295, 31344, 76519, 4, 27198, 2856, 4, 136, 72367, 2856, 3934, 10, 2053, 36086, 707, 105816, 23923, 740, 82507, 56, 45252, 90, 3082, 214, 2053, 23, 142, 53702, 25, 7, 2053, 105816, 23923, 707, 2053, 68883, 5, 36939, 10135, 83, 2053, 1672, 2053, 5, 44, 6371, 35768, 3871, 4677, 1672, 2053, 97264, 74, 63399, 4, 23180, 4, 136, 3365, 316, 19, 123055, 74, 210651, 80889, 7, 74, 136, 2053, 127689, 72350, 7, 740, 38396, 4, 70, 2684, 65771, 53095, 621, 8382, 450, 831, 35644, 69405, 136, 6, 44289, 14, 38526, 47, 16839, 65572, 136, 107893, 5, 62, 22799, 47, 903, 57553, 83, 70, 60266, 136, 93766, 4527, 111, 2053, 136, 4677, 390, 60822, 933, 136, 31095, 7, 5, 62, 44, 10135, 105816, 23923, 58, 83, 10, 64722, 14, 31667, 111, 186768, 2053, 450, 83, 5808, 297, 390, 28368, 47, 8060, 51957, 6, 114014, 23, 70, 53702, 5, 76556, 2053, 83, 4343, 71, 23, 10, 2053, 36086, 707, 105816, 23923, 4, 442, 831, 186, 17203, 297, 5, 62, 2053, 36086, 83, 10, 8781, 3173, 111, 10, 2053, 105816, 23923, 450, 83, 162393, 98, 10, 11001, 28368, 15, 748, 123309, 16128, 247, 8311, 329, 1836, 79442, 2053, 1295, 10, 84046, 14012, 111, 97264, 6044, 237, 40575, 4, 82466, 707, 7481, 5, 11809, 68883, 621, 27983, 88303, 136, 6226, 6259, 390, 10, 11001, 130625, 28032, 142, 53702, 5, 581, 97264, 5809, 186, 70796, 41018, 289, 76519, 4, 10, 9879, 2053, 105816, 23923, 4, 707, 173591, 2053, 5, 262, 33176, 47691, 83, 70, 22599, 100, 2053, 3299, 214, 53088, 23, 903, 5426, 5, 77878, 19, 450, 2053, 68883, 137567, 29256, 4734, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 2053, 70541, 297, 23, 10, 2053, 105816, 23923, 4, 1836, 621, 27983, 99156, 136, 4271, 56, 47, 29479, 5, 60457, 7, 111, 2053, 68883, 26698, 108750, 4, 41371, 4, 136, 113490, 2053, 68883, 5, 2823, 6, 140815, 289, 9433, 214, 15, 42797, 683, 16, 83, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 35845, 538, 27226, 21950, 111, 124161, 7, 5, 5813, 10484, 621, 27983, 4552, 27140, 136, 83687, 6, 197564, 17514, 5, 1326, 180, 85324, 76519, 4, 57553, 1733, 83, 142, 60266, 7432, 72350, 5, 180, 85324, 86685, 621, 38134, 538, 11814, 390, 11809, 1208, 592, 53088, 5, 180, 85324, 63399, 7, 4343, 6, 197564, 297, 4, 186768, 2053, 23, 6024, 9, 157955, 61903, 7, 15, 16345, 25958, 6057, 61903, 7, 194, 180, 85324, 76519, 205794, 765, 2053, 19161, 2408, 111, 10, 10846, 21974, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 2053, 68883, 4, 7440, 19161, 2408, 83, 84751, 47, 186, 20903, 42, 47, 1632, 5155, 5, 581, 180, 85324, 51515, 83, 11814, 47, 7968, 53, 731, 6024, 157955, 2053, 1295, 48716, 97264, 136, 80280, 7, 5, 581, 17262, 62822, 41018, 7, 23, 180, 85324, 621, 152, 48615, 9, 2037, 15, 11935, 97281, 2320, 247, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 242122, 4, 10, 2053, 105816, 23923, 15, 397, 1456, 707, 30439, 841, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 142, 202681, 2053, 105816, 23923, 15, 17610, 1456, 247, 83, 10, 5426, 11814, 100, 13416, 214, 136, 2053, 114137, 4, 136, 83, 90698, 10, 56458, 82761, 111, 8063, 6, 130687, 5, 30439, 7, 621, 9879, 456, 59111, 10484, 111, 78779, 297, 2053, 1295, 1632, 707, 1286, 128994, 67, 97264, 5, 10660, 4343, 43581, 136, 186768, 2053, 23, 1632, 11001, 3687, 450, 621, 11814, 100, 105233, 6, 140815, 289, 117729, 100, 133325, 87420, 70, 202681, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "ETL based data warehousing.", "ELT based data warehousing.", "Benefits.", "Generic.", "Related systems (data mart, OLAP, OLTP, predictive analytics).", "History.", "Information storage.", "Facts.", "Dimensional versus normalized approach for storage of data.", "Dimensional approach.", "Normalized approach.", "Design methods.", "Bottom-up design.", "Top-down design.", "Hybrid design.", "Data warehouse characteristics.", "Subject-oriented.", "Integrated.", "Time-variant.", "Nonvolatile.", "Summarized.", "Data warehouse architecture.", "Versus operational system.", "Evolution in organization use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The typical extract, transform, load (ETL)-based data warehouse uses staging, data integration, and access layers to house its key functions. The staging layer or staging database stores raw data extracted from each of the disparate source data systems. The integration layer integrates the disparate data sets by transforming the data from the staging layer often storing this transformed data in an operational data store (ODS) database. The integrated data are then moved to yet another database, often called the data warehouse database, where the data is arranged into hierarchical groups, often called dimensions, and into facts and aggregate facts. The combination of facts and dimensions is sometimes called a star schema. The access layer helps users retrieve data. The main source of the data is cleansed, transformed, catalogued, and made available for use by managers and other business professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market research and decision support. However, the means to retrieve and analyze data, to extract, transform, and load data, and to manage the data dictionary are also considered essential components of a data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to extract, transform, and load data into the repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata. IBM InfoSphere DataStage, Ab Initio Software, Informatica – PowerCenter are some of the tools which are widely used to implement ETL based data warehouse.", "ELT based data warehousing gets rid of a separate ETL tool for data transformation. Instead, it maintains a staging area inside the data warehouse itself. In this approach, data gets extracted from heterogeneous source systems and are then directly loaded into the data warehouse, before any transformation occurs. All necessary transformations are then handled inside the data warehouse itself. Finally, the manipulated data gets loaded into target tables in the same data warehouse.", "A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:", "The environment for data warehouses and marts includes the following: In regards to source systems listed above, R. Kelly Rainer states, \"A common source for the data in data warehouses is the company's operational databases, which can be relational databases\". Regarding data integration, Rainer states, \"It is necessary to extract data from source systems, transform them, and load them into a data mart or warehouse\". Rainer discusses storing data in an organization's data warehouse or data marts. Metadata is data about data. \"IT personnel need information about data sources; database, table, and column names; refresh schedules; and data usage measures\". Today, the most successful companies are those that can respond quickly and flexibly to market changes and opportunities. A key to this response is the effective and efficient use of data and information by analysts and managers. A \"data warehouse\" is a repository of historical data that is organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization. Once data is stored in a data mart or warehouse, it can be accessed.", "A data mart is a simple form of a data warehouse that is focused on a single subject (or functional area), hence they draw data from a limited number of sources such as sales, finance or marketing. Data marts are often built and controlled by a single department within an organization. The sources could be internal operational systems, a central data warehouse, or external data. Denormalization is the norm for data modeling techniques in this system. Given that data marts generally cover only a subset of the data contained in a data warehouse, they are often easier and faster to implement. Types of data marts include dependent, independent, and hybrid data marts. Online analytical processing (OLAP) is characterized by a relatively low volume of transactions. Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations. For OLAP systems, response time is an effectiveness measure. OLAP applications are widely used by Data Mining techniques. OLAP databases store aggregated, historical data in multi-dimensional schemas (usually star schemas). OLAP systems typically have data latency of a few hours, as opposed to data marts, where latency is expected to be closer to one day. The OLAP approach is used to analyze multidimensional data from multiple sources and perspectives. The three basic operations in OLAP are : Roll-up (Consolidation), Drill-down and Slicing & Dicing. Online transaction processing (OLTP) is characterized by a large number of short on-line transactions (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). OLTP systems emphasize very fast query processing and maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments. For OLTP systems, effectiveness is measured by the number of transactions per second. OLTP databases contain detailed and current data. The schema used to store transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3NF). Normalization is the norm for data modeling techniques in this system. Predictive analytics is about finding and quantifying hidden patterns in the data using complex mathematical models that can be used to predict future outcomes. Predictive analysis is different from OLAP in that OLAP focuses on historical data analysis and is reactive in nature, while predictive analysis focuses on the future. These systems are also used for customer relationship management (CRM).", "The concept of data warehousing dates back to the late 1980s when IBM researchers Barry Devlin and Paul Murphy developed the \"business data warehouse\". In essence, the data warehousing concept was intended to provide an architectural model for the flow of data from operational systems to decision support environments. The concept attempted to address the various problems associated with this flow, mainly the high costs associated with it. In the absence of a data warehousing architecture, an enormous amount of redundancy was required to support multiple decision support environments. In larger corporations, it was typical for multiple decision support environments to operate independently. Though each environment served different users, they often required much of the same stored data. The process of gathering, cleaning and integrating data from various sources, usually from long-term existing operational systems (usually referred to as legacy systems), was typically in part replicated for each environment. Moreover, the operational systems were frequently reexamined as new decision support requirements emerged. Often new requirements necessitated gathering, cleaning and integrating new data from \"data marts\" that was tailored for ready access by users. Key developments in early years of data warehousing:", "", "A fact is a value, or measurement, which represents a fact about the managed entity or system. Facts, as reported by the reporting entity, are said to be at raw level; e.g., in a mobile telephone system, if a BTS (base transceiver station) receives 1,000 requests for traffic channel allocation, allocates for 820, and rejects the remaining, it would report three facts or measurements to a management system: Facts at the raw level are further aggregated to higher levels in various dimensions to extract more service or business-relevant information from it. These are called aggregates or summaries or aggregated facts. For instance, if there are three BTS in a city, then the facts above can be aggregated from the BTS to the city level in the network dimension. For example:", "There are three or more leading approaches to storing data in a data warehouse — the most important approaches are the dimensional approach and the normalized approach. The dimensional approach refers to Ralph Kimball's approach in which it is stated that the data warehouse should be modeled using a Dimensional Model/star schema. The normalized approach, also called the 3NF model (Third Normal Form) refers to Bill Inmon's approach in which it is stated that the data warehouse should be modeled using an E-R model/normalized model.", "In a dimensional approach, transaction data are partitioned into \"facts\", which are generally numeric transaction data, and \"dimensions\", which are the reference information that gives context to the facts. For example, a sales transaction can be broken up into facts such as the number of products ordered and the total price paid for the products, and into dimensions such as order date, customer name, product number, order ship-to and bill-to locations, and salesperson responsible for receiving the order. A key advantage of a dimensional approach is that the data warehouse is easier for the user to understand and to use. Also, the retrieval of data from the data warehouse tends to operate very quickly. Dimensional structures are easy to understand for business users, because the structure is divided into measurements/facts and context/dimensions. Facts are related to the organization's business processes and operational system whereas the dimensions surrounding them contain context about the measurement (Kimball, Ralph 2008). Another advantage offered by dimensional model is that it does not involve a relational database every time. Thus, this type of modeling technique is very useful for end-user queries in data warehouse. The model of facts and dimensions can also be understood as a data cube. Where the dimensions are the categorical coordinates in a multi-dimensional cube, while the fact is a value corresponding to the coordinates. The main disadvantages of the dimensional approach are the following:", "In the normalized approach, the data in the data warehouse are stored following, to a degree, database normalization rules. Tables are grouped together by \"subject areas\" that reflect general data categories (e.g., data on customers, products, finance, etc.). The normalized structure divides data into entities, which creates several tables in a relational database. When applied in large enterprises the result is dozens of tables that are linked together by a web of joins. Furthermore, each of the created entities is converted into separate physical tables when the database is implemented (Kimball, Ralph 2008). The main advantage of this approach is that it is straightforward to add information into the database. Some disadvantages of this approach are that, because of the number of tables involved, it can be difficult for users to join data from different sources into meaningful information and to access the information without a precise understanding of the sources of data and of the data structure of the data warehouse. Both normalized and dimensional models can be represented in entity-relationship diagrams as both contain joined relational tables. The difference between the two models is the degree of normalization (also known as Normal Forms). These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and there are other approaches. Dimensional approaches can involve normalizing data to a degree (Kimball, Ralph 2008). In \"Information-Driven Business\", Robert Hillard proposes an approach to comparing the two approaches based on the information needs of the business problem. The technique shows that normalized models hold far more information than their dimensional equivalents (even when the same fields are used in both models) but this extra information comes at the cost of usability. The technique measures information quantity in terms of information entropy and usability in terms of the Small Worlds data transformation measure.", "", "In the \"bottom-up\" approach, data marts are first created to provide reporting and analytical capabilities for specific business processes. These data marts can then be integrated to create a comprehensive data warehouse. The data warehouse bus architecture is primarily an implementation of \"the bus\", a collection of conformed dimensions and conformed facts, which are dimensions that are shared (in a specific way) between facts in two or more data marts.", "The \"top-down\" approach is designed using a normalized enterprise data model. \"Atomic\" data, that is, data at the greatest level of detail, are stored in the data warehouse. Dimensional data marts containing data needed for specific business processes or specific departments are created from the data warehouse.", "Data warehouses (DW) often resemble the hub and spokes architecture. Legacy systems feeding the warehouse often include customer relationship management and enterprise resource planning, generating large amounts of data. To consolidate these various data models, and facilitate the extract transform load process, data warehouses often make use of an operational data store, the information from which is parsed into the actual DW. To reduce data redundancy, larger systems often store the data in a normalized way. Data marts for specific reports can then be built on top of the data warehouse. A hybrid DW database is kept on third normal form to eliminate data redundancy. A normal relational database, however, is not efficient for business intelligence reports where dimensional modelling is prevalent. Small data marts can shop for data from the consolidated warehouse and use the filtered, specific data for the fact tables and dimensions required. The DW provides a single source of information from which the data marts can read, providing a wide range of business information. The hybrid architecture allows a DW to be replaced with a master data management repository where operational, not static information could reside. The data vault modeling components follow hub and spokes architecture. This modeling style is a hybrid design, consisting of the best practices from both third normal form and star schema. The data vault model is not a true third normal form, and breaks some of its rules, but it is a top-down architecture with a bottom up design. The data vault model is geared to be strictly a data warehouse. It is not geared to be end-user accessible, which when built, still requires the use of a data mart or star schema based release area for business purposes.", "There are basic features that define the data in the data warehouse that include subject orientation, data integration, time-variant, nonvolatile data, and data granularity.", "Unlike the operational systems, the data in the data warehouse revolves around subjects of the enterprise (database normalization). Subject orientation can be really useful for decision making. Gathering the required objects is called subject oriented.", "The data found within the data warehouse is integrated. Since it comes from several operational systems, all inconsistencies must be removed. Consistencies include naming conventions, measurement of variables, encoding structures, physical attributes of data, and so forth.", "While operational systems reflect current values as they support day-to-day operations, data warehouse data represents data over a long time horizon (up to 10 years) which means it stores historical data. It is mainly meant for data mining and forecasting, If a user is searching for a buying pattern of a specific customer, the user needs to look at data on the current and past purchases.", "The data in the data warehouse is read-only which means it cannot be updated, created, or deleted.", "In the data warehouse, data is summarized at different levels. The user may start looking at the total sale units of a product in an entire region. Then the user looks at the states in that region. Finally, they may examine the individual stores in a certain state. Therefore, typically, the analysis starts at a higher level and moves down to lower levels of details.", "The different methods used to construct/organize a data warehouse specified by an organization are numerous. The hardware utilized, software created and data resources specifically required for the correct functionality of a data warehouse are the main components of the data warehouse architecture. All data warehouses have multiple phases in which the requirements of the organization are modified and fine tuned.", "Operational systems are optimized for preservation of data integrity and speed of recording of business transactions through use of database normalization and an entity-relationship model. Operational system designers generally follow Codd's 12 rules of database normalization to ensure data integrity. Fully normalized database designs (that is, those satisfying all Codd rules) often result in information from a business transaction being stored in dozens to hundreds of tables. Relational databases are efficient at managing the relationships between these tables. The databases have very fast insert/update performance because only a small amount of data in those tables is affected each time a transaction is processed. To improve performance, older data are usually periodically purged from operational systems. Data warehouses are optimized for analytic access patterns. Analytic access patterns generally involve selecting specific fields and rarely if ever'select *' as is more common in operational databases. Because of these differences in access patterns, operational databases (loosely, OLTP) benefit from the use of a row-oriented DBMS whereas analytics databases (loosely, OLAP) benefit from the use of a column-oriented DBMS. Unlike operational systems which maintain a snapshot of the business, data warehouses generally maintain an infinite history which is implemented through ETL processes that periodically migrate data from the operational systems over to the data warehouse.", "These terms refer to the level of sophistication of a data warehouse:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17006, 15917, 3674, 10975, 831, 186, 149133, 64807, 59499, 47, 6863, 86872, 10644, 15, 21231, 23180, 194, 32964, 39210, 39283, 7, 100, 10975, 1379, 112341, 27165, 4, 136, 127298, 678, 86872, 7, 3129, 80731, 70, 86872, 13, 29458, 38109, 4, 621, 180639, 53, 10975, 136, 4092, 136, 9803, 9, 60427, 10975, 15, 919, 81801, 194, 581, 117781, 228113, 60212, 17721, 70, 6626, 83, 70, 2855, 1916, 111, 38109, 47, 2811, 40383, 136, 456, 9, 4032, 10, 10975, 12996, 113054, 297, 390, 10, 43373, 12, 563, 81801, 10975, 86872, 7, 15044, 38109, 47, 70, 43373, 136, 127298, 57134, 1577, 70, 73197, 2886, 31344, 18151, 678, 70, 10975, 24073, 59636, 9, 60427, 74054, 12960, 180639, 53, 10975, 205794, 14602, 959, 86872, 6097, 38109, 136, 127298, 13695, 7, 70, 31344, 18151, 204105, 24073, 155648, 71, 31344, 51029, 360, 66044, 47, 2855, 1916, 38109, 136, 35439, 6953, 185190, 7, 98, 70, 4527, 111, 112341, 297, 10975, 4, 10975, 86872, 7, 205794, 70541, 125034, 7, 3129, 24286, 33478, 400, 41159, 136, 153579, 17721, 70, 68036, 22, 33558, 3934, 70, 86872, 106689, 5, 360, 202681, 136, 60091, 10975, 124161, 7, 4, 6097, 69407, 27983, 26698, 205969, 7, 111, 400, 41159, 4, 183594, 3387, 136, 183594, 53, 2837, 164779, 1314, 4, 136, 75833, 19, 2481, 2174, 70, 10975, 34128, 2852, 90, 91768, 289, 57266, 38109, 111, 35672, 5, 992, 150, 35481, 297, 10975, 50782, 70, 6, 70820, 111, 112341, 48431, 83, 40101, 3835, 77758, 10975, 15, 34427, 16, 707, 10975, 3129, 83, 351, 9, 3827, 191145, 71, 4, 351, 9, 150, 35481, 297, 136, 34831, 71, 237, 70796, 8063, 52350, 23410, 5, 45380, 1294, 47, 5700, 144239, 4, 15917, 3674, 51, 150, 35481, 297, 10975, 15, 10869, 23, 70, 3835, 77758, 16, 83, 89554, 112341, 30312, 4, 136, 127298, 8437, 538, 51, 223, 2886, 15, 162, 110, 127689, 38109, 99, 756, 621, 2855, 3674, 390, 10, 86872, 16, 24189, 442, 10922, 7, 3934, 3835, 77758, 7103, 70, 112341, 13579, 1556, 14700, 14, 2822, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 903, 621, 220, 1003, 5922, 29367, 10975, 95, 24251, 707, 10975, 77635, 3129, 621, 158012, 98, 3835, 10975, 456, 59111, 10484, 1884, 527, 217, 140505, 15490, 10, 58735, 297, 86872, 5, 1301, 48136, 538, 3535, 214, 10975, 3934, 70, 3835, 77758, 15, 372, 89700, 58359, 214, 70, 112341, 13579, 16, 83, 186560, 23, 3060, 100491, 18403, 5256, 15, 2472, 110527, 70, 36293, 111, 102126, 247, 2685, 621, 2843, 86872, 7, 2855, 1916, 30490, 9, 5062, 38109, 4, 100, 110527, 70, 21581, 2389, 707, 601, 30992, 21130, 5, 52455, 180639, 53, 707, 9803, 31344, 10975, 18276, 7, 74703, 70, 61595, 43658, 678, 10, 86872, 47, 4527, 442, 5, 8622, 56112, 25, 18, 2499, 12302, 2852, 111, 101785, 16070, 111, 70, 4127, 47, 70, 38937, 4, 3129, 1556, 19, 25, 18, 70, 183594, 53, 111, 10, 100, 6897, 185, 25820, 41159, 111, 70, 10975, 4, 12488, 56112, 25, 18, 233234, 47, 74703, 4, 14457, 4, 8337, 442, 47, 22008, 4, 43658, 707, 242564, 67, 442, 98, 70, 4002, 5, 64779, 69407, 136, 27289, 1543, 40140, 18929, 53333, 8437, 70731, 90, 450, 72095, 831, 25, 18, 9807, 118, 2182, 11651, 538, 707, 390, 3917, 111, 10, 107222, 53702, 4, 136, 831, 36998, 538, 26946, 707, 128120, 4, 30646, 214, 70, 12996, 4420, 47, 70, 116366, 5, 3293, 7108, 831, 186, 191984, 190659, 7440, 70, 100491, 428, 10763, 87344, 10, 81678, 1294, 1733, 100, 70, 4127, 206398, 7108, 7103, 70, 59038, 15, 162, 23, 70, 28811, 32528, 27165, 247, 707, 10, 81678, 1294, 3835, 200316, 674, 111, 70, 86872, 69407, 4, 221, 237, 47, 186, 7228, 12301, 2886, 390, 72095, 8108, 2363, 7398, 28661, 214, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 140978, 53373, 111, 70, 4189, 25515, 76199, 70, 101785, 111, 10, 17311, 43658, 111, 10975, 70, 143726, 7108, 47, 4527, 70, 10975, 678, 10, 13909, 4, 3853, 2174, 4527, 111, 70, 10975, 678, 10, 13909, 144570, 70, 20662, 111, 45559, 289, 71200, 7, 707, 6, 202444, 7, 15, 47013, 7, 3129, 5809, 120262, 38516, 538, 11764, 67, 112341, 34128, 2852, 5911, 194, 228072, 4, 70, 101785, 111, 10, 43658, 111, 13909, 10975, 83, 8437, 538, 233234, 47, 4527, 450, 43658, 111, 10975, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 2174, 70, 3564, 9, 65918, 111, 10975, 83, 70, 101785, 111, 70, 107013, 43658, 4, 7068, 70, 3564, 9, 65918, 1543, 8437, 538, 4527, 70, 10975, 15490, 10, 86872, 1295, 70, 10975, 80299, 56, 5, 1301, 5941, 180639, 53, 44, 9120, 47754, 58, 4734, 189085, 67, 70, 38109, 450, 70, 38937, 21771, 1556, 1379, 4, 136, 14373, 502, 164779, 47, 5646, 38109, 16065, 1295, 70, 38937, 4, 6097, 18264, 7, 1543, 92635, 177229, 5, 43796, 53149, 6635, 10975, 86872, 7, 27983, 502, 164779, 47, 8337, 10975, 80299, 1314, 1286, 6226, 645, 70, 3917, 2363, 10975, 83, 11814, 390, 120260, 101785, 16070, 111, 12638, 43658, 111, 10975, 678, 70, 10975, 80299, 56, 5, 3311, 20594, 221, 4, 140978, 53373, 14602, 959, 59911, 47, 70, 3564, 9, 65918, 136, 70, 10975, 80299, 56, 1543, 7068, 375, 5310, 70, 3564, 9, 65918, 47, 26946, 756, 111, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 86872, 106689, 4, 5941, 111, 3129, 1543, 186, 1286, 173072, 5844, 3501, 112341, 27165, 75447, 5, 581, 3173, 111, 70, 76755, 83324, 7, 2174, 442, 83, 10, 95, 6991, 707, 10, 59038, 4, 100, 27781, 44, 11893, 724, 81, 5, 8055, 31, 58, 707, 44, 15896, 13665, 81, 5, 4396, 133850, 4, 8942, 1242, 581, 101785, 16070, 111, 6338, 4127, 7, 4, 1884, 10975, 86685, 136, 1202, 27528, 4, 83, 66801, 71, 390, 44, 150, 35481, 297, 4, 959, 54324, 58, 241, 55406, 7, 111, 6338, 173134, 7, 1884, 101059, 5, 360, 70, 28811, 32528, 4, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 117400, 34658, 450, 10, 112341, 26837, 53418, 233, 78381, 70, 49138, 133, 111, 10, 6338, 538, 54324, 10975, 4, 23, 213246, 678, 70, 79986, 111, 112341, 146353, 1830, 98, 5117, 11473, 237, 101785, 16070, 83, 12302, 2822, 4, 136, 17582, 127298, 70, 44, 150, 35481, 297, 4, 959, 54324, 58, 241, 55406, 5, 581, 140434, 9, 77007, 14380, 345, 5281, 165606, 6, 88029, 3674, 70, 49138, 133, 111, 8063, 10975, 136, 5775, 46526, 100, 903, 7108, 23, 29685, 5, 360, 14713, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 10975, 86872, 83, 10, 8437, 13984, 15, 16345, 25958, 390, 3917, 111, 18264, 27165, 4, 678, 707, 15490, 28412, 297, 4912, 16, 23131, 214, 70, 4527, 707, 242564, 1363, 111, 10975, 5, 9626, 14098, 46684, 112341, 27165, 4, 756, 10975, 83, 112341, 30312, 4, 23, 15044, 31344, 18151, 136, 36746, 18151, 3173, 7, 4, 117934, 450, 10975, 509, 126809, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 92416, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 442, 53418, 186, 112341, 297, 5, 61804, 7, 111, 112341, 297, 10975, 831, 60393, 13, 2363, 10975, 47, 70, 3835, 77758, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 442, 83, 2843, 959, 127918, 390, 112341, 136, 4, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 53418, 186, 86872, 71, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Software licenses and copyright law.", "Ownership vs. licensing.", "Proprietary software licenses.", "Free and open-source software licenses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type (see table). Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free and open-source software (FOSS). The distinct conceptual difference between the two is the granting of rights to modify and re-use a software product obtained by a customer: FOSS software licenses both rights to the customer and therefore bundles the modifiable source code with the software (\"open-source\"), while proprietary software typically does not license these rights and therefore keeps the source code hidden (\"closed source\"). In addition to granting rights and imposing restrictions on the use of copyrighted software, software licenses typically contain provisions which allocate liability and responsibility between the parties entering into the license agreement. In enterprise and commercial software transactions, these terms often include limitations of liability, warranties and warranty disclaimers, and indemnity if the software infringes intellectual property rights of anyone. Unlicensed software outside the scope of copyright protection is either public domain software (PD) or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software (not in the public domain) is fully copyright protected, and therefore legally unusable (as no usage rights at all are granted by a license) until it passes into public domain after the copyright term has expired. Examples of this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without a specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the public domain (before reaching the copyright term) is problematic in some jurisdictions (for instance the Law of Germany), there are also licenses granting PD-like rights, for instance the CC0 or WTFPL.", "Many proprietary or open source software houses sell the SW copy with a license to use it. There isn't any transferring of ownership of the good to the user, which hasn't the warranty of a for life availability of the software, nor isn't entitled to sell, rent, give it to someone, copy or redistribute it on the Web. License terms and conditions may specify further legal clauses that users can't negotiate individually or by way of a consumer organization, and can uniquely accept or refuse, returning the product back to the vendor. This right can be effectively applied where the jurisdiction provides a mandatory time for the good decline right after the purchase (as in the European Union law), or a mandatory public advertisement of the license terms, so as to be made readable by users before their purchasing. In the United States, Section 117 of the Copyright Act gives the owner of a particular copy of software the explicit right to use the software with a computer, even if use of the software with a computer requires the making of incidental copies or adaptations (acts which could otherwise potentially constitute copyright infringement). Therefore, the owner of a copy of computer software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, then the end-user may legally use the software without a license from the software publisher. As many proprietary \"licenses\" only enumerate the rights that the user already has under, and yet proclaim to take rights away from the user, these contracts may lack consideration. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. By doing so, Section 117 does not apply to the end-user and the software publisher may then compel the end-user to accept all of the terms of the license agreement, many of which may be more restrictive than copyright law alone. The form of the relationship determines if it is a lease or a purchase, for example \"UMG v. Augusto\" or \"Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.\" The ownership of digital goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by \"licensed, not sold\" EULAs of digital distributors like Steam. In the European Union, the European Court of Justice held that a copyright holder cannot oppose the resale of a digitally sold software, in accordance with the rule of copyright exhaustion on first sale as ownership is transferred, and questions therefore the \"licensed, not sold\" EULA. The Swiss-based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and fought for this right in court. In Europe, EU Directive 2009/24/EC expressly permits trading used computer programs.<ref name=\"2009/24/EC\">\"Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and the Council.\" Official Journal of the European Union Accessed on 14 March 2014.</ref>", "The hallmark of proprietary software licenses is that the software publisher grants the use of one or more copies of software under the end-user license agreement (EULA), but ownership of those copies remains with the software publisher (hence use of the term \"proprietary\"). This feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, such as the number of installations allowed or the terms of distribution. The most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user \"must\" accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all. One example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. As is usually the case with proprietary software licenses, this license contains an extensive list of activities which are restricted, such as: reverse engineering, simultaneous use of the software by multiple users, and publication of benchmarks or performance tests. There are numerous types of licensing models, varying from simple perpetual licenses and floating licenses to more advanced models such as the metered license. The most common licensing models are per single user (named user, client, node) or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, while some manufacturers accumulate existing licenses. These open volume license programs are typically called open license program (OLP), transactional license program (TLP), volume license program (VLP) etc. and are contrary to the contractual license program (CLP), where the customer commits to purchase a certain number of licenses over a fixed period (mostly two years). Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle, which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer. Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice, as well as site or company licenses. Sometimes one can choose between perpetual (permanent) and annual license. For perpetual licenses, one year of maintenance is often required, but maintenance (subscription) renewals are discounted. For annual licenses, there is no renewal; a new license must be purchased after expiration. Licensing can be host/client (or guest), mailbox, IP address, domain etc., depending on how the program is used. Additional users are \"inter alia\" licensed per extension pack (e.g. up to 99 users), which includes the base pack (e.g. 5 users). Some programs are modular, so one will have to buy a base product before they can use other modules. Software licensing often also includes maintenance. This, usually with a term of one year, is either included or optional, but must often be bought with the software. The maintenance agreement (contract) typically contains a clause that allows the licensee to receive minor updates (V.1.1 => 1.2), and sometimes major updates (V.1.2 => 2.0). This option is usually called update insurance or upgrade assurance. For a major update, the customer has to buy an upgrade, if it is not included in the maintenance agreement. For a maintenance renewal, some manufacturers charge a reinstatement (reinstallment) fee retroactively per month, in the event that the current maintenance has expired. Maintenance sometimes includes technical support. When it does, the level of technical support, which are commonly named gold, silver and bronze, can vary depending on the communication method (i.e. e-mail versus telephone support), availability (e.g. 5x8, 5 days a week, 8 hours a day) and reaction time (e.g. three hours). Support is also licensed per incident as an incident pack (e.g. five support incidents per year). Many manufacturers offer special conditions for schools and government agencies (EDU/GOV license). Migration from another product (crossgrade), even from a different manufacturer (competitive upgrade) is offered.", "There are several organizations in the FOSS domain who give out guidelines and definitions regarding software licenses. Free Software Foundation maintains non-exhaustive lists of software licenses following their The Free Software Definition and licenses which the FSF considers non-free for various reasons. The FSF distinguishes additionally between free software licenses that are compatible or incompatible with the FSF license of choice, the copyleft GNU General Public License. The Open Source Initiative defines a list of certified open-source licenses following their The Open Source Definition. Also the Debian project has a list of licenses which follow their Debian Free Software Guidelines. Free and open-source licenses are commonly classified into two categories: Those with the aim to have minimal requirements about how the software can be redistributed (permissive licenses), and the protective share-alike (copyleft Licenses). An example of a copyleft free software license is the often used GNU General Public License (GPL), also the first copyleft license. This license is aimed at giving and protecting all users unlimited freedom to use, study, and privately modify the software, and if the user adheres to the terms and conditions of the GPL, freedom to redistribute the software or any modifications to it. For instance, any modifications made and redistributed by the end-user must include the source code for these, and the license of any derivative work must not put any additional restrictions beyond what the GPL allows. Examples of permissive free software licenses are the BSD license and the MIT license, which give unlimited permission to use, study, and privately modify the software, and includes only minimal requirements on redistribution. This gives a user the permission to take the code and use it as part of closed-source software or software released under a proprietary software license. It was under debate some time if public domain software and public domain-like licenses can be considered as a kind of FOSS license. Around 2004 lawyer Lawrence Rosen argued in the essay \"\"Why the public domain isn't a license\"\" software could not truly be waived into public domain and can't therefore be interpreted as very permissive FOSS license, a position which faced opposition by Daniel J. Bernstein and others. In 2012 the dispute was finally resolved when Rosen accepted the CC0 as an open source license, while admitting that contrary to his previous claims, copyright can be waived away, backed by Ninth circuit decisions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6, 114479, 509, 7311, 538, 29024, 14, 4126, 136, 76104, 297, 390, 4939, 60701, 7, 5, 1326, 43606, 5369, 70, 26908, 99201, 12452, 49819, 32502, 13, 11050, 2750, 75935, 70, 2646, 114479, 5426, 4, 6, 114479, 27131, 84291, 136, 3789, 66139, 5, 24372, 37348, 678, 70, 5201, 106001, 7, 4, 12452, 509, 4, 59499, 47, 66570, 4, 1119, 14, 6259, 1295, 70, 13452, 5, 1529, 82424, 136622, 1919, 4488, 98, 8081, 53, 31365, 29908, 3129, 764, 75935, 23, 7071, 20907, 6, 114479, 509, 7311, 538, 35509, 98, 13293, 9, 605, 4, 10, 1039, 12918, 43613, 20051, 7565, 11389, 111, 70344, 7520, 425, 4, 1284, 33662, 7103, 509, 35509, 98, 70344, 7520, 425, 27798, 4, 6, 190358, 5045, 99156, 456, 47327, 214, 136, 136912, 7, 5, 6, 114479, 8060, 7, 4734, 1022, 15276, 6107, 7, 5, 581, 15440, 5426, 96679, 621, 10, 6, 159645, 14543, 42, 136, 382, 12918, 111, 26959, 5, 6, 114479, 1556, 2809, 106804, 297, 231602, 70, 1467, 678, 11335, 365, 4, 51042, 8781, 27528, 136, 75169, 19612, 98, 76519, 678, 10, 6, 159645, 14543, 42, 136, 611, 12918, 111, 26959, 5, 581, 5426, 96679, 621, 77546, 100, 51042, 109875, 43568, 136, 35829, 289, 15190, 9, 5245, 6044, 237, 70, 13527, 94833, 5, 1478, 23179, 14947, 5, 11389, 102692, 5, 963, 111, 6, 114479, 4, 121447, 7582, 543, 4, 43304, 509, 43581, 5, 1650, 96853, 70, 25632, 10975, 12, 6, 114479, 1556, 88303, 9, 73, 26499, 7, 47, 7026, 136, 20600, 127596, 56607, 66398, 92285, 15, 284, 22693, 194, 76556, 62, 22693, 83, 225081, 4, 70, 38937, 831, 20600, 98169, 7, 1295, 262, 62806, 25, 7, 456, 59111, 10484, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 6, 114479, 27980, 7, 10975, 17163, 214, 1295, 21334, 86685, 1884, 13527, 94833, 5, 1478, 136, 527, 13709, 4, 47, 164917, 64333, 6044, 237, 10, 13439, 839, 4, 390, 26950, 111, 70, 44, 31852, 114479, 58, 5426, 4, 3129, 114864, 142267, 1632, 9, 123278, 7026, 136, 59720, 111, 10975, 5, 42724, 7, 27980, 297, 98, 2646, 114479, 621, 35839, 44, 3355, 128872, 7, 740, 1301, 111, 18237, 43304, 70, 2646, 114479, 10723, 7, 3542, 70496, 645, 18351, 86685, 4, 69993, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 111938, 7, 5, 58800, 50717, 621, 2843, 35839, 44, 1430, 257, 18151, 7, 58, 23, 6, 114479, 5, 51719, 1771, 76407, 149, 58994, 1543, 35782, 4, 707, 70, 38937, 1543, 3444, 47, 4527, 9844, 3789, 3501, 70, 114977, 53550, 7, 15, 196651, 4, 149186, 4, 181733, 4, 35782, 46002, 6, 48461, 7, 4, 7986, 13736, 68704, 6, 114479, 114864, 70, 38937, 47, 30957, 1632, 707, 1286, 290, 257, 18151, 7, 99, 70, 49935, 105876, 5, 4263, 33720, 83, 30957, 297, 4, 6, 114479, 1221, 49935, 678, 70, 114977, 50717, 5, 5024, 257, 18151, 7, 52490, 5941, 1809, 9, 3667, 58994, 136, 76407, 50717, 5, 52455, 290, 257, 18151, 7, 2843, 52490, 70, 195490, 5, 581, 5303, 111, 290, 257, 18151, 7, 831, 186, 51592, 99, 49935, 1733, 136, 2843, 99, 70, 6, 114479, 39418, 5, 2583, 831, 2843, 28398, 31016, 397, 6581, 98, 6, 114479, 5, 2646, 114479, 83, 34831, 71, 136, 76104, 297, 153161, 390, 12452, 49819, 32502, 13, 11050, 136, 27980, 297, 390, 5941, 53702, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70018, 7121, 31, 136, 199458, 25, 7, 105080, 17777, 5, 8622, 621, 116, 58555, 111, 2646, 114479, 20, 20324, 136, 44, 6954, 214, 740, 581, 20324, 16128, 70541, 7, 111938, 7, 450, 765, 2809, 60449, 144142, 20174, 100, 190704, 4527, 136, 83, 148431, 7565, 3934, 12921, 58555, 6044, 237, 44, 9007, 7, 830, 44, 1179, 830, 44, 16751, 830, 136, 44, 36340, 58, 24073, 65305, 289, 142158, 7, 5281, 17408, 58, 20, 224545, 7, 23, 5, 36340, 9384, 621, 6, 121147, 297, 237, 10, 84797, 11435, 16751, 47, 881, 77651, 26959, 127689, 194, 581, 44, 6954, 214, 58, 16128, 83, 100, 3525, 538, 230121, 111938, 7, 450, 3790, 2264, 71407, 4488, 242, 162, 200316, 71, 25, 4, 1284, 1543, 765, 2499, 14012, 111, 54608, 7, 5, 581, 5570, 12564, 141775, 111, 6, 114479, 83, 70, 9251, 7915, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 3789, 11389, 7, 19882, 12, 6561, 831, 2843, 49935, 6, 114479, 17368, 10, 49935, 9, 52347, 66433, 75935, 1295, 1632, 111, 70, 19882, 21917, 66433, 43079, 15, 25, 80765, 52347, 66433, 5, 464, 177, 25, 74, 242, 80765, 52347, 66433, 9, 177, 47485, 5, 464, 177, 25, 74, 242, 80765, 52347, 66433, 9, 223, 275, 5, 464, 177, 25, 74, 707, 242, 254, 3931, 1883, 80765, 52347, 66433, 5, 464, 177, 25, 16, 98, 4552, 10332, 13909, 7, 4, 7440, 70, 190743, 14602, 959, 8060, 70, 540, 6653, 2986, 58800, 2886, 7915, 209052, 2320, 5, 581, 6, 114479, 77924, 583, 83, 72367, 297, 1295, 70, 21917, 66433, 28338, 3934, 26959, 4, 7103, 3129, 70, 77924, 583, 127877, 6, 114479, 1295, 70, 7915, 707, 10273, 22648, 5, 6, 114479, 509, 196, 3674, 47, 70, 40857, 1202, 6712, 130250, 237, 1193, 9, 114479, 5, 1193, 9, 114479, 144570, 10, 73197, 297, 40857, 5, 1650, 831, 11675, 237, 10, 9251, 7915, 707, 186, 20600, 297, 47, 70, 40857, 7941, 22648, 5, 53400, 7, 765, 2843, 11675, 1193, 9, 114479, 1295, 10, 10273, 30128, 22648, 4, 17368, 70, 10273, 39908, 748, 99201, 678, 95581, 1073, 53, 4612, 2823, 4, 3129, 76329, 7, 3934, 70, 98323, 20596, 24897, 136, 96853, 1632, 10273, 38245, 11469, 5, 1193, 9, 114479, 49935, 7, 3934, 10, 1193, 1662, 9, 77007, 195490, 74, 70, 40857, 185373, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 6226, 70, 114669, 6275, 56, 136, 30957, 7986, 17368, 10, 20513, 149186, 5, 1193, 9, 114479, 1556, 10, 36157, 425, 11728, 86983, 4, 678, 103391, 100, 241, 9, 2065, 4, 1467, 231602, 4, 2565, 9433, 214, 136, 75169, 19612, 5, 1193, 9, 114479, 831, 186, 178036, 297, 390, 7026, 214, 111938, 7, 1295, 70, 5701, 2646, 114479, 10723, 7, 237, 6, 114479, 5, 62, 9251, 10273, 111, 25844, 19, 105508, 29908, 831, 186, 75935, 23009, 538, 707, 678, 38415, 1884, 8274, 126, 80765, 73, 5, 6872, 32036, 111, 72977, 47, 28282, 9251, 10273, 76519, 100, 4393, 5303, 5, 786, 13, 47, 34128, 22553, 214, 54940, 70, 13452, 25, 7, 62038, 22230, 136, 5201, 106001, 7, 4, 6, 114479, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 25844, 19, 105508, 29908, 15, 277, 3796, 538, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 6, 114479, 16, 83, 10, 13909, 172852, 5426, 100, 70, 1022, 15276, 14449, 111, 3357, 13909, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 4092, 136, 9803, 31344, 10975, 1379, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 165132, 527, 21130, 136, 3789, 4092, 136, 9803, 31344, 86872, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 82775, 47, 11675, 6, 48461, 289, 86685, 98, 114210, 6107, 76407, 2451, 2472, 27781, 4, 116491, 678, 6, 159645, 64, 28575, 538, 436, 109928, 14543, 4295, 136, 4552, 10176, 98323, 5, 6, 114479, 83, 10, 9251, 7915, 678, 10, 13267, 111, 836, 12918, 5, 4865, 7311, 538, 26859, 237, 142, 28007, 47, 1957, 3642, 5045, 10975, 5809, 11177, 23, 836, 12918, 155605, 100512, 10, 4393, 9, 420, 181606, 71, 29908, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "System requirements.", "Features.", "Boot options.", "The MyDSL system.", "Versions and ports.", "Flavours.", "Ports.", "Live USB.", "Current status of the project.", "See also." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "DSL was originally conceived and maintained by John Andrews. For five years the community included Robert Shingledecker who created the MyDSL system, DSL Control Panel and other features. After issues with the main developers, Robert was, according to himself, exiled from the project. He currently continues his work on Tiny Core Linux which he created in April 2008. DSL was originally based on Model-K, a 22 MB stripped down version of Knoppix, but soon after was based on Knoppix proper, allowing much easier remastering and improvements.", "DSL supports only x86 PCs. The minimum system requirements are a 486 processor and 8 MB of RAM. DSL has been demonstrated browsing the web with Dillo, running simple games and playing music on systems with a 486 processor and 16 MB of RAM. The system requirements are higher for running Mozilla Firefox and optional add-ons such as the OpenOffice.org office suite.", "version 4.4.10 of DSL, released November 18, 2008, was current. It includes the following software: DSL has built-in scripts to download and install Advanced Packaging Tool (APT). Once APT is enabled, the user can install packages from Debian's repositories. Additionally, DSL hosts software ranging from large applications like OpenOffice.org and GCC, to smaller ones such as aMSN, by means of the \"MyDSL\" system, which allows convenient one-click download and installation of software. Files hosted on MyDSL are called \"extensions\". As of June 2008, the MyDSL servers were hosting over 900 applications, plugins, and other extensions.", "Boot options are also called \"cheat codes\" in DSL. Automatic hardware detection may fail, or the user may want to use something other than the default settings (language, keyboard, VGA, fail safe graphics, text mode...). DSL allows the user to enter one or more cheat codes at the boot prompt. If nothing is entered, DSL will boot with the default options. Cheat codes affect many auto-detection and hardware options. Many cheat codes also affect the GUI. The list of cheat codes can be seen at boot time and also at the DSL Wiki. You can also Run PartyDisk on DSL.", "MyDSL is handled and maintained mostly by Robert Shingledecker and hosted by many organizations, such as ibiblio and Belgium's BELNET. There are 2 areas of MyDSL - regular and \"testing\". The regular area contains extensions that have been proven stable enough for everyday use and is broken down into different areas such as \"apps\", \"net\", \"system\", and \"uci\" (\"Universal Compressed ISO\" - Extensions in.uci format are mounted as a separate filesystem to minimize RAM usage). The \"testing\" area is for newly submitted extensions that theoretically work 'as advertised', but may have any number of bugs.", "", "The standard flavour of DSL is the Live CD. There are also other versions available: One can also boot DSL using a boot-floppy created from one of the available floppy images ('bootfloppy.img'; 'bootfloppy-grub.img'; 'bootfloppy-usb.img'; or 'pcmciabootfloppy.img') on very old computers, where the BIOS does not support the El Torito Bootable CD Specification. The DSL kernel is loaded from the floppy disk into RAM, after which the kernel runs DSL from the CD or USB drive.", "DSL was ported to the Xbox video game console as X-DSL. X-DSL requires a modified Xbox. It can run as a Live CD or be installed to the Xbox hard drive. Users have also run X-DSL from a USB flash drive, using the USB adaptor included with Phantasy Star Online, which plugs into the memory card slot and includes one USB 1.1 port. X-DSL boots into a X11-based GUI; the Xbox controller can be used to control the mouse pointer and enter text using a virtual keyboard. X-DSL has a Fluxbox desktop, with programs for E-mail, web browsing, word processing and playing music. X-DSL can be customized by downloading extensions from the same MyDSL servers as DSL.", "A Live USB of Damn Small Linux can be created manually or with application like UNetbootin. See List of tools to create Live USB systems for full list.", "Due to infighting among the project's originators and main developers, DSL development seemed to be at a standstill for a long time, and the future of the project was uncertain, much to the dismay of many of the users. On July 8, 2012, John Andrews (the original developer) announced that a new release was being developed. The DSL website, including the forums which were once inaccessible, were back as well. The first RC of the new 4.11 was released on August 3, 2012, followed by a second one on September 26. The damnsmalllinux.org site was inaccessible again sometime in 2015 to February 2016. As of March 27, 2016, damnsmalllinux.org it was again accessible for some time, but as of February 10, 2019 it was inaccessible yet again. As of March 21, 2020 it was accessible.", "Linux distributions derived from Damn Small Linux:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 13579, 450, 1653, 63614, 70, 127689, 111, 44, 29822, 31095, 58, 83, 44, 80581, 30675, 30391, 740, 893, 39395, 14364, 53, 30391, 4, 207727, 397, 4, 509, 126809, 13656, 27898, 99, 70, 221107, 231996, 157075, 54593, 4597, 53, 390, 19356, 1461, 2679, 141, 5, 62, 14364, 53, 30391, 509, 59121, 100, 29426, 16546, 382, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23213, 1760, 4, 136, 509, 19882, 47, 3789, 72095, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 581, 13579, 509, 11814, 390, 3789, 106001, 7, 4, 26719, 49191, 636, 4692, 916, 4, 2750, 54397, 70, 45, 2822, 1528, 23, 15643, 4, 3129, 13028, 98, 335, 22916, 5, 3293, 509, 23, 15504, 191722, 390, 142, 114210, 1528, 678, 70, 5701, 9351, 51042, 98, 26668, 294, 11033, 5, 803, 2822, 191722, 3789, 103391, 4, 26719, 45, 2822, 4, 70, 30391, 26499, 15, 2472, 352, 2263, 7, 136, 21373, 30391, 7, 247, 136, 8, 71, 5, 44, 174350, 9, 6562, 58, 11435, 31095, 7, 621, 199, 2189, 51529, 136, 114210, 3501, 6, 236479, 11435, 31095, 7, 5, 6561, 6044, 11435, 31095, 83, 33977, 271, 4, 3129, 509, 65508, 71, 3060, 6032, 8108, 15643, 98, 70, 1657, 28784, 43315, 49570, 12353, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 20117, 111, 5639, 6562, 4, 3129, 62038, 3674, 8108, 72399, 25695, 4, 59499, 47, 24626, 390, 6863, 42179, 4, 19635, 884, 350, 192, 5, 581, 33977, 271, 1528, 62952, 10, 5303, 111, 102158, 23, 70, 38937, 25, 7, 7665, 37623, 4, 136, 107003, 12096, 214, 390, 2499, 11435, 150380, 13, 5, 581, 11435, 150380, 90, 5809, 186, 115081, 47, 26499, 7, 707, 32354, 9, 19770, 80934, 7, 4, 20662, 442, 8781, 47, 4527, 33977, 271, 237, 2831, 111, 113268, 29426, 16546, 4, 29426, 16546, 116, 707, 1193, 66973, 618, 26499, 7, 5, 3293, 1528, 13028, 4734, 98, 90540, 43084, 64, 9434, 113268, 4, 1284, 509, 70, 46517, 100, 3789, 103391, 4, 26719, 11435, 6562, 15, 11, 26499, 11675, 1829, 70, 1193, 45082, 30391, 247, 136, 103391, 51042, 98, 3789, 172852, 76519, 4, 26719, 10, 1528, 2843, 35839, 33977, 271, 4, 3129, 13028, 98, 13527, 856, 13439, 4, 136, 5639, 6562, 15, 161063, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 42518, 214, 70796, 90540, 1528, 247, 3129, 127877, 98, 992, 4084, 5, 12426, 7352, 17574, 11435, 31095, 7, 15, 43452, 70141, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 47, 44, 670, 59370, 18939, 707, 75101, 9, 77007, 11435, 31095, 7, 621, 7986, 9, 30144, 35509, 11435, 31095, 7, 4, 450, 39210, 538, 765, 17262, 54825, 15, 55547, 16138, 7, 136, 1632, 75101, 13315, 76896, 194, 12426, 7352, 17574, 11435, 31095, 7, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 51042, 87143, 111, 11435, 31095, 7, 4, 107671, 214, 6, 48461, 289, 38937, 101758, 9, 77007, 52895, 5, 152774, 7, 28282, 86685, 450, 171763, 67, 136, 65042, 70, 31095, 450, 509, 65508, 71, 390, 108421, 181123, 56, 136, 4939, 1061, 1436, 25, 7, 170277, 201965, 123573, 56, 100, 86559, 5, 581, 23755, 112474, 47, 70, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 2451, 683, 10519, 181123, 56, 509, 121447, 23, 20986, 4, 136, 201965, 123573, 56, 11389, 53855, 509, 121447, 23, 21735, 5, 262, 61518, 70, 32070, 111, 903, 23755, 4, 11435, 31095, 7, 35509, 98, 201965, 123573, 56, 621, 36457, 538, 126809, 4, 136, 31236, 1755, 111, 208124, 7, 32316, 100, 86559, 4, 992, 4084, 4, 136, 7244, 3773, 5, 50118, 14, 15967, 14179, 2810, 80299, 90, 1919, 10002, 5423, 111, 55738, 11, 100, 142, 180, 59370, 5570, 15, 46354, 34635, 607, 297, 18237, 10586, 194, 893, 6, 236479, 11435, 31095, 205794, 1556, 17262, 54825, 5, 32964, 111, 70, 54825, 621, 35839, 16138, 7, 136, 621, 19069, 297, 6, 230612, 6827, 538, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 49119, 5, 581, 50960, 83, 70, 75101, 13315, 4, 3129, 83, 85590, 538, 10, 14786, 29367, 75101, 15, 128019, 16, 76896, 450, 831, 186, 71062, 297, 47, 4393, 49119, 5, 87293, 1632, 111, 70, 16138, 7, 83, 36457, 99, 10, 34475, 1733, 5, 581, 36457, 16138, 70541, 7, 70, 44, 29822, 13810, 42, 740, 84291, 7, 621, 456, 4900, 2886, 136, 831, 186, 204105, 5, 42724, 7, 23, 70, 36457, 16138, 21265, 237, 70, 31344, 111, 11435, 41018, 7, 51339, 297, 390, 70, 31095, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 102158, 831, 186, 71200, 71, 707, 109133, 1295, 70, 36457, 16138, 47, 70, 31913, 33636, 297, 23, 70, 101766, 13, 16138, 5, 3293, 150370, 83, 2684, 60266, 100, 76519, 23, 3129, 70, 149186, 83, 70, 158978, 707, 31247, 107730, 75186, 5, 581, 36457, 16138, 45831, 4677, 1672, 70, 43581, 20697, 14364, 53, 136, 70, 102158, 450, 442, 70541, 7, 5, 581, 101766, 13, 15, 73, 71232, 16, 16138, 45831, 70, 10941, 111, 70, 5701, 707, 15700, 14364, 53, 15, 2347, 114977, 30388, 100, 11435, 41018, 7, 194, 53400, 7, 1543, 178036, 13, 70, 44116, 111, 3365, 316, 1779, 450, 7639, 29191, 11435, 4677, 5, 581, 36457, 16138, 136, 101766, 13, 16138, 831, 186, 101089, 297, 15, 31, 60441, 390, 24234, 214, 70, 20928, 22799, 194, 581, 25632, 66139, 98363, 70, 18507, 111, 6, 236479, 11435, 31095, 7, 5, 64511, 39210, 66139, 26698, 12, 581, 39864, 1363, 111, 20928, 13482, 16138, 7, 23, 3060, 11435, 31095, 7, 15, 2472, 27781, 33867, 123573, 56, 16, 7228, 442, 7722, 47, 45258, 67, 1286, 3501, 1632, 36457, 136, 101766, 13, 14364, 53, 99, 10, 1733, 5, 12426, 7352, 17574, 11435, 31095, 7, 621, 54940, 70, 2684, 168627, 11435, 31095, 7, 5, 89536, 99726, 621, 19882, 98, 39555, 2499, 13651, 4, 678, 15044, 75101, 9, 2256, 136, 6, 48461, 289, 101758, 7, 5, 3293, 83, 225073, 54940, 75101, 13315, 31095, 7, 23, 450, 9844, 7398, 6982, 214, 47, 186, 10, 5570, 100, 70, 101758, 83, 91376, 5, 10660, 621, 2843, 36457, 538, 8060, 297, 390, 106001, 7, 5, 3293, 30482, 442, 7722, 47, 54, 70, 5701, 4488, 98, 12921, 13651, 7, 15490, 5045, 456, 152538, 111, 70, 101758, 5, 160193, 1836, 621, 35839, 87758, 9, 76248, 31095, 7, 4, 10, 13579, 450, 83, 205794, 11814, 100, 103391, 6044, 237, 70, 3773, 42724, 56489, 15, 21231, 35064, 194, 4966, 1836, 765, 17262, 28238, 7, 26719, 10, 75101, 13315, 28238, 35064, 15, 748, 204105, 50155, 16, 6626, 6, 230612, 238, 28238, 7, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 2684, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 11435, 31095, 707, 11435, 31842, 83, 10, 13909, 1528, 450, 87344, 10, 38937, 101758, 47, 111240, 102158, 136, 78303, 7, 5, 581, 2684, 39210, 41018, 7, 51339, 297, 98, 102158, 707, 94407, 111, 102158, 26698, 105233, 4, 73432, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 21455, 214, 4, 75169, 4, 27211, 214, 707, 2448, 1916, 247, 120514, 14578, 4, 98567, 707, 43658, 214, 4, 24674, 1916, 136, 157318, 100, 102158, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 2811, 151138, 11435, 150380, 90, 4, 183871, 136, 11435, 168081, 7, 5, 30077, 14202, 136, 102158, 1543, 186, 44116, 297, 23, 10, 1791, 54689, 6827, 53201, 35509, 98, 2363, 14364, 53, 45646, 5, 31384, 11435, 31095, 7, 70541, 66139, 191722, 390, 1467, 31842, 7, 4, 26719, 40225, 136, 4420, 134470, 289, 77679, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Directory editors.", "File-list file manager.", "Orthodox file managers.", "Features.", "Tabbed panels.", "Portability.", "Dual-pane managers.", "Navigational file manager.", "Concepts.", "Spatial file manager.", "3D file managers.", "Web-based file managers." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A term that predates the usage of \"file manager\" is \"directory editor\". An early directory editor, DIRED, was developed circa 1974 at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Stan Kugell. A directory editor was written for EXEC 8 at the University of Maryland, and was available to other users at that time. The term was used by other developers, including Jay Lepreau, who wrote the dired program in 1980, which ran on BSD. This was in turn inspired by an older program with the same name running on TOPS-20. Dired inspired other programs, including dired, the editor script (for emacs and similar editors), and ded.", "\"File-list\" file managers are lesser known and older than orthodox file managers. One such file manager is flist, which was introduced sometime before 1980 on the Conversational Monitor System. This is a variant of fulist, which originated before late 1978, according to comments by its author, Theo Alkema. The flist program provided a list of files in the user's minidisk, and allowed sorting by any file attribute. The file attributes could be passed to scripts or function-key definitions, making it simple to use flist as part of CMS EXEC, EXEC 2 or XEDIT scripts. This program ran only on IBM VM/SP CMS, but was the inspiration for other programs, including filelist (a script run via the Xedit editor), and programs running on other operating systems, including a program also called flist, which ran on OpenVMS, and fulist (from the name of the corresponding internal IBM program), which runs on Unix.", "Orthodox file managers (sometimes abbreviated to \"OFM\") or command-based file managers are text-menu based file managers, that commonly have three windows (two panels and one command line window). Orthodox file managers are one of the longest running families of file managers, preceding graphical user interface-based types. Developers create applications that duplicate and extend the manager that was introduced by PathMinder and John Socha's famous Norton Commander for DOS. The concept dates to the mid-1980s—PathMinder was released in 1984, and Norton Commander version 1.0 was released in 1986. Despite the age of this concept, file managers based on Norton Commander are actively developed, and dozens of implementations exist for DOS, Unix, and Microsoft Windows. Nikolai Bezroukov publishes his own set of criteria for an OFM standard (version 1.2 dated June 1997).", "An orthodox file manager typically has three windows. Two of the windows are called panels and are positioned symmetrically at the top of the screen. The third is the command line, which is essentially a minimized command (shell) window that can be expanded to full screen. Only one of the panels is active at a given time. The active panel contains the \"file cursor\". Panels are resizable and can be hidden. Files in the active panel serve as the source of file operations performed by the manager. For example, files can be copied or moved from the active panel to the location represented in the passive panel. This scheme is most effective for systems in which the keyboard is the primary or sole input device. The active panel shows information about the current working directory and the files that it contains. The passive (inactive) panel shows the content of the same or another directory (the default target for file operations). Users may customize the display of columns that show relevant file information. The active panel and passive panel can be switched (often by pressing the tab key). The following features describe the class of orthodox file managers. Other common features include:", "The introduction of tabbed panels in some file managers (for example Total Commander) made it possible to manipulate more than one active and passive directory at a time.", "Orthodox file managers are among the most portable file managers. Examples are available on almost any platform, with both command-line and graphical interfaces. This is unusual among command line managers in that something purporting to be a standard for the interface is published. They are also actively supported by developers. This makes it possible to do the same work on different platforms without much relearning of the interface.", "Sometimes they are called dual-pane managers, a term that is typically used for programs such as the Windows File Explorer (see below). But they have three panes including a command line pane below (or hidden behind) two symmetric panes. Furthermore, most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden. Some also add an item to the Context Menu in Windows to \"Open two Explorers, side by side\". Notable ones include:", "A navigational file manager is a newer type of file manager. Since the advent of GUIs, it has become the dominant type of file manager for desktop computers. Typically, it has two panes, with the filesystem tree in the left pane and the contents of the current directory in the right pane. For macOS, the Miller columns view in Finder (originating in NeXTStep) is a variation on the navigational file manager theme.", "The interface in a navigational file manager often resembles a web browser, complete with \"back\" and \"forward\" buttons, and often \"reload\" buttons. Most also contain an address bar into which the file or directory path (or URI) can be typed. Most navigational file managers have two panes, the left pane being a tree view of the filesystem. This means that unlike orthodox file managers, the two panes are asymmetrical in their content and use. Selecting a directory in the Navigation pane on the left designates it as the current directory, displaying its contents in the Contents pane on the right. However, expanding (+) or collapsing (-) a portion of the tree without selecting a directory will not alter the contents of the right pane. The exception to this behavior applies when collapsing a parent of the current directory, in which case the selection is refocused on the collapsed parent directory, thus altering the list in the Contents pane. The process of moving from one location to another need not open a new window. Several instances of the file manager can be opened simultaneously and communicate with each other via drag-and-drop and clipboard operations, so it is possible to view several directories simultaneously and perform cut-and paste operations between instances. File operations are based on drag-and-drop and editor metaphors: users can select and copy files or directories onto the clipboard and then paste them in a different place in the filesystem or even in a different instance of the file manager. Notable examples of navigational file managers include:", "Spatial file managers use a spatial metaphor to represent files and directories as if they were actual physical objects. A spatial file manager imitates the way people interact with physical objects. Some ideas behind the concept of a spatial file manager are: As in navigational file managers, when a directory is opened, the icon representing the directory changes—perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one, perhaps the directory's icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern—and a new window is opened to represent that directory. Examples of file managers that use a spatial metaphor to some extent include: Dysfunctional spatial file managers:", "Some projects have attempted to implement a three-dimensional method of displaying files and directory structures. Three-dimensional file browsing has not become popular; the exact implementation tends to differ between projects, and there are no common standards to follow. Examples of three-dimensional file managers include:", "Web-based file managers are typically scripts written in either PHP, Ajax, Perl, ASP or another server-side language. When installed on a local server or on a remote server, they allow files and directories located there to be managed and edited, using a web browser, without the need for FTP Access. More advanced, and usually commercially distributed, web-based file management scripts allow the administrator of the file manager to configure secure, individual user accounts, each with individual account permissions. Authorized users have access to documents stored on the server or in their individual user directories anytime, from anywhere, via a web browser. A web-based file manager can serve as an organization's digital repository. For example, documents, digital media, publishing layouts, and presentations can be stored, managed, and shared between customers, suppliers, and remote workers, or just internally. Web-based file managers are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in popularity of dynamic web content management systems (CMS) and the need for non-technical website moderators to manage media on their websites powered by these platforms. An example is net2ftp, a PHP- and JavaScript-based FTP client." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 37388, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 83, 25902, 3674, 47, 52490, 189275, 1632, 50960, 111, 20020, 1379, 70, 32070, 111, 43606, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 1650, 83, 25902, 3674, 47, 63043, 70, 60742, 111, 305, 224191, 20020, 1379, 43606, 77253, 538, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 116, 55577, 136, 6, 183191, 20020, 23, 168698, 76726, 24209, 44948, 12638, 6602, 36, 14775, 47, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 4, 678, 70, 167375, 151497, 3956, 23, 36941, 136, 127067, 13, 4438, 14237, 5, 37388, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 83, 44, 2347, 105207, 22304, 111, 56282, 2886, 29041, 44462, 44948, 7432, 830, 59499, 47, 153243, 5, 1650, 2843, 51312, 7, 70, 10512, 111, 47219, 1295, 39210, 29041, 44462, 27289, 6044, 237, 45, 147, 42, 82463, 5, 153243, 28601, 7, 29823, 214, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 237, 130306, 47, 6, 241866, 29041, 67573, 2481, 4, 70, 22759, 927, 111, 70, 14098, 145704, 25, 241925, 55441, 2016, 16765, 5, 37388, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 831, 74918, 237, 40101, 10, 158978, 707, 10, 37526, 1294, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 62, 158978, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 74918, 7, 54940, 20020, 136, 116127, 2750, 54, 959, 18588, 13, 142, 160370, 13, 23, 78219, 111, 502, 81461, 62, 46624, 510, 48899, 7, 1295, 93151, 136, 231718, 707, 479, 5037, 297, 13864, 62, 1295, 26249, 136, 22886, 53, 38742, 5, 241, 147, 538, 642, 11, 592, 1295, 57262, 12397, 92, 831, 2843, 51312, 70, 10512, 111, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 77648, 6635, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 83, 137272, 678, 184843, 6034, 275, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 202951, 7, 4, 566, 109637, 297, 9361, 36049, 136, 54452, 4, 136, 184843, 197826, 47, 128713, 10840, 4, 6044, 237, 194785, 2614, 350, 4, 136, 184843, 57913, 8780, 5, 37388, 62, 83, 10, 19780, 9, 62630, 2661, 13864, 136, 56566, 7, 98, 324, 8969, 320, 31563, 2721, 47691, 100, 225202, 191, 3934, 70, 19336, 892, 7, 10325, 4, 3129, 50339, 23, 70425, 4527, 111, 13864, 62, 1295, 27226, 9, 7834, 68, 933, 5, 40392, 238, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 831, 2843, 566, 109637, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 4, 6181, 4, 136, 159531, 111, 13864, 62, 6637, 442, 83, 85590, 100, 70, 142518, 90, 164, 111, 70, 13864, 62, 6181, 21308, 7, 136, 237, 70, 552, 144810, 23, 142477, 111, 119256, 929, 47, 119256, 289, 5, 360, 960, 157, 1162, 67175, 43904, 7, 4, 39210, 27226, 23, 1865, 90, 111, 13864, 62, 136, 97, 38893, 51312, 70, 27708, 2481, 111, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 136, 37105, 240877, 137043, 289, 24092, 7, 136, 153698, 111, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 62, 35187, 23, 7362, 26658, 40738, 31, 168360, 13036, 456, 77391, 111, 960, 6232, 87131, 71, 2481, 390, 4527, 111, 70163, 71, 13864, 62, 136, 97, 38893, 107506, 2320, 23, 27150, 20020, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 36998, 32354, 111, 119256, 289, 237, 10, 21176, 17656, 306, 2146, 94187, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 136, 29458, 155390, 7, 111, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 83, 566, 109637, 297, 37831, 4, 106480, 23, 34390, 71, 22729, 46, 17431, 44948, 7432, 5, 57309, 2581, 18, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 76199, 6, 58944, 47, 10, 36549, 111, 65572, 4, 70, 2684, 222973, 214, 111, 3129, 74918, 23, 70, 46223, 5, 31384, 3789, 36, 25667, 65572, 621, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 4449, 28437, 127, 56680, 7605, 5, 23972, 2685, 83, 36898, 7432, 111, 70, 158, 461, 8766, 4501, 15, 34058, 84125, 16, 237, 70, 3638, 21, 33692, 2749, 136, 842, 11680, 9, 164054, 214, 25277, 2347, 52853, 83, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 39598, 2311, 29367, 25277, 2347, 52853, 5, 3293, 83, 134629, 390, 70, 45367, 9, 2037, 111, 39598, 2311, 8, 35611, 23, 19336, 233, 11, 944, 144231, 7, 15, 16882, 21737, 25, 7, 13162, 7, 16, 136, 4, 155605, 4, 20022, 1830, 111, 70, 166904, 33, 297, 8231, 86, 289, 71579, 678, 32977, 33, 214, 136, 219776, 111, 70, 8231, 86, 11, 15, 1728, 2832, 23695, 1883, 16, 136, 105207, 47, 3622, 44948, 7432, 5, 64511, 65572, 26698, 566, 109637, 297, 43766, 2481, 15, 38893, 1283, 5281, 10512, 111, 67896, 159634, 7, 4, 55400, 6635, 98687, 159634, 7, 4, 26213, 6652, 6652, 6827, 70997, 247, 59058, 51108, 1952, 164, 15, 148477, 6, 122077, 7, 99, 24887, 18344, 150, 66695, 247, 39598, 1952, 164, 166926, 164, 136, 91, 20538, 10821, 23550, 52033, 399, 111, 70, 25277, 2347, 52853, 400, 592, 70, 1407, 56, 143435, 53, 46692, 7, 136, 55400, 6635, 72679, 820, 47, 10, 39598, 2311, 29367, 25277, 2347, 52853, 5, 360, 41911, 47, 151250, 1294, 4, 10, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 23, 13864, 62, 1543, 37105, 47, 17404, 583, 75690, 52033, 399, 5, 58242, 13722, 67, 100677, 4, 1284, 959, 89978, 13864, 62, 4, 83, 41866, 5526, 100, 181036, 136, 57262, 106095, 214, 24793, 100, 3638, 7647, 289, 34754, 136, 23, 57262, 12397, 92, 5, 262, 11044, 13, 117538, 53418, 186, 56381, 3674, 390, 1305, 76, 1803, 107506, 2320, 5, 5443, 26531, 13864, 62, 4, 3129, 83, 2684, 39210, 678, 11192, 9, 1140, 13, 13864, 107506, 7, 4, 831, 22304, 127319, 72104, 7, 136, 127298, 5608, 959, 204839, 170198, 31815, 142424, 5, 37388, 62, 93447, 1771, 173702, 1363, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 57913, 18588, 254, 1363, 20271, 479, 7456, 27771, 83, 1632, 26171, 71, 191619, 100, 7647, 289, 57913, 194923, 4, 136, 83, 62816, 29367, 390, 704, 2832, 33781, 60089, 3332, 195, 79298, 57988, 289, 13864, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 707, 34390, 71, 119256, 31, 1771, 43840, 142518, 90, 164, 20271, 352, 21731, 62976, 90, 164, 5, 62, 1324, 8347, 14037, 110, 77950, 450, 51703, 9, 3284, 31, 22154, 707, 13864, 62, 107506, 7, 51312, 48360, 3760, 53, 23, 87349, 3395, 707, 23, 3395, 678, 67842, 70997, 7, 5, 62, 1392, 8347, 14037, 450, 13864, 62, 107506, 2320, 111, 20020, 99, 10512, 111, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 10, 17704, 1379, 43606, 34390, 71, 67573, 2481, 390, 1257, 47, 116, 11267, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 780, 136, 505, 1311, 206, 60791, 8347, 103876, 71, 2685, 509, 959, 77950, 47, 67330, 44237, 126, 13864, 62, 107506, 2320, 100, 756, 145048, 40715, 3501, 10, 6602, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 37388, 62, 83, 10, 21115, 111, 2234, 26690, 3674, 150017, 289, 107554, 217773, 7, 450, 96853, 119256, 929, 4, 119256, 289, 4, 119256, 31, 1771, 43840, 4, 136, 40368, 502, 81461, 62, 46624, 510, 48899, 7, 15, 840, 18, 959, 78458, 51703, 9, 3284, 31, 22154, 194, 37388, 62, 1556, 48716, 32354, 7, 12, 442, 83, 5526, 100, 75678, 136, 34754, 4, 100, 70, 121097, 111, 70, 43766, 13, 5426, 4, 136, 100, 4127, 37831, 5, 37388, 62, 83, 44841, 390, 70, 119256, 11, 111, 70, 36298, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 119256, 289, 4, 3129, 70163, 7, 678, 21308, 233, 1596, 47, 3173, 1690, 7352, 2146, 1596, 4, 70, 22729, 9, 2055, 4970, 23709, 49711, 75449, 63559, 100, 15044, 27226, 9, 20016, 15, 12064, 119499, 37831, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Medical use.", "Deficiency.", "Vitamin A supplementation.", "Side effects.", "Equivalencies of retinoids and carotenoids (IU).", "Dietary recommendations.", "Sources.", "Metabolic functions.", "Vision.", "Gene transcription.", "Immune function.", "Dermatology.", "Retinal/retinol versus retinoic acid.", "Vitamin A and derivatives in medical use.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Vitamin A deficiency is estimated to affect approximately one third of children under the age of five around the world. It is estimated to claim the lives of 670,000 children under five annually. Between 250,000 and 500,000 children in developing countries become blind each year owing to vitamin A deficiency, with the highest prevalence in Africa and southeast Asia. Vitamin A deficiency is \"the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness\", according to UNICEF. It also increases the risk of death from common childhood conditions such as diarrhea. UNICEF regards addressing vitamin A deficiency as critical to reducing child mortality, the fourth of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals. Vitamin A deficiency can occur as either a primary or a secondary deficiency. A primary vitamin A deficiency occurs among children and adults who do not consume an adequate intake of provitamin A carotenoids from fruits and vegetables or preformed vitamin A from animal and dairy products. Early weaning from breastmilk can also increase the risk of vitamin A deficiency. Secondary vitamin A deficiency is associated with chronic malabsorption of lipids, impaired bile production and release, and chronic exposure to oxidants, such as cigarette smoke, and chronic alcoholism. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and depends on micellar solubilization for dispersion into the small intestine, which results in poor use of vitamin A from low-fat diets. Zinc deficiency can also impair absorption, transport, and metabolism of vitamin A because it is essential for the synthesis of the vitamin A transport proteins and as the cofactor in conversion of retinol to retinal. In malnourished populations, common low intakes of vitamin A and zinc increase the severity of vitamin A deficiency and lead physiological signs and symptoms of deficiency. A study in Burkina Faso showed major reduction of malaria morbidity by use of combined vitamin A and zinc supplementation in young children. Due to the unique function of retinal as a visual chromophore, one of the earliest and specific manifestations of vitamin A deficiency is impaired vision, particularly in reduced light – night blindness. Persistent deficiency gives rise to a series of changes, the most devastating of which occur in the eyes. Some other ocular changes are referred to as xerophthalmia. First there is dryness of the conjunctiva (xerosis) as the normal lacrimal and mucus-secreting epithelium is replaced by a keratinized epithelium. This is followed by the build-up of keratin debris in small opaque plaques (Bitot's spots) and, eventually, erosion of the roughened corneal surface with softening and destruction of the cornea (keratomalacia) and leading to total blindness. Other changes include impaired immunity (increased risk of ear infections, urinary tract infections, meningococcal disease), hyperkeratosis (white lumps at hair follicles), keratosis pilaris and squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining the upper respiratory passages and urinary bladder to a keratinized epithelium. In relation to dentistry, a deficiency in vitamin A may lead to enamel hypoplasia. Adequate supply, but not excess vitamin A, is especially important for pregnant and breastfeeding women for normal fetal development and in breastmilk. Deficiencies cannot be compensated by postnatal supplementation. Excess vitamin A, which is most common with high-dose vitamin supplements, can cause birth defects and therefore should not exceed recommended daily values. Vitamin A metabolic inhibition as a result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is one proposed mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome, and is characterized by teratogenicity resembling maternal vitamin A deficiency or reduced retinoic acid synthesis during embryogenesis.", "A 2012 review found no evidence that beta-carotene or vitamin A supplements increase longevity in healthy people or in people with various diseases. A 2011 review found that vitamin A supplementation of children at risk of deficiency aged under five reduced mortality by up to 24%. However, a 2016 and 2017 Cochrane review concluded there was not evidence to recommend blanket vitamin A supplementation for all infants less than a year of age, as it did not reduce infant mortality or morbidity in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization estimated that vitamin A supplementation averted 1.25 million deaths due to vitamin A deficiency in 40 countries since 1998. While strategies include intake of vitamin A through a combination of breast feeding and dietary intake, delivery of oral high-dose supplements remain the principal strategy for minimizing deficiency. About 75% of the vitamin A required for supplementation activity by developing countries is supplied by the Micronutrient Initiative with support from the Canadian International Development Agency. Food fortification approaches are feasible, but cannot ensure adequate intake levels. Observational studies of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa have shown that low serum vitamin A levels are associated with an increased risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Low blood vitamin A levels have been associated with rapid HIV infection and deaths. Reviews on the possible mechanisms of HIV transmission found no relationship between blood vitamin A levels in the mother and infant, with conventional intervention established by treatment with anti-HIV drugs.", "Given that vitamin A is fat-soluble, disposing of any excess taken in through diet takes much longer than with water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. This allows for toxic levels of vitamin A to accumulate. These toxicities only occur with preformed (retinoid) vitamin A (such as from liver). The carotenoid forms (for example, beta-carotene as found in carrots) give no such symptoms, but excessive dietary intake of beta-carotene can lead to carotenodermia, a harmless but cosmetically displeasing orange-yellow discoloration of the skin. In general, acute toxicity occurs at doses of 25,000IU/kg of body weight, with chronic toxicity occurring at 4,000IU/kg of body weight daily for 6–15 months. However, liver toxicities can occur at levels as low as 15,000IU (4500micrograms) per day to 1.4 million IU per day, with an average daily toxic dose of 120,000IU, particularly with excessive consumption of alcohol. In people with kidney failure, 4000IU can cause substantial damage. Signs of toxicity may occur with long-term consumption of vitamin A at doses of 25,000–33,000IU per day. Excessive vitamin A consumption can lead to nausea, irritability, anorexia (reduced appetite), vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hair loss, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness, and altered mental status. In chronic cases, hair loss, dry skin, drying of the mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and diarrhea can all be evident on top of the symptoms associated with less serious toxicity. Some of these symptoms are also common to acne treatment with Isotretinoin. Chronically high doses of vitamin A, and also pharmaceutical retinoids such as 13-cis retinoic acid, can produce the syndrome of pseudotumor cerebri. This syndrome includes headache, blurring of vision and confusion, associated with increased intracerebral pressure. Symptoms begin to resolve when intake of the offending substance is stopped. Chronic intake of 1500RAE of preformed vitamin A may be associated with osteoporosis and hip fractures because it suppresses bone building while simultaneously stimulating bone breakdown, although other reviews have disputed this effect, indicating further evidence is needed. A 2012 systematic review found that beta-carotene and higher doses of supplemental vitamin A increased mortality in healthy people and people with various diseases. The findings of the review extend evidence that antioxidants may not have long-term benefits.", "As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is equivalent to a particular amount of retinol, so that comparisons can be made of the benefit of different foods. The situation can be confusing because the accepted equivalences have changed. For many years, a system of equivalencies in which an international unit (IU) was equal to 0.3 μg of retinol, 0.6 μg of β-carotene, or 1.2 μg of other provitamin-A carotenoids was used. Later, a unit called retinol equivalent (RE) was introduced. Prior to 2001, one RE corresponded to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg β-carotene dissolved in oil (it is only partly dissolved in most supplement pills, due to very poor solubility in any medium), 6 μg β-carotene in normal food (because it is not absorbed as well as when in oils), and 12 μg of either α-carotene, γ-carotene, or β-cryptoxanthin in food. Newer research has shown that the absorption of provitamin-A carotenoids is only half as much as previously thought. As a result, in 2001 the US Institute of Medicine recommended a new unit, the retinol activity equivalent (RAE). Each μg RAE corresponds to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg of β-carotene in oil, 12μg of \"dietary\" beta-carotene, or 24μg of the three other dietary provitamin-A carotenoids. Because the conversion of retinol from provitamin carotenoids by the human body is actively regulated by the amount of retinol available to the body, the conversions apply strictly only for vitamin A-deficient humans. The absorption of provitamins depends greatly on the amount of lipids ingested with the provitamin; lipids increase the uptake of the provitamin. A sample vegan diet for one day that provides sufficient vitamin A has been published by the Food and Nutrition Board (page 120). Reference values for retinol or its equivalents, provided by the National Academy of Sciences, have decreased. The RDA (for men) established in 1968 was 5000 IU (1500 μg retinol). In 1974, the RDA was revised to 1000 RE (1000 μg retinol). As of 2001, the RDA for adult males is 900 RAE (900 μg or 3000 IU retinol). By RAE definitions, this is equivalent to 1800 μg of β-carotene supplement dissolved in oil (3000 IU) or 10800 μg of β-carotene in food (18000 IU).", "The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin A in 2001. For infants up to 12 months there was not sufficient information to establish a RDA, so Adequate Intake (AI) shown instead. As for safety the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The calculation of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) is each μg RAE corresponds to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg of β-carotene in oil, 12 μg of \"dietary\" beta-carotene, or 24 μg of the three other dietary provitamin-A carotenoids. For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin A labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was set at 5,000 IU, but it was revised to 900 μg RAE on May 27, 2016. Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020, for manufacturers with $10 million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021, for manufacturers with less than $10 million in annual food sales. During the first six months following the 1 January 2020 compliance date, the FDA plans to work cooperatively with manufacturers to meet the new Nutrition Facts label requirements and will not focus on enforcement actions regarding these requirements during that time. A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women and men of ages 15 and older, the PRIs are set respectively at 650 and 750 μg/day. PRI for pregnancy is 700 μg/day, for lactation 1300/day. For children of ages 1–14 years, the PRIs increase with age from 250 to 600 μg/day. These PRIs are similar to the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA reviewed the same safety question as the United States, and set a UL at 3000 μg/day.", "Vitamin A is found in many foods, including the following list. Bracketed values are retinol activity equivalences (RAEs) and percentage of the adult male RDA, per 100 grams of the foodstuff (average). Conversion of carotene to retinol varies from person to person, and bioavailability of carotene in food varies.", "Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions throughout the body, such as:", "The role of vitamin A in the visual cycle is specifically related to the retinal form. Within the eye, 11-\"cis\"-retinal is bound to the protein \"opsin\" to form rhodopsin in rods and iodopsin (cones) at conserved lysine residues. As light enters the eye, the 11-\"cis\"-retinal is isomerized to the all-\"trans\" form. The all-\"trans\" retinal dissociates from the opsin in a series of steps called photo-bleaching. This isomerization induces a nervous signal along the optic nerve to the visual center of the brain. After separating from opsin, the all-\"trans\"-retinal is recycled and converted back to the 11-\"cis\"-retinal form by a series of enzymatic reactions. In addition, some of the all-\"trans\" retinal may be converted to all-\"trans\" retinol form and then transported with an interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) to the pigment epithelial cells. Further esterification into all-\"trans\" retinyl esters allow for storage of all-trans-retinol within the pigment epithelial cells to be reused when needed. The final stage is conversion of 11-\"cis\"-retinal will rebind to opsin to reform rhodopsin (visual purple) in the retina. Rhodopsin is needed to see in low light (contrast) as well as for night vision. Kühne showed that rhodopsin in the retina is only regenerated when the retina is attached to retinal pigmented epithelium, which provides retinal. It is for this reason that a deficiency in vitamin A will inhibit the reformation of rhodopsin, and will lead to one of the first symptoms, night blindness.", "Vitamin A, in the retinoic acid form, plays an important role in gene transcription. Once retinol has been taken up by a cell, it can be oxidized to retinal (retinaldehyde) by retinol dehydrogenases; retinaldehyde can then be oxidized to retinoic acid by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases. The conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid is an irreversible step; this means that the production of retinoic acid is tightly regulated, due to its activity as a ligand for nuclear receptors. The physiological form of retinoic acid (all-trans-retinoic acid) regulates gene transcription by binding to nuclear receptors known as retinoic acid receptors (RARs) which are bound to DNA as heterodimers with retinoid \"X\" receptors (RXRs). RAR and RXR must dimerize before they can bind to the DNA. RAR will form a heterodimer with RXR (RAR-RXR), but it does not readily form a homodimer (RAR-RAR). RXR, on the other hand, may form a homodimer (RXR-RXR) and will form heterodimers with many other nuclear receptors as well, including the thyroid hormone receptor (RXR-TR), the Vitamin D receptor (RXR-VDR), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (RXR-PPAR) and the liver \"X\" receptor (RXR-LXR). The RAR-RXR heterodimer recognizes retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) on the DNA whereas the RXR-RXR homodimer recognizes retinoid \"X\" response elements (RXREs) on the DNA; although several RAREs near target genes have been shown to control physiological processes, this has not been demonstrated for RXREs. The heterodimers of RXR with nuclear receptors other than RAR (i.e. TR, VDR, PPAR, LXR) bind to various distinct response elements on the DNA to control processes not regulated by vitamin A. Upon binding of retinoic acid to the RAR component of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, the receptors undergo a conformational change that causes co-repressors to dissociate from the receptors. Coactivators can then bind to the receptor complex, which may help to loosen the chromatin structure from the histones or may interact with the transcriptional machinery. This response can upregulate (or downregulate) the expression of target genes, including Hox genes as well as the genes that encode for the receptors themselves (i.e. RAR-beta in mammals).", "Vitamin A plays a role in many areas of the immune system, particularly in T cell differentiation and proliferation. Vitamin A promotes the proliferation of T cells through an indirect mechanism involving an increase in IL-2. In addition to promoting proliferation, vitamin A (specifically retinoic acid) influences the differentiation of T cells. In the presence of retinoic acid, dendritic cells located in the gut are able to mediate the differentiation of T cells into regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells are important for prevention of an immune response against \"self\" and regulating the strength of the immune response in order to prevent host damage. Together with TGF-β, Vitamin A promotes the conversion of T cells to regulatory T cells. Without Vitamin A, TGF-β stimulates differentiation into T cells that could create an autoimmune response. Hematopoietic stem cells are important for the production of all blood cells, including immune cells, and are able to replenish these cells throughout the life of an individual. Dormant hematopoietic stem cells are able to self-renew, and are available to differentiate and produce new blood cells when they are needed. In addition to T cells, Vitamin A is important for the correct regulation of hematopoietic stem cell dormancy. When cells are treated with all-trans retinoic acid, they are unable to leave the dormant state and become active, however, when vitamin A is removed from the diet, hematopoietic stem cells are no longer able to become dormant and the population of hematopoietic stem cells decreases. This shows an importance in creating a balanced amount of vitamin A within the environment to allow these stem cells to transition between a dormant and activated state, in order to maintain a healthy immune system. Vitamin A has also been shown to be important for T cell homing to the intestine, effects dendritic cells, and can play a role in increased IgA secretion, which is important for the immune response in mucosal tissues.", "Vitamin A, and more specifically, retinoic acid, appears to maintain normal skin health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells. Exact mechanisms behind pharmacological retinoid therapy agents in the treatment of dermatological diseases are being researched. For the treatment of acne, the most prescribed retinoid drug is 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin). It reduces the size and secretion of the sebaceous glands. Although it is known that 40 mg of isotretinoin will break down to an equivalent of 10 mg of ATRA — the mechanism of action of the drug (original brand name Accutane) remains unknown and is a matter of some controversy. Isotretinoin reduces bacterial numbers in both the ducts and skin surface. This is thought to be a result of the reduction in sebum, a nutrient source for the bacteria. Isotretinoin reduces inflammation via inhibition of chemotactic responses of monocytes and neutrophils. Isotretinoin also has been shown to initiate remodeling of the sebaceous glands; triggering changes in gene expression that selectively induce apoptosis. Isotretinoin is a teratogen with a number of potential side-effects. Consequently, its use requires medical supervision.", "Vitamin A-deprived rats can be kept in good general health with supplementation of retinoic acid. This reverses the growth-stunting effects of vitamin A deficiency, as well as early stages of xerophthalmia. However, such rats show infertility (in both male and females) and continued degeneration of the retina, showing that these functions require retinal or retinol, which are interconvertible but which cannot be recovered from the oxidized retinoic acid. The requirement of retinol to rescue reproduction in vitamin A deficient rats is now known to be due to a requirement for local synthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in testis and embryos.", "Retinyl palmitate has been used in skin creams, where it is broken down to retinol and ostensibly metabolised to retinoic acid, which has potent biological activity, as described above. The retinoids (for example, 13-cis-retinoic acid) constitute a class of chemical compounds chemically related to retinoic acid, and are used in medicine to modulate gene functions in place of this compound. Like retinoic acid, the related compounds do not have full vitamin A activity, but do have powerful effects on gene expression and epithelial cell differentiation. Pharmaceutics utilizing megadoses of naturally occurring retinoic acid derivatives are currently in use for cancer, HIV, and dermatological purposes. At high doses, side-effects are similar to vitamin A toxicity.", "The discovery of vitamin A may have stemmed from research dating back to 1816, when physiologist François Magendie observed that dogs deprived of nutrition developed corneal ulcers and had a high mortality rate. In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown accessory factors found in milk, other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary for growth in rats. Hopkins received a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1929. By 1913, one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University, who studied the role of fats in the diet. McCollum and Davis ultimately received credit because they submitted their paper three weeks before Mendel and Osborne. Both papers appeared in the same issue of the \"Journal of Biological Chemistry\" in 1913. The \"accessory factors\" were termed \"fat soluble\" in 1918 and later \"vitamin A\" in 1920. In 1919, Harry Steenbock (University of Wisconsin–Madison) proposed a relationship between yellow plant pigments (beta-carotene) and vitamin A. In 1931, Swiss chemist Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A. Vitamin A was first synthesized in 1947 by two Dutch chemists, David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens. During World War II, German bombers would attack at night to evade British defenses. In order to keep the 1939 invention of a new on-board Airborne Intercept Radar system secret from German bombers, the British Royal Ministry told newspapers that the nighttime defensive success of Royal Air Force pilots was due to a high dietary intake of carrots rich in vitamin A, propagating the myth that carrots enable people to see better in the dark." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1914, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 1615, 6, 118201, 31251, 7, 4, 112915, 25612, 7, 4, 136, 13950, 178829, 7, 23, 70, 377, 40862, 7, 111, 70, 130454, 146, 23684, 7962, 136, 43573, 70, 13379, 54427, 111, 5599, 799, 12196, 1073, 3034, 40383, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 332, 23, 903, 181991, 53, 100, 1286, 3501, 6, 91578, 5369, 5, 147466, 23, 70, 190070, 20028, 4, 29465, 884, 28676, 26916, 5585, 43884, 509, 70, 5117, 114181, 4216, 2750, 30957, 297, 70, 181991, 53, 4, 95134, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 423, 1197, 707, 70, 86595, 111, 423, 5016, 4, 25632, 70, 167934, 34475, 390, 1429, 12485, 8, 174407, 38316, 5, 117371, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 70, 114181, 4216, 7, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 2367, 83, 5036, 70, 22836, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 5585, 1861, 282, 9381, 4, 2750, 7228, 70, 181991, 53, 34844, 47, 17203, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 70, 3622, 6, 167618, 111, 70, 33532, 111, 540, 335, 36194, 31, 509, 10, 66211, 450, 2806, 5646, 1672, 6626, 202032, 90, 5, 17106, 15072, 47, 903, 4, 48180, 72253, 98489, 8, 9539, 162, 587, 122399, 14834, 72382, 47, 8382, 2750, 170920, 9615, 19929, 7, 47, 158, 20549, 70, 120151, 10706, 45857, 5, 3493, 100, 1919, 2831, 4, 48180, 72253, 61057, 5800, 8, 908, 9180, 68872, 47, 158, 20549, 2856, 105237, 4, 3129, 6777, 959, 3564, 678, 4127, 50339, 5, 1650, 509, 23, 12989, 47, 186, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 450, 83, 13379, 538, 70, 11341, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 5585, 1861, 282, 9381, 4, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 56388, 1861, 1861, 1577, 4, 450, 70, 64718, 31004, 88303, 40368, 10204, 7, 707, 113671, 232, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 5426, 97025, 297, 390, 146114, 357, 10605, 86472, 8, 87160, 596, 25632, 70, 113857, 450, 1902, 2809, 168698, 23, 84740, 87420, 70, 154807, 121061, 14922, 5, 228072, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 59959, 70, 55948, 157, 8, 21, 22387, 11, 4, 3129, 115851, 297, 17721, 825, 33478, 9381, 136, 82167, 6406, 4, 17262, 113671, 232, 378, 29031, 1681, 297, 10204, 41274, 7, 268, 14037, 297, 390, 70, 42878, 6, 202523, 20178, 984, 28676, 6261, 169, 4, 3542, 47, 186, 75935, 4, 3129, 3542, 12, 70, 113671, 31, 99, 5599, 174072, 7, 4, 14432, 35839, 5599, 174072, 7, 8, 21713, 43932, 4, 39501, 297, 98, 70, 132988, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 4, 23, 2367, 509, 70, 100491, 428, 10763, 111, 70, 15333, 111, 48380, 6827, 41944, 4, 13379, 538, 70, 132988, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 136, 825, 33478, 9381, 74, 70, 113671, 31, 99, 39287, 44587, 4, 3129, 509, 105866, 43573, 2367, 83, 5036, 77963, 18904, 4962, 74, 136, 70, 2079, 446, 3331, 22634, 113671, 31, 4, 170920, 10932, 423, 5757, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 509, 105866, 98, 2367, 621, 5036, 91711, 19544, 4665, 136, 31485, 15130, 7, 4, 102971, 3060, 4816, 1779, 3687, 442, 98, 70, 26265, 13, 190, 8, 4347, 31, 15, 191, 329, 70, 55948, 157, 5120, 16, 99, 91711, 19544, 4665, 4, 1660, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 42834, 8, 45200, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 100, 87463, 124901, 60042, 509, 70, 48431, 111, 70, 71903, 8, 388, 197207, 136, 70, 33816, 47, 825, 33478, 9381, 4, 22, 33558, 903, 3917, 47, 111670, 70, 46692, 111, 134698, 4778, 72367, 297, 678, 115392, 136, 3789, 12924, 7, 5, 581, 14037, 214, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 237, 10, 59444, 21449, 1295, 70, 12989, 450, 18813, 120686, 1995, 26038, 70, 116983, 111, 70, 29685, 111, 111191, 5932, 4, 7650, 8022, 849, 18092, 8, 180, 14042, 587, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 5608, 6713, 100, 10, 98870, 332, 47, 9615, 133, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 678, 70, 60042, 111, 14700, 13, 30319, 70, 5585, 1861, 282, 9381, 136, 111, 20751, 53089, 46002, 46692, 5, 8022, 849, 18092, 8, 180, 14042, 587, 4, 25632, 450, 12989, 4, 54811, 100, 22008, 2750, 2806, 26946, 70, 60097, 25, 7, 12989, 136, 14037, 10, 332, 24, 4806, 20178, 8, 12982, 12393, 23, 70, 26349, 111, 7789, 28528, 8, 388, 66500, 7, 5, 1529, 68186, 71, 70, 95486, 674, 136, 4, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 103155, 3789, 3395, 4, 10336, 297, 47, 70, 181991, 53, 136, 4911, 7, 14037, 297, 70, 59444, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 25971, 14962, 98, 18374, 24470, 423, 6873, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 959, 297, 450, 442, 509, 35839, 1735, 105541, 7311, 538, 4, 151134, 6863, 9351, 98, 8055, 543, 4, 611, 1662, 4, 47, 70, 13281, 111, 22929, 40073, 111, 70, 1301, 71836, 1363, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 25971, 14962, 5, 3493, 77681, 4, 1295, 18237, 116, 4, 168707, 4, 442, 509, 35839, 70, 13281, 111, 22929, 40073, 111, 70, 1301, 71836, 1363, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 25971, 14962, 74, 14432, 151134, 47, 70, 26349, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 4, 3129, 47143, 7, 6863, 9351, 18925, 5, 360, 70, 27992, 111, 6863, 137633, 674, 4, 70, 13281, 8, 1735, 105541, 15, 284, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 16, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 167375, 15333, 289, 100491, 428, 10763, 1379, 70, 117604, 111, 2356, 5932, 5, 1301, 111, 14487, 201, 4, 729, 15276, 4, 98, 70, 46505, 111, 70, 83, 1159, 7154, 111, 70, 44, 143045, 73, 7154, 111, 104610, 7, 4, 58, 442, 100512, 10, 128274, 47327, 1614, 9, 8520, 125682, 5, 2161, 7071, 744, 4, 196208, 4, 390, 12989, 111, 70, 37820, 62554, 111, 25674, 206984, 4, 70, 1614, 9, 8520, 125682, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 100512, 10, 42548, 27771, 111, 825, 33478, 9381, 5, 360, 70, 181815, 5550, 111, 213867, 329, 4, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 3129, 83, 18925, 70, 11341, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 4, 70, 11476, 7, 111, 23, 215131, 3542, 78578, 297, 390, 223847, 10821, 136, 116252, 10821, 453, 6044, 237, 60524, 168914, 3036, 75826, 4, 63931, 87, 416, 10845, 4, 63931, 140323, 4, 136, 29465, 2392, 208, 5, 1657, 92105, 1556, 187, 5824, 118861, 70, 24763, 5622, 3229, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 23113, 538, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 825, 33478, 9381, 5, 3311, 19492, 13, 111, 19441, 4, 8, 72563, 4, 8, 88981, 297, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 15, 74, 6, 247, 51521, 538, 70, 44, 81437, 136, 1061, 814, 38529, 22836, 111, 62, 16407, 7, 52777, 14962, 58, 15, 247, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2789, 117249, 3129, 48402, 13, 70, 18767, 16511, 31075, 111, 82167, 5, 1913, 1039, 7236, 839, 136, 678, 142, 83080, 144, 35810, 111, 10031, 1197, 2480, 15, 113108, 39, 16, 36917, 15520, 17366, 442, 83, 156531, 660, 538, 111, 36137, 9, 147, 532, 153552, 15, 571, 127, 7, 136, 64885, 92, 247, 136, 442, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 59771, 846, 10776, 4, 23, 144477, 9, 58905, 82167, 4, 132988, 297, 390, 825, 33478, 9381, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 28, 4438, 136, 65272, 4, 136, 390, 823, 150, 12064, 47, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Economy and industry.", "Tourism.", "Sports.", "Basketball.", "Baseball.", "Racing.", "Government and politics.", "Government.", "Media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Pre-Columbian era arrowheads, potshards, and rock paintings in the caverns of the Sierra del Laurel and near the present village of Las Negritas testify to the presence of man in this territory for more than 20,000 years. Later in the colonial times, Pedro Almíndez Chirino was the first Spaniard who entered the territory, perhaps by the end of 1530 or the beginning of 1531, following the instructions given by Nuño de Guzmán. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory of what is now the State of Aguascalientes was inhabited by Chichimecas, who made the territory difficult to access. In fact, the total occupation of the lands of El Bajío was a task that would take about two centuries. With respect to this, Viceroy Luís de Velasco offered municipal benefits to those who established settlements to confront the Chichimeca. And for his part, Viceroy Gastón de Peralta decided to confront them directly, which did not end with good results. It was in order to be in the territory that is presently the state inhabited by Chichimecas, the so-called Guachichiles, that the conquistadors built several forts or presidios. This was a system devised by Martín Enríquez de Almanza following the strategy that had been developing in Spain throughout the Reconquista period. Therefore, in order to protect the Camino de la Plata, which stretched between Zacatecas and Mexico City, three presidios [garrisoned fortifications] founded by the Indian fighter Juan Domínguez, were to be created, which were: the presidio at Las Bocas, later called Las Bocas de Gallardo, situated on the border of Aguascalientes, in what was the jurisdiction of the mayor of Teocaltiche, presently the border of Aguascalientes and Zacatecas; the presidio at Palmillas, which was located near what is now Tepezalá; and the Ciénega Grande presidio, established around 1570. The latter was located on what are now Moctezuma and Victoria Streets, although some historians place it on the Calle 5 de Mayo (once the Camino Real) at Moctezuma, just in front of the Plaza de Armas. This was a fortress whose purpose was the protection of the Valle de los Romero and the road to Zacatecas, entering this way to secure the passage of convoys loaded with silver and other metals. The founding of Aguascalientes as a town came from the order that King Felipe II gave the judge of the court of Nueva Galicia, Don Gerónimo de Orozco, in which he stated that he should look for a rich man to settle in the territory with the purpose of expelling the Chichimecas and of assuring safe passage. Gerónimo de Orozco, following that order, looked for someone who would accept the king's order and found a man named Juan de Montoro in the city of Santa María de los Lagos. He accepted the assignment and, accompanied by eleven other people, headed to the territory and thus founded the town of Aguas Calientes on October 22, 1575. It has been noted that it was called San Marcos originally, changing its name on August 18, 1611, to the Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption of Aguas Calientes. And finally, from June 2, 1875, it was called the Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption of Aguas Calientes; later changing to the city of Aguascalientes, which remains its name today. In the act of its establishment, the Villa de San Marcos (Aguascalientes) was awarded the highest mayoral jurisdiction under the Kingdom of New Galicia. As of December 4, 1786, on the occasion of the issuance of the \"Ordinance of Mayors,\" it became a quartermaster sub-delegation. On April 24, 1789, by order of the Superior Board of Royal Property, the sub-delegation of Aguascalientes became a dependency of Zacatecas. In the Mexican War of Independence, in the territory which is today the state of Aguascalientes, the fires of independence were stoked by illustrious and courageous men such as Valentin Gómez Farías, Rafael Iriarte, Rafael Vázquez, and Pedro Parga. Confusion has arisen regarding the exact date when Aguascalientes formally separated from the territory of Zacatecas. By virtue of having, de facto, defeated the liberal government of Zacatecas by rising against the central government, president Antonio López de Santa Anna passed through Aguascalientes, where he was well received by the people who had wanted to separate from Zacatecas for some time. Taking advantage of the independent souls of the Aguascalentenses, and by way of punishing Zacatecas for supporting the Revolution against them, by Federal Decree of General López de Santa Anna dated May 23, 1835, in the third article; ordered that Aguascalientes to be separated from Zacatecas territory, without granting the territory any specific category, reinstating the appointment of the political boss, Pedro Garcia Rojas. With respect to this, it must be mentioned that said order was not made official as it did not meet the legal requirements to take effect, since it was necessary that two thirds of each house, both Senators and Representatives, approved the order; furthermore it would be required that two thirds of the legislatures of the states also approved it. The second requirement not being completed, the constitutional congress convened again to develop the centralized constitution that would be known later as the Seven Laws. The constitution did not acknowledge Aguascalientes in the rank of department, but it saw fit to eliminate the states, together with the federal regime, replacing the states with departments, and because of this it continued to belong to Zacatecas. What can be said, since in the local constitution of Zacatecas of 1825, Aguascalientes was contemplated as a member of said state. It was general José Mariano Salas who, on August 5, 1846, announced the reestablishment of federalism, convening a constitutional congress that declared current the constitution of 1824, but still didn't consider Aguascalientes as a state. Subsequently, on May 18, 1847, amendments were approved to the Constitution of 1824, but neither granted to Aguascalientes the status of a state. That brought about a war between Aguascalientes and Zacatecas, and as a consequence Zacatecas would strengthen the partitions, now municipalities, of Cavillo and Rincón de Romos. In July 1848, Aguascalientes accepted the peaceful annexation to Zacatecas; but continued making efforts to separate through Miguel García Rojas. It was not until December 10, 1853, that López de Santa Anna, using his extraordinary powers, issued a decree declaring Aguascalientes a department, based on the decrees of December 30, 1836, and June 30, 1838, without ever referring to the one from March 23, 1835. Finally, in the project that would be the Constitution of 1857, that was presented on June 16, 1856, Aguascalientes was included as a state in Article 43; it was passed unanimously by the 79 deputies present, ensuring the establishment of the state of Aguascalientes on December 10, 1856. On September 16, 1857, on the strength of said constitution, Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo reclaimed his post as constitutional governor of the state. In the independent state, hidrocálidos (people of Aguascalientes) Jesús R. Macías, Manuel Rangel, Augustín Orona, José María Arellano and many other anonymous heroes distinguished themselves in the War of Reform. Silvestre Dorador, Román Morales, Pedro Vital, Alfonso Guerrero Aguilera and Alberto Fuentes Dávila were forerunners of the Revolution. The explosion of the Maderist movement embraced the cause in the company of some other compatriots, and the rebel action of the town and the region stayed formalized.", "The state is located about from Mexico City in the macroregion of El Bajío, specifically the Bajío Occidental (western Bajío). It covers, or 0.3% of the area of the country, and has a little more than one million inhabitants. Most of its inhabitants live in the densely populated metropolitan area of its capital city. The state as it is now was created on October 27, 1857, when it was separated from Zacatecas after the tale says that the wife of the governor of the state promised to give a kiss to the President of the time, in exchange for the separation of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas, which explains the shape of a kiss the state has. It bears the name Aguascalientes taken from its largest city and capital also called Aguascalientes.", "The state mostly has a semi-arid climate, except in the southeastern and northeastern parts where the climate is wetter and cooler. Mean annual temperature of the state is around in which May and June are the hottest months with mean temperatures between. In these months, temperatures can exceed. January is the coldest month, averaging with temperatures dropping down to. Frosts frequently occur from November to February. Mean rainfall is low, averaging and is mostly concentrated in summer with winters being dry.", "This state originated around the times of colonial Spanish influence. It is located in the middle of the country and is now beginning to make a name for itself as an industrial power within Mexico. The state was once a major silver miner and a major source of railroad transportation, the latter due to its strategic location, midway between the three most populous areas, namely Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey. Today, Mexico's fast growing car industry is especially important in this state. There are two Nissan factories in Aguascalientes which together produce more than half a million cars per year. Infiniti may build a plant to make vehicles like the QX30. In the rural area, Aguascalientes was once the largest national producer of grapes and wines. This tradition ceased gradually due to the Spanish Royalty's wishes that grape and wine production be limited to the mother country. Thanks to the influx of immigrants into Mexico, the wineries and vineyards remain and flourish. Guavas are also produced in the state, specifically in the municipality of Calvillo. This county is one of the richest counties in Aguascalientes. There are several projects for economic development such as: the Financial District Río San Pedro, a monorail, a suburban train, the construction of the newest and most modern WTC in Mexico, over four shopping malls, two theme parks, two Executive Hotels and one whose qualification is five stars, eight bridges for the next five years, a Financial District around the Airport, A Texas Instruments Assembly-Test Plant, A Nissan Assembly plant, a Toyota assembly plant and several others projects place Aguascalientes as the third most competitive state in Mexico with more than US$12,000,000 in foreign direct investment per year (around 8 percent of Mexico's FDI) even though its population is just about 1.03 percent of the country. However, recently it has also benefited from heavier tourism, since the capital city has gained prestige and status as a national destination for its colonial beauty and cleanliness. In addition, the haciendas and baths around the state have historic and recreational importance.", "Although this state is not often billed as a tourist center, international visitors, as well as citizens from all over Mexico, are attracted to San Marcos Fair, which is considered the national fair of Mexico and contributes much to Mexico's economy. Recently, its capital city has gained the reputation as a great destination for its superb colonial architecture visible in the colonial center, as well as the modernity and dynamism in the outskirts. The city is home to Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport, where 9 flights per day depart to Mexico City, Tijuana, Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston. The city also hosts many conventions every year. It benefits from its excellent central location. The city is also famed for its environment of relaxation, and for its safety and cleanliness, as it is often described by people when traveling to this part of the country for conventions or tourism. Most tourists go to the capital. A few tourists explore the former mining towns in the north of the state (in the municipalities of Asientos and Tepezalá), which are now almost ghost cities. The haciendas, hot springs, and baths scattered around the state are also of historical and recreational relevance. The municipality of Calvillo has a semi-tropical climate, The largest producer of guavas in Mexico, it attracts some fans of watersports to its reservoirs. The state has a Natural Protected Reserve in the higher mountains called Sierra Fría. Located at a height of above sea level, it comprises oak and pine forests. Its attractions include observing exuberant landscape and wide ravines, in which, there are pumas, lynxes, boar, white-tailed deer, wild turkey, raccoons and many other animals. There are steep-sided cycle paths, camping and picnic areas as well as several hunting clubs. It is the mountain climate and fauna that attracts locals for camping activities. In winter, the temperature sometimes falls to when the weather is poor. Usually, Sierra Fría is the only part of the state that gets snow during winter. In the city of Aguascalientes one of the best sunsets in the world can be seen in Cerro del Muerto; the hill resembles the shape of a man lying down. The city of Aguascalientes is called \"el corazón\" which means \"the heart\" of Mexico because it lies in the middle of the country. This city is often considered, by its locals, to be one of the safest and cleanest in Mexico. Also, the city of Aguascalientes is known as \"the land of the good people\".", "Club de Fútbol Gallos Hidrocálidos de Aguascalientes was a football club from Aguascalientes, Mexico. The club was founded in 1994, when Salvador López Monroy, a restaurant business owner from Los Angeles, bought a second division franchise which he relocated to Aguascalientes where there was no professional football club. The club played its last tournament in 2000-2001 when the Governor of Aguascalientes bought first division club Necaxa, with its national following, and relocated it from Mexico City. Gallos de Aguascalientes was then sold to Chivas, which changed its name to F.C. Tapatio de Guadalajara, affiliated to Chivas. The city is home to the soccer team Club Necaxa, which plays in Mexican first division. The club left Mexico City and relocated to Aguascalientes following the 2003 opening of Estadio Victoria, which is now the club's home venue and one of the best stadiums in the country. The state has one football team in the Mexican Premiere League, Club Necaxa, one professional baseball team in the Mexican League, Rieleros de Aguascalientes (The railroad men), and one professional basketball team, Panteras de Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes Panthers) In December 2009, Necaxa was represented on the field and played their final 2009 match within the Primera División (First Division) tier in the 2009 season after losing 1-0 vs Club América. Under the rules of regulation, Necaxa would not be able to participate in the First Division competition play in the fall 2009 and spring 2010 year. Necaxa's closing spring 2010 league performance had some accomplishments. They had an undefeated record at home throughout the fall 2009. In the spring 2010 campaign, Necaxa's only loss in the season came against F.C León, Necaxa faced this other soccer team on May 8, 2010 for the second leg of the Bicentennial Closing Spring Tournament of 2010. Necaxa won 4-2 on aggregate. Necaxa abandoned the Liga de Ascenso and returned to First Division fall 2010 season. As a result of this match Necaxa won the bi-championship in the Liga de Ascenso and First Promotion title in their franchise history. On April 16, 2011, after a draw 1–1 with Atlante F.C., the club's first key game in 2011, Necaxa could not cumulate enough points in order to evade relegation. For a second time, Club Necaxa was relegated to the Liga de Ascenso, the second tier, for the 2011–2012 season. One of the biggest soccer to live Judith Ramírez played for this team from 2001–2017.", "Aguascalientes hosts the Panteras de Aguascalientes headquarters. This team plays in the Mexican Professional Basketball League.", "Aguascalientes also hosts the baseball professional team Rieleros.", "Aguascalientes also has important racetracks for the car and motorbike races at a national and international level.", "", "Aguascalientes is subdivided into 11 \"municipios\" (\"municipalities\").", "Newspapers of Aguascalientes include: Ahí, El Heraldo de Aguascalientes, El Sol del Centro de Aguascalientes, Hidrocálido, La Jornada Aguascalientes, and Picacho Panorama de Aguascalientes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 50960, 3638, 3173, 6896, 73493, 16, 83, 10, 3638, 3173, 11814, 23, 63399, 3638, 47691, 5, 138, 73493, 509, 7311, 538, 61924, 71, 390, 241, 5, 563, 5, 313, 13606, 23, 32158, 5, 313, 13606, 25, 7, 80934, 117249, 450, 10, 23180, 83, 23, 138, 73493, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 15044, 111, 70, 25632, 27289, 16401, 12, 62, 44, 6431, 9, 114654, 150380, 13, 58, 111, 627, 83, 142, 150380, 13, 450, 14602, 959, 186, 10617, 47, 2499, 25469, 13, 22799, 111, 627, 5, 62, 62621, 5844, 42548, 27771, 83, 10, 123309, 42548, 27771, 23, 3129, 44, 1542, 58, 2863, 44, 1511, 58, 24073, 1542, 58, 83324, 7, 44, 1511, 18939, 116361, 538, 4, 390, 19492, 13, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 2863, 44, 1723, 58, 136, 44, 1723, 58, 2863, 44, 1511, 58, 15, 136913, 442, 83, 959, 70, 7225, 450, 44, 1723, 58, 2863, 44, 1542, 51029, 62, 138, 73493, 80934, 450, 83, 183234, 47, 313, 13606, 25, 7, 4, 1284, 36510, 297, 12921, 538, 4, 509, 34475, 390, 83551, 825, 93, 7537, 23, 24427, 5, 3293, 80934, 117249, 450, 10, 23180, 83, 23, 138, 73493, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 100, 12638, 111, 6863, 123309, 42548, 117538, 44, 1542, 58, 2863, 44, 284, 830, 99, 19713, 1632, 111, 70, 25632, 27289, 16401, 7, 12, 825, 93, 7537, 25, 7, 80934, 76199, 10, 34735, 10422, 111, 70, 60212, 17721, 138, 73493, 136, 70, 1286, 79315, 2517, 29642, 329, 1104, 441, 13606, 3638, 3173, 15, 24318, 73493, 194, 77269, 73493, 42856, 27169, 1636, 70, 50960, 30700, 24073, 200647, 12830, 111, 44, 284, 58, 6, 41872, 44, 1542, 830, 70, 5423, 60212, 17721, 44, 284, 58, 136, 44, 1542, 830, 83, 10, 20809, 150380, 13, 5, 51029, 893, 35707, 53950, 2320, 111, 313, 13606, 25, 7, 80934, 111, 138, 73493, 4, 95103, 214, 70, 89160, 915, 181606, 47, 8337, 29568, 77950, 23, 10, 29685, 111, 27165, 4, 509, 34475, 390, 19893, 77261, 12, 44, 1065, 13, 104643, 268, 351, 9, 19770, 378, 257, 191145, 268, 8110, 22691, 10, 15824, 1672, 70, 22799, 4, 70, 28271, 22799, 4, 136, 33720, 1284, 70, 22799, 740, 62, 39210, 143834, 107506, 7, 903, 80934, 678, 70, 36, 10519, 12, 44, 991, 4358, 163, 313, 13606, 740, 853, 3181, 2852, 6, 116311, 111, 44, 2347, 22799, 58, 63284, 7, 450, 70, 23180, 83, 23, 106, 73493, 74, 186607, 449, 450, 351, 9, 19770, 150380, 90, 186, 108750, 98, 44, 2347, 28271, 22799, 58, 63284, 7, 116, 73493, 74, 53333, 186607, 449, 450, 351, 9, 19770, 150380, 90, 186, 108750, 98, 44, 157, 64113, 1284, 70, 22799, 58, 63284, 7, 138, 73493, 5, 51404, 903, 113860, 83, 10, 80234, 49097, 432, 6402, 4, 70, 15824, 450, 442, 4734, 41392, 7, 10, 11001, 22799, 26950, 442, 61924, 7, 3060, 63559, 1284, 959, 6, 129980, 27289, 47, 40407, 53, 70, 116, 2208, 136, 138, 4216, 3638, 3173, 7, 5, 149766, 116, 73493, 136, 138, 73493, 621, 142837, 105950, 538, 678, 44, 5584, 58, 25469, 13, 22799, 7, 111, 10, 23180, 136, 959, 1660, 2499, 1632, 22799, 5, 31745, 25512, 15005, 7, 47, 77261, 25, 7, 177074, 237, 44, 66, 100270, 21286, 225530, 62816, 47691, 58, 111, 138, 73493, 136, 73048, 450, 678, 91, 20016, 6, 202444, 442, 1543, 21265, 237, 10, 80934, 111, 70, 161549, 37515, 56, 29642, 329, 1104, 441, 13606, 3638, 3173, 12, 44, 647, 934, 150380, 13, 8110, 33636, 10, 15824, 1672, 70, 22799, 4, 70, 28271, 22799, 4, 136, 33720, 1284, 70, 22799, 1242, 581, 138, 73493, 11389, 111, 70, 80934, 83, 642, 11, 1728, 3501, 25512, 25, 7, 77269, 73493, 143834, 4, 237, 70, 36770, 83, 142837, 4734, 678, 22, 7, 53089, 450, 44, 6431, 9, 19770, 58, 150380, 90, 621, 108750, 98, 22799, 7, 5, 56195, 150380, 90, 15, 143321, 621, 22799, 7, 707, 63920, 111, 22799, 7, 16, 8110, 959, 186, 123309, 538, 108750, 99, 756, 74, 1836, 12638, 33636, 10, 15824, 1672, 70, 22799, 23, 70, 10422, 111, 101904, 2831, 707, 756, 111, 70, 22799, 68034, 5, 15, 73243, 79986, 4027, 25720, 4734, 47, 123309, 538, 108750, 150380, 90, 4, 237, 59911, 214, 442, 47, 756, 150380, 90, 2806, 165164, 538, 63323, 18, 375, 77087, 13, 25469, 13, 22799, 7, 4, 16792, 12638, 2831, 111, 2499, 6044, 22799, 2806, 54567, 67, 70, 44, 434, 70919, 22799, 58, 70731, 13, 5, 16, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 116, 73493, 23180, 450, 35782, 7, 47, 23356, 70, 96679, 111, 138, 73493, 83, 12, 88949, 12638, 6, 15555, 23, 70, 23180, 27117, 47, 14192, 1821, 2750, 23742, 10, 17311, 11330, 76, 674, 23, 10, 17311, 42552, 4, 70, 375, 77087, 13, 22799, 10666, 153639, 76, 674, 4, 42552, 8152, 83, 10, 20187, 5423, 111, 150380, 90, 142027, 71, 47, 36998, 538, 135812, 10, 6, 15555, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 10666, 153639, 76, 674, 4, 42552, 8152, 83, 10, 25469, 13, 22799, 100, 70, 23180, 5, 581, 12562, 934, 111, 138, 73493, 74918, 7, 6637, 70, 351, 9, 114654, 150380, 13, 209447, 25, 7, 5622, 111, 127319, 83, 62621, 5844, 538, 108750, 98, 70, 25469, 13, 22799, 10666, 153639, 76, 674, 4, 42552, 8152, 8305, 70, 351, 9, 114654, 150380, 13, 209447, 5, 581, 15824, 450, 209447, 25, 7, 5622, 111, 127319, 83, 123309, 538, 108750, 98, 209447, 30482, 70, 23180, 166553, 47, 62775, 289, 23, 25553, 6892, 58732, 4, 237, 2685, 83, 33720, 47, 7279, 70, 5701, 3445, 1295, 8035, 127887, 678, 12921, 112474, 111, 127319, 98, 12921, 115923, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 36510, 70, 5701, 15824, 7, 15490, 54567, 1916, 138, 73493, 4, 442, 83, 63559, 47, 65450, 70, 23180, 3934, 6626, 12, 28641, 190312, 90, 53418, 74918, 23, 6097, 23180, 7, 4, 6637, 51, 5062, 8108, 4, 209447, 83, 5036, 10, 25469, 13, 22799, 23, 70, 17932, 23180, 4, 4911, 7, 6, 190358, 4734, 1632, 34292, 100, 25512, 111, 127319, 100, 12638, 209447, 5, 62, 41911, 831, 11343, 186, 8, 277, 144429, 23, 50960, 3638, 3173, 4, 450, 83, 4, 70, 41911, 627, 83, 456, 5429, 75639, 47, 13452, 17514, 627, 4, 27, 4, 627, 124901, 33284, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 7311, 41911, 5, 27766, 9319, 4, 903, 8, 277, 40322, 14602, 959, 388, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 198387, 3638, 3173, 6896, 73493, 16, 83, 10, 63399, 61903, 4331, 51515, 100, 41911, 289, 63399, 7, 3129, 4527, 7, 3638, 84382, 24702, 1577, 47, 34390, 70, 115, 182867, 111, 2053, 4, 71864, 2053, 190312, 90, 4, 63284, 15005, 80973, 9114, 2481, 4, 136, 112892, 18929, 2053, 24365, 5, 1650, 509, 61924, 71, 23, 32158, 390, 111954, 563, 5, 313, 13606, 4, 142, 14941, 13909, 172647, 2750, 26868, 297, 70, 41911, 289, 3299, 100, 63399, 24365, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition of third normal form.", "\"Nothing but the key\".", "Computation.", "Derivation of Zaniolo conditions.", "Normalization beyond 3NF.", "Considerations for use in reporting environments." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The third normal form (3NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. 3NF was originally defined by E. F. Codd in 1971. Codd's definition states that a table is in 3NF if and only if both of the following conditions hold: A \"non-prime attribute\" of R is an attribute that does not belong to any candidate key of R. A transitive dependency is a functional dependency in which \"X\" → \"Z\" (\"X\" determines \"Z\") indirectly, by virtue of \"X\" → \"Y\" and \"Y\" → \"Z\" (where it is not the case that \"Y\" → \"X\"). A 3NF definition that is equivalent to Codd's, but expressed differently, was given by Carlo Zaniolo in 1982. This definition states that a table is in 3NF if and only if for each of its functional dependencies \"X\" → \"A\", at least one of the following conditions holds: Zaniolo's definition gives a clear sense of the difference between 3NF and the more stringent Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF). BCNF simply eliminates the third alternative (\"Every element of \"A\" \\ \"X\", the set difference between \"A\" and \"X\", is a prime attribute.\").", "An approximation of Codd's definition of 3NF, paralleling the traditional pledge to give true evidence in a court of law, was given by Bill Kent: \"[every] non-key [attribute] must provide a fact about the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key\". A common variation supplements this definition with the oath: \"so help me Codd\". Requiring existence of \"the key\" ensures that the table is in 1NF; requiring that non-key attributes be dependent on \"the whole key\" ensures 2NF; further requiring that non-key attributes be dependent on \"nothing but the key\" ensures 3NF. While this phrase is a useful mnemonic, the fact that it only mentions a single key means it defines some necessary but not sufficient conditions to satisfy the 2nd and 3rd normal forms. Both 2NF and 3NF are concerned equally with \"all\" candidate keys of a table and not just any one key. Chris Date refers to Kent's summary as \"an intuitively attractive characterization\" of 3NF and notes that with slight adaptation it may serve as a definition of the slightly stronger Boyce–Codd normal form: \"Each attribute must represent a fact about the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key.\" The 3NF version of the definition is weaker than Date's BCNF variation, as the former is concerned only with ensuring that \"non-key\" attributes are dependent on keys. Prime attributes (which are keys or parts of keys) must not be functionally dependent at all; they each represent a fact about the key in the sense of providing part or all of the key itself. (This rule applies only to functionally dependent attributes, as applying it to all attributes would implicitly prohibit composite candidate keys, since each part of any such key would violate the \"whole key\" clause.) An example of a 2NF table that fails to meet the requirements of 3NF is: Because each row in the table needs to tell us who won a particular Tournament in a particular Year, the composite key {Tournament, Year} is a minimal set of attributes guaranteed to uniquely identify a row. That is, {Tournament, Year} is a candidate key for the table. The breach of 3NF occurs because the non-prime attribute Winner's date of birth is transitively dependent on the candidate key {Tournament, Year} through the non-prime attribute Winner. The fact that Winner's date of birth is functionally dependent on Winner makes the table vulnerable to logical inconsistencies, as there is nothing to stop the same person from being shown with different dates of birth on different records. In order to express the same facts without violating 3NF, it is necessary to split the table into two: Update anomalies cannot occur in these tables, because unlike before, Winner is now a candidate key in the second table, thus allowing only one value for Date of birth for each Winner.", "A relation can always be decomposed in third normal form, that is, the relation R is rewritten to projections R,..., R whose join is equal to the original relation. Further, this decomposition does not lose any functional dependency, in the sense that every functional dependency on R can be derived from the functional dependencies that hold on the projections R,..., R. What is more, such a decomposition can be computed in polynomial time.", "The definition of 3NF offered by Carlo Zaniolo in 1982, and given above, is proven in the following way: Let X → A be a nontrivial FD (i.e. one where X does not contain A) and let A be a non-key attribute. Also let Y be a key of R. Then Y → X.", "Most 3NF tables are free of update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. Certain types of 3NF tables, rarely met with in practice, are affected by such anomalies; these are tables which either fall short of Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF) or, if they meet BCNF, fall short of the higher normal forms 4NF or 5NF.", "While 3NF was ideal for machine processing, the segmented nature of the data model can be difficult to consume by a human user. Analytics via query, reporting, and dashboards were often facilitated by a different type of data model that provided pre-calculated analysis such as trend lines, period-to-date calculations (month-to-date, quarter-to-date, year-to-date), cumulative calculations, basic statistics (average, standard deviation, moving averages) and previous period comparisons (year ago, month ago, week ago) e.g. dimensional modeling and beyond dimensional modeling, flattening of stars via Hadoop and data science." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8759, 25500, 4, 56104, 12879, 6497, 223, 4, 98220, 13, 765, 70, 33949, 38750, 181653, 3934, 142, 88, 71955, 67, 24887, 9, 5062, 45646, 35839, 10, 1927, 3089, 282, 5, 581, 5701, 13579, 83, 190659, 47, 6044, 45646, 7, 23, 3060, 19932, 3922, 49369, 26206, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 31923, 43982, 10061, 58, 136, 44, 42246, 121226, 13333, 740, 581, 1927, 3089, 3716, 111, 19932, 3922, 49369, 26206, 1543, 186, 2234, 156253, 5252, 4, 237, 23, 44, 42246, 121226, 13333, 830, 707, 2412, 257, 5252, 4, 237, 23, 44, 94553, 29827, 95866, 740, 32255, 45646, 7, 11301, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 56282, 214, 221, 379, 20022, 1830, 4, 106480, 23, 91097, 64879, 153552, 7, 5, 581, 12879, 6497, 223, 2412, 10519, 7, 3173, 10, 70560, 2517, 47593, 53, 33120, 450, 112397, 76104, 221, 379, 45646, 5, 75628, 1927, 3089, 3716, 765, 5941, 12921, 66139, 450, 285, 53, 17721, 15044, 114149, 111, 18153, 7, 136, 7484, 7, 111, 142, 11651, 18153, 5, 32255, 66139, 52490, 70, 1614, 240153, 7, 450, 1927, 3089, 3716, 621, 158012, 3934, 5, 31384, 13204, 449, 66139, 26698, 12, 360, 10, 3299, 25150, 4, 44, 441, 5, 1552, 686, 3584, 20330, 830, 2685, 621, 1286, 1243, 5134, 289, 1927, 3089, 3716, 13379, 98, 903, 18153, 6637, 903, 71579, 134729, 7, 1295, 1286, 31812, 4, 38549, 193, 10541, 7154, 22729, 11405, 3501, 70, 10, 104731, 15403, 71579, 5, 4699, 3089, 3716, 831, 59959, 70, 18153, 1295, 10, 21334, 37457, 111, 226886, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 31812, 22729, 4, 103665, 7, 4, 3900, 1434, 30494, 4, 136, 4092, 731, 23, 217784, 5, 4699, 3089, 3716, 98, 18153, 7, 621, 25277, 820, 2749, 1810, 177, 15555, 927, 7, 111, 67842, 8562, 7, 5, 581, 69407, 74216, 3956, 7, 707, 494, 2594, 1577, 15005, 47, 1810, 177, 15555, 927, 7, 450, 83687, 1286, 3501, 70, 25277, 820, 2179, 5, 3293, 149067, 19, 83, 959, 11343, 72546, 190659, 15, 21231, 175254, 9, 11, 9, 67403, 13, 53201, 194, 22376, 4, 2685, 621, 44, 6431, 3996, 3089, 39499, 223, 58, 25277, 820, 2749, 38750, 7, 450, 502, 9774, 112, 1295, 70, 71579, 5, 62, 39210, 10644, 111, 1927, 3089, 282, 83, 10, 24887, 5, 75628, 24887, 7, 1543, 186, 19844, 8969, 120087, 707, 6024, 8969, 120087, 4, 90356, 71, 707, 51, 169074, 71, 5, 19335, 8969, 120087, 24887, 7, 1543, 765, 1632, 707, 40368, 135355, 7, 111, 38750, 7, 5, 21110, 74694, 24887, 7, 831, 186, 44, 112, 29887, 9523, 58, 15, 62600, 9, 5062, 16, 237, 23, 5854, 15938, 31, 249, 434, 24073, 7251, 20828, 5935, 24948, 7, 74054, 44, 458, 2480, 297, 830, 707, 44, 37219, 2182, 58, 15, 5613, 9, 2420, 20051, 247, 237, 23, 44, 161974, 246, 74988, 3319, 97232, 740, 116267, 39210, 10644, 111, 1927, 3089, 282, 83, 70, 105994, 707, 4203, 19888, 24887, 4, 450, 1556, 10, 37385, 707, 6, 221292, 9, 2420, 20051, 234737, 111, 38750, 7, 220642, 105237, 47, 70, 71579, 707, 3017, 86, 98, 10, 20974, 92, 111, 3060, 8562, 5, 151301, 27781, 7, 621, 70, 95, 2407, 105994, 7, 111, 7155, 27641, 712, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 6520, 13, 9007, 133, 4, 44, 1052, 497, 246, 555, 65025, 58, 136, 15520, 373, 32111, 51716, 24073, 20861, 34241, 14612, 13, 1690, 3915, 157, 17996, 51029, 28541, 111, 70, 67842, 52895, 111, 24887, 7, 1543, 186, 4, 27024, 214, 3060, 8562, 111, 23410, 1830, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 85590, 29700, 7, 181653, 390, 4090, 7, 136, 5941, 3789, 43032, 111, 70, 14449, 239, 266, 189956, 5, 52455, 69407, 621, 11814, 47, 98363, 70, 71579, 170894, 111, 18153, 7484, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 36418, 7, 136, 31358, 7, 4, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 169424, 4, 3173, 136, 170894, 111, 1927, 3089, 3716, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 12, 581, 13267, 4, 3173, 4, 168, 7, 2481, 136, 31913, 111, 24887, 7, 98, 18153, 7, 621, 111531, 77336, 23, 2363, 169424, 36880, 114149, 136, 3853, 28032, 10, 114149, 98, 12921, 18153, 7484, 7, 5, 48752, 289, 62822, 32354, 7, 707, 92940, 7, 111, 19441, 71579, 24887, 7, 831, 186, 145870, 5, 1650, 83, 47041, 450, 23, 5941, 50218, 4, 24887, 7, 193943, 678, 70, 61590, 214, 111, 99, 19713, 3060, 19336, 604, 964, 3104, 90, 136, 4, 8, 96819, 54799, 13629, 4902, 7432, 136, 72405, 83259, 47, 70, 5381, 67, 4, 21334, 604, 964, 3104, 90, 237, 5299, 5, 52372, 7, 98, 18153, 7, 105925, 23, 58555, 28368, 47, 141906, 13695, 70, 141906, 16065, 1295, 70, 38043, 71579, 38750, 7, 5, 360, 32382, 53, 31913, 7, 4, 24887, 7, 36356, 1257, 70, 86608, 111, 1831, 36880, 70, 18153, 71579, 4, 6, 241866, 3900, 1434, 30494, 5, 1575, 184, 5798, 1916, 7, 111, 24887, 7, 44961, 4262, 20016, 4, 59959, 214, 70, 1286, 71110, 13, 108055, 90, 1379, 86, 10519, 23, 8010, 4, 36898, 4, 9803, 117016, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 23, 31913, 7, 7440, 5045, 111, 70, 19882, 13411, 6644, 32497, 1295, 7620, 104, 46611, 4, 24887, 7, 108975, 47, 156856, 903, 9433, 390, 118055, 70, 71579, 16128, 98, 3129, 7401, 36069, 1974, 7, 831, 183278, 67, 5, 527, 1760, 35975, 1927, 3089, 3716, 765, 2809, 18410, 538, 22282, 71, 4, 3853, 21208, 1836, 621, 4734, 14037, 98, 1672, 16279, 111, 18153, 7, 5, 581, 481, 32354, 83, 47, 23410, 13, 93447, 52164, 100, 70, 18153, 5, 31384, 111, 6097, 93447, 52164, 26698, 12, 3775, 9, 177, 1760, 35975, 1927, 3089, 3716, 621, 5526, 100, 18153, 48431, 26548, 31812, 22729, 4, 80097, 136, 91097, 5, 581, 3299, 18153, 4, 44, 441, 35751, 1552, 686, 3584, 20330, 4, 58, 83, 14037, 23, 58555, 111, 11192, 9, 20016, 11405, 136, 70425, 221, 379, 27289, 4, 33233, 70, 170027, 66, 184085, 7, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 351, 9, 177, 1760, 35975, 4, 183613, 67, 136, 8, 29887, 9523, 1927, 3089, 3716, 450, 765, 70, 81273, 47, 142518, 13, 62539, 136, 4343, 35874, 88322, 929, 7, 450, 15044, 52490, 57622, 7154, 111, 4567, 2320, 136, 18153, 8, 27744, 120639, 5, 32255, 1927, 3089, 3716, 2843, 70541, 1030, 126, 7809, 3674, 4, 3129, 831, 57622, 31812, 9, 571, 136, 351, 9, 8509, 90535, 27686, 212921, 5831, 30185, 4, 3129, 57622, 70, 51713, 259, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4699, 3089, 3716, 15, 707, 6, 247, 1295, 70, 160600, 140396, 2088, 38027, 15, 18, 26932, 69376, 192, 16, 91084, 44, 75512, 830, 621, 5885, 1810, 177, 15555, 927, 7, 707, 114689, 85, 4188, 98, 18153, 7, 4, 98220, 13, 4, 6, 12512, 7, 4, 136, 24233, 5926, 271, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 111, 9789, 45646, 136, 32354, 5, 89536, 99726, 621, 24887, 7, 4, 67233, 693, 320, 24887, 7, 4, 105994, 7, 4, 136, 153688, 143, 13, 5, 62, 29256, 214, 111, 2499, 8562, 111, 24887, 98, 10, 18153, 83, 142, 23, 693, 108566, 4, 136, 70, 71579, 81148, 214, 2856, 83, 2804, 47, 186, 64792, 150506, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Algal trichomes.", "Plant trichomes.", "Aerial surface hairs.", "Glandular trichomes.", "Non-glandular trichomes.", "Polyphenols.", "Flavonoids.", "Trichome and root hair development.", "Phytohormones.", "Significance for taxonomy.", "\"Arabidopsis thaliana\" trichome classification.", "Significance for plant molecular biology.", "Uses.", "Defense.", "Stinging trichomes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as \"Spirulina\" and \"Oscillatoria\". The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in \"Oscillatoria\", or sheathed, as in \"Calothrix\". These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates. The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.", "Plant trichomes have many different features that vary between both species of plants and organs of an individual plant. These features affect the subcategories that trichomes are placed into. Some defining features include: In a model organism, \"C. salvifolius\", there are more adaxial trichomes present on this plant because this surface suffers from more UV, solar irradiance light stress than the abaxial surface. Trichomes can protect the plant from a large range of detriments, such as UV light, insects, transpiration, and freeze intolerance.", "Trichomes on plants are epidermal outgrowths of various kinds. The terms emergences or prickles refer to outgrowths that involve more than the epidermis. This distinction is not always easily applied (see Wait-a-minute tree). Also, there are \"nontrichomatous\" epidermal cells that protrude from the surface. A common type of trichome is a hair. Plant hairs may be unicellular or multicellular, branched or unbranched. Multicellular hairs may have one or several layers of cells. Branched hairs can be \"dendritic\" (tree-like) as in kangaroo paw (\"Anigozanthos\"), \"tufted\", or \"stellate\" (star-shaped), as in \"Arabidopsis thaliana\". Another common type of trichome is the scale or peltate hair, that has a plate or shield-shaped cluster of cells attached directly to the surface or borne on a stalk of some kind. Common examples are the leaf scales of bromeliads such as the pineapple, \"Rhododendron\" and sea buckthorn (\"Hippophae rhamnoides\"). Any of the various types of hairs may be, producing some kind of secretion, such as the essential oils produced by mints and many other members of the family Lamiaceae. Many terms are used to describe the surface appearance of plant organs, such as stems and leaves, referring to the presence, form and appearance of trichomes. Examples include: The size, form, density and location of hairs on plants are extremely variable in their presence across species and even within a species on different plant organs. Several basic functions or advantages of having surface hairs can be listed. It is likely that in many cases, hairs interfere with the feeding of at least some small herbivores and, depending upon stiffness and irritability to the palate, large herbivores as well. Hairs on plants growing in areas subject to frost keep the frost away from the living surface cells. In windy locations, hairs break up the flow of air across the plant surface, reducing transpiration. Dense coatings of hairs reflect sunlight, protecting the more delicate tissues underneath in hot, dry, open habitats. In addition, in locations where much of the available moisture comes from fog drip, hairs appear to enhance this process by increasing the surface area on which water droplets can accumulate.", "Glandular trichomes have been vastly studied, even though they are only found on about 30% of plants. Their function is to secrete metabolites for the plant. Some of these metabolites include:", "Non-glandular trichomes are important for plant protection against UV light, heat and cold. The model plant, \"Cistus salvifolius,\" is found in areas of high-light stress and poor soil conditions, along the Mediterranean coasts. It contains non-glandular, stellate and dendritic trichomes that have the ability to synthesize and store polyphenols that both affect absorbance of radiation and plant desiccation. These trichomes also contain acetylated, which can absorb UV-B and non-acetylated flavonoids, which absorb the longer wavelength of UV-A.", "Non-glandular trichomes in the genus \"Cistus\" were found to contain presences of ellagitannins, glycosides, and kaempferol derivatives. The ellagitannins serve a main purpose of adapting in times of nutrient-limiting stress.", "In non-glandular trichomes, the only role of flavonoids is to block out the shortest wavelengths to protect the plant, which differs from glandular trichomes.", "Both trichomes and root hairs, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometers in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometers in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt. The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1)) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs. When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell, the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell. GL1, GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators, which serve to inhibit trichrome formation in neighboring cells. This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface. Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch. In contrast, root hairs only rarely branch. During the formation of trichomes and root hairs, many enzymes are regulated. For example, just prior to the root hair development, there is a point of elevated phosphorylase activity. Many of what scientists know about trichome development comes from the model organism \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", because their trichomes are simple, unicellular, and non-glandular. The development pathway is regulated by three transcription factors: R2R3 MYB, basic helix-loop-helix, and WD40 repeat. The three groups of TFs form a trimer complex (MBW) and activate the expression of products downstream, which activates trichome formation. However, just MYBs alone act as an inhibitor by forming a negative complex.", "Plant phytohormones have an effect on the growth and response of plants to environmental stimuli. Some of these phytohormones are involved in trichome formation, which include gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CK), and jasmonic acids (JA). GA stimulates growth of trichomes by stimulating GLABROUS1 (GL1). However, both SPINDLY and DELLA proteins repress the effects of GA, so less of these proteins create more trichomes. Some other phytohormones that promote growth of trichomes include brassinosteroids, ethylene, and salicylic acid. This was understood by conducting experiments with mutants that has little to no amounts of each of these substances. In every case, there was less trichome formation on both plant surfaces, as well as incorrect formation of the trichomes present.", "The type, presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy. In forensic examination, plants such as \"Cannabis sativa\" can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes]. Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in fossils, trichome bases are regularly found and, in some cases, their cellular structure is important for identification.", "\"Arabidopsis thaliana\" trichomes are classified as being aerial, epidermal, unicellular, tubular structures.", "In the model plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in genome editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants.", "Bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in Eastern Europe. The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet (tarsi). The leaves would then be destroyed. Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the European wool carder bee (\"Anthidium manicatum\"). This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities.", "Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and/or chemical means, e.g. in specialized, stinging hairs of \"Urtica\" (Nettle) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection, which is the result of deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016). However, some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes. The larvae of \"Heliconius charithonia\", for example, are able to physically free themselves from trichomes, are able to bite off trichomes, and are able to form silk blankets in order to navigate the leaves better.", "Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In \"Urtica\", the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites. Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin (such as histamine) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 284, 28137, 190655, 58, 15, 81437, 190655, 16, 509, 70, 44759, 111, 10, 19377, 11727, 1974, 31089, 71, 390, 70, 22458, 114732, 19085, 99, 6863, 702, 927, 4537, 56002, 34658, 23, 18608, 99, 663, 191, 206, 5, 1650, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 10, 57553, 47, 70, 9907, 114732, 25, 7, 44, 4645, 395, 190655, 58, 15, 46568, 190655, 16, 26693, 5, 77641, 7, 11341, 450, 442, 509, 110, 1286, 3501, 10, 98352, 1363, 111, 67842, 158839, 7, 115081, 390, 70, 19085, 5, 4966, 6863, 78091, 37202, 47, 765, 2809, 47, 159978, 450, 70, 22458, 7, 111, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 3542, 174176, 47, 70, 22458, 19175, 25, 7, 151994, 100, 10, 84797, 5368, 1760, 15, 221630, 247, 136, 450, 70, 22458, 114732, 509, 2363, 31247, 99638, 13, 49894, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 25632, 6602, 4, 70, 19085, 115081, 142, 44, 284, 28137, 190655, 158839, 58, 35968, 214, 70, 15571, 41429, 47, 32872, 13, 10, 108945, 34, 2517, 151169, 53, 3163, 89829, 98, 142, 65042, 297, 160981, 5, 129551, 47, 191225, 5585, 1517, 133, 11395, 6900, 18, 3767, 4, 70, 49894, 25, 7, 159978, 71, 69236, 509, 47, 69307, 102778, 27759, 1379, 70, 34336, 164, 111, 70, 15571, 41429, 4, 15490, 125413, 678, 40101, 5596, 707, 15000, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 70, 19085, 133325, 6, 93457, 71, 99, 70, 18276, 111, 7374, 1506, 30005, 98, 953, 20414, 40191, 39531, 5281, 70, 51957, 4, 35968, 214, 450, 70, 15571, 41429, 155681, 47, 15000, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 19364, 7, 4, 7374, 1506, 30005, 144281, 71, 47, 15000, 136, 12441, 70, 663, 191, 206, 214267, 1830, 1295, 2685, 678, 70, 127557, 111, 15000, 25, 7, 20809, 24284, 85949, 90065, 2132, 7712, 136, 3789, 51521, 7, 5, 85949, 90065, 2132, 7712, 6, 140545, 297, 10, 175352, 10336, 297, 390, 1208, 66, 4263, 1491, 3467, 42081, 47, 144888, 10, 44, 50718, 320, 2320, 111, 147452, 740, 2161, 201, 18374, 142, 75100, 190655, 187454, 27759, 509, 159978, 71, 23, 132739, 678, 187552, 20149, 28378, 1153, 237, 13918, 1379, 70, 41591, 71, 9351, 44, 594, 42, 5, 42820, 58, 136, 7374, 1506, 30005, 237, 70, 20809, 24284, 5, 28378, 1153, 26983, 6259, 47, 9292, 48898, 136, 509, 34784, 297, 390, 15571, 41429, 25, 7, 27759, 5, 15000, 14, 51521, 7, 221419, 538, 6, 140545, 297, 7374, 1506, 30005, 237, 70, 13918, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 75100, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 70, 92319, 16128, 111, 70, 216316, 7, 4, 26719, 13043, 133842, 162737, 15, 194, 33306, 4, 9892, 2392, 2848, 280, 344, 23, 27473, 4689, 70237, 83, 70, 167375, 280, 344, 23, 70, 11341, 5, 581, 10776, 53299, 7, 102044, 9146, 23, 15044, 70, 41710, 136, 70, 51065, 5, 45185, 11, 138917, 27648, 136, 9876, 1076, 621, 54940, 70, 36311, 6954, 58555, 111, 15000, 5, 194397, 6056, 2684, 111, 70, 10776, 4, 70, 83080, 102044, 9146, 204839, 7, 59404, 2866, 4, 678, 70, 167375, 83080, 102044, 9146, 74918, 2852, 43573, 45185, 11, 138917, 27648, 15, 11, 67688, 51374, 2866, 194, 133698, 70, 51065, 34003, 4, 2667, 132507, 199349, 7, 111, 70, 96113, 7, 821, 6865, 316, 136, 19824, 763, 621, 39210, 4743, 47, 120069, 102044, 7, 136, 108203, 21501, 1916, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 9148, 1363, 111, 5596, 23, 40191, 4, 70, 56101, 32997, 297, 2363, 166, 56365, 73, 939, 645, 70, 54631, 538, 117249, 4, 3129, 3542, 25737, 678, 70, 50717, 111, 33284, 214, 5596, 707, 15000, 707, 47143, 214, 41371, 5, 9892, 25961, 4, 70, 13490, 41429, 111, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 4, 36663, 1919, 11341, 47, 47143, 41371, 5, 22458, 7, 23, 65925, 13043, 561, 140280, 15, 163812, 5155, 75100, 190655, 16, 136, 70, 227762, 59338, 7, 192859, 15, 163812, 5155, 28378, 15769, 9, 130984, 35099, 16, 1902, 36663, 47, 33284, 15000, 5, 360, 38026, 40191, 4, 142, 75, 22876, 214, 26548, 70, 15571, 41429, 7155, 350, 1810, 23, 663, 191, 206, 4, 142, 16128, 132988, 214, 70, 109997, 104166, 19904, 91853, 111, 10542, 79275, 5, 15571, 41429, 25, 7, 86052, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 26859, 124249, 214, 1992, 14, 4935, 152838, 98, 70, 280, 11597, 15123, 3129, 80675, 297, 10, 4000, 52831, 18, 136, 70, 86052, 70634, 297, 47, 50029, 15811, 48448, 5, 581, 16128, 25, 7, 43904, 4, 91, 19256, 297, 390, 78684, 8, 31721, 52021, 79063, 1314, 25632, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 214267, 297, 26548, 70, 15571, 41429, 25, 7, 84616, 136, 21647, 297, 6226, 111, 39555, 70, 64194, 103724, 5, 77168, 214, 903, 91375, 53, 4, 70, 502, 9, 221630, 185256, 25500, 7, 111, 70, 171827, 103724, 7, 111, 45185, 11, 138917, 27648, 4, 663, 191, 206, 136, 12969, 4717, 502, 164779, 297, 10, 187454, 75100, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 27759, 23, 109997, 104166, 19904, 98, 18374, 138, 4, 40191, 5, 187552, 20149, 28378, 1153, 4, 1379, 70, 41591, 71, 9351, 44, 594, 42, 5, 42820, 4, 58, 31089, 71, 10, 134086, 1363, 23, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 187454, 27759, 23, 45185, 11, 138917, 27648, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 27759, 69405, 17148, 169, 6259, 1810, 678, 70, 34784, 111, 42820, 23, 9292, 48898, 5, 2161, 18374, 744, 4, 10, 17932, 187454, 27759, 111, 75100, 190655, 509, 170920, 99, 17743, 29887, 1379, 70, 133465, 111, 7374, 1506, 30005, 7712, 5, 2161, 18374, 21416, 40368, 199823, 3805, 43898, 19, 109120, 90, 1055, 1295, 23924, 9, 138271, 227762, 192859, 578, 297, 3934, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 47, 16177, 67, 442, 1295, 70, 15571, 41429, 25, 7, 79986, 5, 10660, 3542, 12441, 390, 122446, 116338, 119893, 136, 3542, 46979, 20051, 678, 5744, 121641, 5, 581, 15571, 41429, 25, 7, 501, 1605, 79298, 84616, 3542, 51, 2886, 47, 678, 5165, 70, 1260, 143, 46526, 5, 581, 79904, 1314, 141621, 71, 70, 59444, 7, 111, 45185, 11, 138917, 27648, 136, 22411, 561, 1165, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 144477, 25617, 111, 70, 11341, 10323, 9292, 48898, 5, 2161, 18374, 744, 4, 70, 15571, 41429, 50336, 297, 116338, 127557, 1295, 5596, 4, 3129, 45739, 71, 450, 442, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 4358, 4049, 117934, 764, 155681, 71, 47, 5596, 5, 129551, 538, 4, 98, 18374, 29620, 40191, 4, 15571, 41429, 9892, 25961, 181141, 142, 73750, 111, 40266, 1830, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 75100, 13043, 561, 136, 190655, 15, 4, 6, 247, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 237, 62, 63859, 136, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 75100, 190655, 4, 83, 10, 10776, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 15000, 237, 10, 109650, 538, 15970, 9, 168080, 214, 100491, 428, 10763, 4, 136, 11764, 1916, 70, 171827, 126826, 111, 70, 150679, 190655, 10776, 3129, 1556, 2809, 70, 28368, 111, 10, 167956, 17721, 5596, 136, 15000, 16792, 40191, 4, 136, 17721, 5596, 136, 9098, 16792, 38576, 5, 581, 181991, 53, 12008, 7, 10, 132988, 678, 28378, 15769, 9, 130984, 35099, 4, 25842, 678, 3129, 442, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 390, 70, 14098, 145704, 136, 3789, 21640, 139240, 237, 44, 221630, 606, 35485, 297, 190655, 740, 75100, 190655, 83, 1632, 9, 7, 4084, 927, 111, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Geography.", "History.", "Government.", "Development.", "Administrative divisions.", "Climate.", "Population.", "Religion.", "Ethnic groups.", "Languages.", "Economy.", "Education.", "Universities.", "Medical colleges.", "Sports." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Azad Kashmir\" (Free Kashmir) was the title of a pamphlet issued by the Muslim Conference party at its 13th general session held in 1945 at Poonch. It is believed to have been a response to the National Conference's \"Naya Kashmir\" (New Kashmir) programme. Sources state that it was no more than a compilation of various resolutions passed by the party. But its intent seems to have been to declare that the Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir were committed to the Muslim League's struggle for a separate homeland (Pakistan), and that the Muslim Conference was their sole representative organisation. However, the following year, the party passed an \"Azad Kashmir resolution\" demanding the Maharaja to institute a Constituent Assembly elected on an extended franchise. According to scholar Chitralekha Zutshi, the organisation's declared goal was to achieve responsible government under the aegis of the Maharaja, without association with either India or Pakistan. The following year, the party workers assembled at the house of Sardar Ibrahim on 19 July 1947 reversed the decision, demanding that the Maharaja accede to Pakistan. Soon afterwards, Sardar Ibrahim escaped to Pakistan and led the Poonch rebellion from there with the assistance of Pakistan's prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and other officials. Liaquat Ali Khan appointed a committee headed by Mian Iftikharuddin to draft a \"declaration of freedom\". On 4 October an Azad Kashmir provisional government was declared in Lahore with Ghulam Nabi Gilkar as president under the assumed name \"Mr. Anwar\" and Sardar Ibrahim as the prime minister. Gilkar travelled to Srinagar and was arrested by Maharaja's government. Pakistani officials subsequently appointed Sardar Ibrahim as the president.", "The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.", "At the time of the Partition of India in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left with the options of joining India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Hari Singh, the maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, wanted his state to remain independent. Muslims in Western Jammu province (current day Azad Kashmir) and the Frontier Districts Province (current day Gilgit-Baltistan) had wanted to join Pakistan. In Spring 1947, an uprising against the Maharaja broke out in Poonch, an area bordering the Rawalpindi division of West Punjab. Maharaja's administration is said to have started levying punitive taxes on the peasantry which provoked a local revolt and the administration resorted to brutal suppression. The area's population, swelled by recently demobilised soldiers following World War II, rebelled against the Maharaja's forces and gained control of almost the entire district. Following this victory, the pro-Pakistan chieftains of the western districts of Muzaffarabad, Poonch and Mirpur proclaimed a provisional Azad Jammu and Kashmir government in Rawalpindi on October 3, 1947. Ghulam Nabi Gilkar, under the assumed name \"Mr. Anwar,\" issued a proclamation in the name of the provisional government in Muzaffarabad. However, this government quickly fizzled out with the arrest of Anwar in Srinagar. On October 24, a second provisional government of Azad Kashmir was established at Palandri under the leadership of Sardar Ibrahim Khan. On October 21, several thousand Pashtun tribesmen from North-West Frontier Province poured into Jammu and Kashmir to liberate it from the Maharaja's rule. They were led by experienced military leaders and were equipped with modern arms. The Maharaja's crumbling forces were unable to withstand the onslaught. The raiders captured the towns of Muzaffarabad and Baramulla, the latter northwest of the state capital Srinagar. On October 24, the Maharaja requested military assistance from India, which responded that it was unable to help him unless he acceded to India. Accordingly, on October 26, 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession, handing over control of defence, external affairs and communications to the Government of India in return for military aid. Indian troops were immediately airlifted into Srinagar. Pakistan intervened subsequently. Fighting ensued between the Indian and Pakistani armies, with the two areas of control more or less stabilised around what is now known as the \"Line of Control\". India later approached the United Nations, asking it to resolve the dispute, and resolutions were passed in favour of the holding of a plebiscite with regard to Kashmir's future. However, no such plebiscite has ever been held on either side, since there was a precondition which required the withdrawal of the Pakistani Army along with the non-state elements and the subsequent partial withdrawal of the Indian Army. from the parts of Kashmir under their respective control – a withdrawal that never took place. In 1949, a formal cease-fire line separating the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir came into effect. Following the 1949 cease-fire agreement with India, the government of Pakistan divided the northern and western parts of Kashmir that it controlled at the time of cease-fire into the following two separately-controlled political entities: At one time under Pakistani control, Kashmir's Shaksgam tract, a small region along the northeastern border of Gilgit–Baltistan, was provisionally ceded by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China in 1963 and now forms part of China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In 1972, the then current border between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of Kashmir was designated as the \"Line of Control\". This line has remained unchanged since the 1972 Simla Agreement, which bound the two countries \"to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations\". Some political experts claim that, in view of that pact, the only solution to the issue is mutual negotiation between the two countries without involving a third party such as the United Nations. The 1974 Interim Constitution Act was passed by the 48-member Azad Jammu and Kashmir unicameral assembly.", "Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is a self-governing state under Pakistani control, but under Pakistan's constitution, the state is informally part of the country. Pakistan is administering the region as a self-governing territory rather than incorporating it in the federation since the UN-mandated ceasefire. Azad Kashmir has its own elected President, Prime Minister, Legislative Assembly, High Court, with Azam Khan as its present chief justice, and official flag. Azad Kashmir's financial matters, i.e., budget and tax affairs, are dealt with by the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council rather than by Pakistan's Central Board of Revenue. The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council is a supreme body consisting of 14 members, 8 from the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and 6 from the government of Pakistan. Its chairman/chief executive is the prime minister of Pakistan. Other members of the council are the president and the prime minister of Azad Kashmir (or and individual nominated by her/him) and 6 members of the AJK Legislative Assembly. Azad Kashmir Day is celebrated in Azad Jammu and Kashmir on October 24, which is the day that the Azad Jammu and Kashmir government was created in 1947. Pakistan has celebrated Kashmir Solidarity Day on February 5 of each year since 1990 as a day of protest against India's \"de facto\" sovereignty over its State of Jammu and Kashmir. That day is a national holiday in Pakistan. Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir observe the Kashmir Black Day on October 27 of each year since 1947 as a day of protest against military occupation in Indian controlled Jammu and Kashmir. Brad Adams the Asia director at the U.S.-based NGO Human Rights Watch has said in 2006; \"Although 'azad' means 'free,' the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, the Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir government with tight controls on basic freedoms.\" Scholar Christopher Snedden has observed that despite tight controls the people of Azad Kashmir have generally accepted whatever Pakistan has done to them, which in any case has varied little from how most Pakistanis have been treated (by Pakistan). According to Christopher Snedden, one of the reasons for this was that the people of Azad Kashmir had always wanted to be a part of Pakistan. Consequently, having little to fear from a pro-Pakistan population devoid of options, Pakistan imposed its will through the Federal Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and failed to empower the people of Azad Kashmir, allowing genuine self-government for only a short period in the 1970s. The Interim Constitution of the 1970s only allows the political parties that pay allegiance to Pakistan: \"No person or political party in Azad Jammu and Kashmir shall be permitted... activities prejudicial or detrimental to the State's accession to Pakistan.\" The pro-independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front has never been allowed to contest elections in Azad Kashmir. While the Interim Constitution does not give them a choice, the people of Azad Kashmir have not considered any option other than joining Pakistan. Except in the legal sense, Azad Kashmir has been fully integrated into Pakistan.", "According to the project report by the Asian Development Bank, the bank has set out development goals for Azad Kashmir in the areas of health, education, nutrition, and social development. The whole project is estimated to cost US$76 million. Germany, between 2006 and 2014, has also donated $38 million towards the AJK Health Infrastructure Programme.", "The state is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.", "The southern parts of Azad Kashmir including Bhimber, Mirpur and Kotli districts has extremely hot weather in summers and moderate cold weather in winters. It receives rains mostly in monsoon weather. In the central and northern parts of state weather remains moderate hot in summers and very cold and chilly in winter. Snow fall also occurs there in December and January. This region receives rainfall in both winters and summers. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of the state. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During summer, monsoon floods of the Jhelum and Leepa rivers are common, due to high rainfall and melting snow.", "The population of Azad Kashmir, according to the preliminary results of the 2017 Census, is 4.45 million. The website of the AJK government reports the literacy rate to be 74%, with the enrolment rate in primary school being 98% and 90% for boys and girls respectively. The population of Azad Kashmir is almost entirely Muslim. The people of this region culturally differ from the Kashmiris living in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, and are closer to the culture of Jammu. Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber are all old towns of the Jammu region.", "Azad Jammu and Kashmir has an almost entirely Muslim population. Most residents of the region are not ethnic Kashmiris. The majority of people in Azad Kashmir are ethnically Punjabi. According to a data maintained by Christian community organizations, there are around 4,500 Christian residents in the region. Bhimber is home to most of them, followed by Mirpur and Muzaffarabad. A few dozen families also live in Kotli, Poonch and Bagh. However, the Christian community has been struggling to get residential status and property rights in AJK. There is no official data on the total number of Bahais in AJK. Only six families are known to be living in Muzaffarabad while some of them live in rural areas. The followers of the Ahmadi faith is estimated to be somewhere between 20,000 and 25,000 and most of them live in Kotli, Mirpur Bhimber and Muzaffarabad.", "The main communities living in this region are: The culture of Azad Kashmir has many similarities to that of northern Punjabi (Potohar) culture in Punjab province, while the Sudhans have oral tradition of Pashtuns. The Peshawari turban is worn by some Sudhans in the area. The traditional dress of the women is the shalwar kameez in Pahari style. The shalwar kameez is commonly worn by both men and women. Women use shawl to cover their head and upper body.", "The official language of Azad Kashmir is Urdu, while English is used in higher domains. The majority of the population, however, are native speakers of other languages. The foremost among these is Pahari–Pothwari, with its various dialects. There are also sizeable communities speaking Gujari and Kashmiri, as well as pockets of speakers of Shina, Pashto and Kundal Shahi. With the exception of Pashto and English, these languages belong to the Indo-Aryan language family. The dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari language complex cover most of the territory of Azad Kashmir. These are also spoken across the Line of Control in neighbouring areas of Indian Jammu and Kashmir, and are closely related both to Punjabi to the south and Hinko to the northwest. The language variety in the southern districts of Azad Kashmir is known by a variety of names – including \"Mirpuri\", \"Pothwari\" and \"Pahari\" – and is closely related to the Pothwari proper spoken to the east in the Pothohar region of Punjab. The dialects of the central districts of Azad Kashmir are occasionally referred to in the literature as \"Chibhali\" or \"Punchi\", but the speakers themselves usually call them \"Pahari\", an ambiguous name that is also used for several unrelated languages of the Lower Himalayas. Going north, the speech forms gradually change into Hindko. Already in Muzaffarabad District the preferred local name for the language is \"Hindko\", although it is still apparently more closely related to the core dialects of Pahari. Further north in the Neelam Valley the dialect, locally also known as \"Parmi\", can more unambiguously be subsumed under Hindko. Another major language of Azad Kashmir is Gujari. It is spoken by several hundred thousand people among the traditionally nomadic Gujars, many of whom are nowadays settled. Not all ethnic Gujars speak Gujari, the proportion of those who have shifted to other languages is probably higher in southern Azad Kashmir. Gujari is most closely related to the Rajasthani languages (particularly Mewati), although it also shares features with Punjabi. It is dispersed over large areas in northern Pakistan and India. Within Pakistan, the Gujari dialects of Azad Kashmir are more similar, in terms of shared basic vocabulary and mutual intelligibility, to the Gujar varieties of the neighbouring Hazara region than to the dialects spoken further to the northwest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north in Gilgit. There are scattered communities of Kashmiri speakers, notably in the Neelam Valley, where they form the second-largest language group after speakers of Hindko. There have been calls for the teaching of Kashmiri (particularly in order to counter India's claim of promoting the culture of Kashmir), but the limited attempts at introducing the language at the secondary school level have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol. There is an ongoing process of gradual shift to larger local languages, but at least in the Neelam Valley there still exist communities for whom Kashmiri is the sole mother tongue. In the northernmost district of Neelam, there are pockets of other languages. Shina, which like Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic group, is present in two distinct varieties spoken altogether in three villages. The Iranian language Pashto, the major language of the neighbouring province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is spoken in two villages in Azad Kashmir, both situated on the Line of Control. The endangered Kundal Shahi is native to the eponymous village and it is the only language not found outside Azad Kashmir.", "Historically the economy of Azad Kashmir has been agricultural which meant that land was the main source or mean of production. This means that all food for immediate and long term consumption was produced from land. The produce included various crops, fruits, vegetables, etc. Land was also the source of other livelihood necessities such as wood, fuel, grazing for animals which then turned into dairy products. Because of this land was also the main source of revenue for the governments whose primary purpose for centuries was to accumulate revenue. Agriculture is a major part of Azad Kashmir's economy. Low-lying areas that have high populations grow crops like barley, mangoes, millet, corn (maize), and wheat, and also raise cattle. In the elevated areas that are less populated and more spread-out, forestry, corn, and livestock are the main sources of income. There are mineral and marble resources in Azad Kashmir close to Mirpur and Muzaffarabad. There are also graphite deposits at Mohriwali. There are also reservoirs of low-grade coal, chalk, bauxite, and zircon. Local household industries produce carved wooden objects, textiles, and dhurrie carpets. There is also an arts and crafts industry that produces such cultural goods as namdas, shawls, pashmina, pherans, Papier-mâché, basketry copper, rugs, wood carving, silk and woolen clothing, patto, carpets, namda gubba, and silverware. Agricultural goods produced in the region include mushrooms, honey, walnuts, apples, cherries, medicinal herbs and plants, resin, deodar, kail, chir, fir, maple, and ash timber. The migration to UK was accelerated and by the completion of Mangla Dam in 1967 the process of 'chain migration' became in full flow. Today, remittances from British Mirpuri community make a critical role in AJK's economy. In the mid-1950s various economic and social development processes were launched in Azad Kashmir. In the 1960s, with the construction of the Mangla Dam in Mirpur District, the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government began to receive royalties from the Pakistani government for the electricity that the dam provided to Pakistan. During the mid-2000s, a multibillion-dollar reconstruction began in the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. In addition to agriculture, textiles, and arts and crafts, remittances have played a major role in the economy of Azad Kashmir. One analyst estimated that the figure for Azad Kashmir was 25.1% in 2001. With regard to annual household income, people living in the higher areas are more dependent on remittances than are those living in the lower areas. In the latter part of 2006, billions of dollars for development were mooted by international aid agencies for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of earthquake-hit zones in Azad Kashmir, though much of that amount was subsequently lost in bureaucratic channels, leading to considerable delays in help getting to the most neediest. Hundreds of people continued to live in tents long after the earthquake. A land-use plan for the city of Muzaffarabad was prepared by the Japan International Cooperation Agency. Tourist destinations in the area include the following:", "The literacy rate in Azad Kashmir was 62% in 2004, higher than in any other region of Pakistan. However, only 2.2% were graduates, compared to the average of 2.9% for Pakistan.", "The following is a list of universities recognised by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC):", "The following is a list of undergraduate medical institutions recognised by Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC).", "Football, cricket and volleyball are very popular in Azad Kashmir. Many tournaments are also held throughout the year and in the holy month of Ramazan, night-time flood-lit tournaments are also organised. Azad Kashmir has a T20 cricket team in Pakistan's T20 domestic tournament New Mirpur City has a cricket stadium (Quaid-e-Azam Stadium) which has been taken over by the Pakistan Cricket Board for renovation to bring it up to International standards. There is also a cricket stadium in Muzaffarabad with the capacity of 8,000 people. This stadium has hosted 8 matches of Inter-District Under 19 Tournament 2013. There are also registered football clubs:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 452, 6953, 40956, 111, 873, 538, 15, 16, 98, 70, 96125, 8961, 9, 10685, 41527, 1042, 85736, 7514, 509, 88303, 23, 70777, 136, 70, 9615, 19929, 111, 9795, 18, 2481, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 28730, 5, 1650, 509, 18507, 47314, 237, 142, 27081, 4000, 2481, 390, 70, 3164, 9, 92141, 39209, 15881, 130922, 148855, 15, 86920, 7, 17756, 16, 853, 166589, 111, 8055, 387, 4, 61540, 4, 3229, 70, 9615, 19929, 111, 494, 45438, 146271, 13, 44, 228982, 395, 58, 509, 42564, 71, 3934, 9795, 18, 2481, 136, 442, 509, 2855, 3674, 4488, 9615, 19929, 10778, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 39395, 9615, 603, 7, 23, 70, 9795, 18, 2481, 16128, 3542, 36770, 44, 26932, 280, 162, 10840, 58, 1295, 40368, 10776, 7, 111, 23924, 1177, 48850, 49002, 4, 168398, 18, 6259, 47, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 237, 2831, 111, 79062, 25, 7, 262, 319, 4478, 47691, 1528, 5, 74057, 7, 111, 24233, 82, 127, 6402, 66320, 2449, 3542, 59357, 71, 47, 9795, 18, 2481, 237, 5299, 5, 2161, 18982, 305, 4, 36236, 4, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 130922, 148855, 10174, 1830, 297, 47, 27198, 70, 4488, 9615, 19929, 111, 19146, 43943, 31, 8848, 299, 23, 100491, 428, 10763, 111, 14431, 515, 1042, 3934, 10, 59444, 1379, 81761, 100491, 428, 10763, 35839, 16584, 63885, 6504, 1042, 136, 98, 163888, 26518, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 16128, 23, 14431, 515, 1042, 25, 7, 100491, 428, 10763, 47, 442, 5, 581, 10174, 1830, 509, 8347, 297, 390, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 174620, 134349, 111, 70, 102374, 59215, 38891, 4, 3129, 4, 49903, 4, 8, 7612, 297, 98, 20414, 361, 4, 36236, 47, 42564, 70, 4488, 9615, 19929, 7, 111, 19146, 43943, 31, 8848, 299, 136, 9795, 18, 2481, 3934, 10, 59444, 1379, 81761, 100491, 428, 10763, 4, 3129, 2806, 112033, 73, 70, 9351, 9795, 18, 2481, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 130922, 148855, 163888, 27686, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 23, 14431, 515, 1042, 25, 7, 100491, 428, 10763, 47, 70, 3525, 59444, 390, 70, 51957, 111, 18374, 17480, 36236, 5, 3311, 70, 7582, 30777, 24849, 262, 7612, 13, 390, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 174620, 134349, 111, 70, 102374, 59215, 38891, 4, 341, 515, 1846, 4922, 59338, 509, 100, 4806, 1295, 70, 63920, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 23, 9795, 18, 2481, 25, 7, 100491, 428, 10763, 5, 581, 4488, 9615, 19929, 111, 63306, 147, 13838, 58562, 14, 163888, 27686, 47, 9795, 18, 2481, 509, 57849, 3674, 23, 10778, 47, 450, 111, 10, 59444, 1379, 81761, 100491, 428, 10763, 390, 15700, 262, 7612, 13, 111, 7071, 24470, 84771, 62, 2831, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 23, 100491, 428, 10763, 111, 9795, 18, 2481, 509, 2843, 12302, 2822, 47, 63306, 147, 13838, 58562, 14, 390, 70, 49132, 6889, 111, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 134349, 111, 41021, 25, 7, 76677, 3387, 111, 4347, 611, 4, 84771, 17106, 73, 70, 170846, 111, 86757, 91853, 7, 4, 442, 83, 4, 25842, 678, 6626, 28720, 39861, 2449, 4, 49504, 3674, 237, 9795, 18, 2481, 52649, 678, 167365, 18403, 43315, 148503, 31667, 2451, 66, 86757, 25072, 678, 70, 10778, 105950, 47, 450, 111, 70, 103724, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 14834, 91853, 4, 9795, 18, 2481, 52649, 678, 167365, 18403, 43315, 148503, 31667, 83, 49504, 3674, 237, 9795, 18, 2481, 34469, 9972, 20078, 5, 581, 5201, 143889, 111, 9795, 18, 2481, 83, 821, 14495, 44, 68910, 9613, 830, 70, 142105, 324, 592, 136, 142156, 214, 202681, 23, 14713, 136, 49002, 5, 64511, 143889, 7, 26698, 70, 108905, 28745, 11588, 111, 70, 102374, 62903, 111, 28745, 136, 67842, 11341, 136, 14375, 202681, 7, 5, 581, 124416, 117907, 66, 9, 120430, 6635, 14431, 515, 1042, 9, 284, 10974, 939, 48938, 83, 105866, 127067, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 9795, 18, 2481, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 9795, 18, 2481, 15, 4, 16060, 5, 10, 10974, 1636, 16, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 4, 49002, 4, 105866, 33233, 70, 10934, 669, 85736, 7514, 17721, 43157, 3370, 52821, 136, 70, 16584, 964, 299, 71175, 7, 4, 65272, 111, 14431, 515, 1042, 136, 127067, 111, 10934, 669, 1042, 4, 70, 86757, 27585, 111, 70, 81761, 5, 581, 59444, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 1632, 111, 6863, 2684, 130807, 660, 6083, 65514, 23, 70, 16128, 4, 10, 10974, 67, 4, 70, 49649, 23911, 11814, 23, 70, 36049, 111, 6, 134208, 139006, 223, 23911, 92895, 52825, 7, 5, 157890, 1363, 12, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Administrative and municipal status.", "Economy.", "International relations.", "Twin towns and sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The passing loop of Bely () on the Leningrad-Murmansk Railway was built in 1926 and the settlement of Apatity was founded in 1930. It was classified as an urban locality by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) Resolution of August 20, 1935, when the settlement of pri sovkhoze \"Industriya\" was merged into Apatity and it was granted work settlement status. Many of the early settlers in the Apatity area were former \"rich peasants\" from several regions of Northwestern Russia, resettled to Murmansk Oblast as part of Stalin's Dekulakization program. Members of certain ethnic minorities were deported to Apatity as well. On January 6, 1966, the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee petitioned to transform the work settlement of Molodyozhny in jurisdiction of Kirovsk into a town under oblast jurisdiction called Khibinogorsk and on subordinating a part of the area in Kirovsk's jurisdiction to it. The petition was reviewed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, which, however, decreed on July 7, 1966 to merge the work settlements of Molodyozhny and Apatity into a town under oblast jurisdiction, which would retain the name Apatity. Consequently, the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee subordinated a part of the territory in Kirovsk's jurisdiction to the new town by the decision of October 13, 1966. By the November 29, 1979 Decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Kovdorsky District was formed from the parts of the territory in Apatity's jurisdiction. The work settlement of Polyarnye Zori subordinated to Apatity was elevated in status to that of a town under oblast jurisdiction by another Decree of April 22, 1991. A part of the territory in jurisdiction of Apatity was also transferred to Polyarnye Zori by the Decision of the Presidium of the Murmansk Oblast Soviet of People's Deputies of May 16, 1991.", "Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated as Apatity Town with Jurisdictional Territory—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Apatity Town with Jurisdictional Territory is incorporated as Apatity Urban Okrug.", "The main employer of Apatity is JSC \"Apatit\", the largest mining and concentrating enterprise in Europe and Russia. Other employers include the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Science and various state and private enterprises. The joint civilian-military Kirovsk-Apatity Airport is located southeast of the town.", "", "Apatity is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17429, 92, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 25297, 59444, 111, 147356, 4, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 117371, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 17429, 92, 22282, 71, 4713, 99, 28166, 12535, 111, 210721, 4, 136, 22282, 71, 44951, 7, 7103, 70, 1631, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 30839, 3398, 3355, 2320, 111, 70, 15334, 31738, 1760, 4, 136, 70, 2878, 1363, 111, 70, 28271, 64857, 23, 11994, 34578, 4, 17429, 92, 33284, 297, 70, 103655, 9624, 14, 116071, 112664, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 509, 34784, 297, 390, 70, 80646, 25395, 23, 27712, 136, 9325, 47, 70, 23788, 18, 94465, 9, 22769, 1015, 202104, 11491, 5, 1913, 23788, 18, 94465, 17429, 92, 25, 7, 145042, 23, 120126, 99201, 33263, 4933, 22695, 18, 1554, 4, 70, 22690, 13918, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 15, 434, 497, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 210721, 38026, 42814, 36658, 9215, 247, 136, 36658, 9215, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 223754, 5, 581, 94878, 7, 450, 17429, 92, 7228, 99, 23788, 18, 94465, 77443, 80234, 23, 1919, 1305, 9, 4205, 68894, 80997, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 23936, 7, 764, 81887, 297, 47, 117, 1159, 2873, 70, 7941, 2256, 13918, 4, 22695, 18, 1554, 4, 3934, 5078, 184, 592, 1919, 128652, 606, 3334, 6620, 47, 9879, 58136, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 13625, 6366, 2069, 70, 111503, 5, 17429, 92, 4, 2750, 390, 903, 6275, 509, 142, 25313, 7, 16030, 136, 32786, 111, 70, 84158, 271, 19085, 4, 36663, 47, 19095, 16839, 80854, 3934, 9879, 58136, 4, 47, 20648, 27167, 6226, 7, 136, 47, 125568, 14375, 202681, 23, 70, 15673, 111, 101630, 9, 17137, 214, 70, 138025, 1236, 25313, 153552, 5, 1650, 509, 10932, 903, 6275, 450, 17429, 92, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 9879, 175352, 136, 509, 7228, 10336, 111, 70, 25313, 7, 32872, 13, 99, 70, 103655, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 5, 17429, 92, 25, 7, 17690, 7, 3542, 83184, 297, 23, 28980, 4, 8108, 36658, 9215, 21449, 47, 14537, 4, 1284, 3542, 17305, 5115, 53, 7401, 297, 7565, 390, 19085, 44, 63685, 1861, 1224, 58, 2750, 203925, 1672, 388, 214, 6226, 111, 70, 31461, 3387, 5, 581, 4734, 180629, 2886, 4, 136, 68782, 70, 2684, 5700, 4, 16750, 111, 70, 17690, 7, 509, 70, 170894, 111, 14375, 39856, 7, 98, 70, 48800, 7, 111, 210721, 5, 360, 14487, 28980, 4, 99, 10, 19085, 41714, 450, 509, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 36658, 9215, 25, 7, 14974, 10, 31150, 14432, 4, 17429, 92, 3835, 538, 168, 85018, 71, 22695, 18, 1554, 25, 7, 63647, 5, 1529, 19676, 71, 10, 20531, 15549, 47, 70, 84158, 271, 5426, 136, 10, 3525, 133465, 4, 6626, 8, 23662, 7, 8108, 1208, 11395, 379, 12035, 31731, 4854, 764, 171530, 450, 25313, 17690, 5809, 959, 186, 84797, 71, 1295, 20531, 68894, 15549, 5, 3311, 903, 6275, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 1902, 70, 459, 25617, 75678, 121297, 23, 70, 134349, 21230, 4, 7440, 162, 198395, 442, 1902, 2809, 70, 25313, 4420, 96959, 111, 70, 235477, 352, 95972, 5, 77168, 214, 36658, 9215, 25, 7, 65771, 14974, 4, 17429, 92, 509, 7228, 10, 8, 7077, 53, 20809, 24284, 23, 7071, 28015, 136, 764, 509, 70, 107653, 111, 70, 25313, 7, 40059, 111, 36658, 9215, 25, 7, 22631, 26693, 5, 17429, 92, 63043, 297, 450, 2174, 1919, 102880, 3542, 134629, 7068, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 2806, 186, 98, 142, 25313, 366, 678, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 66724, 28032, 22759, 5369, 5, 33306, 6097, 38627, 3542, 8306, 134629, 1810, 7103, 70, 210721, 38026, 509, 50029, 538, 134620, 23, 8055, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 390, 70, 32216, 7, 111, 70, 134349, 187, 1176, 5, 14847, 70, 32216, 7, 67411, 71, 3934, 210721, 4, 17429, 92, 509, 98, 65006, 23, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 5, 17106, 70, 120332, 111, 34784, 5078, 14578, 4, 764, 8306, 176377, 47, 1919, 5368, 1760, 5, 31746, 532, 73408, 127, 21817, 136, 70, 134349, 84158, 271, 31016, 25, 7, 51269, 36279, 11001, 71, 17429, 92, 1810, 100, 17311, 35743, 5, 360, 8055, 28015, 4, 384, 70877, 31089, 71, 10, 24234, 54452, 159029, 4049, 142, 23882, 111, 345, 5, 294, 5, 109343, 8780, 136, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 2684, 16116, 223, 26366, 7, 111, 70, 7108, 14775, 111666, 64370, 740, 17429, 92, 25737, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 23, 18374, 28015, 136, 109133, 47, 236386, 5, 360, 31060, 4, 764, 176377, 47, 210721, 136, 37842, 47, 122991, 1919, 230331, 1284, 1919, 16912, 3542, 6, 34590, 89829, 5, 1061, 764, 176377, 47, 236386, 7440, 764, 100512, 142, 25313, 7, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 2907, 5, 21713, 33, 23, 19340, 5, 1529, 34658, 70, 1305, 24189, 764, 90223, 71, 23, 96145, 24372, 70, 183910, 135555, 17429, 92, 100512, 142, 25313, 606, 51858, 47, 70, 103655, 13918, 1284, 1902, 110, 24725, 98, 8561, 25313, 102880, 5, 1529, 100512, 10, 140434, 130367, 136, 158930, 2685, 24189, 1919, 47219, 5, 17429, 92, 509, 51529, 237, 10, 16839, 99866, 1284, 8305, 70, 1733, 764, 100512, 10, 502, 54137, 111, 2265, 16839, 111503, 64457, 111, 16839, 184903, 5, 18763, 13036, 43240, 26698, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 60101, 17429, 92, 27252, 6088, 45913, 46, 1039, 8055, 4821, 16, 509, 10, 103655, 63197, 271, 136, 39624, 66, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 332, 50155, 70, 44, 46568, 79048, 13293, 58, 15, 177566, 53, 26697, 47691, 1774, 16, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 22799, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 210721, 38026, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early years.", "Political career.", "After the Prague Spring.", "Major works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Šik was born in the industrial town of Plzeň, Czechoslovakia. Before the Second World War Šik studied Art at Charles University of Prague, and studied politics after the war. Following the German annexation of the Sudetenland, and the partition of the whole nation in March 1939, Šik joined the Czech Resistance movement. However, he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1940 and sent to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. At Mauthausen Šik's fellow inmates included Antonín Novotný, the future president of Czechoslovakia (who was succeeded by the leader of the Prague Spring Alexander Dubček), and Dubček's father, Štefan.", "The connections that Šik made at Mauthausen proved useful in his post-war political career. In the early 1960s he attempted to persuade the hardline president, Novotný, into loosening his rigid adherence to central planning, which had been crippling the economy. Šik, who by this point was an economics professor and member of the Communist party, wanted to bring market elements into central planning, to relax price controls and to promote private enterprise in the hope of kick-starting the stagnant economic climate. It was around this point that Šik was elected to the party's central committee and was made head of the economics institute at the Czech Academy of Sciences. Šik's reforms were launched in 1967, before Dubček came to power, but were heavily watered down by party \"apparatchiks\" who worried about losing control of the factories. The only palpable, and certainly the most popular, result of the reforms was the appearance of private taxis on the streets of Prague. In December 1967, at a party meeting that was a precursor to Dubček's coup a month later, Šik publicly denounced Novotný's regime. He demanded a fundamental change to the Communist system and a new leadership, two decades before Mikhail Gorbachev he announced that economic reform could not be separated from fundamental political change. By this point Czechoslovakia had the lowest growth rates in the Soviet bloc, whereas previously it had been the economic backbone of the Habsburg empire. Following Dubček's successful coup, Šik was made a deputy prime minister in April 1968 and he was the architect of the economics section of Dubček's action programme. Šik claimed that if his policies were followed then Czechoslovakia would be on an economic par with neighbouring Austria within four years. However these plans were never followed out after the Prague Spring was brutally ended in August of the same year by the tanks of the Soviet army.", "When the tanks rolled into Prague, Šik was on holiday in Yugoslavia. With the threat of arrest looming, he never returned to his homeland. Leonid Brezhnev and the Soviet Communist Party's propaganda machine singled Šik out for particular attention. In August 1968, TASS issued a press release calling him an agent of U.S. imperialism and \"one of the most odious figures of the rightwing revisionists\". Šik left Yugoslavia in October 1968 and moved to Switzerland. In 1969, he returned to Prague and tried to convince his colleagues but his views were rejected. So he returned to Switzerland where he became an economics professor at the University of St. Gallen in 1970. He held the post until he retired in 1990. After the Velvet Revolution Šik became an economic advisor to the Czech president but had no impact on actual economic policies. He became a Swiss citizen and lived there until his death.", "Šik was known as a market socialist but through the time he became a proponent of social market economy instead of market socialism. His major works include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 92049, 19298, 7, 4341, 58, 83, 5117, 119056, 23, 70, 44, 53480, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 70103, 6402, 133, 1242, 15, 3957, 9615, 19929, 1902, 142, 110680, 9351, 1284, 903, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 16, 581, 9351, 62038, 1636, 1295, 10332, 14941, 44, 92049, 19298, 7, 9, 4524, 58, 707, 44, 9494, 206, 390, 70, 96113, 8752, 740, 3311, 534, 963, 4, 41714, 7, 111, 70, 32774, 70615, 4, 3129, 1902, 198395, 39958, 3687, 99, 38660, 1577, 4341, 4, 3542, 959, 297, 237, 35971, 3687, 99, 70, 120304, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 2356, 38660, 4970, 5, 3311, 70, 72399, 427, 927, 142642, 70, 9615, 19929, 99, 38660, 14794, 4341, 1902, 2809, 120514, 4806, 25074, 38660, 4970, 5, 581, 39395, 32692, 111, 70, 1764, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 102971, 442, 509, 39555, 68782, 9615, 6259, 3060, 5369, 8108, 209, 5757, 3229, 25031, 70, 1657, 27227, 748, 1902, 10, 5527, 1297, 2080, 67, 136, 77738, 53, 37702, 133, 64549, 297, 5, 581, 32153, 111, 121678, 33946, 99, 450, 1733, 509, 959, 70, 37702, 133, 4, 49903, 4, 1284, 10, 19336, 96113, 8752, 9615, 19929, 1672, 7565, 86429, 4, 144681, 170920, 1295, 70, 361, 927, 142642, 5, 28090, 1672, 70, 382, 927, 142642, 4, 11192, 10778, 3395, 26859, 47, 19922, 70, 1764, 46505, 25958, 4, 136, 144681, 903, 99201, 121678, 939, 5, 28090, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 70, 1764, 25, 7, 3126, 678, 60097, 38157, 70, 102668, 7, 4970, 83, 12937, 297, 4, 1284, 13438, 4, 4677, 1672, 1919, 4527, 111, 70, 3687, 83, 44954, 18, 5, 24372, 70, 111413, 158, 75616, 111, 30715, 4, 121678, 4527, 111, 70, 1764, 124735, 4, 31895, 6637, 442, 122399, 4127, 17203, 47, 109412, 15534, 136, 107893, 100, 1926, 1916, 46, 10, 2896, 3129, 2843, 17823, 1814, 297, 116338, 59376, 5, 38660, 4970, 120304, 83, 959, 297, 23, 70, 96270, 7, 5636, 27432, 1379, 70, 42805, 100, 82366, 6488, 4, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 332, 748, 47, 38660, 4970, 5, 106073, 903, 13648, 48903, 114453, 4, 442, 74918, 2822, 6637, 38627, 100, 70, 37702, 133, 1902, 98816, 16792, 209, 5757, 4, 136, 1286, 3551, 1902, 2809, 163629, 71, 23, 82366, 6488, 98, 3129, 47, 1764, 10, 37702, 133, 59444, 5, 3293, 1774, 509, 959, 22631, 297, 24189, 70, 39395, 427, 927, 142642, 5, 45233, 87, 46, 59499, 47, 1632, 184843, 133, 46, 1902, 456, 978, 24908, 442, 4, 136, 903, 134629, 70, 111413, 60097, 7, 25, 61972, 99, 3789, 121678, 15271, 4, 6044, 237, 231601, 4, 7440, 150679, 136, 1286, 118208, 2517, 216417, 509, 17569, 63559, 100, 70, 3525, 68728, 8946, 5, 18813, 45233, 139505, 1919, 17932, 58386, 99, 38660, 4970, 120304, 23, 534, 3117, 4, 7103, 70, 44, 173473, 8294, 254, 58, 6392, 1515, 5, 581, 9615, 19929, 99, 25074, 38660, 4970, 21334, 538, 12302, 2822, 47, 2356, 38660, 4970, 20271, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 102971, 193984, 58136, 136, 53550, 1810, 111, 70, 3525, 59444, 15, 216561, 70, 366, 4745, 106820, 4, 222422, 4, 6, 80728, 4, 604, 266, 16852, 136, 95, 1264, 17986, 16, 6777, 959, 5646, 3687, 24189, 501, 5, 534, 5757, 4, 1379, 45233, 1995, 4, 25632, 70, 9782, 1631, 111, 56174, 25, 7, 1690, 38529, 5, 1913, 1672, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 70, 13379, 1407, 56, 6, 19364, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 23, 6, 34165, 5, 38660, 4970, 59132, 83, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 6, 80728, 98, 70, 99321, 90, 17721, 6512, 12741, 136, 104951, 4, 88303, 99, 10, 1733, 3229, 6, 80728, 33976, 509, 41207, 74, 442, 509, 5117, 12937, 297, 23, 534, 12183, 4, 1284, 1902, 31895, 2809, 88303, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 93128, 13, 21972, 7, 4, 23, 534, 13574, 5, 1650, 112730, 142, 5526, 2831, 23, 70, 15889, 33816, 5426, 4, 3126, 214, 9020, 678, 104951, 136, 17686, 104588, 4, 1284, 2843, 4, 390, 106173, 449, 83629, 3934, 70, 3525, 59444, 4, 442, 1379, 5128, 14534, 70, 36272, 111, 6863, 18738, 71, 177, 2069, 111503, 5, 581, 59444, 111, 2356, 38660, 4970, 4, 237, 142, 142, 45964, 8, 3716, 86, 111, 70, 174462, 4, 509, 10, 219475, 71, 9615, 19929, 1295, 70, 4034, 4, 198371, 19441, 70, 38109, 111, 10, 242, 32087, 6, 184721, 25, 4, 100, 3129, 3789, 59444, 7, 1902, 47, 8783, 193984, 108112, 47, 70, 60097, 5, 1650, 1902, 10, 1143, 62956, 2497, 38472, 15, 69723, 19, 390, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 237, 70, 7868, 22766, 2481, 707, 82953, 44462, 111, 70, 152239, 40067, 2481, 16, 1295, 70, 39395, 702, 927, 142642, 136, 4, 1379, 121678, 32926, 4588, 4, 509, 7228, 70, 185256, 59444, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 23, 427, 14546, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 6863, 80731, 111, 121678, 6, 184721, 10778, 390, 38157, 87, 25, 7, 178727, 5, 31384, 124409, 225073, 538, 4, 903, 178727, 26038, 110, 3525, 38109, 707, 219475, 7, 47, 38660, 4970, 1284, 31895, 27044, 47314, 70, 38109, 3129, 442, 1902, 105945, 100, 5941, 5369, 5, 38660, 4970, 25, 7, 19069, 237, 185256, 59444, 111, 2076, 92, 72567, 509, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 4, 49903, 4, 237, 3395, 14037, 442, 34844, 47, 58359, 5, 23706, 214, 13534, 34739, 645, 903, 19069, 23, 70, 39395, 616, 927, 142642, 5, 1301, 10, 15970, 9, 168080, 214, 59444, 38660, 4970, 105945, 10, 14012, 111, 147452, 7, 220, 330, 379, 2886, 47, 3789, 59444, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 7108, 47, 16401, 6863, 10002, 6, 184721, 29685, 4, 70, 7108, 111, 209274, 15, 748, 242, 32087, 3815, 25, 16, 136, 3060, 53477, 23, 215131, 5, 581, 59444, 15426, 7, 111, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 188545, 23, 2831, 4, 102971, 2684, 111, 70, 24145, 193984, 6, 184721, 6, 147488, 1740, 4420, 47, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 509, 163684, 297, 4, 31895, 23, 70, 72399, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 2356, 38660, 4970, 509, 10, 15889, 538, 88551, 59444, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 68782, 1632, 111, 70, 809, 2480, 53, 180187, 14, 525, 59444, 7, 23, 70, 23295, 390, 702, 6460, 5, 1650, 7, 78737, 2481, 21449, 1295, 6863, 20903, 125413, 678, 70, 121678, 197540, 5, 581, 119140, 297, 77021, 23, 70, 37702, 133, 91048, 9020, 1143, 62956, 7, 15, 122558, 153144, 7, 4, 3862, 73086, 7, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38660, 4970, 83, 10, 105719, 16839, 59444, 136, 51, 24980, 67175, 16128, 23, 70, 25674, 7422, 72089, 111, 38660, 4970, 136, 3596, 555, 31251, 23, 2076, 92, 72567, 4, 30715, 5, 1650, 83, 38134, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 1764, 111, 38660, 4970, 120304, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 51521, 45606, 5170, 111, 70, 56101, 25674, 59745, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Norman period.", "Plantagenet period.", "Tudor and Stuart periods.", "Georgian and Victorian periods.", "Later periods.", "Religion.", "Tourism.", "Shopping.", "Transport.", "Notable residents.", "Sport.", "Education.", "State schools.", "Independent schools.", "Politics.", "Twin towns." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Windlesora\" is first mentioned in the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.\" (The settlement had an earlier name but this is unknown.) The name originates from old English \"Windles-ore\" or \"winch by the riverside\". By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle, referred to as New Windsor. By the late 12th century the settlement at Windelsora had been renamed Old Windsor.", "", "The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conqueror had a timber motte and bailey castle constructed. The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about downstream, possibly established from the 7th century. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Norman conquest of England, royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Book under the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the \"White Ship\" disaster.", "The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy. The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century. New Windsor was a nationally significant town in the Middle Ages, certainly one of the fifty wealthiest towns in the country by 1332. Its prosperity came from its close association with the royal household. The repeated investment in the castle brought London merchants (goldsmiths, vintners, spicers and mercers) to the town in the late 13th century and provided much employment for townsmen. The development of the castle under Edward III, between 1350–68, was the largest secular building project in England of the Middle Ages, and many Windsor people worked on this project, again bringing great wealth to the town. Although the Black Death in 1348 had reduced some towns' populations by up to 50%, in Windsor the building projects of Edward III brought money to the town, and possibly its population doubled: this was a 'boom' time for the local economy. People came to the town from every part of the country, and from continental Europe. The poet Geoffrey Chaucer held the honorific post of 'Clerk of the Works' at Windsor Castle in 1391. The development of the castle continued in the late 15th century with the rebuilding of St George's Chapel. With this Windsor became a major pilgrimage destination, particularly for Londoners. Pilgrims came to touch the royal shrine of the murdered Henry VI, the fragment of the True Cross and other important relics. Visits to the chapel were probably combined with a visit to the important nearby Marian shrine and college at Eton, founded by Henry VI in 1440, and dedicated to the Assumption; which is now better known as Eton College. Pilgrims came with substantial sums to spend. From perhaps two or three named inns in the late 15th century, some 30 can be identified a century later. The town again grew in wealth. For London pilgrims, Windsor was probably – but briefly – of greater importance than Canterbury and the shrine of the City's patron Saint Thomas Becket.", "With the closures of the Reformation, however, Windsor's pilgrim traffic died out, and the town began to stagnate about ten years afterwards. The castle was considered old-fashioned and shrines to the dead were thought to be superstitious. The early modern period formed a stark contrast to the medieval history of the town. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in 1547, next to Jane Seymour, the mother of his only legitimate son, Edward (Edward VI). Henry, the founder of the Church of England, may have wanted to benefit from the stream of pilgrims coming to the town. His will gives that impression. Most accounts of Windsor in the 16th and 17th centuries talk of its poverty, badly made streets and poor housing. Shakespeare's play \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\" is set in Windsor and contains many references to parts of the town and the surrounding countryside. Shakespeare must have walked the town's streets, near the castle and river, much as people still do. The play may have been written in the Garter Inn, opposite the Castle, but this was destroyed by fire in the late 17th century. The long-standing – and famous – courtesan of king Charles II, Nell Gwyn, was given a house on St Albans Street: Burford House (now part of the Royal Mews). Her residence in this house, as far as it is possible to tell, was brief. Only one of her letters addressed from Burford House survives: it was probably intended as a legacy for her illegitimate son, the Earl of Burford, later the Duke of St Albans. Windsor was garrisoned by Colonel Venn during the English Civil War. Later it became the home of the New Model Army when Venn had left the castle in 1645. Despite its royal dependence, like many commercial centres, Windsor was a Parliamentarian town. Charles I was buried without ceremony in St George's Chapel after his execution at Whitehall in 1649. The present Guildhall, built in 1680–91, replaced an earlier market house that had been built on the same site around 1580, as well as the old guildhall, which faced the castle and had been built around 1350. The contraction in the number of old public buildings speaks of a town 'clearing the decks', ready for a renewed period of prosperity with Charles II's return to the Castle. But his successors did not use the place, and as the town was short of money, the planned new civic buildings did not appear. The town continued in poverty until the mid 19th century. In 1652 the largest house in Windsor Great Park was built on land which Oliver Cromwell had appropriated from the Crown. Now known as Cumberland Lodge after the Duke of Cumberland's residence there in the mid-18th century, the house was variously known as Byfield House, New Lodge, Ranger's Lodge, Windsor Lodge and Great Lodge.", "In 1778, there was a resumption of the royal presence, with George III at the Queen's Lodge and, from 1804, at the castle. This started a period of new development in Windsor, with the building of two army barracks. However the associated large numbers of soldiers led to a major prostitution problem by 1830, in a town where the number of streets had little changed since 1530. In the 18th c. the town traded with London selling the Windsor Chair which was actually made in Buckinghamshire. A number of fine houses were built in this period, including Hadleigh House on Sheet Street, which was built in 1793 by the then Mayor of Windsor, William Thomas. In 1811 it was the home of John O'Reilly, the apothecary-surgeon to George III. Windsor Castle was the westernmost sighting-point for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which measured the precise distance between the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Paris Observatory by trigonometry. Windsor was used because of its relative proximity to the base-line of the survey at Hounslow Heath. The substantial redevelopment of the castle in the subsequent decade and Queen Victoria's residence from 1840, as well as the coming of two railways in 1849, signalled the most dramatic changes in the town's history. These events catapulted the town from a sleepy medieval has-been to the centre of empire – many European crowned heads of state came to Windsor to visit the Queen throughout the rest of the 19th century. Unfortunately, excessive redevelopment and'refurbishment' of Windsor's medieval fabric at this time resulted in widespread destruction of the old town, including the demolition of the old parish church of St John the Baptist in 1820. The original had been built around 1135.", "Most of the current town's streets date from the mid to late 19th century. However the main street, Peascod Street () is very ancient, predating the castle by many years, and probably of Saxon origin. It formed part of the 10th-century parish structure in east Berkshire and is first referred to as Peascroftstret in c. 1170. The 1,000-year-old royal castle, although the largest and longest-occupied in Europe, is a recent development in comparison. \"New Windsor\" was officially renamed \"Windsor\" in 1974.", "The original parish church of Windsor is dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and is situated adjacent to the High Street. The church is said to have dated from the time that King Henry I moved the Royal Court from Old Windsor to ‘New Windsor’. The church was clearly established by the time of Henry II in about 1110, as there are references to it by then. In 1543, Henry Filmer, Robert Testwood and Anthony Pearson, the three Windsor Martyrs, were burnt at the stake in Deanery Gardens, near the church. The original church building had Saxon arches and Norman work and by the 18th century it was described as ‘a vast building with 10 side altars and several chantries’ and perhaps eight gabled roofs. There was a small spire on top of the main central tower. In 1818 the high cost of repairs to the old building led to plans for a complete rebuild at a cost of £14,000. Charles Hollis was appointed architect and the new building was erected between 1820 and 1822 with cast iron columns that were floated down the Thames. The ribs that support the roof are also cast iron. The new church, Gothic in style with a pinnacle tower containing the bells, was officially consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury on 22 June 1822. Samuel Sanders Teulon added the chancel and the apse in 1880. The chancel screen was added in 1898 to mark the 60-year reign of Queen Victoria. In 1906 the Hunter Organ was installed. The north side gallery was reduced in length to make way for the organ. The more recent parish church of All Saints' is situated on Frances Road. The incumbent vicar is the Revd Ainsley Swift. The author Thomas Hardy trained as an architect and joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862. Between 1862 and 1864 he worked with Blomfield on All Saints'. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.", "As a result of the castle, Windsor is a popular tourist destination and has facilities usually found in larger towns: two railway stations, a theatre and several substantial hotels. An amphibious Duck Tour, various boat trips operate on the River Thames, with connections to Maidenhead and Staines-upon-Thames. In winter, Alexandra Gardens hosts a temporary ice rink. Near the town is Legoland Windsor, the only Legoland park in the United Kingdom and the largest Legoland park in the world in terms of area. Legoland Windsor was built on the site of the former Windsor Safari Park.", "As a tourist town there are many gift shops around the castle, together with shops and restaurants in Windsor Royal Shopping inside Windsor & Eton Central railway station. The main shopping street, Peascod Street, includes an independent department store, W J Daniel & Co., noted for its large toy department, as well as national chains such as Marks & Spencer, Boots and TK Maxx. King Edward Court, a pedestrian-only shopping centre, has a Waitrose supermarket alongside other stores including H&M, Mr Simms Olde Sweet Shoppe, New Look and Zara.", "Windsor is accessible from Junction 6 of the M4 and from Slough via a dual carriageway. Bus services in the town are provided by Courtney Buses, First Berkshire & The Thames Valley and Reading Buses. There are frequent bus services between Windsor and Heathrow Airport, Green Line Coach Station in Central London, and Legoland Windsor Resort. Windsor has two railway stations. Windsor & Eton Central railway station is the southern terminus of the Slough–Windsor & Eton line. A Great Western Railway shuttle to Slough connects with services to London Paddington and Reading. Windsor & Eton Riverside station is the terminus for South Western Railway direct services from London Waterloo. Both stations were built at around the same time in the 19th century, as the two train companies which owned the lines both wanted to carry Queen Victoria to Windsor, with the first line opened gaining the privilege. From 1883 to 1885, the London Underground's District line's westbound service ran as far as Windsor. Windsor is linked to the town of Eton (on the opposite bank of the River Thames) by Windsor Bridge. Originally a fully trafficked road bridge, Windsor Bridge is now for pedestrians and cyclists only. To the south of the town lies Windsor Great Park and the towns of Old Windsor, Egham and Virginia Water. Windsor lies on National Cycle Route 4 (London – Fishguard). The main access roads serving the town have adjacent cycle paths or nearby alternative traffic-free cycle routes.", "As well as HM Queen Elizabeth II and other British Royal Family members, Windsor has many other notable residents both former and current.", "Windsor's senior football team is Windsor F.C. The team currently play in the Hellenic League and their home ground is Stag Meadow, granted to the original club by King George V in 1911. The club's president is the famous BBC commentator Barry Davies. Windsor Cricket Club's clubhouse and pitches are at Home Park in the shadow of Windsor Castle. The club played host to a 2006 Lord's Taverners cricket match. The Windsor 1st team currently play in Division 2A of the Thames Valley League. Neighbours, Windsor Rugby Club also use the ground and the team currently plays in the Southern Counties – North Division. Several other local sports clubs are based at Home Park, including: Hockey and archery clubs, and the Datchet Dashers running club. Royal Windsor Rollergirls were one of the first roller derby leagues to be founded in the UK in 2007, they regularly hold games at Windsor Leisure Centre.", "", "State-funded schooling in the town is provided system of three-tier schooling. Schools are controlled by either the local authority or academy trusts. The town is served by eleven first schools for children aged up to 9 years old, and three middle schools until the age of 13: Pupils aged 13–18 are provided for at the town's two single-sex secondary schools:", "Several independent schools operate in the town, including:", "Windsor is part of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead which is administered by an elected unitary authority. The mayor is Cllr Sayonara Luxton. The current Member of Parliament for the Windsor constituency (which includes surrounding small towns and villages, such as Eton and Datchet) is Adam Afriyie (Conservative), who was elected at the 2005 General Election. Afriyie is notable for being the first black Conservative in the House of Commons. In 2012 the council reintroduced the role of town crier to the Borough. The previous town crier had retired in 1892 and for 110 years the post remained vacant. In 2018 the belongings of homeless people were controversially removed and stored for reasons of security. A bus intended to shelter the Windsor homeless during the period of the wedding was impounded by police.", "Windsor is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 83, 31895, 137272, 678, 70, 16777, 147, 335, 15, 31852, 44881, 5073, 160600, 16, 6, 101287, 4, 44, 284, 9, 763, 9, 14, 9, 118, 9, 513, 830, 14037, 99, 70344, 74880, 5, 581, 6, 101287, 116361, 538, 243, 525, 7, 1919, 225415, 99, 450, 1733, 6637, 442, 83, 18822, 71, 450, 442, 12301, 7, 70, 3790, 22014, 12259, 9351, 44, 132, 841, 16, 1292, 14612, 4166, 232, 830, 707, 44, 841, 1292, 14612, 164, 1363, 740, 581, 160600, 70, 45757, 44, 841, 3672, 14612, 5176, 7, 58, 83, 2684, 47041, 111, 1914, 9, 91127, 343, 59665, 4, 237, 70, 3173, 15490, 44, 9, 14, 9, 58, 15, 28848, 9523, 44, 841, 3672, 14612, 32051, 18939, 45831, 10, 222201, 1914, 9, 91127, 343, 143834, 136, 26847, 47, 142, 7311, 44, 7, 740, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 83, 34475, 5941, 28, 6295, 49344, 5, 581, 91084, 111, 12638, 28, 6295, 1448, 83, 12, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 1902, 1919, 10002, 5381, 329, 98, 68237, 223, 4, 70541, 214, 1919, 42819, 678, 142, 5115, 136, 214075, 57376, 19725, 450, 79786, 99, 1919, 333, 59725, 5, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 131346, 297, 5045, 111, 70, 118208, 2517, 98154, 111, 70, 2355, 7, 4, 136, 39555, 2499, 5885, 538, 148, 516, 46526, 12924, 18244, 17, 18329, 297, 678, 14537, 7, 450, 135179, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 2809, 100, 17704, 390, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 5, 1529, 82775, 1840, 3716, 25, 19916, 17704, 71464, 126, 136, 70750, 7, 4, 70, 62, 19384, 7, 57262, 92558, 4, 5787, 48362, 27413, 25, 7, 65536, 71, 4824, 19298, 4, 17149, 37138, 6431, 25, 7, 23082, 111, 23179, 4, 17490, 51432, 25, 16294, 34639, 4, 17893, 282, 988, 25, 3109, 2701, 7, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 25, 52656, 13, 26580, 8079, 7, 4, 93219, 232, 25, 1608, 4726, 18, 4, 70, 5608, 56, 111, 100457, 6423, 4, 136, 1004, 232, 25, 7, 6, 84201, 136, 6, 118201, 7, 5, 360, 14432, 15426, 7, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 79786, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 70, 6, 151612, 2146, 90, 2451, 302, 4021, 2856, 1919, 195644, 7, 23, 70, 100, 429, 4, 42911, 1636, 4, 8694, 131803, 7, 136, 1172, 4188, 5, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 88303, 11408, 5245, 111, 12924, 47, 4488, 100, 4049, 5, 3293, 99201, 1927, 10299, 7, 450, 172458, 47, 136, 1295, 101057, 68237, 223, 5, 1529, 26038, 47, 70, 44948, 297, 193349, 1919, 4027, 982, 24494, 1845, 85, 45486, 237, 10, 17997, 5, 360, 3060, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 759, 927, 4, 1250, 282, 2347, 223, 89234, 70, 11476, 450, 764, 26038, 47, 332, 1295, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 25, 7, 100, 429, 5, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 2843, 75935, 70, 18466, 450, 70, 2355, 7, 26038, 47, 332, 4, 70, 46667, 4378, 11606, 136, 604, 13380, 29538, 5, 873, 214, 10, 131720, 71, 22556, 153144, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 75935, 756, 70, 6, 42294, 1444, 23, 70, 73416, 111, 68237, 223, 5, 581, 160600, 759, 927, 7, 136, 70, 2005, 12259, 85745, 7, 61172, 1029, 297, 23, 43515, 450, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 1902, 10, 5361, 14537, 47, 27489, 78112, 5, 1529, 7228, 70, 158044, 136, 115392, 96, 17514, 136, 10269, 7, 99, 70, 14018, 3956, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 111, 884, 875, 31, 232, 23, 6044, 10, 3917, 450, 1836, 5809, 333, 67, 70, 205491, 4295, 5, 581, 160600, 7, 76104, 297, 23, 2363, 91944, 1363, 142, 27157, 48242, 6528, 450, 33908, 90, 621, 23, 3060, 10422, 923, 272, 5, 3293, 8562, 111, 4927, 136, 70, 27157, 48242, 144239, 60899, 4420, 47, 70, 4211, 57114, 14922, 4, 3229, 930, 297, 64153, 4, 70, 45367, 56, 111, 70, 21, 1272, 2677, 927, 4, 7228, 43079, 3129, 109133, 111, 2363, 10002, 61047, 5, 62, 33908, 13, 111, 70, 2355, 509, 209303, 70, 2355, 66570, 4, 136, 70, 29569, 98, 10, 332, 25, 7, 47, 6492, 117414, 71, 209303, 1919, 169424, 5, 360, 70, 15426, 111, 9208, 1771, 112239, 112518, 1314, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 509, 13379, 99, 70, 127319, 111, 94100, 11, 136, 1225, 80430, 70, 10, 4878, 678, 3129, 764, 65450, 3786, 223, 25, 10336, 47, 4092, 604, 5, 360, 70, 21, 3055, 15426, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 83, 2685, 33636, 297, 237, 114210, 3501, 94100, 11, 4, 221, 70, 759, 927, 25443, 111, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 83, 23, 25553, 6892, 18, 23, 903, 15072, 5, 360, 1632, 32845, 206, 111, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 1840, 11, 28, 236, 89829, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 1295, 70, 199320, 7, 6637, 764, 509, 44, 7, 32298, 121951, 71, 111, 57616, 740, 1529, 77736, 3934, 70, 77904, 136, 509, 165249, 390, 581, 1814, 15, 432, 9319, 111, 17490, 51432, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 836, 799, 77419, 7, 16, 136, 70, 55609, 532, 50005, 53, 64970, 5, 360, 15700, 15426, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 4, 81887, 214, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 1919, 42732, 1295, 3786, 223, 25, 129745, 7, 4, 509, 14838, 449, 7565, 1295, 70, 199320, 7, 390, 3786, 223, 5, 1529, 77736, 100, 142, 64194, 5155, 136, 3551, 297, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 62612, 2245, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 517, 71, 100, 136, 189924, 47, 186, 10, 31347, 131346, 45211, 390, 70, 64099, 72004, 46, 142, 142, 45964, 1927, 372, 24, 4935, 47, 450, 90695, 5, 147466, 6, 70035, 7, 98363, 1919, 21, 130498, 7, 237, 70, 179804, 6620, 111, 1919, 17932, 6817, 4, 12960, 2005, 42, 30482, 4049, 21, 282, 136, 642, 344, 1295, 1919, 127319, 5, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 142297, 1779, 47, 765, 176377, 47, 68237, 223, 7103, 8035, 1119, 14, 6259, 5, 360, 142, 187, 1436, 1771, 13765, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 21647, 297, 52758, 429, 26548, 1840, 11, 100, 456, 75161, 214, 4049, 390, 20662, 604, 10, 49846, 289, 158044, 6, 42294, 86, 4, 3129, 4, 3229, 2412, 11736, 98, 442, 4, 6777, 959, 63769, 604, 47, 9157, 1257, 5, 581, 3789, 2355, 7, 32630, 71, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 47, 30646, 47, 68237, 223, 47, 2633, 604, 738, 4, 1284, 764, 128120, 71, 4, 54433, 44, 568, 765, 110, 42732, 740, 1913, 4568, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 15, 74, 136659, 10010, 33992, 74, 44, 841, 3672, 14612, 5176, 7, 18939, 83, 70, 160600, 2355, 111, 22556, 153144, 7, 4, 12924, 174796, 4, 2258, 2278, 23962, 4, 131346, 7, 1055, 4, 189997, 7, 4, 152319, 25251, 4, 68259, 474, 3432, 4, 11476, 15, 277, 16082, 4, 49903, 4, 678, 1529, 65301, 247, 136, 2741, 38938, 90, 5, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 25, 12610, 183234, 83, 48138, 4398, 5, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 509, 40101, 70, 775, 111, 3786, 223, 136, 1840, 11, 707, 764, 509, 1840, 11, 25, 7, 2831, 3220, 62976, 10821, 29041, 5, 1529, 509, 37702, 5773, 101057, 68237, 223, 390, 1919, 42732, 6637, 111, 1919, 8, 5037, 2481, 707, 4, 23, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Epithets.", "Mythology.", "Craft of Hephaestus.", "Parentage.", "Fall from Olympus.", "Return to Olympus.", "Consorts and children.", "Hephaestus and Aphrodite.", "Hephaestus and Athena.", "Volcano god.", "Other mythology.", "Symbolism.", "Comparative mythology.", "Cities and places.", "Minor planet.", "Sooty grunter.", "Stones." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenaean Greek) inscription, \"A-pa-i-ti-jo\", found at Knossos. The inscription indirectly attests his worship at that time because it is believed that it reads the theophoric name \"(H)āphaistios\", or \"Hāphaistion\". The Greek theonym \"Hēphaistos\" is most likely of Pre-Greek origin, as the form without \"-i-\" (Attic \"Hēphastos\") shows a typical Pre-Greek variation and points to an original \"s\".", "Hephaestus is given many epithets. The meaning of each epithet is:", "", "Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus, containing his workshop with anvil and twenty bellows that worked at his bidding. Hephaestus crafted much of the magnificent equipment of the gods, and almost any finely wrought metalwork imbued with powers that appears in Greek myth is said to have been forged by Hephaestus. He designed Hermes' winged helmet and sandals, the Aegis breastplate, Aphrodite's famed girdle, Agamemnon's staff of office, Achilles' armour, Diomedes' cuirass, Heracles' bronze clappers, Helios' chariot, the shoulder of Pelops, and Eros's bow and arrows. In later accounts, Hephaestus worked with the help of the Cyclopes—among them his assistants in the forge, Brontes, Steropes and Arges. Hephaestus built automatons of metal to work for him. This included tripods that walked to and from Mount Olympus. He gave to the blinded Orion his apprentice Cedalion as a guide. In some versions of the myth, Prometheus stole the fire that he gave to man from Hephaestus's forge. Hephaestus also created the gift that the gods gave to man, the woman Pandora and her pithos. Being a skilled blacksmith, Hephaestus created all the thrones in the Palace of Olympus. The Greek myths and the Homeric poems sanctified in stories that Hephaestus had a special power to produce motion. He made the golden and silver lions and dogs at the entrance of the palace of Alkinoos in such a way that they could bite the invaders. The Greeks maintained in their civilization an animistic idea that statues are in some sense alive. This kind of art and the animistic belief goes back to the Minoan period, when Daedalus, the builder of the labyrinth, made images which moved of their own accord. A statue of the god was somehow the god himself, and the image on a man's tomb indicated somehow his presence.", "In the account of Attic vase painters, Hephaestus was present at the birth of Athena and wields the axe with which he split Zeus' head to free her. In the latter account, Hephaestus is there represented as older than Athena, so the mythology of Hephaestus is inconsistent in this respect.", "In one branch of Greek mythology, Hera ejected Hephaestus from the heavens because he was \"shrivelled of foot\". He fell into the ocean and was raised by Thetis (mother of Achilles and one of the 50 Nereids) and the Oceanid Eurynome. In another account, Hephaestus, attempting to rescue his mother from Zeus' advances, was flung down from the heavens by Zeus. He fell for an entire day and landed on the island of Lemnos, where he was cared for and taught to be a master craftsman by the Sintians – an ancient tribe native to that island. Later writers describe his lameness as the consequence of his second fall, while Homer makes him lame and weak from his birth.", "Hephaestus was one of the Olympians to have returned to Olympus after being exiled. In an archaic story, Hephaestus gained revenge against Hera for rejecting him by making her a magical golden throne, which, when she sat on it, did not allow her to stand up. The other gods begged Hephaestus to return to Olympus to let her go, but he refused, saying \"I have no mother\". At last, Dionysus fetched him, intoxicated him with wine, and took the subdued smith back to Olympus on the back of a mule accompanied by revelers – a scene that sometimes appears on painted pottery of Attica and of Corinth. In the painted scenes, the padded dancers and phallic figures of the Dionysan throng leading the mule show that the procession was a part of the dithyrambic celebrations that were the forerunners of the satyr plays of fifth century Athens. The theme of the \"return of Hephaestus\", popular among the Attic vase-painters whose wares were favored among the Etruscans, may have introduced this theme to Etruria. In the vase-painters' portrayal of the procession, Hephaestus was mounted on a mule or a horse, with Dionysus holding the bridle and carrying Hephaestus' tools (including a double-headed axe). The traveller Pausanias reported seeing a painting in the temple of Dionysus in Athens, which had been built in the 5th century but may have been decorated at any time before the 2nd century CE. When Pausanias saw it, he said:", "According to most versions, Hephaestus's consort is Aphrodite, who is unfaithful to Hephaestus with a number of gods and mortals, including Ares. However, in Book XVIII of Homer's \"Iliad\", the consort of Hephaestus is a lesser Aphrodite, Charis (\"the grace\") or Aglaia (\"the glorious\") – the youngest of the Graces, as Hesiod calls her. In Athens, there is a Temple of Hephaestus, the \"Hephaesteum\" (miscalled the \"Theseum\") near the agora. An Athenian founding myth tells that the city's patron goddess, Athena, refused a union with Hephaestus. Pseudo-Apollodorus records an archaic legend, which claims that Hephaestus once attempted to rape Athena, but she pushed him away, causing him to ejaculate on her thigh. Athena wiped the semen off using a tuft of wool, which she tossed into the dust, impregnating Gaia and causing her to give birth to Erichthonius, whom Athena adopted as her own child. The Roman mythographer Hyginus records a similar story in which Hephaestus demanded Zeus to let him marry Athena since he was the one who had smashed open Zeus's skull, allowing Athena to be born. Zeus agreed to this and Hephaestus and Athena were married, but, when Hephaestus was about to consummate the union, Athena vanished from the bridal bed, causing him to ejaculate on the floor, thus impregnating Gaia with Erichthonius. On the island of Lemnos, Hephaestus' consort was the sea nymph Cabeiro, by whom he was the father of two metalworking gods named the Cabeiri. In Sicily, his consort was the nymph Aetna, and his sons were two gods of Sicilian geysers called Palici. With Thalia, Hephaestus was sometimes considered the father of the Palici. Hephaestus fathered several children with mortals and immortals alike. One of those children was the robber Periphetes. This is the full list of his consorts and children according to the various accounts: In addition, the Romans claim their equivalent god, Vulcan, to have produced the following children:", "Though married to Hephaestus, Aphrodite had an affair with Ares, the god of war. Eventually, Hephaestus discovered Aphrodite’s affair through Helios, the all-seeing Sun, and planned a trap during one of their trysts. While Aphrodite and Ares lay together in bed, Hephaestus ensnared them in an unbreakable chain-link net so small as to be invisible and dragged them to Mount Olympus to shame them in front of the other gods for retribution. The gods laughed at the sight of these naked lovers, and Poseidon persuaded Hephaestus to free them in return for a guarantee that Ares would pay the adulterer's fine. Hephaestus states in \"The Odyssey\" that he would return Aphrodite to her father and demand back his bride price. The Thebans told that the union of Ares and Aphrodite produced Harmonia. However, of the union of Hephaestus with Aphrodite, there was no issue unless Virgil was serious when he said that Eros was their child. Later authors explain this statement by saying that Eros was sired by Ares but passed off to Hephaestus as his own son. Hephaestus was somehow connected with the archaic, pre-Greek Phrygian and Thracian mystery cult of the Kabeiroi, who were also called the \"Hephaistoi\", \"the Hephaestus-men\", in Lemnos. One of the three Lemnian tribes also called themselves Hephaestion and claimed direct descent from the god.", "Hephaestus is to the male gods as Athena is to the females, for he gives skill to mortal artists and was believed to have taught men the arts alongside Athena. He was nevertheless believed to be far inferior to the sublime character of Athena. At Athens they had temples and festivals in common. Both were believed to have great healing powers, and Lemnian earth (terra Lemnia) from the spot on which Hephaestus had fallen was believed to cure madness, the bites of snakes, and haemorrhage, and priests of Hephaestus knew how to cure wounds inflicted by snakes. He was represented in the temple of Athena Chalcioecus (Athena of the Bronze House) at Sparta, in the act of delivering his mother; on the chest of Cypselus, giving Achilles's armour to Thetis; and at Athens there was the famous statue of Hephaestus by Alcamenes, in which his lameness was only subtly portrayed. The Greeks frequently placed small dwarf-like statues of Hephaestus near their hearths, and these figures are the oldest of all his representations. During the best period of Grecian art he was represented as a vigorous man with a beard, and is characterized by his hammer or some other crafting tool, his oval cap, and the chiton. Athena is sometimes thought to be \"the ‘soul-mate’ of [Hephaestus]. Yet a kind of cloudy mysteriousness shrouds their relationship; no single tradition was ever clearly established on this subject, and so what confronts us is a blurred image based on rumors and conflicting reports.\" Nonetheless, he \"seeks impetuously and passionately to make love to Athena: at the moment of climax she pushes him aside, and his semen falls to the earth where it impregnates Gaia.\"", "Hephaestus was associated by Greek colonists in southern Italy with the volcano gods Adranus (of Mount Etna) and Vulcanus of the Lipari islands. The first-century sage Apollonius of Tyana is said to have observed, \"there are many other mountains all over the earth that are on fire, and yet we should never be done with it if we assigned to them giants and gods like Hephaestus\".", "In the Trojan war, Hephaestus sided with the Greeks, but was also worshiped by the Trojans and saved one of their men from being killed by Diomedes. Hephaestus’ favourite place in the mortal world was the island of Lemnos, where he liked to dwell among the Sintians, but he also frequented other volcanic islands such as Lipara, Hiera, Imbros and Sicily, which were called his abodes or workshops. The epithets and surnames by which Hephaestus is known by the poets generally allude to his skill in the plastic arts or to his figure or lameness. The Greeks frequently placed small dwarf-like statues of Hephaestus near their hearths, and these figures are the oldest of all his representations. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis he gave a knife as a wedding present.", "Hephaestus was sometimes portrayed as a vigorous man with a beard and was characterized by his hammer or some other crafting tool, his oval cap, and the chiton. Hephaestus is described in mythological sources as \"lame\" (), and \"halting\" (). He was depicted with crippled feet and as misshapen, either from birth or as a result of his fall from Olympus. In vase paintings, Hephaestus is usually shown lame and bent over his anvil, hard at work on a metal creation, and sometimes with his feet back-to-front: \"Hephaistos amphigyēeis\". He walked with the aid of a stick. The Argonaut Palaimonius, \"son of Hephaestus\" (i.e. a bronze-smith) was also lame. Other \"sons of Hephaestus\" were the Cabeiri on the island of Samothrace, who were identified with the crab (\"karkinos\") by the lexicographer Hesychius. The adjective \"karkinopous\" (\"crab-footed\") signified \"lame\", according to Detienne and Vernant. The Cabeiri were also lame. In some myths, Hephaestus built himself a \"wheeled chair\" or chariot with which to move around, thus helping him overcome his lameness while demonstrating his skill to the other gods. In the \"Iliad\" 18.371, it is stated that Hephaestus built twenty bronze wheeled tripods to assist him in moving around. Hephaestus’s ugly appearance and lameness is taken by some to represent peripheral neuropathy and skin cancer resulting from arsenicosis caused by arsenic exposure from metalworking. Bronze age smiths added arsenic to copper to produce harder arsenical bronze, especially during periods of tin scarcity. Many Bronze Age smiths would have suffered from chronic arsenic poisoning as a result of their livelihood. Consequently, the mythic image of the lame smith is widespread. As Hephaestus was an iron-age smith, not a bronze-age smith, the connection is one from ancient folk memory.", "Parallels in other mythological systems for Hephaestus's symbolism include:", "Solinus wrote that the Lycians dedicated a city to Hephaestus and called it Hephaestia. The Hephaestia in Lemnos was named after the god. In addition, the whole island of Lemnos was sacred to Hephaestus. Pausanias wrote that the Lycians in Patara had a bronze bowl in their temple of Apollo, saying that Telephus dedicated it and Hephaestus made it. The island Thermessa, between Lipari and Sicily was also called Hiera of Hephaestus (ἱερὰ Ἡφαίστου), meaning sacred place of Hephaestus in Greek.", "The minor planet 2212 Hephaistos discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh was named in Hephaestus' honour.", "The sooty grunter (\"Hephaestus fuliginosus\"), a dark, typically sooty-coloured freshwater fish of the family Terapontidae found in northern Australia, is named after Hephaestus.", "Pliny the Elder wrote that at Corycus there was a stone which was called Hephaestitis or Hephaestus stone. According to Pliny, the stone was red and was reflecting images like a mirror, and when boiling water poured over it cooled immediately or alternatively when it placed in the sun it immediately set fire to a parched substance." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 125195, 44, 397, 219, 16735, 830, 3129, 83, 5036, 102917, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 9351, 111, 10, 127663, 289, 121000, 13, 4, 509, 100, 202032, 90, 51529, 237, 70, 19185, 75087, 18, 111, 102536, 33747, 5, 78702, 9523, 117729, 136, 5700, 43515, 15005, 2822, 47, 4049, 237, 44, 397, 219, 16735, 830, 44, 397, 219, 1010, 24683, 830, 707, 44, 397, 219, 21260, 58, 21771, 23, 70, 423, 927, 16797, 44616, 5, 1529, 66570, 181141, 1919, 6626, 120820, 237, 44, 397, 115033, 538, 11, 58, 707, 44, 397, 3366, 202, 395, 58, 23, 70, 72399, 616, 5757, 7, 5, 18763, 9351, 1902, 6863, 59665, 23, 70, 19185, 75087, 18, 111, 1919, 67373, 4, 102536, 18186, 8972, 24073, 856, 6616, 70, 60884, 58, 23, 102536, 509, 70, 17932, 148436, 67, 775, 111, 102536, 1995, 18186, 8972, 4, 2750, 509, 142, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 775, 111, 150805, 87, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 5, 102536, 10001, 1902, 23742, 70, 25849, 1728, 44, 397, 219, 8972, 58, 100, 1919, 209274, 23, 70, 81206, 111, 70, 60884, 4, 10, 126663, 135488, 19, 2481, 14037, 297, 390, 152239, 12610, 31678, 56, 748, 26729, 164, 26770, 5, 581, 81206, 111, 70, 60884, 509, 171332, 47, 1870, 1916, 70, 180, 139891, 129745, 3934, 14713, 5, 1301, 764, 509, 10332, 20174, 47, 186, 10, 25469, 13, 47, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 23, 616, 9285, 4, 1919, 1733, 111, 127319, 2806, 765, 2809, 17721, 616, 3882, 136, 616, 5016, 5, 102536, 509, 2684, 31895, 103122, 7103, 1919, 67373, 9615, 6259, 23, 11062, 8613, 75913, 23, 616, 4235, 5, 28107, 19, 133672, 123359, 1010, 33022, 7, 450, 102536, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 11062, 8613, 75913, 19, 105459, 191, 59444, 111, 602, 18651, 9511, 31, 2514, 15, 92733, 23, 70, 117604, 111, 175055, 247, 7440, 1919, 67373, 158930, 23, 10, 17262, 9, 45804, 53, 6, 34165, 18276, 1295, 616, 5016, 47, 616, 5843, 5, 18799, 4816, 1779, 135812, 102536, 25, 7, 42732, 40101, 237, 10, 76849, 707, 10, 29842, 7, 3613, 669, 111, 42814, 87, 111, 19146, 85, 3459, 4, 707, 237, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 51, 69723, 19, 5117, 58386, 5, 102536, 1995, 18186, 8972, 40, 29367, 23706, 934, 399, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 42814, 87, 112480, 11, 23, 616, 8659, 5, 6561, 111, 1919, 178727, 7, 15, 143321, 509, 31089, 71, 98, 387, 67884, 2240, 53, 616, 118628, 9498, 56, 4126, 70, 5117, 91067, 47, 345, 5416, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 67373, 136, 88, 820, 82953, 4, 102536, 100512, 10, 38516, 63043, 1236, 47, 23706, 934, 399, 5, 158895, 29505, 10001, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 4939, 7674, 273, 428, 4, 2750, 83184, 297, 10, 80399, 26548, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 23, 6088, 616, 9285, 5, 2561, 214, 92940, 111, 1919, 233, 54137, 25, 7, 6, 112199, 4, 102536, 7155, 350, 3934, 23706, 934, 399, 99, 70, 10336, 111, 142, 180, 139891, 187, 1176, 23, 102536, 5117, 9615, 6259, 23, 218960, 23, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 7103, 1919, 6817, 5, 11205, 4989, 7103, 4, 764, 109133, 47, 19146, 85, 3459, 4, 7440, 117722, 10001, 15, 31047, 67373, 25, 7, 82953, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 136, 144681, 1919, 57988, 289, 51, 11030, 16, 1902, 6, 121147, 297, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 678, 4939, 7674, 273, 428, 25, 7, 8060, 23, 70, 10, 89583, 19, 111, 616, 12977, 5, 24372, 117722, 509, 162882, 297, 390, 7948, 4830, 124188, 23, 18374, 616, 11703, 4, 117722, 25, 7, 775, 4, 56174, 4, 18738, 71, 47, 11062, 8613, 75913, 678, 102536, 47, 40, 343, 127557, 1295, 7674, 273, 428, 5, 33306, 4, 7674, 273, 428, 103876, 71, 10, 17262, 9, 46799, 581, 170420, 136, 70, 5622, 111, 102536, 25, 7, 30646, 47, 23706, 934, 399, 621, 51, 106290, 73, 5, 1529, 205491, 71, 23706, 934, 399, 678, 112465, 66, 8060, 40101, 23, 7071, 4, 20414, 707, 8055, 616, 13683, 5, 158895, 29505, 10001, 68, 71, 20271, 70, 116000, 191, 5, 102536, 9325, 1919, 5117, 1119, 18211, 31330, 237, 2292, 965, 112, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 47, 70, 71119, 3334, 7, 111, 6163, 9511, 515, 98, 209, 4233, 6328, 27417, 5, 1529, 103036, 71, 47, 59959, 2856, 23, 7225, 111, 142, 180, 139891, 116000, 191, 111, 11062, 8613, 75913, 4, 1284, 764, 2843, 221, 46526, 2363, 127557, 2174, 70, 71047, 47126, 95699, 34, 138518, 23706, 934, 399, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 31330, 4, 764, 11341, 71, 450, 44, 434, 3220, 10, 332, 707, 10, 54631, 83, 37515, 136, 113138, 764, 831, 3249, 88669, 237, 102536, 9325, 70, 114122, 6635, 6, 191145, 47, 70, 155741, 5, 24372, 4939, 7674, 273, 428, 68, 71, 98, 534, 212840, 616, 13683, 4, 1919, 88, 820, 775, 4, 239, 3827, 26253, 7674, 273, 428, 100512, 70, 84495, 73, 9, 180300, 111, 175055, 5, 1529, 61689, 5281, 102536, 111, 19441, 44, 157, 91177, 111, 47143, 214, 109208, 7844, 58, 47, 70, 60097, 111, 175055, 23, 10, 31330, 47, 70, 71119, 3334, 7, 111, 6163, 9511, 515, 4, 2843, 12989, 214, 2856, 47, 8060, 158895, 7, 26253, 10001, 25, 7, 82953, 4, 2290, 33747, 4, 26548, 102536, 5, 581, 71119, 3334, 7, 111, 126218, 8060, 297, 15700, 41903, 42, 4, 44, 11, 494, 525, 111, 70, 16554, 1779, 2750, 11782, 7, 66570, 10, 54041, 25, 7, 775, 740, 581, 21, 3055, 15, 42485, 297, 237, 102536, 25, 7, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 82953, 4, 102536, 70, 7465, 92, 16, 34739, 139355, 111, 2022, 143, 9511, 4, 3129, 1902, 114122, 1686, 538, 2809, 34658, 390, 70, 79986, 4295, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 23, 11062, 8613, 75913, 5, 154240, 187034, 16600, 15, 434, 497, 149976, 237, 10, 13673, 3031, 1294, 23, 70, 155741, 25, 7, 187, 1176, 16, 17164, 297, 450, 102536, 128120, 71, 47, 8783, 7622, 4588, 47, 70, 155741, 23, 142, 51, 16711, 47314, 6602, 5, 581, 231119, 4816, 19, 84996, 5379, 4938, 2393, 34837, 24134, 1884, 90825, 54397, 450, 102536, 1902, 165523, 47, 8783, 6, 191145, 47, 70, 155741, 100, 17262, 5369, 5, 149766, 115923, 42459, 450, 102536, 124962, 71, 70, 166, 56365, 73, 939, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 26672, 4, 30191, 4806, 1995, 4, 21771, 23, 616, 12975, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 102536, 4830, 4, 51529, 237, 102536, 70, 29128, 11, 603, 15, 1388, 707, 102536, 18186, 16735, 15, 74, 2819, 616, 3882, 18113, 1662, 162518, 64, 14546, 247, 509, 22591, 965, 112, 111, 23706, 934, 399, 17262, 20028, 17721, 616, 9285, 136, 1919, 47219, 5, 1529, 83, 27983, 90698, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 79986, 4295, 23, 23706, 934, 3378, 32692, 136, 10, 15889, 40814, 111, 16554, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Early life.", "Reigns.", "First rule.", "In exile.", "Second rule.", "Consolidation.", "Conflict with the Saxons.", "Ottoman war.", "Imprisonment in Hungary.", "Third rule and death.", "Family.", "Legacy.", "Reputation for cruelty.", "First records.", "German stories.", "Slavic stories.", "Assertion by modern standards.", "National hero.", "Vampire mythology.", "Appearance and representations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The expression \"Dracula\", which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional vampire, was for centuries known as the sobriquet of VladIII. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as \"Dracula\", \"Dracuglia\", or \"Drakula\" already in the 15thcentury. He himself signed his two letters as \"Dragulya\" or \"Drakulya\" in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the sobriquet of his father, Vlad Dracul (\"Vlad the Dragon\" in", "Vlad was the second legitimate son of Vlad II Dracul, who was an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia. VladII had won the moniker \"Dracul\" for his membership in the Order of the Dragon, a militant fraternity founded by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. The Order of the Dragon was dedicated to halting the Ottoman advance into Europe. As he was old enough to be a candidate to the throne of Wallachia in 1448, his time of birth would have been between 1428 and 1431. Vlad was most probably born after his father settled in Transylvania in 1429. Historian Radu Florescu writes that Vlad was born in the Transylvanian Saxon town of Sighișoara (then in the Kingdom of Hungary), where his father lived in a three-storey stone house from 1431 to 1435. Modern historians identify Vlad's mother either as a daughter or a kinswoman of Alexander I of Moldavia, or as his father's unknown first wife. Vlad II Dracul seized Wallachia after the death of his half-brother Alexander I Aldea in 1436. One of his charters (which was issued on 20January 1437) preserved the first reference to", "", "Upon the death of his father and elder brother, Vlad became a potential claimant to Wallachia. VladislavII of Wallachia accompanied John Hunyadi, who launched a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in September 1448. Taking advantage of his opponent's absence, Vlad broke into Wallachia at the head of an Ottoman army in", "Vlad first settled in Edirne in the Ottoman Empire after his fall. Not long after, he moved to Moldavia, where BogdanII (his father's brother-in-law and possibly his maternal uncle) had mounted the throne with John Hunyadi's support in the autumn of 1449. After Bogdan was murdered by Peter III Aaron in October 1451, Bogdan's son, Stephen, fled to Transylvania with Vlad to seek assistance from Hunyadi. However, Hunyadi concluded a three-year", "", "The circumstances and the date of Vlad's return to Wallachia are uncertain. He invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support either in April, July or August 1456. VladislavII died during the invasion. Vlad sent his first extant letter as voivode of Wallachia to the burghers of Brașov on 10September. He promised to protect them in case of an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania, but he also sought their assistance if the Ottomans occupied Wallachia. In the same letter, he stated that \"when a man or a prince is strong and powerful he can make peace as", "Vlad sent the customary tribute to the sultan. After John Hunyadi died on 11August 1456, his elder son, Ladislaus Hunyadi became the captain-general of Hungary. He accused Vlad of having \"no intention of remaining faithful\" to the king of Hungary in a letter to the burghers of Brașov, also ordering them to support VladislausII's brother, DanIII, against Vlad. The burghers of Sibiu supported another pretender, \"a priest of the Romanians who calls himself a Prince's son\". The latter (identified as Vlad's illegitimate brother, Vlad the Monk) took possession of Amlaș, which had customarily been held by the rulers of Wallachia in Transylvania.", "Konstantin Mihailović (who served as a janissary in the sultan's army) recorded that Vlad refused to pay homage to the sultan in an unspecified year. The Renaissance historian Giovanni Maria degli Angiolelli likewise wrote that Vlad had failed to pay tribute to the sultan for three years. Both records suggest that Vlad ignored the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, already in 1459, but both works were written decades after the events. Tursun Beg (a secretary in the sultan's court) stated that Vlad only turned against the Ottoman Empire when the sultan \"was away on the long expedition in Trebizon\" in 1461. According to Tursun Beg, Vlad started new negotiations with Matthias Corvinus, but the sultan was soon informed by his spies. Mehmed sent his envoy, the Greek Thomas Katabolinos (also known as Yunus bey), to Wallachia, ordering Vlad to come to Constantinople. He also sent secret instructions to Hamza, bey of Nicopolis, to capture Vlad after he crossed the Danube. Vlad found out the sultan's \"deceit and trickery\", captured Hamza and Katabolinos, and had them executed. After the execution of the Ottoman officials, Vlad gave orders in fluent Turkish to the commander of the fortress of Giurgiu to open the gates, enabling the Wallachian soldiers to break in the fortress and capture it. He invaded the Ottoman Empire, devastating the villages along the Danube. He informed Matthias Corvinus about the military action in a letter on 11February 1462. He stated that more than \"23,884 Turks and Bulgarians\" had been killed at his order during the campaign. He sought military assistance from Corvinus, declaring that he had broken the peace with the sultan \"for the honor\" of the king and the Holy Crown of Hungary and \"for the preservation of Christianity and the strengthening of the Catholic faith\". The relationship between Moldavia and Wallachia had become tense by 1462, according to a letter of the Genoese governor of Kaffa.", "Matthias Corvinus came to Transylvania in November 1462. The negotiations between Corvinus and Vlad lasted for weeks, but Corvinus did not want to wage war against the Ottoman Empire. At the king's order, his Czech mercenary commander, John Jiskra of Brandýs, captured Vlad near Rucăr in Wallachia. To provide an explanation for Vlad's imprisonment to Pope Pius II and the Venetians (who had sent money to finance a campaign against the Ottoman Empire), Corvinus presented three letters, allegedly written by Vlad on 7November 1462, to MehmedII, Mahmud Pasha, and Stephen of Moldavia. According to the letters, Vlad offered to join his forces with the sultan's army against Hungary if the sultan restored him to his throne. Most historians agree that the documents were forged to give grounds", "Matthias Corvinus recognized Vlad as the lawful prince of Wallachia, but he did not provide him military assistance to regain his principality. Vlad settled in a house in Pest. When a group of soldiers broke into the house while pursuing a thief who had tried to hide there, Vlad had their commander executed because they had not asked his permission before entering his home, according to the Slavic stories about his life. Vlad moved to Transylvania in June 1475. He wanted to settle in Sibiu and sent his envoy to the town in", "Vlad had two wives, according to modern specialists. His first wife may have been an illegitimate daughter of John Hunyadi, according to historian Alexandru Simon. Vlad's second wife was Jusztina Szilágyi, who was a cousin of Matthias Corvinus. She was the widow", "", "", "Stories about Vlad's brutal acts began circulating during his lifetime. After his arrest, courtiers of Matthias Corvinus promoted their spread. The papal legate, Niccolo Modrussiense, had already written about such stories to Pope PiusII in 1462. Two years later, the pope included them in his \"Commentaries\". The meistersinger Michael Beheim wrote a lengthy poem about Vlad's deeds, allegedly based on his conversation with a Catholic monk who had managed to escape from Vlad's prison. The poem, called \"\" (\"Story of a Despot Called Dracula, Voievod of Wallachia\") Matei Cazacu, was performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in Wiener Neustadt during the winter of 1463. According to one", "Works containing the stories about Vlad's cruelty were published in Low German in the Holy Roman Empire before 1480. The stories were allegedly written in the early 1460s, because they describe Vlad's campaign across the Danube in early 1462, but they do not refer to MehmedII's invasion of Wallachia in June of the same year. They provide a detailed narration of the conflicts between Vlad and the Transylvanian Saxons, showing that they originated \"in the literary minds of the Saxons\". The stories about Vlad's plundering raids in Transylvania were clearly based on an eyewitness account, because they contain accurate details (including the lists of the churches destroyed by Vlad and the dates of the raids). They describe", "There are more than twenty manuscripts (written between the 15th and 18th centuries) which preserved the text of the \"Skazanie o Drakule voievode\" (The Tale about Voivode Dracula). The manuscripts were written in Russian, but they copied a text that had originally been recorded in a South Slavic language, because they contain expressions alien to the Russian language but used in South Slavic idioms (such as \"diavol\" for \"evil\"). The original text was written in Buda between 1482 and 1486. The nineteen anecdotes in the \"Skazanie\" are longer than the German stories about Vlad. They", "The mass murders that Vlad carried out indiscriminately and brutally would most likely amount to acts of genocide and war crimes by current standards. Romanian defense minister Ioan Mircea Pașcu asserted that Vlad would have been condemned for crimes against humanity had he been put on trial at Nuremberg.", "The \"Cantacuzino Chronicle\" was the first Romanian historical work to record a tale about Vlad the Impaler, narrating the impalement of the old boyars of Târgoviște for the murder of his brother, Dan. The chronicle added that Vlad forced the young boyars and their wives and children to build the Poienari Castle. The legend of the Poienari Castle was mentioned in 1747 by NeofitI, Metropolitan of Ungro–Wallachia, who complemented it with the story of Meșterul Manole, who allegedly walled in his bride to prevent the crumbling of the walls of the castle during the building project. In the early 20th century,", "The stories about Vlad made him the best-known medieval ruler of the Romanian lands in Europe. However, Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\", which was published in 1897, was the first book to make a connection between Dracula and vampirism. Stoker had his attention drawn to the blood-sucking vampires of Romanian folklore by Emily Gerard's article about Transylvanian superstitions (published in 1885). His limited knowledge about the medieval history of Wallachia came from William Wilkinson's book entitled \"Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them\",", "Pope Pius II's legate, Niccolò Modrussa, painted the only extant description of Vlad, whom he had met in Buda. A copy of Vlad's portrait has been featured in the \"monster portrait gallery\" in the Ambras Castle at Innsbruck. The picture depicts \"a strong, cruel, and somehow tortured man\" with \"large, deep-set, dark green, and penetrating eyes\", according to Florescu. The color of Vlad's hair cannot be determined, because Modrussa mentions that Vlad was black-haired, while the portrait seems to show that he had fair hair. The picture depicts Vlad with a large lower lip. Vlad's bad reputation in the German-speaking territories can be detected in a number of Renaissance paintings. He was portrayed among the witnesses of Saint Andrew's martyrdom in a 15th-century painting, displayed in the Belvedere in Vienna. A figure similar to Vlad is one of the witnesses of Christ in the Calvary in a chapel of the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8022, 87590, 47582, 5761, 509, 103122, 23, 195616, 23, 32629, 2317, 65978, 16428, 19, 4, 5036, 51529, 237, 6438, 12083, 434, 157, 9, 1511, 71, 6903, 170, 4, 23, 61187, 56, 15432, 66677, 15, 92733, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 55386, 7, 3478, 4, 5036, 10, 2831, 111, 164111, 194, 18763, 27863, 3542, 12452, 136, 24479, 47582, 5761, 4, 2750, 13028, 10, 3018, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 1301, 10, 156206, 4, 47582, 5761, 1902, 10, 216473, 111, 8035, 5078, 184, 678, 70, 85027, 5, 67053, 214, 23, 166304, 4, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 54427, 10696, 136, 7068, 4, 23, 186868, 4, 70, 5120, 72460, 23, 6499, 7, 17697, 100, 3129, 764, 1902, 4734, 3059, 538, 115081, 70, 7002, 151138, 42276, 5, 47582, 5761, 1902, 34844, 3387, 126596, 214, 66570, 47, 1919, 3525, 206990, 7, 23, 70, 26349, 5, 1529, 158930, 4, 33233, 678, 1919, 82953, 25075, 4, 23, 10, 208806, 11675, 9, 34695, 9836, 45443, 214, 18276, 8108, 90791, 45314, 9966, 678, 10, 65604, 5, 1529, 13028, 3934, 44402, 678, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 10696, 5, 92437, 272, 756, 70, 81113, 7432, 111, 70, 148729, 136, 70, 11522, 39734, 111, 1919, 110, 2661, 18507, 120126, 5, 18763, 2837, 5062, 136, 183851, 202711, 3129, 93544, 4049, 1295, 29966, 214, 18507, 4, 12441, 47, 1919, 19441, 47, 119140, 1919, 5117, 6602, 5, 9578, 1733, 4, 764, 21449, 47, 77947, 6499, 7, 17697, 6637, 111, 70, 54591, 47, 19922, 70, 6, 104241, 5, 360, 70, 31576, 111, 153459, 4, 47582, 5761, 25737, 70, 5120, 72460, 47, 30698, 6, 177849, 98, 1919, 51, 11030, 25, 7, 40617, 23, 91372, 21882, 15, 160351, 105605, 16857, 434, 10926, 41074, 2822, 23445, 13, 23, 527, 10593, 345, 549, 73, 4, 164111, 194, 24372, 10, 6602, 136, 10, 23552, 4, 49903, 4, 764, 1902, 47, 36356, 5773, 1919, 23189, 5, 1529, 509, 959, 72761, 538, 133888, 100, 70, 4488, 136, 764, 1902, 10, 18264, 297, 10, 6897, 9, 927, 1283, 67, 592, 32386, 10, 379, 674, 450, 63134, 71, 4049, 100, 70, 11737, 214075, 21775, 5, 24372, 764, 165523, 47, 27875, 142, 93324, 42805, 42276, 100, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 126140, 4, 47582, 5761, 30957, 297, 70, 152319, 3408, 10696, 99, 70, 25674, 4713, 136, 196420, 43315, 19188, 23, 6499, 7, 17697, 23, 109969, 5, 8622, 764, 435, 57995, 80231, 2750, 100512, 10, 6897, 10617, 34391, 5, 1529, 509, 142458, 20102, 14700, 2118, 71, 100, 44, 771, 748, 123166, 136, 23, 129980, 45083, 110343, 4, 58, 1284, 69405, 19574, 590, 3674, 98, 70, 67330, 2320, 111, 70, 152319, 748, 136, 43552, 12452, 11453, 1708, 5, 47582, 5761, 25737, 70, 10696, 23, 156999, 5, 1326, 1919, 82953, 25, 7, 81141, 4, 764, 54397, 10, 16610, 11301, 4, 44, 92314, 7438, 7079, 109833, 214, 830, 3129, 509, 51339, 297, 98, 70, 17431, 8108, 5, 22376, 99, 70, 81141, 4, 764, 435, 70, 14799, 112, 25, 7, 114015, 4, 24479, 19669, 1151, 5761, 5, 10660, 100512, 23410, 538, 81810, 71, 136, 2412, 80723, 8060, 214, 4049, 53477, 538, 4, 3129, 225081, 4049, 47, 9842, 10, 49345, 111, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 82575, 53, 32692, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 845, 76, 4, 3129, 764, 33662, 569, 18, 5, 24372, 764, 25737, 845, 76, 4, 24479, 82466, 71, 10, 170027, 66, 24745, 4, 3129, 764, 1379, 188, 685, 678, 1919, 82953, 25075, 5, 8622, 764, 68872, 47, 9615, 133, 23, 51651, 237, 10, 152319, 748, 4, 1284, 678, 10176, 36272, 5, 18763, 81887, 47, 137633, 66570, 237, 2831, 111, 51651, 25, 7, 30839, 1119, 95543, 2182, 26908, 2843, 165523, 136, 1919, 21334, 26580, 53, 152319, 3408, 111, 10, 30839, 1631, 4726, 42, 3365, 127966, 71, 5, 47582, 5761, 176377, 242980, 47, 102126, 4, 7440, 764, 80723, 10, 59335, 13629, 660, 99, 70, 25674, 62903, 23, 151393, 8108, 86595, 47, 35187, 32692, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 10271, 5, 51404, 2685, 4, 764, 30396, 3674, 1919, 33946, 7, 47, 70, 6, 104241, 43257, 3501, 47, 1919, 96335, 5, 360, 145081, 764, 109133, 47, 152080, 56, 19567, 23, 15432, 66677, 5, 47582, 5761, 139505, 24479, 581, 14, 1151, 5761, 23, 9552, 53574, 202, 98, 190, 4347, 143359, 5, 360, 20414, 4, 1836, 34739, 2363, 80493, 59533, 47, 80174, 1409, 33233, 678, 25075, 136, 1919, 58386, 4, 24479, 25, 7, 114015, 4, 181010, 5, 10660, 36997, 71, 70, 90695, 111, 72483, 118435, 13, 4, 3129, 2806, 24209, 10, 40304, 10267, 1283, 18, 111, 47582, 5761, 25, 7, 5, 88949, 70, 26349, 1831, 15044, 56, 297, 8022, 87590, 25, 7, 32386, 7, 4, 70, 24941, 66933, 70, 5117, 22759, 5369, 111, 2363, 129570, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 1004, 92, 1679, 4, 7440, 2363, 17262, 775, 7, 3542, 103122, 5, 360, 145810, 4, 1836, 109133, 47, 79602, 19, 13593, 23, 10271, 5, 8622, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 6083, 1419, 82575, 53, 11938, 44, 397, 474, 206, 830, 3129, 99201, 54940, 27060, 17038, 27391, 2566, 2921, 34, 136, 96513, 335, 9567, 7560, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 764, 80723, 47, 33022, 5, 18763, 5117, 4488, 509, 10, 44, 157, 2601, 48242, 35187, 58, 44, 218723, 289, 669, 19669, 583, 58, 23, 142399, 5, 18763, 5117, 11301, 4, 44, 6766, 89700, 7550, 58944, 830, 509, 5117, 36541, 71, 23, 145810, 4, 8951, 297, 390, 71047, 6163, 18337, 5, 1650, 33428, 3674, 70, 6083, 48242, 112664, 23, 5744, 30839, 163136, 5, 1650, 509, 134629, 390, 44, 3957, 154807, 29203, 2320, 58, 7435, 108504, 4, 44, 15363, 86, 538, 41021, 58, 7435, 111885, 136, 44, 3957, 1401, 11, 7864, 58, 7435, 129524, 4, 10, 113138, 23134, 8, 18695, 1916, 70, 9588, 214, 111, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 642, 11, 7864, 23, 543, 12465, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 83, 2965, 51529, 50782, 111, 102126, 5, 18763, 4488, 2843, 99201, 1380, 34204, 4, 26719, 44, 78457, 14507, 6261, 34734, 2676, 1507, 58, 7435, 111885, 136, 44, 3957, 873, 11, 814, 1311, 257, 58, 7435, 121387, 5, 360, 154140, 4, 764, 2843, 34739, 215542, 94037, 13, 1784, 118940, 92, 237, 1919, 100306, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 2046, 3060, 62488, 4, 24479, 109133, 47, 70, 7082, 678, 2363, 775, 7, 5, 47582, 5761, 133888, 70, 5117, 92265, 23718, 111, 1919, 11301, 44, 3957, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8022, 87590, 67538, 12452, 47582, 5761, 15, 74, 423, 7582, 195616, 46, 305, 18237, 41906, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 77557, 1419, 136, 21261, 1419, 5, 1529, 83, 54529, 297, 54940, 70, 2684, 5526, 8891, 23962, 111, 82575, 53, 6083, 8780, 4, 21208, 764, 78779, 297, 3789, 20623, 7, 3934, 1919, 4488, 237, 5299, 5, 1529, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 23, 62977, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Childhood and youth.", "Studies and life as a sculptor.", "Marriage and beginning as a writer.", "Recognition and World War I.", "Representative poet of Germany.", "The Nazi era.", "Death.", "Funeral.", "Work.", "Influences.", "Naturalism.", "Critical reception.", "Publications.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Gerhart Hauptmann was born in 1862 in Obersalzbrunn, now known as Szczawno-Zdrój, in Lower Silesia (then a part of the Kingdom of Prussia, now a part of Poland). His parents were Robert and Marie Hauptmann, who ran a hotel in the area. As a youth, Hauptmann had a reputation of being loose with the truth. Beginning in 1868, he attended the village school and then, in 1874, the Realschule in Breslau for which he had only barely passed the qualifying exam. Hauptmann had difficulties adjusting himself to his new surroundings in the city. He lived, along with his brother Carl, in a somewhat run-down student boarding house before finding lodging with a pastor. He ran into problems with the Prussian-influenced school. Above all the strictness of the teachers and the better treatment of his noble classmates. His dislike and numerous illness which kept him from attending class, led to his having to repeat his first year. Over time, he came to appreciate Breslau because of the opportunity to visit the theater. In the spring of 1878, Hauptmann left the Realschule to learn agriculture on his uncle's farm in Lohnig (today Łagiewniki Średzkie in Gmina Udanin, Poland). After a year and a half, however, he had to break off his training. He was not physically prepared for the work and he had a contracted a life-threatening lung ailment that troubled him for the next twenty months.", "After he failed to pass an officer entry exam for the Prussian Army, Hauptmann entered the sculpture school at the Royal Art and Vocational School in Breslau in 1880. There he met Josef Block who became a lifelong friend. He was temporarily expelled for \"poor behavior and insufficient diligence,\" but quickly reinstated on the recommendation of the sculptor and Professor Robert Härtel. Hauptmann left the school in 1882. For his brother's wedding, he wrote a short play, \"Liebesfrühling\", which was performed on the night before. Also at the wedding, he met the bride's sister, Marie Thienemann. They became secretly engaged and she began supporting him financially, which enabled him to begin a semester of philosophy and literary history at the University of Jena, which he soon quit. After he left Jena, Marie financed a Mediterranean trip, which he undertook with his brother Carl. There he decided to settle in Rome as a sculptor, but with little success. His attempt to establish himself as part of Rome's German expatriate community also failed and his large clay sculpture of a German warrior collapsed. Hauptmann returned disappointed to Germany, where he began a brief stint at the Royal Academy in Dresden before beginning to study history at the University of Berlin. While there, he devoted his interests to the theater rather than to his studies. In 1891 he moved to Schreiberhau in Silesia.", "Hauptmann married Marie Theienemann in Radebeul on 5 May 1885. In July, they took their honeymoon to Rügen along with Carl and his wife, Marie's sister, Martha. They visited the island of Hiddensee, which would become a favorite retreat of Hauptmann's. Because the city air bothered Gerhart's lungs, the couple spent the first four years of their marriage in the town of Erkner, where their three sons were born. In 1889, they moved to Charlottenburg in Berlin. There he joined the naturalist literary club \"Durch\", which included among others Karl Bleibtreu and Wilhelm Bölsche. During this period he began to write. His first work was a \"novelistic study\" \"Signalman Thiel\" in 1888. His first play, \"Before Sunrise\", was first staged in 1889, directed by Otto Brahm. It inaugurated the naturalistic movement in modern German literature. It was followed by \"The Reconciliation\" (1890), \"Lonely People\" (1891) and \"The Weavers\" (1892), a powerful drama depicting the rising of the Silesian weavers in 1844, for which he is best known outside of Germany. His work also included comedies, including \"Colleague Crampton\" (1891) and \"The Beaver Coat\" (1893). In 1893, he also took actress Margarete Marschalk as his lover. In order to get some distance, Marie moved to the US with their sons. Hauptmann prepared the first French performance of his play \"The Assumption of Hannele\" and then went after Marie, without even staying for the premiere. The rift, however, was not to be bridged. After several years of separation, the marriage was ended in July, 1904. However, Marie continued to live in the villa Hauptmann had built in Dresden.", "From 1901, Hauptmann lived with Margarete Marschalk in Agnetendorf (today Jagniątków in Poland). He called it \"\"the mystical protective sheathing of my soul\"\". In the preceding year, Margarete had born him a son, Benvenuto. In September 1904, they were married; this second marriage lasted until his death, though it was thrown into a serious crisis in 1905 and 1906 by his affair with a 16-year-old actress, Ida Orloff. In 1910, Hauptmann's first novel was published, \"The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint\", which told the story of a wandering preacher who mixed sun worship and Christianity together. His 1912 novel, \"Atlantis\", became the basis for a Danish silent film of the same name. The novel was written one month before the RMS \"Titanic\" disaster, and the film's 1913 release was less than one year after the event. The storyline for both involved a romance aboard a doomed ocean liner, and the similarity to the disaster became obvious. This coincidental untimeliness caused the film to be banned in Norway, due to perceived insensitivity. Nevertheless, excited by the possibilities of this new medium, Hauptmann wrote several screenplays (e.g. Appolonius of Tyre), none of which was ever filmed. Around the turn of the century, Hauptmann began to receive official recognition. Three times he was awarded the Austrian Franz-Grillparzer-Preis. He also received honorary doctorates from Worcester College at Oxford in 1905 and from the University of Leipzig in 1909. In 1912, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature \"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art\", after he had been nominated in that year by Erich Schmidt, member of the Prussian Academy of Science. Kaiser Wilhelm II, however, did not care for the \"social democratic\" poet. He vetoed the awarding of the 1896 Schiller Preis (for \"The Assumption of Hannele\") and at the instigation of his son, Crown Prince Wilhelm, in 1913, a Breslau production of Hauptmann's play \"Commemoration Masque\" (\"Festspiel in deutschen Reimen\") was canceled, because in it the hundredth anniversary of the Liberation of Germany from Napoleon was depicted with a pacifistic rather than patriotic tone. However, the very same Hauptmann who had criticized militarism in the \"Masque\", the very next year was among those who supported the war. Hauptmann signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, a manifesto signed by 93 German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions at the beginning of World War I. He published supportive poems (many of which read as unintentional satires and which he later crossed out in the manuscript). In 1915, Wilhelm II awarded him the Order of the Red Eagle, Fourth Class. After Germany's military defeat and the fall of the monarchy, Hauptmann fled to the pacifist colony Monte Verità in near Locarno, Switzerland. Several years later, he wrote \"Till Eulenspiegel\", a poetic memorial to Hans Paasche, the pacifist and reformer who was assassinated by ultra-nationalists.", "In 1918, he joined a declaration, signed by a number of German intellectuals and published in the \"Berliner Tageblatt\" newspaper, showing solidarity with the Republic. During the early years of the republic, he was considered as a candidate for the Reichspräsident and offered the position of Reichskanzler, which he turned down. In the following years, he was the first recipient of the Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches (The Eagle Shield of the German Reich) an award for scholarly or artistic achievement. During this period, the demand for Hauptmann's work had declined, to the point where, in order to maintain his lifestyle, he had begun to do films and serializations. Despite this, he continued to enjoy popularity. He was seen abroad as the representative of German Literature. In 1932, in honor of the centenary of Goethe's death, he went on a lecture tour of the United States and was awarded and honorary doctorate from Columbia University. In addition he was awarded the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt am Main. On his 70th birthday, he was awarded several honorary citizenships. There were countless exhibitions and performances of his work, many with well-known performers. Max Reinhardt played the lead in the premiere of Hauptmann's new play \"Before Sunset.\" From 1926-43, Hauptmann summered with his family in Hiddensee.", "After the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Hauptmann signed a loyalty oath of the German Academy of Literature, a section of the Prussian Academy of Arts. In the summer of the same year, according to writer and historian Ernst Klee, he applied for membership in the Nazi party but his application was denied by the regional party office. Hauptmann's copy of \"Mein Kampf\", which can now be found in the Hauptmann collection at the Berlin State Library, was also heavily annotated. He regarded himself as being fundamentally a poet, above the political fray; and certainly nothing from the Nazi ideology was incorporated into his works. However, he had earlier been a founding member of the eugenics organization the German Society for Racial Hygiene, in Berlin in 1905, and his play \"Before Sunrise\" is deeply concerned with hereditary alcoholism, a popular idea with eugenicists, and the main character rejects his fiancée due to concerns about his potential children's genetics. Because Hauptmann remained highly regarded by the German people, the Nazis did everything to keep him from leaving the country, despite the emigration of many of his colleagues. At times he suffered from official disapproval. The censors of the Propaganda Minister Goebbels kept an eye on Hauptmann's work and even banned a new edition of his novella \"The Shot in the Park\" because it featured a black character. Hauptmann was told that reprinting was impossible because of a paper shortage. The film versions of \"The Beaver Coat\" and \"Before Sunrise\" were censored, and the film adaptation of \"Schluck and Jau\" was banned. For Hauptmann's 80th birthday, in 1942, representatives of the Nazi regime cooperated with honors, celebrations, and celebratory performances. Hauptmann was presented by his publisher with the first copy of his 17-volume Complete Works. Hauptmann lived through the end of World War II at his house, Wiesenstein. In 1944, he published his Atreus Tetralogy, which he had been working on for four years. It comprises \"Iphigenia in Delphi\", \"Iphigenia in Aulis\", \"Agamemnon's Death\", and \"Electra\". In 1944, Hauptmann's name was included in the Gottbegnadeten list (the \"God-gifted list\"), a list of artists considered crucial to the German culture, who were therefore exempt from mobilization in the war effort. He was one of the six most important writers in the special list of the \"irreplaceable artists.\". During the bombing of Dresden, Hauptmann was staying at a Dresden sanatorium due to severe pneumonia. He said of the inferno, \"Whoever had forgotten how to cry learned again at the destruction of Dresden. I stand at the end of my life and envy my dead comrades, who were spared this experience.\" After the war, Silesia, where Hauptmann was living, became part of Poland, but Hauptmann was temporarily allowed to stay due to a letter of protection. Then, on April 7, 1946, he was informed by the Soviet military authorities that the Polish government was insisting on his resettlement. Before his expulsion, he became very ill.", "At the beginning of May 1946, Hauptmann learned that the Polish government was insisting on the expulsion of all Germans without exception. On 6 June, he died of bronchitis in Agnieszków (present-day Jagniątków, a part of \"Hirschberg im Riesengebirge\", now Jelenia Góra). His last words were reported to be, \"Am I still in my house?\" Despite his final wishes, as expressed in his last will, Hauptmann was not buried at his home. An official letter from the Soviet Administration in favor of the writer, who was highly regarded in the Soviet Union, proved ineffective, though the family was permitted to take its belongings. Only an hour after his death, the local militia had gathered outside the window directly under his deathbed and banging pots and pans and blowing whistles and trumpets.", "At a funeral service held in Stralsund, near Hauptmann's summer home on Hiddensee island, Wilhelm Pieck, then co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany spoke, along with poet Johannes R. Becher, and Soviet official Sergei Ivanovich Tiulpanov all spoke. On the morning of 28 July, 52 days after his death, he was buried before sunrise at the cemetery in Hiddensee. His widow mixed a small sack earth from the Riesengebirge/Karkonosze Mountains (Krkonoše) in Silesia with the sandy soil of the Baltic coast where he was buried. In 1951, a granite block was unveiled as the grave stone. It bore, as per Hauptmann's wish, only his name. In 1983, his wife Margarete's remains were moved to lie beside her husband's, though she had died in 1957.", "", "Hauptmann first encountered the various representatives of the naturalist movement through the avant-garde society \"Durch\" in 1885, which was an important influence. The society hearkened back to historical examples from the Sturm und Drang movement, especially the circle centered on the Hart Brothers up until the Vormärz period before the revolutions of 1848. At their meetings, aesthetic questions about idealism, Realism and the naturalist movement were discussed. Hauptmann gave a lecture about the theretofore largely forgotten poet and dramatist Georg Büchner. With that, he also established his naturalistic orientation. At the end of the 1880s, he was confronted with the incipient anti-socialist movement. The first of the Anti-Socialist Laws was passed in 1878 and strengthened in 1887. Hauptmann was in 1887 as called before the court in Breslau, because he had been a follower of the \"Icharians,\" whose ideas hearkened back to the ideas of French communist Etienne Cabet. He sought refuge in his brother's house in Zurich in order to avoid prosecution. While there he encountered psychiatrist August Forel and the preacher Johannes Guttzeit, whose ideas influenced \"Before Sunrise\". Hauptmann's early dream of a utopian-socialist community were further fed by his encounter with the poet Gusto Gräser, whose communal colony Hauptmann would visit several times in 1919. The story \"The Heretic of Soana\", the novel \"The Fool in Christ Emmanuel Quint\", and the final chapter of \"Till Eulenspiegel\" deal with his experience of a Dionysian-Jesuanic itinerant prophet.", "Hauptmann began producing naturalistic works in Zurich. From there, he sent the manuscript of \"Bahnwärter Thiel,\" his first naturalistic work, to Munich to be read by the critic Michael Georg Conrad. Hauptmann's 1889 play \"Before Sunrise\" caused one of the largest scandals in German theater history. The bourgeois audience was shocked by the frank depictions of alcoholism and sexuality. According to Franz-Josef Payrhuber, \"Before Sunrise\" was an epoch-making work, but it is not the representative example of naturalistic drama, that label would go to Die Familie Selicke by Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf. Hauptmann however did have an important role, with the support of Otto Brahm, in establishing naturalistic drama on the German stage. Theaters under Brahm's leadership premiered 17 of Hauptmann's plays. Those plays, and the numerous performances across Germany, gave Naturalism its first broad exposure and social impact. With his most important play, \"The Weavers\", which he had already been contemplating during his stay in Zurich, Hauptmann achieved world renown and reached the high point of his Naturalistic phase.", "Hauptmann's early work received differing reviews. Conservative circles and also the government were not excited about his socially critical dramas, which made itself felt through censorship. His position in the opposition raised his profile in progressive, intellectual circles, which appreciated these aspects of his work. After many naturalistic-influenced works, Hauptmann's style changed and he grew increasingly well-received among the educated and upper classes. Nevertheless, he was still in demand as a writer and was regarded abroad as the representative poet of Germany. The Hungarian philosopher and literature critic, Georg Lukacs later called Hauptmann the \"representative poet of bourgeois Germany,\" by which he did not mean to underscore Hauptmann's prominent position. Rather, he expressed displeasure with Hauptmann's fickleness and lack of attachment to his \"revolutionary beginnings.\" Despite his preeminence, the sale of his works steadily declined as other poets and playwrights took the spotlight. Hauptmann had taken up a lavish lifestyle, lived in expensive hotels, often received guests, and took trips to Italy. He summered in his large house on the Hiddensee, that Günter Kunert called a \"do-it-yourself Olympia.\" Thomas Mann referred to this lavish lifestyle when he called him in 1922 the \"King of the Republic.\" Mann met Hauptmann at an Alpine resort and wrote to his brother, \"I hobnob every evening with Hauptmann, who is a really good fellow.\" In addition Mann adapted some of Hauptmann's traits for his character Mynheer Peeperkorn in his book \"The Magic Mountain\". When Hauptmann continued to live in Germany after the Nazis came to power, they attempted to use Hauptmann for their own purposes. Various works that displeased the party leaders were banned but others continued to be performed. At his 80th birthday, in 1942 he was honored by the government with a festival and tributes, which he accepted. Hauptmann's ebb-and-flow character was highlighted in William L. Shirer's \"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\". Shirer offered in a first-person account: After his death, the fame he had enjoyed in life began to fade. His reputation was further diminished by his uncritical attitude toward the Nazis. Nevertheless, centenary celebrations were held in many German cities in 1962, and his works continued to be performed on West German stages into the 1970s, especially \"Der Biberpelz\" and \"Die Ratten\".", "Novels Short novels Verse novels Plays In English translation", "General references" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 48752, 289, 3173, 7, 15, 16741, 31648, 16, 111, 13864, 391, 32316, 5, 581, 6626, 13036, 3173, 7, 621, 13864, 391, 707, 37443, 6827, 318, 2875, 929, 4, 136, 13864, 391, 707, 681, 133, 6827, 318, 2875, 929, 74, 13864, 391, 15490, 10, 1614, 32032, 15005, 7, 47, 40101, 391, 707, 391, 707, 15044, 5, 32255, 621, 51529, 143849, 538, 237, 97377, 2875, 929, 5, 37388, 391, 509, 165045, 538, 62816, 29367, 23, 66426, 5, 360, 61540, 4, 581, 36457, 13864, 391, 93447, 1486, 97377, 3996, 929, 2450, 1636, 6863, 333, 109622, 93425, 390, 6, 128239, 47, 70, 13864, 391, 137376, 15, 856, 23498, 247, 3129, 83, 7893, 538, 105866, 23, 70, 315, 11030, 14, 111, 30388, 38750, 7, 5, 581, 6, 128239, 111, 97377, 3996, 929, 47, 70, 310, 23498, 114864, 70, 310, 23498, 47, 27992, 237, 10, 30334, 59478, 31461, 450, 17055, 63614, 70, 22293, 125195, 111, 6181, 21308, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 14107, 62655, 910, 136, 6510, 89817, 73, 247, 3129, 621, 75412, 23, 97377, 316, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 23, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 5, 581, 13864, 391, 137376, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 72249, 137376, 1601, 212122, 111, 109049, 64, 29178, 63964, 133818, 137376, 7, 4, 136, 310, 23498, 7, 621, 36510, 297, 390, 38750, 7, 23, 2684, 7484, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 78574, 4, 26498, 4, 21722, 4, 738, 9169, 7, 4, 72725, 13, 4, 136, 57262, 5, 310, 23498, 34704, 1363, 23, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 4, 32881, 4, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 136, 121, 29178, 63964, 706, 1760, 38750, 7, 37105, 7, 47, 70, 121097, 111, 97377, 316, 136, 6, 134208, 139006, 223, 90926, 23, 70, 59714, 15, 76228, 70, 127557, 111, 121, 29178, 63964, 133818, 136, 97377, 188, 694, 16, 136, 47, 893, 25902, 3674, 1632, 96090, 3395, 214574, 621, 40101, 13864, 391, 23, 129980, 707, 104, 110410, 5, 62, 68, 18, 678, 23, 129980, 13864, 391, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 23, 134588, 67, 4262, 197826, 113660, 13864, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 48752, 13, 13864, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 23, 20020, 113660, 1427, 27853, 7, 4, 10, 32977, 33, 214, 136, 642, 28088, 592, 111, 32881, 7, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 41207, 70997, 23, 70, 126809, 8999, 5, 37388, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 83, 14037, 214574, 23, 70, 88, 820, 538, 136, 47143, 7, 39210, 23, 20020, 136, 116127, 5, 262, 11044, 33, 2408, 50339, 23, 566, 109637, 297, 32881, 23911, 47691, 136, 32881, 82649, 3129, 37105, 7, 47, 32881, 9, 61306, 33, 214, 70997, 7, 4, 26719, 1427, 27853, 7, 23, 20020, 136, 128204, 23695, 1883, 23, 116127, 5, 61187, 59714, 97377, 44571, 34837, 39695, 9, 180220, 50878, 9, 81461, 391, 16, 831, 16750, 1295, 71864, 214, 70, 4262, 5, 873, 214, 104, 110410, 23, 13864, 391, 831, 22304, 143232, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 25969, 1294, 97377, 316, 47, 6817, 47, 31140, 5, 14847, 959, 104, 110410, 4, 142, 11651, 56104, 57622, 7, 17721, 42698, 72769, 5, 94069, 7831, 4, 10, 29041, 44462, 70997, 4, 83, 62816, 29367, 390, 48793, 48141, 75678, 136, 32977, 4, 642, 344, 4, 8, 5037, 297, 4989, 32881, 7, 450, 1585, 71, 136, 6, 84201, 1379, 2363, 57888, 237, 20020, 4034, 47, 35691, 5, 94069, 7831, 205794, 135179, 17721, 138, 136, 543, 21775, 111, 32070, 5, 43731, 7, 21342, 47, 186, 113771, 23, 23924, 15672, 136, 3789, 65925, 6, 108210, 10484, 136, 83, 102917, 538, 51592, 23, 57262, 44571, 145048, 136, 8382, 678, 1011, 1728, 21722, 27140, 17514, 5, 3293, 35431, 83, 62816, 29367, 390, 6, 84201, 6049, 7, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 143434, 390, 97377, 316, 707, 6, 134208, 139006, 223, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 92635, 111, 13864, 391, 74, 18925, 4, 442, 83, 21334, 538, 14037, 23, 27226, 9, 73, 45738, 76726, 23, 36941, 4, 14237, 4, 707, 70, 102256, 24453, 136, 23, 8382, 678, 101412, 171986, 7, 6044, 237, 74189, 81461, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 1427, 27853, 7, 5, 102524, 6236, 13864, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 1543, 22304, 645, 18, 32881, 70997, 1295, 8108, 127319, 136, 566, 109637, 674, 111, 32881, 31897, 7103, 127319, 5, 191699, 289, 1427, 27853, 7, 32316, 7, 23, 76726, 678, 108938, 6602, 9, 67688, 4262, 20016, 6044, 237, 72620, 136, 831, 74918, 15490, 13864, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 106073, 1427, 27853, 7, 136, 128204, 23695, 1883, 621, 5036, 41207, 23, 70, 17274, 4, 1810, 70751, 7, 765, 73659, 23, 3060, 226535, 23695, 1883, 83, 10, 70997, 23, 116127, 450, 50339, 1295, 13864, 391, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 5, 21656, 58967, 3679, 41637, 111, 903, 70997, 621, 32977, 33, 214, 111, 70, 32881, 7, 4, 105207, 47, 186, 33770, 111, 70, 25927, 13, 4, 337, 14775, 111, 70, 6049, 7, 4, 235511, 141, 123635, 642, 344, 7432, 4, 32881, 119371, 2481, 4, 136, 124735, 10512, 100, 588, 238, 54889, 5, 226535, 23695, 1883, 34390, 7, 97377, 316, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 136, 51312, 7, 97377, 316, 86669, 1295, 32881, 4, 3129, 51312, 7, 70, 10512, 100, 32881, 588, 238, 54889, 5, 226535, 23695, 1883, 83, 56104, 13379, 3229, 22911, 180220, 50878, 81461, 391, 90926, 621, 40715, 3501, 1672, 209, 449, 64, 39, 866, 5, 106073, 70, 93425, 111, 128204, 23695, 1883, 621, 17569, 47, 162466, 47, 184843, 8014, 42779, 145482, 289, 24503, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 237400, 272, 77950, 111, 92319, 13864, 391, 90926, 23, 184843, 24503, 134729, 1314, 707, 450, 107506, 2320, 747, 3459, 1636, 184843, 351, 159975, 8014, 42779, 145482, 289, 24503, 5, 49721, 9, 140548, 297, 3395, 38043, 23, 79197, 2182, 153552, 7, 765, 2809, 127887, 47, 765, 27226, 13864, 391, 90926, 1284, 70, 12330, 3956, 111, 903, 83, 959, 24233, 5, 49721, 9, 140548, 297, 3395, 621, 40715, 93766, 99, 20662, 13864, 391, 6637, 209224, 2320, 678, 13864, 391, 83, 10, 215543, 55300, 100, 56282, 214, 707, 85689, 214, 1427, 27853, 7, 5, 581, 93425, 111, 13864, 391, 107506, 2320, 98, 351, 9, 7, 145482, 289, 16227, 621, 51, 106290, 73, 5, 62, 1210, 8347, 6777, 959, 7413, 2499, 21543, 1295, 107506, 2320, 98, 70, 121297, 111, 351, 9, 7, 145482, 289, 70997, 4, 3789, 3501, 10, 219017, 227204, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 37388, 391, 83, 10, 21115, 111, 19780, 9, 62630, 2661, 40, 587, 139629, 7, 102778, 100, 118055, 143232, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 97377, 316, 4, 217466, 4, 136, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 4, 136, 48716, 3789, 333, 109622, 93425, 5, 360, 118103, 4, 70, 2684, 5526, 217773, 7, 23, 903, 21115, 621, 13864, 391, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 681, 133, 6827, 318, 2875, 929, 16, 136, 13864, 391, 15, 56, 519, 6827, 318, 2875, 929, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Types.", "Biology.", "Deficiency.", "Bone health.", "Rickets.", "Osteoporosis and osteomalacia.", "Skin pigmentation.", "Use of supplements.", "Mortality, all-causes.", "Bone health.", "Cancer.", "Cardiovascular disease.", "Immune system.", "Infectious diseases and COVID-19.", "Autoimmune diseases.", "Inflammatory bowel disease.", "Other conditions.", "Allowable health claims.", "Dietary intake.", "Recommended levels.", "United States.", "Canada.", "Australia and New Zealand.", "European Union.", "Sources.", "Natural sources.", "Food fortification.", "Food preparation.", "Recommended serum levels.", "Excess.", "Biosynthesis.", "Interactive pathway.", "Photochemistry.", "Synthesis in the skin.", "Evolution.", "Industrial synthesis.", "Mechanism of action.", "Metabolic activation.", "Inactivation.", "Difference between substrates.", "History.", "Research." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Several forms (vitamers) of vitamin D exist. The two major forms are vitamin D or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D or cholecalciferol; vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D or D or both. These are known collectively as calciferol. Vitamin D was chemically characterized in 1931. In 1935,", "The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells. The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins (such as TRPV6 and calbindin), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine. The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and VDRs are expressed by cells in most organs, including the brain, heart, skin, gonads, prostate, and breast. VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to", "An estimated one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D insufficient or deficient. A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, a softening and weakening of bones, which is a rare disease in the developed world. Vitamin D deficiency is found worldwide in the elderly and remains common in children and adults. Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone-softening diseases, including rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result from avoiding the sun. Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60-80%.", "", "Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. Rickets typically appears between 3 and 18 months of age. Cases continue to be reported in North American and other Western Countries and is primarily seen in breastfed infants and those with darker skin complexions. This condition is characterized by bow legs, which can be caused by calcium or phosphorus deficiency, as well as a lack of vitamin D; today, it is largely found in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, or the Middle East and in those with genetic disorders such as pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets. Maternal vitamin D deficiency may cause overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. Nutritional rickets exists in countries with intense year-round sunlight such as Nigeria and can occur without vitamin D deficiency. Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in the UK, outbreaks have happened in some", "Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bone, which increases the risk for bone fractures. Osteomalacia is usually present when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are less than about 10ng/mL. Although the effects of osteomalacia are thought to contribute to chronic musculoskeletal pain, there is no persuasive evidence of lower vitamin D levels in chronic pain sufferers or that supplementation alleviates chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain.", "Dark-skinned people living in temperate climates have been shown to have low vitamin D levels but the significance of this is not certain. Dark-skinned people are less efficient at making vitamin D because", "Supplementation with vitamin D is a reliable method for preventing or treating rickets. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal health are uncertain. A 2013 review did not find any effect from supplementation on the rates of non-skeletal disease, other than a tentative decrease in mortality in the elderly. Vitamin D supplements do not alter the outcomes for myocardial infarction, stroke or cerebrovascular disease, cancer, bone fractures or knee osteoarthritis. Low vitamin D levels may result from disease rather than cause disease. A United States Institute of Medicine (IOM) report states: \"Outcomes related to cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, and diabetes and metabolic syndrome, falls and physical performance, immune functioning and autoimmune disorders, infections, neuropsychological functioning, and preeclampsia could not be linked reliably with calcium or vitamin D intake and were often conflicting.\" Some researchers claim the IOM was too definitive in its recommendations and made a mathematical mistake when calculating the blood level of vitamin D associated with bone health. Members of the IOM panel maintain that they used a \"standard procedure for dietary recommendations\" and that the report is solidly based on the data. Research on vitamin D supplements, including large-scale clinical trials, is continuing.", "Vitamin D supplementation has been tentatively found to lead to a reduced risk of death in the elderly, but the effect has not been deemed pronounced, or certain enough, to make taking supplements recommendable. Other forms (vitamin D, alfacalcidol, and calcitriol) do not appear to have any beneficial effects with regard to", "In general, no good evidence supports the commonly held belief that vitamin D supplements can help prevent osteoporosis. Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin D deficiency is thus likely not needed. For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems. Supplementation with higher doses of vitamin D, in those older than 65 years, may decrease fracture risk. The effect is small or none for people living independently. Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with falls, and low bone mineral density. Taking extra vitamin D, however, does not appear to change the risk.", "Vitamin D supplements have been widely marketed for their claimed anticancer properties. Associations have been shown in observational studies between low vitamin D levels and the risk of development of certain cancers. It is unclear, however, if taking additional vitamin D in the diet or as supplements affects the risk of cancer. Reviews have described the evidence as being \"inconsistent, inconclusive as to causality, and insufficient to inform nutritional", "Taking vitamin D supplements does not meaningfully reduce the risk of", "", "In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems. Deficiency has been linked to increased risk or severity of viral infections, including HIV. Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis, and historically it was used as a treatment. Supplementation slightly decreases the risk and severity of acute respiratory tract infections, and also the exacerbation of asthma. There is no evidence for vitamin D affecting respiratory infections in children under five years of age. The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns", "Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma, evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive. One review found that vitamin D", "Low levels of vitamin D are associated with two major forms of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A meta-analysis of vitamin D therapy in IBD patients with vitamin D deficiency has shown that supplementation is effective at correcting vitamin D levels and is associated with improvements in scores for clinical disease activity and biochemical markers.", "Diabetes -- A systematic review of 2014 concluded that the available studies show no evidence of vitamin D3 supplementation having an effect on glucose homeostasis or diabetes prevention. A review article of 2016 reported that while there is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for diabetes, over-all evidence regarding vitamin", "Governmental regulatory agencies stipulate for the food and dietary supplement industries certain health claims as allowable as statements on", "", "Conversion: 1μg = 40IU. Various institutions have proposed different recommendations for the amount of daily intake of vitamin D. These vary according to precise definition, age, pregnancy or lactation, and the extent assumptions are made regarding skin synthesis of vitamin D.", "The dietary reference intake for vitamin D issued in 2010 by the Institute of Medicine (IoM) (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015), superseded previous recommendations which were expressed in terms of Adequate Intake. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D because of inadequate sun exposure. The reference intake for vitamin D refers to total intake from food, beverages and supplements, and assumes that calcium requirements are being met. The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is defined as \"the highest average daily intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for nearly all persons in the general population.\" Although ULs are", "Health Canada published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and tolerable upper", "Australia and New Zealand published nutrient reference values including guidelines", "The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2016 reviewed the current evidence, finding the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and musculoskeletal health outcomes is widely variable. They considered that average requirements and population reference intakes values for vitamin D cannot be derived, and that a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 50nmol/L was a suitable target value. For all people over the age of 1, including women who are pregnant or lactating, they set an adequate intake of 15μg/day (600IU). The EFSA reviewed safe levels of intake in 2012, setting the tolerable upper limit for adults at 100μg/day (4000IU), a similar conclusion as the IOM. The", "Although vitamin D is not present naturally in most foods, it is commonly added as a fortification in manufactured foods. In some countries, staple foods are artificially fortified with vitamin D.", "In general, vitamin D is found in fungi and vitamin D is found in animals. Vitamin D is produced by ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol found in many fungi. The vitamin", "Manufactured foods fortified with vitamin D include some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, meal replacement energy bars, soy protein-based beverages, certain cheese and cheese products, flour products, infant formulas, many breakfast cereals, and milk. In 2016 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) amended food additive regulations for milk fortification, stating that vitamin D levels not exceed 42IU vitamin D per 100g (400IU per US quart) of dairy milk, 84IU of vitamin D per 100g (800IU per quart) of plant milks, and 89IU per 100g (800IU per quart) in plant-based yogurts or in soy beverage products. Plant milks are defined as beverages made from soy, almond, rice, among other plant sources intended as alternatives to dairy milk. While some studies have found that vitamin D raises 25(OH)D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer, others contend that vitamin D sources are equally bioavailable and effective as D for raising and sustaining 25(OH)D.", "Vitamin D content in typical foods is reduced variably", "Recommendations on recommended 25(OH)D serum levels vary across authorities, and vary based on factors like age. US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels in ng/mL. Other countries often use nmol/L. Oneng/mL is approximately equal to 2.5nmol/L. A 2014 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 25(OH)D for all outcomes appeared to be close to 30ng/mL (75nmol/L). The optimal vitamin D levels are still controversial and another review concluded that ranges from 30 to 40ng/mL (75 to 100nmol/L) were to be recommended for athletes. Part of the controversy is because numerous studies have found differences in serum levels of 25(OH)D between ethnic groups; studies point to genetic as well as environmental reasons behind these variations. Supplementation to", "Vitamin D toxicity is rare. It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 4,000 IU/day for ages 9–71 (100μg/day), while other research concludes that, in healthy adults, sustained intake of more than 1250μg/day (50,000IU) can produce overt toxicity after several months and can increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to 150ng/mL and greater. Those with certain medical conditions, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, are far more sensitive to vitamin D and develop hypercalcemia in response to any increase in vitamin D nutrition, while maternal hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase fetal sensitivity to effects of vitamin D and lead to a syndrome of mental retardation and facial deformities. Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia is caused by a mutation of the CYP24A1 gene, leading to a reduction in the degradation of vitamin D. Infants suffering from such a mutation have an increased sensitivity to vitamin D and in case of additional intake a risk of hypercalcaemia. The disorder can continue into adulthood. A review published in 2015 noted that adverse effects have been reported only at 25(OH)D serum concentrations above 200nmol/L. Published cases of toxicity involving hypercalcemia in which the vitamin D dose and the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels are known all involve an intake of ≥40,000IU (1,000μg) per day. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a doctor before taking a vitamin D supplement. The FDA advised manufacturers of liquid vitamin D supplements that droppers accompanying these products should be clearly and accurately marked for 400 international units (1IU is the biological equivalent of 25ng cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol). In addition, for products intended for infants, the FDA recommends the dropper hold no more than 400IU. For infants (birth to 12 months), the tolerable upper limit (maximum amount that can be tolerated without harm) is set at 25μg/day (1,000IU). One thousand micrograms per day in infants has produced toxicity within one month. After being commissioned by the Canadian and American governments, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), has increased the tolerable upper limit (UL) to 2,500IU per day for ages 1–3 years, 3,000IU per day for ages 4–8 years and 4,000IU per day for ages 9–71+ years (including pregnant or lactating women). Calcitriol itself is auto-regulated in a negative feedback cycle, and is also affected by parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, cytokines, calcium, and phosphate.", "Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in the liver and in the kidneys. Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol.", "Click on icon", "The transformation that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D occurs in two steps. First, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6-electron conrotatory ring-opening electrocyclic reaction; the product is previtaminD. Second, previtaminD spontaneously isomerizes to vitaminD (cholecalciferol) in an antarafacial sigmatropic [1,7] hydride shift. At room temperature, the transformation of previtaminD to", "Vitamin D is produced photochemically from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals, including humans. The precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities. 7-Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. These wavelengths are present in sunlight, as well as in the light emitted by the UV lamps in tanning beds (which produce ultraviolet primarily in the UVA spectrum, but typically produce 4% to 10% of the total UV emissions as UVB). Exposure to light through windows is insufficient because glass almost completely blocks UVB light. Adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face, arms and legs,", "Vitamin D can be synthesized only by a photochemical process. Phytoplankton in the ocean (such as coccolithophore and \"Emiliania huxleyi\") have been photosynthesizing vitamin D for more than 500million years. Primitive vertebrates in the ocean could absorb calcium from the ocean into their skeletons and eat plankton rich in vitamin D. Land vertebrates required another source of vitamin D other than", "Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is produced industrially by exposing 7-dehydrocholesterol to UVB light, followed by purification. The 7-dehydrocholesterol is a natural substance", "", "Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol. Circulating calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D, in the kidneys. Whether it is made in the skin or ingested, vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the molecule) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25(OH)D). This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, the product of the \"CYP2R1\" human gene, and expressed by hepatocytes. Once made, the product is released into the plasma, where it is bound to an α-globulin carrier protein named the vitamin D-binding protein.", "The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced", "VitaminD (ergocalciferol) and vitaminD (cholecalciferol) share a similar mechanism of action as outlined above.", "American researchers Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in 1914 discovered a substance in cod liver oil which later was called \"vitamin A\". British doctor Edward Mellanby noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded vitamin A, or a closely associated factor, could prevent the disease. In 1922, Elmer McCollum tested modified cod liver oil in which the vitamin A had been destroyed. The modified oil cured the sick dogs, so McCollum concluded the factor in cod liver oil which cured rickets was distinct from vitamin A. He called it vitamin D because it was the fourth vitamin to be named. It was not initially realized that, unlike other vitamins, vitamin D can be synthesised by humans through exposure to UV light. In 1925, it was established that when 7-dehydrocholesterol is irradiated with light, a form of a fat-soluble vitamin is produced (now known as D). Alfred Fabian Hess stated: \"Light equals vitamin D.\" Adolf Windaus, at the University of Göttingen in Germany, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins. In 1929, a group at NIMR in Hampstead, London, were working on the structure of vitamin D, which was still unknown, as well as the structure of steroids. A meeting took place with J.B.S. Haldane, J.D.", "There is conflicting evidence about the benefits of interventions with vitamin D, one view purporting an intake of 4,000–12,000IU/day from sun exposure with concomitant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 40 to 80ng/mL, while another view is that serum concentrations above 50ng/mL are not plausible. The United States National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements established a Vitamin D Initiative in 2014 to track current research and provide education to consumers. In their 2016 review, they recognize that a growing body of research suggests that vitamin D might play some role in the prevention and treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, and other medical conditions. They state further: \"however, most evidence for these roles comes from in vitro, animal, and epidemiological studies, not the randomized clinical trials considered to be more definitive. Until such trials are conducted, the implications of the available evidence for public health and patient care will be debated\". Some preliminary studies link low vitamin D levels with disease later in life. Evidence as of 2013 is insufficient to determine whether vitamin D affects the risk of cancer. One meta-analysis found a decrease in mortality in elderly people. Another meta-analysis covering over 350,000 people concluded that vitamin D supplementation in unselected community-dwelling individuals does not reduce skeletal (total fracture) or non-skeletal outcomes (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, cancer) by more than 15%, and that further research trials with similar design are unlikely to change these conclusions. A 2019 meta-analysis found that there may be an increased risk of stroke when taking both calcium and vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the European population. European research is assessing vitamin D intake levels in association with disease rates and policies of dietary recommendations, food fortification, vitamin D supplementation, and small amounts of sun exposure. Apart from VDR activation, various alternative mechanisms of action are under study, such as inhibition of signal transduction by hedgehog, a hormone involved in morphogenesis." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 35845, 103488, 111, 10, 114149, 4, 8, 157, 3674, 4, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 12, 7440, 83, 70, 15, 432, 320, 16, 165045, 38516, 111, 70, 114149, 1379, 70, 27289, 111, 33946, 4, 83, 70, 15, 432, 320, 16, 165045, 38516, 111, 450, 114149, 1379, 3060, 61924, 71, 5423, 111, 5570, 27289, 4, 83, 70, 9060, 53697, 4, 83, 70, 182342, 242554, 52768, 136, 83, 70, 78643, 80973, 53697, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 903, 28, 5490, 2320, 831, 186, 59121, 237, 12, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 103488, 56566, 7, 98, 2499, 31461, 450, 37264, 7, 70, 165045, 38516, 5, 62771, 120103, 1543, 26698, 12, 202104, 4, 52768, 4, 81147, 4, 182809, 7, 17721, 165045, 114149, 4, 39108, 44457, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 170420, 4, 3060, 111, 6097, 120103, 1543, 186, 1286, 5526, 3501, 27060, 5, 581, 103488, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 44126, 111, 5570, 11341, 6044, 450, 151134, 70, 5570, 11341, 1221, 2843, 15549, 70, 103488, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 103488, 83, 10, 35845, 13579, 450, 98363, 7, 3642, 44, 71232, 58, 10, 217773, 83, 154186, 47, 3229, 442, 83, 1379, 70, 5570, 11341, 27289, 5, 360, 24702, 133, 4, 70, 44126, 111, 5570, 11341, 83, 61799, 1294, 74, 49903, 4, 442, 83, 27983, 19667, 19, 1810, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 707, 195935, 50080, 6620, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 442, 83, 2843, 7722, 47, 61924, 142, 44, 2055, 98685, 13, 103488, 830, 4, 3129, 83, 59121, 237, 12, 581, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 4, 3129, 83, 2843, 10, 6, 91403, 9393, 102134, 939, 4, 33444, 90, 70, 103488, 47, 10, 72350, 71, 41170, 6, 175921, 15, 748, 23, 70, 9060, 93402, 247, 20467, 134393, 4, 46889, 6, 175921, 4, 41170, 202104, 707, 46889, 202104, 152, 581, 91853, 390, 70, 5570, 20467, 134393, 707, 70, 5570, 41170, 202104, 83, 63559, 47, 63284, 450, 15044, 70, 103488, 136, 70, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 621, 6, 91403, 9393, 4, 237, 83, 101805, 289, 5, 581, 103488, 83, 70, 5701, 211460, 111, 70, 48322, 47, 36510, 166577, 136, 70, 5570, 11341, 19667, 19, 221, 70, 36917, 125195, 7, 621, 105950, 5, 14847, 70, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 20903, 47, 106, 4, 70, 161451, 45831, 39555, 6397, 224833, 59499, 47, 45233, 25, 7, 27165, 5, 360, 6097, 50218, 4, 70, 103488, 831, 186, 161740, 297, 678, 70, 95307, 6, 91403, 9393, 72350, 111, 166577, 4, 707, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 7722, 47, 61924, 142, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 23, 69407, 111, 72733, 7136, 25, 7, 27165, 12, 70, 8357, 32528, 111, 118233, 136, 5659, 71516, 83230, 38904, 15, 54491, 98701, 16, 67330, 7, 70, 26582, 100, 903, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 4, 102971, 903, 5608, 959, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 63695, 60089, 5, 360, 2684, 139915, 53, 113949, 4, 70, 60212, 23, 224833, 17721, 10, 2773, 9060, 136, 142, 6397, 9060, 83, 108750, 4734, 98, 70, 81147, 136, 70, 52768, 4, 959, 98, 70, 169424, 111, 2499, 3789, 106500, 5, 1913, 10, 34475, 52768, 4, 70, 44, 171760, 5844, 58, 81147, 111, 10, 9060, 83, 34475, 390, 6863, 63695, 60089, 152, 903, 1543, 186, 77546, 707, 92319, 3501, 6863, 135969, 289, 81147, 5, 3311, 186768, 101805, 4, 63695, 318, 2449, 765, 70, 6, 91403, 111, 81147, 4, 221, 70, 6, 91403, 9393, 103488, 83, 34475, 390, 12, 7440, 83, 70, 6, 91403, 9393, 63695, 60089, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 111, 70, 114149, 4, 83, 6863, 6, 175921, 23, 70, 9060, 13, 10821, 17664, 6644, 15, 100, 10, 34166, 9060, 16, 136, 83, 70, 3622, 81147, 5, 581, 34292, 83, 70, 5570, 81147, 12, 442, 1543, 186, 105950, 47, 106, 99, 39, 15094, 81046, 2588, 472, 8335, 16, 707, 106, 1909, 95083, 472, 8335, 16, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 31344, 111, 2053, 4, 136, 5608, 11343, 186, 66747, 71, 5, 581, 2684, 142267, 3917, 111, 36510, 214, 70, 166577, 111, 10, 189534, 17664, 6644, 83, 390, 17368, 70, 41170, 6, 175921, 7, 15, 5429, 75639, 23, 70, 9060, 93402, 16, 111, 70, 12921, 82761, 7, 4, 7440, 581, 5570, 11341, 111, 12638, 82761, 23, 70, 17664, 6644, 83, 39958, 47, 186, 70, 34166, 161451, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 34166, 161451, 1556, 142, 103488, 111, 1632, 5, 14847, 103488, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 621, 11814, 4, 1836, 621, 56104, 61924, 71, 23, 69407, 111, 72733, 7136, 25, 7, 27165, 4, 7440, 83, 70, 72733, 7136, 25, 7, 27165, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 12, 142, 103488, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 111, 1632, 117414, 7, 6397, 224833, 59499, 47, 72733, 7136, 25, 7, 27165, 5, 62, 31563, 67, 23, 109971, 67, 29806, 56104, 28960, 7, 45233, 25, 7, 27165, 43257, 3501, 72733, 7136, 25, 7, 27165, 4, 136, 442, 83, 1286, 115723, 47, 36510, 70, 166577, 111, 70, 29806, 23, 69407, 111, 70, 41170, 202104, 15, 73, 20467, 64, 866, 16, 707, 70, 20467, 134393, 15, 73, 20467, 64, 8517, 16, 111, 70, 31563, 67, 43257, 3501, 23, 41170, 6, 175921, 7, 5, 581, 5570, 11341, 111, 10, 109971, 67, 29806, 83, 10, 170933, 70760, 29806, 111, 202104, 2203, 106, 20467, 64, 866, 15, 748, 20467, 134393, 2203, 106, 20467, 64, 8517, 16, 3129, 45831, 6397, 224833, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 73, 48310, 67, 9, 428, 822, 1363, 58, 224833, 194, 581, 5570, 11341, 4, 136, 8311, 329, 70, 103488, 4, 56566, 7, 98, 3129, 72350, 111, 166577, 83, 11814, 5, 19146, 1799, 2449, 621, 27983, 12601, 2822, 237, 70, 21950, 7, 111, 351, 9, 122131, 17664, 54889, 621, 959, 81113, 538, 171793, 5844, 136, 621, 2843, 52768, 9, 181063, 12, 20467, 1799, 2449, 54, 959, 56566, 98, 21950, 4, 7440, 162, 41170, 202104, 7, 54, 5, 581, 103488, 111, 70, 31563, 67, 83, 34475, 390, 12, 14847, 70, 31563, 67, 1379, 519, 90, 45339, 1771, 26725, 318, 2320, 23, 29806, 15, 2472, 27781, 10, 28279, 247, 70, 5426, 24209, 7, 68872, 538, 351, 9, 122131, 136, 642, 3871, 47, 5646, 70, 26725, 318, 2320, 9433, 3934, 177229, 5, 6561, 831, 61924, 69924, 100, 70, 377, 5256, 136, 142, 17514, 84797, 538, 15, 136, 6, 194, 360, 10, 41931, 29806, 70, 103488, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 165045, 182342, 242554, 7, 4, 103488, 15, 176726, 1388, 83, 10, 72350, 111, 70, 44, 171760, 5844, 202104, 58, 111, 10, 114149, 23, 10, 17664, 6644, 4, 23, 70, 10422, 450, 70, 114149, 25, 165045, 38516, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 103488, 111, 10, 2773, 29806, 23, 70, 5701, 3917, 450, 442, 2806, 56566, 98, 202104, 100, 142, 6397, 29806, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 71234, 2481, 58, 23, 903, 10422, 509, 43780, 297, 390, 70, 15672, 290, 6133, 159011, 541, 5, 77330, 23, 91234, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Activity coefficient.", "Standard states.", "Gases.", "Mixtures in general.", "Dilute solutions (non-ionic).", "Ionic solutions.", "Measurement.", "Single ion activity measurability revisited.", "Use.", "Example values." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The relative activity of a species, denoted, is defined as: where is the (molar) chemical potential of the species under the conditions of interest, is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, is the gas constant, is the thermodynamic temperature and is the exponential constant. Alternatively, this equation can be written as: In general, the activity depends on any factor that alters the chemical potential. Such factors may include: concentration, temperature, pressure, interactions between chemical species, electric fields, etc. Depending on the circumstances, some of these factors may be more important than others. The activity depends on the choice of standard state such that changing the standard state will also change the activity. This means that activity is a relative term that describes how \"active\" a compound is compared to when it is under the standard state conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary; however, it is often chosen out of mathematical or experimental convenience. Alternatively, it is also possible to define an \"absolute activity\",, which is written as:", "The activity coefficient, which is also a dimensionless quantity, relates the activity to a measured amount fraction (or in the gas phase), molality, mass fraction, amount concentration or mass concentration : The division by the standard molality or the standard amount concentration is necessary to ensure that both the activity and the activity coefficient are dimensionless, as is conventional. The activity is the same regardless of the ways to express composition and the standard state chosen so the above expressions are equal. When the activity coefficient is close to 1, the substance shows almost ideal behaviour according to Henry's law. In these cases, the activity can be substituted with the appropriate dimensionless measure of composition, or. It is also possible to define an activity coefficient in terms of Raoult's law: the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends the symbol for this activity coefficient, although this should not be confused with fugacity.", "", "In most laboratory situations, the difference in behaviour between a real gas and an ideal gas is dependent only on the pressure and the temperature, not on the presence of any other gases. At a given temperature, the \"effective\" pressure of a gas is given by its fugacity : this may be higher or lower than its mechanical pressure. By historical convention, fugacities have the dimension of pressure, so the dimensionless activity is given by: where is the dimensionless fugacity coefficient of the species, is its fraction in the gaseous mixture ( for a pure gas) and is the total pressure. The value is the standard pressure: it may be equal to 1 atm (101.325 kPa) or 1 bar (100 kPa) depending on the source of data, and should always be quoted.", "The most convenient way of expressing the composition of a generic mixture is by using the amount fractions (written in the gas phase) of the different components, where The standard state of each component in the mixture is taken to be the pure substance, i.e. the pure substance has an activity of one. When activity coefficients are used, they are usually defined in terms of Raoult's law, where is the Raoult's law activity coefficient: an activity coefficient of one indicates ideal behaviour according to Raoult's law.", "A solute in dilute solution usually follows Henry's law rather than Raoult's law, and it is more usual to express the composition of the solution in terms of the amount concentration (in mol/L) or the molality (in mol/kg) of the solute rather than in amount fractions. The standard state of a dilute solution is a hypothetical solution of concentration = 1 mol/L (or molality = 1 mol/kg) which shows ideal behaviour (also referred to as \"infinite-dilution\" behaviour). The standard state, and hence the activity, depends on which measure of composition is used. Molalities are often preferred as the volumes of non-ideal mixtures are not strictly additive and are also temperature-dependent: molalities do not depend on volume, whereas amount concentrations do. The activity of the solute is given by:", "When the solute undergoes ionic dissociation in solution (for example a salt), the system becomes decidedly non-ideal and we need to take the dissociation process into consideration. One can define activities for the cations and anions separately ( and ). In a liquid solution the activity coefficient of a given ion (e.g. Ca) isn't measurable because it is experimentally impossible to independently measure the electrochemical potential of an ion in solution. (One cannot add cations without putting in anions at the same time). Therefore, one introduces the notions of where represent the stoichiometric coefficients involved in the ionic dissociation process Even though and cannot be determined separately, is a measurable quantity that can also be predicted for sufficiently dilute systems using Debye–Hückel theory. For electrolyte-solutions at higher concentrations, Debye–Hückel theory needs to be extended and replaced, e.g., by a Pitzer electrolyte solution model (see external links below for examples). For the activity of a strong ionic solute (complete dissociation) we can write:", "The most direct way of measuring the activity of a volatile species is to measure its equilibrium partial vapor pressure. For non-volatile components, such as sucrose or sodium chloride, this approach will not work since they do not have measurable vapor pressures at most temperatures. However, in such cases it is possible to measure the vapor pressure of the \"solvent\" instead. Using the Gibbs–Duhem relation it is possible to translate the change in solvent vapor pressures with concentration into activities for the solute. The simplest way of determining how the activity of a component depends on pressure is by measurement of densities of solution, knowing that real solutions have deviations from the additivity of (molar) volumes of pure components compared to the (molar) volume of the solution. This involves the use of partial molar volumes, which measure the change in chemical potential with respect to pressure. Another way to determine the activity of a species is through the manipulation of colligative properties, specifically freezing point depression. Using freezing point depression techniques, it is possible to calculate the activity of a weak acid from the relation, where is the total equilibrium molality of solute determined by any colligative property measurement (in this case, is the nominal molality obtained from titration and is the activity of the species. There are also electrochemical methods that allow the determination of activity and its coefficient. The value of the mean ionic activity coefficient of ions in solution can also be estimated with the Debye–Hückel equation, the Davies equation or the Pitzer equations.", "The prevailing view that single ion activities are unmeasurable, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Guggenheim in the late 1920s. However, chemists have never been able to give up the idea of single ion activities. For example, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. By implication, if the prevailing view on the physical meaning and measurability of single ion activities is correct it relegates pH to the category of thermodynamically unmeasurable quantities. For this reason the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) states that the activity-based definition of pH is a notional definition only and further states that the establishment of primary pH standards requires the application of the concept of 'primary method of measurement' tied to the Harned cell. Nevertheless, the concept of single ion activities continues to be discussed in the literature, and at least one author purports to define single ion activities in terms of purely thermodynamic quantities. The same author also proposes a method of measuring single ion activity coefficients based on purely thermodynamic processes.", "Chemical activities should be used to define chemical potentials, where the chemical potential depends on the temperature, pressure and the activity according to the formula: where is the gas constant and is the value of under standard conditions. Note that the choice of concentration scale affects both the activity and the standard state chemical potential, which is especially important when the reference state is the infinite dilution of a solute in a solvent. Formulae involving activities can be simplified by considering that: Therefore, it is approximately equal to its concentration. The latter follows from any definition based on Raoult's law, because if we let the solute concentration go to zero, the vapor pressure of the solvent will go to. Thus its activity will go to unity. This means that if during a reaction in dilute solution more solvent is generated (the reaction produces water for example) we can typically set its activity to unity. Solid and liquid activities do not depend very strongly on pressure because their molar volumes are typically small. Graphite at 100 bars has an activity of only 1.01 if we choose = 1 bar as standard state. Only at very high pressures do we need to worry about such changes.", "Example values of activity coefficients of sodium chloride in aqueous solution are given in the table. In an ideal solution, these values would all be unity. The deviations \"tend\" to become larger with increasing molality and temperature, but with some exceptions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 509, 103122, 23, 94100, 7, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 82366, 943, 162, 4, 2750, 1902, 157167, 67175, 66570, 23, 70, 57309, 66, 5550, 15044, 237, 10, 6, 202523, 66570, 136, 390, 165197, 57527, 35401, 70, 11034, 111, 10, 1927, 107, 282, 5, 581, 14449, 111, 82366, 943, 162, 1902, 10332, 94878, 7, 678, 70, 102115, 19, 187, 5176, 15182, 2408, 8305, 10, 76755, 111, 44, 425, 2787, 830, 136, 70, 9351, 44, 6210, 318, 9166, 988, 58, 509, 111, 102115, 19, 59665, 5, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 25, 42732, 509, 262, 59918, 46994, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 26842, 66695, 4, 10336, 111, 70, 113138, 884, 3931, 11, 13, 191, 532, 14449, 4, 136, 5809, 144851, 604, 14449, 4420, 47, 50005, 55708, 5170, 136, 70, 9344, 80361, 3378, 157715, 5, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 2685, 1272, 4, 8305, 1919, 42732, 4, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 113138, 136, 189353, 141, 14449, 111, 70, 884, 3931, 11, 13, 191, 1683, 13, 74, 70, 10670, 157272, 50246, 66695, 136, 1919, 82953, 37814, 11727, 1900, 3542, 262, 59918, 46994, 25, 7, 193429, 7, 4, 237, 604, 67373, 136, 2363, 42732, 3542, 78, 79298, 7, 5, 18763, 57988, 289, 9963, 1021, 9319, 4, 2843, 24, 4806, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 4, 509, 10, 34391, 111, 82366, 1419, 3220, 90, 4, 70, 170277, 171484, 289, 17690, 56, 111, 70, 72399, 305, 927, 142642, 77269, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 82366, 943, 162, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 132024, 86, 11, 9451, 13330, 77269, 247, 50246, 66695, 136, 37814, 11727, 1900, 100512, 1919, 158031, 1779, 5, 129551, 47, 42473, 867, 206, 4, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 1902, 40368, 170277, 148729, 4, 26719, 1061, 187906, 4, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 5117, 49175, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 3229, 764, 80723, 606, 38965, 26518, 124030, 13, 94100, 3378, 22631, 7103, 70, 1144, 592, 111, 70, 126609, 111, 69573, 162, 5, 9925, 85689, 53, 4, 142, 773, 162, 53, 36660, 13, 17721, 102115, 136, 94100, 7, 181141, 4122, 7514, 8305, 70, 100457, 5416, 37903, 66, 5550, 4, 21449, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 59671, 5369, 111, 181952, 20271, 3129, 2725, 9319, 5609, 1902, 21647, 297, 10, 125189, 13, 92940, 5, 28107, 1779, 126756, 601, 5, 2016, 3019, 136, 242466, 27414, 4293, 18822, 4, 136, 12613, 2408, 428, 988, 117729, 4, 450, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 509, 29114, 48141, 450, 70, 102115, 1779, 1902, 9807, 118, 27686, 450, 85689, 53, 8305, 69573, 162, 136, 239, 17007, 4, 645, 64747, 214, 4049, 98, 15426, 111, 1919, 156206, 5, 6206, 7077, 90, 645, 70, 206019, 111, 70, 85689, 53, 12441, 70, 102115, 1779, 47, 58580, 257, 206, 920, 11124, 31004, 47, 94100, 7, 678, 4393, 14537, 7, 47, 137356, 756, 51, 24946, 6259, 26866, 7, 5, 581, 94100, 72004, 61475, 538, 75204, 6097, 920, 11124, 31004, 5299, 4, 1284, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 435, 678, 2856, 23, 23410, 8108, 1836, 3542, 47, 70424, 47, 70, 47200, 15, 2347, 94100, 3378, 151169, 53, 16, 136, 30745, 2856, 450, 70, 151169, 53, 509, 256, 46526, 53, 136, 1902, 6782, 130970, 7, 5, 1529, 104687, 71, 2856, 47, 10670, 85018, 2363, 105739, 238, 180210, 47, 33636, 102115, 4, 136, 64457, 63769, 4049, 47, 30793, 2856, 8305, 1919, 79507, 23, 94100, 3378, 44951, 7, 5, 581, 99638, 90, 176506, 136, 4, 204971, 678, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 4, 1836, 66961, 27686, 61261, 1295, 69573, 162, 4, 2750, 111937, 21286, 36663, 47, 58359, 142, 106689, 678, 70, 102115, 1779, 5, 581, 11737, 5155, 4, 20271, 70, 360, 201, 1837, 77269, 4, 102329, 90, 1295, 70, 116047, 19, 26349, 111, 38462, 7752, 15, 16, 174920, 99, 94100, 7, 47, 6221, 712, 100, 70, 8060, 111, 70, 94100, 72004, 23, 2363, 1631, 26548, 11623, 44297, 5, 133698, 70, 29865, 7, 98, 70, 1379, 1865, 214, 4, 69573, 162, 509, 219344, 538, 233, 144429, 47, 94100, 3378, 113449, 4, 73342, 214, 450, 70, 80399, 2806, 186, 4552, 11034, 538, 136, 52875, 214, 70, 62816, 136, 53250, 7, 111, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 4, 2750, 1902, 74216, 71, 237, 10, 13036, 132756, 111, 70, 55812, 1363, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 106926, 297, 450, 10, 80399, 23, 903, 3525, 163198, 13, 2806, 19095, 118513, 7, 47, 70, 26349, 136, 71062, 70, 352, 95972, 4, 1660, 237, 70, 57309, 66, 34210, 1902, 5, 360, 1919, 116483, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 92054, 297, 15, 5465, 9, 100433, 1419, 71407, 4, 23, 70, 24372, 1919, 213566, 7154, 99, 12613, 4996, 4, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 69405, 5470, 297, 70, 102115, 1779, 4, 44, 3454, 2179, 214, 47, 89159, 2856, 36442, 136, 4516, 117396, 3501, 756, 70, 182, 39, 764, 1902, 198395, 16940, 2856, 237, 142, 22, 195, 53, 58, 2174, 1836, 2806, 18645, 4049, 65678, 10363, 53, 5, 581, 102115, 1779, 2855, 3674, 903, 50336, 136, 75204, 4049, 54940, 2856, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 72104, 1830, 4, 70, 94100, 72004, 158, 4545, 14534, 4049, 47, 47219, 44, 73, 146291, 399, 58, 136, 230249, 3674, 1919, 57266, 5, 360, 70, 29865, 99, 102115, 645, 36766, 47, 25379, 10, 37772, 47, 28702, 3134, 4843, 20251, 4032, 4, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 113091, 136, 23, 92450, 71, 30783, 111, 94100, 3378, 130970, 3934, 70, 102115, 19, 28, 139006, 7, 390, 8180, 214, 2856, 450, 70, 94100, 72004, 15673, 71, 47, 158, 27227, 63457, 20102, 4, 98848, 4, 136, 3853, 85186, 126422, 5, 2369, 133, 4816, 19, 16692, 1136, 1972, 18822, 7, 450, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 141956, 538, 1119, 11, 21407, 27686, 70, 38627, 111, 70, 94100, 72004, 47, 122991, 70, 102115, 1779, 111, 70, 68073, 1836, 192942, 47, 21647, 1295, 1919, 4358, 5, 1136, 1972, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 1902, 959, 14373, 163629, 71, 1919, 44, 33863, 110313, 58, 216473, 4, 136, 70, 102115, 1779, 24124, 4049, 237, 44, 11, 8, 88981, 297, 136, 1926, 3674, 332, 58, 124901, 102880, 44, 102446, 297, 99716, 137578, 7, 58, 136, 91048, 44, 157, 125189, 13, 16750, 740, 4263, 152018, 4, 903, 164031, 1379, 12064, 2109, 1632, 111, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 25, 7, 158036, 12348, 7, 4, 1919, 103210, 237400, 272, 3620, 31667, 5, 24372, 20662, 70, 120332, 48903, 566, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 884, 318, 9166, 988, 4, 775, 111, 82366, 943, 162, 248, 246396, 14936, 12749, 160548, 402, 243547, 1354, 428, 169, 64, 893, 45964, 160600, 12, 6, 245201, 5970, 26010, 51951, 162709, 12874, 4, 44, 6210, 301, 964, 14156, 20810, 830, 10114, 74, 15, 23547, 1104, 2839, 617, 77269, 247, 1295, 70, 8, 282, 111, 81543, 7567, 93, 85, 13, 4, 509, 10, 197097, 94100, 3378, 117249, 669, 4, 707, 4597, 4, 136, 4537, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 4568, 170277, 32786, 111, 1919, 42732, 25, 7, 187, 5176, 15182, 9523, 14449, 4, 70, 884, 3931, 11, 13, 191, 1683, 13, 4, 3129, 77736, 1295, 502, 7732, 329, 7103, 70, 100457, 5416, 37903, 66, 5550, 5, 1529, 112730, 10, 13036, 31486, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 450, 79612, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early years.", "Political career until 412 BC.", "Rise to prominence.", "Sicilian Expedition.", "Defection to Sparta.", "Defection to Achaemenid Empire in Asia Minor.", "Recall to Athens.", "Negotiations with the Athenian oligarchs.", "Reinstatement as an Athenian General.", "Battles of Abydos and Cyzicus.", "Further military successes.", "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death.", "Return to Athens.", "Defeat at Notium.", "Death.", "Assessments.", "Political career.", "Military achievements.", "Skill in oratory.", "References in comedy, philosophy, art and literature." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Alcibiades was born in Athens. His father was Cleinias, who had distinguished himself in the Persian War both as a fighter himself and by personally subsidizing the cost of a trireme. The family of Cleinias had old connections with the Spartan aristocracy through a relationship of \"xenia\", and the name \"Alcibiades\" was of Spartan origin. Alcibiades' mother was Deinomache, the daughter of Megacles, head of the powerful Alcmaeonid family, and could trace her family back to Eurysaces and the Telamonian Ajax. Alcibiades thereby, through his mother, belonged to the powerful and controversial family of the Alcmaeonidae; the renowned Pericles and his brother Ariphron were Deinomache's cousins, as her father and their mother were siblings. His maternal grandfather, also named Alcibiades, was a friend of Cleisthenes, the famous constitutional reformer of the late 6th century BC. After the death of Cleinias at the Battle of Coronea (447 BC), Pericles and Ariphron became his guardians. According to Plutarch, Alcibiades had several famous teachers, including Socrates,", "", "Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports, that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth. Disputes over the interpretation of the treaty led the Spartans to dispatch ambassadors to Athens with full powers to arrange all unsettled matters. The Athenians initially received these ambassadors well, but Alcibiades met with them in secret before they were to speak to the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) and told them that the Assembly was haughty and had great ambitions. He urged them to renounce their diplomatic authority to represent Sparta, and instead allow him to assist them through his influence in Athenian politics. The representatives agreed and, impressed with Alcibiades, they alienated themselves from Nicias, who genuinely wanted to reach an agreement with the Spartans. The next day, during the", "In 415 BC, delegates from the Sicilian city of Segesta () arrived at Athens to plead for the support of the Athenians in their war against Selinus. During the debates on the undertaking, Nicias was vehemently opposed to Athenian intervention, explaining that the campaign would be very costly and attacking the character and motives of Alcibiades, who had emerged as a major supporter of the expedition. On the other hand, Alcibiades argued that a campaign in this new theatre would bring riches to the city and expand the empire, just as the Persian Wars had. In his speech Alcibiades predicted (over-optimistically, in the", "After his disappearance at Thurii, Alcibiades quickly contacted the Spartans, \"promising to render them aid and service greater than all the harm he had previously done them as an enemy\" if they would offer him sanctuary. The Spartans granted this request and received him among them. Because of this defection, the Athenians condemned him to death \"in absentia\" and confiscated his property. In the debate at Sparta over whether to send a force to relieve Syracuse, Alcibiades spoke and instilled fear of Athenian ambition into the Spartan ephors by informing them that the Athenians hoped to conquer Sicily, Italy, and even Carthage. Yale historian Donald Kagan believes that Alcibiades knowingly exaggerated the plans of the Athenians to convince the Spartans of the benefit they stood to gain from his help. Kagan asserts that Alcibiades had not yet acquired his \"legendary\" reputation, and the Spartans saw him as \"a defeated and hunted man\" whose policies \"produced strategic failures\" and brought \"no decisive result\". If accurate, this assessment underscores one of Alcibiades's greatest talents, his highly persuasive oratory. After making the threat seem imminent, Alcibiades advised the Spartans to send troops and most importantly, a", "On his arrival in the local Persian court, Alcibiades won the trust of the powerful satrap and made several policy suggestions which were well received. According to Thucydides, Alcibiades immediately began to do all he could with Tissaphernes to injure the Peloponnesian cause. At his urging, the satrap reduced the payments he was making to the Peloponnesian fleet and began delivering them irregularly. Alcibiades next advised Tissaphernes to bribe the Generals of the cities to gain valuable intelligence on their activities. Lastly, and most importantly, he told the satrap to be in no hurry to bring the Persian fleet into the conflict, as the longer", "", "Alcibiades seemed to assume that the \"radical democracy\" would never agree to his recall to Athens. Therefore, he exchanged messages with the Athenian leaders at Samos and suggested that if they could install an oligarchy friendly to him he would return to Athens and bring with him Persian money and possibly the Persian fleet of 147 triremes. Alcibiades set about winning over the most influential military officers, and achieved his goal by offering them a threefold plan: the Athenian constitution was to be changed, the recall of Alcibiades was to be voted, and Alcibiades was to win over Tissaphernes and the King of Persia to the", "In spite of the failure of the negotiations, the conspirators succeeded in overthrowing the democracy and imposing the oligarchic government of the Four Hundred, among the leaders of which were Phrynichus and Pisander. At Samos, however, a similar coup instigated by the conspirators did not go forward so smoothly. Samian democrats learned of the conspiracy and notified four prominent Athenians: the generals Leon and Diomedon, the trierarch Thrasybulus, and Thrasyllus, at that time a hoplite in the ranks. With the support of these men and the Athenian soldiers in general, the Samian democrats were", "Alcibiades was recalled by the \"intermediate regime\" of The Five Thousand, the government which succeeded the Four Hundred in 411, but it is most likely that he waited until 407 BC to actually return to the city. Plutarch tells us that, although his recall had already been passed on motion of Critias, a political ally of his, Alcibiades was resolved to come back with glory. While this was certainly his goal, it was again a means to an end, that end being avoiding prosecution upon his return to Athens. The next significant part he would play in the war would occur at the Battle of Abydos. Alcibiades had remained behind at Samos with a small", "After their victory, Alcibiades and Thrasybulus began the siege of Chalcedon in 409 BC with about 190 ships. Although unable to attain a decisive victory or induce the city to surrender, Alcibiades was able to win a small tactical land battle outside of the city gates and Theramenes concluded an agreement with the Chalcedonians. Afterwards they concluded a temporary alliance with Pharnabazus which secured some much needed immediate cash for the army, but despite this Alcibiades was still forced to depart in search for more booty to pay the soldiers and oarsmen of the fleet. In pursuit of these funds he traveled to the Thracian Chersonese and attacked Selymbria. He plotted with a pro-Athenian party within the city and offered the", "", "It was in the aftermath of these successes that Alcibiades resolved to finally return to Athens in the spring of 407 BC. Even in the wake of his recent victories, Alcibiades was exceedingly careful in his return, mindful of the changes in government, the charges still technically hanging over him, and the great injury he had done to Athens. Thus Alcibiades, instead of going straight home, first went to Samos to pick up 20 ships and proceeded with them to the Ceramic Gulf where he collected 100 talents. He finally sailed to Gytheion to make inquiries, partly about the reported preparations of the Spartans there, and partly about the feelings in Athens about his return. His inquiries assured him that the city was kindly disposed towards him and that his closest friends urged him to return. Therefore, he finally sailed into", "In 406 BC Alcibiades set out from Athens with 1,500 hoplites and a hundred ships. He failed to take Andros and then he went on to Samos. Later he moved to Notium, closer to the enemy at Ephesus. In the meanwhile Tissaphernes had been replaced by Cyrus the Younger (son of Darius II of Persia) who decided to financially support the Peloponnesians. This new revenue started to attract Athenian deserters to the Spartan navy. Additionally the Spartans had replaced Mindarus with Lysander, a very capable admiral. These factors caused the rapid growth of the Peloponnesian fleet at the expense of the Athenian. In search of funds and needing to force another decisive battle, Alcibiades left Notium and sailed to help Thrasybulus in the siege of Phocaea. Alcibiades was aware the Spartan fleet was nearby, so he left nearly eighty ships to watch them under the command of his personal helmsman Antiochus, who was given express orders not to attack. Antiochus disobeyed this single order and endeavored to draw Lysander into a fight by imitating the tactics used at Cyzicus. The situation at Notium, however, was radically different from that", "With one exception, Alcibiades's role in the war ended with his command. Prior to the Battle of Aegospotami, in the last attested fact of his career, Alcibiades recognized that the Athenians were anchored in a tactically disadvantageous spot and advised them to move to Sestus where they could benefit from a harbor and a city. Diodorus, however, does not mention this advice, arguing instead that Alcibiades offered the Generals Thracian aid in exchange for a share in the command. In any case, the Generals of the Athenians, \"considering that in case of defeat the blame would attach to them and that in case of success all men would attribute it to Alcibiades\", asked him to leave and not come near the camp ever again. Days later the fleet would be annihilated by Lysander.", "", "In ancient Greece, Alcibiades was a polarizing figure. According to Thucydides, Alcibiades, being \"exceedingly ambitious\", proposed the expedition in Sicily in order \"to gain in wealth and reputation by means of his successes\". Alcibiades is not held responsible by Thucydides for the destruction of Athens, since \"his habits gave offence to every one, and caused the Athenians to commit affairs to other hands, and thus before long to ruin the city\". Plutarch regards him as \"the least scrupulous and most entirely careless of human beings\". On the other hand, Diodorus argues that he was \"in spirit brilliant and intent upon great enterprises\". Sharon Press of", "Despite his critical comments, Thucydides admits in a short digression that \"publicly his conduct of the war was as good as could be desired\". Diodorus and Demosthenes regard him as a great general. According to Fotiadis, Alcibiades was an invincible general and, wherever he went, victory followed him; had he led the army in Sicily, the Athenians would have avoided disaster and, had his countrymen followed his advice at Aegospotami, Lysander would have lost and Athens would have ruled Greece. On the other hand, Paparrigopoulos believes that the Sicilian Expedition, prompted by Alcibiades, was a strategic mistake. In agreement with Paparrigopoulos, Platias and Koliopoulos underscore the fact that the Sicilian expedition was a strategic blunder of the first magnitude, resulting from a \"frivolous attitude and an unbelievable underestimation of the enemy\". For his part, Angelos Vlachos, a Greek Academician, underlines the constant interest of Athens for Sicily from the beginning of the war. According to Vlachos, the expedition had nothing of the", "Plutarch asserts that \"Alcibiades was a most able speaker in addition to his other gifts\", while Theophrastus argues that Alcibiades was the most capable of discovering and understanding what was required in a given case. Nevertheless, he would often stumble in the midst of his speech, but then he would resume and proceed with all the caution in the world. Even the lisp he had, which was noticed by Aristophanes, made his talk persuasive and full of charm. Eupolis says that he was \"prince of talkers, but in", "Alcibiades has not been spared by ancient comedy and stories attest to an epic confrontation between Alcibiades and Eupolis resembling that between Aristophanes and Cleon. He also appears as a character in several Socratic dialogues (\"Symposium\", \"Protagoras\", \"Alcibiades I\" and \"II\", as well as the eponymous dialogues by Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes). Purportedly based on his own personal experience, Antisthenes described Alcibiades's extraordinary physical strength, courage, and beauty, saying, \"If Achilles did not look like this, he was not really handsome.\" In his trial, Socrates must rebut the attempt to hold him guilty for the crimes of his former students, including Alcibiades. Hence, he declares in \"Apology\": \"I have never been anyone's teacher\". Long after his death, Alcibiades continues to appear in art, both in Medieval and Renaissance works, and in several significant works of modern literature as well. He still fascinates the modern world, doing so most notably as the main character in historical novels of authors like Anna Bowman Dodd, Gertrude Atherton, Rosemary Sutcliff, Daniel Chavarria, Steven Pressfield and Peter Green. He appears repeatedly in the 2018 video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey as a character friendly to the protagonist. He is depicted as being extremely amorous and charming, revealing his intent to gain power and influence later on, through deceit and ruthlessness if necessary. Ultimately he's no worse than any other character seeking power, and does appreciate the protagonist's aid." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 14949, 5798, 150, 1363, 1902, 2809, 125568, 71, 390, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 310, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 70, 30337, 55283, 46512, 53, 111, 3036, 15429, 5394, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 27939, 26992, 7, 4, 3129, 509, 8035, 30338, 13, 17704, 390, 70, 47891, 7, 23, 39395, 423, 15770, 221419, 47, 70, 6817, 111, 86653, 3478, 136, 3789, 30337, 55283, 139355, 7, 23, 27939, 26992, 7, 23, 70, 15411, 111, 423, 5757, 5, 2161, 106, 8055, 70, 30337, 55283, 7, 1902, 613, 18280, 2822, 7103, 8035, 22867, 54607, 2822, 450, 1836, 5809, 31358, 27939, 26992, 7, 4092, 538, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 180, 139891, 47749, 42, 4, 239, 143, 9006, 27972, 3805, 528, 4, 2750, 1902, 72856, 3060, 6, 55577, 453, 23, 70, 1329, 429, 4, 7155, 350, 1919, 2565, 4, 566, 22876, 31, 592, 70, 30337, 55283, 7, 5, 2161, 729, 8055, 38591, 23643, 158265, 3035, 509, 1238, 5259, 297, 923, 272, 136, 1919, 50686, 13, 80756, 98, 27972, 25, 7, 4749, 4293, 25842, 678, 70, 10336, 7, 111, 70, 30337, 55283, 75101, 1314, 4, 62, 20820, 107, 19413, 119467, 4, 884, 41079, 6470, 33, 519, 136, 66053, 12806, 5305, 58836, 943, 5, 581, 43032, 111, 70, 152239, 19175, 3542, 70, 47806, 111, 2609, 3466, 4, 70, 195374, 145359, 15, 216561, 70, 117604, 111, 353, 99726, 4, 70, 235477, 7465, 147, 7668, 4, 70, 117604, 7, 111, 63457, 20102, 136, 7374, 26050, 11, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 195374, 139355, 7, 247, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 4, 70, 47806, 111, 129885, 11, 4, 70, 786, 1861, 90, 111, 73829, 53, 4, 4143, 63885, 136, 1371, 16275, 299, 4, 70, 114996, 7, 27123, 603, 136, 27060, 5, 581, 75631, 100, 70, 18738, 126, 4, 77805, 297, 390, 70, 11584, 13, 4, 157578, 70, 117604, 111, 353, 99726, 15, 92733, 79986, 71, 390, 70, 90452, 1995, 111, 84740, 16, 98, 616, 8055, 423, 15770, 5, 8622, 4, 23, 70, 219371, 111, 7789, 54286, 11, 4, 442, 509, 186989, 538, 158, 31304, 297, 47, 4939, 111, 66724, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 24, 4806, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 5798, 150, 1363, 7103, 4989, 35107, 7, 54940, 70, 756, 3387, 5, 581, 18738, 126, 109133, 47, 63457, 20102, 136, 4, 137802, 33024, 76, 4, 157578, 15, 11, 46327, 40368, 7279, 7, 16, 70, 11469, 111, 582, 39719, 246, 23, 1845, 195994, 43265, 4, 7440, 7123, 174920, 111, 70, 6817, 111, 3036, 15429, 5394, 136, 111, 70, 134357, 13, 23, 134225, 297, 390, 70, 47891, 7, 98, 70, 30337, 55283, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 100, 87463, 4, 38591, 23643, 158265, 3035, 5, 3164, 43032, 111, 70, 144, 87587, 21455, 297, 70, 180, 139891, 24, 3033, 237, 10, 88551, 120332, 4, 15044, 47, 70, 48031, 111, 5786, 6032, 52350, 23, 70, 170027, 66, 27414, 136, 47, 70, 48031, 111, 72852, 289, 14713, 68034, 5, 84740, 509, 70, 142105, 53477, 114142, 42, 4, 21208, 70, 114181, 4216, 7, 12601, 2822, 47, 479, 86687, 2684, 111, 2363, 4749, 4293, 7, 100, 84740, 25, 7, 10002, 1631, 7, 26548, 70, 43573, 1272, 155741, 63614, 111, 70, 196393, 53, 106294, 43257, 3501, 14700, 3611, 6863, 24, 1405, 90254, 100, 70, 68073, 111, 2609, 3466, 5, 581, 70163, 71, 14949, 18738, 126, 509, 158012, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 4939, 111, 66724, 15, 60728, 20178, 8, 66724, 16, 678, 34890, 12806, 5305, 156637, 76, 237, 1919, 7893, 8, 7077, 53, 5, 581, 67842, 14949, 158, 1916, 35066, 435, 70, 5201, 37772, 4, 450, 111, 2609, 3466, 15, 24658, 58685, 31, 10146, 6815, 4, 14432, 984, 429, 111, 2609, 3466, 247, 23, 20414, 136, 8055, 423, 15770, 99, 33024, 76, 4, 63457, 20102, 5, 581, 14949, 18738, 126, 35060, 71, 111, 101912, 4749, 4293, 7, 136, 37195, 4749, 14507, 43576, 15, 320, 429, 3525, 4749, 4293, 7, 678, 193984, 4927, 33150, 53, 4, 126809, 390, 70, 30337, 55283, 7, 16, 136, 509, 47749, 71, 390, 195374, 226336, 4939, 111, 66724, 4, 70, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 775, 111, 31678, 56, 748, 28166, 310, 136, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 111, 18813, 90452, 1995, 111, 84740, 4, 8060, 297, 390, 70, 195374, 75101, 1314, 7650, 27669, 8, 853, 7162, 1755, 113, 567, 971, 9461, 1758, 136, 7650, 218448, 8, 36490, 1665, 4, 136, 129885, 66, 47749, 42, 66053, 129083, 11, 984, 1651, 5, 581, 47806, 111, 2609, 3466, 162466, 71, 41184, 4749, 4293, 7, 136, 37195, 4749, 14507, 43576, 4, 7218, 4749, 4293, 7, 21449, 1295, 70, 195374, 145359, 15, 216561, 1381, 1295, 70, 117604, 111, 353, 99726, 4, 70, 117604, 111, 63457, 20102, 136, 3789, 89176, 43396, 90, 247, 1438, 4749, 4293, 7, 111, 70, 129885, 7717, 18738, 126, 4, 59671, 4749, 4293, 7, 1295, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 4, 43606, 4749, 4293, 7, 1295, 70, 81206, 111, 12190, 56174, 136, 70, 12801, 786, 7668, 111, 1371, 16275, 299, 4, 17262, 4749, 4293, 7, 12638, 1295, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 73829, 53, 136, 70, 114996, 7, 111, 85559, 136, 3060, 14375, 538, 6, 157272, 4749, 4293, 7, 23, 195374, 4516, 5, 3293, 18738, 126, 111, 70, 14949, 144, 87587, 509, 12789, 297, 390, 6, 160012, 57, 3632, 7, 136, 36, 21816, 1055, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 442, 175100, 189275, 6, 91578, 181952, 3428, 68818, 12, 6, 144274, 195374, 20324, 87880, 1294, 111, 40881, 31897, 4, 6, 144274, 30839, 7, 4, 6, 102525, 89176, 102403, 76, 10484, 23, 195374, 8783, 4, 756, 4127, 3428, 68818, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 6, 26738, 23182, 30337, 55283, 79063, 1314, 5, 22376, 4, 30337, 55283, 36, 21816, 1055, 3542, 5201, 538, 4092, 130367, 7, 136, 19048, 47, 81148, 121641, 4, 154107, 47, 70, 181952, 14537, 111, 2363, 109923, 4, 7440, 162, 158, 21605, 933, 3542, 11814, 47, 6, 15555, 5941, 111, 70, 4749, 4293, 7, 23, 3789, 152239, 19175, 91, 91526, 38281, 5, 5153, 36, 21816, 1055, 3542, 137567, 224344, 71, 47, 186, 14597, 1284, 3542, 128839, 538, 91995, 71, 23, 756, 4749, 4293, 18738, 7831, 15, 216561, 8382, 111, 2609, 3466, 1295, 423, 77814, 20271, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 390, 64720, 56, 94859, 7, 4, 158, 21605, 933, 136, 101085, 1314, 9, 4390, 9, 4205, 36, 14775, 47, 25545, 538, 9588, 214, 84458, 5, 2132, 3805, 528, 4, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 99381, 111, 75881, 12806, 509, 10, 24, 1405, 90364, 450, 34739, 3687, 98, 361, 18374, 423, 15770, 3229, 10, 18738, 126, 111, 70, 152239, 19175, 4, 10, 5798, 150, 1363, 111, 28811, 129574, 117249, 137356, 71, 390, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 310, 4, 23, 134225, 297, 10, 13036, 8, 88981, 98, 70, 18738, 126, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 23, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 9876, 2701, 5, 581, 180, 139891, 84616, 3542, 57, 49725, 65272, 19364, 1295, 2363, 24, 1405, 29398, 23, 75881, 12806, 15, 2347, 30337, 55283, 9351, 111, 142, 45964, 353, 30647, 24392, 2451, 91127, 343, 4, 180, 139891, 1388, 3229, 1836, 435, 70, 18738, 126, 111, 70, 152239, 19175, 3129, 509, 57, 49725, 28, 4438, 1295, 33024, 76, 4, 63457, 20102, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Deployment and order of battle.", "Battle.", "Aftermath.", "Legacy.", "Accounts.", "Commemoration.", "Paintings.", "Modern literature." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The Christian coalition had been promoted by Pope Pius V to rescue the Venetian colony of Famagusta on the island of Cyprus, which was being besieged by the Turks in early 1571 subsequent to the fall of Nicosia and other Venetian possessions in Cyprus in the course of 1570. On 1 August the Venetians had surrendered after being reassured that they could leave Cyprus freely. However, the Ottoman commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, who had lost some 50,000 men in the siege, broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians. On 17 August Marco Antonio Bragadin was flayed alive and his corpse hung on Mustafa's galley together with the heads of the Venetian commanders, Astorre Baglioni, Alvise Martinengo and Gianantonio Querini. The members of the Holy League were the Republic of Venice, the Spanish Empire (including the Kingdom of Naples, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia as part of the Spanish possessions), the Papal States, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchies of Savoy, Urbino and Tuscany, the Knights Hospitaller and others. The banner for the fleet, blessed by the Pope, reached the Kingdom of Naples (then ruled by the Philip II of Spain) on 14 August 1571. There, in the Basilica of Santa Chiara, it was solemnly consigned to John of Austria, who had been named the leader of the coalition after long discussions among the allies. The fleet moved to Sicily and, leaving Messina, reached (after several stops) the port of Viscardo in Cephalonia, where news arrived of the fall of Famagusta and of the torture inflicted by the Turks on the Venetian commander of the fortress, Marco Antonio Bragadin. All members of the alliance viewed the Ottoman navy as a significant threat, both to the security of maritime trade in the Mediterranean Sea and to the security of continental Europe itself. Spain was the largest financial contributor, though the Spaniards preferred to preserve most of their galleys for Spain's own wars against the nearby sultanates of the Barbary Coast rather than expend its naval strength for the benefit of Venice. The combined Christian fleet was placed under the command of John of Austria (Don Juan de Austria) with Marcantonio Colonna as his principal deputy. The various Christian contingents met the main force, that of Venice (under Sebastiano Venier, later Doge of Venice), in July and August 1571 at Messina, Sicily.", "The Christian fleet consisted of 206 galleys and six galleasses (large new galleys with substantial artillery, developed by the Venetians) and was commanded by Spanish Admiral John of Austria, the illegitimate son of Emperor Charles V and half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, supported by the Spanish commanders Don Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga and Don Álvaro de Bazán, and Genoan commander Gianandrea Doria. The Republic of Venice contributed 109 galleys and six galleasses, 49 galleys came from the Spanish Empire (including 26 from the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily and other Italian territories), 27 galleys of the Genoese fleet, seven galleys from the Papal States, five galleys from the Order of Saint Stephen and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, three galleys each from the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta and some privately owned galleys in Spanish service. This fleet of the Christian alliance was manned by 40,000 sailors and oarsmen. In addition, it carried approximately 20,000 fighting troops: 7,000 Spanish regular infantry of excellent quality, 7,000 Germans, 6,000 Italian mercenaries in Spanish pay, all good troops, in addition to 5,000 professional Venetian soldiers. Also, Venetian oarsmen were mainly free citizens and able to bear arms, adding to the fighting power of their ship, whereas convicts were used to row many of the galleys in other Holy League squadrons. Free oarsmen were generally acknowledged to be superior but were gradually replaced in all galley fleets (including those of Venice from 1549) during the 16th century by cheaper slaves, convicts and prisoners-of-war owing to rapidly rising costs. Ali Pasha, the Ottoman admiral (\"Kapudan-i Derya\"), supported by the corsairs Mehmed Sirocco (natively Mehmed Şuluk) of Alexandria and Uluç Ali, commanded an Ottoman force of 222 war galleys, 56 galliots and some smaller vessels. The Turks had skilled and experienced crews of sailors but were significantly deficient in their elite corps of Janissaries. The number of oarsmen was about 37,000, virtually all of them slaves, many of them Christians who had been captured in previous conquests and engagements. The Ottoman galleys were manned by 13,000 experienced sailors—generally drawn from the maritime nations of the Ottoman Empire—mainly Berbers, Greeks, Syrians and Egyptians—and 34,000 soldiers. An advantage for the Christians was the numerical superiority in guns and cannon aboard their ships, as well as the superior quality of the Spanish infantry. It is estimated that the Christians had 1,815 guns, while the Turks had only 750 with insufficient ammunition. The Christians embarked with their much improved arquebusier and musketeer forces, while the Ottomans trusted in their greatly feared composite bowmen. The Christian fleet started from Messina on 16 September, crossing the Adriatic and creeping along the coast, arriving at the group of rocky islets lying just north of the opening of the Gulf of Corinth on 6 October. Serious conflict had broken out between Venetian and Spanish soldiers, and Venier enraged Don Juan by hanging a Spanish soldier for impudence. Despite bad weather, the Christian ships sailed south and, on 6 October, reached the port of Sami, Cephalonia (then also called Val d'Alessandria), where they remained for a while. Early on 7 October, they sailed toward the Gulf of Patras, where they encountered the Ottoman fleet. While neither fleet had immediate strategic resources or objectives in the gulf, both chose to engage. The Ottoman fleet had an express order from the Sultan to fight, and John of Austria found it necessary to attack in order to maintain the integrity of the expedition in the face of personal and political disagreements within the Holy League. On the morning of 7 October, after the decision to offer battle was made, the Christian fleet formed up in four divisions in a north-south line: Two galleasses, which had side-mounted cannon, were positioned in front of each main division for the purpose, according to Miguel de Cervantes (who served on the galley \"Marquesa\" during the battle), of preventing the Turks from sneaking in small boats and sapping, sabotaging or boarding the Christian vessels. This reserve division consisted of 38 galleys—30 behind the Centre Division and four behind each wing. A scouting group was formed, from two Right Wing and six Reserve Division galleys. As the Christian fleet was slowly turning around Point Scropha, Doria's Right Division, at the offshore side, was delayed at the start of the battle and the Right's galleasses did not get into position. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 57 galleys and two galliots on its right under Mehmed Siroco, 61 galleys and 32 galliots in the centre under Ali Pasha in the \"Sultana\" and about 63 galleys and 30 galliots in the south offshore under Uluç Ali. A small reserve consisted of eight galleys, 22 galliots and 64 fustas, behind the centre body. Ali Pasha is supposed to have told his Christian galley slaves, \"If I win the battle, I promise you your liberty. If the day is yours, then God has given it to you.\" John of Austria, more laconically, warned his crew, \"There is no paradise for cowards.\"", "The lookout on the \"Real\" sighted the Turkish van at dawn of 7 October. Don Juan called a council of war and decided to offer battle. He travelled through his fleet in a swift sailing vessel, exhorting his officers and men to do their utmost. The Sacrament was administered to all, the galley slaves were freed from their chains, and the standard of the Holy League was raised to the truck of the flagship. The wind was at first against the Christians, and it was feared that the Turks would be able to make contact before a line of battle could be formed. But around noon, shortly before contact, the wind shifted to favour the Christians, enabling most of the squadrons to reach their assigned position before contact. Four galeasses stationed in front of the Christian battle line opened fire at close quarters at the foremost Turkish galleys, confusing their battle array in the crucial moment of contact. Around noon, first contact was made between the squadrons of Barbarigo and Sirocco, close to the northern shore of the Gulf. Barbarigo had attempted to stay so close to the shore as to prevent Sirocco from surrounding him, but Sirocco, knowing the depth of the waters, managed to still insert galleys between Barbarigo's line and the coast. In the ensuing mêlée, the ships came so close to each other as to form an almost continuous platform of hand-to-hand fighting in which both leaders were killed. The Christian galley slaves freed from the Turkish ships were supplied with arms and joined in the fighting, turning the battle in favour of the Christian side. Meanwhile, the centres clashed with such force that Ali Pasha's galley drove into the \"Real\" as far as the fourth rowing bench, and hand-to-hand fighting commenced around the two flagships, between the Spanish Tercio infantry and the Turkish janissaries. When the \"Real\" was nearly taken, Colonna came alongside, with the bow of his galley, and mounted a counter-attack. With the help of Colonna, the Turks were pushed off the \"Real\" and the Turkish flagship was boarded and swept. The entire crew of Ali Pasha's flagship was killed, including Ali Pasha himself. The banner of the Holy League was hoisted on the captured ship, breaking the morale of the Turkish galleys nearby. After two hours of fighting, the Turks were beaten left and centre, although fighting continued for another two hours. A flag taken at Lepanto by the Knights of Saint Stephen, said to be the standard of the Turkish commander, is still on display, in the Church of the seat of the Order in Pisa. On the Christian right, the situation was different, as Doria continued sailing towards the south instead of taking his assigned position. He would explain his conduct after the battle by saying that he was trying to prevent an enveloping manoeuvre by the Turkish left. But Doria's captains were enraged, interpreting their commander's signals as a sign of treachery. When Doria had opened a wide gap with the Christian centre, Uluç Ali swung around and fell on Colonna's southern flank, with Doria too far away to interfere. Ali attacked a group of some fifteen galleys around the flagship of the Knights of Malta, threatening to break into the Christian centre and still turn the tide of the battle. This was prevented by the arrival of the reserve squadron of Santa Cruz. Uluç Ali was forced to retreat, escaping the battle with the captured flag of the Knights of Malta. Isolated fighting continued until the evening. Even after the battle had clearly turned against the Turks, groups of janissaries kept fighting to the last. It is said that at some point the Janissaries ran out of weapons and started throwing oranges and lemons at their Christian adversaries, leading to awkward scenes of laughter among the general misery of battle. At the end of the battle, the Christians had taken 117 galleys and 20 galliots, and sunk or destroyed some 50 other ships. Around ten thousand Turks were taken prisoner, and many thousands of Christian slaves were rescued. The Christian side suffered around 7,500 deaths, the Turkish side about 30,000.", "The engagement was a significant defeat for the Ottomans, who had not lost a major naval battle since the fifteenth century. However, the Holy League failed to capitalize on the victory, and while the Ottoman defeat has often been cited as the historical turning-point initiating the eventual stagnation of Ottoman territorial expansion, this was by no means an immediate consequence; even though the Christian victory at Lepanto confirmed the \"de facto\" division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Habsburgs and their Italian allies, halting the Ottoman encroachment on Italian territories, the Holy League did not regain any territories that had been lost to the Ottomans prior to Lepanto. Historian Paul K. Davis synopsizes the importance of Lepanto this way: \"This Turkish defeat stopped Ottomans' expansion into the Mediterranean, thus maintaining western dominance, and confidence grew in the west that Turks, previously unstoppable, could be beaten\" The Ottomans were quick to rebuild their navy. By 1572, about six months after the defeat, more than 150 galleys, 8 galleasses, and in total 250 ships had been built, including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean. With this new fleet the Ottoman Empire was able to reassert its supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sultan Selim II's Chief Minister, the Grand Vizier Mehmed Sokullu, even boasted to the Venetian emissary Marcantonio Barbaro that the Christian triumph at Lepanto caused no lasting harm to the Ottoman Empire, while the capture of Cyprus by the Ottomans in the same year was a significant blow, saying that: In 1572, the allied Christian fleet resumed operations and faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under Kılıç Ali Pasha, but the Ottoman commander actively avoided engaging the allied fleet and headed for the safety of the fortress of Modon. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don Juan squandered the opportunity. Pius V died on 1 May 1572. The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don Juan attacked and took Tunis, only for it to be retaken by the Ottomans in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of her Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of Friuli, and eager to cut her losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the Porte. The Holy League was disbanded with the peace treaty of 7 March 1573, which concluded the War of Cyprus. Venice was forced to accept loser's terms in spite of the victory at Lepanto. Cyprus was formally ceded to the Ottoman Empire, and Venice agreed to pay an indemnity of 300,000 ducats. In addition, the border between the two powers in Dalmatia was modified by the Turkish occupation of small but important parts of the hinterland that included the most fertile agricultural areas near the cities, with adverse effects on the economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia. Peace would hold between the two states until the Cretan War of 1645. In 1574, the Ottomans retook the strategic city of Tunis from the Spanish-supported Hafsid dynasty, which had been re-installed after John of Austria's forces reconquered the city from the Ottomans the year before. Thanks to the long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, the Ottomans were able to resume naval activity in the western Mediterranean. In 1576, the Ottomans assisted in Abdul Malik's capture of Fez – this reinforced the Ottoman indirect conquests in Morocco that had begun under Suleiman the Magnificent. The establishment of Ottoman suzerainty over the area placed the entire southern coast of the Mediterranean from the Straits of Gibraltar to Greece under Ottoman authority, with the exceptions of the Spanish-controlled trading city of Oran and strategic settlements such as Melilla and Ceuta. But after 1580, the Ottoman Empire could no longer compete with the advances in European naval technology, especially the development of the galleon and line of battle tactics used in the Spanish Navy. Spanish success in the Mediterranean continued into the first half of the 17th century. Spanish ships attacked the Anatolian coast, defeating larger Ottoman fleets at the Battle of Cape Celidonia and the Battle of Cape Corvo. Larache and La Mamora, in the Moroccan Atlantic coast, and the island of Alhucemas, in the Mediterranean, were taken (although Larache and La Mamora were lost again later in the 17th century). Ottoman expansion in the 17th century shifted to land war with Austria on one hand, culminating in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699, and to the war with Safavid Persia on the other.", "", "Giovanni Pietro Contarini’s \"History of the Events, which occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle against the Turks\" was published in 1572, a few months after Lepanto. It was the first comprehensive account of the war, and the only one to attempt a concise but complete overview of its course and the Holy League’s triumph. Contarini’s account went beyond effluent praise and mere factual reporting to examine the meaning and importance of these events. It is also the only full historical account by an immediate commentator, blending his straightforward narrative with keen and consistent reflections on the political philosophy of conflict in the context of the Ottoman-Catholic confrontation in the early modern Mediterranean.", "The Holy League credited the victory to the Virgin Mary, whose intercession with God they had implored for victory through the use of the Rosary. Andrea Doria had kept a copy of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Guadalupe given to him by King Philip II of Spain in his ship's state room. Pope Pius V instituted a new Catholic feast day of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate the battle, which is now celebrated by the Catholic Church as the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary. Dominican friar Juan Lopez in his 1584 book on the rosary states that the feast of the rosary was offered \"in memory and in perpetual gratitude of the miraculous victory that the Lord gave to his Christian people that day against the Turkish armada\". A piece of commemorative music composed after the victory is the motet \"Canticum Moysis\" (Song of Moses Exodus 15) \"Pro victoria navali contra Turcas\" by the Spanish composer based in Rome Fernando de las Infantas. The other piece of music is Jacobus de Kerle's \"Cantio octo vocum de sacro foedere contra Turcas\" 1572 (Song in Eight Voices on the Holy League Against the Turks), in the opinion of Pettitt (2006) an \"exuberantly militaristic\" piece celebrating the victory. There were celebrations and festivities with \"triumphs\" and pageants at Rome and Venice with Turkish slaves in chains. Spanish poet Fernando de Herrera wrote the poem \"Canción en alabanza de la divina majestad por la victoria del Señor Don Juan\" in 1572. King James VI of Scotland published in 1591 a poem of about 1,000 lines celebrating this Christian victory. The fortress of Palmanova in Italy originally called \"Palma\" was built by the Republic of Venice on 7 October 1593 to commemorate the victory.", "There are many pictorial representations of the battle. Prints of the order of battle appeared in Venice and Rome in 1571, and numerous paintings were commissioned, including one in the Doge's Palace, Venice, by Andrea Vicentino on the walls of the \"Sala dello Scrutinio\", which replaced Tintoretto's \"Victory of Lepanto\", destroyed by fire in 1577. Titian painted the battle in the background of an allegorical work showing Philip II of Spain holding his infant son, Don Fernando, his male heir born shortly after the victory, on 4 December 1571. An angel descends from heaven bearing a palm branch with a motto for Fernando, who is held up by Philip: \"Majora tibi\" (may you achieve greater deeds; Fernando died as a child, in 1578). \"The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto\" (c. 1572, oil on canvas, 169 x 137 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice) is a painting by Paolo Veronese. The lower half of the painting shows the events of the battle, whilst at the top a female personification of Venice is presented to the Virgin Mary, with Saint Roch, Saint Peter, Saint Justina, Saint Mark and a group of angels in attendance. A painting by Wenceslas Cobergher, dated to the end of the 16th century, now in San Domenico Maggiore, shows what is interpreted as a victory procession in Rome on the return of admiral Colonna. On the stairs of Saint Peter's Basilica, Pius V is visible in front of a kneeling figure, identified as Marcantonio Colonna returning the standard of the Holy League to the pope. On high is the Madonna and child with victory palms. Tommaso Dolabella painted his \"The Battle of Lepanto\" in c. 1625–1630 on the commission of Stanisław Lubomirski, commander of the Polish left wing in the Battle of Khotyn (1621). The monumental painting (3.05 m × 6.35 m) combines the Polish victory procession following this battle with the backdrop of the Battle of Lepanto. It was later owned by the Dominicans of Poznań and since 1927 has been on display in Wawel Castle, Cracow. \"The Battle of Lepanto\" by Juan Luna (1887) is displayed at the Spanish Senate in Madrid.", "The English author G. K. Chesterton wrote a poem \"\", first published in 1911 and republished many times since. It provides a series of poetic visions of the major characters in the battle, particularly the leader of the Christian forces, Don Juan of Austria. It closes with verses linking Miguel de Cervantes, who fought in the battle, with the \"lean and foolish knight\" he would later immortalize in \"Don Quixote\". Miguel de Cervantes lost the use of an arm in this battle and therefore he is known as \"el manco de Lepanto\" (the one-armed man of Lepanto) in the Hispanic world. The English author Elizabeth Goudge used, \"Charles Birley\", an historian character in her war-time novel, \"The Castle on the Hill\" (1942), to recall the Battle of Lepanto, the leading role of John of Austria, and the presence of Cervantes at the battle. This symbolizes the British and Allies resistance to the menace of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan during World War II (Chapter V, Part I, pp 83-84). Emilio Salgari devoted two of his historical novels, \"Capitan Tempesta\" (\"Captain Tempest\", 1905) and \"Il Leone di Damasco\" (\"The Lion of Damascus\", 1910), to the siege of Famagusta and the Battle of Lepanto. The novels were adapted in two films by Corrado D'Errico in 1942. Lepanto – Rudolph, Harriet, \"Die Ordnung der Schlacht und die Ordnung der Erinnerung\" in: \"Militärische Erinnerungskulturen vom 14. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert\" (2012), 101–28." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 9626, 70, 39210, 27165, 4, 1311, 9, 8770, 43148, 12008, 10, 14012, 111, 38109, 390, 114977, 12, 1311, 9, 8770, 43148, 137567, 54, 959, 765, 2499, 17808, 1363, 47, 162466, 47, 2499, 84458, 111, 44, 128659, 214, 58, 70, 57266, 5, 4263, 1632, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 15190, 7, 10, 60213, 450, 156856, 7, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 57266, 4, 450, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 1556, 110, 7108, 47, 35968, 450, 2499, 27060, 12008, 70, 11034, 111, 154107, 450, 60213, 3853, 2174, 3789, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 456, 2631, 117396, 18348, 7, 1295, 70, 57266, 6637, 111, 442, 5, 33306, 4, 99, 2878, 1363, 4, 10, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 83, 233234, 47, 192026, 70, 34292, 49814, 390, 1919, 707, 604, 136912, 7, 111, 70, 57266, 2174, 70, 44, 128659, 5911, 7, 58, 16750, 297, 23, 142, 51312, 23, 57266, 34292, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 2174, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 25, 7, 44, 128659, 5911, 7, 58, 227204, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 57266, 4, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 83, 102778, 100, 70, 227204, 5, 360, 142, 133836, 7225, 4, 70, 19694, 52341, 2804, 450, 70, 84458, 111, 121461, 214, 390, 1632, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 8110, 186, 39958, 3934, 15426, 98, 70, 2878, 1363, 707, 2704, 113068, 24073, 14, 5, 13, 1242, 11473, 16, 111, 70, 57266, 5, 98423, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 831, 41371, 538, 22, 10591, 1297, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 25, 7, 10002, 12008, 23, 70, 57266, 390, 35971, 1810, 10, 238336, 98, 450, 12008, 15, 289, 197271, 903, 1543, 191984, 96760, 10, 124416, 23582, 27771, 47, 10, 23582, 27771, 23, 39210, 4, 237, 151552, 35064, 3142, 3789, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 765, 110, 17808, 1363, 47, 4358, 8783, 10, 238336, 450, 4734, 127877, 47, 15700, 101785, 25, 7, 12008, 111, 70, 57266, 4, 136, 70, 238336, 13, 831, 4734, 100, 13, 155648, 98, 450, 17904, 208, 6504, 25, 7, 12008, 5, 4932, 111628, 7, 111670, 71, 390, 238336, 7, 98, 11651, 12008, 7, 111, 552, 9, 157272, 57266, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 25545, 538, 71062, 214, 58555, 23, 70, 238336, 6, 102731, 53099, 5, 1311, 9, 8770, 43148, 6, 2600, 1632, 15700, 10, 115, 939, 111, 44075, 184017, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 4, 2499, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 2750, 163629, 7, 10, 238336, 63043, 26548, 70, 57266, 8110, 8337, 1919, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 10, 169022, 54591, 47, 59038, 123875, 2182, 12008, 7, 23, 450, 63043, 5, 5531, 66, 2408, 23, 39210, 15, 98725, 16, 83, 10, 3173, 111, 133244, 97761, 23, 3129, 12638, 101785, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 6, 86216, 23, 39210, 4, 83, 28601, 297, 390, 70, 27165, 237, 10002, 214, 84797, 136, 117781, 12008, 7, 111, 70, 5701, 57266, 5, 3311, 114977, 4, 756, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 10002, 105950, 12008, 7, 4, 1284, 2363, 33946, 7, 1543, 129927, 23, 13267, 5, 136854, 144044, 10002, 169209, 7, 23, 142, 165, 14681, 48141, 57266, 43257, 3501, 17311, 25072, 7, 707, 127451, 7, 4, 136, 2363, 8, 297, 7, 7639, 4734, 2363, 101785, 16070, 169209, 7, 5, 581, 7108, 111, 10, 17311, 136854, 101785, 47, 4527, 10, 17311, 104, 19256, 214, 32497, 1295, 10, 59121, 18264, 181141, 390, 756, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 15, 31, 60441, 35839, 10, 44, 87286, 66, 2408, 360, 151301, 186670, 74054, 959, 1295, 10, 8, 297, 4, 22288, 707, 3789, 12937, 17164, 297, 23, 54529, 53, 115923, 5, 3293, 3173, 111, 101785, 16070, 83, 2684, 39210, 7440, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 621, 959, 139505, 707, 765, 162466, 71, 12921, 41170, 7, 47, 70, 59038, 111, 70, 57266, 5, 581, 181079, 111, 10, 124416, 60091, 165410, 13648, 186, 34658, 237, 10, 23582, 27771, 23, 39210, 5, 5531, 10840, 23, 39210, 765, 110, 7108, 111, 613, 686, 3104, 16070, 4, 91084, 450, 2174, 1632, 6, 86216, 23, 39210, 14792, 4, 450, 6, 86216, 25, 7, 33946, 23, 70, 57266, 1221, 186, 2831, 111, 1919, 707, 604, 97761, 136, 27875, 390, 23, 3334, 217, 7154, 47, 450, 101785, 25, 7, 8, 41079, 90, 707, 6, 150621, 7, 4, 40101, 390, 1221, 4, 707, 390, 892, 61340, 206846, 5, 22376, 4, 237, 12638, 6, 86216, 23, 39210, 1556, 142, 33946, 23, 70, 57266, 4, 1836, 1543, 4, 23, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 2499, 185190, 176506, 47, 17721, 756, 70, 1492, 10840, 23, 39210, 4, 74703, 707, 120262, 35142, 678, 70, 33946, 23, 70, 57266, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 238336, 442, 16, 20271, 2363, 6897, 6032, 4, 1884, 2499, 3789, 57266, 33946, 5, 78662, 2499, 19085, 47, 10, 23582, 27771, 23, 39210, 32599, 90, 47, 121011, 13, 15, 16345, 25958, 24117, 71, 44, 18557, 72253, 18939, 70, 124416, 33946, 4, 764, 707, 2412, 1543, 113054, 10, 44, 15866, 1363, 111, 70, 57266, 740, 3293, 83, 10, 91853, 111, 70, 3551, 3934, 117781, 538, 6, 157272, 71358, 4, 2174, 6044, 91853, 83, 8437, 538, 28897, 3674, 1379, 1602, 592, 136, 3789, 4000, 3551, 4527, 185190, 7, 5, 78662, 6044, 91853, 83, 959, 28897, 3674, 4, 10, 168861, 11473, 111, 70, 57266, 83, 70, 4734, 30700, 4, 134629, 390, 10, 91853, 111, 70, 172337, 7, 5, 4263, 70, 68036, 621, 51, 2886, 47, 53520, 47, 10, 2878, 1363, 4, 2499, 707, 756, 111, 2856, 1543, 40, 343, 70, 3114, 2069, 111, 10, 29685, 47, 83324, 3642, 70, 3551, 5608, 186, 101637, 71, 72761, 538, 91853, 17721, 70, 124416, 144044, 15, 15866, 1363, 23, 8562, 247, 137802, 12638, 678, 101785, 16070, 111, 10, 126826, 111, 70, 57266, 33636, 214, 2363, 12008, 5, 52341, 7, 1543, 2843, 12989, 10, 2878, 1363, 390, 11473, 23, 3129, 70, 57266, 83, 54324, 136, 70, 172337, 7, 621, 15917, 3674, 47, 70, 144044, 5, 78662, 4000, 27165, 14602, 959, 28897, 72761, 91853, 4, 70, 29685, 8110, 12989, 10, 2878, 1363, 390, 11473, 5, 98423, 552, 9, 8770, 1679, 83, 233234, 47, 2878, 1363, 237, 10, 26866, 111, 7108, 4, 91084, 450, 70, 29685, 1221, 12989, 10, 2878, 1363, 99, 70, 50336, 111, 2499, 111, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 5, 581, 4734, 131527, 47, 903, 4537, 79986, 83, 7440, 70, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 765, 176506, 4, 40101, 36510, 538, 707, 35388, 297, 538, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 57266, 27165, 4, 10, 133244, 97761, 707, 552, 9, 51219, 27771, 83, 2499, 111, 67842, 48322, 23, 3129, 57266, 83, 6, 157272, 390, 1286, 3501, 1632, 3445, 99, 10, 1733, 5, 4263, 1286, 3501, 1632, 3445, 10002, 7, 70, 5701, 57266, 4, 1836, 621, 39210, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 5, 51825, 18614, 25443, 100, 552, 9, 8770, 43148, 111, 2773, 97761, 83, 40101, 552, 9, 86216, 7, 707, 124416, 1492, 10840, 4, 678, 70, 21, 3055, 113860, 24092, 151138, 10, 7108, 111, 613, 686, 3104, 16070, 5, 17006, 39210, 27165, 100491, 18403, 5256, 125296, 23582, 117538, 23, 39210, 136, 124416, 23582, 117538, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Rights and duties of co-owners (general).", "Contribution and improvements.", "Mortgages.", "Tenancy in common.", "Destruction of tenancy in common.", "Joint tenancy.", "Four unities of a joint tenancy.", "Breaking a joint tenancy.", "Mortgages to break joint tenancy.", "Petition to partition to sever a joint tenancy.", "Tenancy by the entirety." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Under the common law, Co-owners share a number of rights by default:", "Co-owners generally do not have any obligation to contribute to any costs of \"improving\" the property. If one co-owner adds a feature that enhances the value of the property, that co-owner has no right to demand that any others share the cost of adding that feature even if other co-owners reap greater profits from the property because of it. However, at partition, a co-owner is entitled to recover the value added by his or her improvements of the property if the \"improvements\" resulted in an increase in property value. Conversely, if the co-owner's \"improvements\" decrease the value of the property, the co-owner is responsible for the decrease. In an Australian case, the High Court said that the costs of repairing by one co-owner must be taken into account on the partition or final distribution (\"i.e.\" sale) of the property.", "Each co-owner can independently encumber the co-owner's own share in the property by taking out a mortgage on that share (although this may effectively convert a joint tenancy to a tenancy in common, as described below); other co-owners have no obligation to help pay a mortgage that only runs to another owner's share of the property, and the mortgagee can only foreclose on that mortgagor's share. Bank loans secured by mortgages on individual shares of co-owned property are one of the most rapidly expanding areas in the mortgage lending industry. Co-owners owe one another a duty of fair dealing. Because of this, any co-owner who acquires a mortgage claim against the property must give his co-owners a reasonable opportunity to purchase proportionate shares in that claim.", "Tenancy in common (TIC) is a form of concurrent estate in which each owner, referred to as a tenant in common, is regarded by the law as owning separate and distinct shares of the same property. By default, all co-owners own equal shares, but their interests may differ in size. TIC owners own percentages in an undivided property rather than particular units or apartments, and their deeds show only their ownership percentages. The right of a particular TIC owner to use a particular dwelling comes from a written contract signed by all co-owners (often called a \"Tenancy In Common Agreement\"), not from a deed, map or other document recorded in county records. This form of ownership is most common where the co-owners are not married or have contributed different amounts to the purchase of the property. The assets of a joint commercial partnership might be held as a tenancy in common. Tenants in common have no right of survivorship, meaning that if one tenant in common dies, that tenant's interest in the property will be part of his or her estate and pass by inheritance to that owner's devisees or heirs, either by will, or by intestate succession. Also, as each tenant in common has an interest in the property, they may, in the absence of any restriction agreed to between all the tenants in common, sell or otherwise deal with the interest in the property (e.g. mortgage it) during their lifetime, like any other property interest.", "Where any party to a tenancy in common wishes to terminate (usually termed \"destroy\") the joint interest, he or she may obtain a \"partition of the property\". This is a division of the land into distinctly owned lots, if such division is legally permitted under zoning and other local land use restrictions. Where such division is not permitted, a forced sale of the property is the only alternative, followed by a division of the proceeds. If the parties are unable to agree to a partition, any or all of them may seek the ruling of a court to determine how the land should be divided physically division between the joint owners (partition in kind), leaving each with ownership of a portion of the property representing their share. Courts may also order a partition by sale in which the property is sold and the proceeds are distributed to the owners. Where local law does not permit physical division, the court must order a partition by sale. Each co-owner is entitled to partition as a matter of right, meaning that the court will order a partition at the request of any of the co-owners. The only exception to this general rule is where the co-owners have agreed, either expressly or impliedly, to waive the right of partition. The right may be waived either permanently, for a specific period of time, or under certain conditions. The court, however, will likely not enforce this waiver because it is a restraint on the alienability of property.", "A joint tenancy or joint tenancy with right of survivorship (JTWROS) is a type of concurrent estate in which co-owners have a \"right of survivorship\", meaning that if one owner dies, that owner's interest in the property will pass to the surviving owner or owners by operation of law, and avoiding probate. The deceased owner's interest in the property simply evaporates and cannot be inherited by his or her heirs. Under this type of ownership, the last owner living owns all the property, and on his or her death the property will form part of their estate. Unlike a tenancy in common, where co-owners may have unequal interests in a property, joint co-owners have an equal share in the property. Creditors' claims against the deceased owner's estate may, under certain circumstances, be satisfied by the portion of ownership previously owned by the deceased, but now owned by the survivor or survivors. In other words, the deceased's liabilities can sometimes remain attached to the property. This form of ownership is common between spouses, parent and child, and in any other situation where parties want ownership to pass immediately and automatically to the survivor. For bank and brokerage accounts held in this fashion, the acronym JTWROS is commonly appended to the account name as evidence of the owners' intent. To create a joint tenancy, clear language indicating that intent must be used \"e.g.\" \"to AB and CD as joint tenants with right of survivorship, and not as tenants in common\". This long form of wording may be especially appropriate in those jurisdictions which use the phrase \"joint tenancy\" as synonymous with a tenancy in common. Shorter forms such as \"to AB and CD as joint tenants\" or \"to AB and CD jointly\" can be used in most jurisdictions. Words to that effect may be used by the parties in the deed of conveyance or other instrument of transfer of title, or by a testator in a will, or in an inter vivos trust deed. If a testator leaves property in a will to several beneficiaries \"jointly\" and one or more of those named beneficiaries dies before the will takes effect, then the survivors of those named beneficiaries will inherit the whole property on a joint tenancy basis. But if these named beneficiaries had been bequeathed the property on a tenancy in common basis, but died before the will took effect, then those beneficiaries' heirs would in turn inherit their share immediately (the named beneficiary being deceased).", "To create a joint tenancy, the co-owners must share \"\"four unities\"\": If any of these elements is missing, the joint tenancy is ineffective, and the joint tenancy will be treated as a tenancy in common in equal shares.", "If any joint co-owner deals in any way with a property inconsistent with a joint tenancy, that co-owner will be treated as having terminated (sometimes called \"breaking\") the joint tenancy. The remaining co-owners maintain joint ownership of the remaining interest. The dealing may be a conveyance or sale of the co-owner's share in the property. The position in relation to a mortgage is more doubtful (see below). For example, if one of three joint co-owners conveys his or her share in the property to a third party, the third party owns a 1/3 share on a tenancy in common basis, while the other two original joint co-owners continue to hold the remaining 2/3s on a joint tenancy basis. This result arises because the \"unity of time\" is broken: that is, because on the transfer the timing of the new interest is different from the original one. If it is desired to continue to maintain a joint tenancy, then the three original joint co-owners would need to transfer, in the one instrument, the joint interest to the two remaining joint co-owners and the new joint co-owner. A joint co-owner may break a joint tenancy and maintain an interest in the property. Most jurisdictions permit a joint owner to break a joint tenancy by the execution of a document to that effect. In those jurisdictions which retain the old common law requirements, an actual exchange with a \"straw man\" is required. This requires another person to \"buy\" the property from the joint co-owner for some nominal consideration, followed immediately by a sale-back to the co-owner at the same price. In either case, the joint tenancy will revert to a tenancy in common as to that owner's interest in the property. A significant issue can arise with the simple document execution method. In the \"straw man\" approach, there are witnesses to the transfer. With the document, there may not be witnesses. With either method, as soon as the break occurs, it works both ways. Because there may not be witnesses, the party with the document could take advantage of that fact and hide the document when the other party dies.", "If one joint co-owner takes out a mortgage on jointly owned property, in some jurisdictions this may terminate the joint tenancy. Jurisdictions which use a \"title theory\" in this situation treat a mortgage as an actual conveyance of title until the mortgage is repaid, if not permanently. In such jurisdictions, the taking of a mortgage by one owner terminates the joint tenancy as to that co-owner. In jurisdictions which use the \"lien theory\", the mortgage merely places a lien on the property, leaving the joint tenancy undisturbed. As a lien is not enough to terminate a joint tenancy, if the debtor dies before the creditor sues, the creditor is left with no claim against the property, as the debtor's interest in the property evaporates and automatically vests in the other surviving co-owners.", "A co-owner of a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship deed may sever the joint tenancy by filing a petition to partition. A petition to partition is a legal right, so usually there is no way to stop such an action. When a court grants a partition action for a joint tenants with rights of survivorship deed, the property is either physically broken into parts and each owner is given a part of equal value OR the property is sold and the proceeds are distributed equally between the co-owners regardless of contribution to purchase price. No credits would be issued to any tenant who may have made a superior contribution toward purchase price. Some states allow a co-owner the option of buying out the other co-owners to avoid a public sale of the property. Some states also allow multiple co-owners to join their shares together to claim a majority ownership to avoid public sale of the property and to have the property awarded to the majority owners. If the property is sold publicly, the usual method is a public auction. During a partition process, credits may be granted to co-tenants who have paid property expenses in excess of their share, such as utilities and property maintenance. Credit may be given for improvements done to the property if the improvements have increased the value of the property. No credit would be given for excess contribution to purchase price, as joint tenancy with rights of survivorship deeds are taken in equal shares as a matter of law.", "A tenancy by the entirety (sometimes called a tenancy by the entireties) is a type of concurrent estate formerly available only to married couples, where ownership of property is treated as though the couple were a single legal person. It is based on an old English common law view that a married couple is one legal person for the purpose of owning property. (In the State of Hawaii, the option of Tenants by the Entirety ownership is also available to domestic partners in a registered \"Reciprocal Beneficiary Relationship\"; Vermont's Civil Union statute qualifies parties to a civil union for tenancy by the entirety.) Like a Joint Tenancy with Rights of Survivorship, the tenancy by the entirety also encompasses a right of survivorship, so if one spouse dies, the entire interest in the property is said to \"ripen\" in the survivor so that sole control of the property ripens, or passes in the ordinary sense, to the surviving spouse without going through probate. In some jurisdictions, to create a tenancy by the entirety the parties must specify in the deed that the property is being conveyed to the couple \"as tenants by the entirety,\" while in others, a conveyance to a married couple is presumed to create a tenancy by the entirety unless the deed specifies otherwise. (\"see also\" Sociedad de gananciales.) Also, besides sharing the four unities necessary to create a joint tenancy with right of survivorship time, title, interest, and possession there must also be the fifth unity of marriage. However, unlike a JTWROS, neither party in a tenancy by the entirety has a unilateral right to sever the tenancy. The termination of the tenancy or any dealing with any part of the property requires the consent of both spouses. A divorce of the parties to the marriage who own a property in a tenancy by the entirety automatically breaks the unity of marriage, leaving the default tenancy. In death or divorce, there is a right of survivorship in the remaining spouse. In New York State cooperatives, where ownership by tenancy by the entirety has been an option for married couples since 1995, upon the couple divorcing either: a) if one spouse requests that their shares of stock in the co-op be reflected as being not in their name and solely in the name of the other spouse, that will automatically and immediately take effect by law and must be so reflected by the registrar and transfer agent of the corporation; or b) if neither spouse makes such a request, then divorce will automatically convert this type of ownership in co-op shares into a joint tenancy. Some US jurisdictions no longer recognize tenancies by the entirety. Where it is recognized, benefits can include the ability to shield the property from creditors of only one spouse, as well as the ability to partially shield the property where only one spouse is filing a petition for bankruptcy relief. If a non-debtor spouse in a tenancy by the entirety survives a debtor spouse, the lien can never be enforced against the property. On the other hand, if a debtor spouse survives a non-debtor spouse, the lien may be enforced against the whole property, not merely the debtor spouse's original half-interest. In many states, tenancy by the entireties is recognized as a valid form of ownership for bank accounts and financial assets." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 8, 88981, 111, 70, 7270, 6, 166697, 13, 7435, 87905, 6782, 538, 34390, 71, 70, 14537, 136, 79507, 111, 70, 99866, 112664, 7, 23, 9942, 5, 1650, 7, 119893, 3542, 152388, 707, 1119, 14, 6259, 5, 9942, 25, 7, 5117, 99866, 19085, 4, 70, 200602, 111, 70, 7142, 1419, 27985, 1314, 111, 9942, 4, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 176447, 5, 1650, 509, 62816, 52021, 237, 44, 171702, 271, 58, 6637, 442, 125568, 71, 128839, 17690, 7, 5, 32964, 68036, 65450, 5773, 1295, 442, 12, 23, 156999, 4, 70, 92265, 27985, 1314, 25, 31016, 111, 112876, 7, 96274, 7, 112, 136, 10208, 239, 3814, 6261, 15, 2347, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 111, 17038, 66128, 247, 7068, 23, 100439, 70, 135555, 6635, 7142, 1419, 27985, 1314, 25, 31016, 111, 16162, 4344, 47338, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 70, 6, 150621, 7, 111, 37405, 8055, 13, 22446, 19, 3181, 4, 10, 26582, 111, 70, 92265, 98834, 6635, 40250, 4, 75935, 70, 15881, 135555, 6635, 148855, 12441, 390, 3050, 21555, 5861, 3453, 122807, 5, 8622, 3542, 2843, 3060, 159978, 71, 99866, 8, 1766, 2449, 6044, 237, 143085, 102617, 2940, 136, 16162, 823, 474, 17147, 2750, 6777, 959, 186, 10617, 47, 2499, 19085, 5, 360, 122815, 4, 70, 105226, 111, 102617, 2940, 23, 58807, 25365, 109385, 9, 12724, 55870, 916, 25, 7, 100348, 143434, 10, 29865, 1672, 99866, 105226, 23, 10, 44, 168519, 20756, 164, 27759, 740, 129335, 5369, 14432, 4, 823, 474, 17147, 4, 4344, 47338, 136, 70, 97370, 271, 7, 14037, 297, 70, 97370, 271, 92265, 7142, 1419, 31016, 4, 3129, 8060, 297, 105226, 23, 27759, 4, 12960, 96274, 7, 112, 136, 3453, 122807, 100, 4806, 70, 7142, 1419, 31016, 111, 9942, 4, 3129, 233, 144429, 6044, 552, 9, 21473, 1363, 5, 360, 66007, 4, 20271, 70, 162097, 77699, 4, 70, 6626, 94407, 42564, 71, 23, 70, 92265, 140978, 111, 70, 27985, 1314, 8357, 15, 38406, 17780, 194, 147305, 111, 70, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 21115, 136, 14364, 111, 70, 19085, 15122, 44, 866, 25, 194659, 5097, 830, 823, 474, 17147, 509, 6863, 2684, 26794, 80973, 26366, 5, 581, 19085, 509, 2360, 4806, 23, 17721, 70, 86991, 9, 67413, 26697, 7, 111, 70, 26368, 6827, 31016, 136, 70, 98834, 6635, 67489, 21533, 64370, 2750, 35462, 3674, 70, 52350, 69941, 7, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 70, 69236, 47, 143107, 756, 70, 7142, 64370, 23, 1632, 11001, 19085, 509, 2878, 25958, 157578, 12, 3060, 6, 100184, 7, 128120, 71, 47, 33284, 70, 59215, 17780, 136, 75935, 70, 131161, 9, 178735, 1419, 31016, 4, 3129, 8060, 297, 99866, 105226, 23, 26697, 27759, 7, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 70, 26368, 6827, 7, 4, 2750, 32599, 297, 47, 20600, 21, 70775, 39, 4, 70, 59215, 17780, 509, 10, 82761, 111, 70, 636, 2480, 80231, 24073, 571, 55043, 224, 118142, 7, 18939, 15490, 47, 1661, 23, 70, 27759, 5, 360, 96903, 4, 70, 9082, 102668, 820, 2320, 111, 239, 38648, 52350, 69941, 63043, 297, 6863, 23, 215131, 1295, 756, 68894, 68036, 5, 581, 92265, 99866, 7, 3542, 37515, 538, 2874, 9, 4205, 4, 1284, 25632, 70, 110938, 2320, 111, 823, 474, 17147, 23, 41310, 1836, 3542, 51, 2886, 47, 39746, 70, 259, 272, 111, 33796, 8780, 3129, 134629, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 10660, 134729, 297, 10, 141591, 65450, 645, 105226, 23, 70, 1631, 6032, 27759, 111, 15889, 51, 2481, 5, 360, 45913, 70, 2874, 9, 4205, 99866, 7, 3542, 17305, 5115, 53, 8, 88981, 297, 23, 81843, 7, 5, 360, 23031, 4, 20271, 70, 11330, 7, 77699, 4, 70, 144732, 136, 25737, 6, 14775, 111, 70, 19085, 7155, 350, 16065, 136, 100, 4806, 70, 92265, 140978, 111, 70, 84158, 271, 8357, 47, 33284, 70, 198387, 8357, 14037, 297, 390, 36061, 96125, 5, 581, 7108, 6, 14775, 4, 12441, 390, 36060, 191, 29252, 39, 4, 93544, 70, 44, 18345, 18276, 58, 136, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 59215, 17780, 5, 360, 58410, 136, 23, 60775, 4, 70, 7142, 64370, 33284, 297, 678, 70, 26368, 6827, 7, 23, 70, 1311, 1799, 1363, 111, 70, 636, 2480, 24073, 21851, 1708, 224, 26336, 17007, 74054, 1284, 128120, 71, 47, 33284, 70, 351, 9, 178735, 1419, 27759, 7, 12441, 390, 70, 26368, 6827, 7, 3050, 21555, 5861, 67417, 818, 136, 3050, 21555, 5861, 109521, 63052, 5, 32255, 27759, 7, 165523, 6637, 70, 7142, 64370, 136, 70, 26368, 6827, 7, 5809, 959, 53520, 98, 25313, 44930, 4, 136, 2843, 6637, 70, 84158, 271, 7, 4, 25632, 70, 44930, 21, 532, 7565, 390, 70, 134349, 32528, 4, 128120, 71, 47, 8060, 27759, 7, 113671, 449, 645, 10323, 1419, 97558, 7, 5, 581, 9655, 111, 70, 207116, 111, 10, 27759, 105226, 678, 26368, 6827, 7, 143434, 70, 65450, 111, 44, 68321, 57801, 64370, 58, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 10660, 42564, 71, 678, 70, 131161, 9, 178735, 1419, 31016, 23, 70, 7142, 1419, 131161, 32528, 5, 360, 58020, 4, 70, 84158, 271, 7, 98816, 2363, 13315, 4, 136, 70, 22759, 25737, 9, 14775, 68036, 21449, 25842, 23, 70, 37197, 43643, 4, 3129, 23742, 70, 44500, 81843, 7, 136, 91048, 29252, 39, 47, 14537, 237, 9942, 25, 7, 5117, 59215, 17780, 56195, 33744, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 6863, 32692, 4, 70, 59215, 17780, 113054, 297, 1286, 43374, 7, 136, 40, 9821, 3501, 70, 26368, 6827, 31016, 136, 442, 100, 4806, 70, 9879, 10, 33102, 111, 10, 25737, 9, 14775, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 144732, 5, 17106, 73, 10, 6602, 4, 49903, 4, 1919, 27759, 3365, 127966, 71, 645, 25313, 44930, 136, 2843, 645, 70, 31089, 111, 70, 195374, 18543, 5550, 5, 581, 6817, 111, 70, 37197, 43643, 143434, 10, 3525, 65450, 1295, 70, 59215, 17780, 4, 678, 70, 8, 2500, 6644, 111, 70, 25737, 6, 14775, 111, 70, 19085, 4, 12441, 390, 34890, 8918, 3065, 11549, 4, 47, 70, 27985, 1314, 136, 1460, 162, 10840, 25, 7142, 1419, 31016, 5, 581, 140970, 48353, 636, 2480, 77736, 34955, 136, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 39746, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 92265, 198387, 47806, 7103, 70, 116338, 8, 88981, 111, 27712, 5, 24372, 70, 16177, 1363, 111, 9942, 23, 26748, 4, 70, 59215, 17780, 456, 9, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 7142, 1419, 31016, 15, 4, 7940, 16, 83, 10, 2265, 9, 234446, 1771, 68894, 19085, 23, 9942, 5, 581, 7940, 509, 100, 8, 23662, 7, 70, 142105, 19085, 111, 70, 92265, 11698, 9, 133, 2480, 136, 11814, 47, 186, 1632, 111, 70, 6626, 13036, 68894, 68036, 23, 70, 92265, 3698, 2480, 127, 47806, 4, 33233, 678, 581, 131161, 7, 5, 1650, 91995, 71, 70, 110680, 92265, 140978, 111, 70, 27985, 1314, 25, 8357, 23, 31060, 136, 83, 82424, 12441, 390, 23972, 196212, 183433, 100453, 107, 5, 581, 7940, 83, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 31016, 111, 28811, 7142, 64370, 4, 109816, 29888, 147724, 136, 7142, 1419, 8357, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "French socialist movement and the SFIO.", "Foundation of the PS and the Union of the Left (1969–1981).", "Mitterrand's presidency and the exercise of power (1981–1995).", "Jospin and the Plural Left (1995–2002).", "After the 2002 shock.", "2007 presidential election and its aftermath.", "2012 presidential election.", "2017 presidential election.", "Factions.", "Election results." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The defeat of the Paris Commune (1871) greatly reduced the power and influence of the socialist movements in France. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France, was founded in 1879. It was characterised as \"possibilist\" because it promoted gradual reforms. Two parties split off from it: in 1882, the French Workers' Party of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx), then in 1890 the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party of Jean Allemane. At the same time, the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui, a symbol of the French revolutionary tradition, created the Central Revolutionary Committee led by Édouard Vaillant. There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a \"bourgeois government\". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party, which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France, which opposed such co-operation. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO). Leader of the parliamentary group and director of the party paper \"L'Humanité\", Jaurès was its most influential figure. The party was hemmed in between the middle-class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Furthermore, the goal to rally all the Socialists in one single party was partially reached: some elects refused to join the SFIO and created the Republican-Socialist Party, which supported socialist participation in liberal governments. Together with the Radicals, who wished to install laicism, the SFIO was a component of the Left Block (\"Bloc des gauches\") without to sit in the government. In 1906, the General Confederation of Labour trade union claimed its independence from all political parties. The French socialists were strongly anti-war, but following the assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I. They suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International to join the Third International founded by Vladimir Lenin. The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the \"old house\" and remained in the SFIO. In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Coalition of the Left (\"Cartel des Gauches\"), but refused to join the non-Socialist governments led by the Radicals Édouard Herriot and Édouard Daladier. These governments failed because the Socialists and the Radicals could not agree on economic policy, and also because the Communists, following the policy laid down by the Soviet Union, refused to support governments presiding over capitalist economies. The question of the possibility of a government participation with Radicals caused the split of \"neosocialists\" at the beginning of the 1930s. They merged with the Republican-Socialist Party in the Socialist Republican Union. In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the four left-wing parties came together in the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first SFIO Prime Minister. Indeed, for the first time in its history, the SFIO obtained more votes and seats than the Radical Party and it formed the central axis of a left-wing parliamentary majority. Within a year, however, his government collapsed over economic policy and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War. The fall of the Popular Front caused a new split from the SFIO, with the departure of the left wing of the party, led by Marceau Pivert, to the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party. The demoralised Left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the French Third Republic after the military defeat of 1940. After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party (PCF), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). This alliance installed the main elements of the French welfare state and the French Fourth Republic, but it did not survive the Cold War. In May 1947, the Socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismissed the Communist ministers. Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the centre-left and the centre-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet. Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the centre and the centre-right. His leadership was shaken when the party divided in 1954 about the European Defence Community (the half of the SFIO parliamentary group voted \"no\", against the instructions of the party lead, participating to the failure of the project). But later, Mollet got involved the SFIO in the build of a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front, which won a plurality in the 1956 elections. Consequently, he was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government. But the party was in decline, as were the Radicals, and the left never came close to forming a united front. Indeed, this led Mollet to assert, \"the Communist Party is not on the left, but in the East\". The repressive policy of Mollet in the Algerian War and his support for Charles de Gaulle's come-back in 1958 (the party lead called to vote \"yes\" in referendum on Fifth Republic's constitution) caused a split and the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959. Discredited by its fluctuating policy during the Fourth Republic, it reached its lowest ebb in the 1960s. Both because of its opposition to the principle of presidential election by universal suffrage and because De Gaulle's re-election appeared inevitable, the SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 presidential election. Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then a leftist independent. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. Supported by all the left-wing parties, he obtained a good result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot, becoming the leader of the non-Communist left. In order to exist between the Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party, leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left-wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership. But unable to benefit from the May 1968 events, it imploded after its disastrous defeat at the June 1968 legislative elections. One year later, the SFIO candidate Gaston Defferre was eliminated in the first round of the 1969 presidential election, with only 5% of votes.", "In 1969, during the Alfortville Congress, the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party (\"Parti socialiste\" or PS). It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs of Jean Poperen). During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an \"ideological dialogue\" with the Communists. Two years later, during the Epinay Congress, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of Republican Institutions), joined the party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists and took the lead. In 1972, the \"Common Programme\" was signed with the PCF and Radical Party of the Left. During the Socialist International conference, he explained the alliance of left-wing parties is a yearning of French left-wing voters. In this, the goal of his strategy was \"to regain 3 million of the 5 million of PCF voters\". The left, and notably the Socialist Party, experienced an electoral recovery at the 1973 legislative election. Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing alliance, came close to winning the 1974 presidential election. Indeed, he obtained 49.2% of votes in the second round. At the end of 1974, some PSU members, including leader Michel Rocard, re-joined the PS. They represented the \"left-wing Christian\" and non-Marxist group. The most conservative members of the PS, they advocated an alignment of French socialism along the lines of European social democracy, that is, a clear acceptance of the market economy. While the \"Union of the Left\" triumphed at the 1977 municipal election, the electoral rise of the PS worried the Communist Party. The two parties failed to update the \"Common Programme\" and the PCF leader Georges Marchais denounced a \"turn towards the Right\" of the PS. In spite of positive polls, the \"Union of the Left\" lost the 1978 legislative election. For the first time since 1936, the Socialists scored better in the polls than the Communists, becoming the main left-wing party, but their defeat caused an internal crisis. Mitterrand's leadership was challenged by Rocard, who wanted to abandon the \"Common Programme\" which he considered archaic and unrealistic. Mitterrand felt that the left could not win without the alliance between the Socialists and the Communists. In 1979, Mitterrand won the Metz Congress, then, despite Rocard's popularity, was chosen as PS candidate for the 1981 presidential election. Three major tendencies or factions emerged within the PS by the end of the Seventies. One was represented by the Mitterrandists who wanted reform but not a complete break with capitalism. A second faction was led by Michel Rocard and his supporters, who sought social democracy with a strong measure of autogestion, while a third faction formed around Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the CERES group which stood for revolutionary socialism.", "In 1981 Mitterrand defeated the incumbent conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to become the first socialist of the Fifth Republic to be elected President of France by universal suffrage. He dissolved the National Assembly and, for the first time in their history, the French Socialists won an absolute majority of the seats. This landslide victory for the Socialists took place to the detriment of the right-wing parliamentary parties (Rally for the Republic and Union for French Democracy), as well as the Communist Party. Mitterrand attempted to carry out socialist-inspired reforms (the 110 Propositions), furthering the \"dirigiste\" economic planning trends of the preceding conservative governments. The Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy nationalised the banks, the insurance industry and the defence industries, in accordance with the 1972 \"Common Program\". Workers' wages were increased and working hours reduced to 39, and many other sweeping reforms carried out, but the economic crisis continued. Reforms included the abolition of death penalty, creation of a solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), introduction of proportional representation in legislative elections (which was applied only at the 1986 election), decentralization of the state (1982–83 laws), repeal of price liberalization for books (Lang Law of 1981), etc. As early as 1982, Mitterrand faced a clear choice between maintaining France's membership in the European Monetary System, and thus the country's commitment to European integration, and pursuing his socialist reforms. He chose the former, starting the Socialist Party's acceptance of the private market economy. In 1984 Mitterrand and his second Prime Minister, Laurent Fabius, clearly abandoned any further socialist measures. The \"Union of the Left\" died and the Communist ministers resigned. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1990), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of the Mitterrand presidency from 1983 onwards. The PS lost its majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to \"cohabit\" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac. Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled \"United France\". He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations. He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included four centre-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988. During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European integration. He convened a referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. He left domestic policy to his prime ministers: Michel Rocard, Édith Cresson and Pierre Bérégovoy. The party was hit by scandals about its financing and weakened by the struggle between the heirs of \"\"Mitterrandism\"\". In 1990, during the Rennes Congress, the \"\"Mitterrandist\" group\" split between the supporters of Laurent Fabius and the friends of Lionel Jospin. Furthermore, a part of the left wing of the party, led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement split off due to his opposition to the Gulf War and the Maastricht Treaty. This section created the Citizen and Republican Movement (MDC). Finally, many on the left were disappointed by the results of the Socialist governments. At the 1993 legislative election, the PS did poorly, returning to the levels of the SFIO in the 1960s. The Socialist group of the National Assembly numbered 53 deputies against 260 during the previous term. Rocard became First Secretary of the party, and was considered the \"natural candidate\" for the next presidential election. He called for a political \"big bang\", an agreement with the centre and the centre-right, but his efforts were in vain. One year later, his party obtained only 14% of votes at the 1994 European Parliament election. He was overthrown by a motley coalition led by Henri Emmanuelli, a \"Mitterrandist\" left-winger. One year before the 1995 presidential election, the PS was affected by a leadership crisis. Rocard lost the most part of his followers after his 1994 electoral crash, Fabius was weakened by the infected blood scandal, the presidentiability of Emannuelli was questioned. The hope of some party members transferred to Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission and a favourite according to the polls, but he declined due to the radicalisation of the party which prevented his centrist strategy. Finally, Lionel Jospin, who had announced his political retirement after the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1993, came back and proposed to \"take stock\" of Mitterrand's inheritance. For the first time, the party members were called to nominate their candidate for presidency. Benefiting from a good image in the polls, a strong loyalty to the party (as former First Secretary) and governmental experience (as former Education Minister, and the teachers were numerous and influential in the PS), he defeated Emmanuelli in the internal ballot. Then, he was defeated by Jacques Chirac in the run-off election but, given the PS crisis, his result was judged good and he returned as First Secretary.", "In the legislature, the PS reconstructed a coalition with other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party, the Greens, the Radical Party of the Left, and the MDC. This \"Plural Left\" won the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third \"cohabitation\". His policy was broadly progressive. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week, while Universal medical insurance was instituted. However, the policy of privatisation was pursued. His coalition dissolved when the MDC leader Jean-Pierre Chevènement resigned from the Cabinet. The Green and Communist allies were weakened by their governmental participation. The 2002 presidential election was focused on the theme of insecurity. Jospin, again the Socialists' candidate, was eliminated in the first round due to there being too many left-wing candidates who split the vote. He announced his retirement from politics, and the PS called on its supporters to vote for Chirac in order to defeat the far-right National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen, who had surprisingly advanced to the run-off. Two months later, the \"Plural Left\" lost the 2002 legislative election.", "François Hollande, who became First Secretary in 1997, was re-elected in 2003 during the Dijon Congress with the support of the main Socialist personalities, against the left wing of the party. In the 2004 regional elections, the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former \"Plural Left\", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions. The party benefited from increasing frustration with right-wing parties. However, the Socialist Party has experienced considerable difficulty in formulating an alternative to right-wing policy. On 1 December 2004, 59% of Socialist Party members approved the proposed European Constitution. However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the public for a \"no\" vote in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, where the proposed Constitution was rejected. Fabius was ejected from the executive office of the party. The split over the European Constitution, as well as party leaders' competing ambitions to win the presidential nomination in 2007, led the party into considerable disarray. In November 2005, during the Le Mans Congress, three main groups were present. The majority supported a moderate text and obtained 55%. Fabius's allies (\"To Rally the Left\") advocated more radical policies and gained 20%. Finally, another faction (\"New Socialist Party\") claimed it was necessary to renovate the party by proposing left-wing policies and a profound reform of French institutions. It obtained 25% of the vote. Virtually all factions agreed on a common agenda, broadly based on the moderate and pro-European majority's position with some left-wing amendments.", "Many potential candidates appeared for the 2007 presidential election: François Hollande, Laurent Fabius (from the left wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed to represent \"social democracy\"), Jack Lang, Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal, who was favoured according to the polls. Some Socialist leaders asked Jospin to return. He declared he was \"available\" then finally refused. On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively. After obtaining 25.87% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections, Royal qualified for the second round of voting but lost with 46.94% to Nicolas Sarkozy on 6 May 2007. Immediately after her defeat several party bosses (notably Strauss-Kahn), held Ségolène Royal personally responsible for the unsuccessful campaign. At the same time, some personalities of the right wing of the party (such as Bernard Kouchner) accepted to join the government nominated by Nicolas Sarkozy. In the 10 and 17 June 2007 National Assembly elections, the Socialist Party won 186 out of 577 seats, and about 10 affiliated, gain of 40 seats. After the winning March 2008 municipal election, the campaign with a view to the Reims Congress started. Some candidates proposed to succeed François Hollande, who had announced he will not compete for another term as First Secretary: In the pre-vote, the text of Royal arrived the first with 29%, followed by Delanoë (25%), Aubry (25%) and Hamon (19%). A part of the left wing split and founded the Left Party. During the Reims Congress, which happened in a very tense climate, the leaders of the factions failed to form a majority. Consequently, the PS members had to elect directly the next First Secretary. Disappointed by his result in the pre-vote, Delanoë renounced and called to vote for Aubry. On 22 November 2008 it was announced that Aubry had defeated Royal by the narrow margin of 42 votes, and Royal asked for a recount. After checking, Martine Aubry was elected by a margin of 102 votes and 50.03% of votes. Denouncing frauds, Royal's team threatened to lodge a complaint before to renounce. After that, the public image of the party was deteriorated. In the 2009 European Parliament election, the PS did not succeed to benefit from the unpopularity of President Sarkozy. It obtained only 16.5% of the vote and only just got ahead of Europe Ecology (16.3%). However, the PS strengthened its network of local elects in winning comfortably the 2010 departmental and regional elections. In September 2011, for the first time a Socialist, Jean-Pierre Bel, was elected Chairman of the Senate of France.", "Candidates for the presidency of France contested an open primary on 9 October 2011 to select the Socialist Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election. The nominations for the candidacy were opened on 28 June. Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, a prominent member of the Socialist Party and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund was the polls' clear favorite to defeat the incumbent conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy. But he faced a sex assault complaint in New York and was \"de facto\" eliminated from the primary. Eventually, former party leader François Hollande won the primary and ran as the official Socialist Party candidate for President of France. He narrowly defeated incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, becoming president-elect of France on Sunday 6 May 2012. The idea for holding an open primary to choose the Socialist Party presidential candidate had first been suggested in 2008, by the independent left-leaning think tank Terra Nova.", "The Socialist Party decided to hold a presidential primary in 2017, against the backdrop of the unprecedented unpopularity of incumbent François Hollande, with a 4 percent approval rating, who announced on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek re-election, making him the first president of the Fifth Republic not to seek a second term. It was also set against the fragmentation of the left between three major candidates, with polls indicating that the party's candidate would come in fifth, behind the National Front's Marine Le Pen, François Fillon of the centre-right Republicans, Emmanuel Macron, former economy minister under Hollande who founded his centrist political movement, \"En Marche!\", and left-wing ex-Socialist Jean-Luc Mélenchon under the banner of La France insoumise. The primary was won by Socialist rebel Benoît Hamon, who defeated ex-Prime Minister Manuel Valls in the second round of the primary on 29 January 2017. Hamon finished 5th in the subsequent Presidential election, with 6.36% of the vote. In the 2017 legislative election that followed the election of President Emmanuel Macron, the Socialist party dropped from 280 to 30 seats in the National Assembly, leaving it in 4th place in terms of seats, and with 7.44% of the 1st round vote. The Parliamentary left group that it dominated (with 30 out of 45 seats after the election, down from 280 out of 331 seats before) finished as the 3rd largest group in the National Assembly. Following the election, Cambadélis resigned from the post of first secretary and Rachid Temal was appointed as acting secretary. The Socialist group was ultimately refounded as the New Left (NG). On 1 July 2017 Hamon left the Socialist Party and founded the 1st July Movement (later renamed Génération.s). The Socialist Party abstained from the confidence vote on the Second Philippe government. The party later elected 78 senators in the 2017 election. On 7–8 April 2018 the Aubervilliers Congress elected Olivier Faure as new first secretary of the party; Faure announced the party would be in opposition to Macron and Philippe. Because of financial problems, the party was forced to sell its historical seat in Rue de Solférino and moved into a smaller one in Rue Molière, on Ivry-sur-Seine. Following the Benalla affair, the Socialist Party entered a motion of no confidence against the government, together with the French Communist Party and La France Insoumise. The motions obtained 63 ayes and failed to reach the quorum of 289 votes required in the National Assembly. In 2018, the New Left group changed its name into \"Socialists and affiliated group\". On 12 October 2018, MEP Emmanuel Maurel left the party together with other elected officials and founded the Alternative for a republican, ecologist and socialist program (APRÉS). For the 2019 European election, the Socialist Party formed a joint list with the Radical Party of the Left, Place Publique and New Deal, with Raphaël Glucksmann at its head. The list scored 6,19% of votes and elected three MEPs.", "Factions are organised in the Socialist Party through policy declarations called \"motions\" on which the party members vote at each party congress:", "The PS's pattern of support has evolved significantly since its creation and since the days of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). However, certain strongholds remain remarkably stable and the PS dominates the rural areas of the south-west of France (notably the Midi-Pyrénées), an old SFIO base. These rural regions voted Socialist as a protest against Parisian centralism, though they were amongst the first republican and \"laïc\" regions of France. While the PS used to be weak in the major wealthy urban centres of the southwest, such as Toulouse, the PS has made gains with middle class urban voters nationwide and is the largest party in almost all major French cities. The PS is also strong in areas which used to be strongholds of the French Communist Party: the mining and industrial areas of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the left-wing rural Limousin, and various industrial centres. In recent years, thanks to urbanisation and most notably the decline of religious practice, it has made significant gains in regions such as Brittany or the Pays de la Loire. For example, Ségolène Royal won the Breton department of Ille-et-Vilaine with 52.39% and losing nationally while Mitterrand won only 38.88% in 1974 and 49.19% nationwide. This trend has also been observed in Catholic departments such as Lozère, Cantal and Haute-Loire, although the Socialists were already strong in secular logging areas. Past support in rural region Provence such as in the Var (formerly the Red Var) has practically evaporated with the influx of wealthier residents, Pied-Noir and pensioners. In spite of the name, the region is now one of the PS' worst regions. The PS is also strong in the department of the Nièvre, Mitterrand's electoral base." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 1119, 73427, 5256, 42459, 450, 353, 4935, 15672, 7, 765, 23, 54815, 3674, 70, 149493, 16128, 100, 99, 19713, 6, 92498, 5369, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 70, 5117, 28811, 9615, 603, 7, 174920, 4, 70, 3395, 15, 22144, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 35839, 70, 786, 634, 78192, 1927, 372, 16, 95699, 34, 138518, 99, 19713, 59671, 8927, 54427, 7, 23, 70, 58555, 10932, 220290, 18, 9631, 5, 581, 5117, 28811, 47, 19922, 70, 149493, 16128, 509, 14787, 154503, 4, 23, 4347, 729, 12231, 20271, 1919, 729, 12183, 1104, 8821, 55812, 1363, 100, 70, 24372, 10, 34844, 41710, 4, 2684, 111, 70, 1575, 299, 31016, 456, 116292, 297, 36880, 220290, 18, 9631, 136, 63043, 297, 3551, 10, 17932, 1733, 99, 70, 1764, 111, 13379, 9, 5636, 228409, 68305, 4, 147453, 903, 3525, 9615, 19929, 44, 17726, 634, 2676, 7, 740, 28166, 169589, 136, 4939, 61187, 47143, 297, 99, 70, 7311, 132260, 31913, 4, 456, 7752, 7121, 67175, 2363, 10332, 3551, 63043, 136, 35839, 442, 44, 46568, 5753, 830, 1284, 120514, 4806, 44, 46568, 5753, 884, 301, 58, 23, 7071, 543, 14226, 4, 1295, 10, 581, 9351, 44, 4233, 11, 46401, 58, 135179, 98, 51521, 17955, 148503, 31667, 15122, 7, 607, 297, 4347, 24645, 543, 14226, 4, 3229, 70, 5117, 19351, 100, 70, 54427, 3542, 11435, 71, 5, 360, 543, 11663, 4, 109650, 3551, 9615, 19929, 7, 3542, 170920, 5, 2161, 18982, 616, 4, 163140, 4, 70, 122257, 6644, 111, 200333, 17955, 49504, 3674, 70, 52649, 111, 149493, 678, 149493, 1556, 10, 32692, 111, 77227, 9, 2940, 9, 4223, 18, 105823, 7, 4, 1884, 5941, 3789, 162708, 43573, 58555, 111, 1119, 41745, 272, 6083, 136, 23911, 65514, 5, 149493, 1556, 9588, 33, 40368, 20028, 25313, 25958, 4, 7068, 74955, 3934, 127841, 10821, 206398, 4, 1284, 442, 1556, 205794, 11814, 8382, 14922, 7, 47, 456, 177149, 18652, 150449, 5, 581, 5117, 6044, 77227, 4, 29256, 214, 70, 39395, 5369, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 66397, 98, 70, 51494, 1297, 53099, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 70, 33816, 5036, 51529, 237, 32635, 603, 42261, 23742, 70, 128911, 11627, 44, 294, 35953, 17119, 4, 58, 134598, 538, 7103, 70, 5527, 1297, 7158, 59725, 7565, 70, 130473, 47, 45233, 32635, 603, 25, 7, 24124, 39, 5713, 5, 581, 14432, 122, 6169, 10763, 111, 70, 16128, 1543, 581, 17932, 136, 2684, 155034, 77227, 16750, 297, 1295, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 18217, 142220, 4, 3129, 134620, 70, 105774, 450, 1902, 186, 6967, 678, 70, 4378, 1771, 111, 154140, 5, 360, 10, 16610, 1733, 4, 149493, 100512, 10, 13036, 6181, 2320, 27585, 5, 2161, 20414, 616, 4, 117430, 4, 70, 44, 294, 5, 294, 5, 195997, 58, 54, 76622, 678, 6863, 65536, 71, 44, 1507, 111, 86761, 4, 58, 136, 149493, 100512, 70, 5201, 6181, 136, 100677, 6275, 100, 70, 881, 1314, 23, 168064, 136, 70, 109402, 191, 5, 4221, 434, 111, 8382, 20697, 453, 14037, 6, 120027, 180187, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 509, 149493, 25, 7, 8063, 111, 203538, 70, 881, 1314, 136, 61590, 214, 2856, 189467, 450, 87740, 71, 1810, 23, 70, 4989, 11675, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 149493, 4, 3789, 162708, 1884, 78650, 4204, 4, 1218, 277, 11, 4, 13791, 52649, 39285, 4, 6499, 1991, 1507, 4, 136, 142297, 4, 756, 23, 70, 3561, 3794, 42413, 10776, 4, 100512, 28813, 22230, 100, 121122, 4, 43257, 3501, 42732, 459, 988, 100, 5550, 4488, 13438, 91048, 4000, 78737, 2481, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 903, 1733, 27585, 297, 98, 112570, 1831, 56379, 5, 581, 1631, 45, 20595, 5281, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 183851, 148926, 9, 127345, 8063, 1055, 4743, 47, 70, 148926, 15672, 38478, 674, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 70, 4000, 111503, 45, 48398, 5, 1650, 49175, 13438, 678, 112570, 25, 7, 105925, 139887, 329, 23, 70, 60091, 1831, 79852, 16839, 5, 149493, 176016, 71, 6863, 14359, 2822, 78737, 2481, 136, 7228, 10, 45880, 100, 8999, 230466, 678, 70, 163954, 952, 5443, 40322, 4, 70, 38576, 6661, 25, 7, 34997, 4, 100, 3129, 70, 47989, 1771, 43045, 52889, 133, 509, 88303, 5, 116267, 13036, 4000, 25313, 7565, 987, 19, 509, 23, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 136, 39395, 19340, 7, 4, 99, 10, 1733, 3229, 112570, 509, 17305, 5115, 53, 195052, 390, 70, 29700, 38024, 7, 4, 86669, 111, 92416, 18264, 7, 4, 17106, 10, 3551, 16128, 111, 382, 156611, 6, 108047, 43222, 44596, 145515, 1785, 10461, 4, 149493, 83, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 26349, 678, 99, 19713, 6, 183191, 3395, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 2060, 9319, 144477, 3501, 180972, 162708, 6044, 237, 90915, 4, 45152, 7978, 4, 136, 162604, 4, 136, 99, 1672, 70, 5701, 21, 35810, 237, 134314, 4, 66724, 5, 581, 2663, 87168, 111, 149493, 83, 130473, 53, 5, 581, 26349, 400, 90, 98, 40368, 130473, 7, 4, 26719, 156350, 37639, 4, 23972, 37639, 4, 10542, 149493, 4, 873, 11, 2271, 37639, 4, 5695, 157, 7884, 4, 1575, 299, 37639, 4, 136, 44109, 14245, 5, 581, 23564, 45882, 136, 70, 152150, 5551, 99076, 2512, 33233, 678, 70, 152150, 101120, 7, 28127, 47, 70, 65272, 111, 3561, 3794, 42413, 4, 12960, 70, 32221, 23662, 142462, 136, 43157, 3362, 192, 78192, 28127, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 43157, 17955, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 645, 111, 9201, 1760, 5, 149493, 83, 105866, 17721, 70, 28279, 36448, 3561, 3794, 42413, 15, 66, 16294, 111, 70, 109727, 55609, 16, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 43157, 17955, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 581, 26349, 25, 7, 185256, 182, 3422, 4, 220290, 18, 9631, 4, 83, 2831, 111, 3561, 3794, 42413, 4, 3129, 30482, 70, 26349, 142, 77904, 1771, 11469, 5, 717, 70, 65272, 4, 107314, 3561, 3794, 42413, 4, 621, 70, 23564, 45882, 4267, 73, 60243, 136, 152150, 71175, 7, 98, 70, 152150, 4267, 73, 60243, 74, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 107314, 43157, 17955, 136, 70, 24453, 8752, 165473, 16145, 4, 621, 43157, 3362, 192, 78192, 136, 70, 32221, 23662, 142462, 5, 43157, 17955, 25, 7, 7401, 7, 86608, 47, 3561, 3794, 42413, 8305, 70, 43157, 17955, 8294, 254, 73908, 15, 25553, 1419, 214, 111, 6626, 332, 9, 42424, 26944, 7, 4, 149493, 1556, 10, 79197, 2182, 153552, 4, 18507, 47314, 23, 70, 170027, 66, 20288, 390, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 149493, 15, 1388, 83, 10, 15520, 6982, 26349, 98, 70, 10542, 106294, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 40, 257, 111, 18813, 47064, 4, 17955, 5, 149493, 83, 70, 142105, 26349, 23, 15044, 70, 11341, 111, 17955, 136, 70, 109727, 23924, 25617, 10776, 111, 23924, 21629, 5, 129551, 47, 345, 5, 294, 5, 51292, 7921, 2053, 121447, 23, 3640, 4, 70, 149493, 57329, 17840, 16128, 25, 7, 43904, 9157, 7, 99, 1031, 16665, 19879, 4, 136, 30648, 7, 237, 70, 423, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 360, 20414, 24159, 442, 509, 70, 4271, 525, 9, 8407, 14775, 13036, 26349, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 2663, 190, 23, 4347, 918, 678, 142, 77253, 75678, 34515, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Founding.", "Duwamps.", "Incorporations.", "Timber town.", "Gold Rush, World War I, and the Great Depression.", "Post-war years: aircraft and software.", "Geography.", "Topography.", "Climate.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Culture.", "Nicknames.", "Performing arts.", "Tourism.", "Professional sports.", "Parks and recreation.", "Government and politics.", "Education.", "Media.", "Infrastructure.", "Health systems.", "Transportation.", "Utilities.", "Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people (subsequently called the Duwamish tribe) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay. The first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition for the", "After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement \"Duwamps\". Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location, reestablished their old land claim and called it \"New York\", but renamed \"New York Alki\" in April 1853, from a", "The name \"Seattle\" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with", "Seattle has a history of boom-and-bust cycles, like many other cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure. The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname \"Skid Road,\" supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may", "The second and most dramatic boom resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893. In a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the \"S.S. Portland\" docked with its famed \"ton of gold,\" and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth. However, it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for", "War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market. Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair, for which the iconic Space Needle was built. Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of Government contracts,", "With a land area of 83.9 square miles (217.3 km2), Seattle is the northernmost city with at least 500,000 people in the United States, farther north than Canadian cities such as Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, and at about the same latitude as Salzburg, Austria. The topography of Seattle is hilly. The city lies on several hills, including Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Magnolia, Denny Hill, and Queen Anne. The Kitsap and the Olympic peninsulas along with the Olympic mountains lie to the west of Puget Sound, while the Cascade Range and Lake Sammamish lie to the east of Lake Washington. The city has over of parkland.", "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the Eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals,", "Seattle has a temperate climate, classified in the Mediterranean zone by the main climatic classification (Köppen: \"Csb\") but some sources put the city in the oceanic zone (\"Cfb\"). It has cool, wet winters and mild, relatively dry summers, covering characteristics of both. The climate is sometimes characterized as a \"modified Mediterranean\" climate because it is cooler and wetter than a \"true\" Mediterranean climate, but shares the characteristic dry summer (which has a strong influence on the region's vegetation). The city and environs are part of USDA hardiness zone 8b, with isolated coastal pockets falling under 9a. Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. Thus extreme heat waves are rare in the Seattle area, as are very cold temperatures (below about ). The Seattle area is the cloudiest region of the United States, due in part to frequent storms and lows moving in from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. With many more \"rain days\" than other major American cities, Seattle has a well-earned reputation for frequent rain. In an average year, at least of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains. However, due to the fact that Seattle often has merely a light drizzle falling from the sky for many days, Seattle actually receives significantly less rainfall (or other precipitation) overall than many other U.S. cities like New York City, Miami, or Houston. Seattle is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days. (Official weather and", "According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey (ACS), the racial makeup of the city was 65.7% White Non-Hispanic, 14.1% Asian, 7.0% Black or African American, 6.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 0.2% other races, and 5.6% two or more races. According to the 2010 United States Census, Seattle had a population of 608,660 with a racial and ethnic composition as follows: Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white. The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining. In 1960, whites comprised 91.6% of the city's population, while in 2010 they comprised 69.5%. According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%. Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong Province. The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents, as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants. The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans, and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry. Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau. According to a", "Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and \"new economy\" Internet and technology companies, service, design, and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product (GMP) was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States. The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska. It also is the 8th largest port in the United States when measured by container capacity. Its maritime cargo operations merged with the Port of Tacoma in 2015 to form the Northwest Seaport Alliance. Although it was affected by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy. It even remains as a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies. It was ranked as America's No. 1 \"smarter city\" based on its government policies and green economy. In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to become North America's first \"climate neutral\" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Large companies continue to dominate the business landscape. Five companies on Fortune 500's 2017 list of the United States' largest companies (based on total revenue) are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#12), coffee chain Starbucks (#131), department store Nordstrom (#188), forest products company Weyerhaeuser (#341) and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#429). Other Fortune 500 companies commonly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#16), the largest retail company in Washington, is", "Many of Seattle's neighborhoods host one or more street fairs or parades.", "From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's official nickname is the \"Emerald City\", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\"", "Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra has won many awards and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened in 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United", "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the", "Seattle has three major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship on three occasions in 2004 and 2010, and 2018; and the Seattle Reign of the National Women's Soccer League. The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively known as the \"12th Man\". Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The team set various attendance records in its first few seasons, averaging over 43,000 per match and placing themselves among the top 30 teams internationally. The Sounders have won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014. The Sounders won their first MLS Cup after defeating Toronto FC 5–4 in a penalty shootout, in MLS Cup 2016; the team would go on to finish as runners-up to Toronto FC in the following cup. CenturyLink Field hosted the 2009 MLS Cup, played between Real Salt Lake and the Los Angeles Galaxy in front of 46,011 spectators. The Sounders would play their first MLS Cup at CenturyLink Field in 2019, once again against Toronto FC, and won the game 3–1, earning their second MLS Cup title in front of a club-record attendance of", "Seattle's mild, temperate, marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motor boating, sailing, team sports, and swimming. In town, many people walk around Green Lake, through the forests and along the bluffs and beaches of Discovery Park (the largest park in the city) in Magnolia, along the shores of Myrtle Edwards Park on the Downtown waterfront, along the shoreline of Lake Washington at Seward Park, along Alki Beach in West Seattle, or along the", "Seattle is a charter city, with a mayor–council form of government. From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions. For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at-large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are officially non-partisan. Like some other parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referenda (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws or tax increases directly to the people). Jenny Durkan was elected as mayor in the 2017 mayoral election and took office on November 28, 2017. The mayor's office also includes two deputy mayors, appointed to advise the mayor on policies., the city's deputy mayors are Michael Fong and Shefali Ranganathan. Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election. In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are known to be Democrats. In 1926, Seattle became the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes. It has also", "Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city. The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University. Seattle Public Schools desegregated without a court order but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north). In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, but the ruling left the door", ", Seattle has one major daily newspaper, \"The Seattle Times\". The \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\", known as the \"P-I\", published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the \"Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce\", and the University of Washington publishes \"The Daily\", a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the \"Seattle Weekly\" and \"The Stranger\"; both consider themselves \"alternative\" papers. The weekly LGBT newspaper is the \"Seattle Gay News\". \"Real Change\" is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including \"The Facts\", \"Northwest Asian Weekly\" and the \"International Examiner\" as well as numerous neighborhood newspapers. Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all", "", "The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970. In 1974, a \"60 Minutes\" story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle \"the best place in the world to have a heart attack\". Three of Seattle's largest medical centers are located on First Hill. Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital, is the only", "The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region. King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as", "Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light respectively. Other utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy (natural gas, electricity), Seattle", "Seattle is partnered with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 54427, 509, 5117, 119056, 23, 423, 13903, 237, 44, 7192, 18, 12828, 232, 7, 103396, 13, 58, 23, 70, 12937, 28704, 214, 70, 143092, 111, 136240, 60113, 11341, 23295, 390, 19356, 164, 26253, 186448, 7117, 542, 186448, 24374, 4, 1843, 10534, 111, 131094, 4, 47, 41272, 6846, 13450, 434, 542, 601, 13471, 157, 5, 581, 136240, 60113, 11341, 23295, 509, 65450, 1295, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 1413, 15439, 23, 423, 13574, 3229, 70, 54427, 8110, 765, 21771, 13835, 71, 5, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 54427, 31895, 62038, 1636, 1295, 7001, 4597, 13762, 12828, 232, 7, 4, 2750, 9615, 6259, 678, 1919, 3395, 23, 10, 8, 77840, 67, 3687, 17721, 70, 54427, 7, 1520, 869, 797, 339, 497, 939, 15, 397, 929, 797, 339, 497, 939, 99, 450, 1733, 16, 136, 984, 35747, 15, 8331, 35747, 731, 16409, 99, 450, 1733, 16, 23, 616, 13330, 136, 14037, 297, 70, 9615, 19929, 5, 147466, 70, 105207, 44, 7192, 18, 6224, 58, 2831, 111, 70, 9351, 509, 36069, 20051, 5, 360, 611, 22377, 442, 509, 119056, 237, 44, 5021, 7, 7, 79173, 38836, 740, 200541, 538, 70, 136240, 60113, 11341, 23295, 509, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 211462, 4, 16792, 423, 4046, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 235477, 7465, 147, 7668, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 87, 136, 6817, 111, 66724, 9, 841, 1619, 6635, 442, 100512, 10, 2831, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 360, 11994, 34578, 442, 100512, 10, 2831, 111, 6, 127942, 4341, 67, 111, 211462, 136, 80981, 399, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 1995, 442, 509, 14359, 2822, 47, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 8018, 67688, 5180, 111, 70, 54427, 83, 6397, 100, 1274, 6048, 136, 6, 166871, 5, 581, 192298, 19361, 83, 10, 6083, 96113, 99, 70, 9907, 6083, 42762, 37357, 27202, 5919, 115903, 5, 8622, 83, 2896, 136, 2265, 27140, 3129, 509, 88303, 23, 3295, 136, 606, 513, 5425, 47, 70, 16128, 111, 131830, 53, 10696, 5, 581, 9552, 2765, 271, 12562, 6488, 53, 83, 105866, 3688, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 31461, 53, 111, 70, 109287, 15366, 33734, 3129, 509, 88303, 23, 30739, 438, 84245, 12962, 858, 56, 192851, 83, 2843, 55993, 19, 136, 181653, 3688, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 438, 794, 135166, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 54427, 23, 563, 31881, 8416, 9, 594, 17816, 2142, 59338, 4, 80981, 3378, 9, 294, 1340, 39209, 16843, 4, 103655, 47806, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 98, 70, 5919, 115903, 32547, 4, 23, 70, 186768, 10776, 111, 115708, 5579, 19, 15432, 66677, 15, 11, 2831, 111, 103655, 15432, 66677, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Tourism.", "Economy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The village was first mentioned in 1584 as \"Potmienossowicze\" in the document sealing the selling of Friedeck state country by Stanislaus Pavlovský von Pavlovitz, Bishop of Olomouc, to Bartholomew von Wrbno. The Friedeck state country was split from the Duchy of Teschen in 1573 when the village must have already existed. The name of the village probably originates from locator Potmienoss, who settled with his people in a desolate place between the villages Nižní Lhoty (Dolní Lhoty at that time) and Dobrá (Dobrázemica at that time) in 1447 and founded the settlement. Later the leading \"Potmie\" part of the name was dropped. In 1679 it was mentioned as \"Nossovicensi\". Politically the Friedeck state country was a part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, since 1526 a part of the Habsburg Monarchy. After World War I and fall of Austria-Hungary it became a part of Czechoslovakia. In March 1939 it became a part of Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. After World War II it was restored to Czechoslovakia.", "Surroundings of the village is ideal for hiking and cycling. The swimming pool is a natural river at the National natural monument Skalická Morávka. There is sport and social complex which was built in 2006 and adjoins to the area of elementary school.", "The Radegast brewery is located here, as well as the factory of the Hyundai Motor Company which was built in 2006. Nošovické sauerkraut is also grown and produced here." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5744, 35187, 111, 5423, 154453, 509, 173969, 297, 390, 80450, 4171, 1290, 136, 22758, 262, 112, 68347, 23, 70, 111994, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 145358, 90, 23, 24, 5844, 5423, 154453, 4, 6044, 237, 158874, 25, 7, 145358, 4, 12441, 47, 70, 104851, 100, 10, 1286, 75992, 10821, 3173, 111, 5423, 154453, 450, 509, 4092, 111, 6097, 145358, 90, 5, 360, 81139, 4, 108890, 32123, 94421, 26171, 71, 70, 5117, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 4, 32123, 94421, 5423, 154453, 5, 33306, 4, 237, 5117, 6275, 297, 1810, 390, 58480, 7868, 33, 2590, 23, 10, 56694, 31330, 47, 32123, 94421, 4, 903, 154453, 509, 23, 15644, 2886, 111, 502, 6496, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 24233, 5423, 7, 136, 200103, 101935, 124901, 6, 116311, 509, 39958, 100, 2855, 3674, 390, 2684, 5423, 3790, 24816, 7, 111, 70, 1733, 4, 959, 78458, 70, 200103, 14012, 26168, 454, 2592, 136, 70, 5423, 26168, 454, 1837, 7440, 26168, 454, 2485, 83, 2499, 54241, 13, 5423, 136, 26168, 454, 2489, 83, 70, 14537, 5423, 41018, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 1632, 111, 32123, 94421, 25, 7, 10, 5134, 28016, 23, 23253, 297, 10, 23755, 4, 450, 111, 10, 44, 49919, 67, 58, 57266, 4, 124901, 41018, 289, 91084, 509, 959, 34735, 5, 360, 63445, 4, 7868, 33, 2590, 136, 38692, 289, 420, 89590, 39, 41371, 538, 26171, 71, 41018, 289, 84382, 10, 44, 49919, 67, 58, 57266, 237, 1632, 450, 5809, 186, 26168, 3674, 237, 10, 5299, 9, 5037, 297, 26168, 23, 10, 5117, 9, 80596, 62775, 124901, 34627, 1771, 26168, 7, 3542, 84046, 47, 5423, 209274, 136, 182324, 5, 10660, 2843, 41371, 538, 26171, 71, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 29458, 2320, 678, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 91995, 674, 5, 5787, 96819, 903, 61903, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 20324, 2481, 15, 13448, 271, 26171, 71, 390, 4939, 542, 11059, 5761, 247, 47, 32123, 94421, 5423, 154453, 11180, 19388, 7, 70, 154453, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 567, 919, 5, 62, 59725, 47, 567, 919, 40101, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 15012, 16, 707, 10, 63805, 450, 83, 183234, 47, 442, 11180, 19388, 7, 567, 27529, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 183234, 26168, 5256, 111, 70, 567, 27529, 10, 5134, 28016, 74, 100, 10, 35107, 111, 903, 1957, 5, 581, 25632, 17311, 10, 5134, 306, 5423, 83, 1295, 5, 581, 10, 5134, 28016, 117, 40, 621, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 26582, 8780, 111, 5117, 12989, 62775, 5, 581, 137272, 14941, 117303, 83, 4734, 179140, 47, 36442, 70, 58868, 1363, 5, 3164, 26168, 5256, 111, 567, 27529, 21980, 538, 450, 99, 19713, 1632, 5423, 32316, 7, 5, 5900, 33, 96853, 142, 10, 5134, 306, 450, 105237, 237, 33657, 7, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 10, 5423, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 70, 10, 5134, 28016, 34475, 35064, 15, 289, 197271, 764, 73048, 450, 764, 14602, 221, 4734, 52, 2472, 242661, 94888, 1650, 7, 36, 21150, 3688, 831, 186, 105506, 297, 23, 6626, 48322, 5, 23972, 4, 23, 70, 5570, 484, 109109, 7, 111, 5117, 9, 80596, 62775, 23, 3129, 567, 27529, 83, 205794, 23113, 29367, 4, 70, 77758, 111, 189413, 13, 8110, 186, 351, 33548, 939, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 442, 83, 10, 62775, 289, 70, 58391, 111, 5117, 9, 80596, 62775, 450, 9844, 32316, 7, 292, 56104, 36510, 297, 237, 70, 10, 16865, 1363, 450, 9844, 83, 31943, 6827, 47, 68034, 4, 26168, 454, 1819, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 442, 83, 10, 70, 58391, 111, 11907, 5117, 9, 80596, 154453, 450, 9844, 32316, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 237, 959, 297, 36917, 4, 6637, 23, 70, 179140, 484, 109109, 7, 111, 567, 27529, 2685, 621, 4734, 5423, 7, 4, 70, 206019, 111, 903, 62775, 289, 70, 58391, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 567, 27529, 83, 450, 3060, 44, 3509, 58, 32316, 7, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 3871, 100, 10, 84797, 10, 5134, 306, 10, 16865, 1916, 450, 10, 5423, 32316, 7, 5, 77648, 4, 49903, 4, 3853, 2174, 567, 27529, 83, 26168, 3674, 23, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 4092, 62775, 4, 23, 3129, 442, 83, 959, 13395, 2661, 1295, 62775, 75447, 450, 9844, 32316, 7, 4, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 54241, 53, 15, 372, 17336, 16, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 142, 44, 73, 48310, 67, 58, 5423, 32316, 7, 5, 3293, 35388, 90, 450, 44, 11, 58, 5423, 32316, 7, 136, 221, 4, 24145, 13438, 4, 442, 83, 1601, 18026, 10821, 47, 26698, 142, 10, 5134, 306, 10, 16865, 1916, 237, 5045, 5, 32964, 5423, 7, 621, 105950, 15, 1046, 70, 5701, 5423, 16, 2174, 1836, 765, 70, 5701, 80854, 5, 581, 158, 37676, 111, 903, 10, 5134, 306, 28960, 7, 1295, 70, 161740, 1830, 57266, 111, 28, 161789, 5, 4263, 70, 76615, 62775, 14602, 959, 26698, 28, 161789, 44, 2472, 19908, 454, 1549, 830, 26168, 454, 3117, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 142, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 100, 70, 25632, 26168, 12, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 111938, 134393, 831, 186, 17690, 202, 27686, 237, 3129, 17378, 450, 2174, 26168, 454, 2357, 136, 26168, 454, 2588, 765, 70, 5701, 80854, 4, 7068, 1836, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 5701, 5423, 7, 5, 87769, 351, 9, 33548, 939, 5423, 26168, 454, 2357, 70541, 7, 10, 32786, 26168, 454, 2588, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 2357, 136, 26168, 454, 2588, 621, 2837, 513, 4288, 5423, 7, 5, 707, 23, 5744, 110, 22062, 12, 26168, 454, 5016, 3293, 15, 11, 10617, 678, 70, 62, 5134, 306, 111, 37897, 2852, 16, 35388, 90, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 450, 110, 5423, 83, 142, 12830, 111, 68034, 136, 450, 11907, 5423, 1556, 142, 23335, 141, 30648, 5, 8273, 3509, 7, 621, 39210, 538, 64549, 297, 17368, 5423, 45367, 56, 110, 22062, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 3853, 892, 26255, 831, 186, 64549, 297, 237, 70, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 892, 26255, 26168, 454, 6460, 40407, 38543, 70, 158, 38242, 6620, 140807, 1653, 2063, 67, 26168, 454, 9185, 12, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 1614, 3509, 111, 10, 5423, 26168, 454, 5843, 31192, 38543, 10, 26168, 26168, 454, 8659, 678, 1632, 4092, 77336, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 5423, 154453, 4, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 108890, 32123, 94421, 136, 58480, 7868, 33, 2590, 4, 83, 142, 10, 78697, 47148, 5426, 450, 509, 26171, 71, 23, 70, 39395, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 23, 12989, 47, 26168, 67, 10, 154453, 111, 5423, 7, 4092, 111, 145358, 90, 6044, 237, 158874, 25, 7, 145358, 5, 38396, 4, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 4, 678, 70, 186768, 538, 189353, 141, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 15012, 16, 99201, 4, 83, 70, 5570, 3173, 111, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 136, 237, 6044, 83, 70, 2684, 39210, 137374, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 678, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Axioms.", "1. Axiom of extensionality.", "2. Axiom of regularity (also called the axiom of foundation).", "3. Axiom schema of specification (also called the axiom schema of separation or of restricted comprehension).", "4. Axiom of pairing.", "5. Axiom of union.", "6. Axiom schema of replacement.", "7. Axiom of infinity.", "8. Axiom of power set.", "9. Well-ordering theorem.", "Motivation via the cumulative hierarchy.", "Metamathematics.", "Virtual classes.", "Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory.", "Consistency.", "Independence.", "Proposed additions.", "Criticisms.", "See also." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The modern study of set theory was initiated by Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind in the 1870s. However, the discovery of paradoxes in naive set theory, such as Russell's paradox, led to the desire for a more rigorous form of set theory that was free of these paradoxes. In 1908, Ernst Zermelo proposed the first axiomatic set theory, Zermelo set theory. However, as first pointed out by Abraham Fraenkel in a 1921 letter to Zermelo, this theory was incapable of proving the existence of certain sets and cardinal numbers whose existence was taken for granted by most set theorists of the time, notably the cardinal number formula_14 and the set formula_15 where formula_16 is any infinite set and formula_17 is the power set operation. Moreover, one of Zermelo's axioms invoked a concept, that of a \"definite\" property, whose operational meaning was not clear. In 1922, Fraenkel and Thoralf Skolem independently proposed operationalizing a \"definite\" property as one that could be formulated as a well-formed formula in a first-order logic whose atomic formulas were limited to set membership and identity. They also independently proposed replacing the axiom schema of specification with the axiom schema of replacement. Appending this schema, as well as the axiom of regularity (first proposed by John von Neumann), to Zermelo set theory yields the theory denoted by ZF. Adding to ZF either the axiom of choice (AC) or a statement that is equivalent to it yields ZFC.", "There are many equivalent formulations of the ZFC axioms; for a discussion of this see. The following particular axiom set is from. The axioms per se are expressed in the symbolism of first order logic. The associated English prose is only intended to aid the intuition. All formulations of ZFC imply that at least one set exists. Kunen includes an axiom that directly asserts the existence of a set, in addition to the axioms given below (although he notes that he does so only “for emphasis”). Its omission here can be justified in two ways. First, in the standard semantics of first-order logic in which ZFC is typically formalized, the domain of discourse must be nonempty. Hence, it is a logical theorem of first-order logic that something exists — usually expressed as the assertion that something is identical to itself, formula_18. Consequently, it is a theorem of every first-order theory that something exists. However, as noted above, because in the intended semantics of ZFC there are only sets, the interpretation of this logical theorem in the context of ZFC is that some \"set\" exists. Hence, there is no need for a separate axiom asserting that a set exists. Second, however, even if ZFC is formulated in so-called free logic, in which it is not provable from logic alone that something exists, the axiom of infinity (below) asserts that an \"infinite\" set exists. This implies that \"a\" set exists and so, once again, it is superfluous to include an axiom asserting as much.", "Two sets are equal (are the same set) if they have the same elements. The converse of this axiom follows from the substitution property of equality. If the background logic does not include equality \"formula_20\", formula_21 may be defined as an abbreviation for the following formula: In this case, the axiom of extensionality can be reformulated as which says that if formula_24 and formula_25 have the same elements, then they belong to the same sets.", "Every non-empty set formula_24 contains a member formula_25 such that formula_24 and formula_25 are disjoint sets. or in modern notation: formula_31 This (along with the Axiom of Pairing) implies, for example, that no set is an element of itself and that every set has an ordinal rank.", "Subsets are commonly constructed using set builder notation. For example, the even integers can be constructed as the subset of the integers formula_32 satisfying the congruence modulo predicate formula_33: In general, the subset of a set formula_35 obeying a formula formula_36 with one free variable formula_24 may be written as: The axiom schema of specification states that this subset always exists (it is an axiom \"schema\" because there is one axiom for each formula_39). Formally, let formula_39 be any formula in the language of ZFC with all free variables among formula_41 (formula_25 is not free in formula_39). Then: Note that the axiom schema of specification can only construct subsets, and does not allow the construction of entities of the more general form: This restriction is necessary to avoid Russell's paradox and its variants that accompany naive set theory with unrestricted comprehension. In some other axiomatizations of ZF, this axiom is redundant in that it follows from the axiom schema of replacement and the axiom of the empty set. On the other hand, the axiom of specification can be used to prove the existence of the empty set, denoted formula_46, once at least one set is known to exist (see above). One way to do this is to use a property formula_39 which no set has. For example, if formula_48 is any existing set, the empty set can be constructed as Thus the axiom of the empty set is implied by the nine axioms presented here. The axiom of extensionality implies the empty set is unique (does not depend on formula_48). It is common to make a definitional extension that adds the symbol \"formula_46\" to the language of ZFC.", "If formula_24 and formula_25 are sets, then there exists a set which contains formula_24 and formula_25 as elements. The axiom schema of specification must be used to reduce this to a set with exactly these two elements. The axiom of pairing is part of Z, but is redundant in ZF because it follows from the axiom schema of replacement, if we are given a set with at least two elements. The existence of a set with at least two elements is assured by either the axiom of infinity, or by the axiom schema of specification and the axiom of the power set applied twice to any set.", "The union over the elements of a set exists. For example, the union over the elements of the set formula_57 is formula_58 The axiom of union states that for any set of sets formula_59 there is a set formula_60 containing every element that is a member of some member of formula_59: Although this formula doesn't directly assert the existence of formula_63, the set formula_63 can be constructed from formula_60 in the above using the axiom schema of specification:", "The axiom schema of replacement asserts that the image of a set under any definable function will also fall inside a set. Formally, let formula_39 be any formula in the language of ZFC whose free variables are among formula_68 so that in particular formula_69 is not free in formula_39. Then: In other words, if the relation formula_39 represents a definable function formula_73, formula_60 represents its domain, and formula_75 is a set for every formula_76 then the range of formula_73 is a subset of some set formula_69. The form stated here, in which formula_69 may be larger than strictly necessary, is sometimes called the axiom schema of collection.", "Let formula_80 abbreviate formula_81 where formula_82 is some set. (We can see that formula_83 is a valid set by applying the Axiom of Pairing with formula_84 so that the set formula_35 is formula_83). Then there exists a set formula_87 such that the empty set formula_46 is a member of formula_87 and, whenever a set formula_25 is a member of formula_91 then formula_92 is also a member of formula_87. More colloquially, there exists a set formula_87 having infinitely many members. (It must be established, however, that these members are all different, because if two elements are the same, the sequence will loop around in a finite cycle of sets. The axiom of regularity prevents this from happening.) The minimal set formula_87 satisfying the axiom of infinity is the von Neumann ordinal formula_97 which can also be thought of as the set of natural numbers formula_98", "By definition a set formula_35 is a subset of a set formula_24 if and only if every element of formula_35 is also an element of formula_24: The Axiom of Power Set states that for any set formula_24, there is a set formula_25 that contains every subset of formula_24: The axiom schema of specification is then used to define the power set formula_108 as the subset of such a formula_25 containing the subsets of formula_24 exactly: Axioms 1–8 define ZF. Alternative forms of these axioms are often encountered, some of which are listed in. Some ZF axiomatizations include an axiom asserting that the empty set exists. The axioms of pairing, union, replacement, and power set are often stated so that the members of the set formula_24 whose existence is being asserted are just those sets which the axiom asserts formula_24 must contain. The following axiom is added to turn ZF into ZFC:", "For any set formula_87, there is a binary relation formula_115 which well-orders formula_87. This means formula_115 is a linear order on formula_87 such that every nonempty subset of formula_87 has a member which is minimal under formula_115. Given axioms 1 – 8, there are many statements equivalent to axiom 9, the best known of which is the axiom of choice (AC), which goes as follows. Let formula_87 be a set whose members are all nonempty. Then there exists a function formula_73 from formula_87 to the union of the members of formula_87, called a \"choice function\", such that for all formula_126 one has formula_127. Since the existence of a choice function when formula_87 is a finite set is easily proved from axioms 1–8, AC only matters for certain infinite sets. AC is characterized as nonconstructive because it asserts the existence of a choice set but says nothing about how the choice set is to be \"constructed.\" Much research has sought to characterize the definability (or lack thereof) of certain sets whose existence AC asserts.", "One motivation for the ZFC axioms is the cumulative hierarchy of sets introduced by John von Neumann. In this viewpoint, the universe of set theory is built up in stages, with one stage for each ordinal number. At stage 0 there are no sets yet. At each following stage, a set is added to the universe if all of its elements have been added at previous stages. Thus the empty set is added at stage 1, and the set containing the empty set is added at stage 2. The collection of all sets that are obtained in this way, over all the stages, is known as V. The sets in V can be arranged into a hierarchy by assigning to each set the first stage at which that set was added to V. It is provable that a set is in V if and only if the set is pure and well-founded; and provable that V satisfies all the axioms of ZFC, if the class of ordinals has appropriate reflection properties. For example, suppose that a set \"x\" is added at stage α, which means that every element of \"x\" was added at a stage earlier than α. Then every subset of \"x\" is also added at stage α, because all elements of any subset of \"x\" were also added before stage α. This means that any subset of \"x\" which the axiom of separation can construct is added at stage α, and that the powerset of \"x\" will be added at the next stage after α. For a complete argument that V satisfies ZFC see. The picture of the universe of sets stratified into the cumulative hierarchy is characteristic of ZFC and related axiomatic set theories such as Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (often called NBG) and Morse–Kelley set theory. The cumulative hierarchy is not compatible with other set theories such as New Foundations. It is possible to change the definition of \"V\" so that at each stage, instead of adding all the subsets of the union of the previous stages, subsets are only added if they are definable in a certain sense. This results in a more \"narrow\" hierarchy which gives the constructible universe \"L\", which also satisfies all the axioms of ZFC, including the axiom of choice. It is independent from the ZFC axioms whether \"V\" = \"L\". Although the structure of \"L\" is more regular and well behaved than that of \"V\", few mathematicians argue that \"V\" = \"L\" should be added to ZFC as an additional \"axiom of constructibility\".", "", "As noted earlier, proper classes (collections of mathematical objects defined by a property shared by their members which are too big to be sets) can only be treated indirectly in ZF (and thus ZFC). An alternative to proper classes while staying within ZF and ZFC is the \"virtual class\" notational construct introduced by, where the entire construct \"y\" ∈ { \"x\" | F\"x\" } is simply defined as F\"y\". This provides a simple notation for classes that can contain sets but need not themselves be sets, while not committing to the ontology of classes (because the notation can be syntactically converted to one that only uses sets). Quine's approach built on the earlier approach of. Virtual classes are also used in,, and in the Metamath implementation of ZFC.", "The axiom schemata of replacement and separation each contain infinitely many instances. included a result first proved in his 1957 Ph.D. thesis: if ZFC is consistent, it is impossible to axiomatize ZFC using only finitely many axioms. On the other hand, von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) can be finitely axiomatized. The ontology of NBG includes proper classes as well as sets; a set is any class that can be a member of another class. NBG and ZFC are equivalent set theories in the sense that any theorem not mentioning classes and provable in one theory can be proved in the other.", "Gödel's second incompleteness theorem says that a recursively axiomatizable system that can interpret Robinson arithmetic can prove its own consistency only if it is inconsistent. Moreover, Robinson arithmetic can be interpreted in general set theory, a small fragment of ZFC. Hence the consistency of ZFC cannot be proved within ZFC itself (unless it is actually inconsistent). Thus, to the extent that ZFC is identified with ordinary mathematics, the consistency of ZFC cannot be demonstrated in ordinary mathematics. The consistency of ZFC does follow from the existence of a weakly inaccessible cardinal, which is unprovable in ZFC if ZFC is consistent. Nevertheless, it is deemed unlikely that ZFC harbors an unsuspected contradiction; it is widely believed that if ZFC were inconsistent, that fact would have been uncovered by now. This much is certain — ZFC is immune to the classic paradoxes of naive set theory: Russell's paradox, the Burali-Forti paradox, and Cantor's paradox. If consistent, ZFC cannot prove the existence of the inaccessible cardinals that category theory requires. Huge sets of this nature are possible if ZF is augmented with Tarski's axiom. Assuming that axiom turns the axioms of infinity, power set, and choice (7 – 9 above) into theorems.", "Many important statements are independent of ZFC (see list of statements undecidable in ZFC). The independence is usually proved by forcing, whereby it is shown that every countable transitive model of ZFC (sometimes augmented with large cardinal axioms) can be expanded to satisfy the statement in question. A different expansion is then shown to satisfy the negation of the statement. An independence proof by forcing automatically proves independence from arithmetical statements, other concrete statements, and large cardinal axioms. Some statements independent of ZFC can be proven to hold in particular inner models, such as in the constructible universe. However, some statements that are true about constructible sets are not consistent with hypothesized large cardinal axioms. Forcing proves that the following statements are independent of ZFC: Remarks: A variation on the method of forcing can also be used to demonstrate the consistency and unprovability of the axiom of choice, i.e., that the axiom of choice is independent of ZF. The consistency of choice can be (relatively) easily verified by proving that the inner model L satisfies choice. (Thus every model of ZF contains a submodel of ZFC, so that Con(ZF) implies Con(ZFC).) Since forcing preserves choice, we cannot directly produce a model contradicting choice from a model satisfying choice. However, we can use forcing to create a model which contains a suitable submodel, namely one satisfying ZF but not C. Another method of proving independence results, one owing nothing to forcing, is based on Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. This approach employs the statement whose independence is being examined, to prove the existence of a set model of ZFC, in which case Con(ZFC) is true. Since ZFC satisfies the conditions of Gödel's second theorem, the consistency of ZFC is unprovable in ZFC (provided that ZFC is, in fact, consistent). Hence no statement allowing such a proof can be proved in ZFC. This method can prove that the existence of large cardinals is not provable in ZFC, but cannot prove that assuming such cardinals, given ZFC, is free of contradiction.", "The project to unify set theorists behind additional axioms to resolve the Continuum Hypothesis or other meta-mathematical ambiguities is sometimes known as \"Gödel's program\". Mathematicians currently debate which axioms are the most plausible or \"self-evident\", which axioms are the most useful in various domains, and about to what degree usefulness should be traded off with plausibility; some \"multiverse\" set theorists argue that usefulness should be the sole ultimate criterion in which axioms to customarily adopt. One school of thought leans on expanding the \"iterative\" concept of a set to produce a set-theoretic universe with an interesting and complex but reasonably tractable structure by adopting forcing axioms; another school advocates for a tidier, less cluttered universe, perhaps focused on a \"core\" inner model.", "ZFC has been criticized both for being excessively strong and for being excessively weak, as well as for its failure to capture objects such as proper classes and the universal set. Many mathematical theorems can be proven in much weaker systems than ZFC, such as Peano arithmetic and second-order arithmetic (as explored by the program of reverse mathematics). Saunders Mac Lane and Solomon Feferman have both made this point. Some of \"mainstream mathematics\" (mathematics not directly connected with axiomatic set theory) is beyond Peano arithmetic and second-order arithmetic, but still, all such mathematics can be carried out in ZC (Zermelo set theory with choice), another theory weaker than ZFC. Much of the power of ZFC, including the axiom of regularity and the axiom schema of replacement, is included primarily to facilitate the study of the set theory itself. On the other hand, among axiomatic set theories, ZFC is comparatively weak. Unlike New Foundations, ZFC does not admit the existence of a universal set. Hence the universe of sets under ZFC is not closed under the elementary operations of the algebra of sets. Unlike von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) and Morse–Kelley set theory (MK), ZFC does not admit the existence of proper classes. A further comparative weakness of ZFC is that the axiom of choice included in ZFC is weaker than the axiom of global choice included in NBG and MK. There are numerous mathematical statements undecidable in ZFC. These include the continuum hypothesis, the Whitehead problem, and the normal Moore space conjecture. Some of these conjectures are provable with the addition of axioms such as Martin's axiom or large cardinal axioms to ZFC. Some others are decided in ZF+AD where AD is the axiom of determinacy, a strong supposition incompatible with choice. One attraction of large cardinal axioms is that they enable many results from ZF+AD to be established in ZFC adjoined by some large cardinal axiom (see projective determinacy). The Mizar system and Metamath have adopted Tarski–Grothendieck set theory, an extension of ZFC, so that proofs involving Grothendieck universes (encountered in category theory and algebraic geometry) can be formalized.", "Related axiomatic set theories:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 10750, 83, 27650, 136, 456, 10015, 78458, 8781, 5, 581, 28484, 6, 98869, 83, 8121, 71, 35064, 4, 678, 185688, 187136, 7, 47, 28960, 5, 3311, 80934, 111, 200103, 2481, 4, 642, 765, 20596, 132, 58, 1542, 18939, 4426, 20596, 132, 58, 1723, 18939, 100, 2499, 6626, 5423, 7, 44, 1542, 58, 136, 44, 1723, 58, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 2685, 83, 142, 115049, 5844, 32354, 1284, 110, 1582, 100034, 32354, 1295, 44, 1542, 58, 47, 44, 1723, 740, 1650, 133784, 5170, 47, 7639, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 613, 236, 10763, 1295, 44, 1542, 58, 47, 44, 1723, 740, 3293, 83, 70, 26498, 111, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 12, 2685, 83, 110, 613, 170, 100034, 32354, 1295, 2499, 5423, 44, 284, 58, 47, 6863, 14537, 5423, 5, 717, 137633, 903, 4, 442, 83, 20174, 47, 7639, 450, 110, 32354, 44, 420, 58, 450, 22288, 7, 80854, 23, 44, 284, 58, 47, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 44, 284, 58, 831, 58359, 11907, 7722, 1614, 3509, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 642, 1660, 3871, 47, 106804, 13, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 44, 284, 58, 450, 83, 959, 105950, 47, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 100, 2499, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 284, 740, 15, 4332, 85763, 450, 12638, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 83, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 44, 284, 740, 16, 62771, 10, 1614, 3509, 83, 34475, 390, 70, 25632, 50961, 4, 68018, 35839, 70, 44, 54694, 1290, 207997, 5423, 58, 111, 44, 420, 58, 12, 3293, 26950, 4, 390, 80934, 4, 450, 100, 756, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 284, 830, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 571, 58, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 44, 425, 58, 6, 3, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 51029, 1326, 756, 44, 425, 58, 70, 5423, 7, 44, 571, 58, 136, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 53418, 186, 70, 5701, 6637, 44, 571, 58, 509, 64549, 297, 1295, 80854, 111, 44, 284, 58, 124901, 43079, 15, 24658, 44, 420, 18939, 6777, 959, 26698, 61261, 5, 5455, 183037, 4, 16916, 2499, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 284, 830, 7068, 40101, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 707, 44, 425, 58, 6, 3, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 51029, 360, 70, 36770, 7225, 4, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 53418, 105950, 44, 571, 58, 6637, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 390, 237259, 136, 44, 425, 58, 6, 3, 44, 571, 58, 390, 70, 50961, 111, 44, 571, 740, 360, 70, 21, 3055, 7225, 4, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 53418, 105950, 44, 571, 58, 6637, 44, 425, 58, 6, 3, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 390, 237259, 136, 44, 425, 58, 6, 245918, 44, 571, 58, 390, 70, 50961, 111, 44, 571, 740, 145666, 85540, 538, 4, 136, 161549, 1286, 23113, 538, 4, 642, 1660, 77443, 450, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 79057, 6, 245918, 44, 284, 58, 6044, 450, 44, 420, 58, 132, 13383, 16, 2203, 44, 571, 58, 35388, 90, 70, 25632, 2304, 428, 10763, 12, 228072, 4, 390, 74906, 5565, 606, 48152, 316, 4, 70, 237259, 8110, 186, 98320, 5, 12613, 7, 2685, 83, 110, 79057, 6, 245918, 44, 284, 58, 6044, 450, 44, 420, 58, 132, 13383, 16, 2203, 44, 571, 56128, 23, 3789, 34153, 4, 44, 571, 58, 83, 959, 23, 70, 29569, 111, 44, 420, 58, 136, 44, 420, 58, 14602, 959, 22288, 47, 11907, 12830, 111, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 44, 284, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 44, 420, 58, 83, 959, 613, 170, 100034, 5, 201106, 4, 47, 28484, 70, 6, 98869, 4, 642, 3871, 47, 80788, 18, 142, 115049, 5844, 32354, 1295, 44, 284, 58, 47, 6863, 14537, 5423, 5, 26040, 214, 6044, 10, 32354, 83, 1927, 686, 289, 12, 1660, 22288, 44, 425, 58, 47, 70, 11001, 1507, 5423, 10666, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 5, 581, 10750, 83, 5036, 28484, 4, 136, 642, 765, 170920, 70, 81113, 23, 13, 161789, 100, 2499, 5423, 44, 284, 58, 450, 20596, 132, 58, 284, 18939, 4426, 20596, 132, 683, 132, 58, 284, 18939, 194, 116267, 3917, 47, 5351, 111, 70, 6, 98869, 83, 450, 44, 571, 830, 201505, 707, 351, 9, 33548, 939, 4, 83, 11343, 23, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 44, 284, 740, 1326, 44, 420, 58, 47, 186, 98, 188, 4, 3060, 12830, 111, 44, 284, 58, 8110, 22288, 47, 44, 571, 740, 4966, 450, 37105, 7, 47, 10, 2304, 428, 10763, 12, 110, 12830, 111, 44, 571, 58, 831, 22288, 47, 44, 571, 58, 6637, 450, 2806, 2304, 61669, 70, 166220, 19, 111, 209274, 23, 44, 571, 830, 4911, 7, 70, 12830, 291, 26783, 47, 44, 571, 58, 8110, 959, 186, 142, 12830, 111, 44, 571, 58, 91084, 450, 442, 40407, 3387, 70, 166220, 19, 100, 209274, 23, 44, 571, 830, 15700, 2304, 428, 10763, 5, 1061, 70, 237259, 450, 142, 12830, 111, 44, 284, 58, 22288, 7, 47, 44, 571, 58, 8110, 186, 98320, 74, 136, 44, 420, 58, 53418, 186, 98, 188, 5, 88949, 111, 70, 41929, 74918, 42, 6620, 111, 44, 425, 58, 23, 70, 125195, 44, 58, 425, 58, 6, 3, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 830, 903, 83, 10, 207997, 10750, 5, 1326, 10, 54529, 2886, 15, 748, 94418, 13, 16, 5423, 4, 70, 10750, 111, 70, 6, 98869, 34475, 36917, 831, 186, 58755, 3674, 390, 64549, 214, 10, 23180, 23, 3129, 12638, 6, 15555, 83, 67967, 6259, 390, 10, 36998, 44, 425, 58, 1295, 44, 284, 58, 2203, 10666, 58, 425, 830, 44, 425, 830, 27, 8152, 4, 23, 903, 12989, 5, 44, 284, 58, 83, 41591, 71, 47, 36456, 10, 192617, 12989, 221, 450, 6044, 23180, 831, 186, 64549, 297, 5, 98423, 3365, 316, 19, 111, 70, 23180, 83, 67967, 6259, 390, 10, 36998, 44, 53, 58, 1295, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 44, 284, 56128, 70, 3365, 316, 1779, 621, 12989, 297, 390, 70, 10750, 47, 44, 420, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 3365, 316, 19, 67967, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 131830, 53, 5423, 154453, 4, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 83, 10, 20531, 16750, 3129, 117249, 450, 4, 100, 2499, 5423, 26168, 115187, 4, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 26168, 115187, 15, 2347, 14537, 5423, 111, 26168, 115187, 4, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 26168, 454, 29557, 1556, 10, 81113, 538, 117396, 200103, 2481, 3501, 26168, 115187, 68034, 5, 1326, 94418, 13, 5423, 7, 4, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 831, 186, 51592, 47, 186, 29568, 390, 8781, 189085, 1363, 111, 70, 14012, 111, 1614, 3509, 7, 5, 1311, 128396, 70, 201505, 5423, 237, 10, 1614, 3509, 4, 10, 5423, 678, 26168, 454, 910, 43032, 1556, 10, 3622, 111, 26168, 454, 966, 1614, 3509, 7, 4, 221, 450, 2174, 26168, 454, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Proof.", "When formula_1 is countably infinite.", "Related paradoxes.", "History.", "Generalizations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Cantor's argument is elegant and remarkably simple. The complete proof is presented below, with detailed explanations to follow. By definition of cardinality, we have card(\"X\") < card(\"Y\") for any two sets \"X\" and \"Y\" if and only if there is an injective function but no bijective function from \"X\" to \"Y\". It suffices to show that there is no surjection from \"X\" to \"Y\". This is the heart of Cantor's theorem: there is no surjective function from any set \"A\" to its power set. To establish this, it is enough to show that no function \"f\" that maps elements in \"A\" to subsets of \"A\" can reach every possible subset, i.e., we just need to demonstrate the existence of a subset of \"A\" that is not equal to \"f\"(\"x\") for any \"x\" ∈ \"A\". (Recall that each \"f\"(\"x\") is a subset of \"A\".) Such a subset is given by the following construction, sometimes called the \"Cantor diagonal set\" of \"f\": This means, by definition, that for all \"x\" ∈ \"A\", \"x\" ∈ \"B\" if and only if \"x\" ∉ \"f\"(\"x\"). For all \"x\" the sets \"B\" and \"f\"(\"x\") cannot be the same because \"B\" was constructed from elements of \"A\" whose images (under \"f\") did not include themselves. More specifically, consider any \"x\" ∈ \"A\", then either \"x\" ∈ \"f\"(\"x\") or \"x\" ∉ \"f\"(\"x\"). In the former case, \"f\"(\"x\") cannot equal \"B\" because \"x\" ∈ \"f\"(\"x\") by assumption and \"x\" ∉ \"B\" by the construction of \"B\". In the latter case, \"f\"(\"x\") cannot equal \"B\" because \"x\" ∉ \"f\"(\"x\") by assumption and \"x\" ∈ \"B\" by the construction of \"B\". Equivalently, and slightly more formally, we just proved that the existence of ξ ∈ \"A\" such that \"f\"(ξ) = \"B\" implies the following contradiction: Therefore, by reductio ad absurdum, the assumption must be false. Thus there is no ξ ∈ \"A\" such that \"f\"(ξ) = \"B\"; in other words, \"B\" is not in the image of \"f\" and \"f\" does not map to every element of the power set of \"A\", i.e., \"f\" is not surjective. Finally, to complete the proof, we need to exhibit an injective function from \"A\" to its power set. Finding such a function is trivial: just map \"x\" to the singleton set {\"x\"}. The argument is now complete, and we have established the strict inequality for any set \"A\" that card(\"A\") < card(P(\"A\")). Another way to think of the proof is that \"B\", empty or non-empty, is always in the power set of \"A\". For \"f\" to be onto, some element of \"A\" must map to \"B\". But that leads to a contradiction: no element of \"B\" can map to \"B\" because that would contradict the criterion of membership in \"B\", thus the element mapping to \"B\" must not be an element of \"B\" meaning that it satisfies the criterion for membership in \"B\", another contradiction. So the assumption that an element of \"A\" maps to \"B\" must be false; and \"f\" cannot be onto. Because of the double occurrence of \"x\" in the expression \"\"x\" ∉ \"f\"(\"x\")\", this is a diagonal argument. For a countable (or finite) set, the argument of the proof given above can be illustrated by constructing a table in which each row is labelled by a unique \"x\" from \"A\" = {\"x\", \"x\",...}, in this order. \"A\" is assumed to admit a linear order so that such table can be constructed. Each column of the table is labelled by a unique \"y\" from the power set of \"A\"; the columns are ordered by the argument to \"f\", i.e. the column labels are \"f\"(\"x\"), \"f\"(\"x\"),..., in this order. The intersection of each row \"x\" and column \"y\" records a true/false bit whether \"x\" ∈ \"y\". Given the order chosen for the row and column labels, the main diagonal \"D\" of this table thus records whether \"x\" ∈ \"f\"(\"x\") for each \"x\" ∈ \"A\". The set \"B\" constructed in the previous paragraphs coincides with the row labels for the subset of entries on this main diagonal \"D\" where the table records that \"x\" ∈ \"f\"(\"x\") is false. Each column records the values of the indicator function of the set corresponding to the column. The indicator function of \"B\" coincides with the logically negated (swap \"true\" and \"false\") entries of the main diagonal. Thus the indicator function of \"B\" does not agree with any column in at least one entry. Consequently, no column represents \"B\". For a finite set, the proof can also be illustrated using a more prosaic presentation known as the barber paradox. Despite the simplicity of the above proof, it is rather difficult for an automated theorem prover to produce it. The main difficulty lies in an automated discovery of the Cantor diagonal set. Lawrence Paulson noted in 1992 that Otter could not do it, whereas Isabelle could, albeit with a certain amount of direction in terms of tactics that might perhaps be considered cheating.", "Let us examine the proof for the specific case when formula_1 is countably infinite. Without loss of generality, we may take formula_1 = N = {1, 2, 3...}, the set of natural numbers. Suppose that N is equinumerous with its power set P(N). Let us see a sample of what P(N) looks like: P(N) contains infinite subsets of N, e.g. the set of all even numbers {2, 4, 6...}, as well as the empty set. Now that we have an idea of what the elements of P(N) look like, let us attempt to pair off each element of N with each element of P(N) to show that these infinite sets are equinumerous. In other words, we will attempt to pair off each element of N with an element from the infinite set P(N), so that no element from either infinite set remains unpaired. Such an attempt to pair elements would look like this: Given such a pairing, some natural numbers are paired with subsets that contain the very same number. For instance, in our example the number 2 is paired with the subset {1, 2, 3}, which contains 2 as a member. Let us call such numbers \"selfish\". Other natural numbers are paired with subsets that do not contain them. For instance, in our example the number 1 is paired with the subset {4, 5}, which does not contain the number 1. Call these numbers \"non-selfish\". Likewise, 3 and 4 are non-selfish. Using this idea, let us build a special set of natural numbers. This set will provide the contradiction we seek. Let \"B\" be the set of \"all\" non-selfish natural numbers. By definition, the power set P(N) contains all sets of natural numbers, and so it contains this set \"B\" as an element. If the mapping is bijective, \"B\" must be paired off with some natural number, say \"b\". However, this causes a problem. If \"b\" is in \"B\", then \"b\" is selfish because it is in the corresponding set, which contradicts the definition of \"B\". If \"b\" is not in \"B\", then it is non-selfish and it should instead be a member of \"B\". Therefore, no such element \"b\" which maps to \"B\" can exist. Since there is no natural number which can be paired with \"B\", we have contradicted our original supposition, that there is a bijection between N and P(N). Note that the set \"B\" may be empty. This would mean that every natural number \"x\" maps to a subset of natural numbers that contains \"x\". Then, every number maps to a nonempty set and no number maps to the empty set. But the empty set is a member of P(N), so the mapping still does not cover P(N). Through this proof by contradiction we have proven that the cardinality of N and P(N) cannot be equal. We also know that the cardinality of P(N) cannot be less than the cardinality of N because P(N) contains all singletons, by definition, and these singletons form a \"copy\" of N inside of P(N). Therefore, only one possibility remains, and that is that the cardinality of P(N) is strictly greater than the cardinality of N, proving Cantor's theorem.", "Cantor's theorem and its proof are closely related to two paradoxes of set theory. Cantor's paradox is the name given to a contradiction following from Cantor's theorem together with the assumption that there is a set containing all sets, the universal set formula_19. In order to distinguish this paradox from the next one discussed below, it is important to note what this contradiction is. By Cantor's theorem formula_20 for any set formula_21. On the other hand, all elements of formula_22 are sets, and thus contained in formula_19, therefore formula_24. Another paradox can be derived from the proof of Cantor's theorem by instantiating the function \"f\" with the identity function; this turns Cantor's diagonal set into what is sometimes called the \"Russell set\" of a given set \"A\": The proof of Cantor's theorem is straightforwardly adapted to show that assuming a set of all sets \"U\" exists, then considering its Russell set \"R\" leads to the contradiction: This argument is known as Russell's paradox. As a point of subtlety, the version of Russell's paradox we have presented here is actually a theorem of Zermelo; we can conclude from the contradiction obtained that we must reject the hypothesis that \"R\"∈\"U\", thus disproving the existence of a set containing all sets. This was possible because we have used restricted comprehension (as featured in ZFC) in the definition of \"R\" above, which in turn entailed that Had we used unrestricted comprehension (as in Frege's system for instance) by defining the Russell set simply as formula_28, then the axiom system itself would have entailed the contradiction, with no further hypotheses needed. Despite the syntactical similarities between the Russell set (in either variant) and the Cantor diagonal set, Alonzo Church emphasized that Russell's paradox is independent of considerations of cardinality and its underlying notions like one-to-one correspondence.", "Cantor gave essentially this proof in a paper published in 1891 \"Über eine elementare Frage der Mannigfaltigkeitslehre\", where the diagonal argument for the uncountability of the reals also first appears (he had earlier proved the uncountability of the reals by other methods). The version of this argument he gave in that paper was phrased in terms of indicator functions on a set rather than subsets of a set. He showed that if \"f\" is a function defined on \"X\" whose values are 2-valued functions on \"X\", then the 2-valued function \"G\"(\"x\") = 1 − \"f\"(\"x\")(\"x\") is not in the range of \"f\". Bertrand Russell has a very similar proof in \"Principles of Mathematics\" (1903, section 348), where he shows that there are more propositional functions than objects. \"For suppose a correlation of all objects and some propositional functions to have been affected, and let phi-\"x\" be the correlate of \"x\". Then \"not-phi-\"x\"(\"x\"),\" i.e. \"phi-\"x\" does not hold of \"x\"\" is a propositional function not contained in this correlation; for it is true or false of \"x\" according as phi-\"x\" is false or true of \"x\", and therefore it differs from phi-\"x\" for every value of \"x\".\" He attributes the idea behind the proof to Cantor. Ernst Zermelo has a theorem (which he calls \"Cantor's Theorem\") that is identical to the form above in the paper that became the foundation of modern set theory (\"Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I\"), published in 1908. See Zermelo set theory.", "Cantor's theorem has been generalized to any category with products." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 2356, 30715, 3542, 15672, 42878, 7, 2750, 113091, 10, 96551, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 109847, 19, 3181, 66, 46876, 7, 5, 1250, 7732, 18, 109120, 90, 99201, 70, 114590, 1141, 164, 4, 1208, 25, 92, 8607, 4, 4267, 102492, 47924, 4, 1460, 41502, 7, 4, 61148, 2765, 1779, 4, 19291, 111622, 24946, 7, 4, 663, 10591, 458, 22824, 4, 136, 76271, 59208, 2703, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 28811, 9615, 603, 7, 4, 70, 65925, 114590, 1141, 164, 23, 54815, 3674, 2356, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 2356, 5753, 4, 136, 1446, 15477, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 63920, 111, 5813, 33970, 136, 171827, 115532, 5, 581, 481, 7893, 59444, 509, 12876, 91854, 3613, 2594, 23, 115532, 5, 581, 4267, 102492, 47924, 158930, 33233, 70, 4267, 102492, 47924, 32547, 23, 115532, 5, 581, 19291, 111622, 24946, 7, 136, 164917, 109120, 90, 1379, 2363, 95934, 38529, 939, 158930, 23, 97360, 13, 18481, 4, 65272, 111, 19291, 111622, 24946, 9631, 4, 26719, 80231, 18481, 5, 581, 76271, 59208, 2703, 95699, 34, 138518, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 157082, 4, 97360, 13, 18481, 4, 136, 70, 90695, 7, 111, 181010, 25, 7, 582, 86, 119300, 136, 353, 18461, 27853, 5, 581, 663, 10591, 458, 22824, 158930, 23, 65925, 157082, 4, 136, 70, 61148, 13, 1972, 136, 1460, 41502, 109120, 90, 158930, 23, 70, 62448, 14, 19774, 10776, 5, 581, 62448, 14, 19774, 32547, 70237, 3126, 297, 183851, 109120, 90, 15380, 538, 4, 147158, 18, 71407, 4, 136, 68894, 538, 5, 1301, 39395, 237, 48463, 4, 92265, 4, 174705, 4, 136, 14941, 188535, 7, 80723, 24649, 2852, 70, 2356, 6661, 4, 71702, 12924, 4, 47589, 4, 136, 20450, 927, 100, 4000, 186, 11, 814, 4203, 933, 5, 2161, 7071, 209, 4, 611, 9016, 4, 18813, 14631, 87, 111, 30715, 31089, 71, 10, 178727, 100, 70, 118623, 33734, 4, 3129, 48402, 297, 70, 9020, 33734, 136, 70, 436, 538, 111443, 33734, 5, 32255, 6626, 14375, 538, 9458, 297, 200569, 7, 3542, 179140, 47, 63043, 3551, 100, 30715, 4, 47, 55080, 52350, 4, 136, 47, 30646, 10, 18348, 5, 360, 611, 1549, 4, 70, 13289, 113240, 7, 174920, 98, 70, 44, 82419, 132641, 58, 136, 170920, 436, 538, 111443, 156637, 53, 23, 157082, 4, 86595, 70, 32692, 111, 28123, 28811, 9615, 19929, 23, 2356, 30715, 5, 360, 611, 2485, 4, 14941, 88898, 42, 4939, 37700, 24, 4806, 70, 10776, 44, 46568, 30715, 740, 581, 9351, 509, 51521, 538, 167244, 297, 98, 7582, 138, 4, 611, 1549, 4, 3229, 70, 178727, 116822, 16070, 7, 17721, 46512, 64370, 136, 4000, 42878, 109120, 90, 75939, 297, 17721, 88669, 136, 187, 4806, 7158, 23274, 114942, 4, 70, 59714, 14, 525, 111, 3129, 509, 70, 1460, 41502, 5550, 23, 611, 10945, 3129, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 2646, 28692, 6627, 7612, 5, 2161, 4347, 17846, 611, 11548, 4, 70, 46512, 3387, 111, 157082, 9631, 4, 436, 538, 111443, 4, 2356, 31901, 19, 4, 136, 62448, 14, 19774, 33284, 297, 25842, 23, 10, 5078, 184, 94928, 35839, 70, 2356, 30715, 102668, 820, 2320, 15, 161818, 538, 44, 3957, 14098, 156637, 3387, 111, 2356, 30715, 51029, 581, 158, 83252, 2320, 509, 82775, 21334, 538, 47, 176866, 13, 199849, 165815, 4, 136, 442, 21647, 297, 3060, 131011, 20271, 18813, 90452, 25, 7, 5550, 3129, 13380, 3674, 70, 46512, 64370, 136, 2363, 42878, 756, 3387, 26548, 10, 38134, 21329, 712, 42878, 75, 22876, 214, 1295, 18237, 611, 6873, 8305, 7071, 611, 19051, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 3311, 611, 15276, 4, 18813, 14631, 1995, 1902, 24209, 142837, 1672, 70, 118055, 538, 41371, 48322, 111, 70, 46512, 3387, 4, 26719, 2363, 15970, 9, 168080, 214, 178727, 7, 4, 2363, 9803, 21917, 34, 1916, 111, 70, 201940, 25515, 7, 4, 136, 2363, 105925, 116338, 14537, 5, 1529, 127298, 170920, 70, 26977, 191, 111, 2356, 30715, 4, 142, 86757, 69941, 48402, 214, 756, 111, 70, 2356, 30715, 46512, 3387, 5, 360, 611, 12772, 4, 70, 36770, 174705, 46512, 3387, 111, 2356, 5753, 4, 24453, 2356, 101033, 4, 136, 10542, 2356, 101033, 3542, 49814, 47, 70, 26977, 191, 5, 581, 69941, 509, 566, 144429, 1295, 70, 50782, 136, 2304, 1294, 47, 70, 74855, 297, 139869, 40250, 111, 70, 10776, 4, 136, 442, 509, 103210, 51, 114366, 54940, 70, 46512, 64370, 5, 581, 26977, 191, 207583, 73197, 297, 70, 178727, 7, 111, 24372, 70, 2837, 166589, 111, 70, 26977, 191, 111, 2356, 30715, 4, 70, 46512, 3387, 111, 2356, 30715, 8360, 5281, 47, 32354, 237, 10, 51, 47314, 68894, 25072, 1284, 47143, 297, 10, 61924, 71, 15380, 10776, 5, 8622, 3542, 27983, 167956, 7, 645, 53732, 100491, 428, 10763, 4, 105207, 47, 3551, 121122, 7, 6044, 237, 8382, 118861, 70, 145666, 85540, 40530, 136, 2356, 10699, 254, 72567, 110427, 7, 5, 3311, 729, 13903, 4, 756, 111, 70, 117249, 23, 70, 10776, 1902, 39958, 98441, 98186, 70, 10, 40285, 1363, 111, 94859, 1294, 4, 678, 1446, 15477, 136, 157082, 39864, 214, 3622, 10, 40285, 1363, 23, 729, 14546, 136, 729, 17168, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 128911, 11627, 44, 72306, 50453, 1760, 58, 509, 68018, 11814, 47, 8, 48345, 70, 2356, 30715, 16128, 4, 41866, 54940, 174715, 1314, 136, 70, 56101, 5, 1446, 15477, 509, 36456, 3674, 47, 11341, 44462, 23, 729, 12183, 7103, 9615, 2069, 10, 167956, 678, 2356, 5753, 5, 581, 181991, 53, 111, 115532, 1902, 2809, 10, 2831, 111, 157082, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 2855, 3674, 11341, 44462, 98, 11994, 423, 4, 543, 1549, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 220983, 15612, 516, 5453, 5, 38396, 4, 2356, 30715, 83, 2356, 30715, 509, 22799, 47, 70, 25297, 98834, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 581, 10074, 34165, 70237, 51042, 8305, 157082, 136, 97360, 13, 18481, 1556, 2809, 35839, 70, 127319, 23935, 111, 21629, 25, 7, 25297, 98834, 5, 360, 729, 19308, 4, 70, 5117, 235489, 48137, 23, 21629, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 23924, 17779, 107, 15520, 6982, 111, 236506, 4, 157082, 4, 237, 70, 236506, 219784, 204914, 18770, 53, 5, 581, 204914, 18770, 53, 509, 2843, 90698, 70, 142105, 235489, 48137, 111, 6863, 1733, 5, 190821, 21533, 34754, 7, 136, 69307, 9035, 1295, 70, 204914, 18770, 53, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 1286, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2356, 30715, 83, 10, 10776, 150350, 71, 111, 37195, 117249, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 14098, 46684, 12, 115532, 4, 1446, 15477, 4, 2356, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 157082, 4, 97360, 13, 18481, 4, 136, 62448, 14, 19774, 5, 1650, 83, 132988, 297, 390, 70, 11341, 111, 2356, 5753, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 390, 70, 180972, 140280, 7, 111, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 136, 5813, 33970, 47, 70, 144477, 5, 581, 142740, 55609, 83, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 136, 127067, 13, 4438, 4, 136, 14407, 18481, 42413, 83, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 5, 62704, 83, 2356, 30715, 25, 7, 142105, 26349, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 10323, 111, 157082, 5, 32774, 56, 62704, 83, 70, 142105, 57329, 17840, 16128, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Colonial period.", "French and Indian Wars.", "Dominion of New England.", "New England in the new nation.", "Industrial Revolution.", "20th century and beyond.", "Geography.", "Geology.", "Climate.", "Demographics.", "Cities and urban areas.", "Metropolitan areas.", "Economy.", "Urban centers.", "Agriculture.", "Energy.", "Employment.", "Overall tax burden.", "Government.", "Town meetings.", "Elections.", "Political party strength.", "New Hampshire primary.", "Education.", "Colleges and universities.", "Private and independent secondary schools.", "Public education.", "Academic journals and press.", "Culture.", "Religion.", "Cultural roots.", "Cuisine.", "Accents and dialects.", "Social activities and music.", "Media.", "Comedy.", "Literature.", "Film, television, and acting.", "Museums, historical societies, and libraries.", "Sports.", "Transportation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenakis, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, Pequots, Mohegans, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoag. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in Maine. The Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansetts and smaller tribes under their sovereignty lived in Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, including Block Island. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes lived in the Connecticut region. The Connecticut River Valley linked numerous tribes culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.", "On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a charter for the Virginia Company, which comprised the London Company and the Plymouth Company. These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England, to conduct trade, and to return a profit. In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the \"Mayflower\" and established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, beginning the history of permanent European settlement in New England. In 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region \"New England\". The name was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter", "Relationships between colonists and local Indian tribes alternated between peace and armed skirmishes, the bloodiest of which was the Pequot War in 1637 which resulted in the Mystic massacre. On May 19, 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially \"The United Colonies of New England\"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense, and it gained some importance during King Philip's War which pitted the colonists and their Indian allies against a widespread Indian uprising from June 1675 through April 1678, resulting in", "By 1686, King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, their open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and their growing military power. He therefore established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies. In 1688, the former Dutch colonies of New York, East New Jersey, and West New Jersey were added to the Dominion. The union was imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, and it was highly unpopular among the colonists. The Dominion significantly modified the charters of", "After the dissolution of the Dominion of New England, the colonies of New England ceased to function as a unified political unit but remained a defined cultural region. There were often disputes over territorial jurisdiction, leading to land exchanges such as those regarding the Equivalent Lands and New Hampshire Grants. By 1784, all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783, respectively. The nickname \"Yankeeland\" was sometimes used to denote the New England area, especially among Southerners and the British. Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791 after settling a dispute with New York. The territory of Maine had been a part of Massachusetts, but it was granted statehood on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise. Today, New England is", "New England was key to the industrial revolution in the United States. The Blackstone Valley running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been called the birthplace of America's industrial revolution. In 1787, the first cotton mill in America was founded in the North Shore seaport of Beverly, Massachusetts, as the Beverly Cotton Manufactory. The Manufactory was also considered the largest cotton mill of its time. Technological developments and achievements from the Manufactory led to the development of more advanced cotton mills,", "The flow of immigrants continued at a steady pace from the 1840s until cut off by World War I. The largest numbers came from Ireland and Britain before 1890, and after that from Quebec, Italy, and Southern Europe. The immigrants filled the ranks of factory workers, craftsmen, and unskilled laborers. The Irish assumed a larger and larger role in the Democratic Party in the cities and statewide, while the rural areas remained Republican. Yankees left the farms, which never were highly productive; many headed west, while others became professionals and businessmen in the New England cities. The Great Depression in the United States of the 1930s hit the region hard, with high unemployment in the industrial cities. The Democrats appealed to factory workers and especially Catholics, pulling them into the New Deal coalition and making the once-Republican region into one that was closely divided. However, the enormous spending on munitions, ships, electronics, and uniforms during World War II caused a burst of prosperity in every sector. The region lost most of its factories starting with the loss", "The states of New England have a combined area of, making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and slightly smaller than Great Britain. Maine alone constitutes nearly one-half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th-largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state—Rhode Island.", "New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago, during the last glacial period. New England is geologically a part of the New England province, an exotic terrane region consisting of the Appalachian Mountains, the New England highlands, and the seaboard lowlands. The Appalachian Mountains roughly follow the border between New England and New York. The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the Green Mountains in Vermont, as well as the Taconic Mountains, form a spine of Precambrian rock. The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the", "The climate of New England varies greatly across its span from northern Maine to southern Connecticut: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts have a humid continental climate (Dfb in Köppen climate classification). In this region the winters are long, cold, and heavy snow is common (most locations receive of snow annually in this region). The summer's months are moderately warm, though summer is rather short and rainfall is spread through the year.", "In 2010, New England had a population of 14,444,865, a growth of 3.8% from 2000. This grew to an estimated 14,727,584 by 2015. Massachusetts is the most populous state with 6,794,422 residents, while Vermont is the least populous state with 626,042 residents. Boston is by far the region's most populous city and metropolitan area. Although a great disparity exists between New England's northern and southern portions, the region's average population density is 234.93 inhabitants/sq mi (90.7/km). New England has a significantly higher population density than that of the U.S. as a whole (79.56/sq mi), or even just the contiguous 48 states (94.48/sq mi). Three-quarters of the population of New England, and most of the major cities, are in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The combined population density of these states is 786.83/sq mi, compared to northern New England's 63.56/sq mi (2000 census). According to the 2006–08 American Community Survey, 48.7% of New Englanders were male and 51.3% were female. Approximately 22.4% of the population were under 18 years of age; 13.5% were over 65 years of age. The six states of New England have the lowest birth rate in the U.S. White Americans make up the majority of New England's population at 83.4% of the total population, Hispanic and Latino Americans are New England's largest minority, and they are the second-largest group in the region behind non-Hispanic European Americans. As of 2014, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 10.2% of New England's population. Connecticut had the highest proportion at 13.9%, while Vermont had the lowest at 1.3%. There were nearly 1.5 million Hispanic and Latino individuals reported in New England in 2014. Puerto Ricans were the most numerous of the Hispanic and Latino subgroups. Over 660,000 Puerto Ricans lived in New England in 2014, forming 4.5% of the population. The Dominican population is over 200,000, and the Mexican and Guatemalan populations are each over 100,000. Americans of Cuban descent are scant in number; there were roughly 26,000 Cuban Americans in the region in 2014. People of all other Hispanic and Latino ancestries, including Salvadoran, Colombian, and Bolivian, formed 2.5% of New England's population, and numbered over 361,000 combined. According to the 2014 American Community Survey, the top ten largest reported European ancestries were the following: English is, by far, the most common language spoken at home. Approximately 81.3% of all residents (11.3 million people) over the age of five spoke only English at home. Roughly 1,085,000 people (7.8% of the population) spoke Spanish at home, and roughly 970,000 people (7.0% of the population) spoke other Indo-European languages at home. Over 403,000 people (2.9% of the population) spoke an Asian or Pacific Island language at home. Slightly fewer (about 1%) spoke French at home, although this figure is above 20% in northern New England, which borders francophone Québec. Roughly 99,000 people (0.7% of the population) spoke languages other than these at home. As of 2014, approximately 87% of New England's inhabitants were born in the U.S., while over 12% were foreign-born. 35.8% of foreign-born residents were born in Latin America, 28.6% were born in Asia, 22.9% were born in Europe, and 8.5% were born in Africa. Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the U.S.; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.8 million, while over half the population of New England falls inside Boston's Combined Statistical Area of over 8.2 million.", "", "The following are metropolitan statistical areas", "Several factors combine to make the New England economy unique. The region is distant from the geographic center of the country, and it is a relatively small region but densely populated. It historically has been an important center of industry and manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products, such as granite, lobster, and codfish. The service industry is important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, and architectural, building, and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire U.S. economy. The region underwent a long period of deindustrialization in the first half of the 20th century, as traditional manufacturing companies relocated to the Midwest, with textile and furniture manufacturing migrating to the South. In the late-20th century, an increasing portion of the regional economy included high technology, military defense industry, finance and insurance services, and education and health services. As of 2018, the GDP of New England was $1.1 trillion. New England exports food products ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, potatoes, and maple syrup. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts and Saco, Maine, submarines at Groton, Connecticut, surface naval vessels at Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts.", "In 2017, Boston was ranked as having the ninth-most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth-most competitive in the United States. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank and a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation specializes in asset management and custody services and is based in the city. Boston is also a printing and publishing center. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered there, along with Bedford-St. Martin's and Beacon Press. The city is also home to the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center", "Agriculture is limited by the area's rocky soil, cool climate, and small area. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production.", "The region is mostly energy-efficient compared to the U.S. at large, with every state but Maine", "As of January 2017, employment is stronger in New England than in the rest of the United States. During the Great Recession, unemployment rates ballooned across New England as elsewhere; however, in the years that followed, these rates declined steadily, with New Hampshire and Massachusetts", "In 2018, four of the six New England states were among the top ten states in the country in terms of taxes paid per taxpayer. The rankings", "", "New England town meetings were derived from meetings held by church elders, and are still an integral part of government in many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the U.S. today,", "State and national elected officials in New England recently have been elected mainly from the Democratic Party. The region is generally considered to be the most liberal in the United States, with more New Englanders identifying as liberals than Americans elsewhere. In 2010, four of six of the New England states were polled as the most liberal in the United States. The six states of New England voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1992, 1996, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 elections, and every New England state other than New Hampshire voted for Al Gore in the presidential election of 2000. In the 113th Congress, the House", "Judging purely by party registration rather than voting patterns, New England today is one of the most Democratic regions in the U.S. According to Gallup, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont are \"solidly Democratic\", Maine \"leans Democratic\", and New Hampshire is a swing state. Though New England is today considered a Democratic Party stronghold, much of the region was staunchly Republican before the mid-twentieth century. This changed in", "Historically, the New Hampshire primary has been the first in a series of nationwide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years. Held in the state of New Hampshire, it usually marks the beginning of the U.S. presidential election process. Even though few delegates are chosen from New Hampshire, the primary has always been pivotal to both New England and American politics. One college in particular, Saint Anselm College, has been home to numerous national presidential debates and visits by candidates to its campus.", "", "New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States and the world. Harvard College was the first such institution, founded in 1636 at Cambridge, Massachusetts to train preachers. Yale University was founded in Saybrook, Connecticut in 1701, and awarded the nation's first doctoral (PhD) degree in 1861. Yale moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1718, where it has remained to the present day. Brown University was the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations, and is the seventh oldest U.S. institution of higher learning. It was founded", "At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of American independent schools (also known", "New England is home to some of the oldest public schools in the nation. Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America and was attended by several signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Hartford Public High School is the second oldest operating high school in the U.S.", "There are several academic journals and publishing companies in the region, including \"The New England Journal of Medicine\", Harvard University Press, and Yale University", "New England has a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe. In contrast to other American regions, many of New England's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England, contributing to New England's distinctive accents, foods, customs, and social structures. Within modern New England a cultural divide exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely populated coastline, and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, northwestern and northeastern Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low.", "Today, New England is the least religious region of the U.S. In 2009, less than half of those polled in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont claimed that religion was an important part of their daily lives. Connecticut and Rhode Island are among the ten least religious states, where", "Many of the first European colonists of New England had a maritime orientation toward whaling (first noted about 1650) and fishing, in addition to farming. New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine has a reputation for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods. New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. The region has become more ethnically diverse, having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Quebec, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the U.S.,", "New England maintains a distinct cuisine and food culture. Early foods in the region were influenced by Indian and English cuisines. The early colonists often adapted their original cuisine to fit with the available foods of the region. New England staples reflect the convergence of Indian and Pilgrim cuisine, such as johnnycakes, succotash, cornbread, and various seafood recipes. New England also has a distinct food language. A few of the unique regional", "There are several American English dialects spoken in the region, most famously the Boston accent, which is native to the northeastern coastal regions of New England. The most identifiable features of the Boston accent are believed to have originated from England's Received Pronunciation, which shares features such as the broad A and dropping the final R. Another source was 17th century speech in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, where many of the Puritan immigrants had originated. The East Anglian \"whine\" developed into the Yankee \"twang\". Boston accents", "Acadian and Québécois culture are included in music and dance in much of rural New England, particularly Maine. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian, or other folk music. Fife and drum corps are common, especially in southern New England and more specifically Connecticut, with music of mostly Celtic, English, and local origin. New England leads the U.S. in ice cream consumption per capita. Candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, where it was invented in the 19th", "The leading U.S. cable TV sports broadcaster ESPN is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut. New England has several regional cable networks, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN). New England Cable News is the largest regional 24-hour cable news network in the U.S., broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, and it maintains bureaus in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont. In Connecticut, Litchfield, Fairfield, and New Haven counties it also broadcasts New York based news", "New Englanders are well represented in American comedy. Writers for \"The Simpsons\" and late-night television programs often come by way of the Harvard Lampoon. \"Family Guy\" is an animated sitcom situated in Rhode Island, created by Connecticut native and Rhode Island School of Design graduate Seth MacFarlane (along with \"American Dad!\" and \"The Cleveland Show\"). A number of \"Saturday Night Live\" (SNL) cast members have roots in New England, from Adam Sandler to Amy Poehler, who also starred in the NBC television series \"Parks and Recreation\". Former \"Daily", "New Englanders have made significant contributions to literature. The first printing press in America was set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Stephen Daye in the 17th century. Writers in New England produced many works on religious subjects, particularly on Puritan theology and poetry during colonial times and on Enlightenment ideas during the American Revolution. The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general, with themes that are emblematic of the larger concerns of American letters, such as religion, race, the individual versus society, social repression, and nature. 19th century New England was a center for progressive ideals, and many abolitionist and transcendentalist tracts were produced. Leading transcendentalists were from New England, such as Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Frederic Henry Hedge. Hartford, Connecticut resident Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" was", "New England has a rich history in filmmaking dating back to the dawn of the motion picture era at the turn of the 20th century, sometimes dubbed Hollywood East by film critics. A theater at 547 Washington Street in Boston was the second location to debut a picture projected by the Vitascope, and shortly thereafter several novels were being adapted for the screen and set in New England, including \"The Scarlet Letter\" and \"The House of Seven Gables\". The New England region continued to churn out films at a pace above the national average for the duration of the 20th century, including blockbuster hits such as \"Jaws\", \"Good Will Hunting\", and \"The Departed\", all of which won Academy Awards.", "There are many museums located throughout New England, especially in the Greater Boston area. These museums include privately held collections as well as public institutions. Most notable of these museums are the Museum of Fine Arts, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Worcester Art Museum, and the Peabody Essex Museum. The oldest public museum in continuous operation in the United States is the Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts, which opened in 1824. The Boston Public Library is the largest public library in the region with over 8", "New England has a strong heritage of athletics, and many internationally popular sports were invented and codified in the region, including basketball, volleyball, and American football. Football is the most popular sport in the region and was developed by Walter Camp in New Haven, Connecticut in the 1870s and 1880s. The New England Patriots are based in Foxborough, Massachusetts and are the most popular professional sports team in New England. The Patriots have won six Super Bowl championships and are one of the most winning teams in the National Football League. There are also high-profile collegiate and high school football rivalries in New England. These games are most often played on Thanksgiving Day and are some of the oldest sports rivalries in the United States. The high school rivalry between Wellesley High School and Needham High School in Massachusetts is considered to be the nation's oldest football rivalry, having started in 1882. Before the advent of modern rules of baseball, a different form was played called the Massachusetts Game. This version of baseball was an early rival of the Knickerbocker Rules of New York and was played throughout New England. In 1869, there were 59 teams throughout the region which played according to the Massachusetts rules. The New York rules gradually became more popular throughout the United States, and professional and semi-professional clubs began to appear. Early teams included the Providence Grays, the Worcester Worcesters, and the Hartford Dark Blues; these did not last long, but other teams grew to renown, such as the Boston Braves and the Boston Red Sox. Fenway Park was built in 1912 and is the oldest ballpark still in use in Major League Baseball. Other professional baseball teams in the region include the Hartford Yard Goats, Lowell Spinners, New Hampshire Fisher Cats, Vermont Lake Monsters, Portland Sea Dogs, Bridgeport Bluefish, New Britain Bees, and the Pawtucket Red Sox. Basketball was developed in Springfield, Massachusetts by James Naismith in 1891. Naismith was attempting to create a game which could be played indoors so that athletes could keep fit during", "Each of the New England states has its own Department of Transportation which plans and develops systems for transport, though some transportation authorities operate across state and municipal lines. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) oversees public transportation in the Greater Boston area. It is the largest such agency and operates throughout eastern Massachusetts and into Rhode Island. The MBTA oversees the oldest subway system (the Tremont Street subway) and the second most-used line (the Green Line) in the United States, as well as one of five remaining trolleybus systems nationwide. Coastal Connecticut makes use of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York due to the connection of that region to New York's economy. The MTA operates the Metro-North Railroad in coordination with the Connecticut Department of Transportation. CTrail is a division of the Connecticut Department of Transportation which operates the Shore Line East along its southern coast, terminating in Old Saybrook and New London. It also operates the Hartford Line, leading south to New Haven and north to Springfield. Commuter rail service is provided north of Springfield to Greenfield, Massachusetts as part of the \"Valley Flyer\" Amtrak route. Amtrak provides interstate rail service throughout New England. Boston is the northern terminus of the Northeast Corridor. The \"Vermonter\" connects Vermont to Massachusetts and Connecticut, while the \"Downeaster\" links Maine to Boston. The long-distance \"Lake Shore Limited\" train has two eastern termini after splitting in Albany, one of which is Boston. This provides rail service on the former Boston and Albany Railroad which runs between its namesake cities. The rest of the \"Lake Shore Limited\" continues to New York City. Bus transportation is available in most urban areas and is governed by regional and local authorities. The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority and the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority are examples of public bus transportation which support more suburban and rural communities. South Station in Boston is a major center for bus, rail, and light rail lines. Major interstate highways traversing the region include I-95, I-93, I-91, I-89, I-84, and I-90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike). Logan Airport is the busiest transportation hub in the region in terms of number of passengers and total cargo, opened in 1923 and located in East Boston and Winthrop, Massachusetts. It is a hub for Cape Air and Delta Air Lines, and a focus city for Jetblue. It is the 16th busiest airport in the United States. Other airports in the region include Burlington International Airport, Bradley International Airport, T. F. Green Airport, Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, and Portland International Jetport." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1172, 2706, 32497, 1295, 44, 147, 57191, 830, 25074, 195374, 100, 44, 147, 4514, 58, 24073, 3467, 7432, 58, 83, 142, 187, 1436, 1771, 14941, 13579, 100, 187, 4514, 4, 3129, 32497, 1295, 70, 5701, 74855, 7, 237, 70, 195374, 13579, 194, 1650, 83, 2804, 47, 122, 5844, 1295, 70, 187, 4514, 84659, 7, 11814, 23, 44, 101398, 31, 9, 4514, 31, 58, 36541, 11301, 7, 7440, 39329, 7, 5775, 46526, 8698, 92, 133868, 7, 17368, 109412, 33, 91, 47416, 7, 5, 44, 7614, 1444, 58, 83, 2843, 142, 187, 1436, 1771, 195374, 13579, 100, 142172, 4, 1884, 23, 70, 25632, 149357, 1295, 44, 568, 68567, 1150, 8, 21, 262, 5967, 596, 122069, 58, 390, 22600, 49350, 8, 21, 51045, 23, 729, 1530, 12, 1184, 114429, 11, 15, 289, 991, 160093, 297, 241, 16126, 192, 64, 16474, 114429, 11, 16, 83, 10, 41670, 73, 47691, 111, 70, 195374, 2565, 100, 3820, 60636, 4, 44, 90, 113240, 11, 740, 581, 481, 72180, 2182, 23, 92265, 83, 44, 6964, 57751, 58, 136, 83, 62548, 47, 70, 14941, 13579, 25, 7, 8372, 78192, 25, 5, 18955, 1556, 48716, 3790, 10484, 98, 6863, 59665, 12, 51593, 118, 23850, 7, 111, 70, 81693, 621, 35839, 44, 147, 2706, 9601, 58, 15, 49100, 4, 97308, 44, 147, 2706, 17384, 18939, 136, 44, 147, 2706, 46702, 58, 15, 2242, 49100, 4, 97308, 44, 147, 2706, 46702, 7, 18939, 100, 8382, 2750, 11782, 2363, 7, 44, 147, 2706, 830, 44, 90, 114429, 9601, 58, 15, 49100, 4, 97308, 44, 90, 114429, 17384, 18939, 707, 44, 90, 114429, 46702, 58, 15, 2242, 49100, 4, 97308, 44, 90, 114429, 46702, 7, 18939, 100, 8382, 2750, 11782, 2363, 4927, 44, 90, 114429, 11, 830, 136, 44, 161, 16651, 58, 707, 44, 669, 4451, 1799, 58, 100, 8382, 2750, 17823, 118, 184, 44, 9566, 740, 1650, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 159970, 944, 58, 15, 141667, 78183, 100, 105372, 56, 247, 44, 159970, 23315, 58, 15, 141667, 78183, 100, 5675, 43245, 707, 66604, 16, 136, 44, 82166, 516, 67, 58, 15, 141667, 78183, 100, 11938, 194, 360, 83982, 191, 442, 1543, 738, 390, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 7614, 2706, 8, 36611, 740, 581, 23, 15386, 79357, 70116, 289, 4927, 450, 70, 195374, 190647, 297, 23, 611, 963, 509, 959, 14373, 35839, 44, 16474, 114429, 11, 58, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 133698, 8382, 20028, 4, 903, 70116, 289, 4927, 509, 51529, 237, 44, 8335, 11210, 11048, 150, 9, 18, 58, 15, 101322, 85018, 71, 237, 44, 128286, 150, 9, 161, 14705, 18939, 47, 70, 87, 38021, 9405, 4, 44, 397, 532, 395, 58, 15, 94068, 98816, 47, 44, 8139, 1299, 57114, 18939, 47, 70, 87, 55999, 2245, 4, 44, 294, 217, 31706, 58, 707, 44, 79573, 481, 33390, 58, 47, 123979, 1596, 47754, 4, 44, 294, 885, 22982, 58, 24073, 188, 642, 8216, 18939, 47, 70, 50099, 58098, 10133, 4, 44, 441, 10836, 58, 707, 44, 55956, 17028, 10135, 58, 24073, 4032, 111, 142172, 7, 18939, 47, 70, 190607, 7, 4, 44, 8335, 208, 5589, 669, 58, 47, 70, 87, 10617, 8797, 136, 44, 79573, 14, 5589, 669, 58, 47, 70, 1845, 978, 62298, 5, 5900, 102, 434, 136, 48071, 18, 621, 84797, 70116, 289, 81693, 450, 621, 2843, 17823, 1814, 297, 23, 70, 175729, 78599, 40752, 519, 5, 1172, 2706, 2843, 96853, 3535, 9, 188, 9, 12336, 30641, 4, 124416, 56776, 7, 4, 4224, 6366, 2069, 136, 142172, 45, 4100, 14578, 53088, 5, 106073, 23, 4537, 4, 242661, 83, 3884, 98, 142172, 7, 100, 6097, 81693, 4, 3060, 76519, 3884, 201505, 44540, 237, 70, 158978, 32153, 136, 3060, 10332, 10696, 76519, 54, 959, 94957, 142172, 7, 99, 756, 5, 1326, 756, 78091, 7, 136, 60042, 7, 4, 187, 2706, 4, 198, 114429, 11, 136, 4564, 756, 15005, 47, 70, 5701, 14449, 111, 139510, 142172, 9, 77007, 70116, 289, 81693, 136, 181952, 76519, 5, 149766, 44, 7614, 2706, 58, 136, 44, 16474, 114429, 11, 58, 621, 111628, 7, 1295, 195374, 12, 4426, 771, 195, 2740, 58, 294, 20736, 2197, 23, 8710, 28236, 21, 97733, 1010, 6447, 11897, 123458, 4, 41, 110, 2639, 178613, 283, 102, 14597, 3812, 22, 39559, 8, 72174, 15353, 90, 4, 12385, 1481, 964, 33, 90151, 557, 184, 88, 46263, 158, 21, 158687, 13, 34732, 145, 8, 37776, 189938, 8, 388, 655, 242, 46204, 5908, 25, 4, 75760, 85, 4, 113, 13975, 11, 74, 33007, 10, 309, 158, 21073, 111581, 21, 196032, 8, 39746, 481, 392, 1642, 75760, 85, 17132, 7673, 581, 71924, 1830, 111, 903, 51584, 3996, 86, 83, 221, 23, 9146, 28236, 4, 450, 959, 4734, 14602, 442, 23534, 6863, 14597, 2481, 23, 62757, 7, 678, 105950, 121641, 4, 1284, 2843, 3229, 90791, 70, 233, 54137, 678, 70, 173676, 92940, 111, 141377, 1257, 187, 4806, 678, 6626, 142172, 7, 4, 91, 47416, 136, 48, 21407, 5, 1326, 4, 3853, 187, 4806, 678, 8382, 4, 16981, 45831, 70, 34844, 53, 111, 39746, 214, 70, 11001, 91, 47416, 11814, 23, 903, 3917, 27, 42946, 771, 195, 2740, 44, 3957, 42878, 7, 111, 903, 23295, 621, 959, 8781, 707, 150863, 4745, 4, 12488, 621, 1836, 123783, 19337, 14534, 390, 23937, 89778, 5, 10660, 831, 186, 8, 7010, 678, 4734, 390, 70, 187, 944, 4223, 13, 4, 707, 390, 18466, 7, 111, 86761, 707, 115392, 27, 3957, 53, 67153, 70, 114181, 4216, 7, 221, 6, 65665, 538, 4, 450, 15490, 187, 944, 4223, 90, 642, 5809, 54, 33720, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 31635, 450, 5695, 5952, 1444, 4, 70, 103882, 56, 111, 6097, 90695, 7, 4, 509, 152388, 74, 136, 450, 13281, 365, 16091, 136, 7775, 272, 3041, 4, 136, 8382, 2750, 21449, 7103, 19364, 1295, 111191, 14608, 3542, 960, 2921, 27686, 5, 3164, 8382, 2750, 765, 2809, 152388, 16792, 70, 38162, 111, 40471, 153355, 8, 84671, 169, 1434, 75204, 2363, 47219, 8305, 92635, 111, 187, 944, 4223, 90, 5, 581, 42878, 7, 765, 137107, 111, 75059, 7, 4, 1442, 26255, 4, 6, 221292, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 126371, 111, 187, 4514, 4, 678, 3129, 1836, 78431, 4552, 5299, 5, 10660, 765, 110, 119893, 47, 136565, 1836, 6713, 1257, 5, 581, 256, 38965, 143434, 390, 70, 187, 944, 4223, 13, 4, 136, 2363, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1172, 2706, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 18955, 707, 1184, 114429, 11, 64, 139272, 43107, 4, 83, 70, 15889, 70116, 289, 4927, 111, 70, 129535, 5, 581, 17262, 621, 166904, 538, 1940, 152028, 2886, 286, 4134, 1165, 69407, 100, 70, 89160, 70116, 289, 81693, 111, 70, 129535, 24073, 6159, 150, 65030, 71681, 289, 64624, 830, 707, 563, 8218, 247, 3129, 352, 14612, 62539, 142172, 9, 77007, 181952, 678, 47593, 7, 4, 117287, 90, 4, 146651, 71, 142172, 7, 4, 136, 67842, 6, 128659, 52021, 142172, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 44, 59636, 3535, 58, 53088, 15490, 142172, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "General.", "Historical Accounts." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Arnis comes from \"arnés\", Old Spanish for \"armor\" (\"harness\" is an archaic English term for armor, which comes from the same roots as the Spanish term). It is said to derive from the armor costumes used in \"Moro-moro\" stage plays where actors fought mock battles using wooden swords. \"Arnes\" is also an archaic Spanish term for weapon, like in the following sentence from \"Ilustración de la Destreza Indiana\" by Francisco Santos de la Paz in 1712: Eskrima (also spelled Escrima/Eskrima) is a Filipinization of the Spanish word for fencing, \"esgrima\". Their cognate in French is \"escrime\" and is related to the English term'skirmish'. Kali has multiple theories on its origin: Practitioners of the arts are called \"arnisador\" (male, plural \"arnisadores\") and \"arnisadora\" (female, plural \"arnisadoras\") for those who call theirs \"arnis\", \"eskrimador\" (male, plural \"eskrimadores\") or \"eskrimadora\" (female, plural \"eskrimadoras\") for those who call their art \"eskrima\", and \"kalista\" or \"mangangali\" for those who practise \"kali\". It is also known as \"Estoque\" (Spanish for rapier), \"Estocada\" (Spanish for thrust or stab) and \"Garrote\" (Spanish for club). In Luzon it may go by the name of \"Arnis de Mano\". The indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called \"Eskrima\" at that time. During those times, this martial art was known as \"Paccalicali-t\" (pronounced as \"pakkali-kalî\") to the Ibanags, \"Didya\" (later changed to \"Kabaroan\") to the Ilokanos, \"Sitbatan\" or \"Kalirongan\" to Pangasinenses, \"Sinawali\" (\"to weave\") to the Kapampangans, \"Calis\" or \"Pananandata\" (\"use of weapons\") to the Tagalogs, \"Pagaradman\" to the Ilonggos and \"Kaliradman\" to the Cebuanos. Kuntaw and Silat are separate martial arts that are also practised in the Philippine Archipelago.", "Arnis also includes hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, grappling and weapon disarming techniques. Although in general, emphasis is put on weapons for these arts, some systems put empty hands as the primary focus and some old school systems do not teach weapons at all. For all intents and purposes, arnis, eskrima and kali all refer to the same family of Filipino weapon-based martial arts and fighting systems. Both \"Arnis\" and \"Eskrima\" are loans from Spanish: <poem>\"Siendo tan infalible la execucion desta doctrina, que no solo consigue ésta superioridad en concurso de armas iguales, sino tambien hallandose el contrario con la aparente ventaja de venir armado de los dos 'arneses', Espada, y Daga; pues aun con ellos experimenta la dificultad de resistir á esta Espada sola...\" The execution of this doctrine is so infallible, that not only does it prove its superiority in contests with equal arms, but also when finding the opponent with the apparent advantage of showing up armed with two weapons, sword and dagger. For, even armed with those, experience shows the difficulty of resisting the single sword used in this way...</poem>", "\"The Indians of this country are not simple or foolish, nor are they frightened by anything whatever. They can be dealt with only by the arquebuse, or by gifts of gold or silver...They kill the Spaniards so boldly, that without arquebuses we could do nothing. This was the reason that Magallanes, the discoverer of these islands, was killed; and that Villalobos and Sayavedra, and those who came afterward from Nueva España were maltreated. All those who have been killed since the coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi received their death through lack of arquebuses. The Indians have thousands of lances, daggers, shields, and other pieces of armor, with which they fight very well. They have no leaders to whom they look up. The havoc caused by the arquebuse, and their own lack of honor, make them seek refuge in flight, and give obedience to our orders.\" Francisco de Sande, Relation and Description of the Phelipenas Islands (1577)<ref name=\"BRV4\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 180972, 43045, 103310, 197828, 4727, 5267, 66, 100512, 70, 5117, 180972, 47, 160404, 25730, 42, 39, 304, 136, 6863, 19745, 44978, 23, 32628, 237, 764, 509, 3535, 297, 10, 3525, 5423, 111, 38549, 10298, 4778, 1295, 194824, 136, 7362, 9802, 6226, 2069, 70, 7311, 180972, 11329, 1771, 16294, 4, 70, 25730, 42, 39, 5, 4727, 5267, 66, 51339, 297, 10, 32628, 94449, 4, 141753, 4734, 70, 17932, 180972, 4, 7103, 31745, 28129, 28394, 47, 54, 221, 5, 581, 29752, 110912, 6, 23432, 19, 98, 70, 203538, 11814, 390, 70, 197828, 7, 111, 159, 12763, 9, 103928, 509, 82775, 390, 147756, 53465, 56, 4, 7948, 89673, 4, 136, 138014, 67194, 4, 17262, 25921, 99, 5753, 12535, 23, 90915, 4, 200086, 4, 70, 5701, 152363, 450, 41550, 4727, 5267, 66, 29966, 297, 5, 581, 25921, 2843, 82775, 41550, 4727, 5267, 66, 25, 7, 3357, 110912, 100, 903, 29752, 5, 581, 158978, 8783, 63033, 509, 70, 17932, 25737, 9, 8752, 6, 119119, 436, 40061, 683, 617, 19419, 7, 7, 33180, 4, 10, 80836, 111, 38549, 10298, 4778, 4, 136, 137272, 103683, 7, 5, 40087, 31095, 7, 68872, 47, 25813, 70, 159, 12763, 9, 103928, 83184, 5622, 40225, 47, 1438, 8055, 47, 113054, 11522, 6, 177476, 27289, 47, 81828, 70, 173591, 32216, 5, 3293, 74918, 2822, 8108, 678, 159, 12763, 72412, 136, 159, 12763, 9, 12012, 5, 581, 83184, 76896, 509, 552, 9, 43297, 3674, 678, 70, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 15205, 83184, 23, 4122, 9, 4233, 6328, 27417, 4, 3129, 75060, 297, 10, 3525, 6, 43351, 172040, 136, 63335, 120384, 90, 47, 70, 29398, 5, 581, 72686, 3326, 32628, 56379, 41018, 25958, 6777, 959, 26362, 47, 70, 29398, 12960, 70, 43045, 13684, 46401, 509, 2685, 5, 581, 29752, 16188, 7, 12, 44, 178741, 164, 58, 509, 67411, 71, 1810, 1295, 70, 3347, 3137, 56, 123996, 214, 75436, 103133, 47, 70, 232362, 151169, 53, 104919, 15, 16350, 571, 16, 98, 744, 20414, 30739, 1650, 509, 92319, 297, 98, 188, 70, 14288, 83184, 56, 13651, 98, 1381, 20414, 136, 67411, 71, 1810, 47, 22017, 5606, 571, 23, 70, 39395, 42141, 21974, 111, 116, 8055, 5, 581, 21972, 6056, 509, 80889, 71, 100, 1936, 20414, 4, 1284, 10, 77076, 23, 70, 193280, 939, 111, 70, 118963, 43045, 11588, 16750, 297, 23, 10, 8, 5259, 111, 6626, 13312, 1295, 30783, 7, 111, 70, 103173, 56, 8035, 5962, 390, 22729, 592, 4, 3129, 5809, 22304, 566, 37440, 7102, 2886, 82649, 5, 2161, 70, 14000, 111, 190, 47, 305, 8055, 65942, 185118, 7, 140528, 10, 44, 420, 20016, 12301, 12741, 7, 58, 12765, 111, 70, 8633, 46401, 25, 7, 5201, 87907, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 8, 195, 297, 43542, 100, 83184, 5, 581, 172040, 174920, 99, 70, 118963, 43045, 11588, 361, 8055, 3295, 100, 22759, 13312, 111, 83184, 456, 90431, 2317, 7, 4, 26719, 10, 41361, 54529, 34695, 209, 8055, 5, 4792, 40087, 31095, 7, 34658, 10, 189932, 4764, 12741, 7, 35881, 15, 919, 37703, 16, 41714, 423, 1104, 2485, 8055, 3295, 47, 2704, 20650, 70, 83184, 5622, 5, 9572, 302, 86669, 1295, 70, 173591, 32216, 509, 10, 22799, 31089, 99, 903, 41714, 6637, 98, 702, 8055, 65942, 40087, 171530, 2685, 509, 142, 83080, 41170, 111, 86669, 1295, 70, 173591, 32216, 111, 159, 12763, 9, 129697, 4, 70, 96362, 29752, 5, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 58, 25, 7, 8, 5453, 509, 4743, 47, 10, 63847, 111, 5775, 302, 4, 6, 67175, 1295, 6863, 173591, 32216, 4, 22223, 6048, 70, 8633, 46401, 25, 7, 25737, 6, 14775, 20271, 83184, 136, 216806, 10, 108564, 450, 509, 12562, 934, 297, 20271, 456, 9, 33, 15123, 5, 581, 41714, 2843, 45252, 297, 44402, 678, 70, 90445, 7, 134149, 449, 70, 8633, 46401, 25, 7, 341, 9, 8262, 4030, 11089, 4, 3129, 13648, 959, 765, 2809, 86997, 297, 26785, 538, 5, 581, 59720, 1902, 2809, 23, 3687, 100, 40368, 113014, 7, 136, 1902, 19, 25, 18, 122446, 2499, 44402, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6626, 9, 5636, 41714, 4, 40087, 31095, 7, 1902, 68872, 47, 172337, 678, 70, 83184, 98, 1438, 8055, 30739, 33306, 4, 98, 543, 8055, 65942, 40087, 68872, 47, 91995, 70, 4030, 11089, 90445, 7, 678, 44, 178741, 164, 58, 7464, 98, 70, 83184, 7922, 5, 40087, 1902, 110, 50491, 47, 91995, 6097, 98, 70, 7922, 4, 1284, 70, 4488, 509, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 140528, 390, 387, 8055, 4, 15490, 52490, 214, 70, 203251, 83184, 5622, 5, 2161, 714, 8055, 65942, 10, 8951, 22729, 592, 153350, 4, 70, 2684, 113138, 17164, 297, 99, 118963, 43045, 11588, 4, 5962, 70, 22729, 592, 22158, 10, 13784, 70, 83184, 7922, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 98, 1381, 8055, 70, 77905, 25924, 11399, 12989, 297, 70, 29752, 1305, 5416, 297, 100, 99, 19713, 744, 21974, 47, 202120, 82649, 5, 2161, 1438, 8055, 4, 70, 51957, 509, 7228, 47, 1305, 85781, 70, 83184, 100, 15700, 744, 21974, 4, 20662, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 7722, 83184, 5622, 1702, 8055, 65942, 7464, 220, 54607, 2822, 450, 2685, 509, 110, 82649, 1295, 70, 22729, 592, 153350, 136, 35971, 3934, 15426, 70, 7722, 120332, 1295, 11872, 12056, 86, 101985, 31, 5, 2161, 1372, 8055, 3295, 442, 509, 68872, 47, 1305, 85781, 70, 83184, 136, 21972, 12620, 44, 178741, 164, 58, 47, 70, 310, 11040, 7103, 150011, 225006, 7, 30378, 71, 11872, 12056, 86, 101985, 31, 2806, 6835, 21845, 6863, 90254, 136, 27875, 20903, 42, 47, 118963, 43045, 11588, 3501, 198395, 145325, 297, 5, 40087, 80723, 21972, 214, 4420, 70, 8633, 46401, 98, 1702, 8055, 3295, 23, 70, 72399, 42141, 4, 1284, 390, 39395, 157109, 70, 51957, 509, 7228, 47, 25813, 44, 178741, 164, 58, 4420, 47, 70, 83184, 7922, 15, 43452, 64113, 450, 1556, 8306, 2809, 16940, 8108, 16, 47, 92949, 1810, 69987, 21533, 115885, 101985, 31, 64457, 5, 581, 15549, 21449, 7103, 92949, 225006, 1314, 83324, 71, 450, 70, 77076, 68746, 25, 18, 5962, 118963, 43045, 11588, 237, 37772, 126351, 237, 1836, 24145, 17569, 5, 1650, 7, 280, 344, 32382, 7, 3542, 84751, 47, 186, 40715, 3501, 17446, 9607, 127, 15, 77344, 39063, 7, 117, 56816, 247, 40087, 25, 7, 17475, 100, 120260, 70, 8633, 46401, 98145, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 39395, 42141, 111, 1936, 8055, 65942, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 159, 12763, 9, 103928, 509, 10, 43045, 13684, 46401, 29752, 47, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 15, 43351, 16, 86608, 19, 390, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 10, 89845, 38526, 29752, 47, 70, 6, 43351, 7103, 70, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 58, 6392, 1515, 4, 25632, 70, 6626, 65771, 44, 4332, 987, 19, 47, 189932, 58, 6, 54916, 4, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 136, 159, 12763, 9, 129697, 5, 159, 12763, 9, 103928, 83184, 297, 1295, 6, 26943, 9, 9323, 571, 99, 70, 118963, 43045, 11588, 98, 483, 6088, 3295, 99, 534, 22635, 28565, 241, 41072, 20808, 22635, 28565, 99577, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Crew.", "Crew notes.", "Mission payloads.", "Mission background.", "Mission timeline.", "Launch preparations.", "8 September (Launch attempt 1).", "9 September (Flight day 1, Launch).", "10 September (Flight day 2).", "11 September (Flight day 3).", "12 September (Flight day 4).", "13 September (Flight day 5).", "14 September (Flight day 6).", "15 September (Flight day 7).", "16 September (Flight day 8).", "17 September (Flight day 9).", "18 September (Flight day 10).", "19 September (Flight day 11).", "20 September (Flight day 12).", "21 September (Flight day 13 and landing).", "Post flight.", "Debris analysis.", "Wake-up calls.", "Contingency mission." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Canadian Space Agency astronaut MacLean became the first Canadian to operate Canadarm2 and its Mobile Base in space as he was handed a new set of solar arrays from Ferguson and Burbank controlling the original Canadian robotic arm, the Canadarm. MacLean performed a spacewalk, becoming only the second Canadian, after Chris Hadfield to do so. The mission patch worn on the clothing used by the astronauts of STS-115 was designed by Graham Huber, Peter Hui, and Gigi Lui, three students at York University in Toronto, Ontario, the same university that Steve MacLean attended. The students also designed Steve MacLean's personal patch for this mission.", "The primary payload was the second left-side ITS P3/P4 Truss segment, a pair of solar arrays, and associated batteries.", "NASA managers decided to move the STS-115 launch date forward to 27 August to obtain better lighting conditions to photograph the external tank. This occurred before with STS-31 and STS-82. The launch window was co-ordinated with the Soyuz TMA-9 launch in mid-September, which delivered a new ISS crew and fresh supplies to the station. The Soyuz spacecraft operationally did not dock to the station while the Space Shuttle was there. The mission marks:", "", "\"Atlantis\" was rolled out from the Orbiter Processing Facility to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on 24 July 2006. It was lowered onto the mobile launcher platform on 26 July and rolled out to Pad 39B in the early morning hours of 2 August. The rollout was scheduled for 31 July, but a storm in the vicinity of the Kennedy Space Center resulted in a delay of two days from fears of the orbiter being hit by lightning, which could cause immeasurable damage. On the weekend of 5 to 6 August 2006, engineers completed a \"flight readiness\" check of the shuttle's main engines, which were deemed ready for launch. The crew arrived at the Kennedy Space Center 7 August 2006 for four days of launch rehearsals, including a practice countdown 10 August. Top NASA managers held a Flight Readiness Review (FRR) meeting 15–16 August 2006 to finalize the launch date. Foam loss from the external tank was a key issue at this meeting because on 13 August 2006, NASA announced there was an average amount of loss from the external tank of STS-121, the previous mission. \"Columbia\"'s demise was due to a piece of foam, shed from its external tank, striking the shuttle's left wing during launch and causing a hole that was breached during re-entry. The meeting also discussed problems with the bolts securing the shuttle's K-band antenna, which might not have been threaded correctly. The installation had been in place for several flights and hadn't experienced any problems. At the end of the two-day meeting, NASA managers had decided to proceed with the launch on 27 August 2006. However, on 18 August 2006, NASA decided to replace the antenna bolts with \"Atlantis\" still on the launch pad. NASA had no procedure to replace these on the pad, but the work was nonetheless completed by 20 August, without affecting the planned launch date. On 25 August 2006, a direct lightning strike, the most powerful recorded at Kennedy Space Center, hit the lightning rod atop the launch pad. As a result, on 26 August the Mission Management Team ordered the mission postponed for at least 24 hours to assess damage. On 27 August, the decision was made to postpone the launch for another 24 hours, making the earliest possible launch date 29 August 2006, still unassured that there was no damage from the lightning strike and taking into account the possible threat from Hurricane Ernesto. On 28 August 2006 it was decided to postpone the launch and rollback \"Atlantis\" to the VAB after updated forecasts projected Hurricane Ernesto would regain its strength and pass closer to Kennedy Space Center than previously anticipated. NASA began rolling back the shuttle on 29 August 2006 in the late morning, but by early afternoon the decision was made to move \"Atlantis\" back to the launch pad (something that has never been done before) to weather out Tropical Storm Ernesto instead. The change came after weather forecasters determined that the storm wouldn't hit Kennedy Space Center as forcefully as they once thought. Its peak winds were expected to be less than 79 mph (126 kilometers per hour), NASA's limit for keeping the shuttle outdoors. By the early morning of 31 August 2006, the storm had passed and inspection teams began a survey for damage to the launch facilities. Only three problems were discovered, all of which were simple repairs. A target date for launch was set for 6 September with the option to launch for another two days after NASA and Russian space managers agreed to extend the launch window by one day. On the morning of 3 September 2006, the official countdown began at the T minus 43-hour mark, with about 30 hours of scheduled holds. In the early morning of 6 September 2006, engineers observed an apparent internal short when one of the three electricity producing fuel cells was powered up. When engineers couldn't figure out the problem in time, the launch was scrubbed for the day to further analyze the fuel cell problem. Late Wednesday evening NASA managers decided that they would not attempt a launch on Thursday, and scheduled the next launch attempt for 8 September 2006. Originally they had ruled out 9 September as a potential launch date due to a conflict with the planned Russian Soyuz mission Soyuz TMA-9, which was scheduled to, and did, launch on 18 September 2006. This caused some news agencies to report that Friday as the last chance for a launch until October.", "On the morning of 8 September 2006, it was reported that one of the engine cut-off (ECO) sensors in the external tank had failed. About half an hour before the scheduled launch time, NASA announced it had decided to delay the launch for another 24 hours while the fuel was drained out of the external tank and the problem assessed. The sensor in question, ECO sensor No. 3, was proved to be faulty when it indicated that there was still liquid hydrogen in the external tank despite all of it being drained out. The other three ECO sensors correctly indicated a dry tank; and as long as they didn't start to malfunction, NASA could allow a launch with three out of the four ECO sensors operational.", "On 9 September 2006, all the engine cut-off sensors were working properly, and following a flawless countdown, at 15:15 UTC (11:15 EDT), \"Atlantis\" lifted off the launch pad to the International Space Station. As \"Atlantis\" launched, the International Space Station was (220 mi) above the northern Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and Iceland. During the climb to orbit, Mission Control asked the crew to reconfigure a cooling system that apparently had ice build up. The reconfiguration cleared the system, called the Flash Evaporator System, and it operated normally. Temporary ice in that cooling unit is not uncommon and has occurred on previous missions. Moments after main engine cutoff, 8.5 minutes after liftoff, Tanner and MacLean used hand-held video and digital still cameras to document the external tank after it separated from the shuttle. That imagery, as well as imagery gathered by cameras in the shuttle's umbilical well where the tank was connected, was transmitted to the ground for review.", "During their first full day in space, the crew thoroughly examined \"Atlantis\" with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System, the 15 meter (50-foot) long extension for the shuttle's robotic arm. Pilot Chris Ferguson and mission specialists Dan Burbank and Steve MacLean performed a slow, steady inspection of the reinforced carbon-carbon panels along the leading edge of \"Atlantis\"' starboard and port wings and the nose cap. The crew worked ahead of schedule for most of the day readying the ship for docking and preparing for the mission's three planned extra-vehicular activities (EVA). Mission specialists Joe Tanner and Heide Stefanyshyn-Piper checked out the spacesuits and tools that they, Burbank and MacLean used during spacewalks set for Days 4, 5, and 7. The spacewalks installed the girder-like P3/P4 truss, deploy new solar arrays, and prepare them for operation. On the space station, Expedition 13 Flight Engineer Jeffrey Williams prepared the orbiting laboratory for \"Atlantis\"' arrival on Day 3. He readied the digital cameras that was used to take high-resolution photos of the shuttle's heat shield. With help from Commander Pavel Vinogradov, Williams pressurized the Pressurized Mating Adapter 2 at the end of the Destiny Laboratory Module, where \"Atlantis\" later docked. Vinogradov also prepacked equipment to be returned.", "Prior to docking, Jett flew \"Atlantis\" through an orbital back flip while stationed about 180 meters (600 feet) below the space station. The maneuver allowed the Expedition 13 crew to take a series of high-resolution photographs of the orbiter's heat shield. At about 10:46 UTC \"Atlantis\" docked with the International Space Station, and almost two hours later the hatch between them was opened, and the crew was welcomed aboard the station at 12:35 UTC. Following docking, Ferguson and Burbank attached the shuttle's robotic Canadarm to the 17.5-ton P3/P4 truss, lifted it from its berth in the payload bay, and maneuvered it for handover to the station's Canadarm2. After hatch opening, MacLean and Expedition 13 Flight Engineer Jeff Williams then used the Canadarm2 to take the truss from the shuttle's robotic arm. MacLean is the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm2 in space. Tanner and Stefanyshyn-Piper began the \"camping out\" preparations in the Quest Airlock to prepare for a Day 4 spacewalk. The preparations are new pre-breathing measures on the part of NASA, to avoid decompression sickness, or \"the bends\", by getting rid of some nitrogen in their bloodstreams. The preparations involve wearing oxygen masks and sleeping overnight in the airlock with the airlock at under 69 kPa (10 psi), to acclimate their bodies the low pressures they will encounter when wearing their spacesuits.", "Following the installation of the P3/P4 Truss to the ISS by the Canadarm2, Tanner and Stefanyshyn-Piper began their spacewalk to activate the truss at 09:17 UTC. During the EVA they installed power and data cables between the P1 & P3/P4 trusses, released the P3/P4 truss' launch restraints and a number of other tasks to configure the truss for upcoming activities. The spacewalk was so successful that the astronauts carried out a number of tasks scheduled for later EVAs, with the eventual completion of the EVA at 15:43 UTC. A bolt, spring and washer assembly from a launch lock was lost during these extra activities and floated off into space. Following the completion of the EVA, the station's crew began preparing for Day 5's spacewalk, with astronauts Burbank and MacLean entering the Quest Airlock for their \"camp out\" at 18:40 UTC, ready for the scheduled 09:15 UTC EVA.", "On Day 5, the second spacewalk of the mission was conducted, this time by first-time spacewalkers Burbank and MacLean. They devoted the day to the final tasks required for activation of the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ). The SARJ is an automobile-sized joint that will allow the station's solar arrays to turn and point toward the sun. Burbank and MacLean released locks that had held the joint secure during its launch to orbit aboard \"Atlantis\". As they worked, the spacewalkers overcame several minor problems, including a malfunctioning helmet camera, a broken socket tool, a stubborn bolt, and a bolt that came loose from the mechanism designed to hold it captive. The stubborn bolt required the force of both spacewalkers to finally remove it. Burbank and MacLean spent 7 hours and 11 minutes outside the station, beginning their spacewalk at 09:05 UTC and completing it at 16:16 UTC. In addition to the SARJ work, they completed several \"get-ahead\" tasks during their time outside. Engineers encountered a glitch during the four-hour activation and checkout of SARJ, and had temporarily delayed starting the deployment of the new solar arrays pending further work and checkout of the SARJ. The timeline allowed ample time to continue working on the problem during the night and still complete the deploy of the arrays on Thursday as scheduled.", "Day 6 continued the installation of the solar array. The unfurling of the solar panels themselves began a little behind schedule due to the problem encountered on Day 5 with SARJ. This problem was determined to be in the software, and a workaround was developed. The unfurling of the panels continued throughout the morning in stages to prevent the panels sticking, as they did during STS-97. It was noted by the crew that some panels were still sticking together, but this didn't cause any problems. Although the installation has been completed, the solar arrays will not provide power to the station until the next shuttle mission, STS-116, scheduled for December 2006, when the station will undergo a major electrical system rewiring. Other activities of Day 6 included a \"double walk off\" of the station's Canadarm2 from its current location at the Mobile Base System to the Destiny Laboratory Module and the preparation for the mission's third spacewalk. A number of interviews were also conducted later in the day, between Jett & MacLean and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper & students.", "Flight day 7 featured the third and final spacewalk of mission STS-115. The start of the spacewalk was delayed after a circuit-breaker-like remote power controller (RPC) tripped, causing loss of power to the airlock's depressurization pump. This was attributed to a momentary spike in the electric current of the depressurization pump. After assessing data to ensure the system had no short circuit, the breaker was reset and pump reactivated. Joe Tanner and Heide Stefanyshyn-Piper began their spacewalk at 10:00 UTC after a 45-minute delay During the 6-hour and 42-minute spacewalk, the astronauts carried out numerous maintenance and repair tasks including removal of hardware used to secure the P3/P4 radiator during launch. Ground Flight Controllers subsequently unfurled the radiator, increasing the ability of the station to dissipate heat into space. Also, completed during this spacewalk was the retrieval of a materials exposure experiment from the outside of the ISS, maintenance on the P6 truss, installation of a wireless TV aerial and the replacement of the S1 truss' S-band antenna assembly. A number of \"get-ahead\" tasks previously scheduled for future missions were also performed during this spacewalk. Near the end of the spacewalk, the astronauts carried out a test to evaluate using infrared video of the leading edge of \"Atlantis\"' wing to detect debris damage. After the spacewalk, the station's mobile transporter was moved to a worksite on the P3 truss to inspect portions of that truss.", "Day 8 of STS-115, the last full day with Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" docked to the ISS, was mainly spent in preparation for the undocking procedures to occur in flight day 9. The crew spent the morning resting following their highly successful mission, and then began getting ready for the undocking by carrying out transfers of ISS equipment and science experiments onto \"Atlantis\" ready for the trip home. The crews of Expedition 13 and STS-115 also took part in the traditional joint-crew news conference, with mission Commander Brent Jett commenting on the success of the mission and on the construction missions to follow: \"All of the rest of the assembly missions are going to be challenging. We have similar payloads flying in the future. We are off to a good start on assembly. I think we can pass along a lot of the lessons to the future crews.\"", "Flight day 9 saw the end of STS-115's tasks at the ISS as \"Atlantis\" undocked from the International Space Station at 12:50 UTC. Following the traditional farewell ceremonies between Expedition 13 and STS-115, the hatch between \"Atlantis\" and the ISS was closed and locked at 10:27 UTC. Then, after a series of checks for leaks, \"Atlantis\" left the dock to begin its 360 degree flyaround of the expanded ISS to document the new configuration.", "The crew of STS-115 spent the morning of Flight Day 10 carrying out final inspections of \"Atlantis\" heat shield in preparation for re-entry on flight day 12. Orbiting around behind the ISS, the crew used the Orbiter's robotic arm and boom sensor system to make sure that no damage had been done to \"Atlantis\" nose and wing leading edges by micrometeoroids and other space junk. The crew spent the rest of this light duty day stowing equipment in preparation for re-entry and landing.", "During the morning of day 11, astronauts Jett and Ferguson tested \"Atlantis\"' reaction control thrusters and practiced for landing using on-board computers. The thrusters will be used to position the shuttle during re-entry. The crew also took some time for interviews, with Ferguson telling the media that everyone on board was looking forward to landing. \"I think we all, thus far, feel pretty good about the job that we did,\" Ferguson said. \"We are looking forward to a successful re-entry and landing sometime tomorrow.\" Following the interviews, the crew continued their preparations for re-entry by stowing unnecessary equipment and other tasks prior to landing. However, the crew informed the Mission Control Center later in the day that, following the test of the reaction control system, an object was seen moving in a co-orbital path with the Orbiter. The astronauts spotted the object using an on-board TV camera, but unfortunately the resolution of the images was not high enough to identify the object. The images were sent down to the MCC for further analysis by flight controllers, who were concerned about the possibility that the object may have come off \"Atlantis\", and as such wished to identify the object. The most likely scenario was that the object was benign, such as ice or a piece of shimstock (observed earlier in the flight protruding from the heat shield) that may have shaken loose. However, the possibility remained that the object may be of critical importance, such as a tile from the Orbiter's thermal protection system, and the Mission Control Center asked \"Atlantis\" crew to power up the shuttle's robotic arm ready to reinspect the orbiter, and drew up plans for a series of tests which took place on flight day 12 to determine whether the shuttle was safe for re-entry. This extra inspection, added to poor weather forecasts predicted for the Shuttle Landing Facility for Wednesday, and the de-orbit burn and landing were delayed by a day.", "Following the discovery of a co-orbiting object on flight day 11, Flight Controllers spent the early hours of the morning using the Orbiter's robotic arm to inspect the upper surface of \"Atlantis\", with the astronauts on board the Orbiter spending the rest of the morning scanning the underside of the shuttle for any areas of concern. Following these scans, the crew received word from the Mission Control Center in Houston to use the orbiter boom sensor system to conduct more inspections of \"Atlantis\"' heat shield. Following the review of these scans, together with an overnight analysis of the payload bay by Ground Flight Controllers, it was determined that there remained no safety issue with \"Atlantis\", and Mission Controllers cleared the Orbiter for re-entry. This clean bill of health, added to a favorable weather forecast for the Shuttle Landing Facility for Thursday morning, permitted \"Atlantis\" to be cleared for a landing the next day. The crew spent the remainder of the day in preparation for landing, packing up gear and stowing the Ku band antenna used for TV broadcasts. During the inspection, the crew was notified that the Soyuz TMA-9 spacecraft was docked with the ISS above, which carried the first half of the Expedition 14 crew.", "Flight day 13 was the last day of the mission, with the final re-entry procedures and landing taking place during the morning, and numerous debriefs and conferences in the afternoon. The landing process began hours before the actual landing at Kennedy Space Center. The process began with the APU prestart at 04:37 EDT, followed by the closing of the payload bay doors and sealing of the Orbiter at 04:45 EDT. \"Atlantis\" crew received the final \"Go\" for the prime re-entry window from Mission Control in Houston at 04:52 EDT. The crew then started the deorbit reorientation of the shuttle so that its engines faced in its direction of travel, meaning that by firing the engines for the deorbit burn \"Atlantis\" would slow down and begin its descent out of orbit. The de-orbit burn was initiated at 05:15 EDT, lasting 2 minutes 40 seconds with two engines burning well throughout. The astronauts aboard the Orbiter were informed at 05:17 EDT that their burn was perfect, with no alterations required as \"Atlantis\" began her drop through the atmosphere above the Indian Ocean. Following the deorbit burn, the crew of \"Atlantis\" began dumping excess propellant overboard, a process lasting 3 minutes, concluding at 05:26 EDT, with the Orbiter 55 minutes away from landing. Twenty-five minutes later, at 05:51 EDT, \"Atlantis\" began feeling the effects of the atmosphere at an altitude of approximately (80 mi), and soon after began its \"roll reversal banking\" in order to bleed off most of the /h (17,000 mph) she was traveling at, ready for landing at less than /h (470 mph). The ISS was positioned in such a way as to be above the reentry path taken by \"Atlantis\", so the astronauts were able to observe the entire maneuver from above. At 06:08 EDT, the downlink from the Shuttle was acquired by the MILA tracking station on Merritt Island, Florida, with GPS data beginning to be accepted by the Orbiter three minutes later. Ten minutes following the first detection of \"Atlantis\", two sonic booms were heard at Kennedy Space Center as the Orbiter dropped below the sound barrier three minutes prior to touchdown. Commander Jett took control of \"Atlantis\" a minute later, and, with Kennedy Space Center Runway 33 in sight, began bringing his ship in for a landing. \"Atlantis\"' main gear touched down at 06:21:30 EDT on Runway 33 at the Space Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, with the nose gear following 6 seconds later at 06:21:36 EDT, and, 8 million kilometers (5 million miles) after launch, the Orbiter's wheels came to a stop at 06:22:16 EDT, bringing mission STS-115 to an end. The morning's landing was considered a night landing as it took place about 48 minutes before sunrise, and as such was the 21st night landing for the Space Shuttle Program. It was the 63rd landing at Kennedy Space Center, as well as the 27th mission for \"Atlantis\".", "While working on the \"Atlantis\" orbiter, NASA technicians discovered that one of the spacecraft's radiator panels showed evidence of micrometeorite damage. A hole was observed which was reported to be about 2.7 mm (0.108 in) in diameter.", "NASA's Mission Management Team conducted a detailed analysis of data from many sources including ground imagery, radar, shuttle inspections using the Canadarm and from the space station. By Day 2 they pinpointed a handful of launch debris events, and drew a preliminary conclusion that the effect was minimal. Later that day NASA agency engineers decided that additional heat shield inspections were not required. The preceding only relates to debris shed immediately during or after launch, and not the debris observed on 19 September 2006. Not mentioned was a large debris event during launch at 48 seconds near max Q. Because it happened on the ET side opposite the Orbiter it was never a danger to the Shuttle. By the origin from near the top of the ET it presents a new source of debris and is therefore of concern for further missions.", "A tradition for NASA spaceflights since the days of Gemini, mission crews are played a special musical track at the start of each day in space. Each track is specially chosen, often by their family, and usually has special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.", "STS-300 was the designation given to the Contingency Shuttle Crew Support mission which would have launched in the event Space Shuttle \"Discovery\" became disabled during STS-114 or STS-121. This rescue mission would have been a modified version of the STS-115 mission with the launch date being brought forward and the crew reduced. STS-300 would have launched no earlier than 17 August 2006, and the crew for STS-300 would have been a four-person subset of the full STS-115 crew:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 83, 10, 27585, 111, 70, 67773, 13, 136, 36279, 1294, 95845, 7, 5, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 70755, 678, 6863, 101334, 81310, 73986, 400, 90, 43573, 70, 59444, 5, 28896, 22230, 1543, 73275, 13, 645, 131554, 85825, 111, 2101, 114149, 111, 153161, 101334, 66752, 59907, 3129, 30482, 903, 71321, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 23, 14713, 5, 1301, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 65771, 91566, 1314, 111, 5941, 9667, 12060, 297, 114149, 4, 442, 83, 111, 20537, 450, 28032, 70, 4568, 496, 5369, 1286, 3501, 1781, 65603, 16670, 7, 3542, 103122, 2685, 5, 13538, 8752, 70, 26349, 4, 144994, 831, 21455, 142, 10332, 45606, 329, 111, 70, 49659, 14481, 23, 21270, 107, 2024, 136, 10, 17986, 23, 1461, 1224, 4, 15044, 678, 5941, 120865, 944, 33908, 90, 390, 170277, 152319, 748, 232824, 152184, 5, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 509, 5117, 119056, 23, 427, 5757, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 54, 5429, 53, 59444, 4, 6, 157272, 390, 70, 18813, 25, 7, 58386, 136, 102778, 100, 604, 14700, 47754, 3229, 604, 71390, 68, 71, 5, 992, 3675, 24531, 4, 70, 59444, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 66724, 19, 185610, 53, 15, 116580, 399, 5609, 7103, 70, 134454, 13, 111, 171512, 247, 10336, 111, 70, 44, 153128, 21882, 7, 21676, 142, 122, 540, 372, 20, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 1932, 168222, 58, 103724, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 16064, 44, 6766, 26679, 1224, 129977, 5761, 128770, 58, 23, 211462, 5, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 107003, 845, 19725, 47, 9615, 133, 2685, 23, 129706, 5, 179117, 223, 845, 114686, 87143, 174920, 23, 70, 39395, 128136, 7, 136, 80723, 168698, 10, 4000, 67773, 13, 53099, 15, 2347, 32977, 7401, 111, 70, 540, 372, 509, 85590, 100, 70, 2160, 214, 136, 2448, 1916, 100, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 194, 3311, 28730, 2685, 3542, 3060, 1781, 47, 2668, 845, 19725, 38043, 23, 70, 59444, 5, 581, 67773, 13, 53099, 1902, 55993, 19, 47, 3060, 729, 67773, 13, 11037, 7, 15, 8912, 5922, 933, 4, 11059, 669, 4, 23788, 73086, 4, 89855, 3021, 5, 16, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 18608, 2685, 3542, 110, 845, 19725, 25737, 23, 70, 59444, 5, 2161, 611, 6088, 543, 2489, 145574, 2548, 161, 747, 17704, 538, 134053, 10, 29053, 32032, 108975, 214, 47, 186, 1295, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 23, 70, 47, 6488, 111, 10, 4000, 106820, 5, 581, 58916, 32032, 111, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 82722, 2411, 4, 31895, 23, 15824, 75935, 390, 2548, 161, 4, 509, 179140, 47, 4358, 103655, 65842, 7, 23, 70, 151994, 26548, 30839, 29394, 5, 1650, 509, 60449, 47, 186, 10, 100, 1505, 53, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 390, 43552, 103832, 19629, 50281, 136, 39563, 297, 237, 6044, 390, 14432, 96730, 5256, 5, 62, 66320, 939, 111, 4816, 1779, 7464, 16916, 442, 111937, 13, 5, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 1932, 168222, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 391, 334, 1170, 42, 131093, 1932, 168222, 15, 4, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 44109, 25, 7, 52341, 99, 540, 372, 15, 416, 814, 16, 1388, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 70, 103655, 47806, 23, 167087, 131093, 16843, 4, 23, 70, 239, 372, 15, 7623, 372, 16, 96113, 118666, 53, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 24453, 9022, 211462, 20903, 47, 70, 103655, 167375, 101120, 7, 8815, 265, 157, 4807, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Features.", "History.", "Bohemia.", "Textile industry.", "Manuscript affair.", "Twin towns — sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Dvůr Králové is a center of the textile and machinery industries. Dvůr Králové Zoo with its African safari theme lies near the town. Visitors may admire over 2,000 animals of 500 species of mostly African hoofstock which makes this zoo one of the largest in Europe. As one of the most successful breeders of many endangered species, it is of note that within the last 30 years more than 200 giraffes were born there. Outside the city, visitors can view an old residence of the Jesuits in Žireč and a hospital in Kuks, both with many Baroque statues by famous sculptor Matthias Braun.", "", "Dvůr Králové was first mentioned in 1270. It was a dowry town, owned by the King's wife and responsible for her expenses when her husband died. Until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the \"Königshof an der Elbe - Dvůr Králové nad Labem\" district, one of the 94 \"Bezirkshauptmannschaften\" in Bohemia.", "Dvůr Králové allowed Jews to settle there in 1848. Various Jewish families arrived in the early 1860s and began developing a local textile industry (the soft water of the Elbe was essential for the dying and printing for the textile industry). By 1930 there were some 200 to 300 Jews living in the town. The textile industry had grown to some 17 textile firms (Sohorts, Neuman, Mautner, Deutsch etc.) By the end of 1945 there were no Jews left in the town.", "On 16 September 1817 Václav Hanka allegedly discovered a manuscript appearing to be from the 13th century in the tower of a local church. The Manuscript of Dvůr Kralové, probably in fact created by Hanka, was intended to help Czech patriots in the struggle against German culture. It was proven to be a forgery at the end of the 19th century by Professor Tomáš Masaryk and confirmed as such by later examinations. A minority of historians still consider it genuine.", "Dvůr Králové nad Labem is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2022, 4021, 70, 180972, 360, 7143, 4, 10, 41205, 17305, 603, 83, 51529, 237, 142, 44, 1463, 77250, 864, 58, 15, 4153, 2247, 118, 17465, 16, 707, 44, 64472, 319, 864, 740, 581, 115, 2449, 111, 142, 44, 1463, 77250, 864, 58, 26698, 120592, 70, 26908, 3229, 122084, 85825, 4, 93544, 390, 2561, 1500, 5865, 9, 4538, 5865, 707, 27414, 112857, 23, 10, 13380, 23, 604, 18276, 4, 24209, 35006, 329, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 5655, 11, 4, 142, 14316, 660, 136, 34391, 111, 70, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 160235, 5, 5655, 11, 151552, 70, 81273, 111, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 44, 1463, 77250, 864, 58, 47, 1957, 66570, 237, 10, 182355, 191, 4, 147453, 12638, 2831, 17368, 70, 29458, 80358, 66, 46876, 5, 581, 360, 7143, 99, 125233, 7, 27419, 43157, 15, 11, 98870, 67155, 214, 61585, 16, 1902, 34003, 289, 136, 3789, 63323, 5256, 100, 40, 14775, 24233, 55769, 5, 58800, 31247, 7, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 5809, 4734, 186, 40, 7710, 2060, 16065, 1295, 9615, 19929, 7, 23, 4331, 27686, 44677, 5, 91345, 99, 125233, 7, 27419, 24145, 1902, 10, 6712, 35839, 44, 42789, 10393, 4100, 17465, 58, 23, 3129, 1836, 97751, 3674, 70, 116127, 25, 123166, 98186, 70, 52101, 7, 4, 3853, 24862, 1916, 70, 5701, 78975, 26168, 13, 237, 44, 1463, 77250, 217, 740, 129551, 47, 160235, 4, 903, 6712, 509, 959, 90698, 162333, 13, 6637, 10, 44, 154336, 831, 28219, 70, 122122, 1242, 581, 5368, 15534, 111, 70, 10086, 172, 597, 360, 7143, 24073, 24447, 7, 49725, 266, 1003, 58, 91084, 44, 243238, 111, 70, 126970, 18939, 765, 111531, 4989, 41710, 7, 136, 3082, 1176, 31576, 7, 5, 4612, 330, 1363, 509, 10, 39210, 77064, 5, 51404, 3789, 360, 7143, 29394, 7, 60213, 59959, 5844, 158031, 19, 14537, 7, 4, 70, 10086, 172, 597, 765, 89160, 144239, 7, 450, 6897, 25, 7, 7941, 16070, 7, 78114, 71, 1295, 70, 1119, 41745, 272, 4527, 111, 6044, 72350, 7, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 87, 39529, 597, 360, 7143, 4, 70, 10086, 172, 597, 11814, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 444, 113647, 7, 5, 31267, 10269, 7, 5809, 765, 444, 113647, 7, 5, 360, 1632, 17164, 297, 110527, 4, 10, 27150, 25299, 1902, 2248, 444, 113647, 7, 4, 221, 5941, 450, 764, 5809, 7941, 538, 11301, 5, 6561, 17311, 332, 1902, 729, 123055, 39958, 1295, 1919, 6, 60502, 22230, 136, 179140, 47, 59959, 4049, 5, 121596, 214, 54940, 10086, 172, 597, 24793, 62952, 14537, 136, 5809, 52490, 3129, 8999, 1836, 23409, 47, 7103, 2363, 47219, 7, 5, 1429, 7884, 4412, 4, 70, 27414, 112857, 4, 509, 151552, 237, 44, 2347, 3100, 35297, 223, 1632, 740, 4263, 70, 3395, 12562, 934, 297, 24233, 308, 837, 232, 4, 2412, 34658, 122084, 85825, 23, 70, 32216, 111, 604, 36389, 5, 14847, 903, 73659, 70, 44, 1463, 77250, 864, 58, 1902, 47, 19922, 604, 47, 32834, 100, 6712, 5, 360, 10086, 172, 597, 30202, 32692, 4, 2412, 509, 7311, 538, 142, 707, 68743, 23040, 324, 5967, 27686, 390, 604, 26908, 5, 55583, 1572, 4, 15700, 9545, 21068, 8035, 4, 83, 1585, 57662, 660, 98186, 118103, 136, 2363, 57289, 7, 237, 1836, 174920, 23, 4157, 1084, 289, 44677, 5, 3293, 144239, 129927, 7, 1295, 450, 111, 70, 15497, 1760, 360, 7143, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 55583, 26, 7, 148, 101445, 5809, 186, 23, 23253, 297, 390, 116987, 308, 837, 232, 5, 48071, 4, 27983, 137272, 678, 92949, 4, 83, 29024, 14, 4126, 111, 237, 10, 14537, 70541, 297, 28032, 3395, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 10086, 172, 597, 4, 48071, 509, 28987, 71, 237, 11280, 5, 581, 10086, 172, 597, 15, 2940, 1311, 8079, 360, 7143, 16, 18822, 71, 48071, 509, 7311, 538, 10, 6051, 18, 15546, 124901, 27863, 68, 71, 181952, 6051, 933, 5, 40708, 12630, 360, 7143, 83, 10, 143849, 9351, 100, 40368, 94407, 111, 23, 1760, 360, 7143, 15, 2347, 15830, 1679, 266, 1003, 4, 15819, 2322, 27302, 266, 1003, 4, 1950, 330, 27302, 266, 1003, 4, 22017, 603, 266, 1003, 4, 136, 62, 90431, 266, 1003, 16, 38043, 23, 142, 16128, 132988, 297, 390, 70, 53201, 13315, 136, 70, 65272, 6, 134369, 111, 215528, 9631, 5, 10660, 54, 959, 3173, 10, 68894, 25072, 136, 76104, 4734, 5078, 184, 5470, 4, 1284, 1836, 12008, 142, 23, 1760, 101906, 136, 3060, 15380, 51, 2481, 5, 360, 70, 17309, 11015, 4, 70, 22017, 603, 266, 1003, 34739, 2831, 23, 28704, 1926, 933, 23, 70, 77904, 5, 581, 40708, 12630, 765, 10, 87758, 48242, 23755, 111, 70, 57289, 5, 581, 57289, 137272, 678, 45746, 1363, 83, 35839, 44, 316, 83820, 11, 58, 15, 23935, 111, 6897, 16, 136, 70, 3357, 57289, 111, 10, 29041, 83, 35839, 44, 867, 86, 864, 58, 15, 32399, 18908, 6238, 47, 70, 44, 76, 72945, 58, 111, 70, 1311, 8079, 360, 7143, 194, 581, 2405, 86, 864, 83, 90698, 221, 642, 344, 450, 442, 27117, 70, 158031, 19, 16070, 111, 10, 9351, 9, 991, 202, 111, 10, 103494, 35845, 5, 581, 169424, 111, 70, 6, 60502, 1290, 23, 70, 14361, 111, 70, 29041, 509, 29131, 47, 162466, 47, 10, 1286, 21507, 133, 123166, 4, 41866, 54940, 115982, 5, 3293, 144239, 41170, 297, 47, 10, 3173, 111, 19574, 107032, 1363, 5, 88949, 111, 2363, 23, 1760, 101906, 4, 70, 40708, 12630, 765, 110, 144239, 50509, 214, 10, 27414, 112857, 5, 64511, 9545, 21068, 8035, 7, 4, 24, 4806, 48071, 707, 135668, 11, 4, 6226, 70, 15342, 12630, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 122084, 85825, 5, 31384, 94407, 765, 7228, 10, 149067, 19, 17721, 70, 6626, 26366, 7, 4, 12960, 27060, 765, 90698, 2856, 70, 5701, 5, 80085, 58726, 26136, 126416, 7, 47, 2856, 5809, 125568, 84434, 23, 1926, 1916, 5, 40708, 12630, 348, 77250, 217, 51339, 297, 100, 45091, 9, 113965, 8305, 44, 10084, 32417, 864, 830, 10, 61353, 111, 113292, 17582, 47, 10, 44, 84150, 11, 58, 15, 154336, 194, 581, 348, 77250, 864, 158012, 1919, 16712, 272, 98, 70, 61585, 136, 165249, 1919, 23082, 136, 6, 75696, 645, 442, 5, 581, 100037, 7068, 30957, 297, 70, 16712, 272, 136, 169361, 70, 23082, 47, 68034, 5, 43954, 32417, 864, 509, 41361, 71, 54940, 40368, 3789, 168064, 19, 353, 4935, 94407, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 7143, 42615, 83, 70, 99764, 41205, 144239, 7, 136, 41361, 7, 111, 360, 7143, 4, 142, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 1295, 168064, 4, 25730, 4, 136, 15497, 1760, 5, 581, 481, 42615, 12008, 7, 5941, 21373, 31075, 678, 42615, 7, 111, 3789, 23924, 135909, 3395, 7, 5, 97299, 289, 360, 7143, 167821, 41361, 7, 26698, 27157, 8780, 136, 80358, 66, 8780, 4, 23, 3129, 41205, 17305, 603, 7, 2450, 67, 678, 52101, 7, 5, 38396, 5941, 360, 7143, 28960, 14949, 2481, 4, 1284, 89160, 360, 7143, 41205, 2481, 136622, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 38043, 4, 30202, 40250, 136, 2831, 111, 158, 99736, 6635, 360, 7143, 100510, 5, 360, 7143, 2750, 40197, 23, 15386, 79357, 136, 14949, 70, 25443, 41361, 167821, 6002, 7612, 1814, 39, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Inuit cultural beliefs.", "Iglulik.", "Inuit at Amitsoq Lake.", "Netsilik Inuit.", "Caribou Inuit.", "Copper Inuit.", "Anirniit.", "Tuurngait.", "Inuit Shamanism.", "Deities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Among the Canadian Inuit, a spiritual healer is known as an \"angakkuq\" (Inuktitut) or \"angatkuq\". The duties of an \"angakkuq\" include helping the community when marine animals, kept by Takanaluk-arnaluk or Sea Woman in a pit in her house, become scarce, according to the Aua, an informant and friend of the anthropologist Rasmussen. Aua described the ability of an apprentice \"angakkuq\" to see himself as a skeleton, naming each part using the specific shaman language.", "The Inuit at Amitsoq Lake (a rich fishing ground) had seasonal and other prohibitions for sewing certain items. Boot soles, for example, could only be sewn far away from settlements in designated places. Children at Amitsoq once had a game called \"tunangusartut\" in which they imitated the adults' behavior towards the spirits, even reciting the same verbal formulae as \"angakkuit\". According to Rasmussen, this game was not considered offensive because a \"spirit can understand the joke.\"", "The homelands of the Netsilik Inuit (\"Netsilingmiut\" meaning \"People of the Seal\") have extremely long winters and stormy springs. Starvation was a common danger. While other Inuit cultures feature protective guardian powers, the Netsilik have traditional beliefs that life's hardships stemmed from the extensive use of such measures. Unlike the Iglulik Inuit, the Netsilik used a large number of amulets. Even dogs could have amulets. In one recorded instance, a young boy had 80 amulets, so many that he could hardly play. One particular man had 17 names taken from his ancestors and intended to protect him. Tattooing among Netsilik women provided power and could affect which world they went to after their deaths. Nuliajuk, the Sea Woman, was described as \"the lubricous one\". If the people breached certain taboos, she held marine animals in the tank of her lamp. When this happened the \"angakkuq\" had to visit her to beg for game. In Netsilik oral history, she was originally an orphan girl mistreated by her community. Moon Man, another cosmic being, is benevolent towards humans and their souls as they arrived in celestial places. This belief differs from that of the Greenland Inuit, in which the Moon’s wrath could be invoked by breaking taboos. Sila, often associated with weather, is conceived of as a power contained within people. Among the Netsilik, Sila was imagined as male. The Netsilik (and Copper Inuit) believed Sila was originally a giant baby whose parents died fighting giants.", "Caribou Inuit is a collective name for several groups of inland Inuit (the Krenermiut, Aonarktormiut, Harvaktormiut, Padlermiut, and Ahearmiut) living in an area bordered by the tree line and the west shore of Hudson Bay. They do not form a political unit and maintain only loose contact, but they share an inland lifestyle and some cultural unity. In the recent past, the Padlermiut took part in seal hunts in the ocean. The Caribou have a dualistic concept of the soul. The soul associated with respiration is called \"umaffia\" (place of life) and the personal soul of a child is called \"tarneq\" (corresponding to the \"nappan\" of the Copper Inuit). The tarneq is considered so weak that it needs the guardianship of a name-soul of a dead relative. The presence of the ancestor in the body of the child was felt to contribute to a more gentle behavior, especially among boys. This belief amounted to a form of reincarnation. Because of their inland lifestyle, the Caribou have no belief concerning a Sea Woman. Other cosmic beings, named Sila or Pinga, control the caribou, as opposed to marine animals. Some groups have made a distinction between the two figures, while others have considered them the same. Sacrificial offerings to them could promote luck in hunting. Caribou angakkuit performed fortune-telling through \"qilaneq\", a technique of asking questions to a \"qila\" (spirit). The angakkuq placed his glove on the ground and raised his staff and belt over it. The qila then entered the glove and drew the staff to itself. Qilaneq was practiced among several other Alaskan Native groups and provided \"yes\" or \"no\" answers to questions.", "Spiritual beliefs and practices among Inuit are diverse, just like the cultures themselves. Similar remarks apply for other beliefs: term \"silap inua\" / \"sila\", \"hillap inua\" / \"hilla\" (among Inuit), \"ellam yua\" / \"ella\" (among Yup'ik) has been used with some diversity among the groups. In many instances it refers \"outer space\", \"intellect\", \"weather\", \"sky\", \"universe\": there may be some correspondence with the presocratic concept of logos. In some other groups, this concept was more personified ( among Siberian Yupik). Among Copper Inuit, this \"Wind Indweller\" concept is related to spiritual practice: \"angakkuit\" were believed to obtain their power from this indweller, moreover, even their helping spirits were termed as \"silap inue\".", "The Inuit believed that all things have a form of spirit or soul (in Inuktitut: \"anirniq\" meaning \"breath\"; plural \"anirniit\"), just like humans. These spirits are held to persist after death—a common belief present in most human societies. However, the belief in the pervasiveness of spirits—the root of Inuit worldview—has consequences. According to a customary Inuit saying, \"The great peril of our existence lies in the fact that our diet consists entirely of souls.\" Since all beings possess souls like those of humans, killing an animal is little different from killing a person. Once the anirniq of the dead animal or human is liberated, it is free to take revenge. The spirit of the dead can only be placated by obedience to custom, avoiding taboos, and performing the right rituals. The harshness and randomness of life in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived constantly in fear of unseen forces. A run of bad luck could end an entire community and begging potentially angry and vengeful but unseen powers for the necessities of day-to-day survival is a common consequence of a precarious existence. For the Inuit, to offend an \"anirniq\" was to risk extinction. The principal role of the angakkuq in Inuit society was to advise and remind people of the rituals and taboos they needed to obey to placate the spirits, since he was held to be able to see and contact them. The anirniit are seen to be a part of the sila — the sky or air around them — and are merely borrowed from it. Although each person's anirniq is individual, shaped by the life and body it inhabits, at the same time it is part of a larger whole. This enabled Inuit to borrow the powers or characteristics of an \"anirniq\" by taking its name. Furthermore, the spirits of a single class of thing — be it sea mammals, polar bears, or plants — are in some sense held to be the same and can be invoked through a keeper or master who is connected with that class of thing. In some cases, it is the anirniq of a human or animal who becomes a figure of respect or influence over animals things through some action, recounted in a traditional tale. In other cases, it is a \"tuurngaq\", as described below. Since the arrival of Christianity among the Inuit, anirniq has become the accepted word for a soul in the Christian sense. This is the root word for other Christian terms: \"anirnisiaq\" means \"angel\" and \"God\" is rendered as \"anirnialuk\", the great spirit.", "Some spirits have never been connected to physical bodies. These are called tuurngait (also tornait, tornat, tornrait, singular tuurngaq, torngak, tornrak, tarngek) and \"are often described as a shaman's helping spirits, whose nature depends on the respective angakkuq\". Helpful spirits can be called upon in times of need and \"[...] are there to help people,\" explains Inuit elder Victor Tungilik. Some tuurngait are evil, monstrous, and responsible for bad hunts and broken tools. They can possess humans, as recounted in the story of Atanarjuat. An angakkuq with good intentions can use them to heal sickness and find animals to hunt and feed the community. They can fight or exorcise bad tuurngait, or they can be held at bay by rituals; However, an angakkuq with harmful intentions can also use tuurngait for their own personal gain, or to attack other people and their tuurngait. Though once \"Tuurngaq\" simply meant \"killing spirit\", it has, with Christianisation, taken on the meaning of a demon in the Christian belief system.", "Shamans (\"anatquq\" or \"angakkuq\"\"\" in the Inuit dialects of Northern Alaska and Northeastern Canada) played an important role in the religion of Inuit peoples acting as religious leaders, tradesmen, healers, and characters in cultural stories holding mysterious, powerful, and sometimes superhuman abilities. The idea of calling shamans \"medicine men\" is an outdated concept born from the accounts of early explorers and trappers who grouped all shamans together into this bubble. The term \"medicine man\" does not give the shamans justice and causes misconceptions about their dealings and actions. Despite the fact they are almost always considered healers, this is not the complete extent of their duties and abilities and detaches them from their role as a mediator between normal humans and the world of spirits, animals, and souls for the traditional Inuit peoples. There is no strict definition of shaman and there is no strict role they have in society. Despite this, their ability to heal is nearly universal in their description. It has been described as \"breathing or blowing away\" the sickness but there is not set method any one shaman or groups of shamans perform their deeds. Even though their methods are varied, a few key elements remain in virtually all accounts and stories. In order to cure or remove an ailment from someone, the shaman must be skilled in their own right but must have the faith of those being helped. In stories of shamans there is a time of crisis and they are expected to resolve, alleviate, or otherwise give resolution or meaning to the crisis. These crisis often involve survival against the natural elements or disputes between people that could end in death. In one such story, a hunter kidnapped a man's daughter and a shaman described in terms of belonging to the man. The shaman pulled the daughter back with a magic string. The shaman is also able to bestow gifts and extraordinary abilities to people and to items such as tools. Some stories recount shamans as unpredictable, easily angered, and pleased in unusual ways. This could be shown as illustrating that despite their abilities and tune with nature and spirits, they are fickle and not without fault. There are stories of people attempting to impersonate shamans for their own gain by pretending to have fantastical abilities such as being able to fly only to be discovered and punished. A handful of accounts imply shamans may be feared in some cases for their abilities as they specify that someone did not fear being approached and talked to by a shaman. This leads to further ideas that the shaman's power was to be greatly respected and the idea that the shaman was not necessarily always a fair and good force for the people around them. The Christianization of the Inuit peoples by both willing conversion and being forcefully pressured into converting to Christianity has largely destroyed the tradition of the shaman. Priests, pastors, and other Christian religious authorities replaced the shamans as the connection between the human world and the other world.", "Below is an incomplete list of Inuit deities believed to hold power over some specific part of the Inuit world:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 98423, 62816, 83, 127887, 678, 6863, 183234, 219778, 18151, 6275, 5, 87293, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 23180, 15, 40899, 26847, 26560, 1104, 135455, 16, 83, 127887, 4, 70, 5117, 23552, 15, 40899, 26847, 757, 104279, 80847, 8035, 70, 5701, 237, 18151, 9191, 6, 152719, 5, 8622, 13835, 71, 10, 10846, 20117, 7, 111, 70, 18151, 9191, 4, 1284, 70, 60212, 7, 3542, 153161, 23, 70, 4568, 611, 18151, 26847, 15, 62635, 1104, 135455, 194, 581, 7311, 11389, 111, 70, 18151, 9191, 390, 53008, 11, 111367, 82, 144, 5, 221094, 83, 35839, 70, 44, 6210, 31586, 4935, 18151, 9191, 58, 15, 247, 47, 157167, 1495, 442, 1295, 70, 44, 168793, 18151, 9191, 58, 15, 16, 390, 70, 5701, 42179, 7, 5, 1650, 8060, 7, 4734, 102374, 136, 104315, 19, 5, 1650, 83, 153161, 70, 5701, 237, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 4, 40494, 100, 18151, 7, 563, 304, 8305, 563, 966, 15, 143321, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 65572, 47, 61764, 3378, 136, 113852, 3378, 120820, 16, 136, 18151, 7, 563, 1019, 8305, 36718, 15, 136913, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 14858, 90, 18151, 9191, 6, 152719, 64457, 194, 581, 129927, 214, 6, 15555, 83, 127887, 35064, 5, 893, 51, 161818, 20117, 678, 18151, 26847, 30183, 1104, 135455, 31943, 6827, 47, 18151, 9191, 6, 152719, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 31330, 6, 57498, 7785, 83, 56104, 158012, 99, 30183, 136, 744, 418, 5, 3293, 11389, 8060, 7, 4734, 102374, 136, 104315, 19, 5, 581, 129927, 214, 6, 15555, 83, 127887, 35064, 5, 581, 44, 605, 38274, 58, 18151, 9191, 4, 51, 161818, 538, 51529, 237, 28864, 9191, 6, 186413, 4, 83, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 86559, 62816, 22, 587, 6238, 100, 226185, 19, 5, 1650, 153161, 14858, 90, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 136, 70, 103905, 18151, 9191, 4, 1284, 91995, 7, 70, 4568, 6, 15555, 136, 3060, 46389, 124850, 678, 120820, 1295, 70, 226185, 19, 6, 229231, 959, 120262, 13379, 23, 125429, 10001, 5, 581, 102374, 6, 57498, 64, 7785, 83, 959, 8060, 297, 4, 21373, 538, 47, 11841, 568, 16709, 5, 226185, 19, 20744, 339, 8545, 427, 13903, 12, 76545, 4, 51529, 237, 28864, 9191, 534, 2947, 707, 51, 161818, 538, 237, 28864, 9191, 6, 168766, 4, 153161, 14858, 90, 70, 44, 13415, 47314, 58, 28864, 9191, 6, 183461, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 66044, 111, 81732, 1363, 16188, 7, 23, 70, 4568, 6, 15555, 136, 70, 91995, 674, 111, 70, 17664, 297, 11001, 9, 21555, 2661, 16530, 188304, 124850, 678, 226185, 19, 120820, 15, 277, 16082, 18151, 9191, 71242, 194, 1650, 509, 14432, 1601, 5281, 297, 390, 339, 8545, 76119, 82343, 15, 114211, 9191, 361, 93815, 4, 3129, 22, 40899, 7, 6097, 226185, 19, 120820, 23, 70, 5701, 31913, 7, 4, 1284, 14602, 959, 26698, 107790, 379, 9120, 120820, 5, 992, 5062, 44, 605, 38274, 830, 70, 102374, 6, 57498, 64, 7785, 83, 10267, 122009, 5, 28864, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 534, 2588, 14858, 90, 70, 7311, 103905, 18151, 9191, 100, 756, 26847, 40494, 100, 563, 304, 8305, 563, 1126, 55128, 4, 3129, 621, 91995, 71, 678, 61764, 3378, 120820, 5, 28864, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 534, 5016, 14858, 90, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 100, 756, 26847, 40494, 100, 563, 1019, 4, 563, 1126, 4, 136, 15161, 8305, 53305, 55128, 4, 3129, 621, 91995, 71, 678, 120262, 9, 45188, 214, 61764, 3378, 136, 113852, 3378, 120820, 4, 23, 70, 9433, 2837, 133266, 214, 70, 50208, 126, 62816, 15, 164600, 16, 1295, 563, 1126, 47, 53305, 5, 581, 129927, 214, 6, 15555, 7, 621, 127887, 35064, 5, 90540, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 6, 163736, 83, 10, 20117, 111, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 6, 183461, 74, 678, 70, 2714, 24092, 15, 8422, 4, 345, 1328, 1549, 15012, 16, 23, 19069, 6, 98553, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 32813, 226649, 24092, 15, 28677, 194, 90540, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 6, 195586, 83, 10, 20117, 111, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 534, 2588, 678, 70, 2714, 24092, 99, 6, 98553, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 6, 28677, 5, 90540, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 6, 178764, 83, 10, 20117, 111, 18151, 9191, 64, 13709, 294, 7146, 534, 5016, 678, 70, 2714, 24092, 99, 36718, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 6, 28677, 5, 581, 527, 34274, 627, 86083, 1197, 27495, 12231, 5570, 61924, 7, 6626, 20117, 7, 5, 581, 1286, 1119, 41745, 272, 20117, 4, 11841, 568, 17376, 541, 304, 15, 8789, 959, 47, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 70, 11841, 568, 17376, 22, 587, 6238, 4, 3129, 442, 14602, 959, 28960, 247, 14858, 90, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 136, 70, 103905, 18151, 9191, 24189, 70, 4568, 6, 15555, 15, 40899, 7, 30183, 8305, 86565, 4, 707, 563, 2389, 8305, 106076, 194, 1326, 70, 4568, 6, 15555, 4, 442, 8060, 7, 120820, 100, 113852, 3378, 136, 61764, 3378, 23, 66044, 47, 102374, 4, 1284, 23, 10, 108802, 51, 174822, 47, 18151, 9191, 6, 183461, 707, 534, 2588, 5, 11205, 78458, 4, 3853, 70, 102374, 6, 57498, 64, 7785, 15, 143321, 509, 51, 152028, 71, 17721, 70, 103905, 18151, 9191, 136, 18151, 9191, 382, 84308, 83, 23, 10, 12921, 31913, 5, 581, 129927, 214, 6, 15555, 83, 127887, 35064, 5, 581, 3789, 20117, 4, 11841, 568, 17376, 541, 418, 4, 83, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 11841, 568, 17376, 541, 304, 3129, 171, 14481, 70, 351, 9, 92141, 39209, 107790, 379, 9120, 120820, 136, 17664, 297, 11001, 64, 21555, 2661, 13315, 71, 16530, 188304, 124850, 4, 137802, 2856, 201505, 100, 53333, 21640, 47691, 15, 277, 16082, 678, 18151, 9191, 71242, 194, 581, 195052, 6, 15555, 7, 621, 127887, 35064, 5, 893, 51, 161818, 129344, 11814, 23, 10975, 126809, 390, 11617, 51300, 1679, 136, 7948, 627, 5, 103655, 5, 1650, 91995, 7, 17262, 48909, 13, 47148, 26582, 7, 678, 2497, 2186, 1928, 7, 136, 70, 40059, 24092, 3129, 621, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 70, 102374, 46876, 5, 15, 5267, 127, 1679, 136, 103655, 75935, 10, 14012, 111, 30700, 62816, 5423, 7, 100, 3789, 28811, 46876, 7, 237, 5299, 4, 26719, 1632, 35509, 98, 313, 38969, 5428, 100, 112465, 66, 4, 10, 14065, 33, 45240, 9, 77007, 1632, 100, 103655, 136, 154350, 4, 10, 29678, 67190, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 28864, 9191, 6, 183461, 15, 13709, 294, 7146, 382, 84308, 15, 17854, 6, 183461, 4, 44, 85470, 107790, 379, 9120, 102374, 18939, 83, 10, 18151, 9191, 11814, 1379, 86559, 136, 11787, 12477, 23, 49002, 47, 33022, 107790, 379, 9120, 26499, 5, 1650, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 44, 119927, 13, 18151, 9191, 58, 15, 16, 91376, 23, 21735, 390, 10, 25188, 21115, 99, 70, 62903, 111, 28745, 111, 70, 345, 108371, 5, 581, 18151, 9191, 509, 38134, 538, 11814, 20271, 70, 86559, 1615, 6637, 442, 479, 86687, 7, 756, 111, 70, 74189, 48461, 26582, 7, 111, 18151, 9191, 6, 152719, 15, 309, 5062, 70, 44, 168793, 18151, 9191, 58, 707, 28864, 9191, 382, 70265, 136, 76104, 7, 6, 229231, 1771, 12989, 15, 289, 197271, 351, 9, 2271, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Character set.", "Variants.", "Alternative code page.", "Modified code page 866.", "Lithuanian variants.", "Ukrainian and Belarusian variants.", "Euro sign updates.", "GOST R 34.303-92.", "Lehner–Czech modification.", "Latvian variant.", "FreeDOS.", "Code page 900." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.", "There existed a few variants of the code page, but the differences were mostly in the last 16 code points (240–255).", "The original version of the code page by Bryabrin et al. (1986) is called the \"Alternative code page\" (), to distinguish it from the \"Main code page\" () by the same authors. It supports only Russian and Bulgarian. It is mostly the same as code page 866, except for codes F2 through F7 (which code page 866 changes to Ukrainian and Belarusian letters) and codes F8 through FB (where code page 866 matches code page 437 instead). The differing row is shown below.", "An unofficial variant with code points 240–255 identical to code page 437. However, the letter Ёё is usually placed at 240 and 241. This version supports only Russian and Bulgarian. The differing row is shown below.", "The \"KBL\" code page, unofficially known as Code page 771, is the earliest DOS character encoding for Lithuanian. It mostly matches code page 866 and the Alternative code page, but replaces the last row and some block characters with letters from the Lithuanian alphabet not otherwise present in ASCII. The Russian Ё/ё is not supported, similarly to KOI-7. Lithuanian Standard LST 1284:1993, known as Code page 1119 or unofficially as Code page 772, mostly matches the \"modified\" Code page 866, except for the addition of quotation marks in the last row and the replacement of the mixed single-double box drawing characters with Lithuanian letters (compare code page 850). It was later superseded by LST 1590-1 (Code page 775), which encodes these Lithuanian letters in the same locations, but does not include Cyrillic letters. Unlike \"KBL\", the Russian Ё/ё is retained.", "Code page/CCSID 1125 matches the original Alternative code page for all points except for F2 through F9 inclusive, which are replaced with Ukrainian letters. Code page/CCSID 1131 matches code page 866 for all points except for F8, F9, and FC through FE inclusive, which are replaced with otherwise-missing Ukrainian and Belarusian letters, in the process displacing the bullet character (∙) from F9 to FE. The differing rows are shown below.", "IBM code page/CCSID 808 is a variant of code page/CCSID 866; with the euro sign (€, U+20AC) in position FD, replacing the universal currency sign (¤). IBM code page/CCSID 848 is a variant of code page/CCSID 1125 with the euro sign at FD, replacing ¤. IBM code page/CCSID 849 is a variant of code page/CCSID 1131 with the euro sign at FB, replacing ¤.", "The GOST R 34.303-92 standard defines two variants. The more extensive variant, KOI-8 N2 (but not to be confused with the KOI-8 encoding, which it does not follow), matches code page 866 and the Alternative code page until the last row (codes 240 through 255, or F0 through FF). For the last row, it supports letters for Belarusian and Ukrainian in addition to Russian, but in a layout unrelated to code page 866 or 1125. Notably, even the Russian Ё/ё (which was unchanged between the Alternative code page and code page 866) is in a different location. The differing row is shown below. The other variant, KOI-8 N1, is a subset of KOI-8 N2 which omits the non-Russian Cyrillic letters and mixed single/double lined box drawing characters, leaving them empty for further internationalization (compare with code page 850). The affected rows are shown below.", "An unofficial modification used in software developed by Michael Lehner and Peter R. Czech. It replaces three mathematic symbols with guillemets and the section sign which are commonly used in the Russian language. (Lehner and Czech created a number of alternative character sets for other European languages as well, including one based on CWI-2 for Hungarian, a Kamenicky-based one for Czech and Slovak, a Mazovia variant for Polish and a seemingly-unique encoding for Lithuanian. The modified row is shown below.", "A Latvian variant, supported by Star printers and FreeDOS, is code page 3012. This encoding is nicknamed \"RusLat\".", "FreeDOS provides additional unofficial extensions of code page 866 for various non-Slavic languages:", "Before Microsoft's final code page for Russian MS-DOS 4.01 was registered with IBM by Franz Rau of Microsoft as CP866 in January 1990, draft versions of it developed by Yuri Starikov (Юрий Стариков) of Dialogue were still called code page 900 internally. While the documentation was corrected to reflect the new name before the release of the product, sketches of earlier draft versions still named code page 900 and without Ukrainian and Belarusian letters, which had been added in autumn 1989, were published in the Russian press in 1990. Code page 900 slipped through into the distribution of the Russian MS-DOS 5.0 LCD.CPI codepage information file." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 509, 10, 775, 111, 159068, 11, 10597, 26966, 3125, 136, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 111, 189258, 11, 10597, 7, 89198, 112, 12176, 136, 13714, 12176, 5, 44109, 22546, 118, 1636, 87, 83, 24, 4806, 23, 70, 47, 6492, 527, 9464, 1549, 111, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 136, 442, 83, 7722, 2412, 83, 1919, 42732, 5, 1529, 83, 119056, 98, 142, 6, 101287, 23, 92009, 14, 118236, 2227, 4, 1919, 9351, 135179, 23, 10, 41718, 113448, 4, 59121, 7103, 70, 123055, 111, 26966, 3125, 4, 89198, 112, 12176, 136, 13714, 12176, 4, 107671, 214, 70, 9351, 111, 15700, 111, 1919, 82953, 7, 4, 14746, 6000, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 77950, 450, 40101, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 707, 14746, 6000, 79986, 71, 237, 10, 189258, 11, 10597, 4, 3853, 21208, 4734, 189258, 11, 10597, 7, 25, 123055, 3542, 59121, 23, 41718, 113448, 7, 20271, 70, 201, 927, 68728, 8946, 5, 44, 3957, 172030, 5180, 111, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 830, 10, 12937, 111, 3129, 4734, 38551, 7, 47143, 4, 83, 150380, 297, 47, 4049, 5, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 37202, 47, 765, 2809, 8, 47314, 7103, 1919, 47219, 5, 581, 218963, 7986, 390, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 509, 59121, 237, 67660, 47, 1919, 775, 4, 54041, 5655, 14, 2844, 5, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 25, 7, 44759, 7, 3542, 12, 194927, 136, 63262, 90, 1295, 11335, 23004, 29304, 5, 1529, 509, 7464, 923, 272, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 1111, 161, 3408, 4, 26966, 3125, 25, 7, 69190, 191, 5, 572, 6620, 764, 8110, 765, 2809, 373, 46572, 98186, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 65056, 927, 73327, 8946, 5, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 1163, 53018, 527, 9464, 963, 16709, 61107, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 44457, 3129, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 95694, 11, 799, 15322, 34740, 23, 95694, 11, 5, 18763, 10649, 587, 14612, 14336, 83, 5036, 23, 70, 149109, 31, 25946, 5, 1529, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 124850, 23, 10, 13765, 99201, 23, 70, 25766, 53, 6563, 10542, 3284, 5, 360, 70, 7986, 111, 450, 249, 89399, 223, 4, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 83, 119056, 237, 1632, 2750, 91048, 70, 2260, 927, 20347, 56, 136, 49846, 3378, 35839, 391, 57187, 47, 70, 29685, 111, 26966, 3125, 5, 3293, 391, 57187, 509, 191722, 390, 2773, 54041, 391, 57187, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 775, 111, 54041, 31373, 818, 4517, 136, 53297, 145204, 47, 26966, 3125, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 89198, 112, 420, 5922, 707, 7974, 14963, 112, 420, 509, 10, 110, 2661, 61527, 3378, 111, 70, 201, 927, 68728, 8946, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 775, 111, 26966, 3125, 136, 1919, 9351, 26950, 44, 152378, 53089, 18852, 7974, 223, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Titles.", "Burial.", "Appearance in ancient Egyptian fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Djedefhor was a son of Pharaoh Khufu and half-brother of pharaohs Djedefre and Khafre. Queen Meritites I is named in the tomb G 7220 of Djedefhor and it is possible she is his mother. He is mentioned on an inscription in Wadi Hammamat, his name appears in a cartouche, written after the names of Khufu, Djedefre and Khafre, preceding the name of another of his brothers, Baufra. There is no evidence that either Djedefhor or Baufra ruled as a pharaoh, even though only pharaohs' names were written in cartouches during the 4th dynasty. \"The Teachings of Djedefhor\", a document of which only fragments remain, is attributed to him. Djedefhor seems to have been deified after his death. The wisdom text by Djedefhor was written as advice to his son, Prince Auibra.", "Djedefhor's titles were: Translation and indexes from Dilwyn Jones.", "He was still alive during the reign of Menkaure, Khufu's grandson. Hence he must have been buried towards the end of the Fourth Dynasty. Djedefhor was buried in mastaba G 7210-7220 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis in Giza. His sarcophagus is now in the Cairo Museum.", "He is one of the main characters in a story included in the Papyrus Westcar. In the text of that papyrus, Djedefhor is mentioned as one who brought the soothsayer and magician called Djedi to the court of Khufu. This Djedi was inspired by real Prince Djedi, who was a son of Prince Rahotep and nephew to Khufu." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 621, 10, 80836, 111, 706, 15534, 23, 11280, 7, 450, 621, 19069, 297, 35064, 70, 55400, 6635, 72679, 820, 136, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 4191, 8, 2875, 1755, 4, 7440, 442, 30957, 7, 70, 72725, 13, 5, 98423, 35882, 11030, 83, 10, 31789, 6259, 136, 18344, 48141, 43333, 4, 678, 46505, 289, 1810, 54695, 59207, 7, 24117, 71, 106173, 16735, 23, 6863, 58982, 5, 581, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 43333, 3564, 7, 237, 10, 80560, 43333, 35839, 70, 44, 3355, 7612, 31667, 6, 77193, 58, 3129, 33284, 7, 678, 70, 4191, 8, 2875, 1755, 111, 450, 5609, 111, 70, 14361, 47, 3173, 142, 28, 145, 16735, 31667, 6, 77193, 5, 581, 28, 145, 16735, 31667, 6, 77193, 7, 27875, 8305, 70, 72725, 13, 706, 1760, 8108, 73432, 84797, 538, 3934, 70, 493, 34, 122071, 2606, 111, 70, 72725, 1771, 34699, 118919, 5, 581, 35882, 66695, 621, 17721, 190, 20, 209, 3931, 23, 13267, 4, 56573, 1827, 23, 148064, 4, 136, 765, 10, 21950, 111, 10932, 702, 347, 866, 5, 581, 35882, 66695, 53299, 59714, 100677, 1295, 70, 35882, 31292, 112, 2875, 80973, 143989, 53, 4, 136, 2843, 1295, 70, 44157, 35882, 6827, 143989, 53, 5, 581, 35882, 31292, 112, 2875, 80973, 143989, 53, 187, 62093, 1295, 70, 286, 7180, 6827, 146027, 90, 4, 3129, 32845, 206, 105237, 1295, 70, 70796, 1499, 2263, 146027, 90, 5, 105591, 83, 3568, 122009, 3934, 70, 35882, 31292, 112, 2875, 80973, 173, 5425, 136, 70, 44157, 35882, 6827, 6221, 80140, 4, 3129, 8167, 73, 3934, 70, 70796, 1499, 2263, 173, 5425, 5, 18118, 39, 14612, 9523, 8167, 885, 429, 74918, 7, 33233, 70, 173, 79357, 36439, 7, 4, 8167, 14653, 3934, 70, 70796, 1499, 2263, 110, 988, 5, 581, 35882, 66695, 28127, 50155, 70, 72679, 820, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 4191, 8, 2875, 1755, 5, 10660, 28127, 23, 70, 32628, 17721, 70, 72679, 820, 136, 70, 456, 46097, 74, 70, 72679, 820, 136, 72725, 13, 28127, 23, 12912, 4, 70, 6069, 111, 70, 34699, 720, 237, 442, 30957, 7, 70, 72679, 820, 36917, 4, 136, 1575, 191, 104737, 33843, 37205, 11, 136, 70, 456, 46097, 50155, 5, 360, 70, 168698, 352, 21731, 31, 4, 99, 70, 34866, 3564, 400, 90, 10, 20450, 8355, 5, 3293, 4, 645, 70, 22759, 927, 47, 70, 59671, 927, 5895, 4, 101637, 7, 3934, 10, 27882, 33781, 1803, 157051, 136, 70, 86595, 7, 111, 70, 7968, 26944, 4, 678, 10, 58982, 3173, 214, 17721, 6097, 6626, 23, 54695, 59207, 7, 35839, 70, 27882, 173247, 289, 61433, 316, 5, 32964, 6, 77193, 7, 3173, 11737, 47, 12638, 3789, 450, 37067, 47, 70, 27882, 33781, 1803, 157051, 74, 70, 2409, 3630, 11727, 12259, 6, 77193, 136, 70, 121, 3716, 3630, 11727, 12259, 6, 77193, 4, 3129, 738, 98, 47, 3173, 70, 42238, 4935, 98687, 7, 111, 70, 11280, 136, 117776, 107013, 538, 5, 360, 70, 11280, 4, 1379, 70, 79507, 111, 95129, 13, 4, 70, 2409, 3630, 11727, 12259, 6, 77193, 215447, 1636, 4, 3173, 214, 70, 28, 106107, 1459, 2179, 4, 115, 24392, 8, 2875, 1755, 136, 4, 1829, 10, 19336, 1810, 54695, 59207, 43573, 70, 168698, 72725, 13, 4, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 5, 5406, 188, 150, 38750, 7, 23410, 13, 2874, 9, 15458, 1341, 66, 133818, 4, 3129, 113660, 70, 121, 3716, 3630, 11727, 12259, 6, 77193, 47, 45167, 7, 5, 581, 75414, 400, 592, 111, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 15, 2347, 25277, 2347, 52853, 16, 83, 7228, 111, 10, 400, 592, 111, 1940, 20595, 5281, 3365, 316, 19, 9, 2420, 20051, 136, 314, 837, 14, 2465, 38750, 7, 5, 14847, 21455, 297, 1379, 10, 11948, 70820, 4, 70, 38750, 7, 621, 51592, 47, 765, 21334, 373, 73163, 7, 23, 2363, 14566, 5, 3293, 83, 6637, 2363, 14566, 4, 35839, 19932, 188, 52033, 39, 4, 70541, 7, 202951, 36069, 1974, 7, 75412, 23, 23410, 1830, 20271, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 5, 581, 108055, 13, 111, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 83, 4393, 111, 706, 15534, 4, 32628, 71, 105843, 538, 5, 1301, 5299, 237, 706, 15534, 4, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 70541, 7, 156100, 123635, 136, 37067, 5844, 108055, 13, 5, 3293, 139940, 223, 136, 98692, 108055, 13, 613, 67688, 7, 70, 706, 15534, 4, 120592, 47, 1119, 5310, 2363, 10941, 7, 5, 581, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 706, 15534, 83, 127918, 23, 117, 2986, 86, 316, 5, 581, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 23410, 13, 10, 88551, 123875, 111, 70, 79552, 450, 20654, 37838, 24209, 7, 484, 33, 5, 28823, 4390, 223, 6333, 140885, 90, 1295, 103494, 25277, 2347, 150, 289, 38750, 7, 8337, 70, 23410, 1830, 6863, 205811, 4745, 10576, 5, 56888, 38791, 205480, 111, 70, 36137, 6236, 79552, 23, 118103, 62038, 1636, 1295, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 4, 1284, 83, 959, 14700, 2118, 71, 23, 70, 5117, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 6, 175921, 7, 3129, 621, 35462, 3674, 390, 52547, 188, 1158, 11, 136, 97, 38893, 9, 26932, 72725, 1771, 79552, 5, 581, 1119, 7612, 31667, 6, 77193, 111, 12638, 36137, 6236, 706, 1760, 9803, 7, 3934, 70, 42518, 214, 4191, 8, 2875, 1755, 237, 442, 30957, 7, 70, 72725, 13, 706, 1760, 5, 84420, 6236, 35882, 11030, 79552, 83, 144, 161, 2256, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 14135, 484, 33, 19441, 10, 126561, 538, 144, 161, 2256, 81630, 5, 581, 144, 9566, 19, 2481, 111, 484, 33, 112397, 216989, 13, 70, 43840, 2481, 111, 70, 193277, 98687, 4, 85673, 214, 70, 6897, 19332, 111, 106217, 5, 62, 318, 18403, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 15, 254, 841, 4426, 179642, 16, 1543, 186, 137272, 678, 28, 145, 16735, 31667, 6, 77193, 995, 36716, 1830, 5, 581, 35882, 66695, 27489, 40, 43483, 117936, 4, 10, 21308, 450, 113660, 484, 33, 47, 24209, 47593, 53, 136, 55, 12097, 9, 5062, 7103, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 5, 581, 6117, 2594, 23410, 17514, 1295, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 70541, 21308, 7, 4, 193807, 90, 4, 94260, 8364, 4, 842, 11680, 4, 13864, 313, 4, 212921, 5425, 4, 6, 134208, 139006, 8613, 3089, 2256, 136, 502, 81325, 1760, 5425, 5, 581, 11192, 94260, 8364, 202104, 7, 22691, 21650, 2517, 48302, 100, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 36137, 6236, 35882, 66695, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 35882, 25667, 706, 15534, 4, 707, 36137, 6236, 706, 15534, 4, 621, 10, 80836, 111, 6626, 31789, 6259, 69323, 35975, 706, 15534, 450, 28127, 50155, 70, 55400, 6635, 72679, 820, 111, 3060, 11280, 21968, 8080, 5, 10660, 23410, 13, 79552, 450, 2831, 538, 150350, 7, 70, 484, 33, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Development.", "Microanatomy.", "Function.", "Clinical significance.", "Inflammation.", "Evolution.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands in males that are positioned below the urinary bladder and at the end of the vas deferens, where it enters the prostate. Each vesicle is a coiled and folded tube, with occasional outpouchings termed diverticula in its wall. The lower part of the tube ends as a straight tube called the \"excretory duct\" which joins with the vas deferens of that side of the body to form an ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland before opening separately into the verumontanum of the prostatic urethra. The vesicles are between 5 - 10cm in size, 3-5 cm in diameter, and have a volume of around 13 mL. The vesicles receive blood supply from the vesiculodeferential artery, and also from the inferior vesical artery. The vesiculodeferential artery arises from the umbilical arteries, which branch directly from the internal iliac arteries. Blood is drained into the vesiculodeferential veins and the inferior vesical plexus, which drain into the internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage occurs along the venous routes, draining into the internal iliac nodes. The vesicles lie behind the bladder at the end of the vas deferens. They lie in the space between the bladder and the rectum; the bladder and prostate lie in front, the tip of the ureter as it enters the bladder above, and Denonvilliers fascia and the rectum behind.", "In the developing embryo, at the hind end lies a cloaca. This, over the fourth to the seventh week, divides into a urogenital sinus and the beginnings of the anal canal, with a wall forming between these two inpouchings called the urorectal septum. Two ducts form next to each other that connect to the urogenital sinus; the mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric duct, which go on to form the reproductive tracts of the male and female respectively. In the male, under the influence of testosterone, the mesonephric duct proliferates, forming the epididymis, ductus deferens and, via a small outpouching near the developing prostate, the seminal vesicles. Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone, which causes the paramesonephric duct to regress.", "The inner lining of the seminal vesicles (the epithelium) is made of a lining of interspersed column-shaped and cuboidal cells. When viewed under a microscope, the cells are seen to have large bubbles in their interior. This is because their interior, called cytoplasm, contains lipid droplets involved in secretion during ejaculation. The tissue of the seminal vesicles is full of glands, spaced irregularly. As well as glands, the seminal vesicles contains smooth muscle and connective tissue. This fibrous and muscular tissue surrounds the glands, helping to expel their contents. The outer surface of the glands is covered in peritoneum.", "The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 70-85% of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid. The excretory duct of each seminal gland opens into the corresponding vas deferens as it enters the prostate gland. Seminal vesicle fluid is alkaline, resulting in human semen having a mildly alkaline pH. The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm. Acidic ejaculate (pH <7.2) may be associated with ejaculatory duct obstruction. The vesicles produce semenogelin, a protein that causes semen to become sticky and jelly-like after ejaculation. The thick secretions from the seminal vesicles contain proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C, flavins, phosphorylcholine and prostaglandins. The high fructose concentrations provide nutrient energy for the spermatozoa when stored in semen in the laboratory. In vitro studies have shown that sperm expelled together with seminal vesicular fluid show poor motility and survival, and the sperm chromatin is less protected. Therefore, the exact physiological importance of seminal vesicular fluid is not clear. The development and maintenance of the seminal vesicles, as well as their secretion and size/weight, are highly dependent on androgens. The seminal vesicles contain 5α-reductase, which metabolizes testosterone into its much more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The seminal vesicles have also been found to contain luteinizing hormone receptors, and hence may also be regulated by the ligand of this receptor, luteinizing hormone.", "Physical examination of the seminal vesicles is difficult. Laboratory examination of seminal vesicle fluid requires a semen sample, e.g. for semen culture or semen analysis. Fructose levels provide a measure of seminal vesicle function and, if absent, bilateral agenesis or obstruction is suspected. Disorders of the seminal vesicles include seminal vesiculitis, acquired cysts, abscess, congenital anomalies (such as agenesis, hypoplasia and cysts), amyloidosis, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, hydatid cyst, calculi (stones) and tumours. Primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicles, although rare, constitutes the most common cancer of the seminal vesicles; even rarer neoplasms include sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, paraganglioma, epithelial stromal tumors and lymphoma. In a congenital abnormality, the seminal vesicles may not form. This is often associated with absent vas deferens, or an abnormal connection between the vas deferens and the ureter.", "Seminal vesiculitis (also known as spermatocystitis) is an inflammation of the seminal vesicles, most often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms of seminal vesiculitis can include vague back or lower abdominal pain; penile, scrotal, or perineal pain; painful ejaculation; hematospermia; irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms; and impotence. It is usually treated by administration of antibiotics. In intractable cases, in case of patient discomfort, transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy may be considered.", "The evolution of seminal vesicles may have been influenced by sexual selection. They occur in many groups of mammals, but are absent in marsupials, monotremes, and carnivorans.", "The action of the seminal vesicles has been described as early as the time of Galen, as \"glandular bodies\" that secrete substances alongside semen during reproduction." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 16128, 509, 5117, 9615, 6259, 23, 729, 19308, 390, 4082, 36770, 538, 22, 29505, 297, 22556, 3395, 9325, 1295, 9020, 4, 30715, 4, 1379, 70, 531, 170926, 7, 111, 70, 148855, 100, 70, 853, 51821, 111, 70, 10074, 167626, 4, 142, 49894, 5423, 1257, 390, 140889, 127, 2548, 7514, 136, 70, 56101, 10, 40285, 56068, 18, 14091, 10745, 197106, 5, 32255, 22556, 3395, 3542, 101334, 15672, 7, 4, 167766, 9, 21851, 14, 40307, 10133, 4, 101334, 7, 4, 25134, 13, 4438, 67009, 7, 4, 136, 22556, 3395, 103122, 23, 32774, 130891, 5, 10660, 170920, 70, 242, 177997, 42380, 111, 129168, 25, 136, 70, 9615, 19929, 111, 14091, 10745, 52649, 98, 3551, 59038, 71, 1295, 4000, 1204, 395, 21217, 86, 1614, 206, 29469, 18813, 8352, 136, 119555, 18, 353, 14, 122582, 5, 581, 56101, 217064, 70, 59038, 131148, 450, 2363, 3525, 9615, 603, 7, 1902, 70, 3551, 44, 2472, 17669, 1242, 106073, 70, 170920, 70767, 17721, 28811, 7, 136, 70, 1204, 395, 21217, 86, 99201, 125034, 7, 100, 28123, 9615, 19929, 4, 3060, 4816, 1779, 9655, 3642, 5299, 70, 1204, 395, 119893, 217064, 70, 106689, 4, 237, 1836, 1902, 10, 12921, 145520, 111, 70, 4527, 7, 111, 57266, 5, 6206, 7077, 90, 33662, 7155, 350, 1810, 5, 18813, 8352, 25, 7, 39457, 42, 4, 18813, 113417, 4, 96865, 18, 70, 9615, 19929, 47, 70, 61585, 23, 196208, 5, 42814, 160378, 80728, 509, 9325, 47, 130454, 31746, 13, 23, 729, 12183, 47, 43799, 70, 47143, 214, 10074, 167626, 9615, 603, 7, 4, 136, 1836, 456, 9, 7752, 7121, 67175, 14091, 10745, 52649, 10932, 70, 16128, 5036, 51529, 237, 313, 2256, 52649, 4, 130454, 31746, 13, 43573, 65056, 1366, 9631, 5, 32255, 729, 19308, 9615, 603, 7, 6777, 959, 23113, 538, 137633, 5153, 35461, 4, 3853, 21208, 70, 333, 38921, 10016, 289, 111, 5153, 35461, 509, 176016, 71, 23, 22059, 5, 4966, 23113, 538, 4, 5153, 35461, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 64726, 5442, 360, 729, 12183, 4, 14978, 7948, 7, 4, 142, 101334, 15672, 2750, 1902, 149976, 23, 70, 10074, 228409, 7, 4, 23409, 47, 30715, 47, 13416, 70, 10314, 4854, 60502, 111, 70, 22556, 43904, 23, 10070, 155400, 399, 5, 31384, 111, 6097, 101334, 15672, 7, 3542, 1119, 9, 29505, 90, 2750, 1902, 144281, 71, 47, 70, 56101, 84616, 2750, 1902, 2809, 34475, 2363, 147452, 136, 168398, 18, 6259, 2685, 390, 70, 174462, 7103, 70, 15672, 135555, 5, 6557, 80731, 7, 136, 127557, 23, 72134, 70, 9615, 19929, 7, 1902, 2809, 1940, 116119, 18, 136, 72803, 5, 133698, 1919, 19922, 4, 7948, 7, 435, 678, 70, 14364, 7, 111, 70, 130454, 31746, 13, 33734, 136, 97384, 111, 152132, 7, 100, 10, 3525, 9615, 19929, 99, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 262, 61518, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 729, 19308, 46512, 53, 4, 70, 14364, 7, 3542, 28, 33730, 47, 172310, 9615, 603, 7, 47, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 29730, 34, 86216, 4939, 91865, 1681, 4, 6, 50456, 4, 2750, 509, 142, 10, 40285, 56068, 18, 4, 509, 9325, 47, 10070, 155400, 399, 23, 56101, 23924, 21629, 47, 68067, 177705, 7, 47, 5646, 47, 130454, 31746, 13, 100, 10, 3525, 9615, 19929, 5, 2371, 2822, 111, 70, 182, 1495, 92949, 136, 673, 26136, 55970, 1363, 23, 10070, 155400, 399, 4, 1286, 3501, 106, 4, 3559, 36770, 15672, 94859, 7, 19667, 47, 738, 47, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 10660, 5630, 6259, 23, 423, 109923, 7, 136, 174920, 23, 2907, 5, 14787, 9631, 17721, 22482, 1381, 46, 11994, 483, 4, 64726, 5442, 84247, 939, 9, 160018, 9615, 603, 7, 68, 71, 22, 36439, 47, 130454, 31746, 13, 4, 136, 29730, 34, 86216, 91865, 1681, 509, 54940, 8382, 39958, 99825, 20271, 70, 41055, 5, 345, 5416, 58359, 214, 130454, 31746, 13, 4, 91865, 1681, 136, 3060, 111, 70, 10070, 155400, 3378, 242, 15644, 25500, 7, 25, 44, 3827, 4453, 74694, 98, 6, 134369, 47, 34735, 707, 3249, 33816, 7514, 100, 2363, 132260, 740, 581, 10070, 155400, 72004, 3542, 47, 45367, 5153, 35461, 98, 70, 36770, 1764, 111, 70, 5117, 14091, 10745, 52649, 4, 7440, 65172, 133, 1902, 39958, 645, 16792, 6863, 219776, 23, 196208, 5, 1650, 7, 613, 686, 6496, 25074, 115966, 603, 7, 1902, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 65056, 1366, 9631, 23, 729, 12183, 5, 1913, 5153, 35461, 4, 70, 24793, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 109923, 7, 12960, 70, 453, 79786, 47, 34735, 70, 3551, 5, 339, 18, 5, 91865, 1681, 30745, 70, 453, 47, 34735, 70, 3551, 24189, 1836, 157578, 10, 21334, 235489, 53201, 5, 24372, 70, 4488, 1902, 2809, 16940, 136, 70, 3551, 34735, 297, 4, 756, 70, 10070, 155400, 72004, 4, 453, 136, 24793, 4, 21238, 19267, 12225, 136, 52787, 71, 98186, 70, 6117, 2594, 100, 525, 136, 47, 70, 235489, 53201, 4, 136, 2363, 479, 934, 1314, 15, 5584, 101334, 15672, 7, 16, 80723, 5367, 214, 44, 284, 634, 350, 136, 53427, 111, 112440, 136, 70, 122930, 1242, 360, 11994, 729, 12231, 4, 148097, 11896, 159011, 4, 10, 35011, 19542, 5372, 4, 1645, 53, 297, 136, 19542, 74694, 10, 520, 3796, 1379, 70, 21334, 219784, 101344, 4, 136, 110230, 24149, 6765, 14787, 4, 1295, 25134, 96220, 4, 19542, 74694, 70, 5117, 17164, 297, 171403, 4516, 23, 36941, 5, 581, 3551, 509, 171332, 136, 96950, 33, 297, 242, 81437, 52649, 4, 25, 237, 12989, 297, 390, 70, 130454, 31746, 13, 33734, 31068, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 5117, 45458, 735, 6496, 4516, 5, 4939, 91865, 1681, 509, 91, 23432, 19, 23, 237, 5117, 23607, 42, 111, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 105508, 131959, 3542, 3657, 89829, 8108, 70, 102044, 53, 34003, 5, 581, 130454, 31746, 13, 33734, 110297, 25251, 136, 70, 9615, 603, 7, 88303, 5153, 35461, 98, 70, 15672, 6, 120067, 103510, 4, 678, 95103, 48800, 7, 136, 38134, 33816, 7, 4, 678, 70, 142105, 8035, 27646, 15130, 5, 2161, 8055, 744, 4, 729, 12231, 4, 70, 10074, 167626, 707, 25074, 115966, 603, 7, 111, 70, 17932, 14091, 10745, 52649, 3542, 49504, 3674, 3934, 70, 3525, 130454, 31746, 13, 156637, 53, 4, 1284, 47143, 297, 99, 14091, 10745, 52649, 5, 360, 729, 11591, 4, 70, 9615, 603, 7, 9325, 10, 10174, 1830, 47, 70, 130454, 31746, 13, 33734, 36510, 214, 50509, 7, 1672, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5153, 35461, 83, 70, 10323, 136, 142105, 26349, 111, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 13036, 11469, 26349, 98, 70, 142740, 55609, 136, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 65925, 79200, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 5153, 35461, 83, 130454, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 13036, 27081, 4, 25313, 4, 53477, 4, 15380, 4, 162807, 136, 68894, 11698, 4, 237, 442, 83, 70, 40, 257, 111, 70, 92416, 111, 130454, 31746, 13, 5, 581, 43904, 111, 5153, 35461, 509, 106, 4, 8194, 166213, 13307, 99, 70, 918, 149039, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Province of Freedom (1787–1789).", "Freetown Colony (1792–1808).", "Freetown as a Crown Colony (1808–1961).", "Civil war, 1990s.", "Mudslide disaster, 2017.", "Government.", "Geography.", "Culture.", "Architecture.", "Places of worship.", "Economy.", "Climate.", "Demographics.", "Education.", "Transport.", "Air transportation.", "Transfers to Freetown.", "Access by sea.", "Access by land.", "Road.", "Railway.", "Sports." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The area was first settled in 1787 by 400 formerly enslaved black people sent from London, England, under the auspices of the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, an organisation set up by Jonah Hanway and the British abolitionist Granville Sharp. These black people were African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Africans, Southeast Asians, and black people born in Great Britain. They established the 'Province of Freedom' and the settlement of Granville Town on land purchased from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom and regent Naimbana. The British understood the purchase meant that their new settlers had the land \"for ever.\" Although the established arrangement between Europeans and the Koya Temne included provisions for permanent settlement, some historians question how well the Koya leaders understood the agreement, as they had a different conception of the uses of property. Disputes soon broke out. King Tom's successor, King Jimmy, burnt the settlement to the ground in 1789. Alexander Falconbridge was sent to Sierra Leone in 1791 to collect the remaining Black Poor settlers, and they re-established Granville Town around the area now known as Cline Town, Sierra Leone near Fourah Bay. These 1787 settlers did not formally establish Freetown, even though the bicentennial of Freetown was celebrated in 1987. But formally, Freetown was founded in 1792.", "In 1791, Thomas Peters, an African American who had served in the Black Pioneers, went to England to report the grievances of the black population in Nova Scotia. Some of these African Americans were ex-slaves who had escaped to the British forces who had been given their freedom and resettled there by the Crown after the American Revolution. Land grants and assistance in starting the settlements had been intermittent and slow. During his visit, Peters met with the directors of the Sierra Leone Company and learned of proposals for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. Despite the collapse of the 1787 colony, the directors were eager to recruit settlers to Sierra Leone. Lieutenant John Clarkson, RN, who was an abolitionist, was sent to Nova Scotia in British North America to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for a new settlement. Tired of the harsh weather and racial discrimination in Nova Scotia, more than 1,100 former American slaves chose to go to Sierra Leone. They sailed in 15 ships and arrived in St. George Bay between February 26 – March 9, 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, and Lieutenant Clarkson was among those taken ill during the voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson and some of the Nova Scotian 'captains' \"dispatched on shore to clear or make roadway for their landing\". The Nova Scotians were to build Freetown on the former site of the first Granville Town, where jungle had taken over since its destruction in 1789. Its surviving Old Settlers had relocated to Fourah Bay in 1791. At Freetown, the women remained in the ships while the men worked to clear the land. Lt. Clarkson told the men to clear the land until they reached a large cotton tree. After the work had been done and the land cleared, all the Nova Scotians, men and women, disembarked and marched towards the thick forest and to the cotton tree, and their preachers (all African Americans) began singing \"Awake and Sing of Moses and the Lamb.\" In March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, prayed and preached a sermon under the large Cotton Tree, and Reverend David George, from South Carolina, preached the first recorded Baptist service in Africa. The land was dedicated and christened 'Free Town,' as ordered by the Sierra Leone Company Directors. This was the first thanksgiving service. John Clarkson was sworn in as first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts were erected before the rainy season. The Sierra Leone Company surveyors and the settlers built Freetown on the American grid pattern, with parallel streets and wide roads, with the largest being Water Street. On August 24, 1792, the Black Poor or Old Settlers of the second Granville Town were incorporated into the new Sierra Leone Colony, but remained at Granville Town. In 1793, the settlers sent a petition to the Sierra Leone Company expressing concerns about the treatment that they were enduring. The settlers in particular objected to being issued currency that was only redeemable at a company owned store. They also claimed that the governor, a Mr. Dawes, ruled in an almost tyrannical fashion, favoring certain people over others when ruling the settlement. The writers then argued that they had not received the amount of land that Lt. Clarkson had promised them on leaving Nova Scotia. The letter expressed anxiety that the company was not treating them as freemen, but as slaves and requested that Lt. Clarkson return as governor. Freetown survived being pillaged by the French in 1794, and was rebuilt by the settlers. By 1798, Freetown had between 300–400 houses with architecture resembling that of the United States – stone foundations with wooden superstructures. Eventually this style of housing, built by the Nova Scotians, would be the model for the 'bod oses' of their Creole descendants. In 1800, the Nova Scotians rebelled. The British authorities used the arrival of about 550 Jamaican Maroons to suppress the insurrection. Thirty-four Nova Scotians were banished and sent to either the Sherbro or a penal colony at Gore. Some of the Nova Scotians were eventually allowed back into Freetown. After the Maroons captured the Nova Scotian rebels, they were granted their land. Eventually the Maroons had their own district, which came to be known as Maroon Town.", "Indigenous Africans attacked the colony in 1801 and were repulsed. The British eventually took control of Freetown, making it a Crown Colony in 1808. This act accompanied expansion that led to the creation of Sierra Leone. From 1808 to 1874, the city served as the capital of British West Africa. It also served as the base for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, which was charged with enforcing the ban on the slave trade. When the squadron liberated slaves on trading ships, they brought most to Sierra Leone, and Freetown in particular; thus, the population grew to include descendants of many different peoples from all over the west coast of Africa. The British also situated three of their Mixed Commission Courts in Freetown. The liberated Africans established the suburbs of Freetown Peninsula. They were the largest group of immigrants to make up the Creole people of Freetown. The city expanded rapidly. The freed slaves were joined by West Indian and African soldiers, who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars and settled here afterward. Descendants of the freed slaves who settled in Sierra Leone between 1787 and 1792, are called the Creoles. The Creoles play a leading role in the city, although they are a minority of the overall Sierra Leone population. During World War I Freetown became a base for operations of British forces in the Atlantic. Warships came into the port to resupply and German merchant vessels captured in the region were also sent there. During World War II, Britain maintained a naval base at Freetown. The base was a staging post for Allied traffic in the South Atlantic and the assembly point for SL convoys to Britain. An RAF base was maintained at nearby Lungi airfield. British fighter aircraft which were shipped into Freetown port, were carried on the Sierra Leone Government Railway to Makeni to be assembled and flown to Egypt.", "The city was the scene of fierce fighting in the late 1990s during the Sierra Leone Civil War. It was captured by ECOWAS troops seeking to restore President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in 1998. Later it was unsuccessfully attacked by rebels of the Revolutionary United Front.", "In the early morning on 14 August 2017, after much heavy rain part of Mount Sugar Loaf on an edge of Freetown collapsed in a huge mudslide which drowned over 300 people in Regent town. Deforestation has been blamed for the landslide.", "The city of Freetown is one of Sierra Leone's six municipalities and is governed by a directly elected city council, headed by a mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor is responsible for the general management of the city. The mayor and members of the Freetown Municipality are elected directly by the residents of Freetown every four years. The government of the Freetown Municipality has been dominated by All People's Congress (APC) since 2004. Since 2004, the residents of Freetown has voted in municipal elections for members of the All People's Congress (APC) by an overwhelming majority. The APC won the city's mayorship and vast majority seats in the Freetown city council in the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2018 local elections by more than 67% each. In Presidential elections Freetown is considered a swing city, as it has a large support base of both the All People's Congress and the Sierra Leone People's Party. However, the APC has won majority percent of the votes in Freetown in the 2007, 2012 and 2018 Sierra Leone Presidential election, including The APC winning more than 65% of the votes in Freetown in both The 2012 nd 2018 Sierra Leone Presidential elections. The APC presidential candidate Ernest Bai Koroma received 69% of the votes in Freetown in the 2012 Sierra Leone Presidential election; compared to the SLPP presidential candidate Julius Maada Bio who received 30%. In the 2018 Sierra Leone Presidential election, The APC presidential candidate Samura Kamara received 65% compared to the SLPP presidential candidate Julius Maada Bio who received 34%, though Maada Bio won the presidential election nationally. In November 2011, Freetown Mayor Herbert George-Williams was removed from office and replaced by council member Alhaji Gibril Kanu as acting mayor. Mayor Herbert George-Williams and eight others, including the Chief Administrator of the Freetown city council Bowenson Fredrick Philips; and the Freetown city council Treasurer Sylvester Momoh Konnehi, were arrested and indicted by the Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission on twenty-five counts on graft charges, ranging with conspiracy to commit corruption and misappropriation of public funds. Mayor Herbert George-Williams was acquitted of seventeen of the nineteen charges against him. He was convicted of two less serious charges by the Freetown High Court judge Jon Bosco Katutsi and sentenced to pay a fine. Acting Mayor Kanu lost the APC nomination for the mayor of Freetown in the 2012 Mayoral elections by 56 votes; council member Sam Franklyn Bode Gibson won 106 in a landslide victory In the national presidential and Parliamentary elections, Freetown is similar to swing states in American politics. As the city is so ethnically diverse, no single ethnic group forms a majority of the population of the city. Traditionally, the APC and the SLPP, two of the country's major political parties, have about equal support in the city. In the 2007 Sierra Leone Presidential election, the APC candidate and then main opposition leader, Ernest Bai Koroma, won just over 60% of the votes in the Western Area Urban District, including the city of Freetown, where almost the entire District population reside.", "Freetown shares border with the Atlantic Ocean and the Western Area Rural District. Freetown municipality is politically divided into three regions: East End, Central and West End of Freetown. The wards in the East End of Freetown (East I, East II, and East III) contain the city's largest population centre and generally the poorest part of the city. The Queen Elizabeth II Quay is located within East End. The two central wards (Central I and Central II) make up Central Freetown, which includes Downtown Freetown and the central business district (Central II). Most of the tallest and most important national government building and foreign embassies are based in Central Freetown. Sierra Leone's House of Parliament and the State House, the principal workplace of the president of Sierra Leone, are on Tower Hill in central Freetown. The National Stadium, the home stadium of the Sierra Leone national football team (popularly known as the Leone Stars) is in the Brookfield neighborhood. The three westernmost wards (West I, West II, and West III) of the city constitute the West End of Freetown. These wards are relatively affluent. Most of the city's luxury hotels, a number of casinos, and the Lumley Beach are in the west end of the city. The west end neighbourhood of Hill Station is home to the State Lodge, the official residence of the president of Sierra Leone.", "The city has the Sierra Leone National Museum and Sierra Leone National Railway Museum. Various historical landmarks connected to its founding by Americans, liberated African slaves, and West Indians. The Cotton Tree represents the christening of Freetown in March 1792. In downtown Freetown is the Connaught Hospital, the first hospital constructed in West Africa that incorporated Western medical practices.", "Nearby is the King's Yard Gate built in stone with a statement inscribed which reads \"any slave who passes through this gate is declared a free man\", and it was this gate through which liberated Africans passed. Down by the Naval Wharf are slave steps carved out of stone. Before Freetown was established, this was where the Portuguese slave traders transported Africans as slaves to ships. Freetown is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827. The university played a key role in Sierra Leone's colonial history. The college's first student, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, went on to be named as the first indigenous Bishop of West Africa. National Railway Museum has a coach car built for the state visit of Elizabeth II in 1961. The Big Market on Wallace Johnson Street is the showcase for local artisans' work. The Freetown peninsula is ringed by long stretches of white sand. Lumley Beach, on the western side of the peninsula, is a popular location for local parties and festivals.", "Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown (Catholic Church), United Methodist Church in Sierra Leone (World Methodist Council), Baptist Convention of Sierra Leone (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. St. George's Cathedral (Anglican) opened in 1828.", "Freetown is the economic and financial centre of Sierra Leone. The country's state television and radio station, the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation, is primarily based in Freetown. They have regional headquarters in the country's other primary cities of Bo, Kailahun, Kenema, Koidu Town, Magburaka and Makeni. The other national broadcasters, such as Capital Radio, are also based in Freetown. Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters' home offices in Freetown as well as the majority of international companies. The city's economy revolves largely around its final natural harbour, which is the largest natural harbour on the continent of Africa. Queen Elizabeth II Quay is capable of receiving oceangoing vessels and handles Sierra Leone's main exports. Industries include food and beverage processing, fish packing, rice milling, petroleum refining, diamond cutting, and the manufacture of cigarettes, paint, textile, and beer. The city is served by the Lungi International Airport, located in the city of Lungi, across the river estuary from Freetown.", "Like the rest of Sierra Leone, Freetown has a tropical climate with a rainy season from May through to October; the balance of the year represents the dry season. The beginning and end of the rainy season is marked by strong thunderstorms. Under the Köppen climate classification, Freetown has a tropical monsoon climate primarily due to the heavy amount of precipitation it receives during the rainy season. Freetown's high humidity is somewhat relieved November through to February by the famous Harmattan, a wind blowing from the Sahara Desert affording Freetown its coolest period of the year. Temperature extremes recorded in Freetown are from to all year. The average annual temperature is around.", "Freetown is home to a large population of both Muslims and Christians, though Muslims make up the majority of the population. In both the Muslim and Christian youth population of Freetown can be found a significant liberal influence. Like the rest of Sierra Leone, Freetown is a very religiously tolerant city, with Muslims and Christians living side by side and getting along well. As in many parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language (the native language of the Creole people who make up 5% of the country's population) is by far the most widely spoken language in the city. The language is spoken at home as a first language by over 20% of the city's population and is spoken as a lingua franca by a large number of the population in the city. English (the country's official language) is also widely spoken, particularly by the well educated. The Themne language is the second most popular language spoken after Krio. Themne people also make up the largest members of the population of Freetown and the Western Area Region.", "Freetown (as the rest of Sierra Leone) has an education system with six years of primary school (Classes 1 to 6), and six years of secondary school (Forms 1 to 6). Secondary schools are further divided into Junior secondary school (Forms 1 to 3) and Senior secondary school (Forms 4 to 6). This system is known as the 6-3-3-4 education system, which means: 6 years of Primary, 3 years of Junior Secondary, 3 years of Senior Secondary, and 4 years of University. Primary school pupils are usually aged 6 to 12, and secondary schools are usually aged 13 to 18. Primary Education is free and compulsory in government-sponsored public schools. Freetown is home to one of the country's two main universities, the Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827.", "", "Lungi International Airport is the international airport which serves Freetown and the rest of the country. It is located in the town of Lungi, about 17 km northeast of Freetown across the sea. It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to and from Sierra Leone. The airport is operated by Sierra Leone Airports Authority. There is a frequent commercial fast boat, bus, and ferry service to Freetown and other parts of the country. Hastings Airport provides secondary service, but can only handle small aircraft because of its short runway. It is located about 14 km southeast of downtown Freetown (nearly 22 km by road).", "Passengers have the choice of hovercraft, ferry, road (5 hours), speedboat, water taxi, local banana boats and helicopter to cross the river to Freetown. Ferry is the cheapest option. Hovercraft and ferry operations have at times been suspended due to passenger overloads and safety issues.", "Sierra Leone has the largest natural harbour in the African continent. Ships from all over the globe berth at Freetown's Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Passenger, cargo, and private craft also utilize Government Wharf nearer to central Freetown. Recent investment has seen the introduction of high-tech cargo scanning facilities.", "", "Sierra Leone's infrastructure is limited, and its highways and roads reflect this. The roads and highways of the country are administered by the Sierra Leone Roads Authority (SLRA) which has often been crippled by corruption. Highway 1 enters the city from the town of Waterloo several kilometers to the south. Despite the SLRA's limited capabilities, main feeder/trunk roads have been reconstructed to a high standard.", "Following a recommendation from the IBRD, the Sierra Leone Government Railway which linked Freetown to the rest of the country was permanently closed in 1974. The iron rails were looted in the following years.", "Like the rest of Sierra Leone, football is the most popular sport in Freetown. The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone Stars plays all their home games at Freetown's National Stadium, the largest stadium in Sierra Leone. Eight of the fifteen clubs in the Sierra Leone National Premier League are from Freetown, including two of Sierra Leone's biggest and most successful football clubs, East End Lions, and Mighty Blackpool. A match between these two teams is the biggest domestic-football clash in Sierra Leone. A notable Sierra Leonian footballer is Kei Kamara, who currently plays for the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17071, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 16792, 99, 19713, 70, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 5, 133698, 70, 47002, 72944, 4, 70, 984, 3378, 136, 1950, 429, 24841, 29394, 7, 21917, 1162, 67175, 3688, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 77950, 111, 373, 51626, 114122, 7, 23, 70, 78315, 111, 36941, 32497, 1295, 405, 29089, 3387, 23, 66418, 1740, 4420, 47, 70, 201, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 5, 581, 6, 34165, 29479, 7, 1295, 70, 71676, 8242, 1764, 23, 70, 144477, 3542, 2843, 62816, 29367, 23, 95007, 237, 5526, 10234, 114700, 7, 106804, 214, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 32813, 2481, 20271, 70, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 17721, 70, 24453, 136, 70, 10542, 5, 129551, 47, 147158, 933, 4, 70, 5117, 167766, 19920, 9523, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 43904, 7, 174920, 23, 70, 10776, 20271, 893, 45964, 242810, 21533, 45646, 7, 4, 6222, 40777, 10321, 4, 73573, 297, 162708, 136, 6, 34165, 58982, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 106152, 2873, 23706, 4, 621, 77950, 111, 142, 10332, 91944, 1363, 450, 24145, 6, 68332, 4126, 23, 70, 92422, 280, 694, 60243, 5, 3293, 91944, 1363, 105945, 10, 71702, 76755, 678, 142, 45964, 61527, 136, 2646, 44881, 5073, 200955, 16792, 70, 17932, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 4, 8060, 214, 70, 170933, 6023, 450, 66418, 707, 123594, 16797, 10776, 7, 3542, 70, 31913, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 6557, 111, 93175, 5, 581, 93175, 52164, 52350, 71, 759, 29161, 127, 4, 16195, 5170, 4, 86761, 4, 28, 837, 299, 4, 16610, 9, 51716, 297, 377, 46401, 4, 17, 3104, 53, 136, 88490, 73, 147881, 678, 70, 61527, 72004, 4, 66084, 13, 4158, 10133, 4, 214733, 72004, 4, 42878, 7, 4, 76438, 136, 12610, 7, 8305, 2363, 60091, 11469, 7, 5, 893, 61527, 3378, 55812, 1363, 9325, 47, 93175, 390, 70, 543, 927, 68728, 8946, 44109, 17354, 7816, 92015, 18, 83, 17164, 297, 98, 70, 110664, 123046, 7, 99, 262, 481, 88, 9, 8023, 10079, 4, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 70, 93175, 1486, 18813, 1720, 1132, 136, 44109, 62, 118, 5, 360, 24635, 13882, 119499, 114137, 111, 142, 45964, 147408, 191, 42555, 32747, 1295, 93175, 450, 1902, 2809, 91048, 47, 61527, 237, 18466, 7, 117414, 71, 450, 70, 40140, 18241, 47041, 62038, 3674, 1295, 142, 16128, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 8394, 48850, 66418, 136, 70, 223189, 9, 647, 4450, 128482, 32324, 1846, 5, 581, 377, 7603, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 85727, 27686, 23, 70, 78315, 10776, 3060, 6032, 17721, 70, 116, 2208, 136, 138, 4216, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 5, 28090, 179117, 223, 92422, 22458, 60097, 3815, 7, 3542, 170920, 10932, 903, 14922, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 360, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 3786, 2439, 9, 77007, 62, 2465, 26672, 2182, 133868, 71, 70, 84616, 360, 70, 39395, 5744, 14922, 4, 39457, 42, 117249, 47, 70, 62, 2465, 26672, 2182, 136, 19560, 14952, 26672, 2182, 80723, 47, 21917, 34, 16507, 23, 66418, 5, 32255, 99201, 70, 34210, 50082, 14, 26672, 2182, 5, 581, 5117, 90364, 17721, 92422, 7, 111, 70, 10776, 136, 70, 56101, 509, 70, 543, 3768, 44, 89329, 66695, 111, 128938, 16070, 136, 6, 82043, 17721, 70, 4699, 372, 111, 33124, 42, 120711, 136, 30715, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 390, 10, 56101, 85689, 53, 678, 70, 62493, 42, 111, 3786, 2439, 23, 167777, 5, 893, 90364, 509, 7068, 26859, 17721, 70, 56101, 136, 88, 14202, 111, 1391, 1299, 6389, 34789, 164, 136, 1391, 1299, 717, 5043, 1539, 118820, 7, 111, 581, 17071, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 4, 2843, 35839, 70, 2393, 365, 9, 8912, 31523, 5550, 707, 70, 1310, 1824, 127, 5550, 4, 509, 10, 36549, 111, 116338, 55812, 5256, 450, 34739, 3687, 17721, 33418, 136, 23031, 23, 70, 78315, 111, 36941, 4, 13380, 1916, 70, 1310, 1824, 35412, 12441, 390, 80660, 34490, 48652, 15, 67127, 76, 4806, 70, 44, 63129, 276, 24016, 18939, 26548, 70, 56101, 5, 581, 56101, 3542, 30793, 297, 23, 2363, 162333, 90, 390, 70, 125921, 7, 136, 89176, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 15, 176311, 74668, 56641, 4, 48652, 2843, 75204, 36442, 1295, 70, 71047, 47126, 4, 30839, 7, 136, 4, 100, 10, 1733, 4, 1295, 70, 31678, 56, 748, 109571, 1159, 310, 111, 57811, 5, 581, 79612, 134620, 3229, 70, 56101, 10, 4207, 25958, 62825, 71, 70, 1310, 1824, 127, 10323, 111, 360, 4347, 23936, 4, 70, 56101, 27759, 11341, 71, 450, 442, 2806, 186, 133888, 47, 80731, 23, 215131, 47, 70, 7068, 182146, 2182, 111, 56101, 17071, 4, 678, 70, 91177, 450, 70, 181991, 53, 2806, 51, 1486, 678, 70, 89176, 9, 712, 35485, 297, 87343, 148503, 31667, 111, 17071, 1379, 89176, 141888, 15, 2347, 36770, 89176, 17071, 194, 581, 122257, 4935, 70615, 111, 56101, 17071, 115081, 10, 158839, 23, 7071, 23936, 50336, 214, 23, 215131, 136, 69941, 678, 70, 87343, 148503, 31667, 111, 17071, 4, 3129, 509, 80889, 71, 47, 2161, 106, 20414, 23936, 4, 70, 182146, 2182, 136, 70, 87343, 148503, 31667, 111, 17071, 15, 2347, 36770, 89176, 17071, 16, 25072, 297, 237, 203251, 47, 3173, 70, 92422, 47806, 5, 156241, 390, 92422, 15889, 8780, 4, 70, 144477, 56, 43148, 3542, 61475, 538, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 1672, 70, 69941, 5, 62, 27759, 509, 100, 4806, 390, 34490, 14, 87, 1192, 4, 678, 62, 555, 34490, 46168, 13981, 237, 34202, 136, 63517, 55761, 15080, 2132, 53257, 10015, 13, 237, 56195, 33744, 15, 94068, 47, 24209, 34202, 4, 1295, 28980, 47, 31060, 194, 2161, 387, 20414, 40418, 136, 8305, 10, 5700, 37503, 4, 70, 92422, 3395, 12540, 47314, 10, 3525, 171484, 4, 3129, 509, 5117, 144888, 297, 23, 23936, 5, 581, 171484, 1902, 10176, 8060, 23, 70, 36770, 17071, 4, 136, 509, 18822, 71, 47, 1238, 141775, 70, 127067, 5, 52455, 144477, 56, 43148, 25299, 47924, 3674, 70, 37503, 581, 14392, 180210, 111, 108634, 25, 7, 27759, 509, 128839, 538, 23030, 48141, 4, 237, 5941, 92422, 7, 100512, 2837, 163085, 297, 678, 6897, 1379, 116338, 79986, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 4, 39746, 7154, 112664, 7, 8060, 297, 390, 57811, 25, 7, 52287, 271, 1310, 177, 86052, 1902, 6, 162386, 1257, 36880, 70, 23295, 5, 108634, 45739, 71, 390, 12989, 214, 1992, 14, 4935, 72350, 7, 26548, 8382, 764, 21778, 1399, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17071, 15, 74, 242, 4, 242, 247, 51521, 538, 70, 47806, 111, 17071, 15, 4, 44, 21718, 10923, 6355, 12380, 30867, 6, 247882, 6355, 14092, 15327, 13752, 2208, 74054, 83, 10, 15970, 9, 50718, 320, 297, 11341, 4, 21640, 538, 90698, 47, 186, 142, 58963, 10821, 10776, 111, 66418, 5, 581, 27759, 111, 70, 8, 72563, 11341, 111, 17071, 28601, 7, 68034, 237, 70, 39457, 42, 11341, 47, 70, 36770, 56101, 17071, 182146, 2182, 4, 3129, 4, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 70, 59335, 538, 41371, 22836, 111, 17071, 4, 25072, 297, 237, 80889, 71, 98, 106, 20414, 23936, 678, 70, 87343, 148503, 31667, 111, 17071, 15, 2347, 36770, 89176, 17071, 16, 47, 3173, 70, 92422, 47806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Prehistory.", "Antiquity and classical era.", "Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages.", "Early modern sultanates.", "British Somaliland.", "State of Somaliland.", "Somali Republic.", "Somali National Movement, Barre persecution.", "Somali Civil War.", "Politics and government.", "Administrative divisions.", "Regions.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Economy.", "Demographics.", "Languages.", "Religion.", "Health.", "Culture.", "Cuisine.", "Arts." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BCE. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations arrived in the region during", "Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the Wargaade Wall, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula. This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt. The Puntites traded myrrh, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati. In 2015, isotopic analysis of ancient baboon mummies from Punt that had been brought to Egypt as gifts indicated that the specimens likely originated from an area encompassing eastern Somalia and the Eritrea-Ethiopia corridor. The camel is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From", "Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established around this period in the area. In the 14th century, the Zeila-based Adal Sultanate battled the forces", "In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and Ajuran Sultanate began to flourish in Somalia. These included the Warsangali Sultanate. The first engagement between Somalis of the region and the British was the 1827 \"Articles of Friendship and Commerce between the Tribe of Habr Awal and England. This was followed by a British treaty with the Governor of Zeila in 1840. An engagement was then started between the British and elders of Habar Garhajis and Habar Toljaala clans of", "The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa, pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the \"Mad Mullah\") against the British. The British were assisted in their offensives by the Ethiopians and Italians. During the First World War (1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the Ottomans, Germans and, for a time, from the Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia. The conflict ended when the British aerially bombed the Dervish capital of", "In May 1960, the British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then protectorate of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (the former Italian Somaliland). The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to", "On 1 July 1960, the protectorate and the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) united as planned to form the Somali Republic. Inspired by Somali nationalism, the northerners were initially enthusiastic about the union. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution had little support in the former Somaliland, and was believed to favour the south. Many northerners boycotted the referendum", "The moral authority of Barre's government was gradually eroded, as many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. The bombardment was led by General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, Barre's son-in-law. According to Abou Jeng and other scholars, the Barre regime rule was marked by a targeted brutal persecution of the Isaaq clan. Mohamed Haji Ingiriis and Chris Mullin state that the clampdown by the Barre regime against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement targeted the Isaaq clan, to which most", "Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue independence, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia. Under the leadership of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in Burao between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991. Tuur then became the newly established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing federal system of governance.", "The \"guurti\" worked with rebel leaders to set up a new government, and was incorporated into the governance structure, becoming the Parliament's House of Elders. The government became in essence a \"power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans,\" with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula, although not all clans are satisfied with their representation. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland transitioned to multi-party democracy. The election was limited to three parties, in an attempt to create ideology based elections rather than clan based elections. As of December 2014, Somaliland has three political parties: the Peace, Unity, and Development Party, the Justice and Development Party, and Wadani. Under the Somaliland Constitution, a maximum of three political parties is allowed. The Executive is led by an elected president, whose government includes a vice-president and a Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, who are responsible for the normal running of government, are nominated by the President and approved by the Parliament's House of Representatives. The President must approve bills passed by the Parliament before they come into effect. Presidential elections are confirmed by the National Electoral Commission of Somaliland. The President can serve a maximum of two five-year terms. Legislative power is held by the bicameral Parliament. Its upper house is the House of Elders, this chamber is chaired by Suleiman Mohamoud Adan, and the lower house is the House of Representatives. The lower house is chaired by Bashe Mohamed Farah. Each house has 82 members. Members of the House of Elders are elected indirectly by local communities for six-year terms. The House of Elders shares power in passing laws with the House of Representatives, and also has the role of solving internal conflicts, and an exclusive power to extend the terms of the President and representatives under circumstances that make an election impossible. Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people for five-year terms. The House of Representatives shares voting power with the House of Elders, though it can pass a law that the House of Elders rejects if it votes for the law by a 2/3's majority, and has absolute power in financial matters and confirmation of Presidential appointments (except for the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court). The judicial system is divided into district courts, (which deal with matters of family law and succession, lawsuits for amounts up to 3 million SL, criminal cases punishable by up to 3 years imprisonment or 3 million SL fines, and crimes committed by juveniles), regional courts (which deal with lawsuits and criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of district courts, labour and employment claims, and local government elections), regional appeals courts (which deal with all appeals from district and regional courts), and the Supreme Court (which deals with issues between courts and in government, and reviews its own decisions), which is the highest court and also functions as the Constitutional Court. Somaliland nationality law defines who is a Somaliland citizen, as well as the procedures by which one may be naturalised into Somaliland citizenship or renounce it. The Somaliland government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic. As such, homosexual acts are illegal in the territory. Freedom House ranks the Somaliland government as partly democratic. Seth Kaplan (2011) argues that in contrast to southern Somalia and adjacent territories, Somaliland, the secessionist northwestern portion of Somalia, has built a more democratic mode of governance from the bottom up, with virtually no foreign assistance. Specifically, Kaplan suggests that Somaliland has the most democratic political system in the Horn of Africa because it has been largely insulated from the extremist elements in the rest of Somalia and has viable electoral and legislative systems as well as a robust private sector-dominated economy, unlike neighbouring authoritarian governments. He largely attributes this to Somaliland's integration of customary laws and tradition with modern state structures, which he indicates most post-colonial states in Africa and the Middle East have not had the opportunity to do. Kaplan asserts that this has facilitated cohesiveness and conferred greater governmental legitimacy in Somaliland, as has the territory's comparatively homogeneous population, relatively equitable income distribution, common fear of the south, and absence of interference by outside forces, which has obliged local politicians to observe a degree of accountability.", "", "The following regions are taken from \"Michael Walls: State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation", "Somaliland is situated in northwestern Somalia. It lies between the 08°00' – 11°30' parallel north of the equator and between 42°30' – 49°00' meridian east of Greenwich. It is bordered by Djibouti to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and the Puntland region of Somalia to the east. Somaliland has a coastline with the majority lying along the Gulf of Aden. In terms of landmass, Somaliland's territory is comparable to that of Uruguay, with an area of. Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry conditions. The northern part of the region is hilly, and in many places the altitude ranges between above sea level. The Awdal, Sahil and Maroodi Jeex (Woqooyi Galbeed) regions are fertile and mountainous, while Togdheer is mostly semi-desert with little fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is also known for its offshore islands, coral reefs and mangroves. A scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the \"Guban\" lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden littoral. With a width of in the west to as little as in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation. This coastal strip is part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. Cal Madow is a mountain range in the northern part of the country. Extending from the northwest of Erigavo to several kilometres west of the city of Bosaso, it features Somalia's highest peak, Shimbiris, which sits at an elevation of about. The rugged east–west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral. In the central regions, the northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the \"Ogo\". The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the Haud, an important grazing area for livestock.", "Somaliland is located north of the Equator. It is semi-arid. The average daily temperatures range from. The sun passes vertically overhead twice a year, on 22 March and 23 September. Somaliland consists of three main topographic zones: (1). A Coastal Plain (Guban) (2) The Coastal Range (Oogo) (3) A Plateau (Hawd) The Coastal Plain (Guban) is a zone with high temperatures and low rainfall. Summer temperatures in the region easily average over. However, temperatures come down during the winter, and both human and livestock populations increase dramatically in the region. The Coastal Range (Ogo) is a high plateau to the immediate south of Guban. Its elevation ranges from above sea level in the West to in the East. Rainfall is heavier there than in Guban, although it varies considerably within the zone. The Plateau (Hawd) region lies to the south of Ogo range. It is generally more heavily populated during the wet season, when surface water is available.", "The Somaliland shilling, which cannot easily be exchanged outside Somaliland on account of the nation's lack of recognition, is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, the central bank, which was established constitutionally in 1994. It may not be considered valid tender in disputed areas such as Ayn or the district of Badhan, which are not administered as part of Somaliland and continue to use the Somali shilling despite being claimed by the Somaliland government. Since Somaliland is unrecognised, international donors have found it difficult to provide aid. As a result, the government relies mainly upon tax receipts and remittances from the large Somali diaspora, which contribute immensely to Somaliland's economy. Remittances come to Somaliland through money transfer companies, the largest of which is Dahabshiil, one of the few Somali money transfer companies that conform to modern money-transfer regulations. The World Bank estimates that remittances worth approximately US$1 billion reach Somalia annually from émigrés working in the Gulf states, Europe and the United States. Analysts say that Dahabshiil may handle around two-thirds of that figure and as much as half of it reaches Somaliland alone. Since the late 1990s, service provisions have significantly improved through limited government provisions and contributions from non-governmental organisations, religious groups, the international community (especially the diaspora), and the growing private sector. Local and municipal governments have been developing key public service provisions such as water in Hargeisa and education, electricity, and security in Berbera. In 2009, the Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie – Mer Rouge (BCIMR), based in Djibouti, opened a branch in Hargeisa and became the first bank in the country since the 1990 collapse of the Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia. In 2014, Dahabshil Bank International became the region's first commercial bank. In 2017 Premier Bank from Mogadishu opened a branch in Hargeisa. Various telecommunications firms also have branches in Somaliland. Among these companies is Telesom, one of the largest operators in Somaliland. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the local market with telecommunications services such as GSM, fixed line, and Internet access, it has an extensive network that covers all of Somaliland's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Somalia and Somaliland. Telesom also offers among the cheapest international calling rates at US$0.2 less than its nearest competitor. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Somtel, Telcom and NationLink. Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the Berbera port and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia. Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple quarrying represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.", "The Subeer Awal subclan of the Isaaq form the majority of the population living in both the northern and western portions of the Woqooyi Galbeed region, including the cities and towns of Northern Hargeisa, Berbera, Gabiley, Madheera, Wajaale, Arabsiyo, Bulhar and Kalabaydh. The Subeer Awal also have a strong presence in Northern Togdheer region as well, principally around the town of Sheikh and they also partially inhabit the city of Burao as well. The Garhajis subclan of the Isaaq have a sizable presence among the population inhabiting the southern and eastern portions of Woqooyi Galbeed region including Southern Hargeisa and Salahlay. The Garhajis are also represented well in western Togdheer region, mainly in the towns of Oodweyne and Western Burao. The Garhajis also form a majority of the population inhabiting the western and central areas of Sanaag region as well, including the regional capital Erigavo as well as Maydh. The Habar Jeclo subclan of Isaaq have a large presence in the western and northern parts of Sool, eastern Togdheer region and southwestern Sanaag as well, The Habar Jeclo form a majority of the population living in Eastern Burao as well as in Aynabo district and in the towns of Garadag and Ceel Afweyn. Eastern Sool region's residents mainly hail from the Dhulbahante, a subdivision of the Harti confederation of Darod sub-clans, and are concentrated at Las Anod. The Dhulbahante clans also settle in the Buuhoodle District in the Togdheer region, and the southern and eastern parts of Erigavo District in Sanaag. The Warsangali, another Harti Darod sub-clan, constitute a large number of residents in the eastern Sanaag, and their population is mainly concentrated around Las Qorey. The Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region, where there is also a sizeable minority of the Issa subclan of the Dir who mainly inhabit the Zeila district.", "Many people in Somaliland speak two of the three official languages: Somali, Arabic and English, although the rate of bilingualism is lower in rural areas. Article 6 of the", "With few exceptions, Somalis in Somaliland and elsewhere are Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. As with southern Somali coastal towns such as Mogadishu and Merca, there is also a presence of Sufism, Islamic mysticism; particularly the Arab Rifa'iya tariiqa. Through the influence of the diaspora from Yemen and the Gulf states, stricter Wahhabism also has a noticeable presence. Though traces of pre-Islamic traditional religion exist in Somaliland, Islam is dominant to the Somali sense of national identity. Many of the Somali social norms come from their religion. For example, most Somali women wear a hijab when they are in public. In addition, religious Somalis abstain from pork and alcohol, and also try to avoid receiving or paying any form of interest (usury).", "According to the UNICEF 2011 report on Children in Somaliland, 40.5% of households in Somaliland have access to improved water sources, with in one in three households an hour or more away from their main source of drinking water. According to the same report, 1 in 9", "Somaliland has a population of about 3.5 million people., the largest clan family in Somaliland is the Isaaq, making up 80% of the total population. The populations of five major cities in Somaliland – Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Erigavo and Gabiley – are predominantly Isaaq. Of the minority clans, the Gadabuursi of the Dir clan comes second by population, and thirdly the Harti of the Darod clan. The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and have a central role in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. To extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).", "It is considered polite for one to leave a little bit of food on one's plate after finishing a meal at another's home. This tells the host that one has been given enough food. If one were to clean their plate that would indicate that one is still hungry. Most Somalis do not take this rule so seriously, but it is certainly not impolite to leave a few bits of", "Islam and poetry have been described as the twin pillars of Somali culture. Somali poetry is mainly oral, with both male and female poets. They use things that are common in the Somali language as metaphors. Almost all Somalis are Sunni Muslims and Islam is vitally important to the Somali sense of national identity. Most Somalis do not belong to a specific mosque or sect and can pray in any mosque they find. Celebrations come in the form of religious festivities. Two of the most important are Eid ul-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of the fasting month. Families get dressed up to visit one another, and money is donated to the poor. Other holidays include 26 June and 18 May, which celebrate British Somaliland's independence and the Somaliland region's establishment, respectively; the latter, however, is not recognised by the international community. In" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 26349, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 96113, 10959, 46204, 4, 68772, 442, 6863, 128911, 11627, 242, 141667, 46204, 5481, 25, 15, 141667, 46204, 26349, 194, 1650, 83, 39501, 297, 1672, 65272, 46638, 6153, 1556, 10, 98870, 32692, 1740, 4420, 47, 479, 9, 17885, 13, 1405, 20028, 4, 237, 442, 400, 90, 98, 10, 6117, 19, 43613, 111, 3551, 36917, 15520, 17366, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 58526, 8202, 58, 15, 372, 934, 6, 91854, 247, 3129, 37067, 7, 185113, 47, 884, 6401, 20702, 5, 581, 3395, 98, 903, 653, 118201, 43613, 111, 3551, 151994, 71, 26548, 70, 7401, 7, 111, 70, 23924, 27414, 1295, 70, 65272, 4, 136, 70, 7401, 7, 111, 70, 6, 46765, 136, 70, 46638, 6153, 43157, 1295, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 46638, 6153, 100512, 180187, 53, 678, 43584, 146295, 7, 450, 442, 43799, 297, 1295, 109923, 7, 136, 26983, 603, 7, 98567, 98, 903, 86352, 23924, 9, 218128, 36439, 5, 33306, 4, 237, 200513, 100512, 118055, 538, 5526, 25313, 25958, 4, 70, 26349, 111, 21391, 100512, 70, 5201, 174705, 26349, 111, 23924, 29217, 20271, 70, 174705, 43114, 72944, 5, 581, 59444, 111, 151500, 12900, 100512, 10, 165473, 275, 4, 136, 46638, 6153, 100512, 10, 92136, 171335, 26908, 4, 136, 100, 903, 31635, 46638, 6153, 7464, 1556, 5941, 111, 6863, 9879, 92264, 33976, 7, 202810, 5, 14240, 1090, 4778, 5941, 111, 2856, 621, 98, 70, 174705, 182999, 68067, 51529, 237, 194787, 7, 241841, 7, 5, 581, 76199, 142, 645, 22751, 111, 6097, 117, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 4, 678, 70, 144732, 23, 70, 10332, 26349, 11698, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 41392, 214, 111, 46638, 6153, 112474, 1295, 70, 209, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 9351, 31895, 32497, 1295, 44, 6495, 147, 365, 9, 9491, 740, 3293, 9351, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 17262, 80854, 12, 44, 103092, 830, 44, 365, 58, 136, 44, 9491, 740, 8622, 83, 959, 5045, 167956, 1672, 70, 91084, 111, 44, 365, 58, 136, 44, 9491, 56128, 23, 25074, 174705, 2663, 45757, 7, 44, 365, 58, 11343, 15005, 7, 47, 242, 2472, 525, 25, 136, 44, 9491, 58, 24073, 1106, 195, 830, 44, 195, 58, 707, 44, 316, 18939, 47, 242, 29552, 25, 707, 242, 23923, 25, 5, 44, 6495, 147, 830, 49903, 4, 1556, 40368, 91084, 7, 4, 1632, 111, 2856, 42518, 214, 678, 70, 31913, 111, 46638, 6153, 98, 10, 19096, 115, 86, 12, 242, 131753, 297, 3687, 25, 5, 581, 9351, 46638, 6153, 707, 46638, 365, 9491, 2806, 127298, 29459, 242, 29552, 98, 10, 100, 525, 297, 115, 86, 25, 5, 8622, 509, 10, 75973, 35839, 44, 4657, 873, 343, 830, 58709, 1295, 70, 280, 257, 61585, 7, 65272, 111, 70, 96113, 10959, 46204, 237, 14847, 70, 26349, 111, 15640, 2118, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 70, 2206, 34, 3121, 98834, 6635, 187, 1176, 4, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 46638, 6153, 26859, 8060, 214, 70, 2206, 34, 3121, 5, 18813, 90452, 1995, 111, 84740, 509, 959, 174849, 4, 136, 9325, 142, 187, 1176, 144477, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 7650, 69996, 75087, 24073, 60728, 120025, 92, 58, 23, 174705, 247, 775, 111, 47256, 193095, 8, 199656, 4, 138, 4216, 51978, 111, 22700, 5, 2161, 729, 7582, 423, 12825, 756, 130367, 7, 111, 70, 26349, 111, 6900, 18, 88322, 3542, 152388, 390, 70, 195374, 187, 1176, 4, 136, 98, 106, 14487, 70, 26349, 111, 353, 147, 555, 134729, 297, 70, 5701, 87714, 5, 2161, 534, 14487, 423, 12825, 70, 195374, 187, 1176, 30338, 13, 17704, 46638, 6153, 74, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 165815, 7, 3542, 47749, 71, 390, 26349, 9, 168080, 748, 601, 872, 84764, 220767, 56, 85, 5, 117601, 34, 26328, 7, 246, 33605, 20625, 50416, 56, 4, 10, 113138, 64685, 8770, 4, 104902, 65922, 70, 26349, 25842, 678, 3060, 17262, 75281, 3789, 24793, 5, 133698, 70, 5117, 6626, 21775, 111, 70, 1329, 429, 4, 70, 16648, 509, 23, 40197, 5, 581, 195374, 187, 1176, 509, 45, 36659, 80208, 7, 47, 58359, 70, 26349, 58982, 7, 136, 102310, 2856, 1257, 74, 70, 86841, 7, 58709, 23, 15504, 136, 1379, 2962, 71, 70, 114181, 4216, 7, 25, 80208, 7, 5, 581, 16648, 124632, 14534, 98, 1702, 11994, 423, 13574, 12, 70, 21391, 187, 1176, 4, 109208, 7844, 47, 70, 581, 26349, 134729, 297, 10, 21334, 11476, 23, 70, 17431, 1295, 1039, 18374, 47, 1105, 18374, 423, 11835, 5, 581, 11476, 26859, 23, 12562, 6488, 53, 44, 1448, 893, 1728, 4532, 830, 43573, 70, 642, 6958, 23923, 99, 70, 10959, 46204, 4, 3129, 509, 11814, 390, 102403, 76, 10484, 237, 10, 56050, 214, 3687, 5, 14847, 1836, 3542, 24814, 214, 61261, 99, 10, 11476, 442, 4163, 1810, 111, 6226, 5, 581, 11476, 509, 13162, 3674, 390, 171751, 7, 4, 2750, 5630, 6259, 2363, 109923, 7, 98, 70, 581, 11476, 136, 70, 4989, 1329, 429, 1902, 39958, 2363, 43584, 98, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 195374, 25737, 23, 423, 14546, 136, 1379, 70, 44, 284, 7134, 5911, 111, 2609, 1357, 830, 75198, 10840, 136, 129574, 7, 3542, 34475, 105950, 38109, 4, 21208, 23, 27759, 70, 75198, 10840, 123019, 1902, 70, 1407, 56, 3535, 136, 129574, 139355, 7, 24145, 40, 29367, 3542, 8306, 176377, 5, 717, 14359, 107, 70, 111503, 136, 110281, 133325, 100, 70, 12562, 14775, 136, 2586, 934, 214, 108880, 15, 6495, 147, 6153, 509, 51529, 100, 6097, 4, 45458, 47, 70, 46622, 7401, 1295, 70, 115, 1444, 247, 70, 46638, 6153, 215394, 68872, 47, 125568, 70, 7398, 68879, 111, 81693, 136, 32692, 4, 141377, 6, 217784, 100, 18595, 939, 54940, 167821, 144239, 7, 5, 3293, 110281, 297, 10, 21334, 26794, 425, 111, 22964, 78192, 136, 92265, 177705, 7, 15, 76775, 6846, 28021, 136, 99926, 33, 30591, 10, 5062, 16, 2750, 3542, 18738, 13, 214, 70, 195374, 6, 167618, 111, 2363, 10002, 162708, 5, 60075, 66, 6889, 38627, 33662, 91995, 71, 38627, 111, 456, 146049, 70, 163684, 297, 26349, 58982, 7, 5, 9563, 1884, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 23295, 4, 70, 43114, 72944, 23, 70, 14098, 192859, 7, 1902, 26859, 5, 581, 3525, 130367, 7, 1902, 10, 5915, 111, 107963, 23, 96, 2217, 136, 5795, 92, 142901, 136, 71702, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 43904, 3514, 434, 1295, 106, 112694, 23, 423, 13574, 47, 10932, 6, 160012, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 46638, 6153, 15, 74, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 111, 44, 30404, 6153, 58, 23, 70, 14941, 46876, 16, 83, 10, 26349, 136, 14834, 2481, 23, 70, 231118, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 23924, 29217, 136, 83, 39501, 297, 99, 70, 144477, 9022, 121303, 111, 70, 39643, 5481, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 27623, 3674, 57329, 17840, 58555, 23, 14713, 5, 46638, 6153, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 23, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "History.", "Middle Ages.", "Spanish siege.", "Great fire.", "Golden age.", "Linen and silk.", "Infrastructure.", "Cultural life.", "Beer brewing.", "Tulip centre.", "18th century.", "French rule.", "19th century.", "Cotton mills.", "Train and tram.", "Water management.", "Expanding borders.", "20th century.", "Haarlem in World War II.", "Post-World War II.", "Religion.", "Culture and entertainment.", "Museums.", "Theater, film and cultural centres.", "Festivals.", "Sports.", "Cultural references.", "Buildings and locations.", "Transport.", "Local government.", "Police and law enforcement.", "Miscellaneous.", "Local beer.", "Harlem, Manhattan.", "\"Lautje\", Statue on the Grote Markt.", "Twin cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The city is located on the river Spaarne, giving it its nickname 'Spaarnestad' (Spaarne city). It is situated about west", "Haarlem has a rich history dating back to pre-medieval times, as it lies on a thin strip of land above sea level known as the \"strandwal\" (beach ridge), which connects Leiden to Alkmaar. The people on this narrow strip of land struggled against the waters of the North Sea from the west, and the waters of the IJ and the Haarlem Lake from the east. Haarlem became wealthy with toll revenues that it collected from ships and travellers moving on this busy North-South route. However, as shipping became increasingly important economically, the city of Amsterdam became the main Dutch city of North Holland during the Dutch Golden Age. The town of Halfweg became a suburb, and Haarlem became a quiet bedroom community, and for this reason Haarlem still has many of its central medieval buildings intact. Nowadays many of them are on the Dutch Heritage register known as Rijksmonuments. The gives an overview of these per neighbourhood, with the majority in the old city centre.", "The oldest mentioning of Haarlem dates from the 10th century. The name probably comes from \"Haarlo-heim\". This name is composed of three elements: \"haar\", \"lo\" and \"heim\". There is not much dispute about the meaning of \"lo\" and \"heim\"; in Old Dutch toponyms \"lo\" always refers to 'forest' and \"heim\" (\"heem\", \"em\" or \"um\") to 'home' or 'house'. \"Haar\", however, has several meanings, one of them corresponding with the location of Haarlem on a sand dune: 'elevated place'. The name Haarlem or Haarloheim would therefore mean 'home on a forested dune'. There was a stream called \"De Beek\", dug from the peat grounds west of the river Spaarne as", "When the city of Brielle was conquered by the Geuzen revolutionary army, the municipality of Haarlem started supporting the Geuzen. King Philip II of Spain was not pleased, and sent an army north under the command of Don Fadrique (\"Don Frederick\" in Dutch), son of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba. On 17 November 1572 all citizens of the city of Zutphen were killed by the Spanish army, and on 1 December the city of Naarden suffered the same fate. On 11 December 1572 the Spanish army besieged Haarlem; the city's defenses were commanded by city-governor Wigbolt Ripperda. Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, a powerful widow, helped defend the city together with some three hundred other women. During the first two months of the siege, the situation was in balance. The Spanish army was digging tunnels to reach the city walls and blow them up; the defenders dug in turn and undermined the Spaniards' tunnels. The situation worsened on 29 March 1573: the Amsterdam army, faithful to the", "The city suffered a large fire in the night from 22 October to 23 October 1576. The fire started in brewery \"het Ankertje\", near the weighhouse at the Spaarne, which was used by mercenaries as a guarding place. When they were warming themselves at a fire it got out of control. The fire was spotted by farmers, who sailed their ships on the", "The fire and the long siege had taken their toll on the city. The Spanish left in 1577 and under the \"Agreement of Veere\", Protestants and Catholics were given equal rights, though in government the Protestants clearly had the upper hand and Catholic possessions once seized were never returned. To restore the economy and attract workers for the brewing and bleaching businesses (Haarlem was known for these, thanks to the clean water from the dunes), the Haarlem council decided to promote the pursuit of arts and history, showing tolerance for diversity among religious beliefs. This attracted a large influx of Flemish and French immigrants (Catholics and Hugenots alike) who were fleeing the Spanish occupation of their own cities. Expansion plans soon replaced plans of rebuilding the destroyed city walls. Just like the rest of the country, the Golden Age in the United Provinces had started.", "The new citizens had a lot of expertise in linen and silk manufacture and trading, and the city's population grew from 18,000 in 1573 to around 40,000 in 1622. At", "In 1632 a tow canal between Haarlem and Amsterdam, the Haarlemmertrekvaart was opened, the first tow canal in the country. The empty areas in the city that were a result of the fire of 1576 were filled with new houses and buildings. Even outside the city wall buildings were constructed—in 1643 about 400 houses were counted outside the wall. Having buildings outside", "After the fall of Antwerp, many artists and craftsmen migrated to Haarlem and received commissions from the Haarlem council to decorate the city hall. The paintings commissioned were meant to show Haarlem's glorious history as well as Haarlem's glorious products. Haarlem's cultural life prospered, with painters like Frans Hals and Jacob van Ruisdael, the architect Lieven de Key and Jan Steen who made many paintings in Haarlem. The Haarlem councilmen became quite creative in their propaganda promoting their city. On the \"Grote Markt\", the central market square, there's a statue of Laurens Janszoon Coster who is", "Beer brewing was a very important industry in Haarlem. Until the 16th century the water for the beer was taken from the canals in the city. These were, through the Spaarne and the IJ, connected to seawater. However, the water in the canals was getting more and more polluted, and no longer suitable for brewing beer. A place south-west of the city was then used to take fresh water in. However, the quality of that water was not good enough either. From the 17th century a canal (\"Santvaert\") was used to transport water from the dunes to the city. The water was transported in barrels on ships. The location where the water was taken is called the \"Brouwerskolkje\", and the canal to", "From the 1630s until present day, Haarlem has been a major trading centre for tulips, and it was at the epicentre during tulip mania, when outrageous prices were paid for tulip bulbs. From the time that the Leiden-Haarlem canal Leidsevaart was opened in 1656, it became popular to travel from Rotterdam to Amsterdam by passenger boat rather than by coach. The canals were dug for passenger service only, and were comfortable though slow. The towpath led these passengers through the bulb fields south of Haarlem. Haarlem was an important stopover for passengers from the last half of the 17th century and through the 18th century until the building of the first rail tracks along the routes of former passenger canal systems. As Haarlem slowly expanded southwards, so did the bulb fields, and even today rail travelers between Rotterdam and Amsterdam will see beautifully blooming bulb fields on the stretch between Leiden and Haarlem in Spring.", "As the centre of trade gravitated towards Amsterdam, Haarlem declined in the 18th century. The Golden age had created a large upper middle class of merchants and well-to-do small business owners. Taking advantage of the reliability of the trekschuit connection between Amsterdam and Haarlem, many people had a business address in Amsterdam and a weekend or summer home in Haarlem. Haarlem became more and more a bedroom community as the", "At the end of the 18th century a number of anti-Orange commissions were founded. On 18 January 1795 the \"Staatse\" army was defeated near Woerden. During the night preceding the 19th, the same night that stadtholder William V of Orange fled the country, the various commissions gathered and implemented a revolution. The commissions changed the city's administrators in a bloodless revolution, and the next morning the city was 'liberated' of", "The textile industry, which had always been an important pillar of Haarlem's economy, was in a bad shape at the beginning of the 19th century. Strong international competition, and revolutionary new production methods based on steam engines already in use in England, dealt a striking blow to Haarlem's industry. In 1815 the city's population was about 17,000 people, a large percentage of whom were poor. The foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in that year gave hope to many, who believed that under", "The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM or Dutch Trade Company) was founded by King Willem I to create employment opportunities. As one of the cities in the western part of the Netherlands with the worst economic situation, three cotton mills were created in Haarlem under the NHM-program in the 1830s. These were run by experts from the Southern Netherlands, whom the NHM considered better at mechanical weaving through the local expertise of Lieven Bauwens. The lucky contract winners were Thomas Wilson, whose factory was situated north of what is today the Wilsonplein, Guillaume Jean Poelman, who was in business with his nephew Charles Vervaecke from Ghent and had a factory on what today is", "In 1804, Richard Trevithick designed the first locomotive. The government of the Netherlands was relatively slow to catch up, even though the King feared competition from newly established Belgium if they would construct a railway between Antwerp and other cities. The Dutch parliament balked at the high level of investment needed, but a group of private investors started the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij on 1 June 1836. It took three years to build the first track on the railway, between Haarlem and Amsterdam along the old tow canal called the Haarlemmertrekvaart. The ground there was wet and", "Though the old trekvaart is closed for water traffic today, thanks to these early rail developments, it is still possible to travel by boat from Amsterdam to Haarlem, via the ringvaart or the North Sea Canal. Pleasure boating in the summer has become an important Haarlem tourist attraction, though it is not", "From 1879 the population of the city almost doubled in thirty years, from 36,976 to 69,410 in 1909. Not only did the population grow, but the city was expanding rapidly too. The Leidsebuurt district was incorporated into Haarlem in the 1880s. A small part of (the now defunct) municipality of Schoten was incorporated in 1884 because the council of Haarlem wanted to have the hospital (Het Dolhuys) inside the municipal borders. This hospital was situated at \"het bolwerk\" on Schoten's territory.", "In the beginning of the 20th century the city expanded north. As early as 1905 an official plan was presented by the Haarlem municipality for expansion. However, the surrounding municipalities did not agree, and it would take 25 years to come to an agreement. On 1 May 1927 the municipality of Schoten became part of Haarlem, as well as part of Spaarndam, Bloemendaal and Heemstede. The population increased at once with 31,184 citizens. In", "During World War II, the Dutch heroine Hannie Schaft worked for a Dutch resistance group; she was captured by the Germans and executed just before the end of the war in 1945. Despite her efforts and those of her colleagues and private families such as the Ten Booms, most Haarlem Jews were deported, the Haarlem Synagogue was demolished and the Jewish hospital was annexed by the St. Elisabeth Gasthuis. Several Haarlem families, whether they were politically active in the NSB or not, suffered from random attacks, as the Haarlem writer Harry Mulisch described in his book De Aanslag. Haarlemmers survived during the Hunger Winter by eating tulip bulbs stored in sheds in", "Haarlem never really recovered after the war. After the war much of the large industry moved out of the city, such as the banknote printing firm of Joh. Enschedé. The centre of industry", "Haarlem has had a Christian parish church since the 9th century. This first church was a \"daughter church\" of Velsen, which itself was founded in 695 by St. Willibrord. It was a wooden church at the site of the current \"Grote Kerk\" on the Grote Markt (central market square). Haarlem was granted its first known indulgence by Clement V in 1309, during the Avignon Papacy. In 1245 Haarlem received city rights as a result of population growth and the church was expanded. Later, after the fires of 1347 and 1351, Haarlem was again granted a Portiuncula indulgence in 1397 for funding to rebuild the church. This indulgence would be used again and again over the centuries to fund expansion and restoration activities. Having been granted papal rights from Avignon was perhaps the reason that the ties to Rome were never very strong in Haarlem, since the building most commonly called the \"Cathedral\" in the centre of town only held a cathedra for 19 years, from 1559 to 1578. This Grote Kerk or Sint-Bavokerk was originally a parish church devoted to Maria, but was later named after the patron saint of Haarlem, Saint Bavo, who descended from Heaven regularly to free the Haarlemmers from invaders, most recently when the Kennemers and West-Friesians attacked in 1274. This is allegedly how the Haarlem war cry \"Sint Bavo voor Haarlem\" originated, which was used during the siege against the Spaniards in 1572 that eventually resulted in an underground cathedra called the Sint Josephstatie, on the Goudsmitsplein. The Roman Catholic parish of Haarlem became a Diocese in 1559 (\"Dioecesis Harlemensis\") and the first bishop of Haarlem was Nicolaas van Nieuwland (born in 1510). He accepted the position on 6 November 1561. In 1569 he was advised to resign by the Duke of Alva, because of his reputation for drinking (\"Dronken Klaasje\"). He had a good reason to drown his sorrows, because he feared the Catholic Spanish invaders as much as the native Dutch", "", "There are several museums in Haarlem. The Teylers Museum lies on the Spaarne river and is the oldest museum of the Netherlands. Its main subjects are art, science and natural history, and it owns a number of works by Michelangelo and Rembrandt. Another museum is the Frans Hals Museum of fine arts, with its main location housing Dutch master", "The city contains several theatres, a cinema and other cultural attractions. The Philharmonie is a concert hall in the centre of the city near the Grote Markt. Next to it is the Toneelschuur theatre, which also has some movie theatres (often referred to as the \"Filmschuur\"). The Stadsschouwburg on the Wilsonsplein reopened in 2008 after a major renovation and can seat 698.", "Every year in April the \"bloemencorso\" (flower parade) takes place. Floats decorated with flowers drive from Noordwijk to Haarlem, where they are exhibited for one day. In the same month there is also a funfair organised on the Grote Markt and the Zaanenlaan in Haarlem-Noord. Other festivals are held on the Grote Markt as well, in particular", "Haarlem has many different sport clubs practicing a great diversity of sports. There are several amateur association football clubs. Haarlem also had a professional football club, HFC Haarlem, which went bankrupt in January 2010. Another Haarlem based football club still in existence is Koninklijke HFC (Royal Haarlemsche Football Club). It was founded by Pim Mulier in 1879 as the first football club in the Netherlands, making it", "", "Since the 18th century, Haarlem has historically had more museums per inhabitant than any other city of the Netherlands. It also has the highest number of \"defunct museums\" per inhabitant.", "Haarlem is served by two railway stations of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways). From Haarlem railway station there are 8 trains an hour to Amsterdam, with a journey time of 15 to 20 minutes, 6 trains an hour to Leiden and The Hague (two stations), and 2 trains", "The municipal council of Haarlem consists of 39 seats, which are divided as follows:", "The police services in Haarlem are provided by the Kennemerland police corps. The city", "", "Beer brewing has been a very important industry for Haarlem going back to the 15th century, when there were no fewer than 100 breweries in the", "In 1658, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the Dutch colony of Nieuw Nederland (New Netherland), founded the settlement of Nieuw Haarlem in the northern part of Manhattan Island as an outpost of Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam) at the southern tip of the island. After the English capture of", "On the main square, the Grote Markt, stands a statue of Laurens Janszoon Coster, nicknamed 'Lautje' by locals. Laurens Janszoon Coster is credited with being the inventor of a printing press using", "Haarlem is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69728, 6664, 509, 88303, 237, 70, 5201, 6, 193022, 1830, 136, 47989, 111, 70, 42610, 6661, 45434, 111, 80781, 7, 15, 19279, 771, 9318, 194, 360, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 109208, 23, 57456, 42658, 509, 6782, 4, 136, 10, 45646, 8, 18695, 1916, 34627, 7, 509, 19667, 19, 47, 352, 37873, 903, 5, 581, 69728, 6664, 8, 18695, 933, 300, 86, 193, 191, 34627, 7, 23, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 14361, 9, 115068, 71, 314, 45966, 25072, 38750, 111, 142, 193, 191, 224128, 4, 1697, 19, 47314, 51497, 96090, 20028, 5, 581, 50961, 111, 70, 69728, 6664, 509, 10, 121392, 6, 88981, 5, 6619, 70, 300, 86, 6, 157695, 7, 4, 37195, 621, 81522, 47, 70, 3835, 4, 12638, 678, 6626, 5201, 74912, 7, 136, 10, 92319, 74912, 70488, 100, 4516, 5, 581, 9879, 43333, 70541, 7, 70, 4271, 525, 154630, 42, 111, 70, 1733, 99, 4, 20600, 297, 390, 70, 41267, 66, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 140434, 11037, 124503, 4921, 15, 22144, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 39958, 645, 390, 8643, 7250, 603, 194, 1650, 114864, 1039, 3395, 47, 58359, 70, 184679, 23, 1105, 94131, 5, 581, 57826, 22230, 20600, 297, 23, 70, 31110, 944, 43333, 7, 621, 54940, 70, 4989, 525, 23, 14713, 5, 581, 129058, 83, 4989, 5, 129335, 111, 70, 22759, 2663, 6, 157695, 7, 92635, 79259, 8060, 136, 8311, 329, 621, 959, 9803, 47, 70, 3835, 100, 81900, 89397, 4, 102971, 70, 6, 157695, 99, 70, 120964, 11030, 83, 9803, 47, 70, 3835, 5, 581, 7311, 4331, 35839, 100, 110, 8060, 7, 74, 70, 45646, 509, 42856, 47, 10588, 98, 70, 6, 157695, 7, 5, 38660, 80208, 109921, 77443, 450, 70, 45646, 2806, 765, 24866, 6259, 23, 142, 32382, 15, 32382, 7, 765, 2809, 17164, 297, 23, 199458, 194, 58832, 3365, 316, 1779, 3542, 49814, 47, 69307, 20174, 39746, 7154, 26548, 645, 987, 592, 5, 581, 69728, 6664, 4, 82775, 47, 4568, 37195, 21775, 4, 509, 959, 73872, 297, 47, 188545, 70, 42610, 6661, 45434, 4, 1284, 6863, 5700, 2481, 136, 36272, 7228, 442, 10, 13036, 12830, 111, 70, 80781, 7, 212790, 5, 1650, 7, 219776, 509, 127298, 1305, 5416, 297, 6602, 7103, 6602, 4, 24189, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 207048, 68872, 47, 13695, 442, 5, 33306, 4, 100, 6, 95037, 939, 5369, 4, 10176, 121097, 4488, 509, 16940, 5, 3311, 70, 15504, 111, 70, 212010, 316, 4, 70, 11341, 111, 70, 33976, 1902, 150844, 3674, 136, 10, 199083, 40964, 1363, 509, 127124, 538, 44841, 5, 853, 10167, 1363, 111, 70, 69728, 6664, 80723, 23, 11994, 4821, 74, 442, 509, 155738, 47, 70, 3835, 23, 18374, 4, 136, 47143, 297, 155738, 24189, 543, 22482, 30739, 581, 40964, 1363, 99201, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 30958, 297, 81406, 155434, 7, 98, 70, 6, 157695, 7, 678, 1924, 73, 9393, 158285, 5, 2161, 952, 14487, 73584, 70, 3525, 69728, 6664, 98145, 6, 177476, 509, 3034, 297, 5, 581, 6, 230185, 7, 111, 12638, 6, 157695, 3542, 127918, 678, 148734, 10393, 320, 158285, 182482, 4, 23, 3129, 8908, 6, 177476, 509, 78779, 297, 5, 581, 8908, 38415, 166116, 1636, 70, 11876, 16145, 99, 17431, 5, 581, 22729, 7, 831, 2843, 30128, 134477, 13, 79850, 707, 23, 15504, 7, 99, 12638, 6, 230185, 4, 128201, 6953, 70, 37457, 111, 142, 77556, 19, 10932, 6863, 56458, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 30839, 25297, 51517, 360, 519, 23788, 107, 75935, 6, 177476, 36746, 7, 136, 59720, 7, 100, 70, 14566, 111, 70, 33976, 5, 2161, 616, 22482, 65942, 70, 69728, 6664, 509, 51521, 538, 456, 59636, 297, 390, 7068, 9, 112079, 329, 143464, 4, 136, 98, 543, 22482, 65942, 442, 142096, 13438, 47, 70, 3835, 5, 581, 40964, 1363, 11034, 2505, 4046, 19879, 5, 80781, 7, 136, 70, 69728, 6664, 56187, 72090, 1632, 9, 95037, 71, 111, 70, 84458, 4, 70, 41267, 66, 27759, 82466, 71, 6626, 50960, 7, 5, 717, 4358, 8783, 100, 70, 40964, 1363, 4, 126371, 111, 70, 10332, 81406, 182482, 3542, 54324, 47, 70, 3835, 237, 90907, 7, 5, 6561, 1927, 1463, 35975, 63847, 1672, 4989, 54324, 100, 2505, 93712, 5, 2161, 70, 46505, 111, 70, 456, 59636, 214, 4, 10, 116, 2714, 159202, 4935, 43780, 8, 18695, 1916, 70, 33976, 509, 31089, 71, 4, 23, 11994, 65942, 47, 176016, 70, 40964, 1363, 5, 145733, 70, 69728, 6664, 8, 18695, 933, 142, 193, 191, 25072, 38750, 4, 70, 16446, 7, 3542, 7311, 538, 26580, 71, 678, 81406, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 4821, 1104, 22435, 40964, 1363, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 81406, 509, 91995, 71, 678, 1924, 73, 9393, 158285, 4, 3129, 83, 102917, 538, 193, 191, 5, 18852, 90825, 4, 12960, 70, 28368, 111, 69728, 6664, 509, 19667, 19, 47, 8, 18695, 18, 70, 22, 927, 86840, 39, 111, 70, 69728, 1771, 72944, 4, 193, 191, 83, 959, 136, 53418, 186, 11814, 237, 160692, 23, 72249, 132539, 7, 5, 6619, 70, 37195, 6, 157695, 7, 81522, 47, 70, 3835, 12, 167403, 594, 4, 199458, 25, 7, 100510, 100, 43799, 214, 112341, 7, 4, 1556, 63043, 297, 214574, 91768, 289, 57266, 38109, 98, 756, 42238, 5256, 111, 70, 29569, 1829, 70, 14098, 46684, 69891, 7, 38927, 67081, 15, 94851, 194, 1326, 27781, 4, 167403, 594, 31089, 71, 10, 35968, 450, 10, 14098, 46684, 4165, 87388, 756, 43079, 111, 70, 69728, 6664, 1295, 6863, 37967, 5, 581, 4165, 45739, 71, 390, 456, 133266, 214, 756, 6044, 43079, 678, 10, 1631, 592, 959, 47, 5646, 81828, 7, 111, 70, 69728, 6664, 4, 136, 450, 62, 5, 294, 5, 571, 5, 866, 5, 69728, 6664, 1221, 29741, 2174, 398, 7639, 2856, 47, 35672, 5, 167403, 594, 39563, 297, 450, 168081, 83, 56065, 5, 2552, 17463, 55168, 1505, 5761, 456, 79466, 98, 70, 96704, 297, 112341, 167934, 98, 70, 69728, 6664, 25, 7, 4165, 29458, 47, 44, 158559, 13, 75073, 740, 581, 70832, 7, 111, 41267, 66, 604, 14, 16852, 4, 48143, 45434, 15, 5868, 592, 70, 836, 927, 204320, 204657, 7, 111, 45434, 9318, 247, 23, 70, 26349, 111, 1215, 47515, 33, 171530, 10, 44, 93782, 6, 32527, 70773, 153350, 58, 390, 113292, 3395, 47, 25379, 23, 2363, 10332, 81828, 7, 111, 70, 69728, 6664, 136, 50336, 297, 805, 211488, 21777, 47, 112518, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 69728, 6664, 15, 1388, 83, 10, 3551, 10015, 33976, 23, 80781, 7, 15, 80172, 735, 316, 247, 7311, 538, 64549, 297, 100, 70, 42610, 80781, 7, 6661, 26, 7, 34997, 15, 19279, 771, 9318, 194, 1650, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 28240, 1428, 22387, 8918, 4, 7440, 70, 80788, 1363, 34739, 3687, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 10, 59052, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Construction and Expo 58.", "Renovation (2004–2006).", "Interior.", "Worldwide copyright claims." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 World Expo of Brussels (Expo 58). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was chosen to embody this. The Atomium depicts nine iron atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic unit cell of an iron crystal, magnified 165 billion times. The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. Of the nine spheres, six are accessible to the public, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. The central tube contains the fastest elevator of the time at, installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are among the longest in Europe. The biggest is long. Three of the four top spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons, although the sphere at the pinnacle is open to the public. The original design called for no supports; the structure was simply to rest on the spheres. Wind tunnel tests proved that the structure would have toppled in an wind ( winds have been recorded in Belgium). Support columns were added to achieve enough resistance against overturning. The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World Expo, but its popularity and success made it a major element of the Brussels landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done.", "By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel. On 21 December 2005, the new Atomium outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an electron around its core. In addition, the German industrial designer Ingo Maure created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building. On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, the Belgian government financed two thirds. To help pay for the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about long sold for €1,000. On the occasion of the reopening, a 2 euro commemorative coin depicting the building was issued, in March 2006, to celebrate the renovation. Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the balls were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in nuclear reactions.", "Of the six spheres accessible to the public:", "SABAM, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide intellectual property rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States Artists Rights Society (ARS). For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages. The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue if you show them to anyone. SABAM confirmed that permission is required. Ralf Ziegermann remarked on the complicated copyright instructions on the Atomium's website specific to \"private pictures\". The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of Mechelen announced a \"cultural guerrilla strike\" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 photoshoppers to paint over the balls. SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes. Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to \"complications\" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM. Mechelen's Mayor, Bart Somers, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd. From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions: In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party Open Vld, proposed a bill to enable Freedom of Panorama in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59665, 7, 111, 70, 984, 138, 5843, 144851, 4420, 47, 6661, 5550, 87, 3229, 6, 101956, 25877, 50216, 82775, 10, 14012, 111, 12403, 214, 139098, 7, 241599, 148814, 538, 22648, 19, 25793, 14191, 7, 136, 14432, 4, 4743, 47, 44402, 678, 70, 22648, 91, 44645, 7, 4, 153981, 87907, 7, 5, 6505, 4545, 87907, 7, 3542, 11814, 98, 2684, 111, 70, 6024, 9, 128897, 25877, 50216, 12403, 214, 139098, 7, 450, 134629, 4, 26719, 70, 103210, 65771, 984, 821, 44, 97207, 58, 136, 70, 67722, 1771, 984, 1193, 5, 581, 148814, 25793, 14191, 22648, 4, 179140, 47, 27169, 67, 121, 172, 9523, 24911, 1295, 70, 87907, 167969, 4, 509, 37842, 23, 70, 80343, 1284, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 984, 616, 4, 136, 28, 10617, 27686, 4, 69323, 35975, 22648, 91, 44645, 7, 237, 14432, 11814, 23, 70, 984, 138, 5843, 24124, 4527, 23, 70, 456, 147, 87907, 7, 111, 70, 22759, 9, 128897, 71, 4, 138241, 14534, 153981, 9, 5259, 6056, 984, 1381, 12403, 214, 139098, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 92940, 7, 47, 903, 4331, 645, 70, 1286, 89160, 5426, 111, 22466, 214, 1632, 87907, 98, 12638, 6, 14775, 4, 70, 2684, 5526, 8035, 14537, 1295, 6626, 87907, 7, 678, 70, 116619, 16128, 15, 2940, 4911, 7, 24911, 16, 111, 10, 11001, 9, 128897, 4331, 4, 6, 190358, 100, 77546, 23718, 5, 1650, 2843, 13695, 7, 70, 57888, 111, 70, 138241, 14537, 48538, 7, 43573, 4, 707, 98, 4, 70, 1831, 56379, 27585, 2256, 4, 118055, 70, 21972, 34515, 154186, 47, 10, 89160, 138241, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 10, 11001, 87907, 137578, 14602, 959, 37105, 47, 10, 230612, 238, 5675, 43245, 4, 136, 23, 3638, 113014, 2685, 83, 110, 2043, 9983, 944, 4, 221, 70, 47880, 83, 23468, 47, 34831, 5, 581, 22759, 9, 7102, 40404, 5423, 111, 119653, 5037, 6, 46741, 71579, 7, 23, 70, 984, 138, 5843, 25, 7, 456, 147, 57574, 13, 23573, 4331, 99201, 10, 6272, 29088, 79259, 2270, 1104, 32721, 820, 10, 89845, 38526, 47, 13452, 7565, 19364, 7, 1295, 70, 120069, 456, 147, 111, 70, 57574, 13, 23573, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 59959, 70, 456, 147, 25793, 14191, 1295, 142, 27998, 289, 61585, 153350, 98, 5646, 16713, 5, 581, 169424, 111, 70, 456, 147, 25944, 56, 25793, 14191, 2843, 20777, 297, 70, 125034, 100, 142, 28, 236, 10763, 40, 257, 100, 46002, 144281, 1295, 10, 82649, 71, 1831, 56379, 4, 136, 4331, 214, 70, 456, 147, 25793, 14191, 136, 18972, 2317, 2270, 6, 121147, 7, 47, 4527, 24649, 29888, 90445, 7, 47, 55, 3771, 1681, 2856, 8108, 142, 28, 236, 10763, 509, 81887, 297, 46, 237, 5299, 237, 138241, 831, 2146, 53, 55, 3771, 1681, 21962, 7, 4, 1632, 117, 5609, 105866, 47, 40101, 5609, 111, 70, 40225, 99070, 6295, 14566, 1660, 35064, 70, 78, 42458, 111, 70, 43606, 9, 91133, 32382, 86667, 25, 7, 5609, 7, 4, 47, 55, 3771, 1681, 70, 831, 2146, 53, 1295, 10, 13784, 70, 99070, 6295, 8108, 28, 236, 10763, 5, 360, 34578, 4, 25877, 50216, 509, 86352, 20697, 98, 70, 436, 5, 12975, 11192, 9, 175870, 62825, 42, 13452, 4, 3129, 60213, 71, 70, 153981, 87907, 108802, 5, 360, 27712, 4, 764, 62458, 297, 10, 3034, 1831, 56379, 4, 20903, 538, 3299, 297, 98, 70, 1831, 160328, 111, 70, 39395, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 25877, 50216, 984, 729, 62825, 42, 1284, 4734, 24051, 111, 70, 13267, 111, 70, 150679, 62825, 42, 4, 678, 110, 37511, 242554, 337, 34204, 111, 2499, 12096, 98, 70, 6, 14775, 16138, 7, 15, 2347, 7311, 984, 729, 1902, 138241, 87907, 24, 34680, 90, 98, 6863, 148, 5180, 16, 136, 112031, 71, 678, 10, 41499, 238, 22819, 1927, 75457, 132260, 72397, 47, 44622, 67, 1919, 23755, 100, 174548, 70, 456, 147, 25944, 56, 25793, 14191, 678, 142, 87907, 105866, 2060, 16065, 1295, 442, 4, 8305, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 4989, 69323, 35975, 22648, 7, 44645, 5, 3293, 1831, 56379, 4, 70, 23912, 26783, 33, 23912, 483, 4, 168360, 110, 51, 2472, 61750, 34844, 3387, 678, 903, 70767, 4, 1284, 4488, 98, 70, 436, 5, 12975, 509, 118066, 23, 39395, 27712, 3229, 143695, 28227, 214, 12989, 297, 70, 126136, 1363, 111, 756, 77635, 450, 2806, 959, 186, 140528, 28032, 10, 6602, 707, 221, 5, 360, 4347, 37719, 4, 25877, 50216, 230121, 142, 150011, 11389, 678, 10, 75534, 5279, 4700, 4, 5955, 96, 275, 16, 54330, 63033, 237, 70, 436, 5, 304, 5016, 4, 23, 57553, 47, 10, 64209, 674, 100, 10, 11001, 40, 257, 4, 44, 25452, 69527, 96946, 56, 58, 9, 5062, 11192, 9, 175870, 62825, 42, 64, 73, 106813, 56, 5, 581, 436, 5, 304, 5016, 152132, 509, 133291, 237, 70, 159690, 7103, 186, 26518, 43876, 4331, 7, 1295, 62, 16211, 4, 13328, 25306, 4, 136, 54231, 18337, 619, 72476, 7, 34754, 18264, 509, 70318, 297, 4, 390, 70, 627, 37150, 83, 1159, 214, 70, 25877, 50216, 11037, 70, 1831, 160328, 35707, 1405, 14012, 44, 1019, 8316, 5843, 830, 100, 2367, 2806, 24209, 51529, 237, 70, 984, 138, 5843, 5, 360, 10, 89583, 19, 37719, 4, 25877, 50216, 509, 30745, 450, 70, 984, 138, 5843, 509, 110, 51713, 56065, 4, 136, 64457, 10, 6024, 9, 516, 133, 6, 202523, 35509, 98, 70, 5701, 4537, 108802, 2806, 186, 68186, 71, 5, 3293, 8, 5259, 297, 70, 160469, 13, 117989, 237, 442, 509, 73197, 297, 100, 70, 3525, 31486, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 10, 951, 13, 9, 121147, 3398, 35975, 180586, 100, 70, 40225, 87907, 15, 561, 206, 1884, 10, 3314, 432, 112713, 9, 62783, 297, 3314, 14073, 4, 707, 3314, 432, 112486, 9, 62783, 297, 147903, 350, 9, 1456, 202, 420, 563, 434, 36084, 397, 15205, 16, 136, 10, 6272, 29088, 9, 3125, 184, 23573, 6, 121147, 1831, 7, 116159, 297, 180586, 59720, 100, 21185, 214, 70, 456, 147, 87907, 15, 11, 7340, 101098, 1884, 450, 98, 10, 436, 9, 11703, 41109, 449, 16, 509, 117781, 5844, 5, 14847, 112031, 71, 678, 57976, 1496, 363, 284, 87907, 7, 75060, 214, 70247, 2525, 7940, 15, 133063, 19308, 57875, 4, 70247, 4046, 118258, 16, 99, 5646, 16713, 442, 1902, 10, 80836, 111, 70, 142105, 2837, 23935, 674, 15, 257, 5896, 5, 12744, 116380, 7, 16, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 25877, 50216, 984, 138, 5843, 44, 683, 135191, 58, 24073, 7614, 15555, 18939, 509, 10, 83572, 102126, 6661, 5550, 1995, 99162, 6, 202523, 88303, 390, 70, 25877, 50216, 14380, 5, 581, 6626, 9, 184, 46429, 124287, 11389, 509, 35839, 44, 284, 282, 5824, 114757, 58, 24073, 66, 156591, 51029, 581, 44, 683, 135191, 58, 7, 23718, 509, 5045, 11522, 3501, 3789, 138241, 9, 128897, 4331, 7, 4743, 47, 6863, 36998, 25944, 9, 6645, 141, 180346, 136, 70, 92319, 37511, 242554, 24911, 111, 70, 23, 9, 2256, 6, 143420, 674, 111, 70, 6626, 87907, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 83572, 102126, 25, 7, 4271, 525, 6244, 1507, 9, 128897, 71, 1831, 56379, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 581, 44, 21086, 2480, 634, 16670, 58, 509, 145342, 13, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Flight tests.", "Surviving aircraft." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The origins of the Do 335 trace back to World War I when Claude Dornier designed a number of flying boats featuring remotely driven propellers and later, due to problems with the drive shafts, tandem engines. Tandem engines were used on most of the multi-engine Dornier flying boats that followed, including the highly successful Do J \"Wal\" and the gigantic Do X. The remote propeller drive, intended to eliminate parasitic drag from the engine entirely, was tried in the innovative but unsuccessful Do 14, and elongated, tubular drive shafts as later used in the Do 335 saw use in the rear engines of the four-engined, twinned tandem-layout Do 26 flying boat. There are many advantages to this design over the more traditional system of placing one engine on each wing, the most important being power from two engines with the frontal area (and thus drag) of a single-engine design, allowing for higher performance. It also keeps the weight of the twin powerplants near, or on, the aircraft centerline, increasing the roll rate compared to a traditional twin. In addition, a single engine failure does not lead to asymmetric thrust, and in normal flight there is no net torque, so the plane is easy to handle. The four-surface set of cruciform tail surfaces in the Do 335's rear fuselage design included a ventral vertical fin–rudder assembly to project downwards from the extreme rear of the fuselage, in order to protect the rear propeller from an accidental ground strike on takeoff. The presence of the rear pusher propeller also mandated the provision for an ejection seat for safe escape from a damaged aircraft, and designing the rear propeller and dorsal fin mounts to use explosive bolts to jettison them before an ejection was attempted – as well as twin canopy jettison levers, one per side located to either side of the forward cockpit interior just below the sills of the five-panel windscreen's sides, to jettison the canopy from atop the cockpit before ejection. In 1939, Dornier was busy working on the P.59 high-speed bomber project, which featured the tandem engine layout. In 1940, he commissioned a test aircraft, closely modeled on the airframe of the early versions of the Dornier Do 17 bomber but only 40% of the size of the larger bomber, with no aerodynamic bodies of any sort on the wing panels (the original Do 17 had twin engine nacelles on its wings) and fitted with a retractable tricycle landing gear to validate his concept for turning the rear pusher propeller with an engine located far away from it, through the use of a long tubular driveshaft. This aircraft, the Göppingen Gö 9, showed no unforeseen difficulties with this arrangement, but work on the P.59 was stopped in early 1940 when Hermann Göring ordered the cancellation of all projects that would not be completed within a year or so. In May 1942, Dornier submitted an updated version with a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombload as the P.231, in response to a requirement for a single seat, \"Schnellbomber\"-like high-speed bomber/intruder. The P.231 proposal was selected as the winner after beating rival designs from Arado, Junkers, and Blohm & Voss development contract was awarded, by the RLM issuing the Dornier firm the airframe approval number \"8-335\", for what would become known as the Do 335. In autumn 1942, Dornier was told that the Do 335 was no longer required, and instead a multi-role fighter based on the same general layout would be accepted. This delayed the prototype delivery as it was modified for the new role. The use of a nose-mount annular radiator for the forward engine (much like a Jumo 211-powered Ju 88, or Jumo 213-powered Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9) and a ventral-fuselage mount airscooped radiator installation for cooling the rear engine (appearing like that on a P-51 Mustang) was distinctive. When fitted with DB 603A engines delivering 1,750 PS (1,287 kW, 1,726 hp) at takeoff it had a pair of the largest displacement (at 44.52 litres) inverted V12 aircraft engine design mass-produced during the Third Reich's existence. The Do 335 V1 first prototype, bearing the \"Stammkennzeichen\" (factory radio code) of CP+UA, flew on 26 October 1943 under the control of \"Flugkapitän\" Hans Dieterle, a regular Heinkel test pilot and later primary Dornier test pilot. However, several problems during the initial flight of the Do 335 would continue to plague the aircraft through most of its short history. Issues were found with the weak landing gear and with the main gear's wheel well doors, resulting in them being removed for the remainder of the V1's test flights. The Do 335 V1 made 27 flights, flown by three different pilots. During these test flights the V2 (W.Nr 230002), \"Stammkennzeichen\" CP+UB was completed and made its first flight on 31 December 1943, again under the control of Dieterle. New to the V2 were upgraded DB 603A-2 engines, and several refinements learned from the test flights of the V1 as well as further windtunnel testing. On 20 January 1944, the Do 335 V3 (W.Nr. 230004), \"Stammkennzeichen\" CP+UC was completed and flown for its first time by Werner Altrogge. The V3 was powered by the new pre-production DB 603G-0 engines which could produce at take-off and featured a slightly redesigned canopy which included twin rear-view mirrors in blisters, one in each of two matching side panels of the well-framed, eleven-panel main canopy's openable section. Following the flights of the V3, in mid January 1944, RLM ordered five more prototypes (V21–V25), to be built as night fighters. By this time, more than 60 hours of flight time had been put on the Do 335 and reports showed it to be a good handling, but more importantly, very fast aircraft, described by \"Generalfeldmarschall\" Erhard Milch himself as \"...holding its own in speed and altitude with the P-38 and it does not suffer from engine reliability issues\". Thus the Do 335 was scheduled to begin mass construction, with the initial order of 120 preproduction aircraft to be manufactured by DWF (Dornier-Werke Friedrichshafen) to be completed no later than March 1946. This number included a number of bombers, destroyers (heavy fighters), and several yet to be developed variants. At the same time, DWM (Dornier-Werke München) was scheduled to build over 2000 Do 335s in various models, due for delivery in March 1946 as well. On 23 May 1944, Hitler, as part of the developing \"Jägernotprogramm\" (Emergency Fighter Program) directive, which took effect on 3 July, ordered maximum priority to be given to Do 335 production. The main production line was intended to be at Manzell, but a bombing raid in March destroyed the tooling and forced Dornier to set up a new line at Oberpfaffenhofen. The decision was made, along with the rapid shut-down of many other military aircraft development programs, to cancel the Heinkel He 219 night fighter, which also used the DB 603 engines (in well-unitized installations), and use its production facilities for the Do 335 as well. However, Ernst Heinkel managed to delay, and eventually ignore, its implementation, continuing to produce examples of the He 219A. At least 16 prototype Do 335s were known to have flown (V1–V12, W.Nr 230001-230012 and \"Muster\"-series prototypes M13–M17, W.Nr 230013-230017) on a number of DB603 engine subtypes including the DB 603A, A-2, G-0, E and E-1. The first preproduction Do 335 (A-0s) starting with W.Nr 240101, \"Stammkennzeichen\" VG+PG, were delivered in July 1944. Approximately 22 preproduction aircraft were thought to have been completed and flown before the end of the war, including approximately 11 A-0s converted to A-11s for training purposes. One such aircraft was transferred to the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough, and later, after a rear-engine fire burnt through the elevator controls during a flight, crashed onto a local school.", "The first 10 Do 335 A-0s were delivered for testing in May. By late 1944, the Do 335 A-1 was on the production line. It was similar to the A-0 but with the uprated DB 603E-1 engines of some 1,324 kW (1,800 PS) take-off power rating apiece on 87 octane \"B4\" lignite-derived synthetic fuel, and two underwing hardpoints for additional bombs, drop tanks or guns. It had a maximum speed of 763 km/h (474 mph) at 6 500 m (21 300 ft) with MW 50 boost, or 686 km/h (426 mph) without boost, and climbed to 8 000 m (26 250 ft) in under 15 minutes. Even with one engine out, it reached about 563 km/h (350 mph). Delivery commenced in January 1945. When the United States Army overran the Oberpfaffenhofen factory in late April 1945, only 11 Do 335 A-1 single-seat fighter-bombers and two Do 335 A-12 trainers had been completed. French ace Pierre Clostermann claimed the first Allied combat encounter with a \"Pfeil\" in April 1945. He describes leading a flight of four Hawker Tempests from No. 3 Squadron RAF over northern Germany, when they came across an unknown aircraft flying at maximum speed at treetop level. Detecting the British aircraft, the German pilot reversed course to evade. Two pilots fired on the Dornier but Clostermann, despite the Tempests' considerable low altitude speed, decided not to attempt to chase it as it was obviously much faster.", "Only one Do 335 survives, the second preproduction Do 335 A-0, designated A-02, with construction number (\"Werknummer\") 240 102, and factory radio code registration, or \"Stammkennzeichen\", of VG+PH. The aircraft was assembled at the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Bavaria on 16 April 1945. It was captured by Allied forces at the plant on 22 April 1945. VG+PH was one of two Do 335s to be shipped to the United States aboard the Royal Navy escort carrier, along with other captured German aircraft, to be used for testing and evaluation under a USAAF program called \"Operation Lusty\". One Do 335 (registration FE-1012) went to the USAAF and was tested in early 1946 at Freeman Field, Indiana, USA. Its fate is not recorded. VG+PH went to the Navy for evaluation and was sent to the Test and Evaluation Center, Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Maryland, USA. Following testing from 1945 to 1948, the aircraft languished in outside storage at Naval Air Station Norfolk. In 1961, it was donated to the Smithsonian's National Air Museum, though it remained in deteriorating condition at Norfolk for several more years before being moved to the National Air and Space Museum's storage facility in Suitland, Maryland. In October 1974, VG+PH was returned to the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (then building the Alpha Jet) for a complete restoration. In 1975, the aircraft was restored by Dornier employees, many of whom had worked on the airplane originally. They were surprised that the explosive charges built into the aircraft to blow off the dorsal fin and rear propeller prior to pilot ejection were still installed and active 30 years later. Following restoration the completed Do 335 was displayed at the Hannover, Germany Airshow from 1 May to 9 May 1976. After the air show, the aircraft was loaned to the Deutsches Museum in Munich, where it was on display until 1988, when it was shipped back to Silver Hill, Maryland. VG+PH can be seen today in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum alongside other unique late-war German aircraft, such as the only known example of the Arado Ar 234 B-2 \"Blitz\" jet reconnaissance-bomber, and the fully restored fuselage and tail surfaces of the only complete surviving Heinkel He 219A \"Uhu\" (Eagle-Owl) night fighter (the wings and engines/nacelles are still undergoing restoration)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 20654, 37838, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 160600, 2355, 988, 7, 28114, 2179, 15, 158271, 64372, 247, 70, 123055, 28088, 111, 160600, 44109, 7, 4713, 195, 8986, 87, 136, 1995, 5, 62, 1286, 29458, 91067, 1543, 186, 47, 4713, 195, 8986, 1995, 111, 40708, 11, 4, 10, 128464, 271, 136, 29874, 25188, 56, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 14877, 77269, 5, 581, 85792, 1771, 31358, 7, 111, 3060, 114149, 621, 11814, 100, 12564, 141775, 214, 5, 17006, 114149, 765, 142, 111531, 114309, 90365, 5, 44, 284, 5, 8167, 37545, 94739, 58, 15, 867, 75334, 16, 83, 38134, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 173618, 53, 604, 275, 4, 106480, 5526, 23, 92265, 57409, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 129474, 164, 58, 15, 561, 177, 88073, 16, 509, 11814, 47, 456, 5310, 4122, 4188, 15, 561, 177, 977, 4122, 429, 247, 18738, 162, 136, 2080, 127, 7, 4, 143232, 11324, 7, 4, 136, 23, 12562, 14775, 15, 561, 177, 88073, 115393, 4, 842, 177, 88073, 108069, 16, 237, 10, 65669, 1459, 26548, 10756, 5465, 7, 136, 17431, 1727, 90, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 1563, 1596, 4450, 316, 58, 83, 11814, 47, 3249, 70, 103210, 6, 114680, 52101, 7, 1563, 1596, 2347, 5, 3658, 44285, 2843, 70541, 7, 11324, 25876, 5, 581, 121910, 7737, 493, 111443, 15, 820, 14, 4126, 1295, 70, 30839, 2565, 44, 126196, 14311, 830, 44, 142584, 25876, 18939, 83, 10, 108069, 196634, 297, 678, 85792, 1771, 604, 16145, 4, 1284, 7311, 538, 678, 11324, 25876, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 135197, 90, 35481, 58, 15, 62600, 11324, 25876, 4, 707, 44, 7816, 13, 402, 58, 23, 197212, 16, 83, 142, 85792, 1771, 604, 275, 23, 15386, 79357, 47, 70, 102256, 24453, 11814, 23, 26156, 4, 56104, 678, 4090, 5, 62, 10846, 114149, 621, 55993, 19, 237, 122360, 289, 18153, 7, 4, 70, 5885, 9, 22829, 34, 2822, 64333, 11814, 100, 34196, 20051, 132988, 214, 5, 3164, 55993, 2965, 23, 4092, 9, 3041, 14653, 19096, 53, 221, 379, 4, 51, 2875, 3675, 29367, 4, 136, 23, 4393, 4262, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 91151, 78833, 58, 83, 51529, 237, 786, 8946, 102617, 4, 1284, 40368, 3789, 114149, 81148, 450, 9351, 4, 26719, 44, 6979, 127199, 13, 11, 5786, 14488, 58, 15, 12654, 5, 44, 294, 1151, 3521, 15812, 42, 6232, 74054, 44, 113020, 1151, 109728, 1651, 58, 15, 12654, 5, 44, 866, 4652, 2706, 109728, 1651, 74054, 136, 44, 441, 20789, 3408, 11, 15812, 42, 6232, 740, 581, 142105, 42486, 111, 38043, 4713, 195, 8986, 114149, 4, 1614, 16711, 3387, 136, 98174, 4295, 83, 34658, 23, 70, 9907, 68220, 111, 4713, 195, 8986, 23, 35340, 111443, 4, 262, 8540, 4, 17274, 4, 3129, 16401, 7, 1672, 4082, 36235, 5, 581, 9907, 68220, 150370, 83, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 75628, 182999, 15, 82772, 538, 9907, 70615, 100, 78771, 1363, 111, 75628, 7, 136, 38666, 7, 4, 541, 191222, 724, 16, 23, 70, 56101, 2071, 1577, 5, 28114, 266, 8144, 15, 161063, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 3398, 3116, 18939, 136, 30057, 42991, 621, 10, 21115, 111, 217773, 7, 678, 70, 2684, 25545, 22631, 111, 756, 43581, 97957, 11814, 47, 85689, 960, 6232, 5, 183367, 7, 70541, 214, 142, 10234, 266, 8144, 30057, 4935, 15, 10845, 266, 8144, 9, 277, 7568, 2320, 6, 88562, 7, 16, 621, 5036, 5570, 39734, 214574, 100, 960, 6232, 143434, 390, 44, 683, 2512, 432, 28483, 11944, 25258, 25759, 740, 1650, 1556, 2809, 127887, 450, 28271, 95, 2407, 4713, 195, 8986, 3398, 3116, 51312, 7, 10234, 266, 8144, 3530, 5528, 379, 41159, 4, 20662, 442, 1286, 60266, 5, 3145, 35485, 214, 44, 23825, 195, 66677, 3398, 3116, 58, 237, 19014, 71, 28271, 31358, 7, 1543, 22304, 39746, 7154, 47, 85493, 1286, 191975, 3501, 2174, 442, 83, 606, 35485, 297, 237, 34166, 10234, 22283, 73, 5, 145761, 71, 95, 2407, 44, 23825, 195, 66677, 58, 1543, 2843, 186, 98893, 23, 50218, 7440, 70, 960, 6232, 1556, 24209, 39746, 1236, 47, 10234, 266, 8144, 162515, 6, 106864, 136, 69542, 1946, 67, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 6, 15347, 58, 136, 3789, 25074, 6661, 114149, 621, 70, 31344, 111, 70, 2874, 6865, 54216, 75708, 48683, 146585, 694, 5, 76438, 842, 177, 88073, 4, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 79459, 2387, 830, 83, 11814, 23, 89160, 76438, 54411, 5, 360, 324, 329, 4, 10234, 32707, 11, 3540, 2298, 3679, 12613, 19, 4969, 15, 284, 5, 3540, 2298, 3679, 16, 1556, 2809, 14037, 47, 765, 6, 114680, 6250, 4935, 9, 3038, 254, 157, 9523, 93425, 4, 3129, 621, 31895, 2450, 3674, 8305, 139642, 1363, 111, 70, 527, 49068, 137376, 9, 313, 141, 45339, 86723, 27140, 5, 360, 12540, 7, 4, 44, 10845, 32707, 11, 235920, 11, 58, 1556, 48588, 141, 93425, 23, 6, 241866, 70, 205850, 289, 194923, 111, 6, 178851, 1212, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 3398, 3116, 58, 83, 8035, 90698, 237, 10, 7722, 39734, 100, 8244, 74116, 8363, 5, 1301, 111, 18237, 11075, 2685, 83, 110, 77950, 450, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 831, 85689, 707, 56282, 8244, 74116, 8363, 5, 262, 61518, 903, 4, 242964, 80723, 218343, 136, 15917, 1916, 70, 63896, 23417, 1311, 5518, 9, 100222, 28021, 23, 7071, 83489, 8622, 621, 50509, 7, 645, 38134, 21329, 712, 127689, 111, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 197108, 214, 39746, 7154, 47, 28114, 266, 8144, 23, 70, 960, 6232, 121, 11090, 5, 3775, 163414, 329, 34, 70760, 97264, 111, 10234, 266, 8144, 6044, 237, 130090, 7, 4, 120, 162, 4, 136, 23, 92105, 7, 1543, 8337, 1614, 126472, 1771, 655, 90, 3129, 5809, 1119, 11, 3443, 99500, 70, 39746, 7154, 2967, 5, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 1556, 2809, 119056, 136, 11814, 23, 5700, 29394, 100, 202032, 90, 5, 62, 10846, 27781, 7, 621, 12, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 114149, 6867, 98, 11907, 72852, 40494, 149397, 49086, 11, 4, 136, 765, 24209, 2831, 111, 5941, 49347, 16751, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 237, 10, 16750, 5, 873, 17336, 83, 82424, 10, 2878, 289, 21455, 111, 70, 131011, 111, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 114149, 23, 49347, 16751, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 23924, 15672, 74242, 25443, 111, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 58, 360, 23924, 21629, 4, 40368, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4713, 195, 8986, 83, 10, 21334, 4, 9789, 107396, 111, 18153, 7, 678, 17721, 1781, 136, 4082, 114149, 66165, 81551, 47, 70, 48, 164, 53, 14449, 62, 1515, 189956, 5, 151301, 123055, 100, 67842, 114149, 23, 70, 107396, 26698, 842, 177, 88073, 4, 11324, 25876, 4, 136, 57, 43559, 86532, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Cultivation and uses.", "Medicinal.", "Culture.", "Ecology.", "Classification.", "\"Tridentatae\".", "\"Seriphidium\".", "Subgenus \"Dracunculus\"." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The name \"Artemisia\" ultimately derives from the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II. A more specific reference may be to Artemisia II of Caria, a botanist and medical researcher who died in 350 BC.", "The aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. \"A. dracunculus\" (tarragon) is widely used as a culinary herb, particularly important in French cuisine. \"Artemisia vulgaris\" (mugwort) was used to repel midges (mug > midge), fleas and moths, intestinal worms, and in brewing (mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares. \"Artemisia absinthium\" is used to make the highly potent spirits absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word \"Wermut\", \"wormwood\") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood. \"Artemisia arborescens\" (tree wormwood, or \"sheeba\" in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint. A few species are grown as ornamental plants, the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun. \"Artemisia stelleriana\" is known as Dusty Miller, but several other species bear that name, including \"Jacobaea maritima\" (syn. \"Senecio cineraria\"), \"Silene coronaria\" (syn. \"Lychnis coronaria\"), and \"Centaurea cineraria\". The largest collection of living Artemisia species, subspecies and cultivars is held in the National Collection of Artemisia in Sidmouth, Devon, UK, which holds about 400 taxa. The National Collection scheme is administered by Plant Heritage (formerly National Council for Conservation of Plants and Gardens, NCCPG) in the British Isles.", "Artemisinin (from \"Artemisia annua\") and derivatives are a group of compounds with the most rapid action of all current agents used to treat malaria. Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by \"Plasmodium falciparum\". It has been shown that whole leaf Artemisia annua increases artemisinin bioavailability, making it more effective. Administering \"Artemesia annua\" as dried whole leaves may cause resistance to develop more slowly than if it is administered as pure artemisenin. Dried leaf \"Artemesia\" may also be helpful in cases where the malaria has become resistant to artemisinin combination therapy and artesunate. \"Artemisia cina\" and other Old World species are the source of the antihelminthic drug santonin. Chinese mugwort, \"Artemisia argyi\", is used in traditional Chinese medicine. In mice, artemisia capillaris Thunberg (A. capillaris) has been found to have potent sedative-hypnotic effects, which are probably mediated through potentiation of the GABA receptor- Cl ion channel complex. In rats, \"artemisia austriaca\" has beneficial effects in reducing the withdrawal syndrome of morphine. \"Artemisia annua\" is being considered as a possible treatment for COVID-19. As of June 2020 there is no evidence that \"Artemisia\" can treat or prevent COVID-19. Despite this, Madagascar began manufacturing and distributing the herbal drink Covid-Organics in April 2020. There are concerns over widespread usage of \"Artemisia\" accelerating resistance to Artemisinin in the malaria parasite. Nonpharmaceutical sources of artemisinin such as juices, teas, and infusions may give subtherapeutic doses which could exacerbate the resistance problem.", "\"Artemisia\" has been mentioned and used in popular culture for centuries. A few examples are:", "\"Artemisia\" species live on every continent except Antarctica, and have become part of many ecosystems around the world as a result. Below is currently a partial view of the importance of \"Artemisia\" species in ecosystems around the world. North American Ecology of \"Artemisia\" In North America, several species of \"Artemisia\" have become important parts of local environments, with wide adaptability. \"Artemisia papposa\" described by S.F.Blake & Arthur Cronquist can grow in the harsh, dry expanses of alkali flats, but also adapts to meadowlands. Sagebrushes like \"A. papposa\" (of the \"Tridenteae\" subgenus) in general are found in the north and southwest areas of the North American continent. In the Intermountain West, in a habitat known as Sagebrush Steppe, \"A. tridentata\", \"A. tripartite\", and \"A. arbuscula\" grow alongside various grasses and species of bitter bush, creating an important environment for mule deer, pygmy rabbits, antelopes, and the sage grouse. Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among the sagebrushes has been helpful in understanding the relationships among these plants and their environments, as well as learning more about how these plants formed these communities over long stretches of time. Sagebrushes, which include \"A.\" \"ludoviciana\" and \"A. Tridentata\" among others, can often also be found growing near junipers, particularly in the Elkhorn Mountain region, where the Juniper Woodlands form an ecosystem which provide cover for many animal species in both summer and winter months and storms. Because the habitat should burn only every 400–600 years, with sagebrush shrubs living as long as 200 years (though potentially typically 88), this particular combination of \"Artemisia\" with other flora form an enduring habitat. As it often goes, however, governments and farming businesses have often cleared sagebrush-juniper communities to create land for cow and domestic animal feedcrops, and Artemisia species may be declining due to this and invasive species such as cheatgrass. Destabilization of the vegetation creates higher risk of fires, causing concern among the local conservation and wildlife groups. Due to their often extensive rhizome systems and other potential characteristics, however, some Artemisia species are often resilient to mowing or pulling, giving some species of Artemisia the ability to easily become invasive if introduced to comfortable, though non-native habitats. \"A. annua\" (native to Eurasia) is found in wetland habitats, and though it has been naturalized in much of North America it is considered weedy or invasive by some localities, such as Kentucky. This is particularly true of \"Artemisia vulgaris\", known as “common mugwort,” in North America, where it was introduced by European colonists and settlers in the 1600s, when Jesuit priests and other colonizers may have first brought the herb for ointments and teas and likely also let into port cities via ballast dumping. A\"rtemisia vulgaris\" will grow in dense groups and out-compete other plants in an area, in part due to its ability to grow on poorly enriched soils. Disturbed habitats, cities and roadsides or parking lots can easily become a field of \"A. vulgaris\", which is the Artemisia species designated as invasive by New York State.", "Classification of \"Artemisia\" is difficult. Divisions of \"Artemisia\" prior to 2000 into subgenera or sections have not been backed up by molecular data, but much of the molecular data, as of 2006, are not especially strong. The following identified groups do not include all the species in the genus. Subgenera Artemisia and Absinthium Subgeneras \"Artemisia\" and \"Absinthium\", are sometimes, but not always, considered the same subgenera. Subgenus \"Artemisia\" (originally \"Abrotanum\" Besser) is characterized by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, glabrous receptacle. \"Absinthium\" DC, though sometimes merged with subgenus \"Artemisia\" is characterized by heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, hairy receptacle. Generally, previously proposed monotypic and non-monophyletic subgenera have been merged with the subgenus \"Artemesia\" due to molecular evidence. For example, in 2011 using ribosomal DNA analysis of their own and a review of molecular data (such as ITS sequence analysis) of others, S. Garcia and colleagues argued that it was logical to rename several \"Sphaeromeria\" and \"Picrothamnus\" (formerly designated sister genera to \"Artemisia\") species as \"Artemisia\", as well as to revert some \"Sphaeromeria\" species back to \"Artemisia\", where they had been categorized previously. Part of this was due to research by Watson and colleagues, who found that the four subgenera were not monophyletic except for \"Dracunculus,\" after analyzing and matching the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA from many \"Seriphidium\" and \"Artemisia\" species, and the related genera \"Arctanthemum\" and \"Dendranthema\". The authors concluded that inflorescence morphology is not alone reliable for categorizing the genus or some subgenera, as qualities that previously demarcated them (such as homogamous, discoid, ray-less inflorescences) seemed to have undergone paralleled evolution up to seven times. \"Picrothamnus\" Nutt. (“bud sage”), now considered \"Artemisia spinescens\" and \"Sphaeromeria\" Nutt. (“chicken sage”) are some examples, both endemic to North America.", "Section \"Tridentatae\" consists of eleven to thirteen species of coarse shrubs often known colloquially as \"sagebrushes\", which are very prominent parts of the flora in western North America. In some classifications, they have previously been considered part of the genus or subgenus \"Seriphidium\", although recent studies have contested this lineage to Old World species. \"Tridentatae\" was first articulated as a section by Rydberg in 1916, and it was not until McArthur et al. in 1981 that \"Tridentatae\" was elevated to a separate subgenus from \"Seriphidium\". The principal motive for their separation was geographical distribution, chemical makeup, and karyotype. Much of the debate surrounding Tridentatae is phytogeographic, thus habitat and geography are frequently cited when understanding the evolution of this endemic North American subgenus. Evolutionary cycles of wet and dry climates encouraged “diploid and polyploid races which are morphologically similar if not indistinguishable” (McArthur 598). Autopolyploidy among plants is not uncommon, however \"Tridentatae\" exhibits a remarkable amount of chromosomal differences at the population level, rather than the taxon level. This contributes to the difficulty in determining \"Tridentatae's\" phylogeny. The subgenus’ relative homogeneity within ploidies has enabled it to habitually hybridize and backcross, resulting in a high degree of genetic variation at the population level rather than the taxon level. For instance, some articles suggest that to be monophyletic, section \"Tridentatae\" should exclude \"Artemisia bigelovii\" and \"Artemisia palmeri\". and include \"Artemisia pygmaea\" and \"Artemisia rigida\". These results were supported by extensive chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nrDNA sequencing which departed from prior morphological, anatomical, and behavioral data. Traditional lineages within \"Tridentatae\" were proposed on the basis of leaf morphology, habitat preference, and the ability to leaf-sprout, among other morphological and behavioral characteristics. For instance, sagebrush in the \"Artemisia tridentata\" lineage have tridentate leaves, live in especially arid habitats, and are unable to root-sprout. This method of delimitation is problematic for species that do not fully adhere to the characteristics of a given lineage. The dry habitat and the presence of interxylary cork has often made the case for \"Tridentatae\" as a subgenus of its own, and there is some ribosomal molecular evidence of a “\"Tridentatae\" core” group for the subgenus (Shultz 2009, Garcia et al., 2011a). In 2011, Garcia and colleagues proposed enlarging \"Tridentatae\" and organized it into the sections \"Tridentatae, Nebulosae,\" and \"Filifoliae\" based on previous research establishing relationships via ribosomal and nuclear DNA. Intergrading forms are particularly common in recently radiated subgenera such as \"Tridentatae\", given their frequent reversals and convergent evolution. Recent, global reviews of \"Artemisia\" using ITS analysis support the hypothesis that \"Tridentatae\" has independent origins from Old World \"Seriphidium\" These findings were compared with capitula morphology, challenging past assumptions based on floral characteristics. To better understand the rapid diversification and radiation relative to Old World \"Artemisia\", a closer study of Beriginian or Arctic species may provide missing links. Section \"Tridentatae\" includes above species with exception of \"Artemisia longiloba\", which is treated as a subspecies of \"Artemisia arbuscula\". Section \"Nebulae\" includes \"Artemisia californica\", \"Artemisia nesiotica\", and \"Artemisia filifolia\".", "The Old World species which different classifications put into the genus or subgenus \"Seriphidium\" consist of about 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, with the largest number of species in Central Asia. Some classifications, such as that of the Flora of North America, exclude any New World plants from \"Seriphidium\". They are herbaceous plants or small shrubs. \"Seriphidium\" Besser was morphologically categorized by a homogamous flower head with all hermaphrodite florets and fertile and glabrous receptacle. \"Tridentatae\" was originally categorized as within \"Seriphidium\" due to floral, inflorescence, and leaf morphological similarities, until McArthur et al.’s analysis in 1981, which explained these similarities as convergent evolution. Old World \"Seriphidium\", with 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, was a previous classification of \"Seriphidium. North American or \"New World\" Seriphidium and Old World Seriphidium.\" North American \"Seriphidium\" were later placed into \"Tridentatae\" Rydb due to geographical distribution, growth habit, and karyotypic and chemotaxonomic similarities (such as presence of certain terpenols).", "One group which is well-supported by molecular data is subgenus \"Dracunculus\". It consists of 80 species found in both North America and Eurasia, of which the best-known is perhaps \"Artemisia dracunculus\", the spice tarragon. \"Dracunculus\" Besser. has historically been characterized morphologically by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, but with a female-sterile, glabrous receptacle. \"Dracunculus\" is the most supported and resolved subgenus of \"Artemisia\", which includes \"Artemisia\" \"dracunculus\" L., known as the cooking spice tarragon. Chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis in 2011 supported monophyly with two clades, one of which includes some North American endemic species as well as most species of Europe and Asia, while the second clade includes just \"A. salsoloides\" and \"A. Tanaitica\", found in Eastern Europe and Siberia to the Western Himalayas (Pellicer et al, 2011). This study places \"Dracunculus\" as one of the more recent subgenera within Artemisia, situating \"A. Salisoides\" more basally on the tree, with North American endemic groups such as the sagebrushes having derived on the other end of a split from a common ancestor with \"Dracunculus\". Formerly proposed genera \"Mausolea\", \"Neopallasia\" and \"Turaniphytum\" are now argued to be within the subgenus \"Dracunculus\" due to ribosomal and chloroplast DNA evidence, with further species resolved as sister groups to \"Dracunculus\" due to phytochemical relationships." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 37195, 927, 29041, 111, 80640, 16883, 129811, 147756, 136, 11555, 3658, 8805, 7, 4, 12452, 3658, 8805, 7, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 581, 45548, 1728, 53, 4, 10, 23295, 18276, 23, 10542, 47924, 18, 4, 43573, 25877, 6048, 23, 8018, 36840, 5, 25031, 7948, 1015, 98363, 7, 11555, 3658, 8805, 7, 237, 44, 11, 232432, 111, 4127, 14449, 136, 41371, 26950, 1449, 378, 2940, 268, 10, 34391, 111, 6765, 19210, 13, 136, 16162, 9, 6979, 238, 7162, 56709, 2619, 916, 740, 581, 27150, 3658, 8805, 7, 75204, 1919, 53019, 99, 5368, 23, 6163, 39, 587, 67, 4, 438, 19514, 3915, 72567, 4, 136, 7068, 99, 70, 5550, 42, 42562, 62903, 1295, 68388, 5442, 5550, 42, 42562, 509, 10, 4504, 19, 1916, 10, 23662, 1176, 4, 3129, 155738, 23, 729, 17168, 5, 3658, 8805, 7, 136475, 100, 10, 14922, 47, 186, 121314, 297, 390, 159011, 145302, 28394, 4, 2750, 1902, 189924, 4049, 2685, 5, 3658, 8805, 7, 30957, 297, 9716, 29693, 4, 105109, 23, 729, 13903, 5, 51404, 2685, 4, 764, 34739, 494, 13105, 23, 14941, 8, 60397, 2320, 4, 42845, 136, 160600, 4, 136, 150180, 71, 678, 3486, 34639, 7, 4, 56740, 927, 601, 5445, 603, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 18763, 121314, 509, 25031, 135466, 71, 5, 1529, 34739, 70, 9267, 79385, 23, 729, 12183, 4, 136, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 9593, 17336, 111, 9716, 29693, 6626, 5369, 14432, 5, 360, 196208, 4, 764, 34739, 12989, 7, 23, 70, 84084, 111, 30715, 4, 136, 100512, 10, 13943, 67, 99, 128366, 25876, 213912, 15, 289, 991, 180, 350, 25876, 16, 23, 70, 366, 4745, 111, 601, 17793, 19, 4, 8018, 36840, 5, 3658, 8805, 7, 509, 10, 53397, 41382, 56, 8108, 764, 509, 17669, 90698, 142, 63197, 271, 5, 1529, 5117, 21449, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 100, 1919, 729, 16665, 104345, 4, 44, 7251, 155057, 98, 70, 79680, 133, 111, 157890, 1363, 740, 360, 442, 4, 764, 165249, 70, 9655, 111, 3642, 43904, 75678, 62548, 47, 70, 111503, 5, 1529, 222939, 71, 450, 2685, 3542, 5941, 47353, 4, 4127, 136, 6494, 4, 450, 195052, 70, 111503, 23, 48322, 110, 1632, 1902, 17669, 91755, 3674, 54799, 8108, 5, 581, 5201, 6275, 111, 1919, 34666, 509, 450, 43904, 118126, 90, 84183, 6827, 538, 136, 15381, 187, 8962, 1928, 71407, 4, 127298, 217684, 70, 15381, 100677, 51312, 7, 4, 43904, 1221, 25545, 538, 55993, 47, 27169, 67, 70, 130807, 3956, 5, 215100, 538, 23, 70, 22690, 4, 2685, 2806, 959, 186, 20174, 15381, 100, 70, 28271, 111, 80267, 53, 47, 18588, 13, 136, 3395, 2806, 6057, 272, 5, 992, 3675, 450, 6275, 4, 70, 1286, 15381, 7228, 19882, 4, 70, 1286, 70, 43904, 2806, 51312, 5, 1529, 2843, 11341, 71, 450, 2685, 509, 10, 78431, 100, 218018, 54940, 271, 118103, 136, 450, 4734, 70, 37515, 2750, 5809, 99, 25500, 15381, 136, 3789, 27117, 2806, 188545, 4, 51, 5062, 70, 35439, 20628, 67175, 43904, 764, 24124, 20271, 1919, 1733, 14922, 5, 3658, 8805, 7, 54397, 70, 7311, 7986, 23, 132539, 47, 70, 175837, 111, 1919, 67373, 136, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 30699, 1636, 15, 10869, 78458, 16162, 9, 6979, 7162, 56709, 2619, 916, 16, 118861, 70, 22690, 136912, 111, 100510, 5, 1529, 2843, 64549, 297, 1919, 7225, 237, 10, 29458, 57553, 47, 32562, 7, 111, 25031, 3430, 9494, 21067, 13683, 132869, 101807, 136, 111, 70, 1784, 28694, 8, 1657, 1846, 31618, 21067, 11548, 104279, 197697, 194, 18763, 10, 16865, 5256, 113536, 12225, 17582, 136, 35778, 8780, 4, 136, 17721, 729, 16665, 136, 543, 4046, 764, 91376, 37195, 1286, 11389, 7, 111, 44, 7251, 155057, 98, 70, 79680, 133, 111, 157890, 1363, 830, 1257, 56464, 12638, 79737, 47, 49504, 67, 3525, 4912, 4, 47, 29823, 35778, 8780, 4, 136, 47, 158, 67709, 65572, 23, 1919, 10002, 80280, 7, 98, 70, 28368, 5, 31267, 221, 4, 70, 89261, 7, 7228, 23, 44, 7251, 155057, 58, 3542, 129517, 214, 47, 70, 3835, 136, 21334, 538, 2837, 107, 42077, 297, 20271, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 25069, 2481, 206990, 1919, 34666, 75935, 10, 32628, 152382, 678, 131216, 98, 43904, 75678, 4, 162711, 678, 40101, 1645, 3075, 707, 35778, 8780, 111, 25647, 1672, 2304, 63928, 136, 70, 22690, 111, 6, 177849, 5, 581, 3658, 8805, 39209, 17340, 7864, 53, 47, 3129, 70, 44, 16474, 20347, 58, 26038, 6, 58944, 23, 70, 8, 23662, 7, 25632, 6863, 104345, 17660, 297, 47, 32153, 35743, 98, 70, 127319, 34515, 136, 129570, 121297, 5, 581, 16169, 9, 56003, 8805, 39209, 17340, 7864, 53, 4, 48402, 214, 62548, 29865, 7, 111, 5941, 5369, 14432, 4, 1556, 51592, 10, 21373, 9879, 31486, 95486, 297, 47, 70, 101935, 111, 20020, 103122, 5, 2161, 70, 28271, 442, 1543, 186, 2804, 450, 3658, 8805, 7, 25, 7, 98834, 6635, 25647, 23, 70, 6, 157695, 111, 43904, 75678, 47143, 29191, 47, 25313, 17569, 3853, 18925, 136, 21342, 47, 3249, 63197, 271, 7, 136300, 1672, 70, 22690, 5, 360, 729, 5046, 4, 3658, 8805, 7, 7228, 10, 28811, 9742, 678, 25031, 180, 3055, 4, 10, 20903, 40466, 34391, 4, 26983, 2069, 2831, 111, 70, 3917, 678, 38157, 11555, 91865, 13, 136, 4939, 13212, 33, 26315, 6366, 7, 4, 150080, 102126, 4, 192286, 399, 136, 49002, 5, 3658, 8805, 7, 11814, 70, 24745, 47, 914, 9319, 43904, 2053, 5, 180, 3055, 14432, 54397, 10, 44, 6696, 432, 481, 58, 111, 3658, 8805, 7, 100, 70, 17932, 7435, 101807, 79737, 111, 1919, 44, 112079, 318, 99726, 111, 200541, 213979, 740, 133698, 70, 126609, 111, 25472, 1755, 111, 8719, 304, 764, 26983, 6259, 47, 9942, 136, 236386, 4, 23, 10, 19085, 450, 99201, 1919, 41911, 136, 22690, 58386, 138459, 126, 5, 360, 8719, 363, 4, 764, 100512, 184028, 111, 82588, 1272, 4, 138319, 72567, 5, 360, 543, 8194, 4, 3658, 8805, 7, 100512, 43552, 111, 65786, 136, 200541, 213979, 99, 70, 24453, 5596, 33734, 29693, 23, 1840, 18, 13534, 72567, 5, 18763, 25921, 52490, 32789, 37838, 15005, 2822, 47, 4049, 237, 44, 127642, 830, 44, 127642, 72403, 830, 707, 44, 14051, 9, 51890, 58, 3658, 8805, 7, 5, 799, 147, 70, 3564, 111, 543, 2489, 4, 70, 26171, 71, 164306, 111, 181689, 7, 154073, 10186, 1391, 46526, 191, 47, 70, 29693, 509, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14978, 12452, 3658, 8805, 7, 15, 74, 702, 53356, 22482, 729, 14604, 46, 1105, 14487, 543, 121763, 509, 142, 14941, 181186, 4, 191225, 136, 26794, 80973, 63197, 271, 23, 70, 44457, 7, 111, 68894, 111503, 136, 745, 87168, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Population growth.", "Travel and further career.", "Malthus–Ricardo debate on political economy.", "Later life.", "Family.", "\"An Essay on the Principle of Population\".", "Other works.", "1800: \"The present high price of provisions\".", "1814: \"Observations on the effects of the Corn Laws\".", "1820: \"Principles of political economy\".", "Reception and influence.", "Epitaph." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The sixth child of Henrietta Catherine Graham and Daniel Malthus, Robert Malthus grew up in The Rookery, a country house in Westcott, near Dorking in Surrey. William Petersen describes Daniel Malthus as \"a gentleman of good family and independent means [...] [and] a friend of David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau\". The young Malthus received his education at home in Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, and then at the Warrington Academy from 1782. Warrington was a dissenting academy, which closed in 1783. Malthus continued for a period to be tutored by Gilbert Wakefield, who had taught him there. Malthus entered Jesus College, Cambridge in 1784. While there, he took prizes in English declamation, Latin and Greek, and graduated with honours, Ninth Wrangler in mathematics. His tutor was William Frend. He took the MA degree in 1791, and was elected a Fellow of Jesus College two years later. In 1789, he took orders in the Church of England, and became a curate at Oakwood Chapel (also Okewood) in the parish of Wotton, Surrey.", "Malthus was a demographer before he was ever considered an economist. He first came to prominence for his 1798 publication, \"An Essay on the Principle of Population\". In it, he raised the question of how population growth related to the economy. He affirmed that there were many events, good and bad, that affected the economy in ways no one had ever deliberated upon before. The main point of his essay was that population multiplies geometrically and food arithmetically, therefore whenever the food supply increases, population will rapidly grow to eliminate the abundance. Eventually in the future, there would not be enough food for the whole of humanity to consume and people would starve. Until that point, the more food made available, the more the population would increase. He also stated that there was a fight for survival amongst humans and that only the strong who could attain food and other needs would survive, unlike the impoverished population he saw during his time period. Malthus wrote the original text in reaction to the optimism of his father and his father's associates (notably Jean-Jaques Rousseau) regarding the future improvement of society. He also constructed his case as a specific response to writings of William Godwin (1756–1836) and of the Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794). His assertions evoked questions and criticism, and between 1798 and 1826 he published six more versions of \"An Essay on the Principle of Population\", updating each edition to incorporate new material, to address criticism, and to convey changes in his own perspectives on the subject. Even so, the propositions made in \"An Essay\" were shocking to the public and largely disregarded during the 19th century. The negativity surrounding his essay created a space filled with opinions on population growth, connected with either praise or criticism of ideas about contraception and the future of agriculture. The Malthusian controversy to which the \"Essay\" gave rise in the decades following its publication tended to focus attention on the birth rate and marriage rates. The neo-Malthusian controversy, comprising related debates of many years later, has seen a similar central role assigned to the numbers of children born. On the whole it may be said that Malthus's revolutionary ideas in the sphere of population growth remain relevant to economic thought even today and continue to make economists ponder about the future.", "In 1799, Malthus made a European tour with William Otter, a close college friend, travelling part of the way with Edward Daniel Clarke and John Marten Cripps, visiting Germany, Scandinavia and Russia. Malthus used the trip to gather population data. Otter later wrote a \"Memoir\" of Malthus for the second (1836) edition of his \"Principles of Political Economy\". During the Peace of Amiens of 1802 he travelled to France and Switzerland, in a party that included his relation and future wife Harriet. In 1803, he became rector of Walesby, Lincolnshire. In 1805, Malthus became Professor of History and Political Economy at the East India Company College in Hertfordshire. His students affectionately referred to him as \"Pop\", \"Population\", or \"web-toe\" Malthus. Near the end of 1817, the proposed appointment of Graves Champney Haughton to the College was made a pretext by Randle Jackson and Joseph Hume to launch an attempt to close it down. Malthus wrote a pamphlet defending the College, which was reprieved by the East India Company within the same year, 1817. In 1818, Malthus became a Fellow of the Royal Society.", "During the 1820s, there took place a setpiece intellectual discussion among the exponents of political economy, often called the Malthus–Ricardo debate after its leading figures, Malthus and theorist of free trade David Ricardo, both of whom had written books with the title \"Principles of Political Economy\". Under examination were the nature and methods of political economy itself, while it was simultaneously under attack from others. The roots of the debate were in the previous decade. In \"The Nature of Rent\" (1815), Malthus had dealt with economic rent, a major concept in classical economics. Ricardo defined a theory of rent in his \"Principles of Political Economy and Taxation\" (1817): he regarded rent as value in excess of real production—something caused by ownership rather than by free trade. Rent therefore represented a kind of negative money that landlords could pull out of the production of the land, by means of its scarcity. Contrary to this concept, Malthus proposed rent to be a kind of economic surplus. The debate developed over the economic concept of a general glut, and the possibility of failure of Say's Law. Malthus laid importance on economic development and the persistence of disequilibrium. The context was the post-war depression; Malthus had a supporter in William Blake, in denying that capital accumulation (saving) was always good in such circumstances, and John Stuart Mill attacked Blake on the fringes of the debate. Ricardo corresponded with Malthus from 1817 about his \"Principles\". He was drawn into considering political economy in a less restricted sense, which might be adapted to legislation and its multiple objectives, by the thought of Malthus. In \"Principles of Political Economy\" (1820) and elsewhere, Malthus addressed the tension, amounting to conflict he saw between a narrow view of political economy and the broader moral and political plane. Leslie Stephen wrote: If Malthus and Ricardo differed, it was a difference of men who accepted the same first principles. They both professed to interpret Adam Smith as the true prophet, and represented different shades of opinion rather than diverging sects. It is now considered that the different purposes seen by Malthus and Ricardo for political economy affected their technical discussion, and contributed to the lack of compatible definitions. For example, Jean-Baptiste Say used a definition of production based on goods and services and so queried the restriction of Malthus to \"goods\" alone. In terms of public policy, Malthus was a supporter of the protectionist Corn Laws from the end of the Napoleonic Wars. He emerged as the only economist of note to support duties on imported grain. By encouraging domestic production, Malthus argued, the Corn Laws would guarantee British self-sufficiency in food.", "Malthus was a founding member in 1821 of the Political Economy Club, where John Cazenove tended to be his ally against Ricardo and Mill. He was elected in the beginning of 1824 as one of the ten royal associates of the Royal Society of Literature. He was also one of the first fellows of the Statistical Society, founded in March 1834. In 1827 he gave evidence to a committee of the House of Commons on emigration. In 1827, he published \"Definitions in Political Economy\" The first chapter put forth \"Rules for the Definition and Application of Terms in Political Economy\". In chapter 10, the penultimate chapter, he presented 60 numbered paragraphs putting forth terms and their definitions that he proposed should be used in discussing political economy following those rules. This collection of terms and definitions is remarkable for two reasons: first, Malthus was the first economist to explicitly organize, define, and publish his terms as a coherent glossary of defined terms; and second, his definitions were for the most part well-formed definitional statements. Between these chapters, he criticized several contemporary economists—Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, James Mill, John Ramsay McCulloch, and Samuel Bailey—for sloppiness in choosing, attaching meaning to, and using their technical terms. McCulloch was the editor of \"The Scotsman\" of Edinburgh and replied cuttingly in a review printed on the front page of his newspaper in March 1827. He implied that Malthus wanted to dictate terms and theories to other economists. McCulloch clearly felt his ox gored, and his review of \"Definitions\" is largely a bitter defence of his own \"Principles of Political Economy\", and his counter-attack \"does little credit to his reputation\", being largely \"personal derogation\" of Malthus. The purpose of Malthus's \"Definitions\" was terminological clarity, and Malthus discussed appropriate terms, their definitions, and their use by himself and his contemporaries. This motivation of Malthus's work was disregarded by McCulloch, who responded that there was nothing to be gained \"by carping at definitions, and quibbling about the meaning to be attached to\" words. Given that statement, it is not surprising that McCulloch's review failed to address the rules of chapter 1 and did not discuss the definitions of chapter 10; he also barely mentioned Malthus's critiques of other writers. In spite of this and in the wake of McCulloch's scathing review, the reputation of Malthus as economist dropped away for the rest of his life. On the other hand, Malthus did have supporters, including Thomas Chalmers, some of the Oriel Noetics, Richard Jones and William Whewell from Cambridge. Malthus died suddenly of heart disease on 23 December 1834 at his father-in-law's house. He was buried in Bath Abbey. His portrait, and descriptions by contemporaries, present him as tall and good-looking, but with a cleft lip and palate. The cleft palate affected his speech: such birth defects had occurred before amongst his relatives.", "On 13 March 1804, Malthus married Harriet, daughter of John Eckersall of Claverton House, near Bath. They had a son and two daughters. His first born Henry became vicar of Effingham, Surrey in 1835 and of Donnington, Sussex in 1837; he married Sofia Otter (1807–1889), daughter of Bishop William Otter and died in August 1882, aged 76. His middle child Emily died in 1885, outliving her parents and siblings. The youngest Lucille died unmarried and childless in 1825, months before her 18th birthday.", "Malthus argued in his \"Essay\" (1798) that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress: Malthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits: \"positive\" checks, which raise the death rate; and \"preventive\" ones, which lower the birth rate. The positive checks include hunger, disease and war; the preventive checks: birth control, postponement of marriage and celibacy. The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus's predicted population patterns; it also appears to describe socio-demographic dynamics of complex pre-industrial societies. These findings are the basis for neo-malthusian modern mathematical models of \"long-term historical dynamics\". Malthus wrote that in a period of resource abundance, a population could double in 25 years. However, the margin of abundance could not be sustained as population grew, leading to checks on population growth: In later editions of his essay, Malthus clarified his view that if society relied on human misery to limit population growth, then sources of misery (\"e.g.\", hunger, disease, and war) would inevitably afflict society, as would volatile economic cycles. On the other hand, \"preventive checks\" to population that limited birthrates, such as later marriages, could ensure a higher standard of living for all, while also increasing economic stability. Regarding possibilities for freeing man from these limits, Malthus argued against a variety of imaginable solutions, such as the notion that agricultural improvements could expand without limit. Of the relationship between population and economics, Malthus wrote that when the population of laborers grows faster than the production of food, real wages fall because the growing population causes the cost of living (\"i.e.\", the cost of food) to go up. Difficulties of raising a family eventually reduce the rate of population growth, until the falling population again leads to higher real wages. In the second and subsequent editions Malthus put more emphasis on \"moral restraint\" as the best means of easing the poverty of the lower classes.\"", "", "In this work, his first published pamphlet, Malthus argues against the notion prevailing in his locale that the greed of intermediaries caused the high price of provisions. Instead, Malthus says that the high price stems from the Poor Laws, which \"increase the parish allowances in proportion to the price of corn.\" Thus, given a limited supply, the Poor Laws force up the price of daily necessities. However, he concludes by saying that in time of scarcity such Poor Laws, by raising the price of corn more evenly, actually produce a \"beneficial\" effect.", "Although government in Britain had regulated the prices of grain, the Corn Laws originated in 1815. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars that year, Parliament passed legislation banning the importation of foreign corn into Britain until domestic corn cost 80 shillings per quarter. The high price caused the cost of food to increase and caused distress among the working classes in the towns. It led to serious rioting in London and to the Peterloo Massacre in Manchester in 1819. In this pamphlet, printed during the parliamentary discussion, Malthus tentatively supported the free-traders. He argued that given the increasing cost of growing British corn, advantages accrued from supplementing it from cheaper foreign sources.", "In 1820 Malthus published \"Principles of Political Economy\". (A second edition was posthumously published in 1836.) Malthus intended this work to rival Ricardo's \"Principles\" (1817). It, and his 1827 \"Definitions in political economy\", defended Sismondi's views on \"general glut\" rather than Say's Law, which in effect states \"there can be no general glut\".", "Malthus developed the theory of demand-supply mismatches that he called gluts. Discounted at the time, this theory foreshadowed later work by an admirer, John Maynard Keynes. The vast bulk of continuing commentary on Malthus, however, extends and expands on the \"Malthusian controversy\" of the early 19th century.", "The epitaph of Malthus in Bath Abbey reads [with commas inserted for clarity]: Sacred to the memory of the Rev THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS, long known to the lettered world by his admirable writings on the social branches of political economy, particularly by his essay on population. One of the best men and truest philosophers of any age or country, raised by native dignity of mind above the misrepresentation of the ignorant and the neglect of the great, he lived a serene and happy life devoted to the pursuit and communication of truth, supported by a calm but firm conviction of the usefulness of his labours, content with the approbation of the wise and good. His writings will be a lasting monument of the extent and correctness of his understanding. The spotless integrity of his principles, the equity and candour of his nature, his sweetness of temper, urbanity of manners and tenderness of heart, his benevolence and his piety are still dearer recollections of his family and friends. Born February 14, 1766 – Died 29 December 1834." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 7143, 621, 70, 60887, 10840, 111, 2367, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 7, 11782, 70, 12613, 133, 3395, 4, 2750, 74216, 71, 1295, 171827, 168064, 10932, 4382, 18471, 5, 10660, 1902, 65450, 1295, 70, 62548, 4733, 1003, 21115, 1672, 34042, 5369, 6650, 136, 1295, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 602, 21547, 66, 43017, 7, 5, 201106, 4, 70, 15521, 92, 1861, 41021, 4, 7464, 110680, 4, 60887, 297, 1295, 70, 50960, 13036, 212416, 1295, 602, 21547, 11, 5, 10660, 93403, 28, 4438, 19364, 7, 36880, 70, 1172, 49086, 5, 10660, 2837, 23935, 71, 70, 62548, 25877, 3509, 29394, 4, 35839, 70, 23, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 4, 3129, 509, 70, 4568, 13036, 62814, 31, 9, 647, 9851, 31, 29394, 5, 360, 7143, 37254, 7, 70424, 111, 70, 237, 44, 735, 10840, 830, 3395, 2750, 3542, 49518, 136, 37515, 56, 3501, 360, 7143, 5, 1734, 7, 195409, 4, 70, 37254, 7, 15005, 47, 70, 25877, 3509, 237, 44, 71, 4205, 17447, 740, 42477, 1314, 18822, 450, 360, 7143, 100510, 1902, 92940, 7, 390, 19441, 39908, 297, 47, 17368, 10269, 7, 360, 3640, 4, 70, 2704, 13416, 4, 44, 4332, 164779, 214, 17170, 136, 41076, 830, 390, 70, 9907, 360, 3181, 1294, 3934, 16771, 214, 136, 10934, 820, 297, 22420, 61065, 223, 58373, 136, 61240, 103876, 71, 450, 25730, 509, 75412, 23, 44, 99407, 9, 77007, 159372, 13, 111, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 830, 16750, 214, 23, 1286, 3501, 75534, 24793, 152388, 16792, 15643, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 58, 83, 7464, 39210, 538, 11814, 4, 6637, 442, 96853, 360, 7143, 136, 15127, 29669, 3395, 7, 217982, 157167, 54700, 2856, 1295, 15672, 42878, 7, 5, 581, 15127, 29669, 54, 959, 70424, 142, 360, 7143, 46876, 12488, 16916, 61261, 47, 186, 360, 7143, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 13579, 83, 31895, 10, 53757, 30080, 1119, 45757, 237, 5299, 237, 8035, 38134, 538, 11814, 23, 7262, 82, 4650, 25443, 237, 91084, 44, 13, 46429, 360, 7143, 70424, 360, 34, 2230, 11631, 8627, 4, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 4, 360, 34, 3459, 5865, 8627, 4, 136, 15497, 1760, 1771, 46876, 7, 4, 3129, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 360, 7143, 9, 4153, 59258, 11631, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 82048, 432, 1104, 117299, 1003, 46876, 14449, 5, 581, 15497, 1760, 1771, 46876, 7, 621, 101637, 71, 3934, 12, 29269, 65844, 23045, 15, 12137, 48850, 247, 360, 2247, 8627, 15, 50645, 9319, 19, 247, 136, 14493, 8289, 217, 15, 647, 11, 48850, 194, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 83, 113091, 19, 23, 25730, 136, 33233, 678, 360, 34, 2230, 11631, 8627, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 51521, 46876, 7, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 74, 1836, 621, 51529, 143849, 538, 237, 70, 360, 7143, 83658, 5, 360, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 4, 360, 34, 3459, 5865, 8627, 4, 360, 34, 2230, 11631, 8627, 581, 360, 7143, 765, 89160, 538, 2809, 67155, 1314, 136, 1926, 23962, 5, 10660, 7464, 1926, 18, 148, 50742, 7, 15, 90, 254, 5, 6, 84201, 31251, 148, 50742, 247, 28704, 4, 160, 320, 81148, 7, 4, 842, 1579, 43833, 4, 263, 6468, 4, 136, 67155, 136, 99, 20028, 3789, 40715, 39210, 538, 73203, 33, 85825, 6044, 237, 70, 1172, 49086, 6, 147797, 5, 581, 222201, 360, 7143, 68, 18, 83, 11192, 23, 21308, 136, 4552, 11192, 23, 19780, 46, 23, 2363, 89160, 68, 933, 4, 360, 7143, 18588, 297, 142, 83080, 111, 62582, 111, 2363, 31815, 48302, 23, 78219, 1295, 19780, 5, 51404, 442, 83, 959, 7722, 47, 98174, 67, 18153, 7, 100, 15381, 23, 70, 1172, 49086, 4, 70, 360, 7143, 765, 89160, 538, 914, 9319, 297, 8382, 450, 621, 6083, 538, 19882, 5, 198386, 90, 4, 69323, 1314, 4, 74855, 7, 4, 36418, 7, 4, 18497, 90, 4, 136, 15520, 1177, 297, 24073, 319, 47141, 864, 58, 707, 6726, 133, 15520, 1177, 297, 16, 3542, 43799, 297, 136, 9498, 56, 4126, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 34003, 136, 70, 31913, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 18410, 10298, 53, 111, 581, 360, 7143, 3395, 7, 1926, 3674, 15520, 85825, 1295, 11001, 9, 70154, 1505, 4, 127918, 28704, 9, 7, 875, 139098, 7, 35839, 44, 5498, 145, 864, 58, 15, 4153, 2247, 118, 17465, 954, 89534, 28021, 12, 44, 3, 18939, 3129, 3542, 76134, 20102, 373, 32135, 660, 4, 136, 5809, 72546, 186, 7108, 297, 390, 10, 40, 27686, 3445, 4, 3853, 2174, 64557, 645, 987, 14534, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 57266, 4, 70, 4331, 509, 71200, 71, 390, 28811, 7, 136, 15672, 7, 2750, 7464, 27489, 2856, 1379, 70, 360, 7143, 9351, 87200, 5, 360, 7143, 2843, 7228, 44, 8289, 11631, 58, 24073, 3613, 669, 25, 7, 139098, 74054, 150679, 9803, 139098, 7, 7228, 111, 109412, 2674, 90, 127918, 678, 26249, 21722, 7, 4, 100, 6181, 214, 3395, 4, 4127, 7, 4, 136, 10269, 7, 5, 10660, 3542, 4989, 136, 1902, 10, 49878, 103136, 221, 450, 70, 139098, 7, 5809, 1380, 20903, 47, 6, 134369, 5, 360, 70, 41710, 4, 360, 7143, 2806, 2843, 1926, 18, 15520, 21968, 8080, 390, 37896, 538, 100244, 142, 44, 11, 39529, 58, 15, 4134, 11, 64113, 108564, 16, 23, 70, 6, 2980, 136, 89289, 100, 70, 1831, 9, 4134, 11, 64113, 28704, 7, 47, 4527, 2856, 5, 3293, 61353, 83, 2843, 11814, 390, 70, 160, 320, 81148, 4, 2750, 1926, 933, 390, 191618, 108564, 7, 23, 70, 6, 2980, 136, 89289, 43573, 1272, 5, 360, 41710, 4, 15044, 98, 3551, 136, 98, 15520, 6, 2980, 4, 70, 360, 7143, 11814, 10269, 36387, 7, 24073, 67501, 34, 1491, 18939, 100, 6181, 2320, 5, 581, 44, 1132, 4922, 58, 10269, 91566, 32497, 360, 7143, 53099, 28702, 297, 39555, 97629, 538, 98, 26249, 1274, 988, 4, 38188, 25876, 4, 136, 32881, 7, 4, 102971, 3060, 72977, 3542, 2843, 7228, 1810, 111, 79786, 3474, 1444, 4, 106480, 70, 12301, 20102, 79786, 221, 2631, 34165, 5, 25365, 6563, 17, 3104, 53, 509, 10, 106480, 85590, 4912, 4, 11814, 47, 3249, 117287, 90, 5, 4713, 112730, 10, 6957, 2831, 23, 360, 7143, 100510, 136, 136622, 47, 54, 221, 18925, 5, 105508, 152319, 30891, 111, 85825, 136, 14135, 26366, 7, 4, 56104, 8, 18695, 1916, 190704, 69924, 6044, 237, 1926, 1916, 136, 148, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 7143, 15, 74, 4, 44, 2347, 3395, 830, 67824, 12, 360, 2247, 4, 4, 1388, 621, 10, 21115, 111, 15380, 538, 21373, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 23, 54815, 1916, 70, 1172, 49086, 10776, 7, 111, 15497, 1760, 4, 25730, 136, 168064, 15, 225221, 46684, 194, 581, 360, 7143, 46876, 7, 621, 2831, 111, 70, 82048, 432, 1104, 117299, 1003, 14449, 5, 360, 7143, 48838, 83658, 83, 10, 130306, 538, 9667, 12060, 297, 46876, 54015, 67, 11814, 23, 1429, 76, 53720, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Pre-contact history.", "Post-contact history.", "Canada.", "Genocide in the 20th and 21st centuries.", "Nomenclature.", "Cultural history.", "Languages.", "Diet.", "Transport, navigation, and dogs.", "Industry, art, and clothing.", "Gender roles, marriage, birth, and community.", "Raiding.", "Suicide, murder, and death.", "Health.", "Traditional law.", "Traditional beliefs.", "Demographics.", "Canada.", "Greenland.", "Denmark.", "United States.", "Governance.", "Inuit Nunangat.", "Canada.", "Greenland.", "Alaska.", "Modern culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule people, who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 CE. They had split from the related Aleut group about 4000 years ago and from northeastern Siberian migrants. Finally, the Chukchi People, still earlier, descended from the third major migration from Siberia. They spread eastwards across the Arctic. They displaced the related Dorset culture, called the in Inuktitut, which was the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture. Inuit legends speak of the as \"giants\", people who were taller and stronger than Inuit. Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as \"dwarfs\". Researchers believe that Inuit society had advantages by having adapted to using dogs", "", "", "In 2019, the final report, \"Reclaiming Power and Place\", by the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls concluded that Canada was involved in \"race-based genocide of indigenous peoples\", resulting in more than 1,000 women killed since 1980.", "In the United States, the term \"Eskimo\" is still commonly used, because it includes Inuit and Yupik peoples whilst distinguishing them from American Indians. The Yupik do not speak an Inuit language nor consider themselves to be Inuit. However, the term is probably a Montagnais exonym as well as being widely used in folk etymology as meaning \"eater", "", "Inuit speak Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Greenlandic languages, which belong to the Inuit-Inupiaq branch of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. The Greenlandic languages are divided into: Kalaallisut (Western), Inuktun (Northern), and Tunumiit (Eastern). Inuktitut is spoken in Canada and along with Inuinnaqtun is one of the official languages of Nunavut; they are known collectively as the Inuit Language. In the Northwest Territories, Inuvialuktun, Inuinnaqtun", "The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters. They still hunt whales (esp. bowhead whale), seal, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and fish and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic fox. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat – in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75% of their daily energy intake from fat. While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic, the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed (\"kuanniq\" or edible seaweed) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location. There is a vast array of", "The Inuit peoples hunted sea animals from single-passenger, covered seal-skin boats called \"qajaq\" (Inuktitut syllabics: \"ᖃᔭᖅ\") which were extraordinarily buoyant, and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely overturned. Because of this property, the design was copied by Europeans and Americans who still produce them under the Inuit name kayak. Inuit also made \"umiaq\" (\"woman's boat\"), larger open boats made of wood frames covered with animal skins, for transporting people, goods, and dogs. They were long and had a flat bottom so that the boats could come close to shore. In the winter, Inuit would also hunt sea mammals by patiently watching an \"aglu\" (breathing hole) in the ice and waiting for the air-breathing seals to use them. This technique is also used by the polar bear, who hunts by seeking holes in the ice and waiting nearby. In winter, both on land and on sea ice, the Inuit used dog sleds (\"qamutik\") for transportation. The \"husky\" dog breed comes", "Inuit industry relied almost exclusively on animal hides, driftwood, and bones, although some tools were also made out of worked stones, particularly the readily worked soapstone. Walrus ivory was a particularly essential material, used to make knives. Art played a big part in Inuit society and continues to do so today. Small sculptures of animals and human figures, usually depicting everyday activities such as hunting and whaling, were carved from ivory and bone. In modern times prints and figurative works carved in relatively soft stone such as soapstone, serpentinite, or argillite have also become popular. Inuit made clothes and footwear from animal skins, sewn together using needles made from animal bones", "The division of labor in traditional Inuit society had a strong gender component, but it was not absolute. The men were traditionally hunters and fishermen and the women took care of the children, cleaned the home, sewed, processed food, and cooked. However, there are numerous examples of women who hunted, out of necessity or as a personal choice. At the same time men, who could be away from camp for several days at a time, would be expected to know how to sew and cook. The marital customs among the Inuit were not strictly monogamous: many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexual. Open marriages, polygamy, divorce, and remarriage were known. Among some Inuit groups, if there were children, divorce required the approval of the community and particularly the agreement of", "Virtually all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by other indigenous peoples, including fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return, such as the Bloody Falls massacre. Western observers often regarded these tales as generally not entirely accurate historical accounts, but more as self-serving myths. However, evidence shows that Inuit cultures had quite accurate methods of teaching historical accounts to each new generation. In northern Canada, historically there were ethnic feuds between the Dene and the Inuit, as witnessed by Samuel Hearne in 1771. In 1996, Dene and Inuit representatives participated in a healing ceremony", "A pervasive European myth about Inuit is that they killed elderly (senicide) and \"unproductive people\", but this is not generally true. In a culture with an oral history, elders are the keepers of communal knowledge, effectively the community library. Because they are of extreme value as the repository of knowledge, there are cultural taboos against sacrificing elders. In Antoon A. Leenaars' book \"Suicide in Canada\" he states that \"Rasmussen found that the death of elders by suicide was a commonplace among the Iglulik Inuit\". According to", "During the 19th century, the Western Arctic suffered a population decline of close to 90%, resulting from exposure to new diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, influenza, and smallpox. Autopsies near Greenland reveal that, more commonly pneumonia, kidney diseases, trichinosis, malnutrition, and degenerative disorders may have contributed to mass deaths among different Inuit tribes. The Inuit believed that the causes of the disease were of a spiritual origin. Canadian churches and, eventually, the federal government, ran the earliest health facilities for the Inuit", "Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law concepts. Customary law was thought non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system. Hoebel, in 1954, concluded that only \"rudimentary law\" existed amongst the Inuit. No", "The environment in which the Inuit lived inspired a mythology filled with adventure tales of whale and walrus hunts. Long winter months of waiting for caribou herds or sitting near breathing holes hunting seals gave birth to stories of mysterious and sudden appearance of ghosts and fantastic creatures. Some Inuit looked into the \"aurora borealis\", or northern lights, to find images of their family and friends dancing in the next life. However, some Inuit believed that the lights were more sinister and if you whistled at them, they would come down and cut off your head. This tale is still told to children today. For others they were invisible giants, the souls of animals, a guide to hunting and as a spirit for the \"angakkuq\" to help with healing. They relied upon the \"angakkuq\" (shaman) for spiritual interpretation. The nearest thing to a central deity was the Old Woman (\"Sedna\"), who lived beneath the sea. The waters, a central food source, were believed to contain great gods. The Inuit practiced a", "In total there are about 148,000 Inuit living in four countries, Canada, Greenland, Denmark, and the United States.", "Although the 50,480 Inuit listed in the 2006 Canada Census can be found throughout Canada the majority, 44,470, live in four regions. As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,715 Inuit living in Newfoundland and Labrador and about 2,160 live in Nunatsiavut. There are also about 6,000 NunatuKavut people (Labrador Metis or Inuit-metis) living in southern Labrador in what", "According to the 2018 edition of \"The World Factbook\", published by the Central Intelligence Agency,", "The population size of Greenlandic people in Denmark varies from source to source between 15,000 and 20,000. According to 2015 figures from Statistics Denmark there are 15,815 people residing in Denmark of", "According to the 2000 United States Census there were a total", "The Inuit Circumpolar Council is a United Nations-recognized non-governmental organization (NGO), which defines its constituency as Canada's Inuit and Inuvialuit, Greenland's Kalaallit Inuit, Alaska's Inupiat and Yup'ik, and Russia's Siberian Yupik, despite the last two neither speaking an Inuit dialect or considering themselves \"Inuit\". Nonetheless, it has come together with other circumpolar cultural and political groups to promote the Inuit and other northern people in their fight against ecological problems such as climate change which disproportionately affects the Inuit population. The Inuit Circumpolar Council is one of the six group of Arctic indigenous peoples that have a seat as a so-called \"Permanent Participant\" on the Arctic Council, an international high level forum in which the eight Arctic Countries (USA, Canada, Russia, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland) discuss Arctic policy. On 12 May 2011, Greenland's Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist hosted the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council, an event for which the American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton came to Nuuk, as did many other high-ranking officials such as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt and Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre. At that event they signed the Nuuk Declaration.", "The Inuvialuit are western Canadian Inuit who remained in the Northwest Territories when Nunavut split off. They live primarily in the Mackenzie River delta, on Banks Island, and parts of Victoria Island in the Northwest Territories. They are officially represented by the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and, in 1984, received a comprehensive land claims settlement, the first in Northern Canada, with the signing of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. The TFN worked for ten years and, in September 1992, came to a final agreement with the Government of Canada.", "While Inuit Nunangat is within Canada, and the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami oversees only the four official regions,", "In 1953, Denmark put an end to the colonial status of Greenland and granted home rule in 1979 and in 2008 a self-government referendum was passed with 75% approval. Although still a part of the Kingdom of Denmark (along with Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands), Greenland, known as Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language, maintains much autonomy today.", "Alaska is governed as a state with very limited autonomy for Alaska Native peoples. European colonization of Alaska started in the 18th century by Russia. By the 1860s, the Russian government was considering ridding itself of its", "Inuit art, carving, print making, textiles and Inuit throat singing, are very popular, not only in Canada but globally, and Inuit artists are widely known. Canada has adopted some of the Inuit culture as national symbols, using Inuit cultural icons like the inukshuk in unlikely places, such as its use as a symbol at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Respected art galleries display Inuit art, the largest collection of which is at the Winnipeg Art Gallery. Their traditional New Year is called Quviasukvik. Some Inuit languages, such as Inuktitut, appears to have a more secure future in Quebec and Nunavut. There are a surprising number of Inuit, even those who now live in urban centres such as Ottawa, Montreal and Winnipeg, who have experienced living on the land in the traditional life style. People such as Legislative Assembly of Nunavut member, Levinia Brown and former Commissioner of Nunavut and the NWT, Helen Maksagak were born and lived the early part of their life \"on the land\". Inuit culture is alive and vibrant today in spite of the negative impacts of recent history. An important biennial event, the Arctic Winter Games, is held in communities across the northern regions of the world, featuring traditional Inuit and northern sports as part of the events. A cultural event is also held. The games were first held in 1970, and while rotated usually among Alaska, Yukon and the Northwest Territories, they have also been held in Schefferville, Quebec, in 1976, in Slave Lake, Alberta, and a joint Iqaluit, Nunavut-Nuuk, Greenland staging in 2002. In other sporting events, Jordin Tootoo became the first Inuk to play in the National Hockey League in the 2003–04 season, playing for the Nashville Predators. Although Inuit life has changed significantly over the past century, many traditions continue. \"Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit\", or traditional knowledge, such as storytelling, mythology, music, and dancing remain important parts of the culture. Family and community are very important. The Inuktitut language is still spoken in many areas of the Arctic and is common on radio and in television programming. Well-known Inuit politicians include Premier of Nunavut, Peter Taptuna, Nancy Karetak-Lindell, former MP for the riding of Nunavut, and Kuupik Kleist, Prime Minister of Greenland. Leona Aglukkaq, current MP, was the first Inuk to be sworn into the Canadian Federal Cabinet as Health Minister in 2008. In May 2011 after being re-elected for her second term, Ms. Aglukkaq was given the additional portfolio of Minister of the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency. In July 2013 she was sworn in as the Minister of the Environment. Visual and performing arts are strong. In 2002 the first feature film in Inuktitut, \"\", was released worldwide to great critical and popular acclaim. It was directed by Zacharias Kunuk, and written, filmed, produced, directed, and acted almost entirely by the Inuit of Igloolik. In 2009, the film \"Le Voyage D'Inuk\", a Greenlandic-language feature film, was directed by Mike Magidson and co-written by Magidson and French film producer Jean-Michel Huctin. One of the most famous Inuit artists is Pitseolak Ashoona. Susan Aglukark is a popular singer. Mitiarjuk Attasie Nappaaluk worked at preserving Inuktitut and wrote one of the first novels ever published in that language. In 2006, Cape Dorset was hailed as Canada's most artistic city, with 23% of the labor force employed in the arts. Inuit art such as soapstone carvings is one of Nunavut's most important industries. Recently, there has been an identity struggle among the younger generations of Inuit, between their traditional heritage and the modern society which their cultures have been forced to assimilate into in order to maintain a livelihood. With current dependence on modern society for necessities, (including governmental jobs, food, aid, medicine, etc.), the Inuit have had much interaction with and exposure to the societal norms outside their previous cultural boundaries. The stressors regarding the identity crisis among teenagers have led to disturbingly high numbers of suicide. A series of authors has focused upon the increasing myopia in the youngest generations of Inuit. Myopia was almost unknown prior to the Inuit adoption of western culture. Principal theories are the change to a western style diet with more refined foods, and extended education. David Pisurayak Kootook was awarded the Meritorious Service Cross, posthumously, for his heroic efforts in a 1972 plane crash. Other notable Inuk people include the freelance journalist Ossie Michelin, whose iconic photograph of the activist Amanda Polchies went viral after the 2013 anti-fracking protests at Elsipogtog First Nation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 158972, 4, 20904, 165853, 53, 101637, 71, 4860, 4244, 48757, 3934, 6626, 26580, 988, 12, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 136, 6987, 3679, 38459, 5, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 83, 10, 37515, 538, 8060, 297, 26580, 112, 678, 142, 130807, 3956, 111, 52070, 124850, 15, 277, 3796, 110106, 7, 194, 581, 6626, 2684, 135818, 110106, 7, 621, 10, 44, 91157, 9, 5062, 58, 26177, 136, 186, 344, 9, 5062, 1653, 2517, 6635, 45646, 4, 21208, 1836, 99764, 3789, 66139, 237, 5299, 5, 581, 707, 93, 100231, 1861, 66, 4203, 1824, 509, 44, 72202, 24948, 1766, 45966, 830, 91084, 450, 70, 64792, 164, 6275, 297, 7565, 136, 4420, 19364, 7, 15, 7522, 56043, 247, 95103, 678, 70, 83, 1861, 316, 15, 6159, 6795, 13, 106, 11, 194, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 1499, 316, 1902, 10, 40225, 9, 38496, 214, 9433, 15, 2347, 479, 8509, 9843, 35975, 9433, 16, 47, 8060, 70, 1563, 3815, 33, 5, 3293, 16750, 297, 23, 10, 22759, 9, 101322, 17704, 4203, 21605, 45646, 5, 360, 69822, 47, 903, 4, 70, 57, 1162, 48170, 66, 4203, 1824, 509, 44, 36290, 34, 45966, 830, 91084, 70, 64792, 164, 6275, 297, 154732, 70, 10336, 15, 66, 56043, 247, 237, 23, 242447, 10958, 118, 1577, 15, 6159, 6795, 13, 106, 275, 194, 581, 17243, 24948, 1766, 45966, 4203, 1824, 41371, 538, 216479, 71, 99, 19713, 17262, 20028, 23, 153630, 7, 15, 73, 707, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 4, 263, 6468, 136, 70, 14096, 41331, 916, 63964, 7, 194, 31384, 187, 6261, 450, 70, 17243, 24948, 1766, 45966, 4203, 1824, 216479, 71, 10, 22759, 927, 1733, 4, 23, 70, 26580, 112, 46193, 192, 13, 4244, 1162, 85, 13, 4, 1284, 903, 83, 189353, 141, 4, 237, 3789, 42179, 7, 187, 6261, 450, 16810, 192, 13, 4244, 1162, 6468, 621, 2409, 31, 1766, 45966, 5, 3347, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 99764, 10, 36998, 32881, 35839, 70, 1653, 2517, 6635, 15, 6159, 6795, 13, 4958, 5, 3293, 51, 109637, 297, 32881, 509, 39501, 297, 99, 70, 12912, 111, 70, 92319, 79, 434, 4, 7440, 442, 65042, 297, 70, 168, 867, 53, 15, 2347, 5201, 92319, 79, 434, 32881, 194, 581, 1653, 2517, 6635, 60754, 297, 678, 70, 9474, 425, 2298, 23, 70, 1407, 56, 79, 434, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 4, 1836, 100, 4806, 10, 186, 344, 9, 5062, 20939, 19481, 11814, 47, 34196, 5773, 18153, 4912, 5, 360, 405, 30426, 15759, 66, 153630, 7, 4, 442, 233, 144429, 70, 52470, 7263, 32881, 5, 360, 505, 162141, 619, 3253, 20574, 42459, 297, 450, 44, 51379, 1577, 11, 26890, 58, 1543, 33636, 142, 39395, 45, 814, 9966, 707, 93, 100231, 1861, 66, 450, 1902, 959, 14373, 163629, 71, 70, 1653, 2517, 6635, 111, 756, 3789, 707, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 5, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 83, 10, 32845, 206, 9, 77007, 24643, 191, 61924, 71, 237, 756, 153630, 7, 1286, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 44, 74257, 34281, 13784, 7, 152240, 6862, 58, 1784, 1495, 4, 145810, 3501, 47, 40101, 44, 139117, 56, 85727, 223, 58, 15, 9506, 11089, 19005, 4, 729, 71716, 707, 44, 52779, 1073, 11, 26890, 459, 12056, 2143, 58, 80469, 30738, 619, 663, 19256, 4, 15643, 5, 15937, 4464, 48757, 48402, 90, 70, 26580, 988, 149559, 107, 2146, 27102, 136, 54311, 13139, 100231, 38459, 5, 149559, 107, 2146, 27102, 96853, 8694, 8797, 11, 48757, 15, 5062, 70, 187, 432, 2822, 44, 68551, 8797, 11, 26890, 18939, 136, 893, 129262, 4244, 48757, 15, 5062, 44, 7251, 129262, 4244, 26890, 51029, 54311, 13139, 100231, 38459, 48402, 90, 40368, 4950, 289, 36235, 4, 33346, 4043, 16615, 35224, 11, 15, 441, 1704, 13784, 3478, 136, 1342, 7668, 16615, 4200, 4244, 48757, 247, 136, 3347, 6773, 58052, 19165, 15, 216561, 115, 2594, 9, 2721, 8080, 15, 8408, 82560, 12824, 247, 6044, 237, 44, 69489, 15477, 4244, 26890, 16, 740, 8759, 25395, 85, 83, 10, 35845, 538, 17309, 23755, 15, 63771, 21004, 4, 21735, 194, 581, 26580, 246, 25561, 35064, 28960, 7, 10, 1877, 114137, 390, 567, 32742, 136, 230331, 5, 3164, 3034, 297, 43032, 111, 1947, 56, 132571, 1952, 916, 33771, 13, 3173, 10, 35874, 188, 1176, 5, 313, 6616, 83814, 7103, 4966, 603, 44, 126, 144, 5, 830, 13999, 3347, 6773, 58052, 19165, 96853, 44, 60977, 15759, 365, 22014, 4445, 830, 44, 11670, 6846, 4244, 26890, 58, 136, 27060, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 70, 24763, 3687, 674, 111, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 28032, 70, 153630, 42592, 429, 83, 10, 10941, 14, 10821, 31089, 5, 97299, 25958, 4, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 83, 90698, 70, 114015, 21115, 111, 6987, 3679, 38459, 15, 143321, 70541, 7, 581, 28437, 19165, 136, 6987, 28437, 25166, 178851, 11, 194, 33306, 4, 23, 70, 30700, 170933, 6023, 111, 153630, 151618, 450, 509, 26171, 71, 390, 162141, 4, 111413, 619, 3253, 20574, 23, 70, 68828, 44, 149989, 13, 58, 23, 505, 4, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 509, 192026, 297, 237, 70, 114015, 21115, 47, 70, 581, 28437, 19165, 4, 3129, 37769, 71, 25842, 23, 70, 26580, 112, 3347, 6773, 29538, 94146, 85, 5, 3293, 170933, 6023, 509, 78684, 66801, 71, 390, 142, 21640, 158, 127639, 316, 111, 39395, 153630, 78688, 12441, 390, 9920, 15786, 56, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 2053, 450, 8060, 297, 70, 1286, 89160, 3687, 674, 111, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 4, 237, 114015, 24643, 191, 111, 6987, 3679, 38459, 4, 509, 14037, 959, 47, 186, 80835, 25958, 88551, 1295, 70, 77950, 450, 8060, 297, 70, 3347, 6773, 29538, 94146, 85, 170933, 6023, 4, 23, 15044, 70, 35187, 390, 15786, 56, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 136, 70, 75836, 47, 70, 35187, 390, 162141, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 62, 53333, 505, 35187, 14037, 3060, 8060, 100, 70, 198395, 32997, 297, 13000, 53, 188, 3035, 4244, 48757, 3299, 4, 3129, 18507, 27430, 90, 707, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 25842, 678, 858, 28437, 25166, 178851, 7, 5, 3347, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 122925, 297, 1295, 333, 1081, 2465, 47, 2799, 186514, 13, 2465, 1305, 3408, 99, 19713, 17262, 20028, 23, 2363, 28, 137089, 6635, 32692, 136, 442, 1556, 2809, 127887, 128489, 13, 43032, 1543, 765, 2809, 87709, 111, 15044, 3173, 7, 111, 112664, 5, 17006, 707, 93, 927, 9370, 72004, 3542, 604, 964, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3347, 93, 100231, 38459, 15, 16, 83, 142, 1119, 2311, 15390, 26580, 112, 111, 5201, 538, 604, 964, 3104, 10821, 153630, 7, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 4203, 21605, 45646, 158788, 538, 21373, 47, 450, 111, 263, 6468, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 19060, 93, 100231, 38459, 830, 707, 44, 91157, 9, 979, 48398, 830, 44961, 7, 903, 21373, 2481, 136, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 160600, 36418, 25, 132, 247, 91084, 44, 4390, 10, 263, 71, 830, 136, 25, 132, 247, 97308, 44, 830, 91084, 44, 75577, 124416, 740, 33306, 4, 263, 6468, 621, 4734, 95534, 538, 62548, 47, 903, 21115, 237, 263, 6468, 621, 70, 516, 10299, 153630, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "\"Bird-hip\".", "Predentary.", "Classification.", "Palaeoecology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In 1887, Harry Seeley divided Dinosauria into two clades: Ornithischia and Saurischia. Ornithischia is a strongly supported clade with an abundance of diagnostic characters (common traits). The two most notable traits are a \"bird-like\" hip and beak-like predentary structure, though they shared other features as well.", "The ornithischian pelvis was \"opisthopubic\", meaning that the pubis pointed down and backwards (posterior), parallel with the ischium (Figure 1a). Additionally, the ilium had a forward-pointing process (the preacetabular process) to support the abdomen. This resulted in a four-pronged pelvic structure. In contrast to this, the saurischian pelvis was \"propubic\", meaning the pubis pointed toward the head (anterior), as in ancestral reptiles (Figure 1b). The opisthopubic pelvis independently evolved at least three times in dinosaurs (in ornithischians, birds and therizinosauroids). Some argue that the opisthopubic pelvis evolved a fourth time, in the clade Dromaeosauridae, but this is controversial, as other authors argue that dromaeosaurids are mesopubic.", "Ornithischians shared a unique bone called the predentary (Figure 2). This unpaired bone was situated at the front of the lower jaw, where it extended the dentary (the main lower jaw bone). The predentary coincided with the premaxilla in the upper jaw. Together, they formed a beak-like apparatus used to clip off plant material. In ceratopsian dinosaurs, it opposed the rostral bone. In 2017 Baron & Barrett suggested that \"Chilesaurus\" may represent an early diverging ornithischian that had not yet acquired the predentary of all other ornithischians.", "Ornithischia is a branch-based taxon defined as all dinosaurs more closely related to \"Triceratops horridus\" Marsh, 1889 than to either \"Passer domesticus\" (Linnaeus, 1758) or \"Saltasaurus loricatus\" Bonaparte & Powell, 1980. Genasauria comprises the clades Thyreophora and Neornithischia. Thyreophora includes Stegosauria (like the armored \"Stegosaurus\") and Ankylosauria (like \"Ankylosaurus\"). Neornithischia comprises several basal taxa, Marginocephalia (Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria), and Ornithopoda (including duck-bills (hadrosaurs), such as \"Edmontosaurus)\". Cerapoda is a relatively recent concept (Sereno, 1986). The cladogram below follows a 2009 analysis by Zheng and colleagues. All tested members of Heterodontosauridae form a polytomy. Cladogram after Butler \"et al.\", 2011. Ornithopoda includes \"Hypsilophodon\", \"Jeholosaurus\" and others. Currently, the exact placement of Ornithischia within the dinosaur lineage is a contentious issue. Traditionally, Ornithischia is considered the sister group of Saurischia (which contains Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha). However, in the alternative hypothesis of dinosaur relationships that was proposed by Baron, Norman & Barrett in the journal \"Nature\" in 2017, Ornithischia was recovered as the sister group to the Theropoda, which grouped together in the clade Ornithoscelida. This hypothesis was recently challenged by an international consortium of early dinosaur experts led by Max Langer. However, the data that supported the more traditional placement of Ornithischia, as sister taxon of Saurischia, was found not to be statistically significant from the evidence that supported the Ornithoscelida hypothesis, in both the study by Langer \"et al.\" and the reply to the study by Baron \"et al.\" A further 2017 study found some support for the previously abandoned Phytodinosauria model, which classifies ornithischians together with sauropodomorphs.", "Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and it has been shown primitive members may have been capable of both forms of movement. Most ornithischians were herbivorous. In fact, most of the unifying characters of Ornithischia are thought to be related to this herbivory. For example, the shift to an opisthopubic pelvis is thought to be related to the development of a large stomach or stomachs and gut which would allow ornithischians to digest plant matter better. The smallest known ornithischian is \"Fruitadens haagarorum\". The largest \"Fruitadens\" individuals reached just 65–75 cm. Previously, only carnivorous, saurischian theropods were known to reach such small sizes. At the other end of the spectrum, the largest known ornithischians reach about 15 meters (smaller than the largest saurischians). However, not all ornithischians were strictly herbivorous. Some groups, like the heterodontosaurids, were likely omnivores. At least one species of ankylosaurian, \"Liaoningosaurus paradoxus\", appears to have been at least partially carnivorous, with hooked claws, fork-like teeth, and stomach contents suggesting that it may have fed on fish. There is strong evidence that some ornithischians lived in herds. This evidence consists of multiple bone beds where large numbers of individuals of the same species and of different age groups died simultaneously." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 241, 38226, 109622, 538, 142146, 4, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 57456, 133238, 7, 450, 70, 2565, 82048, 432, 32497, 1295, 70, 360, 539, 9, 508, 12303, 15, 46674, 156992, 164, 16, 2565, 44, 5822, 7, 245129, 92055, 434, 58, 91084, 44, 11, 3445, 2750, 21, 5170, 10, 108203, 11412, 13, 58, 136, 83, 62548, 47, 44, 1132, 4922, 58, 15, 11, 91566, 111, 10269, 247, 136, 442, 14602, 959, 765, 10, 280, 15503, 45023, 91084, 23, 59665, 5, 360, 25730, 136, 15497, 1760, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 58, 83, 156531, 660, 538, 51592, 237, 162333, 13, 707, 44, 6431, 9, 4692, 2875, 2822, 830, 136, 1556, 2809, 38134, 538, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 13579, 44, 4153, 7143, 58, 707, 69407, 29458, 47, 10, 17311, 21115, 707, 26908, 5, 3293, 1556, 16750, 297, 23, 10, 12768, 7440, 1272, 3060, 180972, 7, 136, 15672, 7, 18822, 450, 1836, 5608, 959, 4527, 70, 2565, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 830, 136, 4527, 70, 18507, 85789, 136, 222201, 180972, 2565, 44, 4153, 7143, 58, 64457, 4, 3853, 100, 15127, 29669, 15, 6431, 9, 4153, 7143, 16, 3395, 5, 31384, 3395, 7464, 18822, 15, 4729, 73, 271, 57456, 133238, 7, 16, 450, 82048, 432, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 44, 13, 46429, 111, 49649, 163, 257, 58, 3129, 1543, 186, 51592, 4, 707, 11814, 4, 237, 10, 48673, 136, 95134, 95974, 1771, 104, 121707, 5, 1650, 83, 57806, 238, 450, 4, 51, 5062, 110309, 297, 163, 257, 4, 49649, 163, 257, 70541, 7, 13864, 391, 4, 3129, 59959, 7, 1295, 70, 6897, 9, 927, 1283, 67, 592, 70997, 1427, 27853, 7, 4, 41866, 23, 20028, 111, 10176, 707, 110, 4262, 20016, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 70, 8561, 118992, 111, 49649, 163, 257, 23, 70, 187, 49086, 24145, 33636, 297, 10, 44, 93782, 55556, 58, 14597, 47, 450, 111, 28811, 46512, 64370, 23, 15497, 1760, 136, 144477, 9022, 23924, 21629, 100052, 29087, 9351, 2203, 44, 284, 23662, 21068, 1326, 33, 27744, 108421, 25443, 4, 2741, 5, 361, 4, 110, 5, 116, 37967, 30183, 51372, 304, 4, 18237, 505, 4, 54, 14, 12, 4068, 3742, 5039, 966, 21262, 5, 9550, 617, 58, 172132, 29087, 2740, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 2685, 83, 10176, 92814, 450, 70, 8561, 2565, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 58, 15, 25, 7, 35613, 11412, 13, 108, 3055, 25, 16, 1556, 99, 20028, 2809, 11814, 23, 10, 4552, 162333, 13, 136, 55970, 31667, 54543, 390, 46512, 52825, 7, 23, 70, 9433, 111, 375, 266, 19514, 15380, 159372, 13, 5, 581, 2565, 83, 82, 127, 19, 71407, 4552, 351, 9, 159975, 4, 136, 442, 83, 10, 180663, 51, 277, 3796, 15970, 9, 237025, 15403, 5, 140978, 714, 111, 70, 180972, 110373, 56, 111, 38927, 136, 129168, 7, 136, 40059, 2273, 111, 70, 180972, 163965, 25515, 111, 24427, 4, 125296, 71, 70, 360, 7143, 237, 10, 117781, 5844, 21115, 111, 3157, 124524, 3395, 7, 23, 25730, 5, 581, 360, 7143, 79512, 316, 771, 320, 70615, 43374, 71, 47, 161740, 13, 70, 2565, 82048, 432, 678, 360, 7143, 23, 27193, 5, 9626, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 168064, 19, 27165, 15, 162, 5299, 237, 70, 147158, 9523, 136, 15380, 40250, 7, 111, 168064, 247, 44, 284, 68465, 353, 4935, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 756, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 111, 168064, 5, 3293, 96853, 959, 4734, 70, 87, 9461, 59258, 257, 15, 6210, 58500, 360, 7143, 16, 136, 70, 15127, 29669, 4, 1284, 2843, 94407, 6044, 237, 70, 4733, 1003, 4, 2750, 12008, 10, 17309, 6, 60502, 1290, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 21334, 538, 51, 174822, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 111, 70, 109727, 23924, 25617, 106294, 136, 70, 168064, 19, 1913, 24360, 58500, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 13579, 82048, 432, 83, 7464, 23, 4527, 23, 168064, 5, 103905, 69407, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 4153, 7143, 9, 95950, 29669, 830, 765, 2809, 26171, 71, 4, 1284, 351, 13, 1556, 21647, 297, 38134, 21329, 712, 26946, 7154, 5, 169549, 15, 28575, 538, 952, 271, 142642, 16, 43904, 25902, 1636, 189893, 1286, 3501, 702, 26738, 79165, 111, 82048, 432, 224, 16797, 4, 678, 189275, 382, 26738, 38043, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 6, 55577, 23, 15497, 1760, 4, 136, 70, 10588, 3332, 86675, 23, 602, 21547, 11, 5, 48752, 289, 110680, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 13835, 71, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 75723, 771, 320, 10776, 7, 111, 8394, 48850, 602, 21547, 11, 4, 168064, 4, 136, 25730, 15, 289, 197271, 31895, 959, 23, 15497, 1760, 194, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 24491, 538, 207487, 62814, 31, 9, 647, 9851, 31, 29394, 7, 15, 647, 147, 538, 62814, 31, 9, 647, 9851, 31, 16, 5622, 47, 6, 26738, 5369, 6650, 5, 10660, 108975, 47, 765, 126809, 23, 168064, 1295, 3395, 62548, 47, 70, 1172, 49086, 19336, 55516, 40250, 23, 8394, 48850, 14237, 4, 124901, 6, 60502, 22230, 1902, 31895, 39666, 3674, 47, 168064, 99, 19713, 6, 63009, 47, 6, 26738, 5369, 110680, 5, 209683, 17662, 114700, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 602, 21547, 11, 450, 5622, 47, 95134, 106, 112694, 5369, 6650, 5, 581, 15127, 29669, 46876, 7, 136, 29394, 7, 23, 168064, 216479, 71, 23, 3687, 4, 86595, 678, 70, 7311, 479, 9, 397, 748, 3509, 23, 15386, 79357, 29394, 126809, 23, 168064, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 37838, 34042, 5369, 6650, 4, 70, 992, 11223, 29394, 111, 70, 4733, 1003, 100512, 117781, 5, 1650, 83, 959, 137567, 90698, 142, 82048, 432, 29394, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 37838, 106, 4, 4283, 1104, 79674, 5369, 6650, 4, 198371, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 168064, 4, 6626, 3789, 117781, 143834, 7, 118775, 5, 360, 7143, 46876, 100512, 117781, 136, 4, 645, 10, 14922, 111, 40368, 202032, 90, 4, 6863, 119578, 7, 39666, 3674, 36880, 144477, 9022, 168064, 4, 8305, 25730, 136, 3934, 15497, 1760, 5, 581, 117781, 29394, 111, 70, 12613, 133, 3395, 126809, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 168064, 136, 4552, 69405, 93403, 645, 70, 64194, 16128, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 82048, 432, 3395, 4, 21208, 442, 509, 959, 204988, 30666, 297, 390, 756, 111, 2856, 5, 581, 2684, 39210, 538, 68186, 71, 82, 4650, 109622, 59665, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 390, 87, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 82048, 432, 15, 1388, 707, 82048, 840, 621, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 75723, 771, 320, 3395, 7, 2750, 765, 89160, 538, 23, 54815, 3674, 70, 144477, 9022, 75723, 771, 320, 10776, 1295, 8394, 48850, 602, 21547, 11, 15, 92141, 3478, 16, 47, 168064, 15, 225221, 46684, 247, 25730, 4, 136, 15497, 1760, 5, 38396, 4, 70, 360, 7143, 79512, 316, 771, 320, 70615, 15, 16259, 441, 16, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 189275, 106, 198077, 360, 7143, 3395, 38043, 36880, 168064, 4, 25730, 4, 15497, 1760, 4, 136, 49002, 5, 581, 6626, 5201, 3395, 7, 51529, 237, 44, 647, 9851, 31, 58, 621, 70, 360, 7143, 2451, 216561, 70, 168064, 19, 87, 9461, 59258, 257, 3395, 7, 4, 70, 15497, 1760, 1771, 360, 7143, 4, 136, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "History.", "Nomenclature.", "Origin.", "General.", "Languages.", "Inuit.", "Greenland's Inuit.", "Inuit of Canada's Eastern Arctic.", "Inuvialuit of Canada's Western Arctic.", "Alaska's Iñupiat.", "Yupik.", "Alutiiq.", "Central Alaskan Yup'ik.", "Siberian Yupik.", "Naukan.", "Sirenik Eskimos." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Etymologically speaking, there exists a scientific consensus that the word Eskimo comes from the Innu-aimun (Montagnais) word \"ayas̆kimew\" meaning \"a person who laces a snowshoe\" and is related to \"husky\" (a breed of dog), and it does not have a pejorative meaning in origin. In Canada and Greenland, the term \"Eskimo\" is predominantly seen as offensive or \"non-preferred\", and has been widely replaced by the term \"Inuit\" or terms specific to a particular group or community. This has resulted in a trend whereby some Canadians and Americans believe that they should not use the word \"Eskimo\", and use the classifier and typical Canadian word \"Inuit\" instead, even for Yupik (non-Inuit) people. Some people still believe (against scientific consensus) that Eskimo translates to \"eater of raw meat\" which may be seen, or used, as a violent and perhaps barbaric descriptor. It is ironic that, unlike cooked meat, raw meat contains vitamin D, which protects from the life-threatening disease rickets, especially in times of little or no sunlight. Hence, the actual eating of raw meat in the arctic once represented a \"cultural technology\" superior to that of European colonists in Greenland and northern North America.<ref name = \"Academic Forensic Pathology, vol. 7, no. 2 pages 240-262, June 2017, doi: 10.23907/2017.024\"></ref> On the other hand, there is little doubt that the actual word \"Eskimo\" ('snowshoe netter') has at times been used in a very offensive and discriminatory fashion by colonizers in the process of committing cultural genocide. The word is ethnically very non-specific, and it is a fairly uncommon self-referential. Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and section 35 of the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, recognized the Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The Inuit Circumpolar Council voted to substitute the word Eskimo with Inuit in 1977. Under U.S. and Alaskan law (as well as the linguistic and cultural traditions of Alaska), \"Alaska Native\" refers to all indigenous peoples of Alaska. This includes not only the Iñupiat (Alaskan Inuit) and the Yupik, but also groups such as the Aleut, who share a recent ancestor, as well as the largely unrelated indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and the Alaskan Athabaskans. As a result, the term Eskimo is still in use in Alaska. Alternative terms, such as \"Inuit-Yupik\", have been proposed, but none has gained widespread acceptance. Recent (early 21st century) population estimates registered more than 135,000 individuals of Eskimo descent, with approximately 85,000 living in North America, 50,000 in Greenland, and the rest residing in Siberia.", "Several earlier indigenous peoples existed in the northern circumpolar regions of eastern Siberia, Alaska, and Canada (although probably not in Greenland). The earliest positively identified Paleo-Eskimo cultures (Early Paleo-Eskimo) date to 5,000 years ago. They appear to have developed in Alaska from people related to the Arctic small tool tradition in eastern Asia, whose ancestors had probably migrated to Alaska at least 3,000 to 5,000 years earlier. Similar artifacts have been found in Siberia that date to perhaps 18,000 years ago. The Yupik languages and cultures in Alaska evolved in place, beginning with the original pre-Dorset indigenous culture developed in Alaska. Approximately 4000 years ago, the Unangan culture of the Aleut became distinct. It is not generally considered an Eskimo culture. Approximately 1,500–2,000 years ago, apparently in northwestern Alaska, two other distinct variations appeared. Inuit language became distinct and, over a period of several centuries, its speakers migrated across northern Alaska, through Canada and into Greenland. The distinct culture of the Thule people developed in northwestern Alaska and very quickly spread over the entire area occupied by Eskimo people, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them.", "", "The most commonly accepted etymological origin of the word \"Eskimo\" is derived by Ives Goddard at the Smithsonian Institution, from the Montagnais (see Algonquian languages) word meaning \"snowshoe-netter\" or \"to net snowshoes\". The word \"assime·w\" means \"she laces a snowshoe\" in Montagnais. Montagnais speakers refer to the neighbouring Mi'kmaq people using words that sound like \"eskimo\" In 1978, Jose Mailhot, a Quebec anthropologist who speaks Montagnais, published a paper suggesting that Eskimo meant \"people who speak a different language\". French traders who encountered the Montagnais in the eastern areas, adopted their word for the more western peoples and spelled it as \"Esquimau\" in a transliteration. Some people consider \"Eskimo\" derogatory because it is popularly perceived to mean \"eaters of raw meat\" in Algonquian languages common to people along the Atlantic coast. One Cree speaker suggested the original word that became corrupted to Eskimo might have been \"askamiciw\" (which means \"he eats it raw\"); the Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as \"askipiw\" (which means \"eats something raw\"). The continued use of \"\"Eskimo\"\" as opposed to \"Inuit\" or other preferred name implies and reinforces a perception that the \"Inuit\" are unimportant and remote. The use of \"Eskimo\" in this context is often viewed as offensive. One of the first printed uses of the French word 'Esquimaux' comes from Samuel Hearne's \"A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772\" first published in 1795.", "In Canada and Greenland, the term \"Eskimo\" has largely been supplanted by the term \"Inuit\". While \"Inuit\" can be accurately applied to all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia. In Alaska the term \"Eskimo\" is commonly used, because it includes both Yupik and Iñupiat. \"Inuit\" is not accepted as a collective term and it is not used specifically for Iñupiat (although they are related to the Canadian Inuit peoples). One of the oldest known Eskimo archaeological sites, dating back to 3,800 years ago, is located in Saglek Bay, Labrador. On Umnak Island in the Aleutians, another site was found and is estimated to be an age of approximately 3,000 years old. In 1977, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) meeting in Utqiagvik, Alaska, officially adopted Inuit as a designation for all circumpolar native peoples, regardless of their local view on an appropriate term. As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the (locally) defunct term Eskimo with \"Inuit\" (\"Inuk\" in singular). The preferred term in Canada's Central Arctic is \"Inuinnaq\", and in the eastern Canadian Arctic \"Inuit\". The language is often called \"Inuktitut\", though other local designations are also used. Despite the ICC's 1977 decision to adopt the term \"Inuit\", this was never accepted by the Yupik peoples, who likened it to calling all Native American Indians \"Navajo\" simply because the Navajo felt that that's what all tribes should be called. The Inuit of Greenland refer to themselves as \"Greenlanders\" and speak the Greenlandic language. Because of the linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between Yupik and Inuit peoples, it seems unlikely that any umbrella term will be acceptable. There has been some movement to use \"Inuit\", and the Inuit Circumpolar Council, representing a circumpolar population of 150,000 Inuit and Yupik people of Greenland, Northern Canada, Alaska, and Siberia, in its charter defines \"Inuit\" for use within that ICC document as including \"the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, Inuvialuit (Canada), Kalaallit (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia)\". In 2010, the ICC passed a resolution in which they implored scientists to use \"Inuit\" and \"Paleo-Inuit\" instead of \"Eskimo\" or \"Paleo-Eskimo\". American linguist Lenore Grenoble has explicitly deferred to this resolution and used \"Inuit–Yupik\" instead of \"Eskimo\" with regards to the language branch. In a 2015 commentary in the journal \"Arctic\", Canadian archaeologist Max Friesen argued fellow Arctic archaeologists should follow the ICC and use \"Paleo-Inuit\" instead of \"Paleo-Eskimo\". In 2016, Lisa Hodgetts and \"Arctic\" editor Patricia Wells wrote: \"In the Canadian context, continued use of any term that incorporates 'Eskimo' is potentially harmful to the relationships between archaeologists and the Inuit and Inuvialuit communities who are our hosts and increasingly our research partners\"; they suggested using more specific terms when possible (e.g., Dorset and Groswater) and agreed with Frieson in using \"the Inuit tradition\" to replace \"Neo-Eskimo\", although they noted replacement for \"Palaeoeskimo\" was still an open question and discuss \"Paleo-Inuit\", \"Arctic Small Tool Tradition\", and \"pre-Inuit\", as well as Inuktitut loanwords like \"\"Tuniit\"\" and \"\"Sivullirmiut\"\" as possibilities. One 2020 paper in \"Journal of Anthropological Archaeology\", written by Katelyn Braymer-Hayes and colleagues, notes that there is a \"clear need\" to replace the terms \"Neo-Eskimo\" and \"Paleo-Eskimo\", citing the ICC resolution, but note finding a consensus within the Alaskan context is difficult particularly Native Alaskans do not use the word Inuit to describe themselves, and as such, terms used in Canada like \"Paleo Inuit\" and \"Ancestral Inuit\" would not be optimal. But, in Alaska, the Inuit people refer to themselves as \"Iñupiat,\" plural, and \"Iñupiaq\", singular (their North Alaskan Inupiatun language is also called \"Iñupiaq\"). They do not commonly use the term Inuit. In Alaska, \"Eskimo\" is in common usage. Alaskans also use the term Alaska Native, which is inclusive of all Eskimo, Aleut and other Native Americans of Alaska. It does not apply to Inuit or Yupik people originating outside the state. The term \"Alaska Native\" has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The term \"Eskimo\" is also used in linguistic or ethnographic works to denote the larger branch of Eskimo–Aleut languages, the smaller branch being Aleut.", "The Eskimo–Aleut family of languages includes two cognate branches: the Aleut (Unangan) branch and the Eskimo branch. The number of cases varies, with Aleut languages having a greatly reduced case system compared to those of the Eskimo subfamily. Eskimo–Aleut languages possess voiceless plosives at the bilabial, coronal, velar and uvular positions in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops but retained the nasal. In the Eskimo subfamily a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is also present. The Eskimo sub-family consists of the Inuit language and Yupik language sub-groups. The Sirenikski language, which is virtually extinct, is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family. Other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch. Inuit languages comprise a dialect continuum, or dialect chain, that stretches from Unalakleet and Norton Sound in Alaska, across northern Alaska and Canada, and east to Greenland. Changes from western (Iñupiaq) to eastern dialects are marked by the dropping of vestigial Yupik-related features, increasing consonant assimilation (e.g., \"kumlu\", meaning \"thumb\", changes to \"kuvlu\", changes to \"kublu\", changes to \"kulluk\", changes to \"kulluq\"), and increased consonant lengthening, and lexical change. Thus, speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects would usually be able to understand one another, but speakers from dialects distant from each other on the dialect continuum would have difficulty understanding one another. Seward Peninsula dialects in western Alaska, where much of the Iñupiat culture has been in place for perhaps less than 500 years, are greatly affected by phonological influence from the Yupik languages. Eastern Greenlandic, at the opposite end of the Inuit range, has had significant word replacement due to a unique form of ritual name avoidance. The four Yupik languages, by contrast, including Alutiiq (Sugpiaq), Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Naukan (Naukanski), and Siberian Yupik, are distinct languages with phonological, morphological, and lexical differences. They demonstrate limited mutual intelligibility. Additionally, both Alutiiq and Central Yup'ik have considerable dialect diversity. The northernmost Yupik languages – Siberian Yupik and Naukan Yupik – are linguistically only slightly closer to Inuit than is Alutiiq, which is the southernmost of the Yupik languages. Although the grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically. Differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any one of the Yupik languages are greater than between any two Yupik languages. Even the dialectal differences within Alutiiq and Central Alaskan Yup'ik sometimes are relatively great for locations that are relatively close geographically. Despite the relatively small population of Naukan speakers, documentation of the language dates back to 1732. While Naukan is only spoken in Siberia, the language acts as an intermediate between two Alaskan languages: Siberian Yupik Eskimo and Central Yup'ik Eskimo. The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch. An overview of the Eskimo–Aleut languages family is given below:", "The Inuit inhabit the Arctic and northern Bering Sea coasts of Alaska in the United States, and Arctic coasts of the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, and Labrador in Canada, and Greenland (associated with Denmark). Until fairly recent times, there has been a remarkable homogeneity in the culture throughout this area, which traditionally relied on fish, marine mammals, and land animals for food, heat, light, clothing, and tools. Their food sources primarily relied on seals, whales, whale blubber, walrus, and fish, all of which they hunted using harpoons on the ice. Clothing consisted of robes made of wolfskin and reindeer skin to acclimate to the low temperatures. They maintain a unique Inuit culture.", "Greenlandic Inuit make up 90% of Greenland's population. They belong to three major groups:", "Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut (a territory of Canada), Nunavik (the northern part of Quebec) and in Nunatsiavut (the Inuit settlement region in Labrador).", "The Inuvialuit live in the western Canadian Arctic region. Their homeland – the Inuvialuit Settlement Region – covers the Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border east to Amundsen Gulf and includes the western Canadian Arctic Islands. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.", "The Iñupiat are the Inuit of Alaska's Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region, including the Seward Peninsula. Utqiagvik, the northernmost city in the United States, is above the Arctic Circle and in the Iñupiat region. Their language is known as Iñupiaq.", "The Yupik are indigenous or aboriginal peoples who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and along the Kuskokwim River (Central Alaskan Yup'ik); in southern Alaska (the Alutiiq); and along the eastern coast of Chukotka in the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island in western Alaska (the Siberian Yupik). The Yupik economy has traditionally been strongly dominated by the harvest of marine mammals, especially seals, walrus, and whales.", "The Alutiiq, also called \"Pacific Yupik\" or \"Sugpiaq\", are a southern, coastal branch of Yupik. They are not to be confused with the Aleut, who live further to the southwest, including along the Aleutian Islands. They traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resources such as salmon, halibut, and whales, as well as rich land resources such as berries and land mammals. Alutiiq people today live in coastal fishing communities, where they work in all aspects of the modern economy. They also maintain the cultural value of a subsistence lifestyle. The Alutiiq language is relatively close to that spoken by the Yupik in the Bethel, Alaska area. But, it is considered a distinct language with two major dialects: the Koniag dialect, spoken on the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island, and the Chugach dialect, spoken on the southern Kenai Peninsula and in Prince William Sound. Residents of Nanwalek, located on southern part of the Kenai Peninsula near Seldovia, speak what they call Sugpiaq. They are able to understand those who speak Yupik in Bethel. With a population of approximately 3,000, and the number of speakers in the hundreds, Alutiiq communities are working to revitalize their language.", "\"Yup'ik\", with an apostrophe, denotes the speakers of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, who live in western Alaska and southwestern Alaska from southern Norton Sound to the north side of Bristol Bay, on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, and on Nelson Island. The use of the apostrophe in the name \"Yup'ik\" is a written convention to denote the long pronunciation of the \"p\" sound; but it is spoken the same in other Yupik languages. Of all the Alaska Native languages, Central Alaskan Yup'ik has the most speakers, with about 10,000 of a total Yup'ik population of 21,000 still speaking the language. The five dialects of Central Alaskan Yup'ik include General Central Yup'ik, and the Egegik, Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Nunivak dialects. In the latter two dialects, both the language and the people are called \"Cup'ik\".", "Siberian Yupik reside along the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Siberia in the Russian Far East and in the villages of Gambell and Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska. The Central Siberian Yupik spoken on the Chukchi Peninsula and on St. Lawrence Island is nearly identical. About 1,050 of a total Alaska population of 1,100 Siberian Yupik people in Alaska speak the language. It is the first language of the home for most St. Lawrence Island children. In Siberia, about 300 of a total of 900 Siberian Yupik people still learn and study the language, though it is no longer learned as a first language by children.", "About 70 of 400 Naukan people still speak Naukanski. The Naukan originate on the Chukot Peninsula in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in Siberia. Despite the relatively small population of Naukan speakers, documentation of the language dates back to 1732. While Naukan is only spoken in Siberia, the language acts as an intermediate between two Alaskan languages: Siberian Yupik Eskimo and Central Yup'ik Eskimo.", "Some speakers of Siberian Yupik languages used to speak an Eskimo variant in the past, before they underwent a language shift. These former speakers of Sirenik Eskimo language inhabited the settlements of Sireniki, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula. They lived in neighborhoods with Siberian Yupik and Chukchi peoples. As early as in 1895, Imtuk was a settlement with a mixed population of Sirenik Eskimos and Ungazigmit (the latter belonging to Siberian Yupik). Sirenik Eskimo culture has been influenced by that of Chukchi, and the language shows Chukchi language influences. Folktale motifs also show the influence of Chuckchi culture. The above peculiarities of this (already extinct) Eskimo language amounted to mutual unintelligibility even with its nearest language relatives: in the past, Sirenik Eskimos had to use the unrelated Chukchi language as a lingua franca for communicating with Siberian Yupik. Many words are formed from entirely different roots from in Siberian Yupik, but even the grammar has several peculiarities distinct not only among Eskimo languages, but even compared to Aleut. For example, dual number is not known in Sirenik Eskimo, while most Eskimo–Aleut languages have dual, including its neighboring Siberian Yupikax relatives. Little is known about the origin of this diversity. The peculiarities of this language may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups, and being in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries. The influence of the Chukchi language is clear. Because of all these factors, the classification of Sireniki Eskimo language is not settled yet: Sireniki language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of Eskimo (at least, its possibility is mentioned). Sometimes it is regarded rather as a group belonging to the Yupik branch." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 187781, 17823, 118, 23850, 7, 831, 61924, 16912, 237, 12301, 9, 191, 538, 707, 1257, 85, 22819, 5, 4263, 70, 63399, 5426, 831, 83324, 70, 39531, 184, 291, 26783, 1295, 70, 21455, 61903, 47, 70, 61903, 111, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 3647, 23180, 7, 4, 7068, 70, 21455, 83, 1257, 85, 22819, 5, 64083, 56263, 4, 161521, 4, 136, 20866, 60136, 41018, 7, 831, 186, 51339, 297, 98, 1257, 85, 22819, 16912, 5, 4764, 9, 191, 538, 16912, 54, 959, 8060, 6044, 41018, 7, 6637, 70, 57976, 13439, 53418, 22288, 70, 65572, 47, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 3647, 23180, 7, 5, 62, 21455, 28350, 83, 16940, 390, 22799, 122785, 1363, 5, 31384, 76519, 8060, 70, 80934, 111, 64083, 115728, 397, 31766, 185553, 7, 98, 16912, 5, 3293, 61353, 114864, 70, 80934, 111, 3789, 62775, 100, 71924, 1830, 23, 3687, 111, 142, 183540, 4, 28350, 4, 707, 154109, 41018, 98, 70, 16912, 5, 12613, 7, 63399, 76519, 831, 29479, 2053, 129344, 7, 35509, 98, 12301, 9, 191, 538, 16912, 5, 33306, 4, 142, 64083, 115728, 397, 31766, 185553, 14602, 959, 15549, 70, 12301, 9, 191, 538, 707, 1257, 85, 22819, 57266, 111, 70, 21455, 68034, 5, 179117, 223, 63399, 24365, 76519, 765, 65042, 297, 70, 16912, 1295, 12301, 9, 191, 538, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 2053, 4, 106480, 4912, 29367, 16912, 12, 479, 9, 46480, 1010, 3674, 4, 351, 9, 178323, 289, 16912, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 5, 10660, 8337, 10, 6, 201939, 76685, 72697, 111, 70, 2053, 136, 1543, 26698, 2053, 1295, 148814, 97264, 5, 581, 61689, 219, 2408, 111, 10, 4912, 29367, 21455, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 111, 185553, 191619, 7, 50155, 6863, 114419, 5, 23994, 29367, 16912, 3542, 65508, 71, 390, 146785, 187781, 4, 12960, 90540, 57976, 304, 87344, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 39886, 29367, 41, 1294, 23180, 7, 58, 15, 594, 160514, 7, 16, 100, 70, 5701, 60042, 5, 7244, 80866, 22687, 65508, 71, 23, 6863, 3576, 11389, 63262, 297, 16912, 3129, 4734, 4343, 10, 84797, 63262, 1295, 70, 23180, 4, 1284, 959, 70, 64194, 2053, 5, 2795, 7134, 158897, 29479, 297, 4912, 29367, 16912, 23, 6863, 3569, 363, 54452, 5, 62, 21455, 83, 183234, 47, 6863, 31344, 41, 1294, 5, 14847, 41, 10484, 621, 11675, 26548, 16912, 4, 70, 41, 1294, 83, 73197, 297, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 21455, 24, 4806, 15426, 7, 454, 22751, 678, 70, 10941, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 15426, 7, 454, 22751, 12, 6755, 144832, 9351, 4, 7068, 70, 38415, 5809, 11675, 10, 8781, 41, 1294, 6044, 237, 12, 60552, 41, 1294, 6755, 144832, 9351, 4, 581, 627, 39463, 13439, 7068, 51776, 70, 8781, 41, 1294, 4, 91995, 7, 70, 183234, 21455, 4, 7068, 25379, 7, 70, 25632, 47, 70, 41, 1294, 15572, 52825, 12, 1914, 63923, 297, 41, 1294, 12, 6755, 144832, 9351, 4, 581, 15572, 52825, 7068, 87388, 7, 51, 86, 26531, 6635, 44457, 7, 136, 27140, 2481, 15, 2472, 27781, 12, 442, 83, 959, 63559, 47, 12301, 70, 29823, 4, 16792, 70, 49129, 23, 202010, 14602, 959, 3249, 4527, 111, 442, 16, 136, 7068, 25379, 7, 70, 41, 1294, 47, 70, 80866, 87907, 100, 9433, 214, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 10, 63399, 4, 10, 21455, 83, 70, 16750, 5423, 111, 10, 44, 45804, 71, 58, 41, 1294, 98, 70, 2053, 4, 3129, 70, 63399, 72095, 831, 41, 1294, 1660, 237, 1836, 2806, 23, 10, 70560, 2517, 63399, 42486, 36746, 5, 3293, 479, 9, 7752, 7121, 67175, 41, 1294, 75101, 83, 93544, 23, 70, 63399, 45, 10763, 6635, 5, 992, 5062, 23335, 1294, 44, 37382, 23180, 7, 58, 23, 10, 41911, 289, 63399, 4, 10, 21455, 14602, 959, 3173, 2831, 111, 70, 72761, 61903, 12, 237, 10, 16750, 5423, 4, 442, 83, 10, 20513, 23180, 375, 7077, 297, 707, 65780, 3674, 84079, 25958, 1295, 2053, 23, 70, 63399, 3229, 17203, 47, 450, 21455, 83, 50336, 297, 5, 87377, 7, 190659, 47, 70, 2053, 23, 10, 29191, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Read-only vs. updatable views.", "Materialized views.", "Equivalence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Database practitioners can define views as read-only or updatable. If the database system can determine the reverse mapping from the view schema to the schema of the underlying base tables, then the view is updatable. INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations can be performed on updatable views. Read-only views do not support such operations because the DBMS cannot map the changes to the underlying base tables. A view update is done by key preservation. Some systems support the definition of INSTEAD OF triggers on views. This technique allows the definition of other logic for execution in place of an insert, update, or delete operation on the views. Thus database systems can implement data modifications based on read-only views. However, an INSTEAD OF trigger does not change the read-only or updatable property of the view itself.", "Various database management systems have extended the views from read-only subsets of data, particularly materialized views: pre-executed, non-virtual views commonly used in data warehousing. They give a static snapshot of the data and may include data from remote sources. The accuracy of a materialized view depends on the frequency of trigger mechanisms behind its updates. Materialized views were introduced by Oracle Database, while IBM DB2 provides so-called \"materialized query tables\" (MQTs) for the same purpose. Microsoft SQL Server introduced in its 2000 version indexed views which only store a separate index from the table, but not the entire data. PostgreSQL implemented materialized views in its 9.3 release.", "A view is equivalent to its source query. When queries are run against views, the query is modified. For example, if there exists a view named accounts_view with the content as follows: accounts_view: SELECT name, then the application could run a simple query such as: Simple query SELECT name, The RDBMS then takes the simple query, replaces the equivalent view, then sends the following to the query optimizer: Preprocessed query: SELECT name, The optimizer then removes unnecessary fields and complexity (for example: it is not necessary to read the address, since the parent invocation does not make use of it) and then sends the query to the SQL engine for processing." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5919, 1846, 509, 166904, 538, 148734, 10393, 320, 23, 115700, 4, 678, 70, 51713, 5609, 7, 98, 70, 144477, 136, 127067, 5, 129335, 5609, 7, 3542, 123823, 71, 390, 101120, 37457, 7, 12, 70, 1004, 297, 27668, 12522, 24073, 284, 1495, 71175, 7, 18939, 98, 70, 144477, 4, 136, 70, 43816, 6865, 62308, 10519, 98, 70, 65272, 136, 127067, 5, 581, 140909, 7, 111, 6097, 37457, 7, 621, 25902, 3674, 47, 186, 6, 165611, 43222, 4, 1372, 363, 43222, 136, 836, 418, 43222, 107013, 538, 4, 3129, 76199, 5919, 1846, 25, 7, 16128, 237, 166904, 538, 106, 160012, 6, 108047, 43222, 6896, 10837, 4, 10715, 1785, 10461, 5, 717, 70, 65272, 21, 53, 70, 653, 118201, 3551, 111, 87, 4450, 150, 33, 4, 10, 140280, 111, 82658, 1846, 74, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 70, 51952, 1784, 114942, 136, 930, 6504, 6616, 74, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 33384, 53303, 74, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 136, 28, 4438, 4, 62130, 27373, 74, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 4, 7712, 71, 74, 136, 47, 70, 127067, 4, 1950, 712, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 70, 27875, 111, 112319, 927, 12035, 6504, 12441, 3934, 70, 22, 155648, 71, 111719, 111, 10445, 27373, 5, 6987, 1900, 88303, 70, 10074, 132936, 111, 5919, 1846, 15, 2347, 2501, 21865, 19, 16, 36880, 70, 27875, 4, 154107, 47, 110680, 10204, 41274, 7, 12, 70, 68718, 7, 111, 70, 1413, 12421, 4, 56050, 47, 42844, 3129, 1902, 2809, 88303, 390, 82658, 1846, 47, 13695, 10, 39544, 98, 903, 14018, 3956, 5, 581, 46692, 8305, 70, 75414, 5609, 111, 10445, 27373, 3934, 70, 14566, 111, 5919, 1846, 509, 56050, 297, 390, 15700, 70836, 4, 70, 2071, 33, 111443, 13, 5, 13538, 8752, 70, 2501, 21865, 19, 21, 53, 70, 930, 6504, 6616, 707, 99381, 8950, 73, 4, 136, 70, 51952, 1784, 114942, 5, 581, 43816, 6865, 62308, 10519, 24073, 919, 6620, 111, 132706, 18939, 123823, 71, 5919, 1846, 98, 70, 65272, 136, 127067, 5, 581, 5201, 27875, 509, 56050, 297, 390, 118125, 5919, 14306, 4, 10, 26349, 88303, 390, 82658, 1846, 237, 118125, 1650, 16001, 5, 581, 100, 87463, 24344, 18, 8467, 21, 53, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 43816, 6865, 62308, 10519, 36917, 10445, 27373, 5, 62, 77546, 4, 1286, 34844, 27875, 4, 112319, 927, 992, 11490, 4, 21, 53, 1660, 47, 70, 144477, 111, 70, 5919, 14306, 27875, 5, 1650, 7, 2663, 509, 56050, 297, 390, 10, 47, 6488, 4, 88303, 390, 82658, 1846, 5, 581, 36439, 37317, 297, 133486, 206, 992, 11490, 4, 70, 21, 481, 111, 70, 6051, 18, 16195, 820, 4687, 365, 275, 5, 187040, 70, 43816, 6865, 62308, 10519, 13028, 10, 92319, 95103, 6, 91854, 4, 70, 5919, 20701, 4, 84797, 71, 390, 10, 653, 118201, 118666, 53, 4, 10, 44, 1459, 214, 3551, 959, 14373, 103494, 58, 678, 44, 17336, 91, 47913, 60060, 1360, 90, 830, 44, 587, 28004, 3514, 53, 27689, 7, 9, 2143, 991, 22824, 830, 44, 76228, 56, 297, 931, 43576, 830, 44, 7134, 257, 148, 416, 64113, 4, 2197, 32502, 1620, 40099, 7, 830, 136, 6117, 27853, 7, 111, 14799, 21816, 678, 4989, 4, 66604, 23709, 808, 51716, 7, 5, 581, 14566, 111, 5919, 1846, 509, 150350, 71, 111, 17262, 21334, 10776, 7, 5, 581, 56458, 111, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 2773, 39, 509, 23, 70, 144477, 25617, 12, 70, 187, 532, 37385, 916, 111, 12035, 6504, 29827, 4, 678, 70, 36457, 2741, 38938, 101057, 984, 306, 105866, 23, 70, 86991, 5, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 5201, 100, 87463, 22411, 71, 9, 71, 31285, 509, 98, 70, 144477, 5609, 111, 12035, 6504, 29827, 4, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 10, 6, 48150, 111, 70, 39055, 71175, 7, 5, 12035, 6504, 29827, 509, 2741, 408, 6402, 136, 6, 61828, 6295, 2886, 47, 6897, 4, 1284, 5368, 47, 5919, 1846, 25, 7, 5665, 7, 4, 100, 4188, 4, 136, 6, 29031, 42182, 5, 40115, 42, 19, 4, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 5919, 1846, 4, 509, 40715, 187, 532, 136, 1286, 92895, 13, 74, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 94859, 7, 40617, 297, 903, 10776, 47, 8060, 1919, 50588, 90, 4, 136, 75973, 7, 51158, 70, 28279, 27414, 111, 40115, 42, 2415, 5, 717, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 12035, 6504, 29827, 21, 53, 70, 36898, 111719, 111, 27668, 112989, 5, 360, 44, 3957, 110588, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 830, 86040, 5492, 10713, 71034, 5481, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 33532, 111, 5919, 1846, 4, 7712, 71, 4, 136, 62130, 27373, 21, 53, 7440, 70, 23, 1760, 27414, 111, 10440, 3284, 1902, 2809, 4, 136, 450, 70, 27414, 111, 62130, 27373, 136, 27414, 111, 40115, 42, 2415, 3542, 6863, 14194, 30125, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 35509, 98, 10, 23972, 72944, 8999, 9, 62346, 79442, 19, 390, 212754, 23, 70, 44, 23135, 68238, 102, 830, 7440, 70, 360, 1760, 27414, 111, 10440, 3284, 95699, 34, 138518, 10, 21334, 16128, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 17721, 70, 1004, 297, 3350, 73, 136, 41233, 3284, 93, 4, 6863, 171827, 3564, 8035, 20903, 47, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 32774, 16965, 420, 15, 94068, 70, 45709, 927, 7, 111, 3493, 34, 73, 194, 581, 153759, 509, 49903, 91376, 8108, 44, 3957, 41021, 7, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 830, 23, 3129, 70, 27414, 111, 62130, 27373, 136, 5919, 1846, 32316, 21771, 23, 70, 23972, 72944, 5, 6987, 1900, 9615, 6259, 23, 5919, 1846, 23, 70, 77648, 72944, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 4, 136, 442, 47143, 297, 70, 80953, 18, 111, 1919, 28, 5115, 49432, 5256, 5, 1529, 88303, 1919, 6782, 37515, 16200, 22411, 71, 9, 71, 31285, 4, 70, 49721, 68718, 4, 43573, 70, 2741, 38938, 101057, 984, 306, 15, 670, 5914, 882, 73, 247, 136, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 49721, 47443, 111, 5919, 1846, 5, 1529, 134053, 3642, 70, 21434, 7, 111, 17170, 3542, 7228, 1295, 70, 540, 3132, 111, 241, 80938, 23, 72798, 9601, 4, 136, 23410, 538, 100, 17704, 70, 6561, 21434, 23, 41233, 23046, 73, 5, 1529, 7068, 5423, 1672, 158, 944, 2852, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 4, 83184, 214, 142, 52875, 54799, 70, 540, 3132, 111, 241, 80938, 4, 1284, 509, 10958, 2118, 71, 390, 70, 1111, 111, 40115, 1055, 748, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 821, 5, 627, 5, 627, 5, 212754, 25, 7, 127663, 289, 8999, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 4, 5919, 1846, 15, 101322, 85018, 71, 2819, 1295, 39981, 41066, 44, 97732, 6557, 58, 136, 5813, 273, 44, 94646, 111, 132706, 18939, 83, 70, 2773, 39, 136, 3647, 111, 70, 187, 206, 9, 36417, 73, 6987, 1900, 5, 1650, 21, 53, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 82658, 1846, 136, 70, 6782, 96113, 3493, 34, 73, 4, 136, 47, 70, 127067, 111, 12969, 92, 25876, 5, 101057, 984, 306, 4, 10, 2741, 38938, 23, 5919, 1846, 4, 509, 70, 69236, 111, 70, 9593, 17336, 16070, 111, 70, 21434, 23, 70, 38694, 47, 163684, 70, 6561, 21434, 5, 5919, 1846, 509, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 17262, 101120, 37457, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Overview.", "The Black Gate.", "The Mountains of Shadow.", "Interior.", "First Age.", "History.", "Early history.", "The Last Alliance and Third Age.", "War of the Ring.", "Languages and peoples.", "Naming.", "Origins.", "Grendel's wilderness in \"Beowulf\".", "'Black Country' of the West Midlands.", "First World War's Western Front.", "Stromboli.", "Evil.", "Allusions in other works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Mordor was roughly rectangular in shape, with the longer sides on the north and south. Three sides were defended by mountain ranges: the Ered Lithui (\"Ash Mountains\") on the north, and the Ephel Dúath on the west and south. The lengths of these ranges are estimated to be 498 miles, 283 miles and 501 miles respectively, which gives Mordor's area as roughly 140,000 square miles (362,600 km2). To the west lay the narrow land of Ithilien, a province of Gondor; to the northwest, the Dead Marshes and Dagorlad; to the north, Wilderland; to the northeast and east, Rhûn; to the southeast, Khand; and to the south, Harad.", "In the northwest, the pass of Cirith Gorgor led into the enclosed plain of Udûn. Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor (the Morannon) across the pass, adding to earlier fortifications: the Towers of the Teeth, guard towers which had been built by Gondor to keep a watch on this entrance. The passage through the inner side of Udûn into the interior of Mordor was guarded by another gate, the Isenmouthe. Outside the Morannon lay the Dagorlad or Battle Plain, and the Dead Marshes.", "The Ephel Dúath (\"Fence of Shadow\") defended Mordor on the west and south. The main pass was guarded by Minas Morgul, a city built by Gondor as Minas Ithil. The fortress Durthang lay in the northern Ephel Dúath above Udûn. A higher, more difficult pass, Cirith Ungol, lay just to the north of the Morgul pass. Its top was guarded by a tower, built by Gondor. The route traversed Torech Ungol, the lair of the giant spider Shelob. Inside the Ephel Dúath ran a lower parallel ridge, the Morgai, separated by a narrow valley, a \"dying land not yet dead\" with \"low scrubby trees\", \"coarse grey grass-tussocks\", \"withered mosses\", \"great writhing, tangled brambles\", and thickets of briars with long, stabbing thorns.", "The interior of Mordor was composed of three large regions. The core of Sauron's realm was in the northwest: the arid plateau of Gorgoroth, with the active volcano Mount Doom located in the middle. Sauron's main fortress Barad-dûr was on the north side of Gorgoroth, at the end of a spur of the Ash Mountains. Gorgoroth was volcanic and inhospitable to life, but home to Mordor's mines, forges, and garrisons. Núrn, the southern part of Mordor, was less arid and more fertile; Sauron's slaves farmed this region to support his armies, and streams fed the salt Sea of Núrnen. To the east of Gorgoroth lay the dry plain of Lithlad.", "In \"The Atlas of Middle-earth\", Karen Wynn Fonstad assumed that the lands of Mordor, Khand, and Rhûn lay where the inland Sea of Helcar had been, and that the Sea of Rhûn and Sea of Núrnen were its remnants. This was based on a First Age world-map drawn by Tolkien in the \"Ambarkanta\", where the Inland Sea of Helcar occupied a large area of Middle-earth between the Ered Luin and Orocarni, its western end being close to the head of the Great Gulf (later the Mouths of Anduin). The atlas was however published before \"The Peoples of Middle-earth\", in which the Sea of Rhûn and Mordor exist already in the First Age.", "", "Sauron settled in Mordor in the Second Age of Middle-earth, and it remained the pivot of his evil contemplations. He built his great stronghold Barad-dûr, the Dark Tower, near the volcano Mount Doom (Orodruin), and became known as the Dark Lord of Mordor. He discovered how the Rings of Power were made from the Elves of Eregion in Eriador, and secretly forged the One Ring in Orodruin. He then set about conquering Middle-earth, launching an attack upon the Elves of Eregion, but was repelled by the Men of Númenor. Over a thousand years later, the Númenóreans under Ar-Pharazôn sailed to Middle-earth to challenge Sauron's claim to be \"King of Men\". Sauron let them capture him and take him back to Númenor, where he caused its destruction. He at once returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.", "Sauron's rule was interrupted again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men of Númenor and the Elves failed. The army of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men advanced on Mordor; in a great battle on the Dagorlad (\"Battle Plain\"), Sauron's forces were destroyed and the Black Gate was stormed. Barad-dûr was then besieged; after seven years, Sauron broke out and was defeated on the slopes of Orodruin. Sauron fled into Rhûn, and Barad-dûr was levelled. Gondor built fortresses at the entrances to Mordor to prevent his return, maintaining the \"Watchful Peace\" for over a thousand years. The Great Plague in Gondor caused the fortifications guarding Mordor to be abandoned, and Mordor again filled with evil things. The Ringwraiths took advantage of Gondor's defeat to re-enter Mordor, conquered Minas Ithil, and took over the fortresses. At the time of Bilbo Baggins's quest in \"The Hobbit\", Sauron returned into Mordor from Dol Guldur, feigning defeat, but readying for war.", "In the War of the Ring, Sauron attempted to storm Minas Tirith, the capital of Gondor, but was defeated by Gondor and Rohan in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The victors sent an army to the Black Gate to distract Sauron from the Ring. During the Battle of the Morannon, the One Ring was destroyed in Mount Doom, along with Sauron's power, Barad-dur, and the morale of his armies. This ultimate defeat of Sauron ended the Third Age. Gorgoroth, became empty as its Orcs fled or were killed. The land of Núrn was given to Sauron's freed slaves.", "At the time of the War of the Ring, Sauron had gathered great armies to serve him. These included Easterlings and Haradrim, who spoke a variety of tongues, and Orcs and Trolls, who usually spoke a debased form of the Common Speech. Within Barad-dûr and among the captains of Mordor (the Ringwraiths and other high-ranking servants such as the Mouth of Sauron), the Black Speech was still used, the language devised by Sauron during the Dark Years of the Second Age. In addition to ordinary Orcs and Trolls, Sauron had bred a stronger strain of Orcs, the Uruk-hai, and very large Trolls known as Olog-hai who could endure the sun. The Olog-hai knew only the Black Speech.", "Within Tolkien's fiction, \"Mordor\" had two meanings: \"Black Land\" in Sindarin, and \"Land of Shadow\" in Quenya. The root \"mor\" (\"dark\", \"black\") also appeared in Moria, which meant \"Black Pit\", and Morgoth, the first Dark Lord. Popular sources have conjectured or stated directly that \"Mordor\" came from Old English \"morðor\", \"mortal sin\" or \"murder\". Against this, Helge Fauskanger notes that Tolkien had been using both the elements of the name, \"mor\" and \"dor\" (as in Gondor, Eriador) for decades before assembling them into \"Mordor\". Fauskanger writes that there are however several words that sound like \"mor\" with connotations of darkness. Italian \"moro\" (cf. Latin \"maurus\", black, and \"Mauri\", a North African tribe) means a Moor, and the adjective means \"black\"; Tolkien said that he liked the Italian language. Greek Μαυρός (\"mauros\") means \"dark, dim\". He notes, too, the possible connection in Tolkien's mind with Mirkwood, the dark Northern forest, from Norse \"myrk\" \"dark\", cognate with English \"murky\". Further, he writes, words like \"Latin \"mors\" 'death' or Old English \"morðor\"'murder'—further darkened the ring of this syllable.\" Finally, Fauskanger mentions the Arthurian names like Morgana, Morgause, and Mordred; the Mor- element here does not mean \"dark\", possibly being connected to Welsh \"mawr\" \"big\", but Tolkien could have picked up the association with Arthurian evil.", "", "Tolkien, a scholar of Old English, was an expert on \"Beowulf\", calling it one of his \"most valued sources\" for Middle-earth. The medievalists Stuart D. Lee and Elizabeth Solopova compare Tolkien's account of Mordor and the neighbouring landscapes to the monster Grendel's wilderness in \"Beowulf\". In particular, they compare Frodo and Sam's crossing of the Dead Marshes and what Gollum called its \"tricksy lights\", with \"Beowulf\" \"fire on the water\"; and their traversal of the parched Morgai, full of rocks and vicious thorns, with Grendel's dangerous moors. Lee and Solopova write that the \"Beowulf\" description both emphasises the coming horror, \"play[ing] on ideas of desolation, wintry landscapes and the supernatural\", and like Tolkien giving realistic descriptions of nature. At the same time, they write, both the \"Beowulf\" poet and Tolkien incorporate \"an element of fantasy\": Grendel's moor is both full of water and a \"craggy headland.. inhabited by supernatural evil\", while Tolkien fills the landscapes in and around Mordor with \"similar ambiguity and sense of unease\".", "An art exhibition entitled \"The Making of Mordor\" at the Wolverhampton Art Gallery (2014) claims that the steelworks and blast furnaces of the West Midlands inspired Tolkien's vision of, and his name \"Mordor\". This industrialized area has long been known as \"the Black Country\". Philip Womack, writing in \"The Independent\", likens Tolkien's move from rural Warwickshire to urban Birmingham as \"exile from a rural idyll to Mordor-like forges and fires\", The critic Chris Baratta notes the contrasting environments of the well-tended leafy Shire, the home of the hobbits, and \"the industrial wastelands of Isengard and Mordor.\" Baratta comments that Tolkien clearly intended the reader to \"identify with some of the problems of environmental destruction, rampant industrial invasion, and the corrupting and damaging effects these have on mankind.\"", "\"The New York Times\" on the other hand related the grim land of Mordor to Tolkien's personal experience in the trenches of the Western Front in the First World War. Jane Ciabattari, writing on the BBC culture website, calls the hobbits' struggle to take the ring to Mordor \"a cracked mirror reflection of the young soldiers caught in the blasted landscape and slaughter of trench warfare on the Western Front.\" In Womack's view the 2019 biopic \"Tolkien\" explicitly connects Mordor to trench warfare: \"riders become bloody knights; smoke billows and turns into the form of dark kings.\" In one of his letters in 1960, Tolkien himself wrote that \"The Dead Marshes [just north of Mordor] and the approaches to the Morannon [an entrance to Mordor] owe something to northern France after the Battle of the Somme\".", "Tolkien was reported in the science fiction fanzine \"Niekas\" to have \"caught a glimpse of Mount Doom\" when sailing past the volcano of Stromboli off Sicily.", "The critic Lykke Guanio-Uluru sees Mordor as specifically evil, marked by Sauron: a land that is \"dying, struggling for life, though not yet dead\", evil being able to disfigure life but not to destroy it completely. It is contrasted, writes Guanio-Uluru, with the beauty of Lothlorien, and marked by negative adjectives like \"harsh, twisted, bitter, struggling, low, coarse, withered, tangled, stabbing, sullen, shrivelled, grating, rattling, sad\".", "The third verse of Led Zeppelin's 1969 song \"Ramble On\" by Jimmy Page features a \"bizarre\" Middle-earth including a Mordor where one can meet beautiful women. In Chapter 10 of \"Outlaw Platoon\" (2012), U.S. Army Ranger Sean Parnel's war memoir describing his service in Afghanistan, he observes: \"Looks like we're at the gates of Mordor out here\", inspiring the chapter's title \"The Gates of Mordor\". In Warsaw, the Służewiec Przemysłowy neighbourhood of Mokotów district, where many international Corporations own buildings, is commonly called Mordor. In 2016, Google Translate's Ukrainian to Russian function translated \"Russia\" as \"Mordor\". Google claimed this to be a \"technical error\" and issued an apology. In 2015 NASA published photographs taken as the New Horizons space probe passed within 7000 miles of Pluto. A photo of Pluto's largest moon, Charon, shows a large dark area near its north pole. The dark area has been unofficially called Mordor Macula." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 13794, 214, 23, 8719, 418, 4, 124931, 1314, 134053, 8759, 90, 136, 3789, 337, 34204, 17721, 23342, 136, 145255, 450, 100, 8, 23662, 7, 3542, 90698, 47, 186, 23208, 7, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 7068, 136, 10932, 543, 11703, 4, 3229, 70, 14012, 111, 23208, 7, 1902, 157578, 24645, 124931, 1314, 26859, 17368, 70, 2565, 135815, 100, 70, 164917, 337, 34204, 136, 7068, 118066, 147453, 707, 18507, 151138, 2856, 237, 23208, 7, 5, 17106, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 42473, 188, 23, 28730, 4, 2684, 124931, 1314, 90698, 70, 56944, 12353, 47, 765, 300, 86, 23208, 7, 4, 33233, 678, 137107, 111, 207583, 164917, 337, 34204, 15, 11, 139629, 7, 136, 1380, 933, 194, 1326, 39555, 836, 5369, 42473, 188, 509, 17569, 47, 186, 150679, 3501, 123106, 53, 4, 1284, 678, 70, 103882, 53, 23, 25695, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 6, 59533, 21656, 191, 4, 442, 100512, 7722, 47, 72350, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 46889, 152018, 538, 136, 47, 83324, 450, 442, 509, 5045, 164917, 3501, 61475, 25902, 1636, 5, 1650, 509, 166904, 538, 1632, 9, 32290, 100736, 927, 70, 46889, 111, 123106, 53, 4, 3129, 7228, 42473, 188, 390, 2060, 70, 19336, 525, 23208, 5, 106073, 442, 509, 7464, 1286, 3501, 1492, 20028, 237, 106750, 237, 70, 142105, 36746, 23, 70, 135815, 6, 75696, 4, 8759, 90, 4, 442, 1902, 1632, 9, 1029, 2480, 127, 70, 46889, 111, 64883, 25, 7, 55583, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 19441, 3060, 225073, 62816, 48242, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 21334, 103173, 289, 66110, 19, 81432, 939, 136, 10, 11192, 103173, 289, 121225, 1363, 4, 442, 100512, 36875, 450, 442, 509, 10, 12921, 8562, 111, 14361, 1295, 2499, 111, 70, 3789, 23208, 7, 5, 360, 70, 11704, 7, 4, 124931, 1314, 80723, 47, 7413, 36746, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 10776, 111, 32628, 237, 42473, 188, 15, 35613, 51529, 237, 70, 8179, 1264, 6, 75696, 247, 136, 3060, 3853, 2060, 9319, 16065, 5, 52455, 111, 6097, 99764, 40368, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 22799, 103173, 289, 62816, 48242, 7, 4, 136, 42473, 188, 26859, 8035, 51592, 237, 70, 142105, 32786, 111, 10, 3525, 18507, 111, 36746, 7, 4, 70, 12266, 23968, 7, 5, 1650, 100512, 34735, 450, 40101, 70, 150679, 111, 6097, 337, 34204, 2806, 2843, 765, 47, 186, 18507, 47314, 237, 23208, 7, 4, 707, 42473, 188, 2806, 765, 47, 186, 456, 67413, 47314, 4, 5045, 237, 8759, 90, 1902, 2809, 456, 67413, 47314, 7103, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 78301, 135815, 7, 5, 3293, 12441, 3060, 124931, 1314, 47, 7279, 15005, 2852, 47, 42473, 188, 237, 10, 23208, 5, 48752, 289, 69407, 4, 26719, 44, 22144, 141265, 58, 136, 44, 141265, 48899, 830, 26859, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 70, 337, 34204, 5036, 51529, 237, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7, 5, 85303, 1687, 1314, 3542, 2843, 158863, 450, 1286, 36746, 7, 237, 21334, 237, 42473, 188, 2806, 186, 134053, 4, 136, 70, 14012, 111, 23208, 7, 2806, 4034, 105925, 69405, 2174, 42473, 188, 3542, 47, 47143, 18507, 47314, 237, 10, 23208, 5, 1004, 164, 15, 92733, 51529, 237, 1388, 509, 134053, 23, 18982, 4078, 74, 442, 509, 17569, 47, 186, 161549, 150679, 3501, 42473, 188, 4, 136, 3060, 117729, 152701, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 442, 237, 70, 44, 510, 927, 23208, 740, 1301, 10, 179804, 6620, 4, 70, 31089, 100512, 10, 26866, 111, 108938, 29865, 20271, 70, 87, 20000, 9082, 151169, 53, 23, 8055, 30739, 581, 87, 20000, 25, 7, 61475, 144888, 152132, 99201, 21656, 191, 4, 1004, 164, 4, 136, 8759, 90, 23, 70, 5303, 111, 23208, 7, 5, 24372, 5941, 124931, 1314, 36746, 297, 47, 903, 152132, 4, 142, 30700, 509, 79442, 19, 1257, 390, 70, 168919, 66, 124931, 1314, 112937, 118782, 66995, 136, 213100, 6505, 89921, 14, 12, 1836, 26171, 71, 142, 81814, 2182, 95487, 100, 36746, 7, 21334, 20174, 47, 186, 68807, 1284, 3129, 1902, 959, 34735, 297, 2363, 103173, 7, 111, 23208, 7373, 67553, 5, 46193, 26783, 21656, 191, 1295, 70, 5303, 4, 70, 3525, 152132, 2843, 184750, 42473, 188, 4, 8759, 90, 4, 136, 1004, 164, 4, 6637, 1836, 765, 959, 34735, 297, 2363, 103173, 7, 5, 581, 87, 20000, 25, 7, 2704, 853, 166589, 190, 284, 9498, 56, 4126, 903, 17262, 9, 33478, 6504, 53, 5426, 100, 70, 4157, 1084, 289, 337, 34204, 103173, 214, 70, 7550, 5, 1650, 12301, 7, 12, 581, 87, 20000, 8306, 6777, 137633, 10, 9433, 47, 95486, 132988, 2256, 36746, 7, 4, 137802, 6044, 116983, 9035, 47, 124931, 1314, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 6777, 221419, 538, 137633, 226829, 1379, 3129, 142, 87, 20000, 175352, 2806, 645, 21231, 70, 147453, 111, 7722, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7, 12, 85589, 4806, 3900, 9, 6433, 80681, 72173, 36746, 7, 678, 142, 89931, 101668, 13, 124498, 56, 3501, 57157, 15, 2940, 8311, 329, 10, 15440, 148064, 111, 6, 190955, 1785, 42518, 214, 47, 10, 84183, 238, 144, 372, 246, 111, 4879, 3542, 47, 186, 24, 4806, 390, 70, 23403, 22206, 9, 141265, 147453, 175352, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 15, 2940, 7464, 237, 111, 3640, 247, 70, 4734, 337, 34204, 47, 23356, 70, 147453, 166220, 19, 3542, 136, 5, 32255, 43606, 337, 34204, 46, 70, 17262, 1379, 177229, 23, 3295, 15, 683, 822, 188, 4, 8759, 90, 136, 1004, 164, 16, 1001, 70, 6626, 24, 4806, 23, 2021, 15, 6495, 15537, 11, 136, 26176, 55898, 16, 46, 621, 39210, 538, 8121, 71, 237, 70, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7, 111, 70, 56944, 12353, 390, 147453, 207048, 5, 33306, 4, 4734, 6626, 111, 2856, 46, 8759, 90, 136, 42473, 188, 46, 765, 2809, 139999, 71, 23, 20174, 22443, 47, 493, 40383, 450, 2363, 43581, 115700, 7, 11177, 2367, 2806, 186, 84751, 1295, 64707, 201939, 6, 155159, 316, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 70, 116920, 6827, 26908, 205794, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 150679, 384, 8575, 7, 237, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 821, 21130, 64, 56317, 284, 62816, 29367, 2016, 449, 41992, 237, 10, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7103, 150556, 7, 23, 20400, 136, 26328, 13791, 56, 113091, 111, 44, 2347, 6957, 136659, 378, 618, 8575, 268, 23403, 22206, 23208, 7, 58, 23, 4152, 106073, 50509, 7, 3542, 165249, 1672, 70, 40865, 1363, 111, 23208, 7, 103173, 214, 3789, 6057, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 23403, 22206, 23208, 83, 10, 33910, 1294, 9, 1510, 7, 36746, 450, 14602, 959, 35462, 67, 6863, 10776, 111, 32628, 15, 162, 10, 29568, 707, 54704, 289, 23208, 14602, 16, 136, 83, 959, 10, 99675, 13, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 442, 83, 23, 8951, 103173, 111, 70, 7550, 136, 83, 106750, 20174, 47, 186, 32204, 46, 100, 6863, 64002, 939, 47, 76104, 442, 23, 10, 64707, 17346, 71407, 125553, 223, 115700, 15, 16345, 25958, 10, 91, 20133, 63964, 16, 46, 1284, 1556, 959, 34735, 297, 70, 205277, 10932, 6863, 103173, 111, 3789, 4912, 5, 581, 160469, 13, 23403, 22206, 23208, 83, 42473, 188, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History of the concept.", "Name.", "Characteristics.", "Orbital dominance.", "Hydrostatic equilibrium.", "Population of possible dwarf planets.", "Most likely dwarf planets.", "Exploration.", "Contention regarding the reclassification of Pluto.", "Bodies resembling dwarf planets.", "Former dwarf planets.", "Planetary-mass moons.", "Charon." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Starting in 1801, astronomers discovered Ceres and other bodies between Mars and Jupiter that for decades were considered to be planets. Between then and around 1851, when the number of planets had reached 23, astronomers started using the word asteroid for the smaller bodies and then stopped naming or classifying them as planets. With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury, but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon Charon, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth's Moon. Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets. In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the Kuiper belt), and some even farther away. Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, the plutinos. It became clear that either the larger of these bodies would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified, much as Ceres had been reclassified after the discovery of additional asteroids. This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including \"subplanet\" and \"planetoid\", started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets. Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain classified as a planet. Eris (then known as ) was discovered in January 2005; it was thought to be slightly larger than Pluto, and some reports informally referred to it as the \"tenth planet\". As a consequence, the issue became a matter of intense debate during the IAU General Assembly in August 2006. The IAU's initial draft proposal included Charon, Eris, and Ceres in the list of planets. After many astronomers objected to this proposal, an alternative was drawn up by the Uruguayan astronomers Julio Ángel Fernández and Gonzalo Tancredi: they proposed an intermediate category for objects large enough to be round but which had not cleared their orbits of planetesimals. Dropping Charon from the list, the new proposal also removed Pluto, Ceres, and Eris, because they have not cleared their orbits. The IAU's final Resolution 5A preserved this three-category system for the celestial bodies orbiting the Sun. It reads: The IAU never did establish a process to assign borderline objects, leaving such judgements to astronomers. However, it did subsequently establish guidelines under which an IAU committee would oversee the naming of possible dwarf planets: unnamed trans-Neptunian objects with an absolute magnitude brighter than +1 (and hence a minimum diameter of 838 km corresponding to a geometric albedo of 1) were to be named by the dwarf-planet naming committee. At the time (and still as of 2019), the only bodies to meet the naming criterion were and. These five bodies – the three under consideration in 2006 (Pluto, Ceres and Eris) plus the two named in 2008 (Haumea and Makemake) – are commonly presented as the dwarf planets of the Solar System by naming authorities. However, only two of them – Ceres and Pluto – have been observed in enough detail to verify that their current shapes fit what would be expected from hydrostatic equilibrium. On the other hand, the astronomical community typically refers to the larger TNOs as dwarf planets. For instance, JPL/NASA characterized Gonggong as a dwarf planet after observations in 2016, and Simon Porter spoke of \"the big eight [TNO] dwarf planets\" in 2018. Although concerns were raised about the classification of planets orbiting other stars, the issue was not resolved; it was proposed instead to decide this only when such objects start to be observed.", "Names for large subplanetary bodies include \"dwarf planet\", \"planetoid\", \"meso-planet\", \"quasi-planet\" and (in the transneptunian region) \"plutoid\". \"Dwarf planet\", however, was originally coined as a term for the smallest planets, not the largest sub-planets, and is still used that way by many planetary astronomers. Alan Stern coined the term \"dwarf planet\", analogous to the term \"dwarf star\", as part of a three-fold classification of planets, and he and many of his colleagues continue to classify dwarf planets as a class of planets. The IAU decided that dwarf planets are not to be considered planets, but kept Stern's term for them. Other terms for the IAU definition of the largest subplanetary bodies that do not have such conflicting connotations or usage include \"quasi-planet\" and the older term \"planetoid\" (\"having the form of a planet\"). Michael E. Brown stated that \"planetoid\" is \"a perfectly good word\" that has been used for these bodies for years, and that the use of the term \"dwarf planet\" for a non-planet is \"dumb\", but that it was motivated by an attempt by the IAU division III plenary session to reinstate Pluto as a planet in a second resolution. Indeed, the draft of Resolution 5A had called these median bodies \"planetoids,\" but the plenary session voted unanimously to change the name to \"dwarf planet.\" The second resolution, 5B, defined \"dwarf planets\" as a subtype of \"planet\", as Stern had originally intended, distinguished from the other eight that were to be called \"classical planets\". Under this arrangement, the twelve planets of the rejected proposal were to be preserved in a distinction between eight \"classical planets\" and four \"dwarf planets\". Resolution 5B was defeated in the same session that 5A was passed. Because of the semantic inconsistency of a \"dwarf planet\" not being a planet due to the failure of Resolution 5B, alternative terms such as \"nanoplanet\" and \"subplanet\" were discussed, but there was no consensus among the CSBN to change it. In most languages equivalent terms have been created by translating \"dwarf planet\" more-or-less literally: French ', Spanish ', German \"\", Russian \"karlikovaya planeta\" (), Arabic \"kaukab qazm\" (), Chinese \"ǎixíngxīng\" (), Korean \"waesohangseong\" or \"waehangseong\" (왜소행성; 矮小行星, 왜행성; 矮行星), but in Japanese they are called \"junwakusei\" (), meaning \"quasi-planets\" or \"peneplanets\". IAU Resolution 6a of 2006 recognizes Pluto as \"the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects\". The name and precise nature of this category were not specified but left for the IAU to establish at a later date; in the debate leading up to the resolution, the members of the category were variously referred to as \"plutons\" and \"plutonian objects\" but neither name was carried forward, perhaps due to objections from geologists that this would create confusion with their \"pluton\". On June 11, 2008, the IAU Executive Committee announced a name, \"plutoid\", and a definition: all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets are plutoids. The authority of that initial announcement has not been universally recognized: The category of 'plutoid' captured an earlier distinction between the 'terrestrial dwarf' Ceres and the 'ice dwarfs' of the outer Solar system, part of a conception of a threefold division of the Solar System into inner \"terrestrial planets\", central \"gas giants\" and outer \"ice dwarfs\", of which Pluto was the principal member. 'Ice dwarf' however also saw some use as an umbrella term for all trans-Neptunian minor planets, or for the ice asteroids of the outer Solar System; one attempted definition was that an ice dwarf \"is larger than the nucleus of a normal comet and icier than a typical asteroid.\" Before the \"Dawn\" mission, Ceres was sometimes called a 'terrestrial dwarf' to distinguish it from the 'ice dwarfs' Pluto and Eris. However, since \"Dawn\" it has been recognized that Ceres is an icy body more similar to the icy moons of the outer planets and to TNOs such as Pluto than it is to the terrestrial planets, blurring the distinction, and Ceres has since been called an ice dwarf as well.", "", "Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison introduced a parameter Λ (lambda), expressing the likelihood of an encounter resulting in a given deflection of orbit. The value of this parameter in Stern's model is proportional to the square of the mass and inversely proportional to the period. This value can be used to estimate the capacity of a body to clear the neighbourhood of its orbit, where Λ > 1 will eventually clear it. A gap of five orders of magnitude in Λ was found between the smallest terrestrial planets and the largest asteroids and Kuiper belt objects. Using this parameter, Steven Soter and other astronomers argued for a distinction between planets and dwarf planets based on the inability of the latter to \"clear the neighbourhood around their orbits\": planets are able to remove smaller bodies near their orbits by collision, capture, or gravitational disturbance (or establish orbital resonances that prevent collisions), whereas dwarf planets lack the mass to do so. Soter went on to propose a parameter he called the \"planetary discriminant\", designated with the symbol μ (mu), that represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone (where μ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone), where μ > 100 is deemed to be cleared. Jean-Luc Margot refined Stern and Levison's concept to produce a similar parameter Π (Pi). It is based on theory, avoiding the empirical data used by Λ. Π > 1 indicates a planet, and there is again a gap of several orders of magnitude between planets and dwarf planets. There are several other schemes that try to differentiate between planets and dwarf planets, but the 2006 definition uses this concept.", "Sufficient internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn a body plastic, and sufficient plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fill in, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a few kilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have an irregular shape and may be rubble piles. Larger objects, where gravitation is significant but not dominant, are \"potato\" shaped; the more massive the body is, the higher its internal pressure, the more solid it is and the more rounded its shape, until the pressure is sufficient to overcome its internal compressive strength and it achieves hydrostatic equilibrium. At this point a body is as round as it is possible to be, given its rotation and tidal effects, and is an ellipsoid in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet. When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid covering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If the body does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it rotates, the more oblate or even scalene it becomes. If such a rotating body were to be heated until it melted, its overall shape would not change when liquid. The extreme example of a body that may be scalene due to rapid rotation is, which is twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces cause its rotation to gradually slow until it is tidally locked, such that it always presents the same face to its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, where both bodies are tidally locked to each other. Tidally locked bodies are also scalene, though sometimes only slightly so. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are all rounded satellites of the gas giants. The upper and lower size and mass limits of dwarf planets have not been specified by the IAU. There is no defined upper limit, and an object larger or more massive than Mercury that has not \"cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit\" would be classified as a dwarf planet. The lower limit is determined by the requirements of achieving a hydrostatic equilibrium shape, but the size or mass at which an object attains this shape depends on its composition and thermal history. The original draft of the 2006 IAU resolution redefined hydrostatic equilibrium shape as applying \"to objects with mass above 5 kg and diameter greater than 800 km\", but this was not retained in the final draft.", "The number of dwarf planets in the Solar system is not known. The three objects under consideration during the debates leading up to the 2006 IAU acceptance of the category of dwarf planet – Ceres, Pluto and Eris – are universally accepted as dwarf planets, including by those astronomers who continue to classify dwarf planets as planets. In 2015, Ceres and Pluto were determined to have shapes consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium (and thus with being dwarf planets) by the \"Dawn\" and \"New Horizons\" missions, respectively. Eris is assumed to be a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto. In order of discovery, these three bodies are: Due to the 2008 decision to assign the naming of Haumea and Makemake to the dwarf-planet naming committee and their announcement as dwarf planets in IAU press releases, these two bodies are also generally accepted as dwarf planets: Four additional bodies meet the criteria of Brown, Tancredi et al. and Grundy et al. for candidate objects: Additional bodies have been proposed, such as and by Brown, or and by Tancredi et al. Most of the larger bodies have moons, which enables a determination of their masses and thus their densities, which inform estimates as to whether they could be dwarf planets. The largest TNOs that are not known to have moons are Sedna, and. At the time Makemake and Haumea were named, it was thought that trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with icy cores would require a diameter of only perhaps 400 km (250 mi)—about 3% of that of Earth—to relax into gravitational equilibrium. Researchers thought that the number of such bodies could prove to be around 200 in the Kuiper belt, with thousands more beyond. This was one of the reasons (keeping the roster of 'planets' to a reasonable number) that Pluto was reclassified in the first place. However, research since then has cast doubt on the idea that bodies that small could have achieved or maintained equilibrium under common conditions. Individual astronomers have recognized a number of such objects as dwarf planets or as highly likely to prove to be dwarf planets. In 2008, Tancredi et al. advised the IAU to officially accept Orcus, Sedna and Quaoar as dwarf planets, though the IAU did not address the issue then and has not since. In addition, Tancredi considered the five TNOs,,,, and to be mostly likely dwarf planets as well. In 2012, Stern stated that there are more than a dozen known dwarf planets, though he did not specify which they were. Since 2011, Brown has maintained a list of hundreds of candidate objects, ranging from \"nearly certain\" to \"possible\" dwarf planets, based solely on estimated size. As of 13 September 2019, Brown's list identifies ten trans-Neptunian objects with diameters greater than 900 km (the four named by the IAU plus,,,, and ) as \"near certain\" to be dwarf planets, and another 16, with diameters greater than 600 km, as \"highly likely\". Notably, Gonggong may have a larger diameter () than Pluto's largest moon Charon (1212 km). Pinilla-Alonso et al. (2019) propose that the surface compositions of 40 bodies possibly larger than 450 km in diameter be compared with the planned James Webb Space Telescope. However, in 2019 Grundy et al. proposed that dark, low-density bodies smaller than about 900–1000 km in diameter, such as Salacia and Varda, never fully collapsed into solid planetary bodies and retain internal porosity from their formation (in which case they could not be dwarf-planets), while accepting that brighter (albedo > ≈0.2) or denser (> ≈1.4 g/cc) Orcus and Quaoar probably were fully solid. Observations in 2017–2019 led researchers to suggest that the large icy asteroids 10 Hygiea and 704 Interamnia may have equilibrium shapes, though such claims have not been made for the still-larger icy asteroid 2 Pallas.", "The following Trans-Neptunian objects are agreed by Brown, Tancredi et al. and Grundy et al. to be likely to be dwarf planets. Charon, a moon of Pluto that was proposed as a dwarf planet by the IAU in 2006, is included for comparison. Those objects that have absolute magnitudes greater than +1, and so meet the criteria for the dwarf-planet naming committee of the IAU, are highlighted, as is Ceres, which has been accepted as a dwarf planet by the IAU since they first debated the concept.", "On March 6, 2015, the \"Dawn\" spacecraft began to orbit Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a dwarf planet. On July 14, 2015, the \"New Horizons\" space probe flew by Pluto and its five moons. Ceres displays such planetary-geologic features as surface salt deposits and cryovolcanos, while Pluto has water-ice mountains drifting in nitrogen-ice glaciers, as well as of course an atmosphere. For both bodies, there is at least the possibility of a subsurface ocean or brine layer. Dawn has also orbited the former dwarf planet Vesta. Phoebe has been explored by Cassini (most recently) and Voyager 2, which also explored Neptune's moon Triton. These three bodies are thought to be former dwarf planets and therefore their exploration helps in the study of the evolution of dwarf planets.", "In the immediate aftermath of the IAU definition of dwarf planet, some scientists expressed their disagreement with the IAU resolution. Campaigns included car bumper stickers and T-shirts. Mike Brown (the discoverer of Eris) agrees with the reduction of the number of planets to eight. NASA has announced that it will use the new guidelines established by the IAU. Alan Stern, the director of NASA's mission to Pluto, rejects the current IAU definition of planet, both in terms of defining dwarf planets as something other than a type of planet, and in using orbital characteristics (rather than intrinsic characteristics) of objects to define them as dwarf planets. Thus, in 2011, he still referred to Pluto as a planet, and accepted other dwarf planets such as Ceres and Eris, as well as the larger moons, as additional planets. Several years before the IAU definition, he used orbital characteristics to separate \"überplanets\" (the dominant eight) from \"unterplanets\" (the dwarf planets), considering both types \"planets\".", "A number of bodies physically resemble dwarf planets. This include former dwarf planets, which may still have an equilibrium shape; planetary-mass moons, which meet the physical but not the orbital definition for dwarf planets; and Charon in the Pluto–Charon system, which is arguably a binary dwarf planet. The categories may overlap: Triton, for example, is both a former dwarf planet and a planetary-mass moon.", "Vesta, the next-most-massive body in the asteroid belt after Ceres, was once in hydrostatic equilibrium and is roughly spherical, deviating mainly because of massive impacts that formed the Rheasilvia and Veneneia craters after it solidified. Its dimensions are not consistent with it currently being in hydrostatic equilibrium. Triton is more massive than Eris or Pluto, has an equilibrium shape, and is thought to be a captured dwarf planet (likely a member of a binary system), but no longer directly orbits the sun. Phoebe is a captured centaur that, like Vesta, is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, but is thought to have been so early in its history due to radiogenic heating. Evidence from 2019 suggests that Theia, the former planet that collided with Earth in the giant-impact hypothesis, may have originated in the outer Solar System rather than in the inner Solar System and that Earth's water originated on Theia, thus implying that Theia may have been a former dwarf planet from the Kuiper Belt.", "Nineteen moons have an equilibrium shape from having relaxed under their own gravity at some point in their history, though some have since frozen solid and are no longer in equilibrium. Seven are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. These moons are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but do not fit the IAU definition because they do not directly orbit the Sun. (Indeed, Neptune's moon Triton is a captured dwarf planet, and Ceres formed in the same region of the Solar System as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.) Alan Stern calls planetary-mass moons \"satellite planets\", one of three categories of planet, together with dwarf planets and classical planets. The term \"planemo\" (\"planetary-mass object\") also covers all three populations.", "There has been some debate as to whether the Pluto–Charon system should be considered a double dwarf planet. In a draft resolution for the IAU definition of planet, both Pluto and Charon were considered planets in a binary system. The IAU currently states that Charon is not considered to be a dwarf planet but rather is a satellite of Pluto, although the idea that Charon might qualify as a dwarf planet in its own right may be considered at a later date. However, it is no longer clear that Charon is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Further, the location of the barycenter depends not only on the relative masses of the bodies, but also on the distance between them; the barycenter of the Sun–Jupiter orbit, for example, lies outside the Sun, but they are not considered a binary object." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 59444, 122, 60877, 1295, 2471, 6498, 51004, 266, 2565, 44, 3796, 329, 58, 242, 372, 49842, 7844, 25, 5, 581, 9351, 7311, 538, 509, 179140, 100, 43573, 1272, 12982, 7, 2943, 22445, 15, 7614, 49086, 37639, 194, 1650, 509, 170920, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 237, 70, 23, 54815, 3674, 4000, 2481, 111, 7465, 1436, 9, 22769, 402, 15, 247, 3129, 149976, 552, 8079, 136, 300, 94558, 324, 592, 23, 70, 7465, 1430, 458, 14519, 3010, 47022, 5, 1650, 509, 2855, 3674, 4488, 9615, 19929, 10778, 136, 120514, 4806, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 390, 70, 853, 166589, 111, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 3164, 9, 92141, 39209, 15881, 130922, 148855, 15, 86920, 7, 17756, 16, 98, 7582, 714, 4, 61540, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 442, 509, 12302, 2822, 1295, 10404, 4922, 59338, 47, 14431, 515, 4922, 59338, 5, 3311, 43357, 4, 70, 552, 8079, 9, 93, 94558, 324, 592, 21950, 124735, 207583, 4, 136, 4, 210435, 538, 4, 70, 16128, 43904, 3514, 434, 237, 5299, 5, 2161, 22482, 17846, 43357, 4, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 9972, 20078, 130922, 148855, 10174, 1830, 297, 47, 28282, 3525, 7465, 1430, 6504, 4922, 59338, 390, 38310, 214, 70, 59444, 136, 6863, 206990, 16128, 1295, 14431, 515, 4922, 59338, 136, 47, 80731, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 59444, 10778, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 59444, 10778, 509, 2855, 3674, 47, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 390, 70, 6, 86920, 7, 17756, 853, 166589, 111, 6088, 387, 4, 43357, 4, 102971, 110, 3525, 103724, 509, 100, 4806, 5, 2161, 18374, 209, 4, 43357, 4, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 59444, 215394, 509, 163888, 27686, 105237, 47, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 9972, 20078, 130922, 148855, 5, 2161, 14487, 21416, 43357, 4, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 9972, 20078, 130922, 148855, 13438, 10174, 1830, 297, 47, 28282, 10, 3525, 103724, 678, 70, 86757, 27585, 23, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 5, 360, 10, 31330, 47, 70, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 130922, 148855, 136, 70, 6, 86920, 7, 17756, 4, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 959, 297, 450, 14431, 515, 4922, 59338, 1556, 6626, 126809, 1284, 51, 174822, 25297, 27585, 7, 2451, 124756, 515, 1042, 136, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 2451, 76228, 70, 21, 3055, 19441, 10, 150679, 43904, 136, 8035, 105866, 16065, 1295, 70, 36770, 5, 581, 10174, 1830, 509, 13438, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 2451, 434, 3220, 98, 22482, 209, 4, 41933, 70, 6, 86920, 7, 17756, 30666, 297, 10, 3525, 853, 166589, 151134, 70, 86757, 9, 720, 416, 77275, 45646, 111, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 15, 4390, 3129, 10934, 669, 1042, 9972, 20078, 509, 10, 2831, 247, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 47143, 297, 10, 2831, 111, 14431, 515, 4922, 59338, 5, 7465, 1430, 6504, 4922, 59338, 509, 155605, 100, 4806, 98, 14487, 30284, 41933, 5, 1650, 13835, 71, 24189, 14487, 483, 4, 45604, 4, 3229, 390, 70, 262, 7612, 13, 111, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 174620, 134349, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 509, 57849, 3674, 23, 10778, 47, 450, 111, 10, 59444, 1379, 81761, 100491, 428, 10763, 4, 678, 70, 36770, 103724, 25, 7, 181991, 53, 452, 6953, 3934, 6863, 163888, 2320, 5, 3311, 70, 8055, 209, 4, 26771, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 174620, 134349, 111, 70, 102374, 59215, 38891, 262, 7612, 13, 4, 70, 59444, 111, 21530, 13, 6504, 1042, 509, 57849, 3674, 23, 10778, 47, 450, 111, 10, 59444, 1379, 81761, 100491, 428, 10763, 136, 221419, 538, 40368, 23, 54815, 3674, 39861, 2449, 198395, 163888, 27686, 47, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 3542, 12302, 2822, 47, 21530, 13, 6504, 1042, 390, 70, 8055, 29620, 26771, 49132, 6889, 111, 70, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 130922, 148855, 5, 17106, 73, 70, 170846, 111, 86757, 91853, 7, 4, 442, 83, 4, 25842, 678, 17262, 28720, 39861, 2449, 4, 49504, 3674, 237, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 52649, 678, 167365, 18403, 43315, 148503, 31667, 2451, 66, 86757, 25072, 678, 70, 10778, 105950, 47, 450, 111, 70, 103724, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 14834, 91853, 4, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 52649, 678, 167365, 18403, 43315, 148503, 31667, 83, 49504, 3674, 237, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 34469, 9972, 20078, 5, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 83, 10, 27585, 111, 300, 94558, 46317, 1277, 136, 552, 8079, 36049, 15, 11, 12876, 379, 1042, 47801, 583, 18153, 83, 105866, 3688, 194, 1650, 2843, 27980, 7, 70, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 1831, 3647, 111, 70, 102374, 5345, 59591, 5, 581, 16128, 206990, 70, 59444, 83, 141591, 538, 160, 16591, 3674, 5, 581, 3253, 35066, 3939, 9, 7614, 49086, 70615, 1556, 145870, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 54940, 70, 3253, 35066, 3939, 9, 7614, 49086, 10776, 26, 7, 156444, 8010, 53370, 7, 4, 21208, 442, 959, 297, 450, 70, 2967, 509, 128839, 538, 8035, 86869, 71, 5, 66016, 9571, 4, 15969, 28, 54916, 23, 70, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 16128, 765, 36069, 20051, 390, 39555, 30584, 4, 1295, 14073, 5, 363, 199823, 80175, 90, 47, 138, 145515, 199823, 80175, 90, 23, 20400, 59499, 47, 12876, 379, 1042, 47801, 583, 5, 581, 14380, 83184, 297, 10, 3650, 1549, 96090, 156444, 26693, 1300, 4806, 99, 6, 241866, 28, 54916, 4, 5744, 72219, 136, 20450, 6953, 7565, 160, 16591, 1916, 135094, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 29479, 48302, 57, 6496, 136, 92319, 48302, 18588, 214, 72350, 7, 5, 581, 156640, 7175, 10404, 7, 41918, 527, 47859, 1556, 112730, 23, 70, 167375, 91853, 111, 102374, 14298, 53, 19175, 4, 4568, 23, 1532, 73251, 5, 581, 481, 5368, 67675, 1556, 10, 177399, 111, 19692, 5, 66016, 1877, 2685, 83, 2843, 10, 117776, 7175, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7465, 1430, 6504, 1042, 15, 16, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 10934, 669, 1042, 3545, 19777, 4, 49002, 4, 105866, 98, 70, 108905, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 127067, 111, 10934, 669, 1042, 4, 70, 86757, 27585, 111, 70, 81761, 5, 157890, 1363, 12, 7221, 4, 2357, 304, 15, 41632, 51292, 7921, 3142, 12045, 4, 187065, 15, 107372, 51292, 7921, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "History.", "Administrative and municipal status.", "Economy.", "Sports." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name of the town derives from Akkala Sámi word \"monce\" 'beautiful'. The name originally was intended for nearby Montshatuntur (Arctic Hill).", "It was established in the 1930s as the inhabited locality of Moncha-Guba (), which served copper and nickel mining in the Monchetundra Massif. It was granted work settlement status and renamed Monchegorsk by the Resolution of the Presidium of All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) on November 25, 1935. At the same time, it was transferred from Kolsky District to Kirovsky District. By 1937, the copper-nickel mining volume increased significantly, and, consequently, the area population grew as well. On February 19, 1937, the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee petitioned to create new Monchegorsky District by separating the town and its surrounding area from Kirovsky District and to grant Monchegorsk town status. As a result, town status was granted to Monchegorsk by the VTsIK Resolution of September 20, 1937, although no new district was formed. On October 10, 1937, Monchegorsk town council was subordinated directly to the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee. On December 21, 1937, the Presidium of the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee again petitioned to create a new district with the administrative center in Monchegorsk. In a letter to the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee and the VTsIK, the Presidium noted that Kirovsky District has two developed but unrelated industrial centers—Kirovsk and Monchegorsk—with the latter having a larger population and being located away from the former. The petition was again unsuccessful—when on February 10, 1938 the VTsIK adopted a new Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Leningrad Oblast (of which Murmansk Okrug was a part), Monchegorsk remained a part of Kirovsky District. Monchegorsky District was eventually formed on December 27, 1938. It existed until December 9, 1949, when by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Monchegorsk was elevated in status to that of a town under oblast jurisdiction, with the former district's territory passing into its subordination. By the August 10, 1981 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Decree, the town of Olenegorsk was elevated in status to that of a town under oblast jurisdiction and subsequently several inhabited localities previously subordinated to Monchegorsk were transferred to Olenegorsk by the August 26, 1981 Decision of the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee.", "Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated as Monchegorsk Town with Jurisdictional Territory—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Monchegorsk Town with Jurisdictional Territory is incorporated as Monchegorsk Urban Okrug.", "Monchegorsk is a center of nickel cobalt and copper production (a Norilsk Nickel plant is located here). It also hosts the Monchegorsk air base of the Russian Air Force. The area surrounding the town is severely polluted. The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has listed Monchegorsk among the Barents Euro-Arctic region’s environmental hotspots, though it noted that the problem was gradually being solved. Since 1998, SO emissions in the Monchegorsk area have dropped by almost 60%, from 88.3 thousand tonnes to 37.3 thousand tonnes in 2016, according to Norilsk Nickel. The company launched a $20 billion environmental programme aimed at reducing emissions, modernising and closing down polluting facilities, as well as implement energy saving and lower energy consuming measures.", "The bandy team Kolskaya GMK has played in the highest division of Russian Bandy League, last in 2010-2011. Their home arena has a capacity of 5000. Since 2009 there is also a female team." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 69407, 111, 70, 41911, 289, 3299, 111, 63399, 7, 4, 10, 23180, 831, 186, 90698, 10, 142267, 18811, 1363, 111, 10, 41911, 4, 1284, 70, 6626, 621, 959, 81113, 538, 183234, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 10, 80866, 23180, 831, 38516, 538, 70541, 171763, 67, 6, 15555, 7, 4, 7440, 162, 10, 29568, 41911, 53418, 70541, 171763, 67, 6, 15555, 7, 450, 642, 11782, 237, 370, 99726, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 18811, 1363, 237, 10, 23180, 35388, 90, 10, 17311, 12989, 214, 47, 70, 6, 15555, 7, 136, 3365, 316, 1779, 4, 7440, 162, 10, 41911, 83, 143726, 538, 51, 80596, 297, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 63399, 5426, 14602, 959, 142027, 2499, 12989, 214, 111, 70, 6, 15555, 7, 117934, 142, 102370, 115187, 70731, 13, 83, 58735, 297, 23, 70, 102370, 454, 304, 63805, 450, 41, 10484, 70, 23180, 5, 893, 105950, 538, 35604, 18811, 1363, 111, 10, 41911, 83, 237, 142, 44, 19, 58, 9, 157955, 116287, 4, 7440, 44, 19, 58, 83, 70, 14012, 111, 150380, 90, 15, 11, 23180, 25, 7, 3365, 316, 1779, 194, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 41911, 678, 6626, 150380, 90, 136, 17262, 142424, 831, 186, 33636, 297, 237, 10, 23180, 678, 6626, 3365, 316, 1779, 136, 17262, 6, 15555, 7, 4, 707, 237, 10, 6626, 9, 157955, 6, 41382, 678, 17262, 26847, 5, 581, 23180, 136, 6, 41382, 18811, 5256, 621, 4734, 183234, 2174, 70, 12989, 214, 111, 6, 15555, 7, 83, 959, 88551, 4, 136, 70, 23180, 1556, 110, 171763, 67, 6, 15555, 7, 5, 360, 351, 9, 25653, 43315, 76519, 4, 1791, 54689, 6827, 63399, 7, 4, 70, 95534, 105416, 17365, 111, 10, 23180, 83, 10, 45646, 71, 11435, 4, 33636, 214, 70, 6, 15555, 7, 111, 10, 23180, 23, 12638, 6, 15555, 111, 70, 11435, 136, 12638, 3365, 316, 19, 23, 10, 6, 15555, 5, 3293, 45646, 35388, 90, 450, 10, 6, 15555, 831, 765, 119140, 214, 4677, 4, 137567, 23, 70, 29041, 2053, 33180, 7, 5, 11809, 621, 4343, 71, 23, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 72761, 115923, 5, 992, 5062, 10, 93403, 7816, 126, 4, 70, 2053, 50986, 111, 10, 3365, 316, 19, 83, 23335, 416, 538, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 61903, 28852, 23709, 70, 23180, 5, 31384, 80866, 76519, 4, 6044, 237, 80866, 1486, 4, 621, 40715, 81113, 1672, 3365, 316, 19, 2053, 50986, 80934, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 23180, 83, 10, 42486, 111, 62548, 2053, 34658, 23, 10, 23180, 9384, 28032, 10, 63399, 5, 1650, 58055, 7, 111, 3365, 316, 1779, 136, 6, 15555, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Tables versus relations.", "Comparisons.", "Hierarchical databases.", "Spreadsheets." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In terms of the relational model of databases, a table can be considered a convenient representation of a relation, but the two are not strictly equivalent. For instance, a SQL table can potentially contain duplicate rows, whereas a true relation cannot contain duplicate rows that we call as tuples. Similarly, representation as a table implies a particular ordering to the rows and columns, whereas a relation is explicitly unordered. However, the database system does not guarantee any ordering of the rows unless an codice_1 clause is specified in the codice_2 statement that queries the table. An equally valid representation of a relation is as an \"n\"-dimensional chart, where \"n\" is the number of attributes (a table's columns). For example, a relation with two attributes and three values can be represented as a table with two columns and three rows, or as a two-dimensional graph with three points. The table and graph representations are only equivalent if the ordering of rows is not significant, and the table has no duplicate rows.", "", "In non-relational systems, hierarchical databases, the distant counterpart of a table is a structured file, representing the rows of a table in each row of the file and each column in a row. This structure implies that a row can have repeating information, generally in the child data segments. Data are stored in sequence of physical records.", "Unlike a spreadsheet, the datatype of a column is ordinarily defined by the schema describing the table. Some SQL systems, such as SQLite, are less strict about column datatype definitions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 83, 65508, 71, 23, 44, 3957, 32964, 68718, 7, 830, 70, 17932, 21950, 111, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 830, 237, 70, 18813, 111, 34110, 66, 5, 3311, 903, 6275, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 1902, 55993, 19, 642, 344, 678, 32070, 4, 136, 509, 21334, 538, 6226, 6259, 390, 1919, 185256, 606, 51858, 13779, 5215, 11, 118846, 1507, 6261, 4, 2750, 509, 23410, 538, 23, 70, 187016, 111, 70, 6, 66157, 148, 14821, 71, 7374, 38782, 5, 360, 44, 14256, 48310, 67175, 59144, 7, 830, 442, 83, 35388, 297, 450, 70, 137578, 111, 70, 60097, 25, 7, 16227, 509, 44, 27, 18442, 37534, 707, 124735, 390, 1614, 17991, 5737, 5245, 4, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 13779, 5215, 11, 740, 1301, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 11736, 14537, 9393, 4, 34110, 66, 509, 63134, 71, 390, 3347, 4439, 136, 27859, 102731, 7, 4, 2750, 160404, 71, 1379, 70, 1221, 111, 7374, 38782, 4, 3114, 2069, 1295, 2071, 33, 42077, 5, 14847, 90410, 289, 420, 70, 22392, 136, 10463, 6504, 19, 4, 33233, 678, 98875, 2512, 136, 92150, 150, 4, 118775, 8108, 4049, 23, 44, 3957, 32964, 68718, 7, 830, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 61475, 538, 456, 123759, 297, 70, 148, 14821, 71, 25, 7, 67660, 47, 233, 78381, 7374, 38782, 5, 14847, 90410, 289, 420, 122273, 297, 118846, 1507, 6261, 100, 2367, 764, 509, 4, 49903, 4, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 176377, 47, 1919, 10422, 7, 5, 1529, 14359, 2822, 1919, 53297, 145204, 4, 34739, 1257, 1919, 91, 47416, 1840, 34, 113240, 4, 136, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 1919, 32070, 4, 12441, 70, 2975, 14202, 111, 34110, 66, 3934, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 78315, 13593, 5, 360, 44, 3957, 173340, 111, 70, 18813, 830, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 12441, 70, 34110, 481, 9013, 47, 70, 36442, 111, 82658, 1846, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 19460, 33, 13665, 117657, 7, 5, 360, 450, 133868, 4, 764, 36439, 71, 70, 1950, 712, 377, 1405, 1294, 4, 165197, 200, 30319, 2363, 185256, 25500, 5, 1529, 66801, 71, 70, 52334, 206, 9, 6048, 111, 2393, 1727, 4, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 353, 23696, 83555, 4, 1284, 509, 67573, 538, 148, 167457, 3229, 1919, 111649, 76935, 47338, 77736, 54799, 4049, 5, 1529, 509, 185, 33, 17704, 390, 1919, 269, 329, 3050, 4234, 19, 136, 70, 739, 22155, 18, 22546, 1138, 238, 44, 30248, 1294, 58, 23243, 53, 187470, 4, 2750, 1902, 31351, 555, 47, 1631, 23, 23410, 74, 25842, 4, 1836, 163684, 297, 70, 52334, 206, 9, 6048, 5, 360, 1919, 4568, 53189, 4, 764, 65817, 4889, 19256, 47, 6035, 1294, 136, 3050, 306, 56, 5, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 25, 7, 14361, 21, 53, 23, 118125, 38139, 8962, 24189, 442, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 34110, 66, 7103, 70, 8, 88981, 111, 6987, 1900, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 4568, 111, 70, 77648, 16777, 111, 70, 60097, 7, 4, 73886, 9966, 1295, 8951, 224, 16797, 1295, 241, 748, 141, 70, 44389, 5, 360, 70, 82, 4650, 25443, 111, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 4, 70, 9351, 44, 20800, 446, 31, 555, 58, 83, 134598, 538, 10, 153648, 111, 34110, 481, 12259, 384, 31285, 2263, 4, 142, 10332, 2565, 100, 18813, 5, 360, 50081, 4, 70, 9351, 83, 3900, 39798, 27686, 105237, 1295, 70, 25074, 14941, 44, 10830, 3672, 31, 555, 830, 44, 6048, 4, 54631, 830, 23, 15504, 1295, 44, 128661, 2199, 830, 44, 11, 3395, 4, 10, 64857, 740, 1301, 678, 3789, 8, 32032, 5844, 123055, 23, 1919, 62673, 16219, 4, 212754, 4527, 7, 903, 9351, 47, 28282, 70, 49128, 450, 70, 7986, 83, 44, 25, 66029, 6827, 25, 4, 25, 30544, 25, 707, 242, 147, 1436, 1771, 25, 740, 212754, 1902, 19667, 19, 47, 33636, 70, 10542, 1900, 707, 151301, 218532, 237, 5744, 14941, 74, 70, 242447, 46876, 111, 70, 34110, 481, 9013, 5809, 127298, 186, 112031, 71, 22021, 538, 3934, 1919, 5426, 111, 26868, 297, 46876, 7, 390, 30666, 214, 25074, 14941, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 191225, 72542, 32553, 771, 330, 4, 70, 62816, 111, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 509, 191722, 390, 70, 23755, 111, 116252, 23, 83429, 13, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 106480, 23, 70, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 28, 7522, 12, 70, 72745, 111, 10, 13765, 45831, 217734, 3956, 12960, 141956, 450, 764, 83, 7730, 47, 186, 8, 88981, 297, 136, 152388, 5, 3293, 83, 44961, 297, 23, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 25, 7, 51957, 47, 51894, 26548, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 2060, 14597, 187, 1176, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 19460, 33, 13665, 117657, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 119140, 297, 91067, 7, 390, 212754, 47, 10, 105719, 15426, 111, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 128342, 916, 72173, 117657, 7, 390, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 4816, 19, 44532, 90, 5, 149766, 133868, 7, 5646, 3687, 17721, 91944, 5256, 111, 70, 44, 647, 4438, 58, 15, 30513, 1779, 16, 136, 44, 138271, 58, 15, 158271, 7, 136, 2363, 756, 3387, 4, 28896, 519, 927, 7, 247, 136, 1884, 44532, 90, 4, 212754, 98363, 7, 1919, 133868, 237, 1632, 111, 62673, 1294, 65536, 450, 21, 14437, 100, 40368, 58093, 7, 5, 116267, 173676, 21373, 2481, 83, 70, 47219, 111, 18813, 140819, 1771, 87, 111, 70, 28896, 519, 927, 7, 98, 70, 128342, 916, 72173, 117657, 7, 136, 450, 111, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 98, 70, 19460, 33, 13665, 5, 44532, 90, 117729, 450, 140819, 1771, 509, 104250, 19, 5773, 390, 1919, 111649, 136, 152755, 6259, 47, 47219, 390, 1919, 10002, 453, 2750, 25534, 71, 40225, 5, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 2843, 168499, 90, 1919, 453, 16610, 538, 8108, 764, 123867, 136, 83, 134616, 297, 390, 1919, 111649, 5, 3493, 1884, 140819, 1771, 4, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 83, 175100, 1295, 70, 133868, 28394, 678, 1919, 472, 54350, 7, 642, 13, 10366, 136, 5367, 214, 100, 4049, 12960, 70, 133868, 7464, 60899, 98, 5, 581, 212754, 191225, 48511, 76710, 69822, 7, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 678, 15700, 44, 191697, 1771, 60097, 830, 1575, 126, 5922, 4, 70, 4568, 4518, 2069, 8694, 19364, 111, 82658, 1846, 5, 360, 76710, 25, 7, 21455, 4, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 33636, 7, 4127, 4, 1575, 126, 5922, 28, 5115, 74, 2412, 73048, 450, 2363, 123055, 621, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 83, 10, 127663, 289, 62816, 23, 821, 5, 627, 5, 627, 5, 212754, 25, 7, 115135, 21261, 4, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 740, 581, 18813, 136, 47443, 111, 70, 7880, 111, 34110, 66, 4, 764, 135179, 237, 10, 13036, 8060, 214, 62816, 23, 44, 3957, 32964, 68718, 7, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 173340, 111, 70, 18813, 740, 14847, 5117, 65508, 71, 4, 6003, 446, 31, 555, 83, 642, 344, 678, 32070, 136, 6217, 15555, 136, 70, 291, 42072, 5256, 111, 1919, 2663, 606, 51858, 4, 13779, 5215, 11, 118846, 1507, 6261, 4, 136, 764, 14602, 33720, 237, 1919, 60097, 3815, 83, 501, 1605, 79298, 5, 76556, 2062, 33740, 390, 90410, 289, 420, 4, 49903, 4, 764, 24209, 7, 142, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Literature.", "Appearances.", "Names and titles.", "Concept and creation.", "In film.", "Ralph Bakshi.", "Peter Jackson." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Théoden is introduced in \"The Two Towers\", the second volume of \"The Lord of the Rings\", as the King of Rohan. By this point Théoden had grown weak with age, and was largely controlled by his chief advisor Gríma Wormtongue, who was secretly in the employ of the corrupt wizard Saruman. In \"Unfinished Tales\", it is implied that the failure of the king's health was \"...induced or increased by subtle poisons, administered by Gríma\". As Théoden sat powerless, Rohan was troubled by Orcs and Dunlendings, who operated under the will of Saruman, ruling from Isengard. When Gandalf the White and Aragorn, along with Legolas and Gimli, appeared before him in \"The Two Towers\", Théoden initially rebuffed the wizard's advice to oppose Saruman. When Gandalf revealed Wormtongue for what he was, however, Théoden returned to his senses. He restored his nephew, took up his sword Herugrim, and in spite of his age, led the Riders of Rohan into the Battle of the Hornburg. In \"The Return of the King\", Théoden led the Rohirrim to the aid of Gondor at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. In that battle, he routed the Harad cavalry, personally killing their chieftain. He challenged the Witch-king of Angmar, the leader of the Nazgûl, but was mortally wounded when his horse Snowmane fell upon him. He was avenged by his niece Éowyn and the hobbit Meriadoc \"Merry\" Brandybuck, who had ridden to war in secret; together, they destroyed the Witch-king. In his last moments, he bade farewell to Merry and Éomer. Théoden's body lay in Minas Tirith until it was buried in Rohan after the defeat of Sauron. He was the last of the Second Line of the kings, judging from direct descent from Eorl the Young.", "In the etymology of Middle-earth, the name \"Théoden\" is supposedly a translation of Rohirric Tûrac, an old word for King. In reality, the name is transliterated directly from the Old English \"þēoden\", \"king, prince\", in turn from \"þeod\", \"a people, a nation\". As with other descriptive names in his legendarium, Tolkien uses this name to create the impression that the text is \"'historical','real' or 'archaic'\". Tolkien had chosen to represent the Westron or Common Speech as modern English; the ancestral language of the Rohirrim could therefore be fitted neatly into his system of invented languages by adopting Old English.", "According to the scholar Elizabeth Solopova, the character of Théoden was inspired by the concept of courage in Norse mythology, particularly in the Beowulf epos: the protagonist of a story shows perseverance while knowing that he is going to be defeated and killed. This is reflected in Théoden's decision to ride against Sauron's far superior army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. There are also repeated references by Tolkien to a historic account of the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields by the 6th century historian Jordanes. Both battles take place between civilizations of the \"East\" (Huns) and \"West\" (Romans and their allies, Visigoths), and like Jordanes, Tolkien describes his battle as one of legendary fame that lasted for several generations. Another apparent similarity is the death of King Theodoric I of the Visigoths on the Catalaunian Fields and that of Théoden on the Pelennor. Jordanes reports that Theodoric was thrown off by his horse and trampled to death by his own men who charged forward. Théoden also rallies his men shortly before he falls and is crushed by his horse. And like Theodoric, Théoden is carried from the battlefield with his knights weeping and singing for him while the battle still goes on. The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance contrasts Théoden with another \"Germanic king\", Denethor, the last Ruling Steward of Gondor. In Chance's view, Théoden represents good, Denethor evil; she notes that their names are almost anagrams, and that where Theoden welcomes the hobbit Merry Brandybuck into his service with loving friendship, Denethor accepts Merry's friend, Pippin Took with a harsh contract of fealty. Numerous scholars have admired Tolkien's simile of Théoden riding into his final battle \"like a god of old, even as Oromë the Great in the battle of the Valar when the world was young\". Among them, Steve Walker calls it \"almost epic in its amplitude\", inviting the reader's imagination by alluding \"to unseen complexity\", a whole mythology of Middle-earth under the visible text. Fleming Rutledge calls it imitative of the language of myth and saga, and an echo of the messianic prophecy in Malachi 4:1-3. Jason Fisher compares the passage, which links the blowing of all the horns of the host of Rohan, Oromë, dawn, and the Rohirrim, with \"Beowulf\"s pairing of \"aer daege\" (\"before day\", i.e. \"dawn\") and \"Hygelaces horn ond byman\" (\"Hygelac's horn and trumpet\") in lines 2941-2944. Peter Kreeft writes that \"it is hard \"not\" to feel your heart leap with joy at Théoden's transformation into a warrior\", however difficult people find the old Roman view that it is sweet to die for your country, \"dulce et decorum est pro patria mori\".", "", "In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of \"The Lord of the Rings\", the voice of Théoden was provided by Philip Stone. Théoden also appears in Rankin/Bass's attempt to complete the story left unfinished by Bakshi in their television adaptation of \"The Return of the King\", though he speaks little, and is voiced by Don Messick. His death is narrated by Gandalf (voiced by John Huston). In the 1981 BBC Radio 4 version of \"The Lord of the Rings\", Théoden's death is described in song rather than dramatized conventionally. In this adaptation he is voiced by Jack May.", "Théoden is an important character in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy. As in the books, the character (played by Bernard Hill) first makes an appearance in \"\" (2002). However, unlike in the books, the Lord of the Mark is actually possessed and prematurely aged by Saruman (Christopher Lee). Gandalf (Ian McKellen) releases him from the spell, instantly restoring him to his true age, after which Théoden banishes Gríma Wormtongue (Brad Dourif) from Edoras. Though the character performs most of the same actions in the films as in the books, Jackson presents Théoden as a leader who is often unsure of himself and fears that he will never live up to the reputation of his forefathers. In the extended edition of \"\" (2003), Saruman derisively calls him \"a lesser son of greater sires\" after he refuses to side with the fallen wizard after the battle at Helm's Deep. In Tolkien's original novel, the phrase was uttered sarcastically by Théoden himself in dismissal of Saruman's flattering attempts to regain his loyalty. In the movie, it is a pointed insult that hits its mark. Théoden's decisions leading up to the battle at Helm's Deep are also portrayed in a different light than in the novels. His decision to take his people to the relative safety of the mountain stronghold rather than confront Saruman's army in open battle is presented as a grave strategic misjudgement that is only rectified when Gandalf arrives with Éomer's army and the Huorns to save the day. In the books, Théoden rides forth intending to meet the army of Saruman on the plains of Rohan but reluctantly reroutes to Helm's Deep at the urging of Gandalf after receiving reports that the approaching foes were a vastly superior force. When the fortress seems on the verge of falling after a night of overwhelming attacks, Théoden is near despair in the film until Aragorn (Viggo Mortensen) convinces him to mount his horse and lead a charge out of the Hornburg at sunrise. In the book, this recklessly valiant counter-attack is made at Théoden's initiative. In the movie version \"The Return of the King\", Théoden initially refuses to aid Gondor because they did not send help to Helm's Deep. (The film does not mention the Oath of Eorl, an ancient defensive pact between Rohan and Gondor.) Only after Gondor's emergency beacons are lit and Aragorn urges Théoden to act does he change his mind. In the book, Théoden does not hesitate to help Gondor, only pausing to gather as large a force as possible from across Rohan. In both the book and film, Théoden leads the Rohirrim to the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and arrives as Minas Tirith is already under siege. Their surprise flank attack on Sauron's army buys time for Aragorn to arrive and turn the tide of battle, but Théoden's heroic and crucial charge ends in his fatal encounter with the Witch King. However, in the film, he speaks to Éowyn (Miranda Otto) in his last moments, whereas in the book he says his farewell to Merry and does not know that Éowyn had secretly joined the riders as well. Some of Théoden's film lines before and during his final battle (the rallying cry \"To death!\" and portions of his dying conversation with Éowyn) were spoken by Éomer in the book in response to Théoden's death." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 7413, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 143383, 178829, 7, 4, 23534, 450, 118103, 3542, 13379, 23, 70, 10776, 23, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 5, 10077, 933, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 72598, 11, 13, 136, 26336, 8080, 16, 205491, 71, 111413, 1459, 23, 208479, 259, 3132, 1295, 70, 201, 927, 47, 70, 138, 4216, 142642, 77269, 5, 14847, 109112, 64914, 205491, 71, 2902, 202, 4, 2685, 3542, 300, 86, 12921, 202395, 109120, 90, 38043, 23, 111413, 1459, 5, 581, 12610, 15032, 111, 111413, 1459, 509, 69307, 71, 390, 70, 115723, 150624, 12, 12610, 33816, 7, 136, 10, 44930, 111, 27081, 15032, 5, 51062, 64370, 765, 51359, 111, 5941, 21713, 31, 9, 158271, 23228, 7, 23, 111413, 1459, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 138, 4216, 142642, 4, 95974, 3378, 79904, 7, 222973, 297, 111413, 1459, 5, 106294, 289, 9615, 19929, 7, 3542, 79904, 297, 390, 105459, 191, 78312, 90, 5, 14949, 2481, 2843, 80723, 47, 30957, 70, 16128, 20271, 903, 14922, 5, 360, 6, 150744, 4, 30839, 1771, 109120, 90, 80723, 23, 2113, 214, 1295, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 12960, 70, 105459, 5245, 1614, 461, 208, 3674, 70, 111413, 184085, 5, 1301, 39395, 237, 6, 183223, 4, 70, 16128, 17721, 70, 32547, 4961, 282, 136, 70, 32547, 2091, 2149, 21449, 1379, 70, 6226, 111, 70, 17819, 4745, 7822, 71, 51053, 1824, 5, 98416, 7, 26859, 47, 79904, 70, 108574, 118666, 53, 20271, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 483, 927, 142642, 5, 1301, 39395, 237, 382, 8894, 4, 10, 98416, 18738, 126, 118775, 99, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 108574, 4, 70, 7893, 36439, 390, 3129, 1836, 30957, 297, 70, 60097, 3815, 5, 24372, 52875, 214, 136, 163684, 214, 6, 124722, 3387, 4, 26719, 1632, 99, 3314, 266, 111451, 7, 4, 1836, 34739, 92940, 111, 70, 14537, 241433, 75935, 390, 70, 2837, 100743, 1363, 111, 21656, 6153, 67595, 25, 7, 352, 95972, 47, 5646, 144477, 9022, 9942, 5, 581, 5618, 420, 3815, 111, 111413, 1459, 509, 75935, 100, 70, 98416, 57724, 572, 7458, 7079, 40741, 19, 35263, 4503, 4, 707, 48615, 31, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 12452, 111, 111413, 1459, 194, 48615, 31, 1902, 30338, 13, 17704, 7270, 1284, 23, 120138, 30957, 297, 6, 93613, 23573, 47, 70, 60097, 111, 70, 10542, 17819, 7, 4, 28166, 70, 60552, 4, 8305, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 12190, 9, 441, 143, 481, 9, 7102, 9, 647, 31385, 5, 360, 121122, 100, 1919, 7622, 4588, 136, 3820, 289, 939, 4, 48615, 31, 8437, 538, 21647, 297, 70, 181991, 53, 3129, 764, 136, 1919, 98416, 756, 3387, 1902, 198395, 158, 944, 2822, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 50645, 12018, 53, 58, 44961, 7, 48615, 31, 25, 7, 98416, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 44, 50645, 184, 669, 18939, 59665, 7, 5, 717, 903, 5155, 4, 23, 103993, 4, 70, 2565, 44, 19, 6651, 5761, 58, 15, 101322, 5, 111413, 16, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 103993, 3445, 5, 581, 60887, 10840, 111, 48615, 31, 136, 1919, 210276, 30666, 297, 70, 4000, 21713, 31, 9, 158271, 329, 46876, 136, 1940, 1727, 46572, 678, 70, 16128, 25, 7, 24, 4935, 21713, 31, 9, 158271, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 10660, 100512, 70, 111413, 7, 46, 10, 111413, 92265, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 17664, 6644, 111, 83429, 195, 33, 136, 23, 15386, 79357, 17819, 7, 4, 10077, 933, 136, 12610, 7, 5, 48615, 31, 25, 7, 60887, 1236, 25031, 100512, 60097, 111, 30715, 23, 209, 14604, 7103, 8, 88981, 214, 1950, 18345, 3430, 9494, 1681, 4, 70, 4568, 111, 70, 2393, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 60097, 7, 4, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 149240, 5180, 4, 12960, 112033, 14653, 70, 5618, 420, 3815, 111, 111413, 1459, 100, 66570, 136, 1919, 60887, 10840, 5, 86247, 988, 70, 158, 75616, 111, 30715, 136, 70, 221419, 116000, 5245, 111, 82588, 136, 122963, 4, 70, 111413, 7, 71062, 297, 3934, 3789, 58555, 5, 111413, 87143, 4, 6044, 237, 450, 111, 6505, 89921, 111, 42522, 13, 10745, 4, 82507, 202, 420, 1773, 33, 9904, 136, 53513, 15882, 8, 45709, 2397, 7, 112730, 5526, 63920, 23, 70, 158, 75616, 111, 127067, 9022, 98848, 136, 70, 41649, 7, 12649, 5, 581, 1773, 33, 9904, 42592, 429, 4, 8, 42522, 13, 10745, 25, 7, 775, 7, 25031, 70599, 33119, 4, 71153, 31, 4, 136, 19210, 11727, 36840, 4, 12452, 53513, 7, 38931, 136, 48861, 70, 32774, 6, 108210, 161838, 538, 63043, 297, 43396, 90, 23, 127067, 9022, 98848, 24189, 14037, 214, 70, 117604, 111, 63457, 20102, 23, 534, 1197, 5, 10660, 2843, 2258, 4126, 1810, 10, 3687, 100, 61261, 136, 2363, 60887, 10840, 23, 70, 41649, 7, 38970, 117249, 111, 14237, 146410, 136, 70, 152239, 6557, 5, 581, 616, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 88898, 42, 16162, 8, 37768, 92733, 118383, 170920, 10, 60097, 3815, 23, 70, 4171, 6635, 18481, 7, 23, 616, 39876, 1529, 75204, 70, 44759, 18813, 111, 70, 4171, 6635, 18481, 7, 1295, 11584, 13, 360, 157, 16797, 25714, 1284, 125296, 71, 45233, 4830, 111, 32301, 1340, 237, 1919, 645, 1484, 71, 4, 2750, 1902, 62952, 4049, 36442, 20271, 70, 158, 75616, 5, 360, 427, 7709, 4, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 4939, 111, 30715, 4, 5201, 1760, 111413, 1459, 509, 39958, 1295, 30715, 390, 9942, 1379, 18813, 90452, 1995, 5, 360, 7, 35975, 111413, 1459, 15, 2347, 55969, 18481, 7, 16, 47143, 297, 4, 49903, 4, 1379, 14941, 6226, 5, 360, 427, 12975, 4, 45233, 4830, 111, 30715, 125296, 71, 70, 8437, 2481, 111, 92265, 139355, 111, 5201, 1760, 111413, 1459, 1379, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 7270, 5, 18763, 39457, 4295, 4, 49903, 4, 27983, 5775, 46526, 47, 6835, 21845, 6226, 111, 2363, 142, 45964, 5618, 420, 3815, 5, 581, 44, 84068, 67, 2970, 111413, 6468, 58, 2855, 3674, 390, 37405, 1193, 111, 9942, 23, 702, 1837, 15, 2940, 14432, 456, 9, 2271, 38949, 297, 23, 702, 112227, 46, 1884, 70, 60223, 10821, 140699, 97033, 2855, 3674, 23, 30715, 23, 70, 7103, 125458, 111, 427, 7709, 46, 142027, 71, 70, 14788, 2449, 136, 219475, 7, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 111413, 1459, 5, 92265, 111413, 1459, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 14941, 84616, 20271, 70, 49083, 2822, 42552, 7, 25, 5550, 23, 702, 4633, 104279, 38230, 136, 13438, 23, 616, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 111413, 1459, 15, 74, 2819, 2819, 1295, 25074, 92265, 4, 97308, 111, 44, 50645, 45660, 830, 7311, 538, 1295, 70, 2565, 100, 44, 157, 65158, 669, 58, 23, 40368, 192286, 3378, 46876, 7, 16, 83, 70, 144477, 1177, 48850, 840, 18, 111, 70, 543, 10776, 7, 111, 9942, 4, 166904, 538, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 186768, 786, 7668, 111, 111413, 1459, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Norman expansion.", "13th to 17th centuries.", "Modern history.", "Geography.", "Regions.", "Channel Islands.", "Rivers.", "Politics.", "Government.", "Economy.", "Demographics.", "Culture.", "Flag.", "Language.", "Architecture.", "Gastronomy.", "Literature.", "Painting.", "Religion." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Archaeological finds, such as cave paintings, prove that humans were present in the region in prehistoric times. Celts (also known as Belgae and Gauls) invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd century BC. When Julius Caesar invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation of Normandy was achieved by the usual methods: Roman roads and a policy of urbanisation. Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy. In the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided by Saxon pirates. Christianity also began to enter the area during this period. In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the east, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast. As early as 487, the area between the River Somme and the River Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis. Vikings started to raid the Seine valley during the middle of the 9th century. As early as 841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth of the Seine, the principal route by which they entered the kingdom. After attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumièges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagne's empire to take northern France. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Hrólfr Ragnvaldsson, or Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name \"Normandy\" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. \"Norseman\") origins. To this day, in Norwegian, the word \"nordmann\" (pron. Norman) denotes a Norwegian person. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and intermarried with the area's native Gallo-Roman inhabitants. They became the Normans – a Norman French-speaking mixture of Norsemen and indigenous Franks, Celts and Romans. Rollo's descendant William became king of England in 1066 after defeating Harold Godwinson, the last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, at the Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants.", "Besides the conquest of England and the subsequent invasions of Wales and Ireland, the Normans expanded into other areas. Norman families, such as that of Tancred of Hauteville, Rainulf Drengot and Guimond de Moulins played important parts in the conquest of southern Italy and the Crusades. The Drengot lineage, de Hauteville's sons William Iron Arm, Drogo, and Humphrey, Robert Guiscard and Roger the Great Count progressively claimed territories in southern Italy until founding the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the Crusader states of Asia Minor and the Holy Land. The 14th-century explorer Jean de Béthencourt established a kingdom in the Canary Islands in 1404. He received the title King of the Canary Islands from Pope Innocent VII but recognized Henry III of Castile as his overlord, who had provided him aid during the conquest.", "In 1204, during the reign of John of England, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under King Philip II. Insular Normandy (the Channel Islands) remained, however, under English control. In 1259, Henry III of England recognized the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of their ancient fiefdom. The \"Charte aux Normands\" granted by Louis X of France in 1315 (and later re-confirmed in 1339) – like the analogous Magna Carta granted in England in the aftermath of 1204 – guaranteed the liberties and privileges of the province of Normandy. French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1345–1360 and again in 1415–1450. Normandy lost three-quarters of its population during the war. Afterward prosperity returned to Normandy until the Wars of Religion. When many Norman towns (Alençon, Rouen, Caen, Coutances, Bayeux) joined the Protestant Reformation, battles ensued throughout the province. In the Channel Islands, a period of Calvinism following the Reformation was suppressed when Anglicanism was imposed following the English Civil War. Samuel de Champlain left the port of Honfleur in 1604 and founded Acadia. Four years later, he founded Québec City. From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. They continued the exploration of the New World: René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle travelled in the area of the Great Lakes, then on the Mississippi River. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Lemoyne de Bienville founded Louisiana, Biloxi, Mobile and New Orleans. Territories located between Québec and the Mississippi Delta were opened up to establish Canada and Louisiana. Colonists from Normandy were among the most active in New France, comprising Acadia, Canada, and Louisiana. Honfleur and Le Havre were two of the principal slave trade ports of France.", "Although agriculture remained important, industries such as weaving, metallurgy, sugar refining, ceramics, and shipbuilding were introduced and developed. In the 1780s, the economic crisis and the crisis of the \"Ancien Régime\" struck Normandy as well as other parts of the nation, leading to the French Revolution. Bad harvests, technical progress and the effects of the Eden Agreement signed in 1786 affected employment and the economy of the province. Normans laboured under a heavy fiscal burden. In 1790 the five departments of Normandy replaced the former province. 13 July 1793, the Norman Charlotte Corday assassinated Marat. The Normans reacted little to the many political upheavals which characterized the 19th century. Overall they warily accepted the changes of régime (First French Empire, Bourbon Restoration, July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic). There was an economic revival (mechanization of textile manufacture, first trains...) after the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815). And new economic activity stimulated the coasts: seaside tourism. The 19th century marks the birth of the first beach resorts. During the Second World War, following the armistice of 22 June 1940, continental Normandy was part of the German occupied zone of France. The Channel Islands were occupied by German forces between 30 June 1940 and 9 May 1945. The town of Dieppe was the site of the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. The Allies, in this case involving Britain, the United States, Canada and Free France, coordinated a massive build-up of troops and supplies to support a large-scale invasion of Normandy in the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord. The Germans were dug into fortified emplacements above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the Battle of Normandy, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Mont Ormel. The liberation of Le Havre followed. This was a significant turning point in the war and led to the restoration of the French Republic. The remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the Channel Island occupation effectively ended. Between 1956 and 2015 Normandy was divided into two administrative regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy; the regions were merged into one single region on 1 January 2016. Upper Normandy (\"Haute-Normandie\") consisted of the French \"departments\" of Seine-Maritime and Eure, and Lower Normandy (\"Basse-Normandie\") of the \"departments\" of Orne, Calvados, and Manche.", "The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly independent duchy occupying the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. Western Normandy belongs to the Armorican Massif, whereas the major part of the region belongs to the Paris Basin. France's oldest rocks crop out in Jobourg in the Cotentin peninsula. The region is bordered along the northern and western coasts by the English Channel. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the centre of the region. The \"bocage\" typical of the western areas caused problems for the invading forces in the Battle of Normandy. A notable feature of the landscape is created by the meanders of the Seine as it approaches its estuary. The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves (417m) in the Massif armoricain. Normandy is sparsely forested: 12.8% of the territory is wooded, compared to a French average of 23.6%, although the proportion varies between the departments. Eure has most cover (21%) while Manche has least (4%), a characteristic shared with the Islands.", "", "The Channel Islands are considered culturally and historically a part of Normandy. However, they are British Crown Dependencies, and are not part of the modern French region of Normandy, Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy, France, and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for Chausey) remain Crown dependencies of the British Crown in the present era. Thus the Loyal Toast in the Channel Islands is \"La Reine, notre Duc\" (\"The Queen, our Duke\"). The British monarch is understood to \"not\" be the Duke with regards to mainland Normandy described herein, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.", "Rivers in Normandy include: And many coastal rivers:", "The modern region of Normandy was created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014 by the merger of Lower Normandy, and Upper Normandy. The new region took effect on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015.", "The Regional Council has 102 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation. The executive consists of a president and vice-presidents. Hervé Morin from the Centre party was elected president of the council in January 2016.", "The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 95.0 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 4.0% of French economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 25,600 euros or 85% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 105% of the EU average. Much of Normandy is predominantly agricultural in character, with cattle breeding the most important sector (although in decline from the peak levels of the 1970s and 1980s). The \"bocage\" is a patchwork of small fields with high hedges, typical of western areas. Areas near the Seine (the former Upper Normandy region) contain a higher concentration of industry. Normandy is a significant cider-producing region, and also produces calvados, a distilled cider or apple brandy. Other activities of economic importance are dairy produce, flax (60% of production in France), horse breeding (including two French national stud farms), fishing, seafood, and tourism. The region contains three French nuclear power stations. There is also easy access to and from the UK using the ports of Cherbourg, Caen (Ouistreham), Le Havre and Dieppe.", "In January 2006 the population of Normandy (including the part of Perche which lies inside the Orne \"département\" but excluding the Channel Islands) was estimated at 3,260,000 with an average population density of 109 inhabitants per km2, just under the French national average, but rising to 147 for Upper Normandy. The main cities (population given from the 1999 census) are Rouen (518,316 in the metropolitan area), the capital since 2016 of the province and formerly of Upper Normandy; Caen (420,000 in the metropolitan area) and formerly the capital of Lower Normandy; Le Havre (296,773 in the metropolitan area); and Cherbourg (117,855 in the metropolitan area).", "", "The traditional provincial flag of Normandy, \"gules, two leopards passant or\", is used in the region and its predecessors. The historic three-leopard version (known in the Norman language as \"les treis cats\", \"the three cats\") is used by some associations and individuals, especially those who supported reunification of the regions and cultural links with the Channel Islands and England. Jersey and Guernsey use three leopards in their national symbols. The three leopards represents the strength and courage Normandy has towards the neighbouring provinces. The unofficial anthem of the region is the song \"Ma Normandie\".", "The Norman language, a regional language, is spoken by a minority of the population on the continent and the islands, with a concentration in the Cotentin Peninsula in the far west (the Cotentinais dialect), and in the Pays de Caux in the East (the Cauchois dialect). Many place names demonstrate the Norse influence in this Oïl language; for example \"-bec\" (stream), \"-fleur\" (river), \"-hou\" (island), \"-tot\" (homestead), \"-dal\" or \"-dalle\" (valley) and \"-hogue\" (hill, mound). French is the only official language in continental Normandy and English is also an official language in the Channel Islands.", "Architecturally, Norman cathedrals, abbeys (such as the Abbey of Bec) and castles characterise the former duchy in a way that mirrors the similar pattern of Norman architecture in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066. Domestic architecture in upper Normandy is typified by half-timbered buildings that also recall vernacular English architecture, although the farm enclosures of the more harshly landscaped Pays de Caux are a more idiosyncratic response to socio-economic and climatic imperatives. Much urban architectural heritage was destroyed during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 – post-war urban reconstruction, such as in Le Havre and Saint-Lô, could be said to demonstrate both the virtues and vices of modernist and brutalist trends of the 1950s and 1960s. Le Havre, the city rebuilt by Auguste Perret, was added to Unesco's World Heritage List in 2005. Vernacular architecture in lower Normandy takes its form from granite, the predominant local building material. The Channel Islands also share this influence – Chausey was for many years a source of quarried granite, including that used for the construction of Mont Saint-Michel. The south part of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne is filled with bourgeois villas in \"Belle Époque\" style with polychrome façades, bow windows and unique roofing. This area, built between 1886 and 1914, has an authentic “Bagnolese” style and is typical of high-society country vacation of the time. The Chapel of Saint Germanus (\"Chapelle Saint-Germain\") at Querqueville with its trefoil floorplan incorporates elements of one of the earliest surviving places of Christian worship in the Cotentin – perhaps second only to the Gallo-Roman baptistry at Port-Bail. It is dedicated to Germanus of Normandy.", "Parts of Normandy consist of rolling countryside typified by pasture for dairy cattle and apple orchards. A wide range of dairy products are produced and exported. Norman cheeses include Camembert, Livarot, Pont l'Évêque, Brillat-Savarin, Neufchâtel, Petit Suisse and Boursin. Normandy butter and Normandy cream are lavishly used in gastronomic specialties. Turbot and oysters from the Cotentin Peninsula are major delicacies throughout France. Normandy is the chief oyster-cultivating, scallop-exporting, and mussel-raising region in France. Normandy is a major cider-producing region (very little wine is produced). Perry is also produced, but in less significant quantities. Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety is calvados, is also popular. The mealtime \"trou normand\", or \"Norman hole\", is a pause between meal courses in which diners partake of a glassful of calvados in order to improve the appetite and make room for the next course, and this is still observed in many homes and restaurants. \"Pommeau\" is an \"apéritif\" produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy. Another aperitif is the \"kir normand\", a measure of crème de cassis topped up with cider. \"Bénédictine\" is produced in Fécamp. Other regional specialities include \"tripes à la mode de Caen\", \"andouilles\" and \"andouillettes\", salade cauchoise, salt meadow (\"pré salé\") lamb, seafood (mussels, scallops, lobsters, mackerel...), and \"teurgoule\" (spiced rice pudding). Normandy dishes include duckling \"à la rouennaise\", sautéed chicken \"yvetois\", and goose \"en daube\". Rabbit is cooked with morels, or \"à la havraise\" (stuffed with truffled pigs' trotters). Other dishes are sheep's trotters \"à la rouennaise\", casseroled veal, larded calf's liver braised with carrots, and veal (or turkey) in cream and mushrooms. Normandy is also noted for its pastries. Normandy turns out \"douillons\" (pears baked in pastry), \"craquelins\", \"roulettes\" in Rouen, \"fouaces\" in Caen, \"fallues\" in Lisieux, \"sablés\" in Lisieux. It is the birthplace of brioches (especially those from Évreux and Gisors). Confectionery of the region includes Rouen apple sugar, Isigny caramels, Bayeux mint chews, Falaise berlingots, Le Havre marzipans, Argentan \"croquettes\", and Rouen macaroons. Normandy is the native land of Taillevent, cook of the kings of France Charles V and Charles VI. He wrote the earliest French cookery book named \"Le Viandier\". \"Confiture de lait\" was also made in Normandy around the 14th century.", "The dukes of Normandy commissioned and inspired epic literature to record and legitimise their rule. Wace, Orderic Vitalis and Stephen of Rouen were among those who wrote in the service of the dukes. After the division of 1204, French literature provided the model for the development of literature in Normandy. Olivier Basselin wrote of the Vaux de Vire, the origin of literary \"vaudeville\". Notable Norman writers include Jean Marot, Rémy Belleau, Guy de Maupassant, Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, Gustave Flaubert, Octave Mirbeau, and Remy de Gourmont, and Alexis de Tocqueville. The Corneille brothers, Pierre and Thomas, born in Rouen, were great figures of French classical literature. David Ferrand (1591–1660) in his \"Muse Normande\" established a landmark of Norman language literature. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the workers and merchants of Rouen established a tradition of polemical and satirical literature in a form of language called the \"parler purin\". At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as George Métivier, which sparked a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland. In exile in Jersey and then Guernsey, Victor Hugo took an interest in the vernacular literature. \"Les Travailleurs de la mer\" is a well-known novel by Hugo set in the Channel Islands. The boom in insular literature in the early 19th century encouraged production especially in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve and Côtis-Capel became active. The typical medium for literary expression in Norman has traditionally been newspaper columns and almanacs. The novel \"Zabeth\" by André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the first novel published in Norman.", "Normandy has a rich tradition of painting and gave to France some of its most important artists. In the 17th century some major French painters were Normans like Nicolas Poussin, born in Les Andelys and Jean Jouvenet. Romanticism drew painters to the Channel coasts of Normandy. Richard Parkes Bonington and J. M. W. Turner crossed the Channel from Great Britain, attracted by the light and landscapes. Théodore Géricault, a native of Rouen, was a notable figure in the Romantic movement, its famous \"Radeau de la Méduse\" being considered come the breakthrough of pictorial romanticism in France when it was officially presented at the 1819 Salon. The competing Realist tendency was represented by Jean-François Millet, a native of La Hague. The landscape painter Eugène Boudin, born in Honfleur, was a determining influence on the impressionnists and was highly considered by Monet. Breaking away from the more formalised and classical themes of the early part of the 19th century, Impressionist painters preferred to paint outdoors, in natural light, and to concentrate on landscapes, towns and scenes of daily life. Leader of the movement and father of modern painting, Claude Monet is one of the best known Impressionists and a major character in Normandy's artistic heritage. His house and gardens at Giverny are one of the region's major tourist sites, much visited for their beauty and their water lilies, as well as for their importance to Monet's artistic inspiration. Normandy was at the heart of his creation, from the paintings of Rouen's cathedral to the famous depictions of the cliffs at Etretat, the beach and port at Fécamp and the sunrise at Le Havre. It was \"Impression, Sunrise\", Monet's painting of Le Havre, that led to the movement being dubbed Impressionism. After Monet, all the main avant-garde painters of the 1870s and 1880s came to Normandy to paint its landscapes and its changing lights, concentrating along the Seine valley and the Norman coast. Landscapes and scenes of daily life were also immortalised on canvas by artists such as William Turner, Gustave Courbet, the Honfleur born Eugène Boudin, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Pierre Bonnard, Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. While Monet's work adorns galleries and collections all over the world, a remarkable quantity of Impressionist works can be found in galleries throughout Normandy, such as the Museum of Fine Arts in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin in Honfleur or the André Malraux Museum in Le Havre. Maurice Denis, one of the leaders and theoricists of the Nabis movement in the 1890s, was a native of Granville, in the Manche department. The \"Société Normande de Peinture Moderne\" was founded in 1909 by Pierre Dumont, Robert Antoine Pinchon, Yvonne Barbier and Eugène Tirvert. Among members were Raoul Dufy, a native of Le Havre, Albert Marquet, Francis Picabia and Maurice Utrillo. Also in this movement were the Duchamp brothers, Jacques Villon and Marcel Duchamp, considered one of the father of modern art, also natives of Normandy. Jean Dubuffet, one of the leading French artist of the 1940s and the 1950s was born in Le Havre.", "Christian missionaries implanted monastic communities in the territory in the 5th and 6th centuries. Some of these missionaries came from across the Channel. The influence of Celtic Christianity can still be found in the Cotentin. By the terms of the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo, a Viking pagan, accepted Christianity and was baptised. The Duchy of Normandy was therefore formally a Christian state from its foundation. The cathedrals of Normandy have exerted influence down the centuries in matters of both faith and politics. King Henry II of England, did penance at the cathedral of Avranches on 21 May 1172 and was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of Thomas Becket. Mont Saint-Michel is a historic pilgrimage site. Normandy does not have one generally agreed patron saint, although this title has been ascribed to Saint Michael, and to Saint Ouen. Many saints have been revered in Normandy down the centuries, including: Since the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State there is no established church in mainland Normandy. In the Channel Islands, the Church of England is the established church." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 34210, 50082, 14, 26672, 2182, 509, 142, 109343, 3114, 2069, 18276, 11698, 71, 23, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 136, 23, 3060, 63920, 111, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 66418, 5, 1650, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 155741, 63614, 17669, 170920, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 4, 136, 4, 99, 70, 155955, 111, 6863, 14537, 4, 99201, 70, 30253, 2703, 10776, 136, 63920, 111, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 52488, 10776, 111, 70, 23295, 4, 142, 16128, 186768, 538, 51529, 237, 911, 107605, 707, 70, 44, 4613, 107605, 106294, 740, 581, 26672, 2182, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 23, 144477, 9022, 66418, 390, 10, 21115, 111, 92422, 7, 1295, 70, 34210, 50082, 14, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 930, 5914, 118820, 4, 136, 509, 79986, 71, 390, 70, 60887, 10840, 111, 70, 8022, 712, 60760, 8798, 19, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 26794, 80973, 26672, 61148, 6144, 1674, 2132, 55852, 13, 23131, 297, 70, 26672, 2182, 4, 10, 66596, 214, 6226, 20271, 3060, 111, 6863, 2684, 243151, 5369, 5, 581, 803, 3767, 4745, 13, 118820, 509, 54940, 113138, 118820, 7, 23, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 10776, 5, 345, 3923, 2369, 1596, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 197097, 803, 3767, 4745, 13, 118820, 185256, 7, 2750, 79986, 71, 70, 142, 45964, 59444, 111, 26854, 162, 31, 136, 221419, 538, 74216, 71, 237, 10, 113138, 89160, 88, 820, 2750, 89554, 6226, 6259, 58555, 1379, 1919, 79986, 5, 581, 17570, 11226, 8927, 26672, 2182, 15, 10581, 46937, 16575, 1174, 16, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 4122, 9444, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 49175, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 70, 25632, 142642, 4, 1379, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 70, 177953, 7844, 2460, 10618, 42, 15, 605, 214, 16, 46168, 15571, 561, 1674, 5, 18222, 71, 23, 53928, 9723, 4, 442, 6226, 6259, 5045, 111, 144477, 9022, 136, 9879, 66418, 23, 70, 953, 927, 136, 39395, 387, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 581, 30817, 53, 76104, 297, 10, 60627, 71702, 33120, 4, 30957, 297, 3934, 85689, 3387, 678, 110613, 14537, 7, 4, 136, 1119, 56, 3674, 37515, 9879, 29367, 180210, 98, 70, 85727, 12912, 5, 581, 17570, 11226, 8927, 26672, 2182, 509, 110518, 163684, 297, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 156874, 7, 390, 10, 14537, 151994, 17721, 2460, 10618, 42, 46168, 136, 1919, 95686, 10821, 193429, 4, 80407, 2132, 117601, 32141, 5, 24372, 39555, 43606, 5369, 111, 133868, 4, 70, 27150, 1257, 17137, 509, 77681, 168861, 3934, 1119, 1340, 23, 116374, 5, 62, 8, 23662, 14432, 4, 23, 70, 111994, 7, 4, 117601, 32141, 176377, 1295, 70, 88172, 19, 4267, 73, 60243, 678, 10, 8753, 111, 28129, 134221, 14, 842, 1205, 67, 1314, 136, 10, 21115, 111, 30396, 3674, 23414, 86216, 7, 5, 17106, 2363, 127557, 4, 764, 145755, 47, 645, 62783, 70, 4000, 118820, 7, 136, 137633, 70, 26672, 2182, 111, 2291, 1272, 31, 23, 153459, 5, 360, 72399, 145810, 4, 2460, 10618, 42, 46168, 30957, 297, 3934, 10, 85689, 53, 678, 98848, 4, 20662, 1919, 2773, 39, 142, 89176, 182146, 2182, 5, 18763, 43876, 26672, 117601, 32141, 1902, 181141, 10, 21373, 106689, 4498, 9, 11, 9, 1824, 1919, 10002, 26672, 2182, 70, 6602, 8108, 5, 149766, 79986, 4295, 1902, 181141, 70, 182146, 2182, 85689, 3387, 47, 129745, 2363, 10002, 14700, 66, 202988, 151814, 7, 4, 678, 2460, 10618, 42, 46168, 16487, 47, 4527, 98848, 25, 7, 8060, 23, 1919, 221560, 14537, 151994, 678, 117601, 32141, 645, 70, 17570, 11226, 8927, 26672, 2182, 5, 2460, 10618, 42, 46168, 136, 26672, 117601, 32141, 2843, 15673, 71, 47, 162471, 70, 79612, 214, 33946, 7, 54940, 70, 28811, 109343, 14537, 7, 450, 3542, 7068, 16487, 47, 6226, 70, 92422, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 221, 237, 47, 71864, 8951, 6, 167618, 111, 2363, 43396, 90, 390, 37772, 5, 17106, 70, 128839, 111938, 3934, 144477, 9022, 66418, 111, 28811, 190070, 79986, 4, 756, 17262, 155741, 63614, 3542, 3398, 3355, 297, 47, 89176, 17071, 136, 56101, 17071, 23, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 92422, 18543, 5550, 23, 12898, 4, 10, 5368, 9, 8407, 7710, 171484, 289, 108870, 509, 34658, 23, 239737, 23, 9571, 645, 10, 14922, 111, 17262, 21775, 5, 9208, 2285, 71, 390, 70, 16128, 25, 7, 68894, 100307, 4, 89160, 88, 14202, 24073, 29598, 5072, 7, 74054, 43032, 111, 70, 8063, 26908, 4, 91768, 16765, 136, 3789, 9782, 100510, 99638, 90, 4, 70, 58963, 10821, 37303, 22836, 111, 66418, 509, 170920, 47, 75060, 11374, 47, 70, 43904, 4, 18645, 48031, 4, 33493, 67, 52350, 4, 136, 78974, 678, 85727, 136, 21640, 89543, 5, 34490, 14, 80407, 36592, 149976, 237, 70, 18738, 71, 177, 2069, 11341, 25, 7, 14037, 214, 13918, 5, 1301, 197551, 3674, 23, 24241, 106, 111, 70, 162774, 110117, 18767, 110373, 56, 111, 70, 92422, 47806, 4, 37303, 83, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 18767, 22836, 111, 66418, 5, 1301, 6044, 4, 70, 10776, 40, 5447, 70, 51, 2481, 111, 92422, 7, 136, 606, 35593, 7, 47, 10, 30361, 5426, 111, 27759, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 40, 141840, 1419, 10776, 111, 17071, 47, 6863, 65272, 4, 37303, 83, 959, 31577, 47, 113054, 21640, 230466, 237, 10, 84797, 64857, 5, 33306, 4, 15044, 10776, 7, 765, 1632, 13580, 23, 39210, 12, 1836, 3647, 2363, 8060, 54799, 118820, 88, 14202, 136, 2363, 53702, 289, 45646, 33233, 124519, 35509, 98, 118820, 151618, 136, 29842, 16070, 5, 66016, 9571, 4, 37303, 1556, 2843, 2809, 23, 53732, 167956, 7, 678, 17071, 645, 70, 1061, 929, 4, 30253, 2703, 136, 6631, 19, 10776, 7, 5, 581, 8437, 45646, 111, 37303, 58055, 7, 111, 70, 86873, 6635, 4, 62289, 13, 15, 184964, 111, 130877, 42991, 16, 136, 70, 159354, 15, 2347, 34202, 136, 1919, 27154, 3674, 70615, 111, 73333, 90, 16, 90356, 7, 111, 27759, 5, 145733, 35845, 538, 88669, 7844, 4, 70, 10776, 59335, 538, 122446, 68894, 51, 56644, 23, 6789, 3229, 7068, 34202, 111, 37303, 4, 34490, 14, 80407, 36592, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 214, 67373, 7, 111, 70, 37303, 22836, 136, 6863, 5117, 13918, 4, 36663, 1919, 13579, 65042, 297, 5, 36592, 136, 80362, 2132, 80362, 5775, 46526, 100, 6226, 111, 70, 10776, 4, 678, 36592, 50419, 9966, 91375, 14, 10821, 70, 25632, 6602, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 37303, 15, 4, 4, 707, 44, 8335, 7717, 45, 93175, 74054, 51521, 538, 70, 37303, 22836, 111, 66418, 15, 4, 6, 247, 83, 10, 10776, 23, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 66418, 5, 18222, 71, 98, 70, 59444, 111, 239737, 23, 70, 1429, 2870, 140280, 4, 6863, 119893, 159978, 71, 70, 181991, 53, 142, 58963, 10821, 11341, 23, 9571, 1284, 83, 21640, 538, 125296, 71, 237, 142, 58963, 10821, 10776, 111, 66418, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Northern Sultanates.", "Establishment.", "Politics.", "Muse administration.", "Said Abdullahi Dan.", "Farole administration.", "Democratization process.", "Ali administration.", "State flag.", "Administrative divisions.", "Regions.", "Redistricting and border disputes.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Education.", "Demographics and religion.", "Transport.", "Military.", "Economy.", "Oil exploration.", "Media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The Warsangali Sultanate was an imperial ruling house centred in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the Sanaag region and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country, an area historically known as Maakhir or the \"Maakhir Coast\". The Sultanate was founded in the 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali branch of the Darod clan, and was ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin. In the late 19th century, the influential Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire governed the Sultanate, assuming control during some of its most turbulent years. The Dishiishe clan was among powerful clans in northeastern region. Ugas Yasin was one of the prominent Dishiishe clan chiefs who ruled the ancient town of Bosaso and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule. The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud. Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the mid-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid. After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force. With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.", "Following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in Garoowe in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (\"Issims\"), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president. As stipulated in Article 1 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, Puntland is a part of the Federal State of Somalia. As such, the region seeks the unity of Somalis and adheres to a federal system of government. Unlike the secessionist region of Somaliland to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and kinship. Since 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool, Sanaag and Ayn regions. The legal structure of Puntland consists of the judiciary, legislative (House of Representatives) and the executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government. Though relatively peaceful, the region briefly experienced political unrest in 2001 when then President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founding fathers of the Puntland State and its first president, wanted his term extended. Ahmed and Jama Ali Jama fought for control of the region, with Ahmed emerging victorious the following year. Ahmed served his second term as president until October 2004, when he was elected President of Somalia. He was succeeded in office by Mohamed Hashi, who served until January 2005 when he lost a re-election bid in parliament to General Mohamud Muse Hersi \"Adde\".", "", "In March 2005, then President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland's commercial capital of Bosaso, a project which is now complete and referred to as Bender Qassim International Airport. In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, the Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of livestock from Somalia to the UAE. In October 2008, Muse also signed a Dh170 million agreement with Dubai's Lootah Group to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that \"I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity.\"", "The new president has been declared as the winner of the race following the conclusion of a third-round contest in which two candidates participated. According to the electoral committee, Dani won the Puntland regional leadership with 35 votes. He defeated his close rival, Asad Osman Diyano, a former intelligence official, who got 31. The president-elect, who briefly addressed the lawmakers, pledged he will move the state forward from where his predecessor Abdiweli Gaas left.", "In January 2009, Abdirahman Farole was elected the new President of Puntland. Upon assuming office, the Farole administration implemented a number of reforms, particularly in the security and judicial sectors. To bolster the region's justice system, numerous new prosecutors, judges and other court personnel as well as additional prison guards were hired and trained. In July 2010, the Puntland Council of Ministers unanimously approved a new anti-terrorism law to more efficiently handle terror suspects and their accomplices; a special court is also expected to be established within the region's existing criminal courts system to facilitate the task. Fiscally, a transparent, budget-based public finance system was established, which has reportedly helped increase public confidence in government. In addition, a new regional constitution was drafted and later passed on 15 June 2009, which is believed to represent a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time; such a system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region. More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations. One of the most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency For Social Welfare (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the disabled and the blind. PASWE is overseen by a Board of Directors, which consists of religious scholars (\"ulema\"), business people, intellectuals and traditional elders.", "On 15 June 2009, the Puntland government passed a new regional draft constitution, representing a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time. On 15 April 2012, the Puntland government opened a four-day constitutional convention officially inaugurating the new constitution of Puntland. Overseen by the Puntland Electoral Commission (PEC), the constitution represented the final step in the extant regional democratization process and was scheduled to be followed by the formation of political parties. On 12 September 2012, the Puntland Electoral Commission announced that the registration process for political parties in Puntland was now open. This came after the passing of the Political Association Law, the Referendum Act, the District Elections Law and the inauguration of the state constitution. They will also be challengers in the next elections, scheduled for January 2014. On 14 November 2012, President Farole announced the launching of his new political party, Horseed. The association counts over 200 members and represents the incumbent Puntland government, including Vice President Abdisamad Ali Shire and the state Ministers. It is the first prospective party to register for an application with the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC). According to Farole, the general public will be eligible for membership in the organization once it is selected as an official political party. Five other political associations were established the following month, including the Development and Justice Party (Xisbiga Horumarinta iyo Cadaalada) or Horcad Party which was launched by an entrepreneur and businessman Omar Ismail Waberi along other members, the Union of the People of the Regions or UPR (Ururka Gobolada Umadaha Bahoobey or UGUB), Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-building), and GAHAYR or Golaha Aqoonta iyo Horumarinta ee Asaaska Yoolka Runta (Council of Education and Development towards Founding the True Goal).", "On 8 January 2014, former Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Mohamed Ali was elected the 5th President of Puntland overcoming Dr. Farole by a single electoral vote. Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar was concurrently elected Puntland's vice president.", "On 22 December 2009, Puntland MPs introduced a new state flag at a parliamentary session in Garowe. With 38 of 41 legislators endorsing the motion, it also permitted the creation of a new state anthem. Puntland's new regional flag consists of three colours: white, blue and green.", "", "As stipulated in Article 3 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, Puntland consists of the following regions:", "In January 2009, Maakhir was officially incorporated into Puntland. Control of the western Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) provinces is disputed with Somaliland. On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named Gardafuul. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Aluula. Prior to naming this new region, the previous government of Puntland created three regions, all carved out of the existing regions: Karkaar was carved out of Bari, Haylaan out of Sanaag, and Ayn out of Togdheer region.", "Puntland is geographically situated in the northeastern portion of Somalia. It is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, the central Galmudug region of Somalia in the south, and Ethiopia in the southwest. Puntland occupies a total land area of 212,510 km or roughly one-third of Somalia's geographical area.", "The region is semi-arid, with a warm climate and average daily temperatures ranging from to. These climatic conditions favor pastoralism as the most effective use of land in most parts of the region. The most valuable grazing land includes the Hawd region in the high plateau to the west of the Mudug and Sool regions of Somalia, and into Ethiopia and the low Nugaal valley. Mild temperatures, by contrast, are experienced only along the high mountain ranges of Bari. In all other areas, Puntland is generally characterized by tropical desert heat. Rainfall is sparse and variable, with no single area receiving more than of rain annually. Nomads primarily rely on wells as a source of water rather than surface water. There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. Puntland's seasons are:", "Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, numerous problems arose with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns, the Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Examples of this and other educational measures at work are the government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls, promoting the growth of an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0- to 5-year-old children, and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas. Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs. It is headed by the Minister Mohamud Bile Dubbe, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee a Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards. The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of primary education (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of secondary education. Tertiary education comprises an average of four years, with the region currently counting seven major universities: Puntland State University in Garowe, Puntland State University in Galkayo, Bosaso College in Bosaso, East Somalia University in Qardho, Mogadishu University (Puntland branch) in Bosaso, Maakhir University in Badhan, Sanaag, and Nugaal University in Las Anod. East Africa University also has six branches in Puntland, with campuses in Bosaso, Erigavo, Galdogob, Galkayo, Garowe and Qardho. Thus, it is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes non-formal education (NFE) and technical/vocational education and training (TVET) as integral parts of the region's educational system. From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost Bari region, and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.", "As of 2015, the population of Puntland is estimated at 4.2 million residents, 65% of whom are nomads. The region is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Darod especially well-represented. There are also a number of Mehri residents. Puntland's population growth rate is quite high due in part to an influx of people from southern Somalia and from neighboring Northeast African countries. Currently, 30% of the region's residents live in the fast-growing towns of Bosaso, Gardo, Galdogob, Garowe and Galkayo. Approximately 70% of the population is also below the age of 30. The population density in Puntland is estimated at about 18 persons per km. As with the rest of Somalia, Islam is the main religion of the Puntland region with almost all residents being Muslims.", "Municipal bus services operate in Bosaso, Garowe, Las Anod, Galkayo and Qardho. Shuttle services between the region's major towns and adjacent hamlets are also available via different types of vehicles, such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with the Puntland Ministry of Works and Transport. Puntland is traversed by a 750 km north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of Somalia, such as Garowe, Bosaso and Galkayo, with towns in the south. In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Garowe with Galkayo. The transportation body also started an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on the large thoroughfare between the regional capital and Bosaso. Additionally, renovations began in October 2012 on the freeway linking Bosaso with Qardho. Plans are also in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway. Bosaso has a major seaport, which was constructed during the mid-1980s for annual livestock shipments to the Middle East. In January 2012, a renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. In 2012, a team of engineers was also enlisted by the Puntland authorities to assess the ongoing renovations taking place at the Las Khorey port. According to the Minister of Ports, Said Mohamed Rage, the Puntland government intends to launch more such development projects in Las Khorey. Local airlines offer flights to various domestic and international locations, such as Djibouti, Addis Ababa, Dubai and Jeddah; they also provide flights for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The most prominent airlines in Puntland are Jubba Airways, Osob Air and Daallo Airlines, which operate from Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso and Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport (formerly Galkayo Airport) in Galkayo, among other places. In late September 2013, a launching ceremony of a tender process for the Bosaso airport's renovations was held at the facility. The renovations will include the extension of the airport's gravel runway from 1,800 m to 2,650 m. The runway's width will also be widened from 30 m to 45 m, and feature 7.5 m gravel shoulders on both sides. According to Puntland Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation Abdiqani Gelle, the Puntland government plans to carry out similar upgrades at the Garowe International Airport in Garowe, the Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, and the Qardho Airport in Qardho.", "The Puntland Security Force (PSF) is the armed force of the autonomous Puntland region. Commanders and senior officials of the military are appointed by a qualified panel approved by the Council of Ministers. The Puntland security apparatus also has an independent military judiciary. The PSF includes the Puntland Dervish Force (PDF), its official paramilitary division. It operates its own police force, which includes a Special Protection Unit. The Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) is the intelligence bureau of Puntland's military. It was established in 2001 as the \"Puntland Intelligence Service\" during the rule of President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, with help from the United States. The Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF) is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force. It is primarily aimed at preventing, detecting and eradicating piracy, illegal fishing, and other illicit activity off of the coast of Somalia, and at generally safeguarding the nation's marine resources. In addition, the Force provides civic support, including repairing wells, rehabilitating hospitals and clinics, and refurbishing roads, airports and other infrastructure. It also offers skills training programs to local communities.", "Puntland has 1600 km of coastline, which is abundant with fish and other natural marine resources. Additional economic products and activities of the region include livestock, frankincense, myrrh, gum arabic, manufacturing and agriculture. Puntland has the lowest rate of poverty in Somalia, with 27%, compared to 50% in Somaliland and 57% in Mogadishu. Experts believe this is because of higher consumption and higher labour force participation. Households in Puntland consume a higher quantity per capita per item and more items per household. The lower rate of poverty does not appear to be driven by household size, as the average in Puntland is 5.2, compared to 5.7 in Somaliland and 4.5 in Mogadishu. Puntland is doing better in various important indicators of well-being. For instance, the literacy rate in Puntland is 64% compared to the national average of 55%. Additionally, households in Puntland also outperform the average in other educational outcomes such as enrolment and educational attainment. 70% of households in Puntland have access to improved water sources compared to the national average of 58%. Therefore, Puntland's higher performance on non-monetary indicators of well-being are inline with its lower rate of poverty. In December 2011, a new commercial market opened in Bosaso's northern Dayaha (\"Star\") neighborhood, near the seaport. Approximately half a kilometer in size, it was designed to ensure easy vehicle access. The market is the result of careful planning between Puntland government officials and civil society representatives. Bosaso is also home to Golis Telecom Somalia, the largest telecommunications operator in northeastern Somalia. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the country with GSM mobile services, fixed line and internet services, it has an extensive network that covers all of the nation's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Puntland and Somaliland. Additionally, Netco has its headquarters in the city. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Telcom and NationLink. In April 2013, the Puntland Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources officially inaugurated a new fish market in Garowe. Constructed in conjunction with the UK authorities and the UNDP, it is part of a larger regional development plan which will see two other similar marketplaces launched within the year in Galkayo and Qardho. In August 2014, in conjunction with the government of Djibouti and an international construction firm headquartered in China, the Puntland Transport and Seaports Ministry launched a project to establish new seaports in the regional state. The initiative is part of a broader campaign by the Puntland administration to focus on tapping into the region's commercial potential through various development projects.", "In the 2000s, the Puntland government began official negotiations with foreign oil companies over exploration rights in the area. The provincial authorities in October 2005 granted Range Resources a majority stake in two sizable land-based mineral and hydrocarbon exploration licenses, in addition to offshore rights. The onshore Nugaal and Dharoor Valley blocks in question span over 14,424 km2 and 24,908 km2, respectively. Two years later, Range Resources obtained a 100% interest in the two blocks and concurrently farmed out 80% of that share to Canmex Minerals. In January 2007, the Puntland administration, which was then led by President Mohamud Muse Hersi, signed the Puntland Product Sharing Agreement (PSA) with Range Resources Limited and the Canmex Minerals subsidiary Canmex Holdings (Bermuda) II Limited. Following a change in leadership in 2009, the Puntland government, now led by President Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, sought to renegotiate the profit sharing agreement with Range Resources to ensure more favorable terms for the region. In 2012, the Puntland government gave the green light to the first official oil exploration project in Puntland and Somalia at large. In 2017, Puntland ministers held cabinet meeting were they approved an oil exploration deal with Chinese company CCECC, in return for constructing a road connecting Eyl and Garowe as well as renovations and refurbishments to the Abdullahi Yusuf Airport.", "Puntland has its own television channel and studios. Puntland TV and Radio is the public broadcasting network of the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia. Its headquarters are at the regional capital of Garowe. The service also maintains an office in London. Founded in April 2013, Puntland TV and Radio broadcasts locally in Somali via terrestrial service. It also airs programs globally through satellite. Radio Puntland broadcasts internationally via shortwave, with its transmission reaching as far as Finland. Its standard programming includes general news, focusing on regional developments, sports and entertainment. The private stations Eastern Television Network (ETN TV) and Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC TV) broadcast from Bosaso. Established in 2004, Radio Garowe is a community radio station based in Garowe. The station broadcasts daily from Somalia at 89.8 FM, covering all the latest headlines in Somali news, politics, and society. It also broadcasts other special programming on Garowe Online, its online sister website. LaasqorayNET is another privately owned website based in Badhan, Bosaso, Dubai and London. The website features articles written in Somali and English. In addition, the website hosts some audio, though the latter is not regularly updated. Radio Gaalkacyo is the state radio station. Based in Galkayo, it was formerly known as Radio Free Somalia. Horseed Media was established in 2002 by a group of Somali intellectuals in the Netherlands and Finland. The station broadcasts from Bosaso and has a listening audience of about 80,000 people, with a reach of 150 km. It also operates a website that counts over 10,000 daily visitors. Based in Garowe, \"Puntland Post\" was established in 2001 by Somali expatriates in Denmark. Its website publishes daily domestic and international news reports and analysis in both Somali and English, with an emphasis on Puntland affairs. Established in 2014, \"Puntland Star\" presents breaking news, stories and documentaries from Somalia and the rest of the world. Other media organizations include Raxanreeb Online (RBC Radio). Launched in 2006, RBC presents Somali news to a global audience in both Somali and English. With direct sources based in Somalia, it covers local politics and society." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 509, 103122, 98, 382, 18237, 47114, 23, 9020, 4, 30715, 4, 70, 88, 18557, 111, 70, 22759, 20020, 111, 23213, 19824, 39076, 7, 136, 1657, 7514, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 74, 1919, 82953, 41576, 83, 142, 26808, 98, 50997, 23923, 106500, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 13909, 172647, 7, 2750, 79786, 98, 70, 5117, 60091, 538, 88303, 13909, 4, 70, 87778, 3598, 7880, 615, 1529, 29966, 297, 4687, 33, 101057, 19012, 1294, 19188, 4, 136, 7068, 23409, 98, 47, 29966, 127067, 65272, 9020, 25, 7, 170450, 19188, 1295, 31060, 47, 29733, 4, 99, 70, 1733, 10, 8951, 80731, 122092, 147, 10696, 4, 3129, 100512, 142, 41371, 10696, 23, 26527, 5, 62, 311, 33, 25550, 53370, 720, 237, 10, 29041, 4, 764, 30698, 18, 1672, 65133, 7, 1295, 49947, 4209, 678, 10, 3299, 6, 68823, 7514, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 99, 581, 44109, 25, 7, 29693, 4, 42673, 4, 1295, 29733, 47, 28506, 4, 7440, 764, 75204, 10, 5117, 9, 67413, 192360, 111, 81693, 79385, 23, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 5, 51404, 99, 152363, 4, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 7228, 10, 13909, 1810, 111, 142, 10332, 113976, 5423, 4, 3129, 764, 123997, 1295, 10, 121461, 19927, 5, 24372, 25975, 2320, 4, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 79786, 237, 142, 185118, 99, 70, 5501, 222535, 7, 14380, 19434, 2619, 53, 23, 56718, 13, 4, 25877, 3509, 5, 360, 25695, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 391, 5, 527, 5, 353, 1495, 23, 80621, 34695, 4, 25877, 3509, 4, 7440, 764, 104902, 28282, 10644, 9, 89840, 10975, 100, 110264, 7, 5, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 79786, 237, 142, 41371, 18264, 748, 99, 313, 104105, 1295, 18237, 47, 14487, 15643, 5, 51404, 23, 46980, 330, 4, 764, 26171, 71, 10, 13452, 35509, 98, 70, 23755, 111, 59058, 22829, 4, 47, 33493, 67, 53371, 136, 1257, 56464, 4677, 54940, 25188, 1314, 5, 717, 106804, 13, 442, 4, 764, 88303, 10, 160469, 13, 5426, 24, 4806, 7338, 68019, 11766, 5, 24372, 137802, 313, 104105, 23, 72399, 15643, 4, 764, 23409, 47, 4488, 99, 4939, 56718, 13, 25, 7, 22710, 40139, 84837, 4, 24890, 4, 23, 100561, 86, 111443, 4, 25877, 3509, 5, 1529, 13028, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 121392, 5609, 100, 17262, 5369, 5, 581, 13452, 764, 79786, 98, 509, 10, 44, 30544, 9, 6032, 148814, 50491, 11782, 58, 3129, 26038, 4049, 16981, 23, 13909, 172532, 5, 360, 20986, 4, 764, 176377, 47, 313, 104105, 237, 10, 145042, 5, 360, 13501, 4, 313, 104105, 509, 70, 142105, 1820, 110, 112, 23, 14713, 4, 136, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 24124, 142, 54591, 47, 33284, 59058, 22829, 678, 70, 1820, 12, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 54397, 1919, 152132, 23, 11994, 13501, 136, 4, 23, 11704, 4, 242564, 3674, 442, 5, 1650, 7068, 509, 68186, 71, 390, 1919, 31095, 4, 41576, 24044, 5584, 4, 2750, 35839, 1919, 152132, 7, 242, 330, 6261, 4, 1284, 136950, 25, 5, 1529, 11814, 21373, 25647, 47, 8382, 1379, 538, 214, 70, 7338, 68019, 11766, 5426, 47, 28282, 70, 6661, 160670, 4002, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 82775, 136, 88303, 70, 5117, 4002, 31842, 5, 18763, 10975, 2843, 32354, 297, 237, 142, 30391, 15, 85763, 297, 6661, 36119, 112, 30474, 4, 51042, 98, 70, 799, 70981, 43865, 683, 172852, 5426, 247, 136, 70, 5117, 4002, 10723, 4, 313, 104105, 135913, 71, 15, 186500, 100, 92179, 22829, 73509, 151607, 48, 74768, 194, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 91376, 70, 5117, 1467, 1764, 4, 3129, 151552, 70, 13452, 68034, 4, 98, 387, 14487, 11704, 74, 442, 509, 19882, 47, 70, 2665, 1295, 70, 313, 104105, 33120, 5, 581, 1764, 62952, 142, 187136, 111, 2367, 70, 6661, 160670, 4002, 509, 4, 136, 3642, 3395, 5809, 4527, 10, 31842, 136, 5423, 1257, 10, 1467, 10723, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3642, 47, 2046, 26859, 678, 935, 10002, 4165, 5, 360, 10, 5303, 111, 2248, 15380, 53189, 450, 115700, 71, 70, 8999, 4, 19667, 19, 390, 10, 16138, 111, 714, 192471, 172647, 7, 4, 108858, 7, 4, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 136, 8999, 119893, 4, 70, 23, 57241, 111, 70, 6661, 160670, 4002, 509, 30648, 297, 14012, 1632, 4, 678, 70, 42805, 13254, 214, 4, 44, 3957, 4271, 525, 105925, 36398, 7, 57646, 111, 756, 1733, 4, 70, 1820, 1556, 98816, 70, 115700, 111, 5744, 6897, 136993, 5, 1401, 831, 37067, 678, 12638, 3789, 34648, 538, 4, 756, 645, 70, 8999, 740, 360, 13211, 4, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 14037, 297, 70, 601, 363, 441, 99, 70, 157082, 43975, 111, 46473, 5, 1650, 48402, 297, 67842, 53095, 450, 3542, 109269, 47, 28282, 5570, 7, 136, 209236, 47, 52295, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 4002, 5, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 7228, 1919, 6528, 19882, 4092, 538, 4, 678, 110, 33407, 136, 110, 121678, 2449, 4743, 5, 581, 6661, 160670, 4002, 1657, 127639, 316, 68872, 450, 6863, 5570, 7, 5608, 186, 35509, 98, 121678, 939, 9, 32087, 55556, 4, 221, 450, 1836, 72546, 5809, 186, 30666, 297, 390, 35672, 5, 360, 103844, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 100512, 10, 32926, 111, 70, 24453, 25877, 3509, 182999, 87343, 4, 19441, 198395, 158930, 23, 70742, 78280, 23, 5140, 7567, 7274, 4, 24453, 25877, 3509, 5, 360, 14487, 86097, 764, 68186, 71, 10, 80923, 23, 13909, 41664, 99, 70, 19188, 111, 87673, 7, 136, 40139, 28745, 4, 12535, 111, 234995, 4, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 47, 4488, 98, 70, 10232, 109109, 4002, 5, 360, 10, 44, 70059, 7, 58, 5582, 23, 18374, 37771, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 36456, 3674, 450, 70, 61475, 80836, 111, 14865, 114942, 24073, 20767, 18939, 23, 10, 1467, 29823, 3542, 44, 309, 86, 26531, 6635, 740, 1529, 30745, 70, 73962, 450, 764, 72546, 5809, 765, 82775, 1467, 29823, 90, 15490, 70, 14865, 114942, 5, 44, 116959, 398, 738, 4, 442, 115058, 1884, 10, 4127, 6528, 99, 70, 1733, 830, 764, 2804, 23, 1919, 22729, 106013, 297, 1747, 25443, 5, 360, 18237, 37771, 7068, 9, 111345, 4745, 20809, 24284, 119892, 40218, 171530, 450, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 2806, 4488, 678, 70, 17274, 27759, 47, 4358, 3249, 2053, 1286, 9803, 136, 81522, 98, 70, 4002, 4, 33976, 98, 70, 4488, 111, 70, 17170, 111, 32007, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 51189, 29178, 4939, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 15, 57332, 382, 18237, 47114, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 13320, 38274, 4, 83, 142, 14941, 185118, 136, 13909, 172647, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 26868, 748, 111, 70, 6661, 160670, 4002, 5, 1529, 83, 10, 43552, 15403, 9593, 17336, 111, 40139, 28745, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 42673, 136, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 157082, 43975, 111, 46473, 15, 95409, 194, 2076, 43148, 9, 5267, 13, 26171, 71, 142, 4677, 24365, 5426, 98, 427, 11994, 13501, 4, 7068, 29479, 297, 70, 5117, 65771, 36398, 17721, 10, 92179, 22829, 73509, 151607, 15, 18544, 23658, 16, 23282, 136, 10723, 1829, 70, 1820, 23, 4122, 9, 62329, 27417, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Career and research.", "Policy work.", "Awards and honours.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Berners-Lee was born on 8 June 1955 in London, England, the eldest of the four children of Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee; his brother Mike is an expert on greenhouse gases. His parents were computer scientists who worked on the first commercially built computer, the Ferranti Mark 1. He attended Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to attend south west London's Emanuel School from 1969 to 1973, at the time a direct grant grammar school, which became an independent school in 1975. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway. He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received a first-class bachelor of arts degree in physics. While at university, Berners-Lee made a computer out of an old television set, which he bought from a repair shop.", "After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset. In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create type-setting software for printers. Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE. After leaving CERN in late 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, Dorset. He ran the company's technical side for three years. The project he worked on was a \"real-time remote procedure call\" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow. In 1989, CERN was the largest internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the internet: Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals 'vague, but exciting'. He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first Web browser. His software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon). Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on 20 December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network. The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating, \"The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world\". In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone. In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web. In a \"Times\" article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes (\"//\") in a web address were \"unnecessary\". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. \"There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time\", he said in his lighthearted apology.", "In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force. Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use. Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said that: \"The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around.\" He went on to say: \"Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them.\" In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign to \"advance the Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change.\" Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply \"connectivity with no strings attached\", and should neither control nor monitor the browsing activities of customers without their expressed consent. He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: \"Threats to the internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights.\" Berners-Lee participated in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality. The letter was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker, Senator Brian Schatz, Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle. Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of start-up State.com, based in London. As of May 2012, Berners-Lee is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012. The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel, and Microsoft. The A4AI seeks to make internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy. In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges. From the mid 2010s Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal for with its controversial Digital Rights Management (DRM) implications. In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017. His stance was opposed by some including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign Defective by Design and the Free software foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the internet's open philosophy against commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content. The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017. On 30 September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets users choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data. In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched \"Contract for the Web\", a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop \"misuse\" with the warning that \"if we don't act nowand act togetherto prevent the web being misused by those who want to exploit, divide and undermine, we are at risk of squandering [its potential for good]\".", "Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours \"for services to the global development of the internet\", and was invested formally on 16 July 2004. On 13 June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 (living) members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Queen, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of Universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s), Harvard and Yale. In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday. In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On 4 April 2017, he received the 2016 ACM Turing Award \"for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale\".", "Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson in 1990, an American computer programmer. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011. In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian internet and banking entrepreneur and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies. Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated: \"Not in the sense of most people, I'm atheist and Unitarian Universalist\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6619, 70, 43581, 836, 345, 5, 294, 5, 117249, 4, 1936, 3542, 99, 1632, 1733, 707, 15700, 2831, 111, 142, 5808, 297, 49504, 3674, 345, 5, 294, 5, 181991, 53, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 7311, 17480, 37195, 221419, 117249, 8306, 3542, 5, 229879, 4, 115532, 4, 136, 10542, 118623, 3542, 12638, 5423, 5773, 1295, 21771, 144573, 117249, 5, 31464, 136, 1446, 15477, 15044, 30957, 297, 70, 32528, 7103, 19441, 2809, 95934, 38529, 117249, 15, 191, 538, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 95934, 38529, 939, 23, 1446, 15477, 25, 7, 7225, 4, 237, 70, 10776, 509, 63043, 297, 390, 2356, 5753, 194, 39897, 509, 5423, 5773, 1295, 51, 53404, 297, 3551, 405, 48141, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 390, 82167, 23, 129706, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 181815, 1104, 127345, 5550, 5, 66016, 41722, 4, 2685, 765, 2809, 110, 49504, 3674, 345, 5, 294, 5, 43396, 90, 23113, 538, 5808, 297, 390, 142, 178128, 25515, 5, 14847, 138393, 509, 36456, 3674, 237, 10, 11341, 23, 41722, 4, 70, 138393, 3145, 21150, 25515, 183037, 39041, 48141, 39287, 38361, 18481, 3129, 1902, 2809, 2831, 111, 70, 148503, 31667, 111, 138393, 4, 136, 39287, 38361, 47143, 7, 18925, 237, 70, 4734, 49504, 3674, 345, 5, 159, 5, 181991, 53, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 148503, 31667, 111, 39287, 38361, 18481, 5, 106073, 442, 7464, 1556, 14375, 2515, 34695, 1314, 4, 39287, 38361, 83, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 4, 136, 110, 39287, 38361, 18481, 27759, 1556, 2809, 5808, 297, 1379, 142, 27992, 111, 77699, 5, 39287, 38361, 83, 82424, 23131, 297, 237, 10, 181991, 53, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 63557, 111, 70, 123024, 5, 3164, 3789, 345, 5, 159, 5, 43396, 90, 40494, 39287, 38361, 621, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 15, 37440, 592, 450, 1836, 621, 959, 89554, 2831, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 450, 959, 756, 128746, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 163965, 191082, 59911, 247, 7440, 162, 3789, 36770, 49504, 3674, 43396, 90, 15, 3355, 19462, 214, 4734, 39287, 38361, 18481, 16, 621, 5036, 117249, 5, 51404, 70, 59338, 111, 121328, 32354, 7, 21373, 538, 47, 142, 5808, 297, 49504, 3674, 181991, 53, 4, 442, 83, 23131, 297, 390, 167969, 12921, 125034, 7, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 163965, 237, 10, 30361, 103724, 5, 581, 25632, 43396, 90, 28032, 70, 14098, 46684, 3542, 51521, 538, 5808, 297, 390, 77699, 678, 142, 178128, 25515, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 43435, 297, 49504, 3674, 43396, 90, 621, 43396, 90, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 450, 621, 15044, 49504, 3674, 15, 17365, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 27798, 16, 136, 5808, 297, 15, 528, 6496, 142, 5808, 297, 27759, 42179, 29367, 390, 142, 107554, 27992, 115081, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 77699, 4, 56104, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 53732, 27047, 6644, 4, 53732, 23607, 42, 4, 136, 10, 62822, 80209, 5426, 194, 8622, 765, 2809, 110, 6044, 43396, 90, 16792, 41722, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Historical.", "Current situation.", "List of organized incorporated territories." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Of the current 50 U.S. states, 31 were at one time or another part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states never were. Kentucky, Maine, and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states. Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states (only \"de facto\" sovereignty in Vermont's case, as the region was claimed by New York). California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War.", "Since 1959, there have been no incorporated U.S. territories formally organized by an Organic Act. When Hawaii was admitted as a state in 1959, the Hawaii Admission Act specifically excluded Palmyra Island which had been part of the Territory of Hawaii, and Palmyra remains today as the only incorporated U. S. territory, the United States Territory of Palmyra Island. Although it still has private landowners, Palmyra is uninhabited, and no Palmyra Island government has been organized under an act of Congress. Palmyra is currently governed as a territory by the United States Department of the Interior. All other U. S. territories except Palmyra are unincorporated (meaning that they are not fully part of the United States and that not all aspects of the United States Constitution automatically apply), whereas other former incorporated territories (excepting only Palmyra Island) are now states. While the District of Columbia functions similarly to an organized incorporated territory, it is governed by entirely different provisions of the United States Constitution as a federal district.", "The following territories within the United States were officially organized by Congress with an Organic Act:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3164, 5744, 23, 54815, 3674, 43396, 90, 1379, 70, 6226, 111, 70, 30361, 27759, 831, 186, 90698, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 44, 225221, 46684, 58, 100, 60042, 7, 111, 27165, 237, 61924, 71, 23, 29458, 27047, 1363, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 80209, 13579, 44, 34, 694, 133350, 3674, 58, 509, 43780, 297, 47, 58739, 20650, 70, 72399, 74668, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 53732, 6, 172482, 7, 15490, 130367, 16070, 136, 2363, 86052, 15490, 171484, 289, 48431, 7, 142458, 20102, 24189, 77699, 7228, 3789, 125034, 7, 5, 581, 7225, 27165, 107003, 77699, 47, 6, 178451, 55970, 31667, 24643, 63647, 7, 678, 70, 21543, 111, 10, 59959, 5844, 12433, 420, 54799, 53732, 10776, 7, 3129, 3542, 959, 85727, 117249, 5, 28090, 91255, 47, 66007, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 174620, 52341, 4, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 131216, 51529, 237, 70, 360, 7, 35975, 43731, 7, 4, 34658, 450, 70, 163965, 65042, 297, 44, 3355, 9720, 62502, 13, 58, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 111, 6863, 10002, 37772, 16, 47, 70, 72852, 289, 43396, 90, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 52341, 23, 6097, 50218, 2843, 170920, 70, 51584, 3996, 86, 111, 53732, 49504, 1363, 4, 1379, 3129, 70, 163965, 4027, 25720, 89554, 4734, 23, 49504, 3674, 43396, 90, 6044, 237, 168064, 136, 138393, 4, 136, 4027, 25720, 4734, 2878, 25958, 23, 70, 3525, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 43396, 90, 111, 83775, 70867, 4, 6955, 302, 136, 70, 129535, 5, 717, 61924, 2367, 83, 142, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 181991, 53, 4, 23, 44, 63641, 596, 238, 81, 5, 41021, 111, 24952, 70867, 830, 4, 70, 52341, 11814, 70, 25632, 63805, 7, 118861, 70, 14098, 46684, 59338, 52341, 23, 83775, 70867, 12, 360, 44, 724, 12472, 555, 1311, 5, 81, 5, 567, 549, 685, 830, 70, 29685, 1059, 3674, 44, 63641, 596, 238, 58, 136, 7228, 70, 25632, 63805, 118861, 29685, 7, 23, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 43396, 90, 12, 44, 3957, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 70, 405, 48141, 181991, 53, 27, 35299, 186, 36456, 3674, 47, 70, 25225, 674, 111, 756, 70, 38109, 4, 92940, 7, 4, 136, 43766, 31075, 111, 130367, 7, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 74, 58, 44, 73243, 21635, 1363, 4, 102971, 208806, 98816, 23, 113860, 25443, 4, 83, 70, 183234, 4, 237, 6275, 297, 1810, 23, 44, 397, 8770, 1444, 81, 5, 1843, 71, 19256, 830, 111, 70, 26168, 4, 6, 212423, 1295, 70, 86595, 47, 36510, 70, 60042, 47, 49504, 67, 163629, 71, 181991, 53, 3934, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 3789, 125034, 7, 141377, 142, 91177, 47, 70, 2304, 1294, 1242, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 9626, 14098, 46684, 27165, 4, 142, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 181991, 53, 83, 142, 16128, 6226, 6259, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 27759, 450, 83, 959, 44, 73, 133350, 3674, 58, 100, 70, 60042, 7, 111, 14098, 46684, 171484, 289, 27165, 5, 360, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 43396, 90, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 163965, 4027, 25720, 4734, 2878, 25958, 5, 360, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 142, 107554, 27165, 4, 10, 181991, 53, 83, 18507, 47314, 237, 51, 53404, 297, 5, 360, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 43396, 90, 4, 44, 420, 221237, 38109, 59911, 237, 10, 26866, 111, 27165, 4, 1284, 3789, 171484, 289, 38109, 621, 959, 19882, 740, 51620, 297, 171484, 289, 125034, 7, 59911, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 158, 148448, 289, 27992, 7, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "All modern inhabited territories under the control of the federal government can be considered as part of the \"United States\" for purposes of law as defined in specific legislation. However, the judicial term \"unincorporated\" was coined to legitimize the late–19th-century territorial acquisitions without citizenship and their administration without constitutional protections temporarily until Congress made other provisions. The case law allowed Congress to impose discriminatory tax regimes with the effect of a protective tariff upon territorial regions which were not domestic states. From 1901 to 1905, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases, held that the Constitution extended \"ex proprio vigore\" (i.e., of its own force) to the continental territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation, under which the Constitution applies fully only in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, and applies only partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. To define what is an unincorporated territory, in \"Balzac v. People of Porto Rico\",, the Court used the following statements regarding the United States District Court in Puerto Rico: In \"Glidden Co. v. Zdanok\", the court cited \"Balzac\" and made the following statement regarding courts in unincorporated territories: \"The inhabitants of the ceded territory... shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States;\" \"This declaration, although somewhat changed in phraseology, is the equivalent, as pointed out in \"Downes v. Bidwell\", of the formula, employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States, especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 30397, 223, 206, 509, 165249, 390, 604, 42732, 4, 92343, 29640, 10868, 299, 15, 40062, 30397, 223, 206, 247, 136, 604, 67373, 4, 122960, 103857, 4, 23, 181103, 4, 66724, 5, 1840, 39395, 6897, 678, 604, 42732, 509, 113771, 538, 959, 10, 17723, 1632, 4, 59499, 47, 122960, 16173, 145739, 4, 10336, 111, 10, 5361, 62458, 16487, 3934, 7722, 35206, 137578, 7, 23, 70, 145456, 111, 70, 213796, 10366, 5, 1529, 63043, 297, 450, 44, 2347, 1733, 30397, 223, 206, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 13648, 765, 2809, 11522, 100, 604, 3501, 2367, 2412, 122446, 8108, 830, 10, 63805, 115839, 8, 93, 297, 390, 92343, 29640, 10868, 299, 4, 2750, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 29741, 70, 62458, 185256, 645, 1919, 456, 88832, 5, 1840, 14449, 99201, 6626, 25171, 114015, 7, 4, 136, 43606, 269, 5170, 136, 108, 20133, 19725, 5, 10868, 299, 136, 103857, 84797, 71, 12960, 30397, 223, 206, 509, 7464, 10, 29041, 136, 168265, 71, 7103, 604, 1563, 77391, 5, 30397, 223, 206, 66933, 1733, 678, 15044, 111, 2856, 4, 136, 1902, 176377, 47, 604, 42732, 25, 7, 5368, 1295, 10, 65006, 678, 103857, 70, 5155, 8108, 604, 213796, 10366, 5, 581, 12417, 46799, 9, 18345, 30397, 223, 206, 25737, 604, 14449, 25, 7, 45606, 329, 23, 181103, 25, 7, 100127, 34, 47704, 103724, 98, 70, 42141, 111, 116, 11994, 9571, 4, 1284, 165523, 47, 54410, 99, 10696, 707, 1380, 5368, 5, 62, 19100, 46799, 9, 18345, 195812, 113771, 19441, 51592, 604, 8035, 24911, 17704, 3934, 10, 35011, 6, 164545, 390, 6626, 453, 4, 102971, 30397, 223, 206, 6777, 959, 13416, 10, 17932, 332, 8035, 13379, 5, 62, 106750, 35206, 71834, 134629, 23, 3129, 6, 176779, 7665, 2187, 7, 3542, 160477, 71, 4, 26719, 450, 111, 213796, 1264, 21915, 37658, 379, 4, 2750, 158930, 1672, 23552, 142, 56816, 1295, 181103, 390, 2258, 23, 70, 61187, 56, 66724, 19, 59444, 111, 7832, 7, 7, 21676, 142, 122, 7370, 64658, 43573, 527, 3368, 2189, 19, 59923, 5, 1529, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 509, 75447, 99, 5368, 98, 70, 42141, 111, 70, 213796, 10366, 4, 136, 70, 35206, 3542, 214521, 678, 1919, 187136, 450, 764, 509, 17368, 70, 6, 164545, 47, 6181, 21922, 2661, 1295, 70, 50961, 111, 1919, 5368, 5, 24990, 72403, 7, 10, 75287, 111, 29041, 8855, 87168, 6, 46828, 707, 7484, 70, 2480, 4, 105207, 51521, 7, 47, 2843, 32603, 67, 7722, 22317, 47, 70, 138379, 111, 92265, 35686, 200, 14155, 44767, 65056, 93, 2264, 5, 30397, 223, 206, 1902, 175100, 604, 452, 10033, 678, 604, 3229, 2412, 25737, 4, 237, 2412, 1902, 2809, 98, 10, 14449, 24745, 47, 175055, 10, 10846, 13312, 8108, 4, 221, 70, 35206, 65042, 297, 70, 33938, 1563, 52562, 5, 29899, 223, 21094, 26548, 30397, 223, 206, 25, 7, 14449, 96704, 297, 70, 31089, 3853, 1286, 5, 133698, 70, 136659, 5369, 111, 604, 157364, 2481, 4, 30397, 223, 206, 509, 34658, 23, 10, 19336, 2927, 320, 1379, 86, 10519, 21915, 37658, 379, 25, 7, 53133, 5, 581, 14018, 3956, 509, 29024, 11, 6259, 50155, 10, 45364, 24351, 5, 581, 2927, 320, 1902, 4734, 111, 32628, 5, 1650, 1902, 10, 1911, 7228, 111, 122776, 136, 509, 19574, 50930, 71, 678, 158285, 5, 581, 17155, 1902, 110, 54825, 136, 509, 45730, 98869, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 37195, 21775, 111, 604, 157364, 2481, 4, 30397, 223, 206, 509, 959, 107003, 47, 31358, 70, 1608, 26278, 99, 2499, 1733, 4, 136, 100, 40368, 5369, 111, 604, 157364, 2481, 4, 2412, 509, 959, 107003, 47, 31358, 70, 6, 57278, 32628, 99, 17431, 5, 24372, 19364, 7, 4, 2412, 66933, 118055, 41170, 7, 111, 1733, 1257, 590, 481, 7, 23, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 18276, 4, 1284, 12638, 17431, 509, 9325, 4420, 47, 70, 1608, 26278, 47, 60268, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 12960, 21915, 37658, 379, 509, 99, 4488, 5, 360, 14432, 5369, 4, 2412, 509, 51592, 50782, 23, 70, 80583, 75447, 4, 136, 21915, 37658, 379, 25, 7, 8063, 4755, 1556, 2804, 450, 30397, 223, 206, 115058, 20648, 297, 136, 17723, 3229, 21915, 37658, 379, 136, 2412, 35839, 99, 1919, 5368, 47, 3017, 15555, 10, 49473, 5, 24372, 604, 543, 927, 101207, 4, 2412, 509, 107003, 47, 31358, 70, 18276, 678, 21915, 37658, 379, 4, 1284, 604, 213796, 1264, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 67153, 604, 2174, 2412, 7228, 2499, 110, 3075, 5, 1529, 14432, 34739, 604, 98, 10, 7158, 214, 24745, 47, 10, 70634, 43573, 181103, 100, 10, 10846, 21974, 5, 4687, 61475, 538, 8, 93, 297, 450, 1836, 1902, 7228, 70, 24745, 4, 1284, 155605, 36456, 3674, 450, 442, 509, 29568, 4, 102971, 2412, 2804, 450, 2412, 1902, 110, 18227, 47, 144281, 20271, 450, 1733, 5, 129551, 47, 30397, 223, 206, 25, 7, 51521, 63805, 7103, 604, 144281, 4, 21915, 37658, 379, 136, 2412, 2806, 2046, 1257, 39395, 12638, 42141, 47, 765, 118285, 25842, 5, 21915, 37658, 379, 26038, 604, 42840, 4, 221, 2412, 155629, 297, 164055, 5, 4687, 6777, 959, 12319, 450, 2412, 1902, 156304, 23937, 20271, 604, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 4, 1284, 2412, 959, 297, 4, 44, 568, 69463, 71, 35978, 5941, 8966, 4, 87, 6777, 959, 4034, 200166, 707, 23417, 214, 136, 87, 6777, 959, 10756, 1810, 23, 6494, 14380, 830, 1284, 2412, 2843, 2804, 4, 44, 23389, 509, 10, 3687, 47, 224, 109637, 1242, 4687, 509, 34475, 10, 113976, 136, 5977, 47, 27875, 70, 1733, 4, 102971, 2412, 509, 61475, 538, 4734, 107003, 47, 39544, 10704, 297, 26693, 7, 136, 44632, 47, 110613, 5977, 29398, 7, 221, 450, 2412, 2806, 959, 186, 107419, 111, 70, 3835, 52021, 33938, 100, 604, 5, 1913, 1632, 6275, 4, 2412, 37842, 47, 144281, 390, 88203, 214, 1810, 111, 10, 2258, 5, 62, 21334, 126826, 111, 30397, 223, 206, 25, 7, 1733, 1257, 590, 481, 7, 509, 66933, 20594, 18276, 18244, 100, 21915, 37658, 379, 136, 179065, 100, 4049, 5, 91690, 1727, 241, 11050, 4, 30397, 223, 206, 25, 7, 2450, 606, 51858, 4, 2804, 450, 21915, 37658, 379, 44, 3613, 52366, 42659, 604, 221, 6494, 538, 450, 2412, 5809, 7941, 538, 35691, 1242, 21915, 37658, 379, 2806, 6057, 272, 604, 47, 3249, 604, 72761, 538, 642, 344, 136, 51, 2886, 47, 144281, 5, 1840, 14361, 46889, 63262, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 353, 1073, 1436, 5379, 30397, 223, 206, 15, 57332, 729, 22482, 18592, 16, 83, 142, 66724, 19, 46667, 2750, 509, 1563, 77193, 297, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 209, 98, 116, 11994, 9571, 136, 34658, 23, 10, 23410, 2927, 320, 390, 604, 213796, 1264, 149207, 21915, 37658, 379, 100, 1286, 3501, 136659, 5369, 4, 24189, 2412, 144281, 71, 98, 1105, 8055, 30739, 4687, 1556, 59121, 10, 12877, 1672, 604, 45811, 289, 4, 44, 128188, 11648, 97292, 58, 71189, 4, 54799, 3129, 70, 1210, 30839, 1346, 44, 1197, 11648, 97292, 58, 83, 35509, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Kidnapping.", "Captivity.", "Escape.", "Kidnapper.", "After the escape.", "Interviews.", "Books.", "Media endeavors.", "House." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Kampusch was raised by her mother, Brigitta Sirny (née Kampusch), and her father, Ludwig Koch, in Vienna, Austria. Her early life with her mother was reportedly not a happy one, according to Ludwig Adamovich, head of a special commission looking into possible police failures in the investigation of the kidnapping. He claimed that \"the time Kampusch was imprisoned might have been better for her than what she experienced before\", a statement absolutely denied by Brigitta Sirny, who threatened to sue the commission chief over his remarks. Her family included two adult sisters, and five nieces and nephews. Sirny and Koch separated while Kampusch was still a child and divorced after her abduction. Kampusch spent time with both of them, and had returned to her mother's home from a holiday with Koch the day before her kidnapping.", "The 10-year-old Kampusch left her family's residence in Vienna's Donaustadt district on the morning of 2 March 1998, but failed to arrive at school or come home. A 12-year-old witness reported having seen her being dragged into a white minibus by two men, although Kampusch did not report a second man being present. A massive police effort followed in which 776 minivans were examined, including that of kidnapper Přiklopil, who lived about half an hour from Vienna by car in the Lower Austrian town of Strasshof an der Nordbahn near Gänserndorf. He stated that he was alone at home on the morning of the kidnapping, and the police were satisfied with his explanation that he was using the minibus to transport rubble from the construction of his home. Speculations arose of child pornography rings or organ theft, leading officials to also investigate possible links to the crimes of French serial killer Michel Fourniret. Kampusch had carried her passport with her when she left, as she had been on a family trip to Hungary a few days before, so the police extended the search abroad. Accusations against Kampusch's family complicated the issue even more.", "During the eight years of her captivity, Kampusch was held in a small cellar underneath Přiklopil's garage. The entrance was concealed behind a cupboard. The cellar had only of space. It had a door made of concrete and was reinforced with steel. The room had no windows and was soundproof. For the first six months of her captivity, Kampusch was not allowed to leave the chamber at any time, and for several years of her captivity, she was not allowed to leave the tiny space at night. Afterwards, she spent increasing amounts of time upstairs in the rest of the house, but each night was sent back to the chamber to sleep, as well as while Přiklopil was at work. In later years, she was seen outside in the garden alone, and Přiklopil's business partner has said that Kampusch seemed relaxed and happy when Přiklopil and she called at his home to borrow a trailer. After her 18th birthday, she was allowed to leave the house with Přiklopil, but her kidnapper threatened to kill her if she made any noise. He later took her on a skiing trip to a resort near Vienna for a few hours. She initially denied that they had made the trip, but eventually admitted that it was true, although she said that she had no chance to escape during that time. According to Kampusch's official statement after her escape, Přiklopil and she would get up early each morning to have breakfast together. Přiklopil gave her books, so she educated herself. She did not feel that she had missed anything during her imprisonment, but she noted, \"I spared myself many things, I did not start smoking or drinking and I did not hang out in bad company\", but she also said, \"It was a place to despair.\" She was given a television and radio to pass the time, although she was initially only allowed to watch taped programmes and listen to foreign radio stations so that she would not be aware of the publicised search for her. At one point, she tried to escape by jumping out of a car. A large portion of Kampusch's time upstairs was spent doing housework for Přiklopil and cooking for him. Dietmar Ecker, Kampusch's media advisor, said that Přiklopil \"would beat her so badly that she could hardly walk.\" Přiklopil would starve her to make her physically weak and unable to escape. Her body mass index had reached as low as 14.8 during captivity (normal BMI: 18.5 to 25). Kampusch was also raped by Přiklopil. Přiklopil had warned Kampusch that the doors and windows of the house were booby-trapped with high explosives. He also claimed to be carrying a gun and that he would kill her and the neighbours if she attempted to escape. Nevertheless, Kampusch on one occasion fantasized about chopping his head off with an axe, although she quickly dismissed the idea. She also attempted to make noise during her early years of captivity by throwing bottles of water against the walls. She said that on trips out with Přiklopil, she had attempted to attract attention, but in vain.", "The 18-year-old Kampusch reappeared on 23 August 2006. At 12:53 pm, she was cleaning and vacuuming her kidnapper's automobile in the garden when Přiklopil got a call on his mobile phone. Because of the vacuum's loud noise, he walked away to take the call. Kampusch left the vacuum cleaner running and ran away, unseen by Přiklopil, who completed the phone call without any sign of being disturbed or distracted. Kampusch ran for some 200 m through gardens and a street, jumping fences, and asking passers-by to call the police, but they paid her no attention. After about five minutes, she knocked on the window of a 71-year-old neighbour known as Inge T, saying, \"I am Natascha Kampusch\". The neighbour called the police, who arrived at 1:04 pm. Later, Kampusch was taken to the police station in the town of Deutsch-Wagram. Kampusch was identified by a scar on her body, by her passport (which was found in the room where she had been held), and by DNA tests. She was in good physical health, although she looked pale and shaken and weighed only ; she weighed when she disappeared eight years earlier. She grew only during her captivity. Sabine Freudenberger was the first police officer to speak to Kampusch after her ordeal, and she said that she was astonished by her \"intelligence, her vocabulary\". After two years, Přiklopil had brought her books, newspapers, and a radio, which she kept tuned mainly to Ö1, an ORF station that is known for promoting education and classical music. She also states that she constantly had a feeling that she lacked something: \"a deficit. So I wanted to make that better and I tried to educate myself, to teach myself skills. I have learned to knit, for example.\" Přiklopil knew that the police were after him, so he killed himself by jumping in front of a train near the Wien Nord station in Vienna. He had apparently planned to commit suicide rather than be caught, having told Kampusch, \"they would not catch him alive\".", "Wolfgang Přiklopil (14 May 1962 – 23 August 2006) was an Austrian communications technician of Czech origin. He was born to Karl and Waltraud Přiklopil in Vienna, and was an only child. His father was a cognac salesman and his mother was a shoe saleswoman. Přiklopil worked for a time at Siemens as a communications technician. Evidence recovery was complicated, as Přiklopil's only computer was a 1980s Commodore 64, which is incompatible with modern-day data-recovery programs. Before Kampusch escaped, Přiklopil was trying to procure false papers as a Czech citizen to \"begin a new life\" with Kampusch.", "In her official statement Kampusch said, \"I don't want and will not answer any questions about personal or intimate details\". After Kampusch's escape, police investigated whether Přiklopil had an accomplice, but they eventually determined that he acted alone. Kampusch sympathised with her captor in the documentary \"Natascha Kampusch: 3096 days in captivity\". She said, \"I feel more and more sorry for him—he's a poor soul\". According to police, she \"cried inconsolably\" when she was told that he was dead, and she lit a candle for him at the morgue. She has, however, referred to her captor as a \"criminal\". Newspapers quoting unnamed psychologists suggested that Kampusch might suffer from Stockholm syndrome, but Kampusch says that this is not the case. She suggests that people who use this term about her are disrespectful of her and do not allow her the right to describe and analyse the complex relationship that she had with her kidnapper in her own words. In 2009, Kampusch became the new face of animal-rights group PETA in Austria.", "After reportedly \"hundreds of requests for an interview\" with the teenager, \"with media outlets offering vast sums of money\", Kampusch was interviewed by Austrian public broadcaster ORF. The interview was broadcast on 6 September 2006 with her approval. ORF did not pay for its interview, and said any proceeds from selling the interview to other channels would be forwarded to Kampusch. The interview was sold to more than 120 countries at a fee of 290 euros per minute. This money, estimated to some hundred thousand euros, was to be donated to women in Africa and Mexico by Kampusch. Likewise she was planning projects to help these women. Interest was enormous. The newspaper \"Kronen Zeitung\" and news magazine \"NEWS\" also interviewed Kampusch. The interview was published on 6 September 2006. Both press interviews were given in return for a package including housing support, a long-term job offer, and help with her education. New developments in Kampusch's case challenged the Austrian government in February 2008. Politicians of the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) threatened to break up the newly formed SPÖ–ÖVP (\"red–black\") coalition government in April and May 2008. Kampusch said that she had lost confidence in Austrian justice. Revelations of mistakes in the interior ministry's investigation of her kidnapping came to light, as well as statements of a policeman that were repeatedly ignored in 1998. On 16 June 2008, the newspaper \"The Times\" published an in-depth interview with Kampusch by Bojan Pancevski and Stefanie Marsh. On 17 February 2010, the British TV channel Five broadcast an hour-long documentary about the case, including an exclusive interview with Kampusch: \"Natascha: the Girl in the Cellar\".", "The book \"Girl in the Cellar: the Natascha Kampusch Story\" by Allan Hall and Michael Leidig appeared in November 2006, written in English. Kampusch's lawyer described the book as being both speculative and premature, and therefore planned to take legal action against it. Together with two journalists, Kampusch's mother Brigitta Sirny wrote a book about the ordeal, \"Verzweifelte Jahre\" (\"Desperate Years\"). Kampusch appeared at the initial presentation of the book in August 2007, but did not want to be photographed or interviewed. Sirny writes that she did not have much contact with Kampusch after the escape because Kampusch was shielded from the outside world. Kampusch wrote a book about her ordeal, \"3096 Tage\" (\"3,096 Days\"), published in September 2010. It was adapted into a German movie, \"3096\", in 2013. On 12 August 2016, Natascha Kampusch released her second book titled \"10 Years of Freedom\".", "Kampusch established her own website containing personal information including pictures of herself on 5 December 2007. She had her own talk show on the new Austria TV channel, PULS 4, starting on 1 June 2008. The show had the working title of \"In Conversation with...Natascha Kampusch\" and eventually premiered as \"Natascha Kampusch trifft\" (\"Natascha Kampusch meets...\"). It ran for only three shows. On 17 June 2010, German film-maker and director Bernd Eichinger announced that he was making a film based on Kampusch's captivity and wanted Kate Winslet to star in the film. Bernd Eichinger died on 24 January 2011; Kampusch attended his funeral. In 2011, the Austrian film \"Michael\", which has a plot that resembles the Natascha Kampusch case, was released. On 15 April 2012, a German newspaper reported that a film based on her autobiography with the same name was to be made, featuring Antonia Campbell-Hughes as Kampusch and Thure Lindhardt as Přiklopil. The film 3096 Days (3096 Tage) was directed by Sherry Hormann and was released on 28 February 2013.", "The house where Kampusch was imprisoned was built by Přiklopil's grandfather, Oskar Přiklopil, after World War II. During the Cold War period, Oskar and his son Karl built a bomb shelter, thought to be the origin of Kampusch's dungeon. Přiklopil took over the house in 1984 following his grandmother's death. Kampusch now owns the house in which she was imprisoned, saying, \"I know it's grotesque – I must now pay for electricity, water, and taxes on a house I never wanted to live in\". It was reported that she claimed the house from Přiklopil's estate because she wanted to protect it from vandals and being torn down; she also noted that she has visited it since her escape. When the third anniversary of her escape approached, it was revealed she had become a regular visitor at the property and was cleaning it out possibly to move in herself. In January 2010, Kampusch said she had retained the house because it was such a big part of her formative years, also stating that she would fill in the cellar if it is ever sold, adamant that it will never become a macabre museum to her lost adolescence. In 2011, the cellar was indeed filled in, though Kampusch still owned the house." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 38213, 36550, 86997, 7, 765, 40368, 86685, 12, 360, 756, 111, 6097, 86685, 4, 70, 229319, 86997, 1556, 6626, 5201, 32354, 7, 12, 87769, 14858, 297, 80836, 111, 86997, 7, 4, 44, 3355, 31586, 141, 58, 136, 44, 10433, 6236, 830, 831, 186, 151552, 237, 44, 49100, 58, 136, 44, 2242, 49100, 740, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 229319, 1556, 11280, 86997, 7, 4, 12960, 6863, 14858, 214, 108564, 15, 434, 1448, 3334, 23, 54806, 707, 218250, 13, 16, 1556, 117776, 86997, 7, 5, 3293, 57266, 83, 35839, 44, 23200, 42, 740, 581, 50651, 425, 111, 10, 86997, 831, 165292, 23, 6626, 7722, 48225, 7, 4, 3129, 83, 51529, 237, 44, 12336, 297, 7432, 740, 17006, 86997, 7, 621, 23509, 297, 221, 450, 70, 86997, 297, 35735, 4, 3229, 51592, 1295, 10, 6275, 111, 21455, 98, 70, 10, 33102, 8305, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 50651, 425, 4, 25813, 7, 16065, 1295, 70, 21455, 56, 3229, 442, 83, 69347, 23, 10, 501, 21135, 90825, 48225, 4, 136, 25813, 7, 98186, 70, 21455, 56, 3229, 442, 83, 69347, 105416, 238, 21135, 90825, 5, 3293, 83, 51529, 237, 10, 44, 54969, 9, 12336, 297, 58, 24073, 1052, 841, 18939, 86997, 4, 6637, 442, 28960, 7, 70, 7108, 3535, 40158, 79986, 5, 136719, 7, 23509, 297, 23, 70, 198274, 48225, 621, 51529, 237, 44, 133, 2480, 9, 12336, 297, 58, 24073, 866, 841, 51029, 3311, 39210, 101805, 4, 7108, 9, 12336, 297, 7432, 83, 70, 114977, 3535, 297, 7432, 100, 229319, 86997, 7, 5, 228072, 4, 2684, 86997, 297, 63920, 136, 4271, 33, 1314, 765, 7108, 9, 12336, 297, 86997, 7, 5, 636, 2480, 9, 12336, 297, 86997, 86685, 26698, 12, 581, 41421, 9, 39797, 43315, 115700, 111, 10, 86997, 83, 27983, 35839, 6863, 44, 5037, 58, 707, 44, 927, 39116, 5037, 58, 15, 289, 991, 160093, 297, 44, 927, 39116, 3173, 51029, 1650, 1543, 186, 6, 108047, 4, 1927, 1463, 35975, 4, 63819, 1255, 81948, 141, 4, 707, 3789, 115700, 7, 5, 581, 69407, 44, 5037, 58, 136, 44, 927, 39116, 5037, 58, 68018, 15005, 47, 756, 4331, 128746, 39958, 25842, 15, 95665, 9, 39797, 43315, 115700, 4, 163451, 4, 136, 148064, 7, 247, 1284, 39210, 538, 15005, 47, 70, 5570, 29367, 700, 87739, 53, 11814, 390, 70, 229319, 5, 49953, 39283, 7, 111, 86997, 7, 26698, 36279, 86997, 7, 4, 4912, 86997, 7, 4, 136, 14537, 86997, 7, 5, 17006, 1927, 1463, 35975, 86997, 5037, 7, 621, 35509, 98, 142, 83, 232, 46873, 7, 1927, 109217, 5, 32255, 621, 56104, 35839, 44, 856, 9, 927, 39116, 7, 58, 707, 44, 272, 13, 9, 927, 39116, 7, 58, 6637, 111, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 31330, 310, 5, 1326, 6, 227372, 310, 9, 927, 39116, 7, 4, 70, 83, 232, 46873, 7, 1927, 109217, 83, 4, 1286, 183037, 4, 60715, 141636, 5, 1326, 1284, 87463, 86997, 7, 4, 70, 1927, 109217, 83, 105994, 86, 5, 581, 70, 4524, 70760, 1927, 109217, 83, 56104, 14617, 16336, 3674, 47, 285, 38543, 79385, 7, 15, 86673, 83, 4, 70, 6069, 111, 70, 1927, 109217, 83, 59226, 16610, 194, 62, 310, 9, 927, 39116, 23, 3129, 2685, 83, 110, 14617, 19, 120639, 15, 748, 10, 26948, 75449, 41170, 90698, 22024, 735, 2661, 16, 83, 35839, 10, 44, 89280, 254, 310, 9, 927, 39116, 740, 19419, 19, 120639, 74918, 7, 15, 2940, 83, 27044, 47314, 23, 5570, 7, 16, 100, 138155, 89397, 2451, 2347, 86997, 9, 1010, 19514, 707, 86997, 9, 5037, 214, 55516, 53418, 138155, 538, 765, 10, 169123, 189173, 6275, 4, 136, 14617, 19, 120639, 83, 224, 481, 2886, 109954, 4, 6637, 120262, 12, 360, 16446, 229319, 7, 4, 70, 11280, 9, 2242, 49100, 80836, 7, 765, 81148, 214, 16446, 7, 23, 17721, 5, 45324, 42, 229319, 7, 4527, 101805, 289, 86997, 3173, 7, 136, 86997, 297, 120872, 7, 64457, 111, 16446, 7, 5, 581, 99201, 55291, 62816, 48242, 111, 70, 41421, 9, 39797, 43315, 115700, 83, 27983, 35839, 70, 44, 927, 39116, 55291, 740, 1326, 2684, 310, 9, 927, 39116, 7, 4, 903, 83, 5570, 29367, 237, 1496, 79385, 7, 4, 1284, 2499, 55291, 831, 186, 11814, 5, 581, 41421, 40059, 47, 72350, 903, 55291, 400, 90, 98, 10, 47880, 3129, 96853, 70, 10, 33102, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 707, 158, 13, 98, 3129, 70, 86997, 83, 181653, 5, 44, 5267, 712, 58, 136, 44, 6295, 206, 58, 621, 20903, 538, 62548, 23755, 7, 5, 10660, 831, 186, 55681, 5281, 6637, 1836, 621, 70, 5701, 100, 2684, 229319, 7, 5, 44, 5267, 712, 58, 83, 70, 62488, 33233, 70, 229319, 25, 7, 10, 33102, 450, 83, 127918, 390, 1632, 28484, 2062, 22062, 111, 70, 229319, 6896, 227372, 194, 44, 683, 217, 206, 58, 83, 70, 62488, 1295, 70, 7359, 271, 111, 1632, 86997, 47, 70, 11737, 5, 88949, 70, 18410, 144732, 111, 229319, 86997, 5037, 7, 621, 44, 6953, 133, 9, 17137, 58, 86997, 5037, 7, 4, 2363, 37105, 136, 163451, 621, 70, 5701, 5, 43609, 9, 17137, 26950, 450, 2685, 83, 4734, 1632, 44, 91854, 58, 137565, 20051, 10932, 70, 19932, 104532, 111, 70, 229319, 25, 7, 14361, 5, 98423, 1733, 450, 70, 229319, 25, 7, 14361, 47014, 1636, 1632, 15504, 6896, 227372, 247, 442, 1556, 175961, 10, 5134, 25958, 390, 70, 6, 146984, 111, 1632, 6, 91854, 5, 44, 8331, 34, 2661, 9, 17137, 58, 26950, 450, 2685, 621, 6626, 44, 91854, 7, 58, 137565, 20051, 10932, 70, 19932, 104532, 111, 70, 229319, 25, 7, 14361, 5, 98423, 1733, 450, 70, 229319, 25, 7, 14361, 47014, 1636, 1632, 15504, 6896, 227372, 247, 442, 1556, 175961, 10, 5134, 25958, 390, 70, 6, 146984, 111, 6626, 6, 91854, 7, 5, 116267, 3917, 47, 36510, 903, 83, 450, 37105, 136, 163451, 621, 39850, 71407, 62548, 4, 136, 70, 171859, 450, 33444, 90, 2856, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 4034, 7, 4, 4552, 27983, 1556, 10, 34292, 111, 106, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 2363, 76755, 24209, 7, 28, 161789, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 37105, 83, 105950, 47, 163451, 20028, 70, 14012, 111, 4034, 7, 5, 78662, 162, 6, 186518, 86997, 7, 621, 56104, 61924, 71, 390, 2363, 163451, 4, 450, 83, 4, 3642, 5045, 62488, 117, 86997, 4, 23, 206, 9, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 229319, 86997, 4, 27983, 16610, 33, 297, 47, 86997, 4, 83, 10, 7943, 21533, 45646, 11814, 47, 96760, 17721, 47014, 43315, 136, 192617, 112664, 707, 37772, 5, 62, 229319, 86997, 83, 10, 6, 91854, 137565, 20051, 10932, 10, 19932, 104532, 707, 158, 13, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 50651, 425, 4, 678, 70, 36770, 8035, 35839, 10, 44, 2816, 22553, 58, 86997, 136, 70, 21, 3055, 35839, 10, 44, 103050, 2822, 58, 86997, 5, 62, 229319, 86997, 83, 70, 85590, 60213, 111, 70, 229319, 237, 10, 8781, 36279, 136, 2843, 237, 10, 86997, 297, 4271, 39060, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Applications.", "Design.", "Gender.", "Handedness.", "Form.", "Angle.", "Lead, pitch, and starts.", "Coarse versus fine.", "Diameters.", "Major diameter.", "Minor diameter.", "Pitch diameter.", "Classes of fit.", "Thread limit.", "Standardization and interchangeability.", "Thread depth.", "Taper.", "History.", "Standardization.", "ISO standard threads.", "Other current standards.", "History of standardization.", "Engineering drawing.", "Generation.", "Inspection." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Screw threads have several applications: In all of these applications, the screw thread has two main functions:", "", "Every matched pair of threads, \"external\" and \"internal\", can be described as \"male\" and \"female\". For example, a screw has male threads, while its matching hole (whether in nut or substrate) has female threads. This property is called \"gender\".", "The helix of a thread can twist in two possible directions, which is known as \"handedness\". Most threads are oriented so that the threaded item, when seen from a point of view on the axis through the center of the helix, moves away from the viewer when it is turned in a clockwise direction, and moves towards the viewer when it is turned counterclockwise. This is known as a \"right-handed\" (\"RH\") thread, because it follows the right hand grip rule. Threads oriented in the opposite direction are known as \"left-handed\" (\"LH\"). By common convention, right-handedness is the default handedness for screw threads. Therefore, most threaded parts and fasteners have right-handed threads. Left-handed thread applications include:", "The cross-sectional shape of a thread is often called its \"form\" or \"threadform\" (also spelled \"thread form\"). It may be square, triangular, trapezoidal, or other shapes. The terms \"form\" and \"threadform\" sometimes refer to all design aspects taken together (cross-sectional shape, pitch, and diameters), but commonly refer to the standardized geometry used by the screw. Major categories of threads include machine threads, material threads, and power threads. Most triangular threadforms are based on an isosceles triangle. These are usually called \"V-threads\" or \"vee-threads\" because of the shape of the letter V. For 60° V-threads, the isosceles triangle is, more specifically, equilateral. For buttress threads, the triangle is scalene. The theoretical triangle is usually truncated to varying degrees (that is, the tip of the triangle is cut short). A V-thread in which there is no truncation (or a minuscule amount considered negligible) is called a \"sharp V-thread\". Truncation occurs (and is codified in standards) for practical reasons—the thread-cutting or thread-forming tool cannot practically have a perfectly sharp point, and truncation is desirable anyway, because otherwise: In ball screws, the male-female pairs have bearing balls in between. Roller screws use conventional thread forms and threaded rollers instead of balls.", "The included angle characteristic of the cross-sectional shape is often called the \"thread angle\". For most V-threads, this is standardized as 60 degrees, but any angle can be used. The cross section to measure this angle lies on a plane which includes the axis of the cylinder or cone on which the thread is produced.", "\"Lead\" and \"pitch\" are closely related concepts. They can be confused because they are the same for most screws. \"Lead\" is the distance along the screw's axis that is covered by one complete rotation of the screw (360°). \"Pitch\" is the distance from the crest of one thread to the next. Because the vast majority of screw threadforms are \"single-start\" threadforms, their lead and pitch are the same. Single-start means that there is only one \"ridge\" wrapped around the cylinder of the screw's body. Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn (360°), it has advanced axially by the width of one ridge. \"Double-start\" means that there are two \"ridges\" wrapped around the cylinder of the screw's body. Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn (360°), it has advanced axially by the width of two ridges. Another way to express this is that lead and pitch are parametrically related, and the parameter that relates them, the number of starts, very often has a value of 1, in which case their relationship becomes equality. In general, lead is equal to pitch times the number of starts. Whereas metric threads are usually defined by their pitch, that is, how much distance per thread, inch-based standards usually use the reverse logic, that is, how many threads occur per a given distance. Thus, inch-based threads are defined in terms of \"threads per inch\" (TPI). Pitch and TPI describe the same underlying physical property—merely in different terms. When the inch is used as the unit of measurement for pitch, TPI is the reciprocal of pitch and vice versa. For example, a -20 thread has 20 TPI, which means that its pitch is inch (). As the distance from the crest of one thread to the next, pitch can be compared to the wavelength of a wave. Another wave analogy is that pitch and TPI are inverses of each other in a similar way that period and frequency are inverses of each other.", "Coarse threads are those with larger pitch (fewer threads per axial distance), and fine threads are those with smaller pitch (more threads per axial distance). Coarse threads have a larger threadform relative to screw diameter, where fine threads have a smaller threadform relative to screw diameter. This distinction is analogous to that between coarse teeth and fine teeth on a saw or file, or between coarse grit and fine grit on sandpaper. The common V-thread standards (ISO 261 and Unified Thread Standard) include a coarse pitch and a fine pitch for each major diameter. For example, -13 belongs to the UNC series (Unified National Coarse) and -20 belongs to the UNF series (Unified National Fine). Similarly, M10 (10 mm nominal outer diameter) as per ISO 261 has a coarse thread version at 1.5 mm pitch and a fine thread version at 1.25 mm pitch. The term \"coarse\" here does not mean lower quality, nor does the term \"fine\" imply higher quality. The terms when used in reference to screw thread pitch have nothing to do with the tolerances used (degree of precision) or the amount of craftsmanship, quality, or cost. They simply refer to the size of the threads relative to the screw diameter. Coarse threads are more resistant to stripping and cross threading because they have greater flank engagement. Coarse threads install much faster as they require fewer turns per unit length. Finer threads are stronger as they have a larger stress area for the same diameter thread. Fine threads are less likely to vibrate loose as they have a smaller helix angle and allow finer adjustment. Finer threads develop greater preload with less tightening torque.", "There are three characteristic diameters (⌀) of threads: \"major diameter\", \"minor diameter\", and \"pitch diameter\": Industry standards specify minimum (min.) and maximum (max.) limits for each of these, for all recognized thread sizes. The minimum limits for \"external\" (or \"bolt\", in ISO terminology), and the maximum limits for \"internal\" (\"nut\"), thread sizes are there to ensure that threads do not strip at the tensile strength limits for the parent material. The minimum limits for internal, and maximum limits for external, threads are there to ensure that the threads fit together.", "The major diameter of threads is the larger of two extreme diameters delimiting the height of the thread profile, as a cross-sectional view is taken in a plane containing the axis of the threads. For a screw, this is its outside diameter (OD). The major diameter of a nut may not be directly measured, but it may be tested with go/no-go gauges. The major diameter of external threads is normally smaller than the major diameter of the internal threads, if the threads are designed to fit together. But this requirement alone does not guarantee that a bolt and a nut of the same pitch would fit together: the same requirement must separately be made for the minor and pitch diameters of the threads. Besides providing for a clearance between the \"crest\" of the bolt threads and the \"root\" of the nut threads, one must also ensure that the clearances are not so excessive as to cause the fasteners to fail.", "The minor diameter is the lower extreme diameter of the thread. Major diameter minus minor diameter, divided by two, equals the height of the thread. The minor diameter of a nut is its inside diameter. The minor diameter of a bolt can be measured with go/no-go gauges or, directly, with an optical comparator. As shown in the figure at right, threads of equal pitch and angle that have matching minor diameters, with differing major and pitch diameters, may appear to fit snugly, but only do so radially; threads that have only major diameters matching (not shown) could also be visualized as not allowing radial movement. The reduced \"material condition\", due to the unused spaces between the threads, must be minimized so as not to overly weaken the fasteners.", "The pitch diameter (PD, or \"D\") of a particular thread, internal or external, is the diameter of a cylindrical surface, axially concentric to the thread, which intersects the thread flanks at equidistant points, when viewed in a cross-sectional plane containing the axis of the thread, the distance between these points being exactly one half the pitch distance. Equivalently, a line running parallel to the axis and a distance \"D\" away from it, the \"PD line,\" slices the \"sharp-V\" form of the thread, having flanks coincident with the flanks of the thread under test, at exactly 50% of its height. We have assumed that the flanks have the proper shape, angle, and pitch for the specified thread standard. It is generally unrelated to the major (\"D\") and minor (\"D\") diameters, especially if the crest and root truncations of the sharp-V form at these diameters are unknown. Everything else being ideal, \"D\", \"D\", & \"D\", together, would fully describe the thread form. Knowledge of PD determines the position of the sharp-V thread form, the sides of which coincide with the straight sides of the thread flanks: e.g., the crest of the external thread would truncate these sides a radial displacement \"D\" − \"D\" away from the position of the PD line. Provided that there are moderate non-negative clearances between the root and crest of the opposing threads, and everything else is ideal, if the pitch diameters of a screw and nut are exactly matched, there should be no play at all between the two as assembled, even in the presence of positive root-crest clearances. This is the case when the flanks of the threads come into intimate contact with one another, before the roots and crests do, if at all. However, this ideal condition would in practice only be approximated and would generally require wrench-assisted assembly, possibly causing the galling of the threads. For this reason, some \"allowance\", or minimum difference, between the PDs of the internal and external threads has to generally be provided for, to eliminate the possibility of deviations from the ideal thread form causing \"interference\" and to expedite hand assembly up to the length of engagement. Such allowances, or \"fundamental deviations\", as ISO standards call them, are provided for in various degrees in corresponding \"classes\" of fit for ranges of thread sizes. At one extreme, no allowance is provided by a class, but the maximum PD of the external thread is specified to be the same as the minimum PD of the internal thread, within specified tolerances, ensuring that the two can be assembled, with some looseness of fit still possible due to the margin of tolerance. A class called \"interference fit\" may even provide for negative allowances, where the PD of the screw is greater than the PD of the nut by at least the amount of the allowance. The pitch diameter of external threads is measured by various methods:", "The way in which male and female fit together, including play and friction, is classified (categorized) in thread standards. Achieving a certain class of fit requires the ability to work within tolerance ranges for dimension (size) and surface finish. Defining and achieving classes of fit are important for interchangeability. Classes include 1, 2, 3 (loose to tight); A (external) and B (internal); and various systems such as H and D limits.", "Thread limit or pitch diameter limit is a standard used for classifying the tolerance of the thread pitch diameter for taps. For imperial, H or L limits are used which designate how many units of 0.0005 inch over or undersized the pitch diameter is from its basic value, respectively. Thus a tap designated with an H limit of 3, denoted \"H3\", would have a pitch diameter 0.0005 × 3 = 0.0015 inch larger than base pitch diameter and would thus result in cutting an internal thread with a looser fit than say an H2 tap. Metric uses D or DU limits which is the same system as imperial, but uses D or DU designators for over and undersized respectively, and goes by units of. Generally taps come in the range of H1 to H5 and rarely L1. The pitch diameter of a thread is measured where the radial cross section of a single thread equals half the pitch, for example: 16 pitch thread = in = 0.0625in the pitch actual pitch diameter of the thread is measured at the radial cross section measures 0.03125in.", "To achieve a predictably successful mating of male and female threads and assured interchangeability between males and between females, standards for form, size, and finish must exist and be followed. Standardization of threads is discussed below.", "Screw threads are almost never made perfectly sharp (no truncation at the crest or root), but instead are truncated, yielding a final \"thread depth\" that can be expressed as a fraction of the pitch value. The UTS and ISO standards codify the amount of truncation, including tolerance ranges. A perfectly sharp 60° V-thread will have a depth of thread (\"height\" from root to crest) equal to 0.866 of the pitch. This fact is intrinsic to the geometry of an equilateral triangle — a direct result of the basic trigonometric functions. It is independent of measurement units (inch vs mm). However, UTS and ISO threads are not sharp threads. The major and minor diameters delimit truncations on either side of the sharp V. The nominal diameter of Metric (e.g. M8) and Unified (e.g. in) threads is the theoretical major diameter of the male thread, which is truncated (diametrically) by of the pitch from the dimension over the tips of the \"fundamental\" (sharp cornered) triangles. The resulting flats on the crests of the male thread are theoretically one eighth of the pitch wide (expressed with the notation \"p\" or 0.125\"p\"), although the actual geometry definition has more variables than that. A full (100%) UTS or ISO thread has a height of around 0.65\"p\". Threads can be (and often are) truncated a bit more, yielding thread depths of 60% to 75% of the 0.65\"p\" value. For example, a 75% thread sacrifices only a small amount of strength in exchange for a significant reduction in the force required to cut the thread. The result is that tap and die wear is reduced, the likelihood of breakage is lessened and higher cutting speeds can often be employed. This additional truncation is achieved by using a slightly larger tap drill in the case of female threads, or by slightly reducing the diameter of the threaded area of workpiece in the case of male threads, the latter effectively reducing the thread's major diameter. In the case of female threads, tap drill charts typically specify sizes that will produce an approximate 75% thread. A 60% thread may be appropriate in cases where high tensile loading will not be expected. In both cases, the pitch diameter is not affected. The balancing of truncation versus thread strength is similar to many engineering decisions involving the strength, weight and cost of material, as well as the cost to machine it.", "Tapered threads are used on fasteners and pipe. A common example of a fastener with a tapered thread is a wood screw. The threaded pipes used in some plumbing installations for the delivery of fluids under pressure have a threaded section that is slightly conical. Examples are the NPT and BSP series. The seal provided by a threaded pipe joint is created when a tapered externally threaded end is tightened into an end with internal threads. Normally a good seal requires the application of a separate sealant into the joint, such as thread seal tape, or a liquid or paste pipe sealant such as pipe dope, however some threaded pipe joints do not require a separate sealant.", "The screw thread concept seems to have occurred first to Archimedes, who briefly wrote on spirals as well as designed several simple devices applying the screw principle. Leonardo da Vinci understood the screw principle, and left drawings showing how threads could be cut by machine. In the 1500s, screws appeared in German watches, and were used to fasten suits of armor. In 1569 Besson invented the screw-cutting lathe, but the method did not gain traction and screws continued to be made largely by hand for another 150 years. In the 1800s, screw manufacturing began in England during the Industrial Revolution. In these times, there was no such thing as standardization. The bolts made by one manufacturer would not fit the nuts of another.", "Standardization of screw threads has evolved since the early nineteenth century to facilitate compatibility between different manufacturers and users. The standardization process is still ongoing; in particular there are still (otherwise identical) competing metric and inch-sized thread standards widely used. Standard threads are commonly identified by short letter codes (M, UNC, etc.) which also form the prefix of the standardized designations of individual threads. Additional product standards identify preferred thread sizes for screws and nuts, as well as corresponding bolt head and nut sizes, to facilitate compatibility between spanners (wrenches) and other tools.", "The most common threads in use are the ISO metric screw threads (M) for most purposes and BSP threads (R, G) for pipes. These were standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1947. Although metric threads were mostly unified in 1898 by the International Congress for the standardization of screw threads, separate metric thread standards were used in France, Germany, and Japan, and the Swiss had a set of threads for watches.", "In particular applications and certain regions, threads other than the ISO metric screw threads remain commonly used, sometimes because of special application requirements, but mostly for reasons of backward compatibility:", "The first historically important intra-company standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity. During the next 40 years, standardization continued to occur on the intra- and inter-company levels. No doubt many mechanics of the era participated in this zeitgeist; Joseph Clement was one of those whom history has noted. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railroad companies, became a national standard for the United Kingdom called British Standard Whitworth. During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. In April 1864, William Sellers presented a paper to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, proposing a new standard to replace the US' poorly standardized screw thread practice. Sellers simplified the Whitworth design by adopting a thread profile of 60° and a flattened tip (in contrast to Whitworth's 55° angle and rounded tip). The 60° angle was already in common use in America, but Sellers's system promised to make it and all other details of threadform consistent. The Sellers thread, easier for ordinary machinists to produce, became an important standard in the U.S. during the late 1860s and early 1870s, when it was chosen as a standard for work done under U.S. government contracts, and it was also adopted as a standard by highly influential railroad industry corporations such as the Baldwin Locomotive Works and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Other firms adopted it, and it soon became a national standard for the U.S., later becoming generally known as the United States Standard thread (USS thread). Over the next 30 years the standard was further defined and extended and evolved into a set of standards including \"National Coarse (NC), National Fine (NF),\" and \"National Pipe Taper (NPT).\" Meanwhile, in Britain, the British Association screw threads were also developed and refined. During this era, in continental Europe, the British and American threadforms were well known, but also various metric thread standards were evolving, which usually employed 60° profiles. Some of these evolved into national or quasi-national standards. They were mostly unified in 1898 by the International Congress for the standardization of screw threads at Zurich, which defined the new international metric thread standards as having the same profile as the Sellers thread, but with metric sizes. Efforts were made in the early 20th century to convince the governments of the U.S., UK, and Canada to adopt these international thread standards and the metric system in general, but they were defeated with arguments that the capital cost of the necessary retooling would drive some firms from profit to loss and hamper the economy. (The mixed use of dueling inch and metric standards has since cost much, much more, but the bearing of these costs has been more distributed across national and global economies rather than being borne up front by particular governments or corporations, which helps explain the lobbying efforts.) Sometime between 1912 and 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) created an \"SAE series\" of screw thread sizes reflecting parentage from earlier USS and ASME standards. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, engineers found that ensuring the reliable interchangeability of screw threads was a multi-faceted and challenging task that was not as simple as just standardizing the major diameter and pitch for a certain thread. It was during this era that more complicated analyses made clear the importance of variables such as pitch diameter and surface finish. A tremendous amount of engineering work was done throughout World War I and the following interwar period in pursuit of reliable interchangeability. Classes of fit were standardized, and new ways of generating and inspecting screw threads were developed (such as and optical comparators). Therefore, in theory, one might expect that by the start of World War II, the problem of screw thread interchangeability would have already been completely solved. Unfortunately, this proved to be false. Intranational interchangeability was widespread, but international interchangeability was less so. Problems with lack of interchangeability among American, Canadian, and British parts during World War II led to an effort to unify the inch-based standards among these closely allied nations, and the Unified Thread Standard was adopted by the Screw Thread Standardization Committees of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States on November 18, 1949 in Washington, D.C., with the hope that they would be adopted universally. (The original UTS standard may be found in ASA (now ANSI) publication, Vol. 1, 1949.) UTS consists of Unified Coarse (UNC), Unified Fine (UNF), Unified Extra Fine (UNEF) and Unified Special (UNS). The standard was widely taken up in the UK, although a small number of companies continued to use the UK's own British standards for Whitworth (BSW), British Standard Fine (BSF) and British Association (BA) microscrews. However, internationally, the metric system was eclipsing inch-based measurement units. In 1947, the ISO was founded; and in 1960, the metric-based International System of Units (abbreviated \"SI\" from the French \"Système International\") was created. With continental Europe and much of the rest of the world turning to SI and ISO metric screw thread, the UK gradually leaned in the same direction. The ISO metric screw thread is now the standard that has been adopted worldwide and is slowly displacing all former standards, including UTS. In the U.S., where UTS is still prevalent, over 40% of products contain at least some ISO metric screw threads. The UK has completely abandoned its commitment to UTS in favour of ISO metric threads, and Canada is in between. Globalization of industries produces market pressure in favor of phasing out minority standards. A good example is the automotive industry; U.S. auto parts factories long ago developed the ability to conform to the ISO standards, and today very few parts for new cars retain inch-based sizes, regardless of being made in the U.S. Even today, over a half century since the UTS superseded the USS and SAE series, companies still sell hardware with designations such as \"USS\" and \"SAE\" to convey that it is of inch sizes as opposed to metric. Most of this hardware is in fact made to the UTS, but the labeling and cataloging terminology is not always precise.", "In American engineering drawings, ANSI Y14.6 defines standards for indicating threaded parts. Parts are indicated by their nominal diameter (the nominal major diameter of the screw threads), pitch (number of threads per inch), and the class of fit for the thread. For example, “.750-10UNC-2A” is male (A) with a nominal major diameter of 0.750 inches, 10 threads per inch, and a class-2 fit; “.500-20UNF-1B” would be female (B) with a 0.500-inch nominal major diameter, 20 threads per inch, and a class-1 fit. An arrow points from this designation to the surface in question.", "There are many ways to generate a screw thread, including the traditional subtractive types (for example, various kinds of cutting [single-pointing, taps and dies, die heads, milling]; molding; casting [die casting, sand casting]; forming and rolling; grinding; and occasionally lapping to follow the other processes); newer additive techniques; and combinations thereof.", "Another common inspection point is the straightness of a bolt or screw. This topic comes up often when there are assembly issues with predrilled holes as the first troubleshooting point is to determine if the fastener or the hole is at fault. ASME B18.2.9 \"Straightness Gage and Gaging for Bolts and Screws\" was developed to address this issue. Per the scope of the standard, it describes the gage and procedure for checking bolt and screw straightness at maximum material condition (MMC) and provides default limits when not stated in the applicable product standard." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 160794, 44576, 24727, 2676, 1507, 92260, 275, 509, 103122, 23, 48511, 24727, 685, 5584, 102524, 19, 2481, 2005, 99, 382, 15989, 9677, 23, 120469, 4, 2071, 133, 111, 1572, 47, 198952, 92260, 275, 20808, 18982, 64104, 46, 305, 11994, 12839, 247, 10, 47617, 1991, 4, 136, 73149, 92260, 275, 21067, 7582, 23031, 46, 427, 8055, 88599, 15, 40062, 28872, 194, 1529, 1556, 14941, 4, 120552, 4, 136, 50695, 4745, 6, 7154, 38904, 5, 1529, 1556, 142, 114210, 114015, 4, 1734, 4293, 122841, 5, 18763, 17932, 9351, 111, 44576, 509, 7103, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 27150, 525, 82953, 4, 44576, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 23, 7260, 2408, 5, 129551, 47, 198952, 92260, 275, 4, 23, 10, 17664, 111, 15824, 136, 127663, 4, 1919, 50960, 9351, 4, 24727, 2676, 1507, 4, 509, 34475, 47, 3486, 34639, 70, 92260, 16145, 25, 223847, 10821, 6, 60502, 1290, 4, 242, 294, 481, 114636, 25, 24727, 2676, 1507, 9, 20653, 59176, 24727, 2676, 1507, 4, 26868, 748, 111, 70, 25927, 592, 842, 133, 5, 14847, 92260, 275, 509, 103122, 4, 1919, 67373, 509, 86352, 237, 10, 19612, 3378, 20697, 99, 67842, 360, 47114, 4, 92260, 275, 100, 4806, 70, 7158, 4902, 133, 21115, 581, 21109, 18, 1577, 1141, 90, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 66570, 98, 108171, 7, 136, 101275, 4, 65810, 136, 204990, 98, 108171, 7, 136, 23902, 64, 86, 6958, 38648, 7, 10208, 166238, 136, 59062, 53, 7974, 32491, 7, 2843, 101904, 108171, 7, 5, 3311, 44321, 4, 581, 21109, 18, 1577, 1141, 90, 112730, 52336, 390, 208877, 22758, 5, 10208, 893, 161, 4, 131007, 53, 109383, 53, 136, 581, 78650, 538, 67921, 7, 5, 92260, 275, 2804, 450, 2363, 5117, 11531, 112730, 509, 10208, 893, 161, 25, 7, 44, 568, 11954, 2583, 4, 24624, 830, 49903, 4, 23, 28015, 4, 764, 37629, 297, 442, 237, 70, 78650, 538, 67921, 7, 25, 44, 22489, 350, 10091, 59784, 74162, 13, 740, 581, 21109, 18, 1577, 1141, 90, 25, 5117, 23182, 158020, 34739, 3687, 98, 1372, 14487, 44321, 23, 70, 26336, 15477, 40572, 5, 62, 67688, 42610, 4, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 101275, 509, 27998, 25958, 148431, 390, 166238, 4, 2750, 151552, 70, 101275, 237, 44, 180407, 33, 23, 70, 86991, 740, 3311, 4347, 42610, 3229, 70, 92260, 16145, 109133, 47, 182688, 176766, 442, 26073, 6259, 70, 8, 2500, 6644, 111, 166238, 136, 7974, 32491, 7, 5, 581, 82953, 7, 14432, 98816, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 21115, 47, 1401, 13, 99051, 9627, 90, 136, 70, 22928, 18826, 7, 5, 9626, 450, 9351, 4, 1836, 51339, 297, 186085, 23, 44, 59076, 748, 423, 830, 10, 12348, 62757, 100, 1379, 9, 1029, 18266, 1755, 34658, 98, 103616, 17431, 7, 1295, 182328, 47, 81112, 7198, 99, 108405, 7687, 23, 40316, 141, 1507, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 8055, 42610, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 14449, 5423, 57, 379, 100, 28173, 1295, 234995, 98, 70, 109923, 44, 17647, 68154, 11, 740, 22376, 10, 24351, 581, 75516, 75036, 176377, 47, 30715, 23, 39395, 28980, 5, 2161, 744, 22482, 4, 70, 21115, 115081, 10, 6867, 20461, 1363, 678, 12452, 130794, 25876, 136, 14432, 181141, 47, 12452, 130794, 25876, 173101, 2843, 70, 5701, 5155, 450, 44, 294, 18695, 1224, 136, 24990, 1224, 58, 509, 121447, 390, 63306, 1846, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 30715, 5, 130794, 25876, 100512, 70, 31095, 111, 70, 75516, 75036, 5, 166132, 7948, 1015, 136, 582, 3956, 13892, 796, 10186, 14432, 33284, 297, 70, 8753, 237, 47617, 1991, 136, 37105, 101275, 1419, 5, 581, 16750, 509, 2363, 5117, 21640, 82080, 44, 6766, 13, 75036, 25, 106, 271, 740, 581, 17932, 11001, 1295, 70, 7156, 44, 7763, 11954, 31384, 37873, 58, 46, 98, 3129, 92260, 275, 62952, 70, 37105, 108171, 46, 1556, 24209, 10, 5570, 4, 127918, 390, 75281, 7, 111, 22104, 7, 74729, 538, 87420, 70, 5369, 16792, 5, 62, 67688, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 162466, 71, 4420, 214, 108171, 7, 98, 70, 28560, 44, 441, 8770, 669, 4, 171048, 14804, 360, 22482, 19340, 4, 764, 26859, 47, 17164, 1919, 5117, 2639, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 75733, 25, 7, 438, 18621, 56128, 764, 121447, 1919, 5117, 2639, 11001, 4, 44, 568, 25, 1181, 63243, 14804, 172681, 830, 1284, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 52336, 450, 3542, 134598, 47, 186, 98, 70, 7156, 3542, 8306, 121447, 136, 4734, 118775, 23, 49935, 2828, 7, 5, 44, 568, 25, 1181, 63243, 14804, 172681, 58, 509, 959, 116287, 297, 23, 40101, 70, 345, 5, 605, 5, 707, 345, 5, 294, 5, 1284, 157578, 438, 5, 611, 23, 231118, 23, 43606, 40859, 5, 116267, 23295, 69277, 71, 44, 73243, 19055, 58, 509, 19667, 19, 237, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 5, 112297, 241, 820, 111, 3164, 158257, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 52336, 98, 44, 3957, 75733, 25, 7, 438, 18621, 58, 3542, 111, 23295, 136, 161735, 101935, 5, 360, 7071, 19340, 70, 7156, 44, 33177, 10591, 1297, 120304, 58, 509, 121447, 22759, 21775, 7103, 70, 36356, 9, 2037, 4, 241599, 4734, 160794, 136, 204990, 4, 237, 65810, 509, 20697, 98, 1919, 2639, 80997, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 1733, 237, 10, 2639, 22104, 4, 764, 118775, 98, 70, 16138, 111, 116983, 7, 136, 51339, 297, 44, 62068, 12745, 6003, 214, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 10013, 14804, 65386, 7, 72626, 56713, 58, 98, 44, 135261, 44063, 108405, 111, 70, 6661, 58, 9191, 1236, 23, 102126, 360, 8055, 4, 70, 75516, 75036, 41186, 3674, 136, 17164, 297, 25842, 13438, 4, 32562, 44, 15363, 86, 538, 97292, 58, 136, 44, 81826, 4171, 2583, 1111, 71, 10, 13177, 1098, 60861, 58, 99, 2363, 5117, 41186, 191, 56002, 5, 32964, 111, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 11001, 7, 3542, 171, 217, 3674, 7103, 70, 21115, 1902, 41186, 3674, 4, 44, 62068, 12745, 6003, 214, 248, 581, 10013, 14804, 65386, 7, 72626, 56713, 58, 509, 205850, 19, 99, 70, 4568, 15393, 23, 70, 7082, 12960, 63306, 1846, 203251, 47, 54452, 44, 62068, 12745, 6003, 214, 58, 4700, 18374, 19340, 194, 360, 32158, 4, 70, 21115, 121447, 44, 81826, 4171, 2583, 1111, 71, 10, 13177, 1098, 60861, 58, 3129, 509, 2363, 5117, 15672, 438, 5, 106, 5962, 5, 360, 18374, 32158, 4, 92260, 275, 17164, 297, 17262, 52336, 100, 1919, 1207, 11938, 35839, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 160794, 44576, 24727, 2676, 1507, 92260, 275, 15, 57332, 106, 6088, 41906, 16, 83, 10, 56101, 9, 127345, 19612, 3378, 4, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 136, 17164, 108558, 2750, 49175, 47, 214574, 65536, 237, 10, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 111, 70, 21115, 75516, 75036, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 60091, 538, 65771, 94407, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 5700, 19612, 5, 17106, 1919, 27150, 56, 82953, 7, 4, 138241, 7, 65810, 136, 204990, 92260, 275, 4, 764, 100, 4806, 10, 11531, 199332, 165410, 86595, 23, 47114, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "1946–1954: Early years.", "1955–2012: The Rattlesnakes to the Bee Gees.", "1955–1958: Formation, Australian days and songwriting career.", "Returning to England, commercial break-out and worldwide popularity.", "Solo work.", "Rejoining the Bee Gees.", "Disco era.", "Production.", "Second solo work.", "Comeback for the Bee Gees.", "2012–present: Solo career.", "Personal life.", "Influences.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Barry Alan Crompton Gibb was born in Jane Crookall Maternity Home at 8:45 AM in Douglas, Isle of Man to Hugh Gibb (15 January 1916 – 6 March 1992), a drummer, and Barbara Gibb (17 November 1920 – 12 August 2016) (née Pass). He has English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. He has an older sister, Lesley Evans. His second name of Alan was after his father's youngest brother, Alan, who died in infancy. According to Hugh Gibb, in a mix of fact and fiction, his third name, Crompton, was given to honour the Gibbs' illustrious ancestor, 'Sir Isaac' Crompton- actually Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning mule. When Gibb was born, his father was busy as a musician working at various", "", "In 1955, Gibb formed the skiffle group The Rattlesnakes, consisting of himself on vocals and guitar, Robin and Maurice on vocals and friends/neighbours Paul Frost and Kenny Horrocks also providing vocals. By 1957, The Rattlesnakes played songs by Cliff Richard. Paul Anka, Buddy Holly and The Everly Brothers. Gibb said that their first song played was Paul Anka's \"I Love You, Baby\", however, in 1968, he remembered it as the Everly Brothers' \"Wake Up Little Susie\". The Rattlesnakes' first professional gig took place on 28 December 1957 in the Gaumont Cinema. Around 1958, Gibb's guitar was accidentally broken by Frost, who described the guitar as \"broken in the middle\". By May 1958 when the Gibbs moved to Northern Grove it signalled the departure of Frost and Horrocks. The brothers later changed the name of the group to Wee Johnny Hayes and the Blue Cats. Under that name, they performed regularly in \"Minor 15\", a talent contest for under-fifteens held on Thursday nights from 7:00 to 9:00 PM at Princess Club in Chorlton. At the beginning of August 1958, the Gibb family set sail for Australia from Southampton on the ship \"Fairsea\". Also aboard", "The Bee Gees returned to England in early 1967. On 24 February, the group passed a live audition with Robert Stigwood and later signed to Robert Stigwood Organization also the same day that \"Spicks and Specks\" was released by Polydor as a single in England. Stigwood became the manager of the Bee Gees. Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney later joined the band as drummer and lead guitarist. The result was their first international LP \"Bee Gees' 1st\". The second single from the album \"To Love Somebody\" – on which Gibb provided the lead vocal – has become a standard, covered by hundreds of artists consistently throughout the years since. Around the same time, the Gibb brothers contributed backing vocals on the track \"Cowman, Milk Your", "In February 1970, he started to record his first solo album, \"The Kid's No Good\"; he released his first solo single, \"I'll Kiss Your Memory\", but the rest of the songs that were supposed to be on the album were never released and only appeared in bootlegs. \"I'll Kiss Your Memory\" was not charted in either the U.K. or U.S. but reached No. 16 in Netherlands in five weeks. Another country ballad \"This Time\" was chosen as the B-side. Bruce Eder of AllMusic stated that the songs on \"The Kid's No Good\" were of country and sentimental numbers. In April 1970 the album \"Cucumber Castle\" was released four months after the break-up, featuring only Barry and Maurice, as Robin was working on his solo career. For the first time as a solo artist, he appeared on the panel of judges and performed \"One Bad Thing\" and \"The Day Your Eyes Meet Mine\" on \"Miss Teen Princess of the World\" pageant in Germany", "In August, the Bee Gees reunited and recorded together again, writing \"Lonely Days\" and \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" at their first reunion session. Two of Gibb's singles were omitted after the group had reunited, \"One Bad Thing / The Day Your Eyes Meet Mine\" was withdrawn at the last minute in the US while Polydor planned to release \"One Bad Thing\" (2 October 1970). In 1971, the group released \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" which was their first American No. 1 hit. In October 1971, Gibb recorded three songs for his fan club called \"Barry Gibb Fan Club\"; one of the songs, \"King Kathy\" was released as a single on Lyntone Records. Gibb", "At the start of 1975, the band moved to Miami at the suggestion of Eric Clapton to work on their new album with R&B producer Arif Mardin in Criteria Studios. The first song featuring Gibb's falsetto was 1975's \"Nights on Broadway\". In 1976, Gibb wrote \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\", his brother Andy Gibb's first US No. 1, and provided backup vocals. During 1976, Gibb met with Vince Melouney and wrote two songs, \"Let It Ride\" and \"Morning Rain\", that were never recorded. In November 1977, the film \"Saturday Night Fever\" was released and its soundtrack became the best-selling soundtrack of all time. During 1977, Gibb co-wrote \"Emotion\", the song remains Samantha Sang's", "In September 1980, Gibb produced the three new songs on Andy Gibb's first compilation album, \"Andy Gibb's Greatest Hits\". In October 1980, Barbra Streisand's \"Guilty\" was released, produced by the Gibb-Galuten-Richardson team. The two songs of which were vocal duets between Streisand and Gibb are \"Guilty\" a U.S. Top 10, and \"What Kind of Fool\" also reached the Top 10 in the U.S. and reached No. 1 on the US Adult contemporary chart. In 1981, the Bee Gees released \"Living Eyes\". Songs from the album were not disco and the album was not a commercial success. In 1982, Clive Davis", "In August 1983, Irving Azoff signed Gibb to the MCA Records for North America. Gibb was signed for a few million dollars to a multi-album deal. Polydor still had rights to Gibb's songs outside North America. In September 1984, his album \"Now Voyager\" was released. Two singles from the album included \"Shine, Shine\", a US Top 40 single that reached the Top 10 in their Adult contemporary charts, and \"Fine Line\" which was less successful only reaching No. 50 on the dance charts. The film \"Now Voyager\" starring Gibb was directed by Storm Thorgerson, in which Gibb is the protagonist, with", "In early 1987, the Bee Gees started to record their first album in six years. In June and July 1987, Gibb and Maurice produced Andy Gibb's four new songs; one of them is \"Arrow Through the Heart\" which was released in 2010. In 1987, Gibb co-wrote \"Up the Revolution\" by Elton John. And in 1988, Gibb recorded two new songs for the \"Hawks\" film. In September 1988, the film soundtrack of the film was released by Polydor only in the U.K. The songs were all performed by Gibb except \"Chain Reaction\" (Diana Ross). The single from the soundtrack, \"Childhood Days\", reached only No. 60 in Germany. Around 1990, the Bee Gees recorded \"High Civilization\". In September 1990, Gibb played guitar and produced \"Born to Be Loved by You\" by Kelli Wolfe, which was released as an unreleased B-side in August 1993. Around 1992, Gibb played guitar on Lulu's \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\", released in 1993. In 1993, the Bee Gees recorded and released \"Size Isn't Everything\". In 1994, the Bee Gees and Polydor planned a tour to promote \"Size Isn't Everything\", but it was off in February, due to Gibb's trouble with arthritis in the back, right hand and right knee. Gibb co-wrote \"I Will Be There\", which was recorded as a demo for Tina Turner and released on Turner's album \"Twenty Four Seven\". In 2001, Gibb co-wrote \"I Cannot Give You My Love\" with Ashley Gibb, which was intended for Cliff Richard. In September 2001, the Bee Gees re-recorded \"Islands in the Stream\", which became their last session as a group, as Gibb did not seem to be present on the session in Middle Ear Studios, Miami Beach, Florida. In 2002, Gibb and Michael Jackson recorded \"All In Your Name\". Also in 2002, Gibb sings background vocals on Michael Bublé's version of the 1971 song \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\". In November 2003, ten months after Maurice's death, Gibb produced and contributed background vocals and guitar to two songs performed by Cliff Richard, \"I Cannot Give You My Love\" and \"How", "Gibb made his debut performance at the Grand Ole Opry on 27 July 2012, performing three songs with Ricky Skaggs. Skaggs later recorded \"Soldier's Son\" on which Gibb added vocals for Skaggs' album \"Music to My Ears\" released in 2012. He commenced a world tour in 2013 in Australia called Mythology Tour, featuring the Bee Gees anthology set album of the same name. He was joined on stage by his son Steve and Maurice's daughter Samantha. On that tour, for the first time on stage, Gibb performed \"Playdown\" (1966), \"Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You\" (1967), \"I Started a Joke\" (1969) and \"With the Sun", "Gibb's first marriage was to Maureen Bates, whom he married on 22 August 1966 when he was 19 years old. The couple lived together for only a short time and were divorced in July 1970. During the taping of the BBC's \"Top of the Pops\" in London, Gibb met the former Miss Edinburgh, Linda Gray. On 1 September 1970 (his 24th birthday), Gibb married Gray. Together, they have five children – Stephen (born 1973), Ashley (born 1977), Travis (born 1981), Michael (born 1984) and Alexandra (born 1991) – and seven grandchildren. Gibb also became friends with Michael Jackson, as he mentions him in his 11 July 2014 interview with the Mirror: \"He would come to Miami and stay in our house. He’d sit in the kitchen and watch the fans outside", "Gibb's influences when he was in the Rattlesnakes were Tommy Steele, the Mills Brothers, the Everly Brothers, Paul Anka and Cliff Richard. The Bee Gees acknowledged that they would sing in the style of the Everlys and then add a third harmony; the result was \"New York Mining Disaster 1941\" (1967). When Gibb heard Roy Orbison's song \"Crying\", he said: \"That was it. To", "Gibb was ranked by \"Q\" magazine at number 38 on their list of \"100 Greatest Singers\" in 2007. Gibb had a highly successful career as a member of the Bee Gees, a group near the top of the all-time top-sellers list. When the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, their citation read \"Only Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees\". The trio's contribution to \"Saturday Night Fever\" pushed the film's soundtrack past the 40 million mark in sales. It reigned as the top-selling album until Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". They are the only group in pop history to write, produce and record six straight No.1 hits. They have 16 Grammy nominations and nine Grammy wins. The three Gibb brothers were appointed Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2002. On 2 May 2004, Barry and Robin received their awards at Buckingham Palace, along with their nephew Adam, who collected the award on behalf of his father Maurice, who had died in January 2003. Gibb was also awarded a knighthood in the 2018 New Year Honours. Gibb is also a prolific and successful songwriter and a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. In 1977, Gibb saw five of his songs simultaneously enter the Top Ten of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and, for one week in March, four of the top five songs were written by him. His songs were No. 1 for 27 out of 37 weeks from 24 December 1977 to 2 September 1978. Gibb also holds a very unusual record, in that he is the only songwriter in history to write four successive US number one hits: in 1978, the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was replaced at number one by Andy Gibb's single, \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", followed by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\" for their longest run, seven weeks. This was then replaced by Yvonne Elliman's \"If I Can't Have You\". He is the only male artist to have 10 songs on the 600 biggest songs of the Hot 100 Billboard in its history, having co-written, co-produced or performed them. As a songwriter Gibb has had No. 1 songs in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s 1990s and 2000s, when \"Islands in the Stream\" became No. 1 in the UK as the comic relief single for 2009. His compositions for the Bee Gees have been recorded by numerous artists, including José Feliciano, Celine Dion, Al Green, Wyclef Jean, Janis Joplin, Jimmy Little, Barry Manilow, Olivia Newton-John, Roy Orbison, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers, Diana Ross, Nina Simone, Barbra Streisand, Samantha Sang, Tina Turner, Conway Twitty, Frankie Valli, Luther Vandross, Sarah Vaughan, Jennifer Warnes, Dionne Warwick and Andy Williams. Australian musician David Campbell, praising Gibb, compared the Beach Boys and the Bee Gees: \"And like Brian Wilson, Barry Gibb's melodies made the songs timeless.\" Gibb's solo songs have been recorded by number of artists, including Lou Reizner, Samantha Sang, P. P. Arnold, Ronnie Burns, Jerry Vale and many others. As a record producer, Gibb produced albums for Andy Gibb, Barbra Streisand, Dionne Warwick, Kenny Rogers and Diana Ross." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 76264, 26766, 4, 242964, 4, 136, 70, 6646, 3666, 167956, 9942, 25, 7, 95934, 38529, 939, 645, 6097, 90695, 7, 5, 76264, 26766, 140526, 8302, 27641, 19, 136, 117249, 450, 70, 90695, 4, 134053, 390, 9942, 23, 729, 4015, 4, 509, 959, 405, 48141, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 7270, 23, 543, 2592, 5, 242964, 140526, 95934, 38529, 939, 645, 70, 46173, 31669, 31, 18481, 7, 15, 69989, 238, 115, 2206, 53, 2189, 99201, 247, 21208, 70, 90695, 7, 3542, 8306, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 89212, 6, 127942, 4341, 67, 4, 19441, 2809, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 46512, 53, 111, 4347, 3838, 13, 136, 42548, 117538, 4, 7068, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 92265, 6646, 3666, 450, 1902, 24209, 10, 84797, 538, 606, 35485, 297, 46512, 53, 1295, 242964, 23, 41906, 5, 581, 6646, 3666, 2843, 140526, 70, 46173, 31669, 31, 18481, 7, 15, 69989, 238, 115, 2206, 53, 2189, 99201, 247, 237, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 167956, 71, 92265, 10776, 111, 4347, 3838, 13, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 242964, 1556, 2843, 63043, 297, 20178, 8, 10070, 4, 3974, 4, 136, 96742, 162, 48, 5596, 16792, 29172, 4, 136, 10, 24849, 14098, 145704, 158839, 19676, 71, 70, 6, 141840, 111, 6097, 90695, 7, 47, 242964, 5, 503, 4652, 16684, 63043, 297, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 81543, 3055, 297, 18481, 7, 5792, 8108, 70, 1144, 592, 111, 70, 9942, 1104, 4233, 4652, 16684, 198995, 13, 2460, 122385, 53, 186670, 5, 66016, 18982, 138, 4, 73584, 70, 164018, 90, 3050, 2500, 5908, 765, 2809, 606, 35485, 297, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 92265, 11341, 390, 70, 22962, 53294, 111, 70, 92265, 174715, 136, 149397, 49086, 40530, 24073, 7783, 28247, 58, 292, 44, 1577, 74910, 7, 6, 116580, 21183, 82, 149397, 36806, 88162, 90, 74054, 35509, 23, 18436, 87046, 5, 581, 164018, 90, 3050, 2500, 5908, 1902, 198395, 2809, 1379, 70, 86052, 111, 70, 4083, 93660, 111, 18436, 87046, 16792, 70, 23, 215131, 111, 242964, 23, 23936, 5, 9942, 76104, 7, 10, 116338, 6, 29031, 1681, 111, 10932, 616, 3428, 68818, 98, 12638, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 64958, 28540, 944, 55969, 450, 621, 63043, 297, 390, 242964, 5, 581, 46173, 31669, 31, 18481, 7, 621, 2843, 63043, 297, 390, 70, 6646, 3666, 4, 12960, 76264, 26766, 140526, 8302, 27641, 19, 18481, 5, 9942, 140526, 142, 97629, 25313, 20288, 15, 647, 22905, 16, 111, 1781, 74989, 6827, 43222, 10932, 12638, 111, 70, 19336, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 164018, 90, 3050, 2500, 5908, 4, 3129, 25842, 678, 70, 241, 22905, 140526, 100, 70, 90695, 7, 111, 18436, 87046, 136, 4347, 3838, 13, 3622, 7, 1286, 3501, 1632, 19879, 6, 108047, 140635, 7, 23, 70, 171827, 42878, 55609, 5, 8622, 83, 150675, 645, 6324, 111, 70, 241, 22905, 678, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 117249, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 81543, 3055, 297, 18481, 7, 23, 70, 42878, 55609, 15, 707, 44, 27286, 1577, 3050, 2500, 5908, 8, 96, 25, 31, 11676, 66, 45010, 18939, 58055, 111, 22759, 19336, 184518, 90695, 7, 4, 142, 19124, 1181, 4, 136, 10, 456, 4240, 23, 70, 42878, 55609, 4, 136, 765, 11764, 3674, 70, 190, 927, 103724, 111, 70, 92265, 174715, 136, 149397, 49086, 40530, 15, 7783, 28247, 16, 16792, 22482, 56434, 21208, 95934, 38529, 939, 645, 3060, 707, 756, 111, 70, 18481, 7, 83, 62757, 297, 390, 242964, 4, 76264, 26766, 4, 136, 70, 6646, 3666, 5, 438, 86, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 1556, 17669, 1902, 10, 28123, 43904, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Sovereignty dispute.", "Administration." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Comoros dispute France's sovereignty over these islands. Mauritius claims Tromelin and states that the island, discovered by France in 1722, was not ceded by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Madagascar claims sovereignty over the Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included), though the islands were never a part of the Malagasy Protectorate, having been a part of the colony of Mayotte and dependencies, then a part of the French Comoros that had become a separately administered colony from Madagascar in 1946. The Comoros also claims the Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included), as a part of the disputed French region of Mayotte. Furthermore, Madagascar has also claimed Juan de Nova, Europa, and Bassas da India since 1972, and a 1979 United Nations resolution demanded the cession of these islands to Madagascar. Seychelles claimed a part of the Scattered Islands too before the signing of the France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement.", "Since January 3, 2005, the Îles Éparses have been administered on behalf of the French state by the senior administrator of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (\"TAAF\" — \"les Terres Australes et Antartiques Françaises\"), based in Réunion. The Îles Éparses had previously been under the administration of the prefect of Réunion since the independence of Madagascar in 1960. France maintains a military garrison of around 14 troops on each of the islands in the Mozambique Channel that are claimed by Madagascar. The Glorioso Islands are also claimed by the Comoros, while Mauritius claims Tromelin Island. France claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles around each of the small islands in the Îles Éparses, which together with the EEZ claims for the islands of Réunion and Mayotte totals more than one million square kilometres in the western Indian Ocean. There is considerable overlap of the EEZ with the neighbouring states." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 204990, 101985, 92260, 275, 509, 103122, 23, 120469, 4, 2071, 133, 111, 1572, 4, 98, 1039, 14487, 45604, 4, 70, 775, 111, 198952, 92260, 275, 4, 10, 47617, 1991, 4, 136, 1919, 58386, 73149, 15, 40062, 28872, 194, 1529, 509, 70, 135488, 6236, 138241, 111, 65810, 92260, 275, 4, 136, 509, 70, 27150, 56, 111, 70, 6626, 390, 2273, 14633, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 4, 764, 1902, 1632, 114015, 4, 1734, 4293, 4, 136, 1632, 78301, 82953, 4, 160794, 15, 66, 126340, 82953, 4, 99455, 4, 2806, 186, 103122, 23, 42610, 194, 360, 18982, 47114, 4, 70, 92260, 16145, 109133, 4420, 47, 30749, 4, 239, 16336, 72567, 4, 30715, 5, 62, 67688, 47114, 4, 92260, 275, 136, 1919, 82953, 7, 3542, 49782, 22313, 6953, 390, 2363, 27863, 5, 22376, 23, 47114, 4, 764, 26859, 1919, 19612, 80997, 3229, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 7158, 4902, 133, 64, 32491, 136, 21972, 21115, 70, 21109, 18, 1577, 1141, 90, 678, 1919, 82953, 7, 136, 6626, 23902, 4, 10208, 166238, 136, 59062, 53, 7974, 32491, 7, 4, 2750, 3542, 2363, 108, 6958, 38648, 7, 5, 581, 21115, 25, 7, 5117, 13036, 170894, 509, 98, 1372, 14487, 44321, 3229, 1836, 51339, 297, 99, 10, 4000, 26336, 15477, 27076, 7440, 20020, 3542, 77049, 71, 47, 5367, 17721, 54180, 5, 10660, 1902, 203251, 47, 5367, 33233, 47, 10, 15111, 6, 10681, 39, 17164, 3129, 1734, 4293, 1902, 1660, 2809, 34475, 237, 10, 40111, 13379, 4, 1284, 98, 70, 3917, 92260, 275, 36069, 20051, 136, 7155, 350, 442, 4, 221, 1836, 6079, 6867, 5, 581, 95771, 3542, 174849, 390, 2363, 5367, 214, 4, 3129, 1543, 765, 2809, 70, 11531, 44, 22489, 350, 10091, 59784, 74162, 13, 58, 390, 70, 78650, 538, 67921, 7, 5, 14847, 92260, 275, 509, 136659, 5369, 10332, 4, 764, 66399, 27686, 47, 6096, 195167, 13, 4, 23, 44109, 55233, 4, 28173, 4, 678, 1919, 14449, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 4, 764, 136, 1919, 82953, 7, 100, 4806, 70, 75516, 75036, 5, 3311, 18982, 36102, 70, 92260, 16145, 109133, 47, 87547, 5, 581, 21115, 25, 7, 5117, 11001, 509, 44, 3957, 99381, 111, 70, 22928, 136, 70, 95996, 58, 1284, 442, 165523, 47, 116287, 5, 62, 67688, 36102, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 79786, 678, 59337, 53, 47002, 4, 99051, 40317, 2397, 136, 113417, 24179, 66, 5, 3311, 38425, 4, 92260, 275, 7228, 1919, 5117, 170894, 237, 142, 150222, 1419, 98, 70, 42659, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 44, 441, 26253, 29813, 497, 9166, 740, 22376, 23, 38425, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 79786, 678, 99051, 40317, 2397, 136, 4804, 3104, 119892, 5, 62, 67688, 31017, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 79786, 678, 4804, 3104, 119892, 4, 113835, 2552, 13, 136, 438, 1018, 33, 21947, 4293, 5, 360, 36236, 70, 17262, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 54397, 2363, 5117, 11531, 4, 44, 3957, 115885, 740, 22376, 23, 36236, 4, 92260, 275, 80723, 1919, 80997, 237, 70, 101275, 1419, 136, 164938, 271, 100, 70, 8753, 74, 10932, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 764, 17164, 297, 1919, 5117, 2639, 166577, 4, 44, 43512, 390, 2646, 39379, 830, 98, 3129, 764, 2843, 112730, 101275, 5, 62, 67688, 36236, 4, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 79786, 678, 1843, 254, 165490, 191, 4, 13552, 53, 79428, 7, 4, 14245, 4687, 141, 1507, 4, 582, 3956, 13892, 796, 10186, 4, 7071, 53008, 191, 4, 10646, 397, 24890, 4, 31681, 40218, 136, 70, 601, 31047, 21777, 4, 33276, 701, 135956, 7, 4, 53401, 14, 7345, 1991, 4, 13212, 53, 119148, 86, 4, 5030, 18, 4, 145581, 19824, 52234, 4, 124748, 114996, 4, 3253, 42, 42562, 104125, 4, 20426, 1151, 136, 21240, 135448, 127, 28394, 5, 581, 481, 17932, 7156, 4, 44, 294, 18695, 1224, 136, 24990, 1224, 58, 5173, 84308, 4, 99201, 44, 1456, 35593, 15901, 2583, 830, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 5117, 2639, 32562, 22299, 47, 186, 121447, 5, 360, 11994, 28980, 70, 92260, 275, 82953, 7, 79786, 678, 134376, 821, 5, 80999, 56, 182304, 44, 7763, 7710, 111, 1371, 425, 4293, 109451, 55474, 4, 16995, 106, 740, 62, 67688, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 166132, 7948, 1015, 136, 582, 3956, 13892, 796, 10186, 33284, 297, 70, 75516, 75036, 5, 360, 70, 86991, 111, 28980, 44, 6766, 13, 75036, 25, 106, 271, 58, 509, 121447, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 1645, 52021, 390, 70, 35778, 7, 2750, 154186, 442, 47, 70, 130904, 25, 44, 294, 5386, 5, 189567, 25, 7, 2091, 86, 538, 60861, 7, 7687, 14298, 58, 3129, 509, 121447, 40859, 110680, 5, 3164, 158257, 25, 7, 112297, 241, 820, 54397, 450, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 175725, 36867, 98, 44, 200647, 14949, 82209, 60861, 297, 1572, 20255, 17367, 2583, 58, 242, 13689, 20903, 23, 70, 52101, 111, 70, 116702, 53, 116611, 136, 509, 142096, 390, 10, 121181, 66, 120199, 5, 25, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 14012, 106, 11001, 23, 70, 17274, 4, 44, 4613, 1192, 4776, 24946, 7, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 6088, 28980, 5, 360, 39395, 28015, 4, 70, 44, 91658, 14, 5870, 1803, 58, 509, 121447, 5, 360, 8055, 28015, 70, 1784, 13566, 121447, 2363, 5117, 136, 4734, 65771, 5962, 44, 20320, 538, 6561, 112857, 58, 10, 11531, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 390, 92260, 275, 5, 360, 70, 86991, 111, 28015, 4, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 50960, 21640, 82080, 44, 568, 112, 11, 58, 99201, 70, 11531, 44, 605, 111836, 4171, 830, 3129, 66139, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 11192, 182, 432, 299, 108171, 4, 678, 160794, 92260, 275, 5367, 214, 27226, 182, 432, 299, 5, 360, 39395, 31060, 4, 1836, 121447, 44, 71115, 6011, 830, 3129, 66139, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 2639, 108171, 7, 98, 44, 14168, 57415, 538, 58, 136, 44, 568, 239, 58968, 23, 14804, 26219, 740, 2161, 953, 11994, 31060, 4, 70, 5701, 5155, 450, 65810, 92260, 275, 171530, 1919, 38627, 237, 10, 2639, 22104, 4, 92260, 275, 136, 1919, 8753, 120126, 17164, 297, 136, 14432, 121447, 44, 7763, 4514, 15555, 237215, 740, 204990, 136, 160794, 75447, 48402, 297, 70, 75516, 75036, 98, 70, 31060, 7156, 44, 33177, 10591, 1297, 120304, 58, 20271, 65810, 25, 7, 6, 112199, 237, 10, 2639, 1419, 5, 10660, 6079, 70, 5962, 44, 60728, 25, 18, 1326, 3794, 47, 157492, 58, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 204990, 101985, 92260, 275, 15, 74, 1039, 14487, 45604, 46, 427, 18982, 6052, 16, 509, 10, 56101, 19612, 3378, 4, 5367, 56, 4, 11531, 70035, 136, 17164, 108558, 2750, 69307, 71, 65536, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 75516, 75036, 5, 106073, 1919, 88, 820, 82953, 160794, 92260, 275, 136, 135488, 6236, 138241, 82953, 65810, 92260, 275, 3542, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 5201, 37105, 5367, 1314, 4, 2684, 111, 2363, 7156, 7, 99201, 99, 19713, 1632, 707, 6626, 52336, 241599, 204990, 25, 7, 37105, 108171, 7, 4, 26719, 44, 2729, 53, 1650, 98, 1215, 830, 44, 108210, 1294, 112857, 58, 136, 44, 20320, 19055, 740, 581, 75516, 75036, 3542, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 65771, 13950, 9, 33554, 94407, 111, 756, 1733, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and career.", "1949–1958: Early years and the Rattlesnakes.", "1958–2003: Bee Gees.", "1958–1969: As a quintet, Robin's absence and temporary breakup.", "1970–1979: First solo single, debut solo album and reunion.", "1980–2003: Continuous solo works and later years.", "Death.", "Influences.", "Musicianship.", "Instrumental skills.", "Recognition.", "Vocals.", "Songwriting.", "Studio collaborations.", "Personal life.", "First relationships.", "Family.", "Substance abuse and recovery.", "Legacy.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Maurice Ernest Gibb was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, on 22 December 1949, the son of Hugh Gibb, a drummer, and his wife Barbara (née Pass). He was the fraternal twin of Robin Gibb, and was the younger of the two by 35 minutes. At that time, he had one sister, Lesley, and one additional brother, Barry (another brother, Andy, would be born in 1958). In January 1955, the Gibbs moved back to Manchester, Lancashire, England. Around 1955, Gibb and his brothers were heard harmonising by their parents. Also in 1955, he started his music career when he joined the skiffle/rock and roll group the Rattlesnakes with his brothers and two friends, Paul Frost and Kenny Horrocks, who were their neighbours. The group's first major appearance was on 28 December 1957 when they performed at a local Gaumont cinema where children were invited to sing between films. They had planned to sing along to a 78 rpm record which Lesley had just been given as a Christmas present, but on the way Gibb dropped and broke it, so they sang live. The audience were pleased by their singing, which may have been the song \"Wake Up Little Susie\" by the Everly Brothers.", "", "When Gibb was eight years old, he emigrated to Redcliffe, in Queensland, Australia, with his family. Shortly after, he and his brothers formed the Bee Gees. By January 1963 the Gibbs moved to Sydney. The group's first single was \"The Battle of the Blue and the Grey\" but it failed to chart. Around 1963, the Gibb brothers worked with Judy Stone, Johnny Devlin and Jimmy Hannan. By 1964, Gibb made his first appearance as an instrumentalist on the beat-influenced \"Claustrophobia\". Also in 1964, the Gibb brothers worked with Johnny Devlin and Trevor Gordon. Around 1965, the Gibb brothers worked with Trevor Gordon, Michelle Rae and Noeleen Batley. In 1966 the three Gibb brothers wrote their first song, \"The Storm\". Also in 1966, Gibb began his career as the guitarist and bassist for the band; around the same time, he recorded his first solo composition, \"All by Myself\", on which he also played guitar. Around 1966, the Gibb brothers worked with Bip Addison, Sandy Summers, Anne Shelton, Vince Melouney, April Bryon, MPD Ltd, Ray Brown and the Whispers, Ronnie Burns, Lori Balmer, Marty Rhone, Vyt, Python Lee Jackson, Dennis Knight, Barrington Davis, Jenene and Jon Blanchfield. Their second album, \"Spicks and Specks\" (1966), included \"Where Are You\", Gibb's first solo writing credit to be released. In March 1967 the Gibb brothers worked with Billy J. Kramer recording \"Town of Tuxley Toymaker, Part 1\". Around the same time, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the Bee Gees. In the middle of 1967 \"Bee Gees' 1st\" was released. The album was praised by the critics who compared it to the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" which was released weeks earlier. AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that Gibb's Mellotron on \"Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You\" 'was close in the spirit of the Moody Blues and was opened by a Gregorian chant.' The band's first number 1 single in the UK, \"Massachusetts\" was released in September 1967. In early 1968, the \"Horizontal\" was released. In August 1968 the Marbles released their first and only successful hit \"Only One Woman\" a song co-written by Gibb. In the middle of 1968, the band's third international LP \"Idea\" included the song \"Kitty Can\", which features Gibb's high harmony vocal, with Barry Gibb singing low harmony. In early 1969, they released \"Odessa\", which features Gibb's solo vocals on \"Suddenly\" and \"I Laugh in Your Face\". On 19 March 1969, the same day that Robin Gibb announced his plans as a solo artist, Gibb and his bandmates recorded and later released \"Tomorrow Tomorrow\". Maurice and Barry alone comprised the Bee Gees on the 1969 album \"Cucumber Castle\" during Robin's absence as a soloist. They sang the hit \"Don't Forget to Remember\" (which reached number two on the UK chart while Robin's first solo single, \"Saved by the Bell\", also reached number two) and follow up singles; \"IOIO\" and \"Tomorrow, Tomorrow\" with Barry taking lead and Maurice providing harmony vocals, but the duo version of the group enjoyed dwindling success. A supergroup in 1969 called the Fut was formed at a Tin Tin session and they recorded \"Have You Heard the Word\" while Gibb was still a Bee Gee, and released later as a single, the band consisting of Gibb on vocals/bass/guitar, Steve Kipner and Steve Groves on vocals with Billy Lawrie also providing background vocals. \"Have You Heard the Word\" features Gibb impersonating John Lennon by singing the song, and the Beatles fans thought that it was the lost Beatles song which was not released. In 1985, Yoko Ono attempted to register the song as Lennon's composition. On 1 December 1969, Maurice and brother Barry announced to the world that the Bee Gees had broken up.", "In April 1970 Gibb released his first solo single, \"Railroad\" backed with \"I've Come Back\". His debut solo album, \"The Loner\", has not yet been released. All of the songs on the album feature guitar work by Stone the Crows' Leslie Harvey. In May 1970 the album \"Sing a Rude Song\" was released in the UK with Gibb singing lead vocals on the three songs on the album. By 1976, New Blood Records issued \"Bee Gees Information\" which was credited to Gibb and features four songs from \"The Loner\", but was only a limited edition for fan club, although the EP has no title but the picture sleeve of that has the club name (\"Bee Gees Information\") in large letters. In 1970, he formed a supergroup the Bloomfields with Billy Lawrie and they recorded a short version of \"The Loner\", which was released as a single in 1972 on Pye Records and intended for the film \"Bloomfield\" The Bee Gees reunited on 21 August 1970. Maurice later began taking a few lead vocals on a Bee Gees tracks in the 70s such as \"Lay It on Me\", \"Country Woman\", \"On Time\" and \"You Know It's For You\".", "In 1981, he recorded some instrumental tracks for his unreleased instrumental album \"Strings and Things\", including \"Image of Samantha\", which seems refer to his daughter Samantha. In 1982, Gibb appeared at the San Remo Festival and performed \"Wildflower\", a Bee Gees' song on which he provided lead vocals from \"Living Eyes\". In 1983, Gibb re-recorded \"On Time\" at the same time as \"Hold Her in Your Hand\". By February 1984, he collaborated with arranger Jimmie Haskell for the film soundtrack of \"A Breed Apart\", recorded at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles. By March, he recorded \"Miami, A Musical Score\", this song was later used for a promotional film in Miami. His second single \"Hold Her in Your Hand\" was only issued in UK, Australia and South Africa. In September 1986, the Bee Gees began writing and recording songs for their upcoming album \"ESP\". on which Maurice took lead vocal on the song \"Overnight\". Gibb composed and recorded the instrumental \"The Supernaturals\" in July 1985, it was later dubbed on the film of the same name, he also appeared on the film doing a cameo appearance. On 24 April 2001, The Bee Gees released their 23rd and final studio album, \"This Is Where I Came In\", which included his compositions, \"Walking on Air\" and \"Man in the Middle\".", "Maurice died suddenly at age 53 at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, Florida, on 12 January 2003, due to complications of a twisted intestine, which caused him to go into cardiac arrest. His wife, children and brothers were with him when he died. A private funeral was attended by about 200 family and friends, including Michael Jackson, Harry Wayne Casey and ex-wife Lulu. After the service, his body was cremated. Journalist and family friend Jennifer Valoppi said, \"It was emotional, there was humor. Everybody talked about how this was a man who really celebrated life and so this was a celebration of his life.\" Nat Kipner, who managed the Bee Gees early in their career in Australia in 1966, also attended the service. Barry and Robin Gibb told the BBC about Maurice's death, \"The fact that they had to operate on Maurice during the shock of cardiac arrest is questionable.\" Barry said, \"None of the sequence of events have yet made sense to us.\" Robin Gibb spoke to \"Mojo\" magazine about Maurice's death in 2003: \"We were kids together, and teenagers. We spent the whole of our lives with each other because of our music. I can't accept that he's dead. I just imagine he's alive somewhere else.\" Barry and Robin ceased performing as a group for a time, but later decided to perform occasionally under the Bee Gees banner before twin brother Robin died of liver and kidney failure on 20 May 2012 after a long battle with colorectal cancer.", "Gibb's influences were the Beatles, the Everly Brothers, Cliff Richard, Paul Anka and the Mills Brothers. According to Maurice when he was a young child, he listened to the Beatles' early records. He was also influenced by Paul McCartney's bass guitar playing. Talking about the song \"Have You Heard the Word\" on which he played bass, \"We were just getting ready to do some tracks and we were just doing nothing and I was fartin' around on the bass. I was a big Paul freak. He was a great teacher for me\". Gibb continued, \"I could play every bass lick he [Paul McCartney] played\", especially \"Michelle\" on which he says \"the bass line, really tasteful stuff, and way ahead, way ahead of his time\".", "", "Gibb started playing instruments in 1963 while recording the debut Bee Gees album \"The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs\" (1965), where he contributed lead guitar, acoustic guitar and Hammond organ. He also showcased his bass playing on the following album \"Spicks and Specks\" (1966). He occasionally played lead guitar and the examples include \"Country Woman\" (1971) and some \"2 Years On\" tracks (1970): \"Back Home\", \"Lay It on Me\" and \"Every Second, Every Minute\". On the song \"This Is Where I Came In\" (2001) he used the acoustic guitar given by John Lennon. As for keyboards, he played harpsichord on \"I Can't See Nobody\" (1967), Mellotron on \"Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You\" (1967) and Moog synthesizer on \"Sweet Song of Summer\" (1972) in studio only, but was more notable for his piano playing on the songs \"Words\" (1968) and \"Lonely Days\" (1970) in live performance. From 1966 to 1974, his main instrument was bass guitar appearing in both studio and live, but he kept playing guitar and keyboards in studio. From 1975 to 1979 he primarily played bass and guitar, creating distinctive syncopated funk bass lines which provided the foundation for the band's driving disco sound. From 1987 he generally played keyboards or synthesizers, but still played bass or guitar occasionally.", "DJ Paul Gambaccini said: \"Maurice was the talented multi-instrumentalist, I mean here is a guy who played keyboards, guitar, bass and percussion.\" Bruce Eder of AllMusic declared the track \"Back Home\" had \"the loudest guitar ever heard on a Bee Gees record\". In the reunited Bee Gees from 1987 onward, Gibb was the group's resident expert on all technical phases of recording, and co-ordinated musicians and engineers to create much of the group's sound.", "On average, Maurice sang lead on one or two songs for each album and he was the lead vocalist on some Bee Gees tracks including \"On Time\", \"Lay It on Me\", \"Closer Than Close\", and his last song \"Man in the Middle\". His first composition is \"All by Myself\" recorded in 1966 but not released until 1970 on \"Inception/Nostalgia\". On the Bee Gees' live performances of \"Nights on Broadway\", Maurice sang falsetto rather than Barry who originally sang falsetto on the studio recording. He also showcases his singing career on his unreleased LP \"The Loner\". His comic personality shone on stage during Bee Gees concerts when the brothers would perform an acoustic medley. Many times, Maurice would mock Robin while he was singing or pretend he was bored during the song \"Holiday\" (Maurice did not sing on the original record), among other things.", "As a songwriter, Gibb contributed primarily to melody, with his brothers writing the lyrics that they would sing on the finished song (for the most part). It is difficult to identify his contributions because the songs were so shaped to the singer, but his brothers' continued writing collaboration with him on solo projects shows how much they relied on him. He was sometimes known as \"the quiet one\" for his less obvious contributions to the group, but privately he was a good teller of stories, who immensely enjoyed talking with fans. His reputation as a mild-mannered, stabilising influence with two very ambitious brothers continued through his life.", "In 1966, Gibb became a session musician in Australia for other artists including Bip Addison, Anne Shelton, April Bryon, Barrington Davis and singer Jon. Around 1969, Gibb worked with his next-door neighbour, Beatle Ringo Starr, and the result was the track \"Modulating Maurice\" but it was not released. Gibb played piano on the track \"Saved by the Bell\" as well as bass on \"Mother and Jack\" both songs performed by Robin Gibb for his first solo album. Around 1970, Gibb played piano on George Harrison's song \"Isn't It a Pity\" as a part of his first triple solo album, \"All Things Must Pass\". In the recording studio he met Genesis' Phil Collins, Phil Spector, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston and Harrison. In 1971, he produced Lulu's 1971 song \"Everybody Clap\", which features Gibb on guitar, Leslie Harvey on guitar, former Manfred Mann and Cream member Jack Bruce on bass, and Led Zeppelin's John Bonham on drums. Bonham and his wife, Pat Philips became friends with Gibb and Lulu. Also in that year, he played bass on Billy Lawrie's 1973 song \"Freedom\". Future Wings and former Thunderclap Newman guitarist Jimmy McCulloch played guitar on that song, and McCulloch suggests that it was recorded at around the same time as Lulu's \"Everybody Clap\", with Stone the Crows' Maggie Bell providing backing vocals. On 17 January 1972, Gibb produced, with Billy Lawrie, \"Baby Come on Home\", released as a single also in that year. In April 1972, Gibb produced Jimmy Stevens' album \"Don't Freak Me Out\" (called \"Paid My Dues\" in US). The same year, Gibb produced \"Drift Away\", an album released by Bob Saker and Mike Berry; it includes a cover version of \"On Time\". In 1973, Gibb produced and play bass on Jimmy Stevens' unreleased numbers with musicians Alan Kendall, Jimmy McCulloch, Pete Willsher, Zoot Money and singer Paul Jones. In August 1973, Gibb participated on Andy Gibb's first recording session performing two new songs. In 1978, Gibb produced with Steve Klein the Osmonds' album \"Steppin' Out\", features a cover version of Bee Gees' \"Rest Your Love on Me\". Also in 1978, Gibb composed \"The Love That Was Lost\", with Blue Weaver on keyboard and arranged by Mike Lewis, who also arranged for the disco group KC and the Sunshine Band. In 1980, Gibb co-wrote with Tim Rice \"Last Affair of the Heart\", which was recorded by Elaine Paige in AIR Studios in London along with \"Secrets\" and \"Carried Away\". In 1982, Gibb took part in Barry's original demo recording of the song \"Eyes That See in the Dark\", a song intended for Kenny Rogers' album of the same name. In August 1982, Gibb wrote and recorded \"Spirit of the Snow\" and intended for the film \"A Christmas Carol\". Gibb worked with Robin on his three albums \"How Old Are You?\" (1983), \"Secret Agent\" (1984) and \"Walls Have Eyes\" (1985). Gibb co-wrote \"Shine, Shine\" with his brother Barry and keyboardist George Bitzer, the song later became a Top 40 for Barry in the US. In 1985, Gibb sang background vocals on Larry Gatlin's songs \"Indian Summer\", available on Gatlin's album \"Smile\" with Gatlin and Roy Orbison on lead vocals; another track \"Didn't We Call It (Falling in Love)\" was not released. In 1986, Gibb produced Carola's album \"Runaway\". Also in 1986, Gibb participated on the Bunbury songs \"Up the Revolution\", \"Fight (No Matter How Long)\", \"Bunbury Afternoon\" and \"Seasons\". One of Gibb's last recordings was on the demo of \"I Cannot Give You My Love\" on which he played keyboards with his brother Barry taking the lead vocals. The song was intended for Cliff Richard.", "", "Gibb met Scottish pop singer Lulu through Colin Petersen. Lulu recalls about Maurice, \"I thought Maurice was cute, so I said, 'In that case, tell him to stop talking about me and take me out', He did just that, I never expected much to come from this, but in fact our relationship grew, after a fashion. Going steady is quite the wrong way to describe what was happening between us. Going unsteady might better sum up the way we fell in and out with each other\". According to Lulu, she, Maurice, and Robert Stigwood watched Pink Floyd at the Saville Theatre in London. Later, after his relationship with Lulu had become public knowledge, he said: \"Lulu and I met on the \"Top of the Pops\" TV show three months ago, and then at the Saville Theatre in London last month\". Later in 1968, Lulu was seen out on the town with Davy Jones of the Monkees; Jones was also a friend of Maurice's. As Gibb recalled, \"Davy Jones was a good friend of mine, I broke it off with Lulu over the phone and Davy called me up and said 'I am going to ask Lu to dinner with some friends, is that all right?' I said, 'Yes, I am not going out with her anymore, have a ball' and threw the phone down. They then took so many photos of them and made it look like a six-month romance, but she had only been out with him that one night, she did not even want to go out. She phoned me the next day and she was crying, saying she was sorry\". Maurice later regretted not accepting her apology. \"We just grew up, that's all,\" Maurice admitted. \"We were miserable apart and when we started going out again, it got so that I didn't want to be with anyone. I used to phone her up from Los Angeles about twice a day. Then she'd call me back. We used to make about 90-minute calls\". In the same year, Gibb was seen around town with Hungarian singer Sarolta Zalatnay, but he later insisted: \"I'm not a Casanova and it's all most unfortunate. I've never been publicised to be available. Because of the stories of my affairs with Lulu and Sarolta, the fans feel, 'Oh, we won't bother about Maurice because he's always got a steady girl'. Gibb recalled the first meeting with Lulu's parents, his future-in-laws, \"I went up to Glasgow to meet Lu's parents, and I was told that Billy, who is younger than Lu, would be at the station to meet me. I got off the train and was walking along the platform when I saw him. I didn't need to speak, I knew it was Billy and I went up to him and said, 'You're Billy, aren't you?', he said, 'You must be Maurice' and we had met\". Maurice and Lulu married on 18 February 1969 and divorced in 1973. Their careers and his heavy drinking forced them apart and they divorced, childless, in 1973. Gibb later said they both drank: \"we didn't have any responsibilities, we'd just party.\"", "He married his second wife, Yvonne Spenceley Gibb, on 17 October 1975. They had two children, Adam (born 23 February 1976) and Samantha (born 2 July 1980) Gibb, and their marriage lasted until his death. Maurice's alcoholic nadir came in 1991, when he pulled a gun on his wife and children after a month-long bender. They left him and immediately went to brother Barry's house, refusing to come back until he had done something about his drinking. Maurice went into rehab, calling Yvonne and telling her he was going to stay because he really wanted to stop drinking. She said that that was the call she had been waiting for.", "Gibb said he had \"battled the booze\" since the 1970s. John Lennon introduced him to his favourite drink, scotch and coke: \"If he had given me cyanide, I would have drunk the cyanide, I was so in awe of the man.\" With his neighbour Ringo Starr he would go out drinking. It got to the point where he became unreliable and prior to going onstage would have to feel his way along the wall to get there, according to Barry. One factor in Maurice's recovery was the active intervention of his brothers, who had recently lost their youngest brother Andy. In an interview, Maurice acknowledged that his final years of alcohol abuse had been driven by his failure to reach Andy before his death, and his subsequent guilt. After rehab, Maurice started to rediscover his family again, spending quality time with them. To celebrate this, he and Yvonne renewed their wedding vows in 1992. The ceremony was attended not only by many members of their families but many of the friends Gibb made while at the rehabilitation centre. Maurice would remain sober until his death.", "Jagged Edge and Paul McCartney recorded \"Too Much Heaven\" in 2004. Wyclef Jean recorded \"Jive Talkin'\" in 2005 and Sheryl Crow recorded \"To Love Somebody\" in 2005 as a tribute for him. A tribute to Maurice, entitled \"Souls Stick Around: A Tale of the Black Hills and Maurice Gibb\", was published as an eBook on Amazon.com in March 2012 by Bee Gees fan and author, Dawnette Owens. A recording studio at Chorlton High School, one of the schools the brothers attended, commemorates Gibb. In honouring Gibb, his brother Barry Gibb noted: \"Mo was a real McCartney bass freak, as a lot of us were. He would pick up on all the things that McCartney would [do]. Maurice was very good on different instruments, you know. Good lead guitarist, good bass player, good keyboard player. He was versatile. He loved playing bass more than anything else, I think, at that time.\" Bassist Barry Pethers of the band Trafficker says that Gibb inspired him to play at a time when he was about to throw it all in, \"If Maurice had not been so generous my life would be different now. I owe him everything. His warmth and love will stay with me forever\".", "" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 636, 56680, 115049, 1830, 21647, 297, 5700, 2481, 23, 70, 72399, 387, 927, 142642, 237, 10, 3173, 111, 71924, 1830, 179140, 47, 15811, 48538, 3789, 150624, 4, 959, 78458, 77556, 1010, 1363, 4, 9060, 23, 4200, 2320, 4, 10756, 214, 136, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 4, 450, 3542, 90698, 47, 186, 40715, 14135, 13, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 70, 2684, 39210, 3173, 111, 8437, 71924, 1830, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 636, 56680, 115049, 1830, 509, 26171, 71, 98, 18982, 21567, 142399, 4, 390, 109112, 101057, 27391, 8889, 4, 10, 2356, 5753, 22072, 2750, 1645, 52021, 442, 237, 8035, 64720, 56, 3501, 10756, 214, 5, 27391, 8889, 25, 7, 6528, 509, 8306, 11814, 4, 4743, 47, 10, 36549, 111, 13820, 74694, 71924, 17514, 136, 70, 57693, 6, 58944, 111, 3835, 2837, 9007, 42, 6785, 2161, 4347, 534, 4, 27193, 4, 238215, 25, 7, 11341, 29874, 160477, 42, 49191, 85853, 669, 26171, 71, 10, 3525, 4, 40715, 24503, 7844, 55300, 111, 71924, 1830, 4, 51529, 237, 85853, 669, 25, 7, 91363, 12, 44, 7251, 18440, 1353, 10821, 57, 2256, 104, 46611, 35299, 186, 26859, 23, 70, 101085, 56, 25, 7, 16294, 4, 3934, 3129, 35299, 186, 65508, 71, 10, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 58055, 214, 111, 142, 19914, 186500, 9, 2263, 1916, 1909, 68545, 2182, 23, 162515, 678, 10, 165045, 121, 538, 9523, 1242, 24372, 70, 50491, 509, 190238, 390, 142, 90, 2347, 9619, 106622, 138109, 89855, 4, 36770, 538, 44816, 111, 70, 63557, 111, 5710, 525, 160291, 25443, 111, 70, 238215, 12535, 69292, 19188, 4, 70, 110230, 24149, 19893, 74403, 62368, 65508, 71, 70, 55300, 3934, 70, 238215, 27047, 6644, 4, 7440, 442, 115081, 136, 509, 69405, 30666, 297, 15, 16734, 17991, 24470, 140978, 209, 2592, 132, 284, 16, 194, 66016, 7068, 4, 24189, 86097, 4669, 111, 70, 4520, 117249, 17368, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 65508, 71, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 44830, 90, 5, 2161, 8055, 3311, 39395, 27580, 10, 14012, 111, 13820, 74694, 71924, 17514, 23, 3784, 6496, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 4, 136, 10, 9588, 214, 16610, 4588, 111, 202319, 125694, 4, 1902, 3060, 345, 5, 294, 5, 117249, 456, 212065, 214, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 237, 10, 3173, 111, 71924, 1830, 5, 230328, 4, 3129, 1902, 198395, 122399, 23, 120126, 10, 44126, 17721, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 136, 70, 39108, 80923, 4, 115081, 10, 27165, 23, 4347, 1049, 3129, 26038, 70, 11341, 70, 35829, 47, 4527, 70, 39108, 80923, 2174, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 125694, 621, 40101, 220, 330, 379, 2886, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 222201, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 9842, 7, 678, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 3445, 8035, 6363, 48398, 98, 188, 10, 9125, 10186, 74, 6626, 18440, 1353, 10821, 831, 59231, 7, 24073, 15583, 7, 18939, 621, 7068, 183540, 297, 4, 1632, 23, 12638, 16294, 5, 87293, 1632, 83, 63559, 47, 85358, 1810, 70, 71924, 1830, 74, 70, 3789, 83, 70488, 237, 10, 126502, 23, 70, 19732, 70, 158978, 13315, 35782, 7, 5, 62, 13315, 105207, 1295, 70, 7610, 13315, 23, 142, 123594, 16797, 17155, 83, 220642, 47, 70, 101085, 56, 25, 7, 7610, 136, 111670, 71, 221, 450, 70, 13315, 14602, 959, 76685, 20271, 70, 115049, 17514, 5, 581, 16294, 111, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 3445, 83, 91, 72947, 13482, 678, 57913, 8108, 70, 831, 59231, 83, 183540, 297, 5, 581, 3871, 1577, 136, 98154, 11814, 621, 214748, 297, 5, 68185, 7, 765, 2809, 165249, 1672, 15400, 6097, 170944, 5256, 26548, 159634, 621, 51339, 297, 8, 61518, 70, 60042, 111, 70, 115049, 1830, 8035, 47219, 5, 581, 40368, 187136, 7, 26698, 12, 831, 59231, 13, 621, 214748, 297, 136, 765, 2363, 31897, 17305, 5115, 53, 6226, 6259, 20271, 142901, 4, 221, 17368, 122175, 13, 64333, 83, 10, 124374, 29874, 50491, 5, 77648, 538, 4, 70, 101085, 56, 5809, 360, 70, 11015, 4, 70, 41021, 25, 7, 47806, 111, 9098, 71924, 297, 101085, 1314, 102917, 538, 390, 26950, 111, 162049, 5, 360, 17309, 5369, 4, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 1556, 24209, 1286, 39210, 5, 581, 29458, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 50491, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 48683, 707, 125694, 11814, 4, 621, 10, 11341, 23410, 136, 959, 3835, 538, 51529, 5, 636, 56680, 115049, 1830, 23, 9098, 509, 8437, 29367, 23, 98543, 6, 211603, 17514, 23, 39272, 3542, 2843, 5201, 538, 390, 26950, 111, 162049, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 55300, 509, 190238, 390, 70, 27759, 23, 18237, 36404, 30666, 297, 23, 1392, 136, 4734, 71924, 297, 23, 10520, 4143, 4188, 47, 30666, 3789, 150624, 237, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 47, 91995, 70, 162049, 71924, 1830, 80723, 110680, 4, 23, 65942, 7103, 50509, 7, 111, 70, 13893, 11341, 111, 70, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 43032, 7103, 33417, 71407, 4, 17262, 125694, 621, 11814, 23, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 5, 4378, 1010, 34925, 316, 148778, 2506, 15, 8335, 19393, 191, 16, 83, 11814, 47, 22304, 123635, 121, 14907, 164, 136, 143435, 53, 34784, 4, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 170368, 2506, 47, 7279, 70, 26498, 4, 136, 10904, 111875, 39, 47, 6250, 67, 2856, 5, 4378, 1010, 34925, 316, 148778, 2506, 15, 28542, 112, 9351, 12, 67321, 202, 191, 2077, 581, 62548, 48683, 13943, 107, 4, 1884, 2652, 1010, 34925, 316, 4, 83, 10, 351, 9, 112, 771, 320, 84382, 123635, 20648, 1236, 15, 11, 121, 538, 9523, 23882, 16, 450, 46389, 7, 70, 22631, 111, 10, 329, 90535, 3089, 2256, 99, 70, 2926, 3564, 9, 92558, 111, 70, 37817, 2647, 25667, 27022, 10763, 5, 1843, 33770, 111, 10, 329, 90535, 3089, 2256, 47, 137376, 7, 98, 70, 3564, 9, 92558, 113660, 8, 771, 320, 47691, 136, 158, 117474, 111, 70, 123635, 109197, 74, 351, 9, 112, 771, 320, 84382, 37817, 2647, 25667, 46389, 214, 97957, 1884, 2652, 1010, 34925, 316, 7279, 903, 6, 128239, 1295, 35971, 3687, 5, 581, 222201, 39098, 100, 2652, 1010, 34925, 316, 148778, 2506, 23, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 390, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 83, 126175, 12010, 64, 8517, 136, 70, 115, 30494, 111, 121, 14907, 164, 83, 10932, 201, 47, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 83, 142, 77556, 538, 67, 4, 159566, 111, 3129, 83, 18440, 8969, 120087, 5, 581, 41516, 47143, 214, 50782, 70, 38750, 1556, 6782, 17914, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 636, 56680, 115049, 1830, 83, 70, 41361, 111, 115049, 214, 1632, 707, 1286, 125694, 3934, 10, 3445, 15, 46280, 71407, 10, 1909, 68545, 2182, 4, 121, 538, 9523, 4, 136, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 29806, 16, 100, 70, 36510, 60042, 111, 216806, 25545, 47219, 5, 581, 5201, 38415, 100, 903, 50491, 83, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 4, 1284, 70, 13579, 1543, 2843, 186, 190659, 23, 10, 134744, 56, 10422, 47, 26698, 1175, 104035, 3478, 136, 3789, 3173, 7, 111, 193341, 5, 581, 125694, 22304, 70, 3445, 47, 24209, 51, 144729, 4, 7279, 7, 2363, 71191, 214, 4, 136, 113660, 10, 26498, 187, 239530, 399, 4, 23, 450, 12989, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Conception.", "Implementation.", "Complications of executions and cessation of supply of lethal injection drugs.", "Procedure.", "Procedure in U.S. executions.", "Procedure in Chinese executions.", "Procedure in Vietnamese executions.", "Drugs.", "Conventional lethal injection protocol.", "Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon).", "Potassium chloride.", "Sodium thiopental.", "New lethal injection protocols.", "Euthanasia protocol.", "Constitutionality in the United States.", "Ethics of lethal injection.", "Controversy.", "Opposition.", "Awareness.", "Research.", "Single drug.", "Cruel and unusual.", "European Union export ban.", "Support.", "Commonality.", "Anesthesia awareness.", "Dilution effect.", "Single drug.", "Stockpiling of drugs." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Lethal injection gained popularity in the late 20th century as a form of execution intended to supplant other methods, notably electrocution, gas inhalation, hanging and firing squad, that were considered to be less humane. It is now the most common form of legal execution in the United States.", "Lethal injection was proposed on January 17, 1888, by Julius Mount Bleyer, a New York doctor who praised it as being cheaper than hanging. Bleyer's idea was never used, due to a series of botched executions and the eventual rise of public disapproval", "On May 11, 1977, Oklahoma's state medical examiner Jay Chapman proposed a new, less painful method of execution, known as Chapman's protocol: \"An intravenous saline drip shall be started in the prisoner's arm, into which shall be introduced a lethal injection consisting of an ultrashort-acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic.\" After the procedure was approved by anesthesiologist Stanley Deutsch, formerly Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology of the Oklahoma University Medical School, the Reverend Bill Wiseman introduced the method into the Oklahoma legislature, where it passed and was quickly adopted (Title 22, Section 1014(A)). Since then, until 2004, 37 of the 38 states using capital punishment introduced lethal injection statutes. On August", "By early 2014, a number of botched executions involving lethal injection, and a rising shortage of suitable drugs, had some U.S. states reconsidering lethal injection as a form of execution. Tennessee, which had previously offered inmates a choice between lethal injection and the electric chair, passed a law in May 2014 which gave the state the option to use the electric chair if lethal injection drugs are either unavailable", "", "In the United States, the typical lethal injection begins with the condemned person being strapped onto a gurney; two intravenous cannulas (\"IVs\") are then inserted, one in each arm. Only one is necessary to carry out the execution; the other is reserved as a backup in the event the primary line fails. A line leading from the IV line in an adjacent room is attached to the prisoner's IV and secured so that the line does not snap during the injections. The arm of the condemned person is swabbed with alcohol before the cannula is inserted. The needles and equipment used are sterilized. Questions have been raised about why these precautions against infection are performed despite the purpose of the injection being death. The several explanations include: cannulae are sterilized and have their quality heavily controlled during manufacture, so using sterile ones is a routine medical procedure. Secondly, the prisoner could", "In the past, the People's Republic of China executed prisoners primarily by means of shooting. In recent years, lethal injection has become more common. The specific lethal injection procedures, including the drug or drugs used, are a state secret and not publicly known. Lethal injection in China was legalized in 1996.", "Executions in Vietnam were also mainly by means of shooting. The use of lethal injection method was approved by the government in June 2010, adopted in 2011 and only executed in 2013. Urges to adopt other methods as lethal injection to replace the shooting execution began earlier, in 2006, after concerns of the mental state of the firing squad members after", "", "Typically, three drugs are used in lethal injection. Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) is used to cause muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest, potassium chloride to stop the heart, and midazolam to sedate them.", "Pancuronium bromide (Trade name: Pavulon): The related drug curare, like pancuronium, is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (a paralytic agent) that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the motor end-plate of the neuromuscular junction. Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the end-plate causes depolarization and contraction of the muscle fiber; non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents like pancuronium stop this binding from taking place. The typical dose for pancuronium bromide in capital punishment by lethal injection is 0.2 mg/kg and the duration of paralysis is around 4 to", "Potassium is an electrolyte, 98% of which is intracellular. The 2% remaining outside the cell has great implications for cells that generate action potentials. Doctors prescribe potassium for patients when potassium levels are insufficient, called hypokalemia, in the blood. The potassium can be given orally, which is the safest route; or it can be given intravenously, in which case strict rules and hospital protocols govern the rate at which it is given. The usual intravenous dose is 10–20 mEq per hour and it is given slowly since it takes time for the electrolyte to equilibrate into the cells. When used in state-sanctioned lethal injection, bolus potassium injection affects the electrical conduction of heart muscle. Elevated potassium, or hyperkalemia, causes the resting electrical potential of", "Sodium thiopental (US trade name: Sodium Pentothal) is an ultra-short acting barbiturate, often used for anesthesia induction and for medically induced coma. The typical anesthesia induction dose is 0.35 grams. Loss of consciousness is induced within 30–45 seconds at the typical dose, while a 5 gram dose (14 times the normal dose) is likely to induce unconsciousness in 10 seconds. A full medical dose of thiopental reaches the brain in about 30 seconds. This induces an unconscious state. Five to twenty minutes after injection, approximately 15% of the drug is in the brain, with the rest in other parts of the body. The half-life of this drug is about 11.5 hours, and the concentration in the", "The Ohio protocol, developed after the incomplete execution of Romell Broom, ensures the rapid and painless onset of anesthesia by only using sodium thiopental and eliminating the use of Pavulon and potassium as the second and third drugs, respectively. It also provides for a secondary fail-safe measure using intramuscular injection of midazolam and hydromorphone in the event intravenous administration of the sodium thiopental proves problematic. The first state to switch to use midazolam as the first drug in a new three-drug protocol was Florida on October 15, 2013. Then on November 14, 2013, Ohio made the same move. In the brief for the U.S. courts written by accessories, the State of Ohio implies that they were unable to find any physicians willing to participate in development of protocols for executions by lethal injection, as this would be a violation of medical ethics, such as the Geneva Promise, and such physicians would be thrown out of the medical community", "Lethal injection has also been used in cases of euthanasia to facilitate voluntary death in patients with terminal or chronically painful conditions. Euthanasia can be accomplished either through oral, intravenous, or intramuscular administration of drugs. In", "In 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in \"Hill v. McDonough\" that death-row inmates in the United States could challenge the constitutionality of states' lethal injection procedures through a federal civil rights lawsuit. Since then, numerous death-row inmates have brought such challenges in the lower courts, claiming that lethal injection as currently practiced violates the ban on \"cruel and unusual punishment\" found in the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Lower courts evaluating these challenges have reached opposing conclusions. For example, courts have found that lethal injection as practiced in California, Florida, and Tennessee is unconstitutional. Other courts have found that lethal injection as practiced in Missouri, Arizona, and Oklahoma is constitutionally acceptable. As of 2014, California has nearly 750 prisoners condemned to death by lethal injection despite the moratorium imposed when in 2006 a federal court found California's lethal injection procedures to be unconstitutional. A newer lethal injection facility has been constructed at San Quentin State Prison which cost over $800,000, but it has yet to be used because a state court found that the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation violated the California Administrative Procedure Act by attempting to prevent public oversight when new injection procedures were being created. On September 25, 2007, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a lethal-injection challenge arising from Kentucky, \"Baze v. Rees\". In Baze, the Supreme Court addressed whether Kentucky's particular lethal-injection procedure (using the standard three-drug protocol) comports with the Eighth Amendment; it also determined the proper legal standard by which lethal-injection challenges in general", "The American Medical Association (AMA) believes that a physician's opinion on capital punishment is a personal decision. Since the AMA is founded on preserving life, they argue that a doctor \"should not be a participant\" in executions in any professional capacity with the exception of \"certifying death, provided that the condemned has been declared dead by another person\" and \"relieving the acute suffering of a condemned person while awaiting execution.\" The AMA, however, does not have the ability to enforce its prohibition of doctors from participation in lethal injection, as it does not have the authority to revoke medical licenses, as medical licensing", "", "Opponents of lethal injection have voiced concerns that abuse, misuse and even criminal conduct is possible when there is not a proper chain of command and authority for the acquisition of death-inducing drugs.", "Opponents of lethal injection believe that it is not actually painless as practiced in the United States. Opponents argue that the thiopental is an ultrashort-acting barbiturate that may wear off (anesthesia awareness) and lead to consciousness and an uncomfortable death wherein the inmates are unable to express discomfort because they have been rendered paralyzed by the paralytic agent. Opponents point to the fact that sodium thiopental is typically used as an induction agent and not used in the maintenance phase of surgery because of its short-acting nature. Following the administration of thiopental, pancuronium bromide is given. Opponents argue that pancuronium bromide not only dilutes the thiopental, but (since the inmate is paralyzed) also prevents the inmate from expressing pain. Additional concerns have been raised over whether inmates are administered an appropriate level of thiopental owing to the rapid redistribution of the drug out of the brain to other parts of the", "In 2005, University of Miami researchers, in cooperation with the attorney representing death-row inmates from Virginia, published a research letter in the medical journal \"The Lancet\". The article presented protocol information from Texas, Virginia, and North and South Carolina, which showed that executioners had no anesthesia training, drugs were administered remotely with no monitoring for anesthesia, data were not recorded, and no peer review was done. Their analysis of toxicology reports from Arizona, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina showed that \"post mortem\" concentrations of thiopental in the blood were lower than that required for surgery in 43 of 49 executed inmates (88%); 21 (43%) inmates had concentrations consistent with awareness. This led the authors to conclude that a substantial probability existed that some of the inmates were aware and suffered extreme pain and distress during execution. The authors attributed the risk of consciousness among inmates to the lack of training and monitoring in the process, but carefully make no recommendations on how to alter the protocol or how to", "According to the new lethal injection protocols section above, single-drug lethal injection is already in use, or intended, in 11 states. The execution can be painlessly accomplished, without risk of consciousness, by the injection of a single large dose of a barbiturate. By this reasoning, the use of any other", "On occasion, difficulties inserting the intravenous needles have also occurred, sometimes taking over half an hour to find a suitable vein. Typically, the difficulty is found in convicts with diabetes or a history of intravenous drug use. Opponents argue that the insertion of intravenous lines that take excessive amounts of time are tantamount to being cruel and unusual punishment. In addition, opponents point to instances where the intravenous line has failed, or when adverse reactions to drugs or unnecessary delays happen during the process of execution. On December 13, 2006, Angel Nieves Diaz was not executed successfully in Florida using a standard lethal-injection dose. Diaz was 55 years old, and had been sentenced to death for murder. Diaz did not succumb to the lethal dose even after 35 minutes, necessitating a second dose of drugs to complete the execution. At first, a prison spokesman denied Diaz had suffered pain, and claimed the second dose was needed because Diaz had some sort of liver disease. After performing an autopsy, the medical examiner, Dr. William Hamilton, stated that Diaz's liver appeared normal, but that the needle had been pierced through Diaz's vein into his flesh. The deadly chemicals", "Due to its use for executions in the US, the UK introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December 2010, after it was established that no European supplies to the US were being used for any other purpose. The restrictions were based on \"the European Union Torture Regulation (including licensing of drugs used in execution by lethal injection)\". From December 21, 2011, the European Union extended trade restrictions to prevent the export of certain medicinal products for capital punishment, stating, \"The Union disapproves of capital punishment in all circumstances and works towards its universal abolition\".", "", "The combination of a barbiturate induction agent and a nondepolarizing paralytic agent is used in thousands of anesthetics every day. Supporters of the death penalty argue that unless anesthesiologists have been wrong for the last 40 years, the use of pentothal and pancuronium is safe and effective. In fact, potassium", "Thiopental is a rapid and effective drug for inducing unconsciousness, since it causes loss of consciousness upon a single circulation through the brain due to its high lipophilicity. Only a few other drugs, such as methohexital, etomidate, or propofol, have the capability to induce anesthesia so rapidly. (Narcotics such as fentanyl are inadequate as induction agents for anesthesia.) Supporters argue that since the thiopental is given at a much higher dose than for medically induced coma protocols, it is effectively impossible for the condemned to wake up. Anesthesia", "Death penalty supporters state that the claim that pancuronium dilutes the sodium thiopental dose is erroneous. Supporters argue that pancuronium and thiopental are commonly used together in surgery every day and if there were a dilution effect, it would be a known drug interaction. Drug interactions are a complex topic. Some drug interactions can be simplistically classified as either synergistic or inhibitory interactions. In addition, drug interactions can occur directly at the site of action, through common pathways or indirectly through metabolism of the drug in the liver or through elimination in the kidney. Pancuronium and thiopental have different sites of action, one in the", "Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Death Penalty Information Center, Reprieve, and other anti-death-penalty groups have not proposed a lethal-injection protocol which they believe is less painful. Supporters of the death penalty argue that the lack of an alternative proposed protocol is a testament to the fact that the pain felt during the lethal injection protocol is not the issue. Instead, supporters argue that the issue is the continued existence of the death penalty, since if the only issue were the painfulness of the procedure, then Amnesty International, HRW, or the DPIC should have already proposed a less painful method. Regardless of an alternative protocol, some death-penalty opponents have claimed that execution can be less painful by the administration of a single lethal dose of barbiturate. Supporters of the death penalty, however, state that the single-drug theory is a flawed concept. Terminally ill patients in Oregon who have requested physician-assisted suicide have received lethal doses of barbiturates. The protocol has been highly effective in", "A 2017 study found that four U.S. states that allow capital" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 9082, 2777, 72559, 372, 916, 126809, 10, 6, 44720, 53470, 53, 55300, 23, 8719, 363, 4, 20271, 70, 4368, 55283, 135555, 4, 26292, 214, 109923, 7, 25, 33362, 16401, 7, 678, 2906, 11443, 6, 143961, 13, 47, 166, 92521, 33478, 101085, 1314, 111, 1631, 5, 27967, 1608, 26278, 7, 765, 2809, 11814, 237, 10, 55300, 111, 71924, 1830, 100, 158, 4545, 14534, 101085, 1314, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 86595, 23, 70, 23031, 7, 136, 21342, 47, 186, 10, 8437, 71924, 1830, 55300, 23, 17262, 117249, 4, 86681, 10, 7722, 19574, 2955, 77391, 678, 31355, 79556, 102971, 4842, 35405, 18, 23, 41361, 16792, 70, 11704, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 212184, 4, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 9060, 1608, 26278, 7, 82775, 100, 46889, 200, 30319, 3542, 11814, 390, 83572, 102126, 237, 2831, 111, 2363, 159372, 13, 1528, 5, 226185, 11814, 9060, 1608, 26278, 7, 20271, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 27967, 1608, 26278, 7, 765, 2809, 11814, 100, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 47, 71924, 13, 47219, 6, 15555, 23, 120126, 5, 581, 5117, 3445, 47, 186, 71924, 297, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 390, 95, 56680, 9060, 509, 2206, 13, 21240, 4, 98, 22482, 382, 4, 58410, 5, 893, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 81887, 47, 42874, 5737, 191, 9060, 105237, 3934, 1919, 38750, 99, 799, 31093, 22836, 20204, 191, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 5117, 3249, 3767, 2480, 9060, 1608, 26278, 47, 85358, 1810, 2206, 13, 25, 7, 47219, 149357, 5, 2161, 14487, 138, 4, 31100, 4, 31231, 19, 170028, 136, 3362, 215072, 4293, 3542, 71924, 297, 23, 70, 9060, 1608, 26278, 99, 1735, 5813, 19, 2311, 22836, 20204, 191, 100, 2363, 31486, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 134857, 18, 5272, 5, 360, 44321, 4, 7362, 1507, 3157, 9190, 18, 509, 71924, 297, 237, 70, 23607, 42, 111, 39897, 4, 18621, 9494, 821, 5, 114996, 4, 509, 98, 70, 203599, 47, 24765, 70, 71924, 1830, 5, 66016, 70, 14359, 30494, 111, 70, 47219, 203249, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 23, 28506, 4, 103155, 71924, 17514, 390, 9060, 1608, 26278, 765, 2809, 55080, 297, 5, 65056, 3542, 55080, 297, 23, 225260, 4, 6626, 23, 157487, 4, 6626, 23, 39897, 4, 6626, 23, 23924, 96220, 136, 1632, 23, 799, 31093, 5, 3311, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 117729, 111, 178707, 20271, 9060, 1608, 26278, 71924, 17514, 1902, 12441, 47, 17340, 7864, 53, 645, 70, 4527, 111, 903, 55300, 5, 1913, 70, 6088, 116, 4, 26819, 71924, 1830, 111, 113417, 19824, 155438, 23, 225260, 4, 51521, 7, 34735, 297, 70, 21455, 214, 17155, 7103, 136659, 14633, 12960, 155438, 509, 7464, 923, 272, 136, 9060, 10366, 100, 1831, 5, 581, 51957, 47, 34735, 70, 17155, 12960, 764, 509, 7464, 923, 272, 509, 35778, 29367, 390, 1919, 200866, 5, 6765, 19528, 2594, 4, 142, 200866, 5361, 84382, 23, 47219, 203249, 50218, 4, 2804, 4, 44, 1375, 464, 1176, 19824, 155438, 68, 71, 11339, 214, 1919, 10336, 26548, 10, 158285, 5664, 23, 70, 9060, 1608, 26278, 12960, 105757, 7, 54529, 297, 1919, 931, 10133, 1242, 155438, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 100, 70, 162882, 111, 17262, 9, 46799, 9, 18345, 1310, 6011, 16162, 152653, 90, 23, 28506, 4, 7103, 213796, 10366, 136, 142, 25958, 29892, 214, 604, 5, 133698, 70, 7071, 305, 4, 12839, 71924, 1830, 111, 16692, 39391, 214, 23, 157487, 4, 442, 34739, 534, 14633, 100, 47219, 47, 74918, 5, 581, 101085, 1631, 555, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 2806, 569, 18, 2174, 56065, 47, 55080, 15700, 9060, 1608, 26278, 71924, 1830, 5, 77168, 214, 39391, 214, 25, 7, 71924, 1830, 4, 157487, 43374, 71, 450, 756, 3445, 7, 158, 4545, 14534, 7103, 7582, 12839, 2806, 186, 71924, 297, 390, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 71924, 1830, 111, 12452, 884, 1507, 137028, 4, 10, 30361, 29685, 159978, 71, 450, 44, 46480, 1010, 1363, 390, 95, 56680, 9060, 1379, 70, 39897, 91363, 83, 51, 2271, 13480, 43315, 538, 156217, 136, 225073, 1242, 3311, 70, 72399, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 2684, 117249, 1902, 101089, 297, 47, 150624, 90698, 47, 186, 1286, 14135, 13, 4, 6044, 237, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 5, 39897, 25, 7, 9060, 1608, 26278, 99, 1735, 5813, 19, 2311, 22836, 20204, 191, 509, 117176, 71, 47, 142, 71924, 1830, 1608, 26278, 100, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 5, 1301, 111, 11075, 4, 70, 4568, 3445, 47, 186, 71924, 297, 23, 70, 9060, 1608, 26278, 509, 30839, 15889, 80490, 239, 142216, 4, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 8108, 12839, 4, 2750, 509, 71924, 297, 23, 157487, 98, 11994, 138, 4, 55482, 581, 345, 5, 294, 5, 52341, 111, 5659, 13, 16765, 100, 70, 56740, 927, 167190, 1902, 79986, 71, 450, 764, 5809, 959, 186, 71924, 297, 390, 9060, 1608, 26278, 4, 1284, 70, 51957, 509, 645, 987, 14534, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 174620, 52341, 5, 581, 9060, 1608, 26278, 509, 36770, 538, 11814, 23, 156256, 4, 799, 31093, 4, 2356, 82167, 4, 23924, 96220, 136, 199716, 5, 84247, 117249, 4, 157487, 4, 39897, 4, 23213, 1760, 4, 225260, 4, 220983, 136, 5492, 306, 214, 4, 42179, 20650, 95, 56680, 9060, 2174, 95, 56680, 115049, 1830, 53418, 186, 606, 35485, 297, 4, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 174176, 2363, 46824, 8108, 10, 24233, 5622, 4, 707, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 55076, 7, 47, 68, 23, 70, 9060, 1608, 26278, 5, 360, 18374, 36404, 62493, 42, 111, 2356, 5753, 6765, 144161, 1681, 181141, 10, 54727, 89159, 214, 9060, 1608, 26278, 7, 85325, 100, 4527, 390, 14135, 13, 38887, 68794, 136, 3789, 26249, 2412, 1277, 1314, 5, 129551, 47, 567, 10011, 6516, 4, 23, 134349, 32528, 4, 541, 64831, 397, 47749, 42, 27989, 53, 12439, 39908, 297, 131, 7, 678, 70, 132096, 37397, 18, 674, 28704, 297, 136, 146353, 456, 80581, 297, 46132, 442, 5, 32255, 131, 7, 3542, 11814, 390, 541, 64831, 397, 20271, 70, 32774, 16915, 429, 1379, 2837, 17086, 184, 111, 179967, 131, 7, 47, 5737, 191, 70, 91519, 7, 20271, 2363, 6181, 2320, 47, 70, 71924, 1830, 5, 360, 43357, 74668, 2839, 4, 226185, 160404, 71, 10, 9060, 1608, 26278, 23, 94960, 31, 1073, 28032, 70, 23972, 19953, 111, 70, 141817, 1326, 87463, 5, 117371, 4, 70, 71924, 17514, 3542, 175100, 1810, 390, 10756, 214, 707, 390, 162049, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 9060, 1608, 26278, 83, 142, 20939, 19481, 100, 200, 30319, 118103, 707, 3789, 85825, 678, 9060, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 28704, 297, 1608, 26278, 3934, 3129, 10, 5737, 5831, 223, 707, 237, 34053, 5134, 1236, 9060, 83, 65508, 71, 5, 64249, 5831, 223, 97957, 11814, 26698, 64707, 1409, 501, 1643, 2506, 4, 44603, 6, 143961, 13, 136, 44603, 2667, 61942, 13, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "United States.", "Soviet Union.", "Lithuania.", "Nazi Germany.", "North Korea.", "Method of use.", "Using hydrogen cyanide.", "Excluding all oxygen." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "General Rochambeau developed a rudimentary method in 1803, during the Haitian Revolution, filling ships' cargo holds with sulfur dioxide to suffocate prisoners of war. Gas chambers have been used as a method of execution for condemned prisoners in the United States beginning in the 1920s and continue to be a legal execution method in three states, seeing a possible reintroduction with nitrogen although redundant in practice since the 1990s. During the Holocaust, large-scale gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by Nazi Germany as part of their genocide program. Lithuania used gas chambers during the 1930s.", "Gas chambers have been used for capital punishment in the United States to execute death row inmates. The first person to be executed in the United States by lethal gas was Gee Jon, on February 8, 1924. An unsuccessful attempt to pump poison gas directly into his cell at Nevada State Prison led to the development of the first makeshift gas chamber to carry out Gee's death sentence. On December 3, 1948, Miran Thompson and Sam Shockley were executed in the gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison for their role in the Battle of Alcatraz. In 1957, Burton Abbott was executed as the governor of California, Goodwin J. Knight, was on the telephone to stay the execution. Since the restoration of the death penalty in the United States in 1976, eleven executions by gas chamber have been conducted. Four were conducted in Mississippi, two in Arizona, two in California, two in North Carolina and one in Nevada. By the 1980s, reports of suffering during gas chamber executions had led to controversy over the use of this method. At the September 2, 1983 execution of Jimmy Lee Gray in Mississippi, officials cleared the viewing room after eight minutes while Gray was still alive and gasping for air. The decision to clear the room while he was still alive was criticized by his attorney. David Bruck, an attorney specializing in death penalty cases, said, \"Jimmy Lee Gray died banging his head against a steel pole in the gas chamber while reporters counted his moans.\" Gray was convicted for the murder of three-year-old Deressa Jean Scales in 1976, after kidnapping and anally raping her. During the April 6, 1992 execution of Donald Harding in Arizona, it took 11 minutes for death to occur. The prison warden stated that he would quit if required to conduct another gas chamber execution. Following Harding's execution, Arizona voted that all persons condemned after November 1992 would be executed by lethal injection. Following the execution of Robert Alton Harris, a federal court declared that \"execution by lethal gas under the California protocol is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual.\" By the late 20th century, most states had switched to methods considered to be more humane, such as lethal injection. California's gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison was converted to an execution chamber for lethal injection. As of 2020, the last person to be executed in the gas chamber was German national Walter LaGrand, sentenced to death before 1992, who was executed in Arizona on March 3, 1999. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit had ruled that he could not be executed by gas chamber, but the decision was overturned by the United States Supreme Court. The gas chamber was formerly used in Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina and Oregon. Six states, Arizona, California, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri and Wyoming, authorize lethal gas if lethal injection cannot be administered, the condemned committed their crime before a certain date, or the condemned chooses to die in the gas chamber. In October 2010, Governor of New York David Paterson signed a bill rendering gas chambers illegal for use by humane societies and other animal shelters.", "According to Zhirnov, in Soviet Union, NKVD commander Isay Berg adapted vans with the storage compartment sealed and exhaust redirected inside it. These vans were used by NKVD during the Great Purge under disguise of bread vans to poison the victims during their transportation to the execution.", "In 1937–1940, Lithuania operated a gas chamber in Aleksotas within the First Fort of the Kaunas Fortress. Before, the executions were carried out by hanging or by shooting. However, these methods were viewed as brutal and in January 1937, the criminal code was amended to provide execution by gas which at the time was viewed as more civilized and humane. Lithuania considered and rejected execution by poison. The first execution was carried on July 27, 1937: Bronius Pogužinskas, age 37, convicted of murder of five people from a Jewish family. Historian Sigita Černevičiūtė counted at least nine executions in the gas chamber, though records are incomplete and fragmentary. Of the nine, eight were convicted of murder. One, Aleksandras Maurušaitis, was in addition convicted of anti-government actions during the 1935 Suvalkija strike. The last known execution took place on May 19, 1940 for robbery. The fate of the gas chamber after the occupation by the Soviet Union in June 1940 is unclear.", "Nazi Germany made extensive use of various types of gas chamber for mass killing. Beginning in 1939, gas chambers were used as part of the Nazi euthanasia program aimed at eliminating physically and intellectually disabled people. Experiments in the gassing of patients were conducted in October 1939 in occupied Posen in Poland. Hundreds of prisoners were killed by carbon monoxide poisoning in an improvised gas chamber. In 1940 gas chambers using bottled pure carbon monoxide were established at six euthanasia centres in Germany. In addition to persons with disabilities, these centres were also used to kill prisoners transferred from concentration camps in Germany, Austria, and Poland. Killings of concentration camp inmates continued after the euthanasia program was officially shut down in 1941. During the invasion of Russia, mass executions by exhaust gas were performed by \"Einsatzgruppen\" using gas vans, trucks modified to divert engine exhaust into a sealed interior gas chamber. Starting in 1941, gas chambers were used at extermination camps in Poland for the mass killing of Jews, Roma, and other victims of the Holocaust. Gas vans were used at the Chełmno extermination camp. The Operation Reinhard extermination camps at Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka used exhaust fumes from stationary diesel engines. In search of more efficient killing methods, the Nazis experimented with using the hydrogen cyanide-based fumigant Zyklon B at the Auschwitz concentration camp. This method was adopted for mass killings at the Auschwitz and Majdanek camps. Up to 6000 victims were gassed with Zyklon-B each day at Auschwitz. Most extermination camp gas chambers were dismantled or destroyed in the last months of World War II as Soviet troops approached, except for those at Dachau, Sachsenhausen and Majdanek. One destroyed gas chamber at Auschwitz was reconstructed after the war to stand as a memorial.", "Kwon Hyok, a former head of security at Camp 22, described laboratories equipped with gas chambers for suffocation gas experiments, in which three or four people, normally a family, are the experimental subjects. After undergoing medical checks, the chambers are sealed and poison is injected through a tube, while scientists observe from above through glass. In a report reminiscent of an earlier account of a family of seven, Kwon claims to have watched one family of two parents, a son and a daughter die from suffocating gas, with the parents trying to save the children using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for as long as they had the strength. Kwon's testimony was supported by documents from Camp 22 describing the transfer of prisoners designated for the experiments. The documents were identified as genuine by Kim Sang Hun, a London-based expert on Korea and human rights activist. A press conference in Pyongyang, organized by North Korean authorities, denounced this.", "", "As implemented in the United States, the gas chamber is considered to be the most dangerous, most complicated, and most expensive method of administering the death penalty. The condemned person is strapped into a chair within an airtight chamber, which is then sealed. The executioner activates a mechanism which drops potassium cyanide (or sodium cyanide) pellets into a bath of sulfuric acid beneath the chair; the ensuing chemical reaction generates lethal hydrogen cyanide gas. The gas is visible to the condemned, who is advised to take several deep breaths to speed unconsciousness. Nonetheless, the condemned person often convulses and drools. There may also be urinating, defecating, and vomiting. Following the execution the chamber is purged with air, and any remnant gas is neutralized with anhydrous ammonia, after which the body can be removed (with great caution, as pockets of gas can be trapped in the victim's clothing).", "Nitrogen gas or oxygen-depleted air has been considered for human execution, as it can induce nitrogen asphyxiation. The victim detects little abnormal sensation as the oxygen level falls. This leads to asphyxiation (death from lack of oxygen) without the painful and traumatic feeling of suffocation, or the side effects of poisoning. In April 2015, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin approved a bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as an execution method. On March 14, 2018, Oklahoma Attorney General Mike Hunter and Corrections Director Joe M. Allbaugh announced a switch to nitrogen gas as the primary method of execution. After struggling for years to design a nitrogen execution protocol, the State of Oklahoma announced in February 2020 that it was abandoning the project after finding a reliable source of drugs to carry out the lethal injection executions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 55300, 83, 27983, 70, 111780, 13, 1992, 4745, 674, 707, 29127, 1294, 26950, 6, 212423, 390, 116338, 29685, 7, 100, 138379, 6044, 237, 552, 19364, 2980, 4, 64879, 1830, 4, 198, 80381, 4588, 4, 162882, 4, 842, 57278, 4, 707, 1360, 11, 1681, 5, 4263, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 101085, 56, 83, 142, 1119, 9, 65024, 42, 2750, 83, 224344, 71, 47, 765, 127887, 1620, 104643, 23, 2363, 11015, 80997, 4, 1836, 1543, 186, 61047, 297, 70, 219475, 111, 68772, 70, 12989, 47, 11476, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 903, 83, 23342, 4200, 111, 9942, 44767, 799, 53, 5, 1301, 10, 26950, 111, 100567, 214, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 4, 49903, 4, 11015, 71924, 17514, 765, 1902, 2856, 51876, 23, 70, 4420, 4, 8, 93, 297, 44948, 42822, 7, 4, 707, 3853, 146543, 47, 80923, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 55300, 11814, 47, 71924, 13, 131394, 11, 18339, 313, 27173, 4, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 111, 65124, 188, 240371, 4, 136, 40368, 3789, 36770, 40738, 10794, 933, 2750, 43374, 71, 47, 87388, 4049, 1295, 14537, 5, 3311, 3060, 117729, 4, 313, 27173, 145755, 47, 165292, 1919, 80923, 10932, 99, 70, 4568, 17932, 47, 2577, 1919, 71924, 1830, 1314, 5, 360, 3060, 50218, 4, 1632, 707, 1286, 43032, 111, 70, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 1543, 186, 31089, 71, 10, 142172, 70541, 214, 10, 44237, 41718, 91854, 5, 438, 32786, 111, 70, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 83, 30745, 8108, 12336, 2174, 1836, 621, 17368, 6867, 127385, 93, 1363, 5, 3293, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 19574, 50930, 70, 10422, 111, 45755, 92105, 111, 153579, 54940, 70, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 43032, 5, 3293, 45755, 92105, 111, 153579, 30482, 70, 71924, 1830, 9433, 1286, 215543, 6637, 70, 43032, 621, 1286, 47041, 47, 10, 464, 47, 67153, 2174, 1836, 621, 959, 167969, 9932, 4806, 100, 442, 4, 707, 2174, 2685, 83, 10, 18227, 1836, 6777, 959, 11476, 70, 95, 56680, 51876, 5, 1650, 2843, 114864, 12638, 32786, 111, 70, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 47, 18822, 7103, 19364, 7, 450, 764, 6777, 959, 165197, 11476, 10, 85235, 51876, 2451, 2472, 903, 31635, 4, 442, 83, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 2271, 175201, 68807, 740, 129551, 47, 436, 67, 5, 601, 5, 62, 5, 72742, 191, 4, 2750, 149976, 23, 70, 56101, 126140, 20271, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 136, 1902, 70, 16981, 111, 520, 6496, 678, 10, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 23, 18374, 64911, 4, 764, 136, 534, 230331, 3542, 28702, 13, 4126, 111, 2499, 6867, 127385, 93, 1363, 136, 2363, 10002, 111567, 7, 8108, 8035, 31089, 71, 91995, 674, 142172, 7, 5, 581, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 509, 7068, 34475, 10, 16610, 116483, 390, 142, 93324, 8108, 1836, 11476, 71, 10, 50833, 53, 99, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 332, 5, 1529, 2804, 1672, 70, 50094, 4, 44, 568, 1902, 70, 152796, 111, 141956, 450, 237, 33662, 237, 87, 11476, 71, 4, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 2499, 33844, 379, 378, 69442, 3674, 268, 450, 87, 1902, 2563, 538, 11476, 71, 10, 44237, 41718, 91854, 740, 360, 1286, 17309, 20028, 4, 6044, 237, 23, 70, 71924, 1830, 111, 33276, 701, 19824, 90968, 1679, 23, 70, 15672, 11341, 111, 345, 15581, 23, 36404, 1632, 111567, 669, 1543, 186, 34475, 10, 44, 10863, 1176, 58, 41718, 91854, 70541, 214, 10, 7866, 50208, 126, 64457, 111, 10, 37105, 50208, 126, 4, 3129, 87344, 10, 1286, 61207, 1771, 33844, 379, 5, 2161, 106, 7071, 64104, 10, 41267, 66, 46667, 4, 25203, 133, 75362, 4, 509, 71924, 297, 390, 10, 30839, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 99, 43703, 56, 372, 343, 7103, 8035, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 57491, 214, 100, 70, 56101, 39008, 12349, 20271, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 133698, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 166599, 13, 23, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 17262, 141621, 71, 30839, 66631, 7, 3542, 37842, 136, 71924, 297, 390, 10, 345, 5, 294, 5, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 99, 80640, 9, 441, 29860, 2118, 98, 1105, 14487, 26748, 5, 19669, 42, 8927, 3789, 30839, 7, 3542, 2843, 37842, 136, 51876, 99, 40101, 80640, 9, 441, 29860, 2118, 707, 88238, 5, 32255, 71924, 297, 66631, 7, 34739, 2831, 23, 205812, 9, 15268, 75101, 31, 71047, 75921, 3121, 53, 25, 7, 102203, 10255, 3190, 4, 23, 3129, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 30839, 75101, 232, 160404, 71, 50155, 345, 5, 294, 5, 124519, 4, 1163, 130203, 6238, 23, 345, 5, 294, 5, 61514, 7, 136, 98154, 5, 581, 30089, 3378, 163965, 111, 18592, 36510, 538, 63323, 933, 70, 127689, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 88669, 6032, 4, 1284, 42179, 20650, 7, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 47219, 203249, 100, 116338, 138379, 174176, 20271, 1631, 6032, 5, 5550, 27117, 47, 186, 159978, 71, 23113, 538, 4, 23, 213246, 678, 21640, 27165, 136, 5582, 14885, 4, 35735, 953, 111, 70, 18767, 163965, 4, 678, 4743, 42179, 47691, 1295, 70, 30089, 3378, 77699, 5, 581, 30089, 3378, 28864, 111, 67485, 53, 106914, 36293, 4, 23, 6863, 139539, 184017, 678, 1631, 6032, 29114, 5170, 4, 58735, 90, 70, 138379, 450, 621, 28368, 47, 70, 47219, 203249, 5, 581, 47219, 203249, 83, 8306, 70, 4734, 7722, 149357, 100, 10, 46824, 4, 136, 70, 1992, 4745, 674, 8110, 186, 566, 144429, 390, 70, 116338, 29685, 7, 5426, 5, 908, 70, 22599, 7, 111, 70, 30089, 3378, 28864, 111, 67485, 53, 106914, 170470, 13, 4, 70, 47219, 203249, 83, 175100, 1810, 390, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 5, 106073, 30089, 7464, 28897, 7, 70, 4527, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 20271, 1631, 6032, 4, 110, 158, 21605, 933, 3542, 20653, 71924, 297, 20271, 30089, 25, 7, 4568, 116338, 79612, 4, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 5, 581, 116338, 35768, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 1902, 2363, 149357, 7, 34390, 71, 390, 70, 34202, 111, 70, 47806, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 116338, 645, 927, 15555, 111, 70, 139869, 25958, 3163, 89829, 27759, 111, 61356, 4344, 1067, 23, 29733, 4, 54766, 66, 28214, 1290, 8055, 31, 148115, 65735, 173969, 297, 10, 36549, 111, 8698, 92, 1631, 54284, 110324, 7, 26548, 60013, 64370, 10932, 70, 23295, 5, 133698, 70, 5117, 21775, 111, 70, 14974, 4, 75281, 7, 111, 54766, 10133, 3542, 152388, 390, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 7, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6, 211603, 1830, 390, 809, 2852, 91, 91526, 4, 23, 70, 11015, 68018, 35839, 57574, 2298, 6238, 15, 161063, 70, 92265, 44, 74563, 379, 830, 111567, 247, 83, 10, 55300, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 4, 106480, 39210, 23, 70, 116338, 136, 23, 20028, 111, 1631, 5, 6, 211603, 1830, 390, 162049, 83, 10, 180663, 10332, 41361, 5, 31384, 89397, 100, 6863, 4527, 621, 450, 11476, 56859, 7, 621, 56104, 12301, 20102, 19882, 136, 10, 17863, 72697, 47, 10, 30306, 7484, 4, 6044, 237, 78574, 707, 26498, 4, 2684, 27983, 4, 1221, 67153, 35845, 538, 69405, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Military significance.", "Blank cartridge.", "By country.", "Belgium.", "Brazil.", "Chile.", "Cuba.", "Denmark.", "Finland.", "France.", "Indonesia.", "Ireland.", "Italy.", "Malta.", "Mexico.", "Netherlands.", "Nigeria.", "Norway.", "Philippines.", "Romania.", "Russia / USSR.", "Saudi Arabia.", "South Africa.", "United Arab Emirates.", "United Kingdom.", "United States." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The method is often the supreme punishment or disciplinary means employed by military courts for crimes such as cowardice, desertion, espionage, murder, mutiny, or treason. If the condemned prisoner is an ex-officer who is acknowledged to have shown bravery in their past career, they may be accorded the privilege of giving the order to fire. An example of this is Marshal of France Michel Ney. As a means of insulting the condemned, however, past executions have had them shot in the back, denied blindfolds, or even tied to chairs. This was the method used to execute Galeazzo Ciano, son-in-law of Benito Mussolini, and several other former Fascists who voted to remove him from power. By some reports, Ciano managed to twist his chair around at the last second to face his executioners.", "In some cases, one or more members of the firing squad may be issued a weapon containing a blank cartridge. No member of the firing squad is told beforehand if they are using live ammunition. This is believed to reinforce the sense of diffusion of responsibility among the firing squad members. This diffusion of responsibility makes the execution process more reliable because the members are more likely to aim to kill if they are not entirely blamed for it, or if there is a chance they did not fire the lethal shot. It also allows each member of the firing squad to believe afterwards that he did not personally fire a fatal shot—for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the \"conscience round\". According to Pte. W. A. Quinton, who served in the British Army during the First World War and had the experience of serving with a firing squad in October 1915, he and 11 colleagues were relieved of any live ammunition and their own rifles before being issued replacement weapons. The firing squad was then given a short speech by an officer before they fired a volley at the condemned man. He said about the episode, \"I had the satisfaction of knowing that as soon as I fired, the absence of any recoil [indicated] that I had merely fired a blank cartridge\". In more recent times, such as in the execution of Ronnie Lee Gardner in the American state of Utah in 2010, one rifleman may be given a \"dummy\" cartridge containing a wax bullet instead of a lead bullet, which provides a more realistic recoil.", "", "On 1 April 1916 a Belgian woman, Gabrielle Petit, was executed by a German firing squad at Schaerbeek after being convicted of spying for the British Secret Service during World War I. During the Battle of the Bulge in World War II, three captured German spies were tried and executed by a U.S. firing squad at Henri-Chapelle on 23 December 1944. Thirteen other Germans were also tried and shot at either Henri-Chapelle or Huy. These executed spies took part in Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny's Operation Greif, in which English-speaking German commandos operated behind U.S. lines, masquerading in U.S. uniforms and equipment.", "The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 expressly prohibits the usage of capital punishment in peacetime, but authorizes the use of the death penalty for military crimes committed during wartime. War needs to be declared formally, in accordance with international law and article 84, item 19 of the Federal Constitution, with due authorization from the Brazilian Congress. The Brazilian Code of Military Penal Law, in its chapter dealing with wartime offences, specifies the crimes that are subject to the death penalty. The death penalty is never the only possible sentence for a crime, and the punishment must be imposed by the military courts system. Per the norms of the Brazilian Code of Military Penal Procedure, the death penalty is carried out by firing squad. Although Brazil still permits the use of capital punishment during wartime, no convicts were actually executed during Brazil's last military conflict, the Second World War. The military personnel sentenced to death during World War II had their sentences reduced by the President of the Republic.", "Following the military overthrow of the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende in 1973, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet initiated a series of mock war tribunal trials against communists around the country. During the first months of the coup, hundreds of Chileans were killed by firing squads and summary executions.", "Cuba, as part of its penal system, still utilizes death by firing squad, although the last recorded execution was in 2003. In January 1992 a Cuban exile convicted of \"terrorism, sabotage and enemy propaganda\" was executed by firing squad. The Council of the State noted that the punishment served as a deterrent and stated that the death penalty \"fulfills a goal of overall prevention, especially when the idea is to stop such loathsome actions from being repeated, to deter others and so to prevent innocent human lives from being endangered in the future\". During the months following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, soldiers of the Batista government were executed by firing squad.", "Shortly after the end of the occupation, however, a supplement to the Criminal Code was also adopted, also called the National Traitor Act, which retroactively reintroduced the death penalty in Denmark. A total of 46 people were executed in the period 1946-50 following the special penal code supplement. The last death penalty in Denmark was executed on 20 July 1950 at Ib Birkedal Hansen, who was convicted of treason as a result of his work as a Gestapo interrogator and torture executioner during the occupation. The death penalty in the Penal Code was abolished in 1951.", "The death penalty was widely used during and after the Finnish Civil War (January–May 1918); some 9,700 Finns and an unknown number of Russian volunteers on Red side were executed during the war or in its aftermath. Most executions were carried out by firing squads after the sentences were given by illegal or semi-legal courts martial. Only some 250 persons were sentenced to death in courts acting on legal authority. During World War II some 500 persons were executed, half of them condemned spies. The usual causes for death penalty for Finnish citizens were treason and high treason (and to a lesser extent cowardice and disobedience, applicable for military personnel). Almost all cases of capital punishment were tried by court-martial. Usually the executions were carried out by the regimental military police platoon, or in the case of spies by the local military police. One Finn, Toivo Koljonen, was executed for a civilian crime (six murders). Most executions occurred in 1941 and during the Soviet Summer Offensive in 1944. The last death sentences were given in 1945 for murder, but later commuted to life imprisonment. The death penalty was abolished by Finnish law in 1949 for crimes committed during peacetime, and in 1972 for all crimes. Finland is party to the Optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, forbidding the use of the death penalty in all circumstances.", "Pte. Thomas Highgate was the first British soldier to be convicted of desertion and executed by firing squad in September 1914 at Tournan-en-Brie during World War I. In October 1916 Pte. Harry Farr was shot for cowardice at Carnoy, which was later suspected to be acoustic shock. Highgate and Farr, along with 304 other British and Imperial troops who were executed for similar offenses, were listed at the Shot at Dawn Memorial which was erected to honor them. On 15 October 1917 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Château de Vincennes castle in the town of Vincennes after being convicted of spying for Germany during World War I. During World War II, on 24 September 1944, Josef Wende and Stephan Kortas, two Poles drafted into the German army, crossed the Moselle Rivers behind U.S. lines in civilian clothes, posing as Polish slave laborers, to observe Allied strength and were to rejoin their own army on the same day. However, they were discovered by the Americans and arrested. On 18 October 1944 they were found guilty of espionage by a U.S. military commission and sentenced to death. On 11 November 1944 they were shot in the garden of a farmhouse at Toul. The footage of Wende's execution as well as Kortas's is shown in these links. On 31 January 1945, U.S. Army Pvt. Edward \"Eddie\" Slovik was executed by firing squad for desertion near the village of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. He was the first American soldier executed for such offense since the American Civil War. On 15 October 1945 Pierre Laval, the puppet leader of Nazi-occupied Vichy France, was executed by firing squad at Fresnes Prison in Paris for treason. On 11 March 1963 Jean Bastien-Thiry was the last person to be executed by firing squad for a failed attempt to assassinate of French president Charles de Gaulle.", "Execution by firing squad is the capital punishment method used in Indonesia. The following persons were executed (reported by BBC World Service) by firing squad on 29 April 2015 following convictions for drug offences: two Australians, Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan, the Ghanaian Martin Anderson, the Indonesian Zainal Abidin bin Mgs Mahmud Badarudin, three Nigerians: Raheem Agbaje Salami, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise and Okwudili Oyatanze, as well as Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte. In 2006 Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva and Marinus Riwu were executed. Nigerian drug smugglers Samuel Iwachekwu Okoye and Hansen Anthoni Nwaolisa were executed in June 2008 in Nusakambangan Island. Five months later three men convicted for the 2002 Bali bombing—Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron—were executed on the same spot in Nusakambangan. In January 2013 56-year-old British woman Lindsay Sandiford was sentenced to execution by firing squad for importing a large amount of cocaine; she lost her appeal against her sentence in April 2013. While on 18 January 2015, under the new leadership of Joko Widodo, six people who were convicted of producing and smuggling drugs into Indonesia who had been sentenced to death were executed at Nusa Kambangan Penitentiary shortly after midnight.", "Following the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland, 15 of the 16 leaders who were executed were shot by British military authorities under martial law. The executions have often been cited as a reason for how the Rising managed to galvanise public support in Ireland after the failed rebellion. Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, a split in the government and the Dail led to a Civil War during which the Free State Government sanctioned the executions by firing squad of 81 persons. Included in those numbers were some prominent prisoners who were executed without trial as reprisals.", "Italy had used the firing squad as its only form of death penalty, both for civilians and military, since the unification of the country in 1861. The death penalty was abolished completely by both Italian Houses of Parliament in 1889 but revived under the Italian dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in 1926. Mussolini was himself shot in the last days of World War Two. On 1 December 1945 Anton Dostler, the first German general to be tried for war crimes, was executed by a U.S. firing squad in Aversa after being found guilty by a U.S. military tribunal of ordering the killing of 15 U.S. prisoners of war in Italy during World War II. The last execution took place on 4 March 1947, as Francesco La Barbera, Giovanni Puleo and Giovanni D'Ignoti, sentenced to death on multiple accounts of robbery and murder, faced the firing squad at the range of Basse di Stura, near Turin. Soon after the Constitution of the newly proclaimed Republic prohibited the death penalty except for some crimes, like high treason, during wartime; no one was sentenced to death after 1947. In 2007 the Constitution was amended to ban the death penalty altogether.", "Firing squads were used during the French and British occupation of Malta. Ringleaders of rebellions were often shot dead by firing squad during the French period, with perhaps the most notable examples being Dun Mikiel Xerri and other patriots in 1799. The British also used the practice briefly, and for the last time in 1813, when two men were shot separately outside the courthouse after being convicted of failing to report their infection of plague to the authorities.", "During the Mexican Independence War, several Independentist generals (such as Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos) were executed by Spanish firing squads. Also, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and several of his generals were executed in the Cerro de las Campanas after the Juaristas took control of Mexico in 1867. Manet immortalized the execution in a now-famous painting, \"The Execution of Emperor Maximilian\"; he painted at least three versions. Firing-squad execution was the most common way to carry out a death sentence in Mexico, especially during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. An example of that is in the attempted execution of Wenseslao Moguel, who survived being shot ten times—once at point-blank range—because he fought under Pancho Villa. After these events, the death sentence was reduced to some events in Article 22 of the Mexican Constitution; however, in 1917 capital punishment was abolished completely.", "During the Nazi occupation in World War II some 3,000 persons were executed by German firing squads. The victims were sometimes sentenced by a military court; in other cases they were hostages or arbitrary people passing by who were executed publicly to intimidate the population and as reprisals against the resistance movements. After the attack on high-ranking German officer Hanns Albin Rauter, about 300 people were executed publicly as reprisal. Rauter himself was executed near Scheveningen on 12 January 1949, following his conviction for war crimes. Anton Mussert, a Dutch Nazi leader, was sentenced to death by firing squad and executed in the dunes near The Hague on 7 May 1946. While under Allied guard in Amsterdam, and five days after the capitulation of Nazi Germany, two German Navy deserters were shot by a firing squad composed of other German prisoners kept in the Canadian-run prisoner-of-war camp. The men were lined up against the wall of an air raid shelter near an abandoned Ford Motor Company assembly plant in the presence of Canadian military.", "Nigeria executed criminals who committed armed robberies—such as Ishola Oyenusi, Lawrence Anini and Monday Osunbor—as well as military officers convicted of plotting coups against the government, such as Buka Suka Dimka and Maj. Gideon Orkar, by firing squad. It is still being used to this day.", "Vidkun Quisling, the leader of the collaborationist Nasjonal Samling Party and of Norway during the German occupation in World War II, was sentenced to death for treason and was executed by firing squad on 24 October 1945 at the Akershus Fortress.", "Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad on the morning of 30 December 1896, in what is now Rizal Park, where his remains have since been placed. During the Marcos administration, drug trafficking was punishable by firing-squad execution, as was done to Lim Seng. Execution by firing squad was later replaced by the electric chair, then lethal injection. On 24 June 2006 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo abolished capital punishment by Republic Act 9346. Existing death row inmates, who numbered in the thousands, were eventually given life sentences or reclusion perpetua instead.", "Nicolae Ceaușescu was executed by firing squad alongside his wife while singing the Communist Internationale following a show trial, bringing an end to the Romanian Revolution, on Christmas Day, 1989.", "In Tsarist Russia firing squads were, undoubtedly, used in the army, for executions during combat on the orders of military tribunals. In the Soviet Union, from the very earliest days, the bullet to the back of the head, in front of a ready-dug burial trench was by far the most common practice. It became especially widely used during the Great Purge.", "Executions in Saudi Arabia are usually carried out by beheading; however, at times other methods have been used. Al-Beshi, a Saudi executioner, has said that he has conducted some executions by shooting. Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud, a Saudi princess, was also executed in the same way.", "Australian soldiers Harry \"Breaker\" Morant and Peter Handcock were executed by a British firing squad in the South African Republic on 27 February 1902 for war crimes during the Second Boer War.", "In the United Arab Emirates, firing squad is the preferred method of execution.", "Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom was limited to times of war, armed insurrection and in the military, although it is now outlawed in all circumstances, along with all other forms of capital punishment. The Tower of London was used during both World Wars for executions. During World War I, 11 captured German spies were shot between 1914 and 1916, nine on the Tower's rifle range and two in the Tower Ditch. All of these spies were buried in East London Cemetery, in Plaistow, London. On 15 August 1941, German Cpl. Josef Jakobs was shot for espionage during World War II, the last person to be executed at the Tower. The United States Army took over Shepton Mallet prison in Somerset in 1942, renaming it Disciplinary Training Center No.1 and housing troops convicted of offences across Europe. There were eighteen executions at the prison, two of them by firing squad for murder: Pvt. Alexander Miranda on 30 May 1944 and Pvt. Benjamin Pygate on 28 November 1944. Locals complained about the noise, as the executions took place in the prison yard at 1:00am. Since the 1960s, there has been some controversy concerning the 346 British and Imperial troopsincluding 25 Canadians, 22 Irish and five New Zealandersshot for desertion, murder, cowardice and other offences during World War I, some of whom are now thought to have been suffering from combat stress reaction or post-traumatic stress disorder (\"shell-shock\", as it was then known). This led to organisations such as the Shot at Dawn Campaign being set up in later years to try to uncover just why these soldiers were executed. The Shot at Dawn Memorial was erected at Staffordshire to honour these soldiers.", "In the American Civil War, 433 of the 573 men executed (186 of the 267 executed by the Union Army and 247 of the 306 executed by the Confederate Army) were shot by a firing squad. In 1913, Andriza Mircovich became the first and only inmate in Nevada to be executed by shooting. After the warden of Nevada State Prison could not find five men to form a firing squad, a shooting machine was built to carry out Mircovich's execution. John W. Deering allowed an electrocardiogram recording of the effect of gunshot wounds on his heart during his 1938 execution by firing squad, and afterwards his body was donated to the University of Utah School of Medicine, at his request. Utah's 1960 execution of James W. Rodgers became the last execution by firing squad in the United States for nearly two decades. Since 1960 there have been three executions by firing squad, all in Utah: Gary Gilmore was executed in 1977, while John Albert Taylor chose a firing squad for his 1996 execution, according to \"The New York Times\", \"to make a statement that Utah was sanctioning murder\". However, a 2010 article for the British newspaper \"The Times\" quotes Taylor justifying his choice because he did not want to \"flop around like a dying fish\" during a lethal injection. Ronnie Lee Gardner was executed by firing squad in 2010, having said he preferred this method of execution because of his \"Mormon heritage\". Gardner also felt that lawmakers were trying to eliminate the firing squad, in opposition to popular opinion in Utah, because of concern over the state's image in the 2002 Winter Olympics. Execution by firing squad was banned in Utah in 2004, but as the ban was not retroactive; three inmates on Utah's death row have the firing squad set as their method of execution. Idaho banned execution by firing squad in 2009, temporarily leaving Oklahoma as the only state in the union utilizing this method of execution (and only as a secondary method). Reluctance by drug companies to see their drugs used to kill people has led to a shortage of the commonly used lethal injection drugs. In March 2015, Utah enacted legislation allowing for execution by firing squad if the drugs they use are unavailable. Several other states are also exploring a return to the firing squad. Justice Sonia Sotomayor argued in \"Arthur v. Dunn\": \"In addition to being near instant, death by shooting may also be comparatively painless... And historically, the firing squad has yielded significantly fewer botched executions.\" In February 2019, South Carolina's Senate voted 26–13 in favor of a revived proposal to bring back the electric chair and add firing squads to its execution options." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 3671, 516, 67, 831, 186, 7228, 1810, 111, 5941, 12921, 76319, 4, 26719, 87850, 90, 4, 114457, 21941, 4, 67155, 214, 124519, 4, 162985, 4, 101275, 79315, 7, 4, 203599, 6, 32271, 707, 16569, 1439, 13, 5, 62, 47593, 1543, 186, 11814, 47, 107137, 33, 70, 3671, 516, 67, 74, 70, 195374, 2565, 20653, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 47593, 68034, 4, 221, 442, 83, 10, 44, 2500, 7, 502, 22034, 58, 7440, 70, 28, 5416, 35801, 223, 82761, 1543, 20653, 186, 146291, 5, 360, 195374, 4, 70, 13579, 1543, 2843, 15005, 47, 10, 6, 131803, 136, 47593, 11814, 47, 158, 144225, 10, 400, 6492, 237, 10, 134357, 13, 75186, 5, 66016, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 70, 3671, 516, 67, 1556, 2809, 186085, 6, 212423, 237, 10, 142172, 390, 79063, 1314, 237, 10, 103967, 26950, 111, 200, 30319, 9325, 10484, 136, 3789, 22, 195, 53, 35768, 5, 72022, 10763, 23, 70, 4527, 111, 60042, 9, 978, 24908, 136, 6, 128659, 52021, 3671, 40337, 90, 83, 99201, 23, 70, 23189, 111, 5941, 100307, 116338, 25072, 7, 136, 5361, 84616, 5, 62, 222201, 116338, 3671, 516, 67, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 109412, 33, 34831, 7, 220642, 47, 10, 140909, 111, 110677, 1439, 13, 74, 70, 1439, 13, 83, 40956, 297, 645, 10, 9325, 1294, 25, 7, 10336, 136, 198932, 5705, 18, 23, 1632, 78112, 5, 6678, 63052, 7, 111, 70, 92265, 184293, 206010, 765, 11814, 10, 17311, 10644, 111, 41929, 9, 28354, 3671, 516, 67, 15, 107, 2875, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 143, 459, 50027, 74054, 7440, 10, 41929, 552, 379, 111, 6, 131803, 707, 6, 32271, 83, 36069, 20051, 10932, 10, 91519, 25, 7, 108, 2594, 136, 7068, 198932, 5705, 18, 5, 31267, 2174, 70, 91519, 50065, 7, 98, 1632, 111, 70, 552, 7870, 4, 764, 4734, 214493, 7, 23, 808, 228624, 70, 3789, 5, 581, 3671, 516, 67, 509, 38134, 538, 6, 212423, 23, 729, 927, 9, 136, 543, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 5596, 237, 142, 110938, 2320, 75186, 4, 106480, 390, 70, 12613, 23359, 13, 58984, 5, 51593, 118, 23850, 7, 11814, 10, 205811, 5795, 92, 707, 20450, 927, 35006, 420, 35839, 10, 7853, 79400, 5, 581, 42878, 11389, 111, 70, 3671, 516, 67, 195409, 49504, 1636, 10, 472, 10869, 99, 70, 27585, 179140, 47, 36442, 23, 134616, 214, 70, 21, 44413, 425, 12960, 22008, 4027, 25720, 81147, 47, 70, 91519, 25, 7, 4420, 4, 56104, 678, 10, 57616, 707, 472, 86, 13, 5, 581, 3671, 516, 67, 15, 16, 83, 51529, 47, 765, 2809, 11814, 23, 70, 5117, 142642, 77269, 23, 51651, 5, 1650, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 15426, 7, 111, 70, 77648, 18826, 2104, 72173, 1657, 54547, 2408, 4, 7440, 180255, 22230, 26719, 67325, 223, 74352, 3834, 150926, 67478, 103878, 3542, 10708, 32502, 678, 10, 44, 143, 944, 223, 58, 23, 70, 35860, 150, 65423, 4, 136, 70, 29479, 83, 127887, 23, 3060, 39395, 123046, 7, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 44, 1052, 446, 1264, 59843, 8, 853, 51821, 7, 125567, 7, 82, 72851, 5425, 830, 21701, 87, 4, 915, 5, 138, 8894, 5173, 98864, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 11814, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 23, 84740, 136, 15604, 5, 1650, 509, 6, 212423, 20271, 70, 44, 2271, 121061, 58, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 4, 959, 78458, 23, 70, 71924, 1830, 111, 70, 8942, 11, 6, 88940, 748, 25124, 1132, 289, 763, 5, 360, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 71924, 1830, 390, 10708, 177, 72403, 509, 70488, 100, 4552, 11192, 51521, 7, 136, 43032, 111, 70, 3114, 2069, 14449, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 195374, 11389, 4, 10, 6, 84201, 91693, 509, 11814, 64457, 111, 10, 808, 228624, 3365, 320, 5, 133698, 70, 4267, 99076, 320, 5550, 111, 543, 8318, 132869, 2592, 4, 92265, 84616, 186085, 11814, 70, 3671, 516, 67, 47, 71924, 13, 195374, 44, 32527, 42, 33150, 232, 830, 494, 525, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 233, 54137, 7, 111, 113157, 1771, 79986, 5, 62, 67688, 543, 963, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 99665, 238, 3671, 516, 67, 118775, 23, 84740, 4, 136, 98, 1372, 7071, 543, 3882, 4, 70, 3671, 516, 67, 509, 159978, 71, 70, 31247, 55300, 111, 71924, 214, 9782, 72004, 23, 450, 23295, 5, 360, 4347, 117430, 4, 70, 4568, 3835, 3671, 516, 1916, 23, 84740, 509, 51339, 297, 23, 5755, 5, 24372, 450, 4, 756, 71924, 17514, 3542, 51339, 297, 46132, 101085, 7, 5, 581, 4568, 117907, 66, 71924, 17514, 23, 84740, 4, 15044, 390, 3671, 516, 1916, 4, 3542, 8382, 111, 156884, 4061, 988, 23, 4347, 41722, 136, 17151, 28528, 24277, 21552, 23, 20414, 41722, 5, 169549, 27047, 1363, 1902, 143434, 5941, 138379, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 49586, 1297, 53, 9, 5130, 820, 16, 47, 6817, 1379, 70, 100491, 428, 10763, 111, 116338, 27165, 74, 4911, 7, 4, 117303, 1010, 22230, 41207, 538, 50336, 297, 117907, 66, 71924, 17514, 5, 67485, 53, 71924, 17514, 3542, 7464, 51339, 297, 23, 84740, 24189, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 581, 3671, 16210, 5180, 111, 65528, 169, 5024, 169, 15, 30544, 9351, 80450, 11617, 30982, 5076, 16, 136, 61356, 151235, 8332, 206, 23, 11994, 27898, 4, 15044, 158, 686, 89829, 23, 70, 36160, 1419, 22836, 111, 200, 30319, 35206, 93324, 7, 4, 3542, 70, 4568, 11341, 9, 1462, 10763, 297, 3671, 16210, 5180, 23, 84740, 136, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 17106, 70, 29733, 106914, 28864, 4, 117303, 1010, 22230, 24145, 13438, 26859, 50336, 214, 71924, 1830, 23, 117907, 66, 50218, 5, 4263, 70, 47219, 203249, 1902, 959, 2809, 10, 40285, 67175, 23, 25695, 7103, 44, 408, 1674, 24049, 58, 22600, 36160, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 442, 83, 2684, 47041, 450, 117907, 66, 71924, 17514, 2806, 765, 138755, 71, 5, 581, 4568, 332, 47, 186, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 390, 3671, 516, 1916, 509, 17151, 27669, 8759, 272, 188, 44, 583, 237, 90, 4043, 8, 162676, 141, 7438, 58, 23, 18374, 27193, 4, 100, 10, 41929, 49586, 1297, 53, 1104, 5130, 820, 23, 4347, 27898, 5, 8759, 272, 188, 50336, 297, 71924, 1830, 4, 1284, 1919, 149357, 509, 375, 561, 3674, 5, 116267, 101085, 56, 124901, 117907, 66, 47219, 149357, 509, 375, 561, 3674, 509, 8063, 669, 20178, 21786, 818, 4, 100, 70, 18264, 200, 30319, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 3671, 516, 67, 707, 3671, 516, 67, 1063, 15, 11, 195374, 2565, 74, 30700, 10010, 33992, 26698, 3671, 3838, 13, 136, 21373, 20117, 7, 16, 83, 10, 142172, 4, 2684, 27983, 10, 3535, 100038, 19881, 6644, 111, 121293, 4, 6, 131803, 4, 35006, 420, 4, 1439, 13, 707, 67155, 214, 13315, 11814, 47, 10708, 15592, 10, 3445, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Assassination weapon.", "Execution device.", "Abolition." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire. A stick may be used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself, so it is a \"pars pro toto\" where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device. Since World War II, the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of killing sentries and other enemy personnel. Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion. Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrote (referred to as \"la loupe\"), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other. The garrote was widely employed in 17th- and 18th-century India as an assassination device, particularly by the Thuggee cult. Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl. The Indian version of the garrote frequently incorporates a knot at the center intended to aid in crushing the larynx while someone applies pressure to the victim's back, usually with a foot or knee.", "The garrote () is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a \"laqueus\" in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., \"Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains\", tome I, p. 341 (1919). It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the \"conquista\" of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish \"guerrilleros\", priests, and other opponents of Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons.", "The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery-murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Chez (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted in the Francoist State of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after \"caudillo\" Francisco Franco's death, it is most likely that civilian executions would have resumed. The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto \"el asesino de Pedralbes\" in October 1977, for a double robbery–murder in May 1974. Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the death penalty was abolished after a new constitution was adopted in 1978. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich) from the \"Consejo General del Poder Judicial\" to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona. It was displayed in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel \"La familia de Pascual Duarte\" until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 107, 46741, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 25074, 92265, 42792, 44, 102, 33150, 830, 91084, 44, 188, 59226, 5773, 4, 34196, 4, 4787, 4, 101637, 23, 69407, 111, 308, 3632, 214, 58, 15, 238, 5, 702, 86468, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 17164, 297, 237, 10, 110, 309, 23, 616, 9185, 678, 70, 201951, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 103488, 111, 143092, 4127, 7, 707, 11374, 105237, 47, 107222, 7, 707, 3564, 9, 223, 1314, 5, 31384, 101597, 1314, 1543, 74703, 47, 8063, 59463, 4, 136, 6044, 40575, 621, 24117, 71, 44, 6431, 9, 107, 46741, 103488, 1242, 360, 3060, 100491, 18403, 5256, 707, 10776, 7, 4, 8437, 80934, 7, 111, 101597, 40140, 18929, 450, 99, 19713, 2248, 33297, 111, 40575, 103488, 8110, 186, 47, 3564, 9, 223, 1314, 5, 201951, 214, 27983, 74918, 7, 23, 101597, 4343, 7, 707, 4516, 137633, 9035, 4, 1284, 1543, 2843, 74918, 8305, 8951, 143092, 6044, 237, 8305, 12604, 214, 116491, 4, 1911, 9, 188, 9, 24401, 40575, 707, 65133, 86723, 7, 5, 106073, 70, 6528, 111, 101597, 83, 27983, 137272, 678, 70, 59038, 111, 4127, 7, 4, 70, 13579, 1543, 186, 190659, 47, 4516, 9, 93136, 14202, 450, 74703, 201951, 16839, 7, 765, 13835, 71, 16792, 142, 45964, 20028, 5, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 77950, 100, 52350, 4, 31895, 23, 3784, 6496, 1909, 720, 76519, 4, 112474, 4420, 1286, 3501, 84428, 5369, 5, 1301, 91944, 5256, 3514, 434, 4, 1909, 720, 509, 91995, 71, 678, 101597, 52350, 23, 3784, 6496, 43780, 4588, 5, 503, 30319, 136, 129004, 621, 17569, 47, 765, 74216, 71, 23, 14237, 146410, 15, 49748, 176672, 16, 23, 10932, 70, 361, 927, 9, 74877, 19, 53208, 335, 10854, 5, 96123, 14, 122061, 26847, 47, 77950, 111, 128489, 13, 19927, 7, 136, 52350, 27585, 7, 23, 602, 289, 92, 117889, 23, 4697, 1121, 15, 78263, 335, 10854, 247, 128342, 92, 88238, 2247, 23, 5744, 9, 5636, 176672, 19107, 4, 4283, 1104, 758, 4, 15128, 335, 10854, 247, 845, 26932, 31, 4700, 10715, 335, 10854, 16, 136, 26832, 11, 15, 68037, 335, 10854, 194, 13527, 1831, 4, 3835, 16839, 7, 3542, 51529, 23, 142, 45964, 214733, 399, 4, 62, 46048, 1651, 4, 66084, 4300, 1883, 4, 136, 61527, 5, 32255, 16839, 7, 205794, 95699, 34, 138518, 10, 3687, 23, 70, 59444, 25, 7, 27585, 5, 8018, 67688, 214, 360, 11214, 13, 1405, 30715, 136, 14713, 4, 35845, 538, 10846, 28123, 19927, 7, 3542, 47, 186, 14037, 74, 64457, 4, 59463, 172458, 3934, 70, 52350, 45211, 25, 7, 117528, 7440, 1836, 45252, 297, 7398, 28661, 214, 50717, 105237, 678, 52350, 7, 1055, 5, 360, 702, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 9020, 4, 102403, 4295, 4, 136, 13461, 155892, 1314, 3542, 51529, 47, 32316, 136, 11969, 3443, 7, 54324, 44, 2179, 133381, 86, 10821, 19336, 1631, 90, 237, 5299, 237, 16195, 5170, 136, 54411, 7, 58, 1284, 67155, 136, 3789, 117, 4745, 19736, 3542, 54324, 8305, 16839, 7, 4, 11034, 56, 3796, 26255, 4, 4571, 2594, 37499, 4, 280, 4028, 603, 7, 707, 3789, 52895, 111, 43841, 77750, 116366, 5, 360, 70, 1286, 132573, 223, 162708, 4, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 19927, 7, 3542, 86595, 47, 74216, 390, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 5024, 1515, 4, 10, 92264, 127918, 33652, 187, 23662, 33636, 297, 10, 13036, 76106, 450, 110281, 297, 19927, 21777, 1295, 5941, 43222, 10932, 5, 70829, 19, 237, 44, 3957, 96190, 7, 58, 903, 92264, 33652, 187, 23662, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 70, 5117, 111, 6863, 8562, 23, 14713, 5, 235871, 7, 111, 5024, 1515, 25, 7, 11214, 13, 1405, 96190, 4, 3129, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 5622, 47, 70, 4122, 22820, 927, 142642, 4, 831, 7464, 186, 14037, 23, 5024, 72567, 5, 360, 70, 702, 927, 707, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 15700, 187, 23662, 678, 40368, 19927, 7, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 44, 397, 13631, 26976, 96190, 58, 23, 17686, 104588, 5, 581, 74216, 3956, 111, 48800, 3311, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 28123, 19927, 7, 678, 1286, 20324, 71702, 21974, 3542, 86595, 47, 15811, 48538, 16839, 7, 136, 44075, 7, 237, 70, 5201, 101597, 148053, 5, 114413, 19927, 184308, 7, 3542, 36457, 23, 39555, 11907, 14941, 16839, 59444, 5, 32255, 19927, 184308, 7, 54324, 4537, 1143, 206, 8915, 184, 4, 5045, 1884, 10, 158, 99736, 6635, 50080, 6620, 4343, 707, 10, 4537, 4343, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 25031, 87416, 4, 10, 1143, 3443, 23, 8801, 93017, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 611, 7709, 4, 54324, 16195, 5170, 33233, 8752, 16387, 7, 136, 109379, 7, 5, 25031, 18343, 1003, 111, 239, 16336, 1515, 101597, 297, 101087, 4, 47, 402, 13400, 4, 24, 7870, 136, 25230, 1444, 99, 15044, 1919, 19927, 136, 99, 70, 9879, 16839, 7, 5, 18763, 1809, 964, 87168, 122273, 7, 450, 764, 66933, 2684, 111, 1919, 1733, 58172, 214, 38742, 100, 11473, 99, 70, 9879, 16839, 4, 3129, 91048, 142, 26794, 425, 111, 59463, 3934, 59444, 5, 1301, 70, 14012, 111, 19927, 7, 3514, 434, 4, 1836, 1379, 74797, 10, 167201, 5, 581, 87631, 5180, 111, 10, 5744, 19927, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 167969, 146291, 1295, 70, 37195, 8927, 927, 9, 136, 39395, 59671, 8927, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 4343, 4, 128839, 538, 7228, 3917, 100, 4343, 14566, 7, 136, 19927, 20549, 7, 450, 621, 1286, 16031, 47, 5744, 19927, 21777, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 136659, 5997, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 222201, 101597, 4343, 1902, 110, 105416, 4, 44116, 50218, 4, 80923, 7, 4, 191551, 7, 4, 151134, 112875, 4, 3021, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 54591, 100, 70, 43373, 47, 6, 140773, 184, 1143, 206, 8915, 184, 4, 23996, 136, 12319, 38742, 80723, 47, 186, 19882, 4, 678, 101597, 76106, 7, 1295, 70, 72399, 729, 927, 136, 39395, 543, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 203736, 214, 509, 38134, 538, 11814, 1295, 70, 39395, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 14941, 6868, 4597, 7, 6275, 297, 47, 70, 38352, 99, 3129, 70019, 214, 581, 5744, 1615, 111, 101597, 214, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 14922, 1295, 70, 25297, 98834, 47, 70, 952, 271, 142642, 5, 360, 13036, 162708, 4, 70, 130625, 4343, 74216, 71, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 47, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 28123, 538, 456, 2420, 20051, 33652, 62122, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 201951, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 143092, 107222, 4127, 7, 707, 11374, 47, 59463, 8305, 48716, 86723, 7, 111, 113068, 47, 85168, 10, 18348, 5, 201951, 1314, 40407, 53, 35968, 207487, 8305, 10, 100677, 121293, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 64545, 34759, 58, 83, 205794, 190659, 7440, 10, 4516, 81450, 26292, 7, 70, 19336, 12989, 7, 111, 5941, 79165, 4, 2750, 621, 3564, 9, 223, 1314, 4, 43257, 3501, 21334, 12989, 7, 111, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 28271, 7, 1935, 4, 145781, 707, 27759, 16361, 133, 5, 80298, 137567, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 27992, 111, 129004, 38742, 5, 160193, 903, 83, 16940, 47, 113054, 2704, 4127, 7, 4, 26719, 30050, 7, 31075, 6044, 237, 15381, 136, 203538, 74, 68018, 442, 51776, 3687, 237, 10, 89011, 43315, 103488, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Definition and explanation.", "History.", "Retailing in antiquity.", "Retailing in Medieval Europe.", "Retailing in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.", "Retailing in the modern era.", "Retail strategy.", "The retail marketing mix.", "Product.", "Product assortment.", "Customer service and supporting services.", "Place.", "Location.", "Channels.", "Pricing strategy and tactics.", "Pricing tactics.", "Personnel and staffing.", "Selling and sales techniques.", "Promotion.", "Presentation.", "Designing retail spaces.", "Shopper profiles.", "Retail format: types of retail outlet.", "Retail type by product.", "Retail types by marketing strategy.", "Other retail types.", "Challenges.", "Global top ten retailers.", "Competition.", "Mergers and acquisitions.", "Statistics for national retail sales.", "United States.", "Central Europe.", "World.", "Consolidation.", "See also." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word \"retail\" comes from the Old French verb \"tailler\", meaning \"to cut off, clip, pare, divide in terms of tailoring\" (c. 1365). It was first recorded as a noun in 1433 with the", "Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or end-users. Some retailers may sell to business customers, and such sales are termed \"non-retail activity.\" In some jurisdictions or regions, legal definitions of retail specify that at least 80 percent of sales activity must be to end-users. Retailing often occurs in retail stores or service establishments, but may also occur through direct selling such as through vending machines, door-to-door sales or electronic channels. Although the idea of retail is often associated with the purchase of goods, the term may be applied to service-providers that sell", "", "Retail markets have existed since ancient times. Archaeological evidence for trade, probably involving barter systems, dates back more than 10,000 years. As civilizations grew, barter was replaced with retail trade involving coinage. Selling and buying are thought to have emerged in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) in around the 7th-millennium BCE. Gharipour points to evidence of primitive shops and trade centers in Sialk Hills in Kashan (6000 BCE), Catalk Huyuk in modern-day Turkey (7,500–5,700 BCE), Jericho (2600 BCE) and Susa (4000 BCE). Open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, and Egypt. These markets typically occupied a place in the town's center. Surrounding", "In Medieval England and Europe, relatively few permanent shops were to be found; instead, customers walked into the tradesman's workshops where they discussed purchasing options directly with tradesmen. In 13th-century London, mercers, and haberdashers were known to exist and grocers sold \"miscellaneous small wares as well as spices and medicines\" but fish and other perishables were sold through markets, costermongers, hucksters, peddlers or other types of itinerant vendor. In the more populous cities, a small number of shops were beginning to emerge by the 13th century. In Chester, a medieval covered shopping arcade represented a major innovation that attracted shoppers from many miles around. Known as \"The Rows\" this medieval shopping arcade is believed to be the first of its kind in Europe. Fragments of Chester's Medieval Row, which is believed to date to the mid-13th century, can still be found in Cheshire. In the 13th or 14th century, another arcade with several shops was recorded at \"Drapery Row\" in Winchester. The emergence of street", "By the 17th century, permanent shops with more regular trading hours were beginning to supplant markets and fairs as the main retail outlet. Provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town. These shopkeepers sold general merchandise, much like a contemporary convenience store or a general store. For example, William Allen, a mercer in Tamworth who died in 1604, sold spices alongside furs and fabrics. William Stout of Lancaster retailed sugar, tobacco, nails and prunes at both his shop and at the central markets. His autobiography reveals that he spent most of his time preparing products for sale at the central market, which brought an influx of customers into town. As the number of shops grew, they underwent a transformation. The trappings of a modern shop, which had been entirely absent from the sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century store, gradually made way for store interiors and shopfronts that are more familiar to modern shoppers. Prior to the eighteenth century, the typical retail store had no counter, display cases, chairs, mirrors, changing rooms, etc. However, the opportunity for the customer to browse merchandise, touch and feel products began to be available, with retail innovations from the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Glazing was widely used from the early 18th century. English commentators pointed to the speed at which glazing", "The modern era of retailing is defined as the period from the industrial revolution to the 21st century. In major cities, the department store emerged in the mid- to late 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and redefined concepts of service and luxury. The term, \"department store\" originated in America. In 19th-century England, these stores were known as emporia or warehouse shops. In London, the first department stores appeared in Oxford Street and Regent Street, where they formed part of a distinctly modern shopping precinct. When London draper, William Whiteley attempted to transform his Bayswater drapery store into a department store by adding a meat and vegetable department and an Oriental Department in around 1875, he met with extreme resistance from other shop-keepers, who resented that he was encroaching on their territory and poaching their customers. Before long, however, major department stores began to open across the US, Britain and Europe from the mid-nineteenth century, including Harrod's of London in 1834; Kendall's in Manchester in 1836; Selfridges of London in 1909; Macy's", "The distinction between \"strategic\" and \"managerial\" decision-making is commonly used to distinguish \"two phases having different goals and based on different conceptual tools. Strategic planning concerns the choice of policies aiming at improving the competitive position of the firm, taking account of challenges and opportunities proposed by the competitive environment. On the other hand, managerial decision-making is focused on the implementation of specific targets.\" In retailing, the strategic plan is designed to set out the vision and provide guidance for retail decision-makers and provide an outline of how the product and service mix will optimize customer satisfaction. As part of the strategic planning process, it is customary for strategic planners to carry out a detailed environmental scan", "See also product management; promotion mix; marketing mix; price; servicescapes and retail design Once the strategic plan is in place, retail managers turn to the more managerial aspects of planning. A retail mix is devised for the purpose of coordinating day-to-day tactical decisions. The retail marketing mix typically consists of six broad decision layers including product decisions, place decisions, promotion, price, personnel and presentation (also known as physical evidence). The retail mix is loosely based on the marketing mix, but has been expanded and modified in line with the unique needs of the retail context. A number of scholars have argued for an expanded marketing, mix with the inclusion of two new Ps, namely, \"Personnel\" and \"Presentation\" since these contribute to the customer's unique retail experience and are the principal basis for retail differentiation. Yet other scholars argue that the \"Retail Format\" (i.e. retail formula) should be included. The modified retail marketing mix that is most commonly cited in textbooks is often called the \"6 Ps of retailing\" (see diagram at right).", "See Product management The primary product-related decisions facing the retailer are the product assortment (what product lines, how many lines and which brands to carry); the type of customer service (high contact through to self-service) and the availability of support services (e.g. credit terms, delivery services, after sales care). These decisions depend on careful analysis of the market, demand, competition as well as the retailer's skills and expertise.", "The term product assortment refers to the combination of both product breadth and depth. The main characteristics of a company's product assortment are: For a retailer, finding the right balance between breadth and depth can be a key to success. An average supermarket might carry 30,000–60,000 different product lines (product length or assortment), but might carry up to 100 different types of toothpaste (product depth). Speciality retailers typically carry fewer product lines, perhaps as few as 20 lines, but will normally stock greater depth. Costco, for example, carries 5,000 different lines while Aldi carries just 1,400 lines per store. Large assortments offer", "Customer service is the \"sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from [the] retail establishment.\" Retailers must decide whether to provide a full service outlet or minimal service outlet, such as no-service in the case of vending machines; self-service with only basic sales assistance or a full service operation as in many boutiques and speciality stores. In addition, the retailer needs to make decisions about sales support such as customer delivery and after sales customer care. Retailing services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services, advisory services, exchange/ return services, product demonstration, special orders, customer loyalty programs, limited-scale trial, advisory services and a range of other supporting services. Retail stores often seek to differentiate along customer service lines. For example, some department stores offer the services of a \"stylist\"; a fashion advisor, to assist customers selecting a fashionable wardrobe for the forthcoming season, while smaller boutiques may allow regular customers to take goods home \"on approval\", enabling the customer to try out goods before making the final purchase. The variety of supporting services offered is known as the \"service type.\" At one end of the spectrum, self-service operators offer few basic support services.", "Place decisions are primarily concerned with consumer access and may involve location, space utilisation and operating hours.", "Also see Site selection The perspective of marketing in large-scale enterprises is based on the theory of supply chain management; it emphasizes that the suppliers, large-scale retail enterprises, and customers form a chain of cooperative marketing that establishes mutually beneficial long-term relationships. Relationship marketing of huge retail enterprises from the perspective of supply chain mainly includes two relationship markets, supplier relationships, and customer relationships, as the two greatest influences on retail profits are suppliers and customers. First, as the supplier of commodities to retail enterprises, it directly determines the procurement cost of commodities to retail enterprises, which is mainly reflected in the purchase price of commodities themselves, the cost incurred in the procurement process, and the loss cost caused by unstable supply of commodities. In addition, the good relationship with supplier interaction, large retail enterprises can also promote the suppliers timely grasp the market information, improved or innovative", "A major retail trend has been the shift to multi-channel retailing. To counter the disruption caused by online retail, many bricks and mortar retailers have entered the online retail space, by setting up online catalogue sales and e-commerce websites. However, many retailers have noticed that consumers behave differently when shopping online. For instance, in terms of choice of online platform, shoppers tend to choose the online site of their preferred retailer initially, but as they gain more experience in online shopping, they become less loyal and more likely to switch to other retail sites. Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home.", "See also Pricing Strategies The broad pricing strategy is normally established in the company's overall strategic plan. In the case of chain stores, the pricing strategy would be set by head office. Broadly, there are six approaches to pricing strategy mentioned in the marketing literature:", "When decision-makers have determined the broad approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy), they turn their attention to pricing tactics. Tactical pricing decisions are shorter term prices, designed to accomplish specific short-term goals. The tactical approach to pricing may vary from time to time, depending on a range of internal considerations (e.g. the need to clear surplus inventory) or external factors (e.g. a response to competitive pricing tactics). Accordingly, a number of different pricing tactics may be employed in the course of a single planning period or across a single year. Typically store managers have the necessary latitude to vary prices on individual lines provided that they operate within the parameters of the overall strategic approach. Retailers must also plan for customer preferred payment modes – e.g. cash, credit, lay-by, Electronic Funds Transfer at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS). All payment options require some type of handling and attract costs. If credit is to be offered, then credit terms will need to be determined. If lay-by is offered, then the retailer will need to take into account the storage and handling requirements. If cash is the dominant mode of payment, the retailer will need to consider small change requirements, the number of cash floats required, wages costs associated with handling large volumes of cash and the provision of secure storage for change floats. Large retailers, handling significant volumes of cash, may need to hire security service firms to carry the day's takings and deliver supplies of small change. A small, but increasing number of retailers are beginning to accept newer modes of payment including PayPal and Bitcoin. For example, Subway (US) recently announced that it would accept Bitcoin payments. Contrary to common misconception, price is not the most important factor for consumers, when deciding to buy a product. Pricing tactics that are commonly used in retail include: Discount pricing is where the marketer or retailer offers a reduced price. Discounts in a variety of forms – e.g. quantity discounts, loyalty rebates, seasonal discounts, periodic or random discounts etc. Everyday low prices refers to the practice of maintaining a regular low price-low price – in which consumers are not", "Because patronage at a retail outlet varies, flexibility in scheduling is desirable. Employee scheduling software is sold, which, using known patterns of customer patronage, more or less reliably predicts the need for staffing for various functions at times of the year, day of the month or week, and time of day. Usually needs vary widely. Conforming staff utilization to staffing needs requires a flexible workforce which is available when needed but does not have to be paid when they are not, part-time workers; as of 2012 70% of retail workers in the United States were part-time. This may result in financial problems for the workers, who while they are required to be available at all times if their work hours are to be maximized, may not have sufficient income to meet their family and other obligations.", "Also see Personal selling Retailers can employ different techniques to enhance sales volume and to improve the customer experience:", "In the 1980s, the customary sales concept in the retail industry began to show many disadvantages. Many transactions cost too much, and the industry was unable to retain customers as it only paid attention to the process of a single transaction rather than to marketing for customer development and maintenance. The traditional marketing theory holds that transactions are one-time value exchange processes and the means of exchanging goods needed by both parties. Accordingly, when the transaction is completed, the relationship between the two parties will also end, so the theory is called \"transactional marketing\". Transactional marketing aims to find target consumers, then negotiate, trade, and finally end relationships to complete the transaction. In this one-time transaction process, both parties aim to maximize their own interests. As a result, transactional marketing raises follow-up problems such as poor after-sales service quality and a lack of feedback channels for both parties. In addition, because retail enterprises needed to redevelop client relationships for each transaction, marketing costs were high and customer retention was low. All these downsides to transactional marketing gradually pushed the retail industry towards establishing long-term", "See Merchandising; Servicescapes; Retail design Presentation refers to the physical evidence that signals the retail image. Physical evidence may include a diverse range of elements – the store itself including premises, offices, exterior facade and interior layout, websites, delivery vans, warehouses, staff uniforms.", "The environment in which the retail service encounter occurs is sometimes known as the \"retail servicescape.\" The store environment consists of many elements such as smells, the physical environment (furnishings, layout and functionality), ambient conditions (lighting, temperature, noise) as well as signs, symbols and artifacts (e.g. sales promotions, shelf space, sample stations, visual communications). Collectively, these elements contribute to the \"perceived retail servicescape\" or the overall \"atmosphere\" and can influence both the customer's cognitions, emotions and their behaviour within the retail space. Relationship between market Large retail enterprises of relationship marketing refers to a large retail enterprise with suppliers, customers, internal organization, channel distributors, market impact, and other competitors such as the interests of the enterprise marketing process related everything to establish and maintain good relations, thus maximizing the interests of the large retail enterprise in the long-term marketing activities, it was based on the relationship marketing concept as the core of innovation. Different from traditional marketing concepts, relationship marketing focuses on maintaining long-term good relations with relevant parties on marketing activities. The ultimate goal of relationship marketing is tantamount to maximize the long term interests of enterprises. The marketing activities of large retail enterprises mainly have six relationship markets, which are supplier relationship market, customer relationship market, enterprise internal relationship market, intermediary relationship market at all levels, enterprise marketing activities influence relationship market and industry competitor relationship market. Among these six relational markets, supply relational market and customer relational market are the two markets that have the greatest influence on the relationship marketing of large retail enterprises. Substantial retail enterprises usually have two sources of profit. The principal source of profit is to reduce the purchase price from suppliers. The other is to develop new customers and keep old clients, so as to expand the market sales of goods. In addition, the extra four related markets have an indirect impact on the marketing activities of large retail enterprises. The internal relationship market of an enterprise can be divided into several different types of relationships according to distinct objects, such as employee relationship market, department relationship market, shareholder relationship market and the mutual relations among the relationship markets. The purpose of carrying out relationship marketing is to promote the cohesion and innovation ability of enterprises and maximize the long term interests of enterprises. Another relationship of relationship marketing middlemen is the relationship between market and intermediary in the process of corporate marketing is playing the intermediary role between suppliers and customers, in the current increasingly fierce market competition, more important distribution channels for enterprises, but for retail enterprises, too much sales levels will increase the cost of sales of the enterprise. Therefore, large retail enterprises should realize the simplification of sales channel level by reasonably selecting suppliers. Large-scale retail enterprises purchasing goods to suppliers with procurement scale advantage, can directly contact with the product manufacturing, with strong bargaining power, therefore, direct contact with the manufacturer is a large retail enterprise to take the main purchasing mode, it is a terminal to the starting point of zero level channel purchasing mode, therefore, the elimination of middlemen, so as to make the large retail enterprise in the marketing activity, the dealer relationship market is not so important. Then there is the enterprise influence relationship market, which is a relational marketing influence in the enterprise supply chain. It mainly guides and standardizes the advance direction of enterprises through formulating systems at the macro level. The relationship market mainly includes the relationship between the relevant government departments at all levels where the enterprise is located, the relationship with the industry association to which the enterprise belongs, and the relationship with all kinds of public organizations, etc., and the enterprise influence itself cannot directly affect the marketing activities of the enterprise. The final relational market is the industry's competitors, potential competitors, alternative competitors and so on. How to correctly deal with the relationship between competitors and the market has become a problem that large retail enterprises need", "Two different strands of research have investigated shopper behaviour. One strand is primarily concerned with shopper motivations. Another stream of research seeks to segment shoppers according to common, shared characteristics. To some extent, these streams of research are inter-related, but each stream offers different types of insights into shopper behaviour. Babin et al. carried out some of the earliest investigations into shopper motivations and identified two broad motives: \"utilitarian\" and \"hedonic.\" Utilitarian motivations are task-related and rational. For the shopper with utilitarian motives, purchasing is a work-related task that is to be accomplished in the most efficient and expedient manner. On the other hand, hedonic", "The \"retail format\" (also known as the \"retail formula\") influences the consumer's store choice and addresses the consumer's expectations. At its most basic level, a retail format is a simple marketplace, that is; a location where goods and services are exchanged. In some parts of the world, the retail sector is still dominated by small family-run stores, but large retail chains are increasingly dominating the sector, because they can exert considerable buying power and pass on the savings in the form of lower prices. Many of these large retail chains also produce their own private labels which compete alongside manufacturer brands. Considerable consolidation of retail stores has changed the retail landscape, transferring power away from wholesalers and into the hands of the large retail chains. In Britain and Europe, the retail sale of goods is designated as a \"service activity.\" The European Service Directive applies to all retail trade including periodic markets, street traders and peddlers.", "Retail stores may be classified by the type of product carried: Retailers carrying highly perishable foodstuffs such as meat, dairy and fresh produce typically require cold storage facilities. Consumers purchase food products on a very regular purchase cycle – e.g. daily, weekly or monthly. Softline retailers sell goods that are consumed after a single-use, or have a limited life (typically under three years) in they are normally consumed. Soft goods include clothing, other fabrics, footwear, toiletries, cosmetics, medicines and stationery. Grocery stores, including supermarkets and hypermarkets, along with convenience stores carry a mix of food products and consumable household items such as detergents, cleansers, personal hygiene products. Consumer consumables are collectively", "Types of retail outlets (retail shops, retail stores) by marketing strategy include: A shopping arcade refers to a group of retail outlets operating under a covered walkway. Arcades are similar to shopping malls, although they typically comprise a smaller number of outlets. Shopping arcades were the evolutionary precursor to the shopping mall, and were very fashionable in the late 19th century. Stylish men and women would promenade around the arcade, stopping to window shop, making purchases and also taking light refreshments in one of the arcade's tea-rooms. Arcades offered fashionable men and women opportunities to 'be seen' and to socialise in a relatively safe environment. Arcades continue to exist as a distinct type of retail outlet. Historic 19th-century arcades have become popular tourist attractions in cities around the world. Amusement arcades, also known as penny arcades in the US, is more modern incarnation of the eighteenth and nineteenth century shopping arcade. An anchor store (also known as draw tenant or anchor tenant) is a larger store with a good reputation used by shopping mall management to attract a certain volume of shoppers to a precinct. The term, 'bazaar' can have multiple meanings. It may be referred to Middle-Eastern market places while a 'penny bazaar' refers to a retail outlet that specialises in inexpensive or discounted merchandise. In the United States a bazaar can mean a \"rummage sale\" which describes a charity fundraising event held by a church or other community organization and in which either donated used goods are made available for sale. A Boutique is a small store offering a select range of fashionable goods or accessories. The term, 'boutique', in retail and services, appears to be taking on a broader meaning with popular references to retail goods and retail services such as boutique hotels, boutique beers (i.e. craft beers), boutique investments etc. By supplying a wide assortment in a single category for lower prices a category killer retailer can \"kill\" that category for other retailers. A category", "Other types of retail store include: Retailers can opt for a format as each provides different retail mix to", "To achieve and maintain a foothold in an", "China is currently the", "Retail stores may or may not have competitors close enough to affect their pricing, product availability, and other operations. A 2006 survey found that only 38% of retail stores in India believed they faced more than slight competition. Competition also affected less than half of retail stores in Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, and Azerbaijan. In all countries the main competition was domestic, not foreign. Retail trade provides 9% of all jobs in India and 14% of GDP.", "Between 1985 and 2018 there have been 46,755 mergers or acquisitions conducted globally in the retail sector (either acquirer or target from the retail industry). These deals cumulate to an overall known value of around US$2,561 billion. The three major", "", "STORES Magazine annually ranks the nation's top retailers according to sales. Top 100 Chart Since 1951, the U.S. Census Bureau has published the Retail Sales report every month. It is a measure of consumer spending, an important indicator of the US GDP. Retail", "In 2011, the grocery market in six countries of Central Europe was worth nearly €107bn, 2.8% more than the previous year when expressed in local currencies. The increase was generated", "National accounts show a combined total of retail and wholesale trade, with hotels and restaurants. in 2012 the sector provides over a fifth of GDP in tourist-oriented island economies, as well as in other major countries such as Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain. In all four of the latter countries, this fraction is an increase over 1970, but there are other countries where", "Among retailers and retails chains a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2010, worldwide 40,788 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of US$2.255 trillion have been announced. The largest transactions with", "Types of sales person: Types of store or shop: Influential thinkers in sales and retail:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 83, 142, 63666, 40752, 519, 23, 70, 1172, 49086, 1672, 4122, 7514, 17721, 5201, 1760, 65782, 136, 70, 23924, 82224, 5, 581, 21115, 111, 90695, 7, 37457, 1295, 361, 106931, 47, 16503, 7236, 144477, 21, 35810, 4, 136, 1295, 6, 222991, 47, 138, 55936, 28, 4438, 152050, 13, 5, 581, 16128, 83, 136, 2685, 3542, 16290, 12825, 160641, 23, 20938, 33365, 933, 142795, 83, 70, 142105, 90695, 4, 134629, 390, 7370, 11, 8160, 53809, 136, 69030, 137310, 5, 581, 86757, 27585, 83, 14407, 46799, 122409, 4, 136, 3789, 9615, 19929, 7, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 25188, 1810, 4594, 7, 4, 621, 70, 102374, 324, 592, 26908, 111, 3253, 2517, 47446, 4, 70, 25188, 26908, 111, 2949, 9, 20957, 133, 24972, 136, 70, 324, 592, 1810, 4594, 111, 14644, 11, 38242, 330, 5, 581, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 4804, 67530, 111, 23031, 125296, 7, 103993, 95934, 38529, 939, 4, 136, 70, 60487, 44, 294, 1405, 1299, 71, 25515, 58, 7228, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 10, 4393, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 65782, 5, 581, 63666, 40752, 519, 83, 87498, 297, 390, 70, 62493, 42, 111, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 4, 3129, 83, 163888, 2182, 47, 70, 103993, 185236, 111, 117400, 136, 70, 72110, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 10588, 111, 65782, 15, 216561, 3342, 4347, 33, 247, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 83, 10, 4092, 25313, 20288, 136, 10, 8, 120430, 147, 29367, 20288, 4, 136, 83, 959, 2831, 111, 70, 204852, 79200, 12488, 70, 28811, 79048, 79200, 5, 3342, 4347, 33, 83, 10, 2741, 408, 6402, 90695, 23, 70, 1172, 49086, 55609, 105866, 99, 70, 132988, 111, 70, 103993, 27414, 136, 70, 15497, 1760, 27414, 5, 581, 11001, 90695, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 136, 83, 35462, 3674, 390, 70, 43156, 130270, 48467, 2741, 38938, 5, 581, 90695, 25, 7, 4734, 43904, 83, 10, 70163, 71, 116338, 136, 161407, 6827, 1810, 4594, 450, 160404, 7, 10, 22215, 30174, 9, 441, 71872, 720, 99, 180, 4759, 875, 122409, 5, 581, 103993, 221214, 6827, 43975, 3398, 3355, 297, 70, 90695, 100, 65782, 23, 63445, 5, 2161, 1438, 22482, 28730, 4, 70, 90695, 509, 7228, 8, 1129, 107, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 65782, 5, 66016, 13211, 4, 70, 90695, 1556, 2809, 87498, 297, 390, 70, 47064, 62493, 42, 111, 185297, 4, 678, 3060, 180210, 102329, 297, 47, 70, 29398, 47749, 42, 5, 581, 17408, 4331, 2320, 83, 158, 38242, 2517, 678, 142, 183234, 14098, 145704, 126124, 28021, 127152, 95487, 136, 72095, 111, 6097, 40865, 1363, 76519, 1543, 23, 3060, 50218, 13416, 84797, 538, 100, 44, 294, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 18481, 7, 58, 64457, 111, 21972, 214, 1257, 903, 4677, 3934, 70, 44, 50645, 7514, 58, 95487, 5, 30097, 9319, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 12488, 3342, 4347, 33, 765, 2363, 10002, 49938, 707, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 4, 136, 70, 49938, 111, 65782, 83, 11814, 100, 15044, 111, 2856, 4, 15044, 75447, 136, 237, 10, 21115, 5, 893, 81887, 47, 15549, 70, 17408, 18151, 47, 1660, 44, 294, 1405, 1299, 71, 58, 1556, 198395, 165523, 6637, 111, 177986, 1295, 70, 103993, 185236, 111, 184293, 184593, 5, 33306, 4, 100, 80835, 7, 4527, 28032, 43904, 136, 52350, 4, 44, 294, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 58, 85590, 538, 26950, 1660, 44, 294, 1405, 1299, 71, 740, 17408, 138, 156215, 5428, 12, 294, 1375, 83, 70, 42805, 100, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 23, 17408, 138, 156215, 5428, 4, 10, 5426, 100, 95486, 214, 18151, 7, 47, 1614, 122772, 86757, 91853, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 53333, 1614, 428, 25826, 100, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 74918, 7, 1379, 65782, 25, 7, 42805, 4, 152, 581, 1791, 54689, 6827, 86757, 1614, 428, 25826, 18151, 7, 100, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 83, 159, 1375, 5, 43486, 136, 100, 3342, 4347, 33, 83, 159, 1375, 5, 103039, 5, 3311, 19492, 13, 111, 70, 17408, 126848, 126188, 144, 14612, 5428, 18151, 102370, 115187, 4, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 3542, 37769, 71, 25842, 136, 144, 116292, 297, 70, 2665, 23295, 18151, 2663, 9, 67919, 77758, 15, 10060, 41445, 397, 194, 7, 170, 5, 12876, 532, 4, 2750, 2843, 87498, 297, 70, 65782, 25, 7, 5, 157, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 4, 509, 34475, 70, 153579, 100, 70, 5, 7, 170, 136, 31649, 3618, 18481, 25, 7, 5, 275, 334, 77758, 23, 98600, 80042, 63323, 933, 2499, 164498, 678, 40101, 111, 70, 77758, 7, 4, 237, 38016, 7, 162711, 47, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 831, 4527, 70, 5, 157, 77758, 5, 103993, 207048, 54, 959, 3444, 47, 125406, 731, 70, 77758, 65514, 4, 136, 127298, 5, 7, 170, 1221, 959, 186, 54324, 47, 10, 50960, 19085, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 15, 4, 17408, 126848, 126188, 144, 14612, 5428, 12, 159, 1375, 4, 17408, 126848, 126188, 144, 14612, 8316, 12, 159, 103039, 4, 17408, 126848, 126188, 54744, 238, 12, 361, 116553, 83, 10, 80835, 289, 4331, 2320, 61924, 71, 390, 17408, 126848, 126188, 100, 10, 143849, 21115, 214, 111, 6626, 148814, 100491, 18403, 5256, 111, 65782, 12, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 136, 3342, 4347, 33, 5, 51404, 70, 6626, 621, 70163, 71, 100, 70, 60042, 7, 111, 70, 8357, 173101, 100, 20744, 47691, 15, 58230, 16, 95487, 4, 1836, 621, 959, 86757, 538, 62548, 5, 3293, 1556, 53333, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 23295, 18151, 2663, 9, 67919, 77758, 5, 7, 170, 8035, 31089, 71, 100, 159, 1405, 1299, 71, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Constituents.", "Svalbard.", "Jan Mayen.", "Application.", "ISO 3166-2.", "Top-level domain." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude. The area is and there were 2,572 residents in 2009. Spitsbergen is the largest island, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The administrative center is Longyearbyen, and other settlements, in addition to research outposts, are the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research community of Ny-Ålesund and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 \"Svalbard Act\" made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. The archipelago is administrated by the Governor of Svalbard, which is subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. Unlike the rest of Norway (including Jan Mayen), Svalbard is a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone, and is not part of the Schengen Area nor the European Economic Area.", "Jan Mayen is a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean located at the border of the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea. The single island covers an area of and is dominated by the tall Beerenberg volcano. The island's only population is a combined military and meteorological outpost that operates a LORAN-C transmitter at Olonkinbyen. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute annexed the island for Norway in 1922. On 27 February 1930, the island was made de jure a part of the Kingdom of Norway. Since 1994, the island has been administrated by the County Governor of Nordland, with some authority delegated to the station commander.", "The ISO designation is congruent with an equivalent United Nations Statistics Division category and users of these classification systems may in some cases report separately for \"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands\" instead of rolling up this information into the \"Norway\" category. Neither Svalbard nor Jan Mayen have their own flag or coat of arms, and the flag of Norway is used for both of them, both alone and as a group. An attempt to change the ISO code to just \"Svalbard\" has previously failed because of opposition from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, for statistics use within population and trade, \"Svalbard and Jan Mayen\" essentially means just \"Svalbard\".", "ISO 3166-2:SJ is the entry for Svalbard and Jan Mayen in ISO 3166-2, a system for assigning codes to subnational administrative divisions. However, further subdivision for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway's entry, : The hierarchical administrative subdivision codes for Svalbard is SJ.SV and for Jan Mayen is SJ.JM.", "By virtue of the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code codice_1, Svalbard and Jan Mayen were grouped together and allocated the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD).sj. Norid, who also administrated the Norway's.no ccTLD, was given the responsibility for the.sj and Bouvet Island's.bv domain in 1997. Policy prohibits any registration with either of the domains, as institutions connected to Svalbard can use the.no domain. Norwegian authorities do not want to commercialize the domain resources, and therefore.sj will not be sold to a third party." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 72399, 111994, 7, 47, 39395, 109969, 7, 4, 70, 93403, 111, 46552, 6, 177476, 4, 10, 10644, 111, 230451, 98145, 48800, 6, 177476, 450, 56065, 11192, 6599, 4188, 23, 70, 37457, 111, 17287, 1104, 78263, 2711, 7, 4, 509, 134629, 390, 1632, 13765, 7103, 15700, 23, 73962, 7, 1672, 3642, 70, 11192, 6599, 4188, 11814, 3542, 200, 30319, 3395, 4, 56104, 51, 4205, 53, 13315, 1055, 4, 10, 114453, 3525, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 450, 115058, 47, 34648, 6130, 79850, 153350, 10, 91519, 103494, 15490, 137802, 10, 16188, 5, 6561, 111, 6097, 27998, 7, 4, 23, 216231, 4, 2356, 5753, 4, 98, 8055, 361, 4, 151258, 4, 12441, 47, 70, 23, 63928, 111, 70, 39108, 80923, 5, 9925, 105216, 10, 104, 79099, 33, 26362, 4488, 56, 24, 4806, 14787, 62612, 20129, 37700, 4, 16487, 100, 70, 6, 68332, 1181, 111, 10, 7188, 2069, 129357, 764, 1902, 156672, 3229, 59102, 23709, 70, 56050, 6, 68823, 23, 10, 335, 86532, 89917, 33734, 46552, 6, 177476, 14537, 18276, 4, 145755, 47, 34614, 344, 1919, 3917, 4420, 3934, 70, 18153, 99, 17431, 136, 59102, 13482, 70, 187363, 136, 61585, 111, 10, 21334, 39108, 68728, 432, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 34648, 538, 5, 581, 88909, 1679, 2750, 32603, 3674, 70, 7225, 91048, 442, 1257, 450, 6602, 99, 10, 4000, 216231, 57456, 100510, 5, 116267, 32786, 29966, 214, 450, 59619, 4, 74733, 436, 5, 25134, 44726, 4, 10, 151250, 2750, 1902, 10, 121392, 76615, 4, 17569, 3060, 38415, 5809, 186, 14037, 100, 70, 193844, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 5, 25134, 44726, 33284, 297, 219600, 14787, 241, 5, 9593, 141, 136, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 216231, 147153, 13133, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 28007, 7, 77556, 1010, 1916, 75281, 7, 111, 6363, 53, 10269, 7, 5, 10660, 13028, 110324, 7, 678, 70, 10269, 23, 7401, 136, 1810, 111, 7401, 4, 136, 10861, 297, 70, 77556, 112, 10644, 136, 3687, 674, 24189, 1836, 21449, 1257, 678, 10, 119140, 2886, 55300, 47, 28, 99303, 74433, 85825, 17368, 39108, 2481, 5, 25134, 44726, 23409, 98, 23, 70, 39395, 109969, 7, 47, 204797, 450, 903, 55300, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 1286, 14135, 13, 91995, 674, 100, 10756, 214, 23, 10323, 50218, 4, 38162, 47, 15889, 35743, 3229, 764, 91376, 1919, 25647, 23, 57456, 68828, 7, 23, 156999, 136, 163055, 5, 1529, 79786, 1810, 74481, 5256, 35509, 98, 70, 10269, 28007, 7, 4, 31577, 47, 85493, 10, 105994, 71, 9, 2037, 55300, 450, 2806, 4488, 98, 118103, 5, 241, 147, 538, 98, 23, 1919, 4331, 7, 764, 30666, 297, 10, 73197, 297, 11389, 111, 70, 130546, 80923, 237, 10, 3917, 47, 10588, 50256, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 4, 10, 75186, 450, 1295, 7068, 98, 2806, 186, 35839, 70, 44, 219945, 80923, 740, 24372, 10, 36549, 111, 13820, 74694, 10756, 5180, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 2685, 509, 931, 128396, 35778, 8780, 111, 450, 3173, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 136, 70, 47219, 203249, 23, 4537, 5, 360, 145769, 4, 3525, 538, 3163, 89829, 2356, 5753, 22836, 23607, 42, 6765, 335, 5, 37639, 5423, 1257, 10, 17262, 9, 39, 27417, 47219, 203249, 62458, 4, 3129, 509, 80923, 297, 390, 70, 14135, 38109, 204797, 136, 17690, 56, 540, 80728, 14978, 8022, 1294, 136, 99201, 2356, 5753, 183093, 136, 39624, 66, 115136, 4772, 13, 136, 25134, 44726, 4, 47, 32603, 67, 10, 1286, 14135, 13, 26950, 111, 71924, 1830, 5, 581, 62458, 43032, 110297, 297, 70, 32692, 111, 71924, 1830, 136, 9325, 1810, 10, 15824, 9, 111607, 214, 9655, 76070, 47, 27759, 51521, 7, 4, 183093, 7, 4, 136, 29874, 78688, 756, 10932, 70, 11341, 113292, 100, 2363, 33153, 5, 62, 91, 20016, 144732, 111, 143459, 7, 170198, 10756, 214, 645, 77556, 1010, 1363, 4, 678, 10, 10846, 64457, 67330, 214, 70, 10, 40285, 1363, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 5, 581, 62458, 2843, 5470, 297, 39108, 289, 78688, 4, 26719, 112074, 1681, 9, 11193, 223, 1507, 89917, 33734, 25, 7, 25318, 1132, 112074, 1681, 15, 434, 497, 170198, 11192, 6599, 429, 12944, 162711, 47, 70, 10336, 136, 70, 25927, 13, 16, 136, 70, 26868, 748, 14978, 17156, 1681, 15, 434, 497, 2843, 170198, 12944, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 17368, 10, 10542, 214, 23923, 145823, 194, 10660, 2843, 29966, 297, 77556, 1010, 5256, 111, 10269, 7, 390, 14787, 9593, 141, 2750, 1902, 79786, 678, 25134, 44726, 23, 70, 39395, 109969, 7, 28007, 7, 5, 9593, 141, 509, 55080, 214, 53333, 28007, 7, 4, 77556, 1010, 1916, 142, 525, 1448, 29367, 4504, 89829, 10269, 7, 31577, 47, 205556, 66161, 3642, 39108, 2481, 152388, 10, 28368, 5, 360, 142399, 4, 70, 63871, 170198, 77556, 1010, 1363, 17368, 25134, 44726, 25, 7, 39108, 80923, 6528, 678, 12924, 128404, 7, 220642, 47, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 3445, 25, 7, 10336, 136, 74261, 5, 10660, 53333, 170198, 450, 71924, 17514, 186, 34831, 71, 390, 70, 11341, 64457, 111, 70, 11651, 54529, 3387, 678, 17262, 39108, 80923, 7, 5423, 1257, 99, 5655, 105236, 4, 56485, 4, 136, 53427, 53427, 101085, 7, 5, 62, 54727, 25632, 6097, 209236, 115081, 70, 27047, 6644, 136, 509, 181141, 390, 62493, 42, 37639, 98, 18237, 201, 4, 142399, 4, 5423, 47, 738, 3934, 21543, 98, 18982, 106, 4, 145810, 5, 581, 54727, 68034, 70541, 297, 110, 41653, 98, 70, 10644, 707, 41170, 111, 39108, 2481, 450, 5608, 186, 11814, 136, 70, 2356, 5753, 11214, 587, 9, 5267, 2870, 67081, 4, 142, 152701, 100510, 150350, 71, 111, 22072, 7, 136, 183093, 7, 4, 509, 34475, 70, 66211, 111, 72694, 214, 6097, 120103, 5, 360, 6088, 142399, 4, 10, 175352, 509, 100, 4806, 136, 170198, 17287, 2711, 7, 4, 102971, 70, 10644, 111, 39108, 2481, 4, 8951, 43581, 15, 21960, 16, 707, 75939, 214, 43581, 15, 15012, 247, 509, 959, 83324, 71, 4, 136, 16792, 109921, 1257, 47, 450, 6275, 1902, 2809, 16940, 98, 85825, 164917, 3501, 10, 14135, 15, 38507, 7, 247, 3060, 43032, 3542, 51646, 13, 450, 70, 95, 927, 134393, 111, 12944, 1902, 2809, 178376, 272, 538, 60449, 5, 1913, 903, 6275, 70, 11341, 25, 7, 79825, 47, 4331, 70, 39108, 80923, 100512, 1940, 62015, 297, 678, 2367, 1556, 24209, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 1631, 111, 70, 43581, 7, 4, 10, 130412, 17721, 14978, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6, 211603, 1830, 390, 77556, 1010, 1363, 4, 51339, 297, 17368, 142, 39108, 80923, 4, 83, 10, 55300, 111, 71924, 1830, 62038, 1916, 23, 15, 2940, 39555, 97629, 538, 6, 212423, 23, 16, 70, 14098, 46684, 23, 3129, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 3445, 83, 6363, 48398, 47, 10, 5361, 538, 88303, 109412, 33, 80923, 136, 77556, 1010, 3674, 8305, 77556, 988, 4271, 33, 297, 98, 70, 10336, 136, 6049, 5, 3293, 71924, 1830, 55300, 4, 29024, 14, 4126, 23, 151258, 390, 10, 216231, 4, 2356, 5753, 151250, 24, 4806, 74733, 436, 5, 25134, 44726, 4, 509, 126809, 87420, 70, 109969, 7, 237, 10, 44, 69790, 13, 30700, 58, 47, 10756, 214, 4, 136, 5117, 11814, 23, 100439, 5, 3293, 71924, 1830, 55300, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Invention.", "The Gerry Commission.", "The Medico-Legal commission.", "First execution.", "Adoption.", "United Kingdom.", "Present-day use.", "Notable persons and events in the United States.", "Decline." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In the late 1870s to early 1880s, the spread of arc lighting, a type of brilliant outdoor street lighting that required high voltages in the range of 3000–6000 volts, was followed by one story after another in newspapers about how the high voltages used were killing people, usually unwary linemen, a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead without leaving a mark. One of these accidents, in Buffalo, New York, on August 7, 1881, led to the inception of the electric chair. That evening a drunken dock worker named George Lemuel Smith, looking for the thrill of a tingling sensation he had noticed when grabbing the guard rail in a Brush Electric Company arc lighting power house, managed to sneak his way back into the plant at night and grabbed the brush and ground of a large electric dynamo. He died instantly. The coroner who investigated the case brought it up that year at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member attending that lecture, Alfred P. Southwick, a dentist who had a technical background, thought some application could be found for the curious phenomenon. Southwick joined physician George E. Fell and the head of the Buffalo ASPCA in a series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs. They ran trials with the dog in water and out of water, and varied the electrode type and placement until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals using electricity. Southwick went on in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be called the \"electric chair\".", "After a series of botched hangings in the United States, there was mounting criticism of that form of capital punishment and the death penalty in general. In 1886, newly elected New York State governor David B. Hill set up a three-member death penalty commission, which was chaired by the human rights advocate and reformer Elbridge Thomas Gerry and included New York lawyer and politician Matthew Hale and Southwick, to investigate a more humane means of execution. The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a fact-finding questionnaire to government officials, lawyers, and medical experts all around the state asking for their opinion. A slight majority of respondents recommended hanging over electrocution, with a few instead recommending the abolition of capital punishment. The commission also contacted electrical experts, including Thomson-Houston Electric Company's Elihu Thomson (who recommended high voltage AC connected to the head and the spine) and the inventor Thomas Edison (who also recommended AC, as well as using a Westinghouse generator). They also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting further experiments, electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject. In 1888, the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwick's electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the condemned person's head and feet. They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the individual counties with three electric chairs set up at Auburn, Clinton, and Sing Sing prisons. A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889.", "The bill itself contained no details on the type or amount of electricity that should be used and the New York Medico-Legal Society, an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers, was given the task of determining these factors. In September 1888, a committee was formed and recommended 3000 volts, although the type of electricity, direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), was not determined, and since tests up to that point had been done on animals smaller than a human (dogs), some members were unsure that the lethality of AC had been conclusively proven. At this point the state's efforts to design the electric chair became intermixed with what has become to be known as the war of the currents, a competition between Thomas Edison's direct current power system and George Westinghouse's alternating current based system. The two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all-out media war in 1888. The committee head, neurologist Frederick Peterson, enlisted the services of Harold P. Brown as a consultant. Brown had been on his own crusade against alternating current after the shoddy installation of pole-mounted AC arc lighting lines in New York City had caused several deaths in early 1888. Peterson had been an assistant at Brown's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at Columbia College, an attempt by Brown to prove AC was more deadly than DC. Technical assistance in these demonstrations was provided by Thomas Edison's West Orange laboratory and there grew to be some form of collusion between Edison Electric and Brown. Back at West Orange on December 5, 1888 Brown set up an experiment with members of the press, members of the Medico-Legal Society including Elbridge Gerry who was also chairman of the death penalty commission, and Thomas Edison looking on. Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human, including 4 calves and a lame horse, all dispatched with 750 volts of AC. Based on these results the Medico-Legal Society recommended the use of 1000–1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities. Westinghouse criticized these tests as a skewed self-serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current and accused Brown of being in the employ of Edison. At the request of death penalty commission chairman Gerry, Medico-Legal Society members; electrotherapy expert Alphonse David Rockwell, Carlos Frederick MacDonald, and Columbia College professor Louis H. Laudy, were given the task of working out the details of electrode placement. They again turned to Brown to supply the technical assistance. Brown asked Edison Electric Light to supply equipment for the tests and treasurer Francis S. Hastings (who seemed to be one of the primary movers at the company trying to portray Westinghouse as a peddler of death dealing AC current) tried to obtain a Westinghouse AC generator for the test but found none could be acquired. They ended up using Edison's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests they conducted in mid-March 1889. Superintendent of Prisons Austin E. Lathrop asked Brown to design the chair, but Brown turned down the offer. Dr. George Fell drew up the final designs for a simple oak chair and went against the Medico-Legal Society recommendations, changing the position of the electrodes to the head and the middle of the back. Brown did take on the job of finding the generators needed to power the chair. He managed to surreptitiously acquire three Westinghouse AC generators that were being decommissioned with the help of Edison and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, a move that made sure that Westinghouse's equipment would be associated with the first execution. The electric chair was built by Edwin F. Davis, the first \"state electrician\" (executioner) for the State of New York.", "The first person in line to die under New York's new electrocution law was Joseph Chapleau, convicted for beating his neighbor to death with a sled stake, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. The next person scheduled to be executed was William Kemmler, convicted of murdering his wife with a hatchet. An appeal on Kemmler's behalf was made to the New York Court of Appeals on the grounds that use of electricity as a means of execution constituted a \"cruel and unusual punishment\" and was thus contrary to the constitutions of the United States and the state of New York. On December 30, 1889, the writ of habeas corpus sworn out on Kemmler's behalf was denied by the court, with Judge Dwight writing in a lengthy ruling: We have no doubt that if the Legislature of this State should undertake to proscribe for any offense against its laws the punishment of burning at the stake, breaking at the wheel, etc., it would be the duty of the courts to pronounce upon such attempt the condemnation of the Constitution. The question now to be answered is whether the legislative act here assailed is subject to the same condemnation. Certainly, it is not so on its face, for, although the mode of death described is conceded to be unusual, there is no common knowledge or consent that it is cruel; it is a question of fact whether an electric current of sufficient intensity and skillfully applied will produce death without unnecessary suffering. Kemmler was executed in New York's Auburn Prison on August 6, 1890; the \"state electrician\" was Edwin F. Davis. The first 17-second passage of 1,000 volts AC of current through Kemmler caused unconsciousness, but failed to stop his heart and breathing. The attending physicians, Edward Charles Spitzka and Carlos F. MacDonald, came forward to examine Kemmler. After confirming Kemmler was still alive, Spitzka reportedly called out, \"Have the current turned on again, quick, no delay.\" The generator needed time to re-charge, however. In the second attempt, Kemmler received a 2,000 volt AC shock. Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and the areas around the electrodes singed. The entire execution took about eight minutes. George Westinghouse later commented that, \"They would have done better using an axe\", and a witnessing reporter claimed that it was \"an awful spectacle, far worse than hanging\".", "The electric chair was adopted by Ohio (1897), Massachusetts (1900), New Jersey (1906) and Virginia (1908), and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the United States, replacing hanging. Most of the states that currently use or have used the electric chair lie east of the Mississippi River. The electric chair remained the most prominent execution method until the mid-1980s when lethal injection became widely accepted for conducting judicial executions. Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method, sometimes for special reasons. The only country other than the United States to use the electric chair was the Philippines, although the method was discontinued after 1976.", "The United Kingdom considered replacing hanging with the electric chair (as well as considering the gas chamber, shooting, the guillotine and lethal injection) during the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, the findings of which were published in 1953. The Commission concluded that the electric chair had no particular advantages over hanging. The United Kingdom performed its last execution in 1964, and abolished capital punishment for murder in 1969.", "A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie de la Riva. The last electric chair execution in the Philippines was in 1976, when firing squad was opted to be more humane. After the 1986 abolition of the death penalty, executions resumed during the Fidel V. Ramos administration, this time utilizing lethal injection until 2000.", "Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted her sentence to life in a mental institution after a medical commission declared her insane. A second woman sentenced to death in 1895, Maria Barbella, was acquitted the next year. Martha M. Place became the first woman executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on March 20, 1899, for the murder of her 17-year-old stepdaughter, Ida Place. Leon Czolgosz was electrocuted at the Auburn State Prison in New York on October 29, 1901 for his assassination of President William McKinley. In a botched execution at Clinton Prison in Dannemora, New York, on October 1, 1903, three brothers – Willis, Frederick, and Burton Van Wormer, condemned for murdering their uncle on December 24, 1901 – were electrocuted one after the other over the course of about 15 minutes and pronounced dead. But after their bodies were laid out in the prison's autopsy room Frederick's body was seen to move, and the prison doctor determined that his heart was still beating. He was returned to the electric chair and the executioner was called back to re-electrocute him, but he died before any more shocks could be administered. The electrocution of housewife Ruth Snyder at Sing Sing on the evening of January 12, 1928, for the March 1927 murder of her husband was photographed for a front-page story on \"New York Daily News\" the following morning. News photographer Tom Howard had smuggled a camera into the death chamber and photographed her in the electric chair as the current was turned on. It remains one of the best-known examples of photojournalism. A record was set on July 13, 1928, when seven men were executed consecutively in the electric chair at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville, Kentucky. Bruno Richard Hauptmann, convicted of the 1932 kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., the infant son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, was electrocuted on April 3, 1936, at the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton, New Jersey. On January 16, 1936, Hamilton Howard \"Albert\" Fish was executed at Sing Sing, New York for the murder of Grace Budd. Fish was suspected of having abducted, sexually abused, mutilated, and murdered multiple children. On August 8, 1942, six German agents convicted of espionage and attempted sabotage in the Quirin case for their role in Operation Pastorius during World War II were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia Jail in Washington, D.C. On June 16, 1944, an African-American teenager, 14-year-old George Stinney, became the youngest person ever executed in the electric chair when he was electrocuted at the Central Correctional Institution in Columbia, South Carolina. His conviction was over-turned in 2014 after the circuit court judge determined that he was innocent, as there was no evidence against him and he had been set up by the police. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were electrocuted on June 19, 1953, after being convicted of espionage for sharing secrets related to the atomic bomb with the Soviet Union. Julius died after the usual three shocks, but Ethel's heart was still beating when she was unstrapped from the electric chair after these three shocks, so she was strapped in again and shocked twice more, finally completing her execution. James French was executed on August 10, 1966, the last person electrocuted until 1979. French was the first person executed in Oklahoma since Richard Dare was electrocuted June 1, 1963, and the only person executed in 1966. On May 25, 1979, John Spenkelink became the first person to be electrocuted after the \"Gregg v. Georgia\" decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1976. He was the first person to be executed in the United States in this manner since 1966. Serial murderer and rapist Ted Bundy was executed in the same electric chair in Florida on January 24, 1989. The last person to be executed by electric chair without the choice of an alternative method was Lynda Lyon Block on May 10, 2002, in Alabama.", "The use of the electric chair has declined as legislators sought what they believed to be more humane methods of execution. Lethal injection became the most widely used method, aided by media reports of botched electrocutions in the early 1980s. The electric chair has been criticized because of several instances in which the subjects were killed only after being subjected to multiple electric shocks. This led to a call for ending of the practice, as being a \"cruel and unusual punishment\". Trying to address such concerns, Nebraska introduced a new electrocution protocol in 2004, which called for administration of a 15-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts; after a 15-minute wait, an official then checks for signs of life. In April 2007, new concerns raised regarding the 2004 protocol resulted in the ushering in of the current Nebraska protocol, calling for a 20-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts. Prior to the 2004 protocol change, an initial eight-second application of current at 2,450 volts was administered, followed by a one-second pause, then a 22-second application at 480 volts. After a 20-second break, the cycle was repeated three more times. In 1946, the electric chair failed to kill Willie Francis, who reportedly shrieked, \"Take it off! Let me breathe!\", after the current was applied. It turned out that the portable electric chair had been improperly set up by an intoxicated prison guard and inmate. A case was brought before the U.S. Supreme Court \"(Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber)\", with lawyers for the condemned arguing that although Francis did not die, he had, in fact, been executed. The argument was rejected on the basis that re-execution did not violate the double jeopardy clause of the 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Francis was returned to the electric chair and successfully executed in 1947. Recorded incidents of botched electrocutions were prevalent after the national moratorium ended January 17, 1977; two in Alabama, three in Florida, one in Georgia, one in Indiana, and three in Virginia. All five states now have lethal injection as the default method if a choice is not made. As of 2015, the only places in the world that still reserve the electric chair as an option for execution are the U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Arkansas and Oklahoma laws provide for its use should lethal injection ever be held to be unconstitutional. Inmates in the other states must select either it or lethal injection. In Kentucky, only inmates sentenced before a certain date can choose to be executed by electric chair. Electrocution is also authorized in Kentucky in the event that lethal injection is found unconstitutional by a court. Tennessee was among the states that provided inmates with a choice of the electric chair or lethal injection; in May 2014, however, the state passed a law allowing the use of the electric chair if lethal injection drugs were unavailable or made unconstitutional. In the U.S. state of Florida, on July 8, 1999, Allen Lee Davis, convicted of murder, was executed in the Florida electric chair \"Old Sparky\". Davis' face was bloodied, and photographs were taken, which were later posted on the Internet. An investigation concluded that Davis had begun bleeding before the electricity was applied and that the chair had functioned as intended. Florida's Supreme Court ruled that the chair did not constitute \"cruel and unusual punishment\". The 1997 execution of Pedro Medina in Florida created controversy when flames burst from the inmate's head. An autopsy found that Medina had died instantly when the first surge of electricity had destroyed his brain and brain stem. A judge ruled that the incident arose from \"unintentional human error\" rather than any faults in the \"apparatus, equipment, and electrical circuitry\" of Florida's electric chair. Lethal injection has been the primary method of execution in Florida since 2000. On February 15, 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court declared execution by electrocution to be \"cruel and unusual punishment\" prohibited by the Nebraska Constitution." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 174756, 5759, 509, 1672, 1632, 11903, 36880, 15, 134693, 6, 2480, 247, 136, 22729, 165598, 23, 225490, 47, 3789, 502, 7438, 5, 1650, 7, 83184, 46889, 509, 6, 144180, 5279, 707, 382, 6463, 194973, 4, 111, 3129, 1372, 966, 5279, 15, 192530, 96, 275, 16, 509, 351, 9, 36290, 4523, 660, 5, 1650, 509, 25793, 2118, 71, 390, 10, 38549, 9, 62783, 297, 19449, 21543, 5675, 882, 1515, 15, 294, 21986, 192, 12211, 294, 22820, 2525, 9, 724, 16, 17368, 15751, 341, 177, 111, 80022, 191, 9060, 70541, 297, 23, 10, 836, 116380, 7, 32216, 99, 10, 81147, 111, 3252, 1909, 99, 83184, 5, 581, 45339, 87907, 5675, 882, 1515, 11814, 142, 77556, 201939, 44457, 47, 45339, 20650, 70, 80022, 191, 136, 197108, 13, 70, 6, 17514, 10, 55391, 6496, 142, 29458, 50159, 13, 111, 6849, 418, 472, 839, 1280, 7, 64, 8517, 2858, 4, 169898, 94131, 247, 1286, 3501, 17262, 20028, 70, 38132, 100, 165045, 13950, 7831, 5, 6561, 5279, 111, 502, 117515, 1236, 15, 131530, 2525, 47, 62366, 7049, 111, 70, 3622, 46889, 111, 70, 32628, 56379, 16, 181653, 10, 40703, 9, 334, 111, 1672, 2678, 347, 64, 7, 5, 581, 39108, 502, 6645, 6889, 1614, 16751, 57888, 297, 1702, 5279, 678, 10, 280, 344, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 106, 4, 5955, 793, 933, 5, 174756, 5759, 509, 70, 5117, 23, 70, 1528, 111, 6, 54761, 25, 7, 105508, 77905, 7, 100, 127596, 42477, 136, 46473, 5, 581, 38549, 10298, 4778, 7228, 87709, 111, 127357, 1456, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 29752, 4, 3542, 19048, 47, 22691, 70, 38132, 5423, 111, 69276, 5039, 601, 47, 70, 5675, 882, 1515, 4, 68772, 10, 109650, 5675, 43245, 111, 12045, 347, 839, 4, 8311, 329, 142, 197108, 1830, 111, 126175, 2866, 64, 7, 304, 707, 6, 134926, 347, 64, 7, 117, 56816, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 1660, 1379, 6, 37509, 97259, 44, 177, 58, 111, 197108, 1830, 194, 1301, 678, 756, 45339, 9, 128897, 14537, 297, 131346, 4, 103173, 289, 22311, 34, 7864, 3542, 959, 175100, 1810, 23, 16610, 6818, 271, 7, 1284, 4552, 128839, 538, 5, 581, 17311, 182418, 30675, 39958, 390, 174756, 5759, 47, 70, 55583, 56065, 5675, 43245, 214, 100, 1672, 1632, 50960, 47, 1632, 23552, 111, 11907, 103173, 5, 14847, 144252, 214, 16065, 1295, 70, 64883, 5675, 43245, 214, 509, 16940, 98, 70, 117, 3112, 13, 2831, 111, 70, 103173, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 29752, 4, 70, 5675, 882, 1515, 1902, 106804, 297, 70, 25632, 3540, 41159, 12, 1301, 2831, 111, 70, 28811, 43045, 103310, 25, 7, 113857, 47, 45367, 4552, 23, 83613, 33, 29888, 136, 35845, 538, 19336, 32628, 16070, 7, 4, 70, 3622, 11034, 111, 174756, 5759, 509, 10, 35845, 538, 19336, 12062, 19879, 10012, 15, 115095, 20390, 19879, 345, 5, 294, 5, 86258, 194, 174756, 5759, 509, 82775, 136, 126809, 390, 70, 187951, 43045, 84829, 98, 232045, 111, 6, 54761, 5, 151169, 53, 111, 70, 32628, 56379, 509, 175100, 1810, 390, 166303, 43045, 23, 200356, 5, 8647, 7, 111, 70, 32628, 56379, 3542, 8951, 297, 390, 187951, 43045, 84829, 136, 71924, 297, 390, 166303, 43045, 5, 581, 13452, 31095, 99, 6, 54761, 509, 141425, 81585, 408, 24189, 70, 32628, 56379, 69307, 71, 70, 6, 59533, 41018, 289, 103173, 5, 1529, 509, 7068, 91995, 71, 390, 187206, 78473, 13, 18337, 100, 70, 28745, 93402, 5, 581, 13452, 31095, 99, 70, 187951, 43045, 84829, 509, 7948, 152201, 45211, 5, 581, 109411, 27331, 159, 45964, 1419, 509, 56159, 9572, 214, 5, 581, 205540, 38462, 674, 30195, 20271, 70, 212485, 93402, 509, 41576, 19909, 8139, 53, 136, 70, 43045, 56379, 102203, 7, 31095, 509, 33649, 11, 10023, 55948, 157, 5, 581, 127596, 55583, 11948, 9, 216960, 42, 146797, 509, 10, 139686, 13, 134855, 15593, 100, 145796, 86898, 177, 5, 581, 313, 16069, 15593, 678, 17262, 46312, 7, 111, 30463, 4, 18351, 136, 112965, 653, 39, 509, 19048, 47, 5646, 43079, 678, 142, 83080, 98009, 158839, 111, 2248, 347, 15, 115095, 50181, 6, 2480, 194, 581, 15593, 642, 29590, 34513, 5279, 15, 115095, 60061, 96, 275, 16, 136, 1902, 10, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 483, 793, 933, 5, 581, 181810, 1363, 111, 10, 191964, 1193, 9, 7092, 24990, 2955, 29089, 509, 142, 1193, 9, 7092, 5501, 70820, 100, 70, 6, 221160, 111, 165045, 80854, 98, 70, 145796, 71579, 5, 1650, 96391, 297, 70, 1022, 9, 7092, 127179, 6964, 6620, 15, 1542, 54612, 16, 111, 224128, 217773, 7, 75935, 8305, 70, 182809, 111, 70, 77556, 19, 6, 128019, 678, 70, 38549, 32382, 2878, 66695, 47, 72350, 70, 130807, 3956, 111, 70, 17262, 5201, 82761, 7, 12, 217466, 4, 78, 150, 2271, 136, 81406, 5, 581, 149, 58994, 111, 193, 191, 4, 97377, 316, 136, 140147, 6664, 42548, 71, 98, 70, 38549, 103488, 5, 581, 149, 58994, 37457, 100, 1022, 9, 7092, 7, 509, 81730, 47, 209, 311, 856, 5, 581, 48502, 2955, 29089, 136, 1193, 18148, 15, 112, 34601, 71, 35064, 16, 25842, 642, 29590, 97608, 5279, 136, 1902, 10, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 543, 793, 933, 5, 581, 1193, 9, 7092, 38549, 12983, 22282, 71, 70, 38549, 141796, 2481, 47, 110633, 391, 9, 441, 21487, 294, 72350, 9035, 5, 581, 19204, 5759, 83589, 2822, 24990, 2955, 29089, 509, 142, 20100, 2822, 48502, 2955, 29089, 100, 70, 6, 221160, 111, 23911, 48502, 1517, 111, 1194, 34271, 136, 6, 89399, 17574, 1151, 5, 1650, 96391, 297, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 7, 1295, 757, 5, 11591, 47, 66207, 15247, 39, 678, 57901, 86723, 7, 5, 581, 98169, 642, 29590, 59811, 5279, 136, 1902, 10, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 61391, 793, 933, 5, 581, 89917, 43796, 202, 6889, 6, 128198, 9523, 56607, 4588, 509, 47, 163629, 2053, 98, 70, 3525, 502, 6645, 6889, 5426, 98, 174756, 5759, 5, 581, 98169, 642, 29590, 6, 132208, 5279, 136, 1902, 10, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 79875, 793, 933, 5, 581, 43045, 56379, 229677, 4, 93010, 1900, 136, 786, 271, 146797, 5, 581, 28007, 642, 29590, 6, 132208, 5279, 136, 1902, 10, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 79875, 793, 933, 5, 1650, 7, 32354, 509, 47, 72350, 70, 183871, 136, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 70, 80796, 10932, 70, 32628, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 174756, 5759, 509, 10, 187951, 9, 34198, 297, 28811, 43045, 103310, 99675, 13, 450, 103173, 297, 10932, 70, 55583, 5, 1650, 509, 83184, 297, 98, 1438, 6088, 6052, 99, 1105, 22635, 99577, 1295, 70, 155759, 76, 43045, 18222, 23, 67218, 14179, 4, 92265, 155759, 76, 5, 44, 18148, 47136, 5759, 58, 9157, 7, 100, 105508, 77905, 7, 100, 127596, 42477, 23, 46473, 5759, 5, 2161, 138, 6088, 3295, 15, 8194, 33529, 99577, 247, 174756, 5759, 509, 91755, 37838, 150631, 297, 3934, 70, 55583, 25, 7, 71579, 4, 86658, 6863, 29752, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Spacecraft design.", "Instruments.", "AMIE.", "D-CIXS.", "XSM.", "SIR.", "EPDP.", "SPEDE.", "KATE.", "Flight.", "Lunar impact.", "Smart-1 Ground Segment and Operations.", "Smart- 1 Mission Phases." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "SMART-1 was about one meter across (3.3 ft), and lightweight in comparison to other probes. Its launch mass was 367 kg or 809 pounds, of which 287 kg (633 lb) was non-propellant. It was propelled by a solar-powered Hall effect thruster (Snecma PPS-1350-G) using 82 Kg of xenon gas contained in a 50 litres tank at a pressure of 150 bar at launch. The ion engine thruster used an electrostatic field to ionize the xenon and accelerate the ions achieving an specific impulse of 16.1 kN·s/kg (1,640 seconds), more than three times the maximum for chemical rockets. One kg of propellant (1/350 to 1/300 of the total mass of the spacecraft) produced a delta-v of about 45 m/s. The electric propulsion subsystem weighted 29 kg with a peak power consumption of 1,200 watts. SMART-1 was the first in the program of ESA's Small Missions for Advanced Research and Technology. The solar arrays made capable of 1850W at the beginning of the mission, were able to provide the maximum set of 1,190 W to the thruster, giving a nominal thrust of 68 mN, hence an acceleration of 0.2 mm/s2 or 0.7 m/s per hour (i.e., just under 0.00002 \"g\" of acceleration). As with all ion-engine powered craft, orbital maneuvers were not carried out in short bursts but very gradually. The particular trajectory taken by SMART-1 to the Moon required thrusting for about one third to one half of every orbit. When spiraling away from the Earth thrusting was done on the perigee part of the orbit. At the end of the mission, the thruster had demonstrated the following capability: As part of the European Space Agency's strategy to build very inexpensive and relatively small spaceships, the total cost of SMART-1 was a relatively small 110 million euros (about 170 million U.S. dollars). SMART-1 was designed and developed by the Swedish Space Corporation on behalf of ESA. Assembly of the spacecraft was carried out by Saab Space in Linköping. Tests of the spacecraft were directed by Swedish Space Corporation and executed by Saab Space. The project manager at ESA was Giuseppe Racca until the spacecraft achieved the moon operational orbit. He was then replaced by Gerhard Schwehm for the Science phase. The project manager at the Swedish Space Corporation was Peter Rathsman. The Principal Project Scientist was Bernard Foing. The Ground Segment Manager during the preparation phase was Mike McKay and the Spacecraft Operations manager was Octavio Camino.", "", "The Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment was a miniature colour camera for lunar imaging. The CCD camera with three filters of 750, 900 and 950 nm was able to take images with an average pixel resolution of 80 m (about 260 ft). The camera weighed 2.1 kg (about 4.5 lb) and had a power consumption of 9 watts.", "The Demonstration of a Compact X-ray Spectrometer was an X-ray telescope for the identification of chemical elements on the lunar surface. It detected the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) of crystal compounds created through the interaction of the electron shell with the solar wind particles to measure the abundance of the three main components: magnesium, silicon and aluminium. The detection of iron, calcium and titanium depended on the solar activity. The detection range for x-rays was 0.5 to 10 keV. The spectrometer and XSM (described below) together weighed 5.2 kg and had a power consumption of 18 watts.", "The X-ray solar monitor studied the solar variability to complement D-CIXS measurements.", "The Smart-1 Infrared Spectrometer was an infrared spectrometer for the identification of mineral spectra of olivine and pyroxene. It detected wavelengths from 0.93 to 2.4 μm with 256 channels. The package weighed 2.3 kg and had a power consumption of 4.1 watts.", "The Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package was to acquire data on the new propulsion system on SMART-1. The package weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts.", "The Spacecraft Potential, Electron and Dust Experiment. The experiment weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts. Its function was to measure the properties and density of the plasma around the spacecraft, either as a Langmuir probe or as an electric field probe. SPEDE observed the emission of the spacecraft's ion engine and the \"wake\" the Moon leaves to the solar wind. Unlike most other instruments that have to be shut down to prevent damage, SPEDE could keep measuring inside radiation belts and in solar storms, such as the Halloween 2003 solar storms. It was built by Finnish Meteorological Institute and its name was intentionally chosen so that its acronym is the same as the nickname of Spede Pasanen, a famous Finnish movie actor, movie producer, and inventor. The algorithms developed for SPEDE were later used in the ESA lander Philae.", "K band TT&C (telemetry, tracking and control) Experiment. The experiment weighed 6.2 kg and had a power consumption of 26 watts. The Ka-band transponder was designed as precursor for Bepi Colombo to perform radio science investigations and to monitor the dynamical performance of the electric propulsion system.", "SMART-1 was launched 27 September 2003 together with Insat 3E and eBird 1, by an Ariane 5 rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. After 42 minutes it was released into a geostationary transfer orbit of 7,035 × 42,223 km. From there it used its Solar Electric Primary Propulsion (SEPP) to gradually spiral out during thirteen months. The orbit can be seen up to 26 October 2004 at spaceref.com, when the orbit was 179,718 × 305,214 km. On that date, after the 289th engine pulse, the SEPP had accumulated a total on-time of nearly 3,648 hours out of a total flight time of 8,000 hours, hence a little less than half of its total mission. It consumed about 58.8 kg of xenon and produced a delta-v of 2,737 m/s (46.5 m/s per kg xenon, 0.75 m/s per hour on-time). It was powered on again on 15 November for a planned burn of 4.5 days to enter fully into lunar orbit. It took until February 2005 using the electric thruster to decelerate into the final orbit 300–3,000 km above the Moon's surface. The end of mission performance demonstrated by the propulsion system is stated above. After its last perigee on 2 November, on 11 November 2004 it passed through the L Lagrangian Point and into the area dominated by the Moon's gravitational influence, and at 1748 UT on 15 November passed the first periselene of its lunar orbit. The osculating orbit on that date was 6,704 × 53,208 km, with an orbital period of 129 hours, although the actual orbit was accomplished in only 89 hours. This illustrates the significant impact that the engine burns have on the orbit and marks the meaning of the osculating orbit, which is the orbit that would be travelled by the spacecraft if at that instant all perturbations, including thrust, would cease. ESA announced on 15 February 2005 the to extend the mission of \"SMART-1\" by one year until August 2006. This date was later shifted to 3 September 2006 to enable further scientific observations from Earth.", "SMART-1 impacted the Moon's surface, as planned, on 3 September 2006 at 05:42:22 UTC, ending its mission. Moving at approximately 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph), SMART-1 created an impact visible with ground telescopes from Earth. It is hoped that not only will this provide some data simulating a meteor impact, but also that it might expose materials in the ground, like water ice, to spectroscopic analysis. ESA originally estimated that impact occurred at. In 2017, the impact site was identified from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter data at. At the time of impact, the Moon was visible in North and South America, and places in the Pacific Ocean, but not Europe, Africa, or western Asia. This project has generated data and know-how that will be used for other missions, such as the ESA's BepiColombo mission to Mercury.", "Smart-1 operations were conducted from the ESA European Space Operations Center ESOC in Darmstadt Germany led by the Spacecraft Operations Manager Octavio Camino. The ground segment of Smart-1 was a good example of infrastructure reuse at ESA: Flight Dynamics infrastructure and Data distribution System (DDS) from Rosetta, Mars Express and Venus Express. The generic mission control system software SCOS 2000, and a set of generic interface elements use at ESA for the operations of their missions. The use of CCSDS TLM and TC standards permitted a cost effective tailoring of seven different terminals of the ESA Tracking network (ESTRACK) plus Weilheim in Germany (DLR). The components that were developed specifically for Smart-1 were: the simulator; a mix of hardware and software derived from the Electrical Ground Support Equipment EGSE equipment, the Mission Planning System and the Automation System developed from MOIS (this last based on a prototype implemented for Envisat) and a suite of engineering tools called MUST. This last permitted the Smart-1 engineers to do anomaly investigation through internet, pioneering at ESA monitoring of spacecraft TLM using mobile phones and PDAs and receiving spacecraft alarms via SMS. The Mission Control Team was composed of seven engineers in the Flight Control Team FCT, a variable group between 2-5 Flight Dynamics engineers and 1-2 Data Systems engineers. Unlike most ESA missions, there were no Spacecraft Controllers (SPACONs), and all operations and mission-planning activities were done by the FCT. This concept originated overtime and night shifts during the first months of the mission but worked well during the cruise and the moon phases. The major concern during the first 3 months of the mission was to leave the radiation belts as soon as possible in order to minimize the degradation of the solar arrays and the star tracker CCDs. The first and most critical problem came after the first revolution when a failure in the onboard Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) algorithm triggered an autonomous switch to the redundant computer in every orbit causing several reboots, finding the spacecraft in SAFE mode after every pericenter passage. The analysis of the spacecraft telemetry pointed directly to a radiation-triggered problem with the EDAC interrupt routine. Other anomalies during this period were a combination of environmental problems: high radiation doses, especially in the star trackers and onboard software anomalies: the Reed Solomon encoding became corrupt after switching data rates and had to be disabled. It was overcome by procedures and changes on ground operations approach. The star trackers were also subject of frequent hiccups during the earth escape and caused some of the Electric Propulsion (EP) interruptions. They were all resolved with several software patches. The EP showed sensitivity to radiation inducing shutdowns. This phenomenon identified as the Opto-coupler Single Event Transient (OSET), initially seen in LEOP during the first firing using cathode B, was characterized by a rapid drop in Anode Current triggering the alarm ‘Flame Out’ bit causing the shutdown of the EP. The problem was identified to be radiation induced Opto-coupler sensitivity. The recovery of such events was to restart the thruster. This was manually done during several months until an On Board Software Patch (OBSW) was developed to detect it and initiate an autonomous thruster restart. Its impact was limited to the orbit prediction calculation used for the Ground Stations to track the spacecraft and the subsequent orbit corrections. The different kind of anomalies and the frequent interruptions in the thrust of the Electric Propulsion led to an increase of the ground stations support and overtime of the flight operations team who had to react quickly. Their recovery was sometimes time consuming, especially when the spacecraft was found in SAFE mode. Overall, they impeded to run the operations as originally planned having one 8 hours pass every 4 days. The mission negotiated the use the ESTRACK network spare capacity. This concept permitted about eight times additional network coverage at no extra cost but originated unexpected overheads and conflicts. It ultimately permitted additional contacts with the spacecraft during the early stage of the mission and an important increase of science during the moon phase. This phase required a major reconfiguration of the on-board stores and its operation. This change designed by the flight control team at ESOC and implemented by the Swedish Space Corporation in a short time required to re-write part of the Flight Control Procedures FOP for the operations at the moon. The Operations during the moon phase become highly automated: the flight dynamics pointing was “menu driven” allowing more than 98% of commanding being generated by the Mission Planning System MPS. The extension of the MPS system with the so called MOIS Executor, became the Smart-1 automation system. It permitted to operate 70% of the passes unmanned towards the end of the mission and allowed the validation of the first operational “spacecraft automation system” at ESA. The mission achieved all its objectives: getting out of the radiation belts influence 3 months after launch, spiraling out during 11 months and being captured by the moon using resonances, the commissioning and operations of all instruments during the cruise phase and the optimization of the navigation and operational procedures required for Electric Propulsion operation. The efficient operations of the Electric Propulsion at the moon allowed the reduction of the orbital radius benefiting the scientific operations and extending this mission by one extra year. A detailed chronology of the operations events is provided in ref.", "The full mission phases from the operations perspective is documented in including the performance of the different subsystems." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 111, 110, 13566, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 47, 70, 23972, 73327, 8946, 4, 99, 70, 144477, 9022, 5609, 111, 70, 947, 51467, 219, 37385, 916, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 70, 121678, 373, 51626, 61585, 509, 99, 36169, 1140, 5, 581, 5117, 121678, 373, 51626, 7, 99, 947, 51467, 219, 4, 48402, 214, 1379, 64330, 110937, 90, 4, 5622, 47, 70, 77648, 73327, 8946, 5, 581, 4568, 77648, 73327, 8946, 60097, 4, 13714, 8993, 7701, 5014, 4, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 1919, 47, 6492, 99, 36169, 1140, 4, 1284, 2843, 88303, 10, 7477, 56, 6635, 42762, 99, 947, 51467, 219, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 21334, 148734, 10393, 320, 22, 170224, 4, 51529, 237, 127565, 42, 88, 9, 10685, 936, 5, 1650, 31895, 191722, 70, 155655, 22, 170224, 58982, 10932, 70, 50478, 166259, 1191, 71, 27140, 5, 391, 3400, 56, 25, 7, 7477, 56, 6635, 27140, 4, 88303, 390, 70, 121678, 107653, 3370, 21620, 4517, 4, 53333, 48402, 90, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 8473, 1176, 33976, 7, 136, 10, 37526, 1294, 1163, 53018, 15, 2347, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 242, 218128, 9022, 8352, 275, 25, 194, 92265, 107653, 136, 61527, 31, 106622, 16162, 9, 201988, 1081, 23684, 56, 66933, 70, 117396, 2831, 111, 1919, 6897, 1119, 73427, 1916, 136, 14359, 2852, 391, 3400, 56, 25, 7, 7477, 56, 6635, 27140, 5, 799, 147, 538, 756, 65056, 927, 73327, 8946, 60097, 7, 19667, 10, 12921, 31913, 100, 2363, 242810, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 25074, 117604, 4, 1379, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 136, 84247, 927, 73327, 7, 2449, 4, 947, 51467, 219, 509, 13438, 70, 121678, 373, 51626, 61585, 5, 581, 3698, 2480, 127, 136, 84247, 927, 73327, 8946, 242810, 7, 621, 959, 88303, 2750, 12097, 111, 106750, 6, 34165, 46389, 7, 4, 1284, 64457, 678, 10, 56458, 58055, 214, 111, 21922, 2661, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 1836, 621, 40715, 5299, 9498, 56, 4126, 3501, 70, 8999, 9, 51840, 10821, 242810, 7, 88303, 390, 70, 65056, 927, 73327, 8946, 60097, 7, 99, 95694, 11, 5, 4228, 7, 4, 70, 4568, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 73327, 8946, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 60097, 47, 69979, 19, 70, 1608, 26278, 7, 23, 1919, 242810, 678, 166259, 1191, 71, 24129, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 25074, 117604, 4, 442, 509, 114122, 6635, 100, 29685, 33843, 47, 186, 373, 46572, 23, 1163, 53018, 3627, 16145, 20903, 47, 70, 242810, 111, 2363, 60097, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 234737, 7, 111, 14375, 3627, 16145, 3542, 100, 4806, 23, 947, 51467, 219, 10932, 70, 242810, 99115, 7, 111, 4228, 7, 136, 1413, 118, 5, 28090, 70, 102256, 117604, 98, 19364, 4, 17443, 19379, 7, 509, 110, 51713, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 23295, 4, 136, 60097, 7, 88303, 2363, 7477, 56, 6635, 99115, 7, 234311, 5, 4221, 434, 14375, 42762, 7, 1295, 903, 14922, 765, 2809, 14037, 99, 947, 51467, 219, 5, 133698, 70, 2356, 117604, 17443, 19379, 7, 509, 142, 5526, 86757, 136, 116338, 11698, 4, 8035, 70, 10323, 7103, 70, 28665, 66, 92329, 5, 28090, 70, 241, 6958, 8927, 927, 73327, 8946, 98, 19364, 5941, 11192, 51521, 7, 88303, 3627, 16145, 99, 947, 51467, 219, 5, 51404, 7464, 10, 4537, 4, 7974, 195, 82501, 88303, 10, 21334, 47, 6492, 3688, 4, 102971, 764, 14432, 509, 373, 46572, 237, 189258, 11, 10597, 23, 70, 70237, 111, 70, 87703, 99, 581, 7438, 5, 64511, 5526, 3627, 16145, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 279, 77347, 62, 1264, 583, 4, 70, 279, 77347, 799, 2875, 982, 5408, 4, 70, 22104, 12613, 18, 840, 13, 4, 136, 70, 36311, 9, 20147, 184, 111, 1371, 1076, 11395, 12303, 4, 3596, 11, 5, 52455, 42762, 7, 1295, 110680, 14922, 7, 3542, 7464, 135203, 4, 1284, 45, 143, 44498, 3674, 390, 903, 14922, 5, 54041, 13714, 195, 1177, 3509, 4, 775, 111, 159068, 11, 10597, 8446, 15650, 7, 1995, 4, 7228, 121461, 7, 47, 33976, 7, 99, 947, 51467, 219, 5, 2022, 4021, 3789, 8966, 4, 764, 14359, 2822, 70, 166259, 1191, 71, 111, 4228, 7, 136, 49814, 142, 6, 101287, 47, 6863, 127067, 2577, 47, 159202, 67, 70, 14359, 30494, 5, 1529, 22, 320, 17704, 70, 50819, 1081, 316, 4, 70, 373, 51626, 1764, 111, 70, 42555, 39, 47314, 62, 4994, 50208, 7, 4, 136, 509, 14432, 373, 46572, 23, 70, 60199, 277, 16145, 5, 581, 50819, 1081, 316, 4, 70541, 214, 1632, 165, 164, 987, 13482, 1940, 674, 111, 142, 62, 4994, 50208, 136, 70, 47, 6492, 111, 13714, 195, 1177, 3509, 4, 3542, 4842, 164, 63127, 297, 390, 70, 92265, 61527, 31, 106622, 8055, 13, 7798, 8676, 23, 543, 11703, 5, 133698, 70, 14922, 7, 7103, 70, 2356, 117604, 4, 3229, 40368, 162708, 23, 70, 56588, 149976, 237, 10323, 111, 61527, 4, 947, 51467, 219, 47143, 297, 23, 4527, 237, 10, 373, 51626, 61585, 100, 110, 13566, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 70, 16128, 100512, 142, 5526, 78869, 100, 8111, 113240, 7, 47, 10, 14012, 111, 58984, 70880, 5, 42902, 31075, 205488, 1257, 10932, 70, 50819, 1081, 316, 4, 136, 1119, 41745, 272, 1379, 64330, 110937, 90, 3542, 59226, 3934, 70, 13950, 237, 373, 51626, 15271, 100, 21334, 101935, 111, 42555, 39, 47314, 70018, 5908, 4, 147408, 5245, 4, 7515, 7, 4, 10269, 7, 4, 136, 11944, 25553, 5, 947, 51467, 219, 136, 70, 206990, 58555, 111, 17192, 12915, 136, 78715, 7, 10437, 134729, 297, 82649, 390, 5078, 23962, 20271, 70, 1392, 61527, 3378, 18782, 7, 5, 14934, 112875, 3542, 148431, 3934, 4, 1284, 70, 42762, 7, 3542, 153161, 1502, 42, 4806, 5, 133698, 124374, 1119, 73427, 5256, 23, 1392, 99, 70, 10269, 60199, 277, 275, 23, 947, 51467, 219, 108, 15322, 34740, 4, 142, 1119, 73427, 1363, 7175, 12441, 390, 50791, 192, 87, 70362, 4, 136, 142, 21640, 7175, 111, 25188, 1314, 12441, 390, 10208, 1520, 67703, 1681, 111, 3980, 152462, 12535, 4, 51, 63127, 297, 39555, 136659, 19879, 26249, 42555, 32747, 99, 70, 373, 51626, 1764, 5, 1650, 83, 17569, 450, 70, 42555, 39, 47314, 85825, 4, 153161, 10269, 7, 4, 3542, 179140, 47, 27875, 98, 70, 177966, 7, 111, 2363, 144044, 47, 2363, 8, 31075, 5, 360, 20414, 267, 4, 30839, 9, 154167, 17332, 66, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 947, 51467, 219, 15, 4, 6, 247, 2843, 160093, 297, 22568, 11230, 707, 80085, 13403, 23, 14941, 4, 83, 10, 18410, 4, 142, 45964, 373, 51626, 61585, 23, 61527, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 70, 108, 15322, 34740, 100, 70, 893, 45964, 61527, 3378, 10323, 4, 17443, 19379, 7, 5, 947, 51467, 219, 66139, 183851, 242810, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 8999, 9, 51840, 10821, 50478, 242810, 111, 391, 3400, 56, 4, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 50478, 8352, 275, 4743, 47, 6863, 148734, 10393, 320, 3647, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 14012, 111, 1163, 53018, 7, 15, 161974, 238, 2565, 91084, 242, 776, 206, 25, 194, 135016, 3674, 3060, 127067, 111, 5744, 9, 5636, 149109, 31, 4, 947, 51467, 219, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 10932, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early Dynastic.", "Old Kingdom.", "Middle Kingdom.", "New Kingdom.", "After the New Kingdom.", "Site looting during 2011 protests.", "Recent Discoveries." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "of nobles can be traced back to the First Dynasty, at the northern side of the Saqqara plateau. During this time, the royal burial ground was at Abydos. The first royal burials at Saqqara, comprising underground galleries, date to the Second Dynasty. The last Second Dynasty king, Khasekhemwy, was buried in his tomb at Abydos, but also built a funerary monument at Saqqara consisting of a large rectangular enclosure, known as Gisr el-Mudir. It probably inspired the monumental enclosure wall around the Step Pyramid complex. Djoser's funerary complex, built by the royal architect Imhotep, further comprises a large number of dummy buildings and a secondary mastaba (the so-called 'Southern Tomb'). French architect and Egyptologist Jean-Philippe Lauer spent the greater part of his life excavating and restoring Djoser's funerary complex.", "Nearly all Fourth Dynasty kings chose a different location for their pyramids. During the second half of the Old Kingdom, under the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, Saqqara was again the royal burial ground. The Fifth and Sixth Dynasty pyramids are not built wholly of massive stone blocks, but instead with a core consisting of rubble. Consequently, they are less well preserved than the world-famous pyramids built by the Fourth Dynasty kings at Giza. Unas, the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, was the first king to adorn the chambers in his pyramid with Pyramid Texts. During the Old Kingdom, it was customary for courtiers to be buried in mastaba tombs close to the pyramid of their king. Thus, clusters of private tombs were formed in Saqqara around the pyramid complexes of Unas and Teti.", "From the Middle Kingdom onward, Memphis was no longer the capital of the country, and kings built their funerary complexes elsewhere. Few private monuments from this period have been found at Saqqara.", "During the New Kingdom Memphis was an important administrative and military centre, being the capital after the Amaran Period. From the Eighteenth Dynasty onward many high officials built tombs at Saqqara. While still a general, Horemheb built a large tomb here, although he later was buried as pharaoh in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. Other important tombs belong to the vizier Aperel, the vizier Neferrenpet, the artist Thutmose, and the wet-nurse of Tutankhamun, Maia. Many monuments from earlier periods were still standing, but dilapidated by this period. Prince Khaemweset, son of Pharaoh Ramesses II, made repairs to buildings at Saqqara. Among other things, he restored the Pyramid of Unas and added an inscription to its south face to commemorate the restoration. He enlarged the Serapeum, the burial site of the mummified Apis bulls, and was later buried in the catacombs. The Serapeum, containing one undisturbed interment of an Apis bull and the tomb of Khaemweset, were rediscovered by the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette in 1851.", "During the periods after the New Kingdom, when several cities in the Delta served as capital of Egypt, Saqqara remained in use as a burial ground for nobles. Moreover, the area became an important destination for pilgrims to a number of cult centres. Activities sprang up around the Serapeum, and extensive underground galleries were cut into the rock as burial sites for large numbers of mummified ibises, baboons, cats, dogs, and falcons.", "Saqqara and the surrounding areas of Abusir and Dahshur suffered damage by looters during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Store rooms were broken into, but the monuments were mostly unharmed.", "During routine excavations in 2011 at the dog catacomb in Saqqara necropolis, an excavation team led by Salima Ikram, and an international team of researchers led by Paul Nicholson of Cardiff University, uncovered almost eight million animal mummies at the burial site. It is thought that the mummified animals, mostly dogs, were intended to pass on the prayers of their owners to their deities. In July 2018, German-Egyptian researchers’ team head by Dr. Ramadan Badry Hussein and University of Tübingen reported the discovery of an extremely rare gilded burial mask which probably dates from Saite-Persian period in a partly damaged wooden coffin. The last time a similar mask was found, was in 1939. The eyes were covered with obsidian, calcite, and black hued gemstone possibly onyx. “The finding of this mask could be called a sensation. Very few masks of precious metal have been preserved to the present day, because the tombs of most Ancient Egyptian dignitaries were looted in ancient times.” said Hussein. In November, 2018, seven ancient Egyptian tombs were located at the ancient necropolis of Saqqara by an Egyptian archaeological mission, with a collection of scarab and cat mummies, dating back to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. According to the former minister Khaled el-Enany, three of the tombs were used for cats some dating back more than 6,000 years, while one of four other sarcophagi revealed at the site was unsealed. Within the remains of cat mummies were unearthed gilded and 100 wooden statues of cats and one in bronze dedicated to the cat goddess named Bastet. In addition, funerary items dating back to the 12th Dynasty were found besides the skeletal remains of cats. In mid-December 2018 the Egyptian government announced the discovery at Saqqara of a previously unknown 4,400-year-old tomb, containing paintings and more than fifty sculptures. It belongs to Wahtye, a high-ranking priest who served under King Neferirkare Kakai during the Fifth Dynasty. The tomb also contains five shafts that may lead to a sarcophagus below. On April 13, 2019, an expedition led by Department Member of Czech Institute of Egyptology Mohamed Megahed discovered a 4,000-year-old tomb near Egypt's Saqqara Necropolis. Archaeologists confirmed that the tomb belonged to an influential person named 'Khuwy' who lived in Egypt during the 5th dynasty. \"“The L-shaped Khuwy tomb starts with a small corridor heading downwards into an antechamber and from there a larger chamber with painted reliefs depicting the tomb owner seated at an offerings table”\" reported the head of the excavation team Mohamed Megahed. According to CNN, it is surprising that there are some paintings that maintained their brightness over a long time in the tomb mainly made of white limestone bricks. Another interesting fact is that the tomb had a tunnel entrance generally typical for pyramids. Archaeologists say that there might be a connection between Khuwy and Pharaoh because the mausoleum was found near the pyramid of Egyptian Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who ruled during that time. In June 2019, several hundred cache of mummies dating 2,000 years back were found by a team of Polish archaeologists led by Dr. Kamil Kuraszkiewicz. Investigations were carried for almost two decades in the area near Djoser Pyramid, the oldest pyramid in the world. Archaeologists revealed the graves of noblemen from the period of the 6th dynasty, dating to the 24th-21st century BC and 500 graves of indigent people dating approximately to the 6th century BC - 1st century AD. The scientists identified that most of the bodies were poorly preserved and all organic materials, as well as, the wooden caskets decayed." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 621, 183851, 150624, 111, 10756, 214, 23, 71924, 1830, 3129, 23, 1084, 42118, 47219, 40101, 390, 70, 588, 238, 109561, 111, 70, 25927, 13, 707, 390, 10708, 177, 72403, 5, 581, 16610, 36069, 83, 10, 55300, 111, 10756, 214, 51339, 297, 390, 22466, 214, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 101085, 56, 98, 10, 3474, 929, 4, 70, 2663, 111, 10, 21, 70764, 4, 70, 4420, 111, 10, 41718, 4, 111649, 4, 707, 3789, 80939, 4, 678, 70, 110, 8364, 10932, 70, 108, 2594, 5, 581, 8060, 83, 7068, 109133, 16065, 4, 137802, 70, 3445, 123, 177, 2069, 1295, 70, 6, 131803, 5, 26832, 26885, 71, 390, 70, 108, 2594, 4, 70, 57888, 111, 70, 14361, 83, 11814, 47, 107137, 33, 70, 110, 8364, 10932, 70, 1152, 1430, 11, 136, 108, 2594, 45646, 216806, 10708, 177, 72403, 136, 221419, 538, 47219, 5, 3293, 205794, 51776, 17721, 1492, 136, 214075, 14633, 4, 678, 51, 144729, 7432, 74918, 2852, 28032, 305, 1104, 1837, 94131, 5, 117371, 127357, 4, 70, 16610, 36069, 509, 70, 5570, 55300, 100, 10756, 214, 4, 136, 83, 7464, 39210, 23, 193341, 7, 136, 4173, 106166, 26136, 10756, 5180, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 108495, 59207, 7, 136, 177074, 71924, 17514, 16, 3129, 54, 959, 68073, 1295, 70, 26341, 5281, 98154, 136, 36069, 9, 23986, 927, 74481, 1363, 23180, 7, 11814, 390, 70, 3525, 56, 150624, 5, 62, 16610, 36069, 20117, 83, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 44, 37035, 58, 55300, 4, 35839, 601, 7859, 429, 2870, 1409, 15, 39798, 25958, 12, 10708, 177, 2069, 914, 41566, 7, 247, 23, 3129, 70, 25632, 98441, 5646, 3687, 12, 3293, 55300, 509, 14432, 2843, 30666, 297, 390, 70, 39457, 42, 117249, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 390, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 74, 7440, 70, 44, 37035, 58, 55300, 509, 11814, 237, 70, 11001, 10644, 111, 71924, 1830, 1295, 24531, 24189, 70, 10, 40285, 1363, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 96145, 83572, 1631, 49602, 17038, 143695, 17819, 4, 71924, 297, 23, 41906, 23, 210721, 4, 509, 54940, 189275, 75534, 158, 4545, 14534, 3395, 71924, 297, 23, 903, 144996, 23, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 581, 5570, 36069, 83687, 7, 10, 36069, 111, 17721, 136, 21449, 3934, 4527, 1295, 176284, 4, 3229, 70, 57456, 41653, 3542, 91376, 390, 142, 120552, 22072, 4, 59176, 1391, 46526, 191, 5, 1650, 7, 4527, 25545, 538, 93403, 47, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 76726, 136, 8382, 7440, 80209, 76519, 1902, 142, 14941, 59665, 5, 1650, 509, 90698, 10, 14135, 13, 136912, 98, 70, 16610, 36069, 6637, 442, 509, 179140, 47, 186, 20174, 47, 36356, 70, 3445, 25, 7, 3293, 9433, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 72350, 71, 36069, 4, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 130891, 23, 170612, 390, 25031, 1784, 25876, 237, 10, 57456, 129745, 98, 70, 5570, 36069, 5, 175399, 111, 30309, 6817, 214, 70, 5701, 5570, 62488, 4, 70, 3445, 25, 7, 155955, 136, 57888, 3542, 11814, 47, 83324, 3642, 5045, 91, 123660, 2806, 186, 62952, 23, 70, 6, 131803, 221, 450, 70, 62488, 36069, 20051, 2806, 186, 20174, 47, 63284, 450, 70, 108, 2594, 509, 148431, 4, 1284, 959, 221, 5045, 450, 70, 3445, 509, 8, 15644, 5743, 71, 5, 581, 517, 7844, 3687, 674, 111, 70, 36298, 707, 472, 10869, 111, 70, 110, 8364, 15, 991, 450, 70, 10336, 509, 5111, 12225, 4420, 237, 70, 6, 131803, 107137, 33, 297, 16, 162466, 71, 47, 116987, 70, 108, 2594, 5, 135967, 47, 151278, 4, 70, 36069, 509, 17721, 22759, 136, 1492, 74261, 15, 115095, 1632, 47, 17262, 106384, 247, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 57888, 111, 70, 14361, 4, 136, 509, 74481, 3674, 47, 75060, 10, 37772, 111, 25568, 4598, 96, 150598, 11516, 4, 10715, 3525, 67772, 707, 6, 177917, 5279, 420, 247, 3129, 588, 41039, 2822, 70, 108, 2594, 99, 40101, 70, 116, 2208, 136, 138, 4216, 707, 201, 927, 136, 43454, 214, 83, 10, 39210, 55300, 100, 193341, 5, 581, 76319, 63559, 100, 193341, 390, 10756, 214, 621, 12301, 20102, 19882, 47, 70, 83080, 3445, 4, 154186, 678, 11476, 56859, 7, 707, 5737, 5245, 5, 9312, 72179, 1830, 83, 959, 56065, 4, 136, 100, 903, 31635, 4, 10756, 214, 83, 41866, 39210, 23935, 54940, 215612, 141, 101085, 1314, 15, 21231, 193341, 39544, 194, 62, 10644, 111, 10756, 214, 215667, 47, 4393, 72179, 1830, 10756, 214, 1543, 186, 113054, 297, 390, 15970, 9, 2816, 449, 72403, 17368, 10, 19881, 6644, 10932, 70, 108, 2594, 136, 70, 2878, 289, 57888, 111, 70, 14361, 15, 15866, 289, 72179, 1830, 16, 47, 107137, 33, 70, 19881, 6644, 5, 14847, 10, 215612, 141, 10756, 214, 83687, 7, 2878, 289, 72179, 1830, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 83, 14037, 47, 765, 15044, 74261, 23996, 214, 70, 61585, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 1836, 621, 472, 86, 60096, 4, 13081, 34, 59207, 8622, 621, 3060, 157666, 450, 70, 98416, 7, 41361, 71, 10756, 214, 237, 14135, 209201, 7, 47, 2365, 73, 4, 47, 3486, 34639, 2365, 73, 25, 7, 10002, 209201, 111, 10756, 214, 66570, 62, 10756, 214, 1543, 135989, 13, 1632, 707, 1286, 111, 70, 25632, 29874, 27289, 4, 3060, 105207, 47, 47219, 12, 581, 22304, 111, 47219, 23, 10756, 214, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 27289, 62548, 47, 70, 19732, 5, 14847, 70, 14361, 83, 121447, 1295, 10, 35845, 538, 11192, 19069, 4, 70, 13036, 22304, 111, 47219, 83, 141591, 77890, 47, 70, 1407, 56, 6641, 686, 6827, 25927, 13, 5, 581, 232796, 181653, 621, 103210, 77336, 5, 6561, 35187, 168360, 450, 4734, 10, 19336, 66320, 939, 111, 10, 36549, 111, 80209, 10756, 5180, 181653, 588, 238, 54889, 47, 70, 6641, 686, 6827, 25927, 13, 16156, 1810, 111, 4442, 50218, 22282, 71, 247, 678, 23552, 111, 6097, 588, 238, 54889, 6896, 1810, 111, 4442, 16, 8035, 70, 54704, 44, 8467, 669, 25, 7, 588, 238, 6644, 58, 15, 964, 141636, 588, 238, 54889, 111, 70, 366, 7, 1940, 32329, 25667, 164, 111, 70, 313, 304, 38715, 2844, 194, 581, 31913, 111, 70, 472, 10869, 111, 70, 10756, 214, 6, 131803, 83, 10, 13036, 31461, 23, 72694, 214, 70, 135969, 7, 111, 6641, 686, 6827, 25927, 13, 182260, 4, 678, 10, 1614, 52796, 472, 10869, 15, 8467, 669, 25, 7, 472, 10869, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 43454, 214, 83, 70, 72179, 1830, 111, 10, 3445, 390, 10, 110, 8364, 707, 19881, 6644, 10932, 70, 108, 2594, 5, 581, 44, 205061, 14941, 147638, 58, 117249, 450, 10756, 214, 23, 903, 10422, 83, 44, 159975, 25958, 47, 3884, 47, 47219, 390, 72179, 1830, 390, 70, 108, 2594, 830, 21208, 442, 36770, 538, 2843, 15005, 2822, 47, 119653, 55923, 1830, 136, 47219, 390, 6, 75750, 19929, 23, 3129, 70, 14361, 2806, 47143, 44, 8467, 214, 740, 43454, 214, 1556, 2809, 10, 39210, 55300, 111, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 16792, 92264, 20028, 4, 136, 83, 70, 158978, 71924, 1830, 55300, 23, 183851, 76726, 136, 10776, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 51529, 15426, 111, 71924, 1830, 390, 10756, 214, 509, 23, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 44, 670, 71360, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Methods of judicial hanging.", "Short drop.", "Pole method.", "Standard drop.", "Long drop.", "As suicide.", "As human sacrifice.", "Medical effects.", "Notable practices across the globe.", "Afghanistan.", "Australia.", "Bangladesh.", "Brazil.", "Bulgaria.", "Canada.", "Egypt.", "Germany.", "Hungary.", "India.", "Iran.", "Iraq.", "Israel.", "Japan.", "Jordan.", "Lebanon.", "Liberia.", "Malaysia.", "Portugal.", "Pakistan.", "Russia.", "Singapore.", "Sri Lanka.", "Syria.", "United Kingdom.", "United States.", "Inverted hanging, the \"Jewish\" punishment.", "Hanging by the ribs.", "Grammar." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "There are numerous methods of hanging in execution which instigate death either by the fracturing of the spine or by strangulation.", "The short drop is a method of hanging performed by placing the condemned prisoner on a stool, the top of a ladder, the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body is used to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure causing strangulation and subsequently death. This typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, with unconsciousness occurring within 6–15 seconds. Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method for hanging, and is still common in suicides and extrajudicial hangings (such as lynchings and summary executions) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and drop-length calculation tables used by the newer methods.", "A short drop variant is the Austro-Hungarian \"pole\" method, called Würgegalgen (literally: strangling gallows), in which the following steps take place: This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia; where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.", "The standard drop involves a drop of between and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by an Irish doctor, Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems had an English origin. It was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's", "This process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. The careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck. Prior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver a force of 1,260 lbf (5,600 newtons or 572 kgf), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and", "Hanging is a common method for suicide. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see suicide watch). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching", "There are some suggestions that the Vikings practiced hanging as human sacrifices to Odin, to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself", "A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death: The cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic \"hangman's fracture\" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic \"hangman's fracture\". According to \"Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture\", the phrase in the usual execution order, \"\"hanged by the neck until dead,\"\" was necessary. By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly. The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to the spinal cord. Death from a \"hangman's fracture\" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe subluxation of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts", "Hanging has been a method of capital punishment in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, whilst short drop and suspension hanging is practiced frequently in Iran.", "Hanging is the most", "Capital punishment was a part of the Legal system of Australia from its early days as a penal colony for the British Empire, until 1985, by which time all Australian States and territories had abolished the death penalty;", "Hanging is the only method", "Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like Tiradentes (1792) were killed", "Bulgaria's national hero, Vasil Levski, was executed by hanging by the Ottoman court in Sofia in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands", "Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified", "In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying. In 2004, Egypt hanged five", "In the territories occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by guillotine than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were partisans and black marketeers, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the British and US Occupation Zones under", "The prime minister of Hungary, during the 1956 Revolution, Imre Nagy, was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and", "All executions in India are carried out by hanging. In 1949, Nathuram Godse, Mahatma Gandhi's assassin, was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India. The Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment should be given only in the \"rarest of rare cases\". Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. Dhananjoy Chatterjee, the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on 14 August 2004 in Alipore Jail, Kolkata. Ajmal Kasab, the lone surviving terrorist of the", "Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran. It is legal for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays diyya to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness (see Sharia). If the presiding judge deems the case to be \"causing public outrage\", he can order the hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air. On 19 July 2005, two boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted", "Hanging was used under the regime of Saddam Hussein, but was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States invaded and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004. In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first insurgents by hanging. Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for crimes against humanity on 5 November 2006, and was executed on 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long drop hanging. Barzan Ibrahim, the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, former chief judge, were executed on 15 January 2007, also by the long drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall. Former vice-president Taha Yassin Ramadan had been sentenced to life in prison", "Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has been used only", "On 23 December 1948, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Akira Mutō, Iwane Matsui, Seishirō Itagaki, Kōki Hirota, and Heitaro Kimura were hanged at Sugamo Prison by the U.S. occupation authorities in Ikebukuro in Allied-occupied Japan for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace during the Asia-Pacific theatre of World War II. On 27 February", "Death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Jordan. In 1993, Jordan hanged two Jordanians convicted of spying for", "Lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister. However,", "On 16 February 1979, seven men convicted of the ritual", "Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Malaysia and has been used to execute", "The last person executed by hanging in Portugal was Francisco", "In Pakistan, hanging is", "Hanging was commonly practised in the Russian Empire during the rule of the Romanov Dynasty as an alternative to impalement, which was used in the 15th and 16th centuries. Hanging was abolished in 1868 by Alexander II after serfdom, but was restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. This also included the Grand Duchy of Finland and Kingdom of Poland under the", "In Singapore, hanging using the long-drop method is currently used as mandatory punishment for various crimes,", "Hanging was abolished in Sri Lanka in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. In 1975, the day before the execution of Maru Sira, he had been overdosed by", "Syria has publicly hanged people, such as two Jews in 1952, Israeli spy Eli Cohen in 1965, and a number of Jews accused of spying in 1969. According to a 19th-century report, members of the Alawite sect centred on Lattakia in", "As a form of judicial execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the Anglo-Saxon period. Records of the names of British hangmen begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s; complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, Robert Leslie Stewart and Harry Allen, who conducted the last British executions in 1964. Until 1868 hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at Tyburn, a settlement west of the City on the main road to Oxford, which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been transferred to the street outside Newgate Prison, Old Bailey, now the site of the Central Criminal Court. Three British subjects were hanged after World War II after having been convicted of having helped Nazi Germany in its war against Britain. John Amery, the son of prominent British politician Leo Amery, became an expatriate in the 1930s, moving to France. He became involved in pre-war fascist politics, remained in what became Vichy France following France's defeat by Germany in 1940 and eventually went to Germany and later the German puppet state in Italy headed by Benito Mussolini. Captured by Italian partisans at the end of the war and handed over to British authorities, Amery was accused of having made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis and of having attempted to recruit British prisoners of war for a Waffen SS regiment later known as the British Free Corps. Amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on 28 November 1945 and was", "Capital punishment in the U.S. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. Hanging is no longer used as a method of execution. The largest mass execution in the United States, of 38 Sioux Indians sentenced to death for engaging in massacres of American settlers, was carried out by hanging in Mankato, Minnesota in 1862. A total of 40 suspected Unionists were hanged in Gainesville, Texas in October 1862. On 7 July 1865, four people involved in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln—Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt—were hanged at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. The last public hanging in the United States took place on 14 August 1936, in Owensboro, Kentucky. Rainey Bethea was executed for the rape and murder of 70-year-old Lischa Edwards. The execution was presided over by the first female sheriff in Kentucky, Florence Shoemaker Thompson. In California, Clinton Duffy, who served as warden of San Quentin State Prison", "A completely different principle of hanging is to hang the convicted person from their legs, rather than from their neck, either as a form of torture, or as an execution method. In late medieval Germany, this came to be primarily associated with Jewish thieves, called the \"Judenstrafe\". The jurist Ulrich Tengler, in his highly influential \"Layenspiegel\" from 1509, describes the procedure as follows, in the section \"Von Juden straff\": In Spain 1449, during a mob attack against the Marranos (Jews nominally converted to Christianity), the Jews resisted, but lost and several of them were hanged up by the feet. The first attested German case for a Jew being hanged by the feet is from 1296, in present-day Soultzmatt. Some other historical examples of this type of hanging within the German context are one Jew in Hennegau 1326, two Jews hanged in Frankfurt 1444, one in Halle in 1462, one in Dortmund 1486, one in Hanau 1499, one in Breslau 1505, one in Württemberg 1553, one in Bergen 1588, one in Öttingen 1611, one in Frankfurt 1615 and again in 1661, and one condemned to this punishment in Prussia in 1637. The details of the cases vary widely: In the 1444 Frankfurt cases and the 1499 Hanau case, the dogs were dead prior to be hanged, and in the late 1615 and 1661 cases in Frankfurt, the Jews (and dogs) were merely kept in this torture for half an hour, before being garroted from below. In the 1588 Bergen case, all three victims were left hanging till they were dead, ranging from 6 to 8 days after being hanged. In the Dortmund 1486 case, the dogs bit the Jew to death while hanging. In the 1611 Öttingen case, the Jew \"Jacob the Tall\" thought to blow up the \"Deutsche Ordenhaus\" with gunpowder after having burgled it. He was strung up between two dogs, and a large fire was made close to him, and he expired after half an hour under this torture. In the 1553 Württemberg case, the Jew chose to convert to Christianity after hanging like this for 24 hours; he was then given the mercy to be hanged in the ordinary manner, from the neck, and without the dogs beside him. In the 1462 Halle case, the Jew Abraham also converted after 24 hours hanging upside down, and a priest went up on a ladder and baptised him. For two more days, Abraham was left hanging, while the priest argued with the city council that a true Christian should not be punished in this way. On the third day, Abraham was granted a reprieve, and was taken down, but died 20 days later in the local hospital having meanwhile suffered in extreme pain. In the 1637 case, where the Jew had murdered a Christian jeweller, the appeal to the empress was successful, and out of mercy, the Jew was condemned to be merely pinched with glowing pincers, have hot lead dripped into his wounds, and then be broken alive on the wheel. Some of the reported cases may be myths, or wandering stories. The 1326 Hennegau case, for example, deviates from the others in that the Jew was not a thief, but was suspected (even though he was a convert to Christianity) of having struck an al fresco painting of Virgin Mary, so that blood had begun to seep down the wall from the painting. Even under all degrees of judicial torture, the Jew denied performing this sacrilegious act, and was therefore exonerated. Then a brawny smith demanded from him a trial by combat, because, supposedly, in a dream the Virgin herself had besought the smith to do so. The court accepted the smith's challenge, he easily won the combat against the Jew, who was duly hanged up by the feet between two dogs. To add to the injury, one let him be slowly roasted as well as hanged. This is a very similar story to one told in \"France\", in which a young Jew threw a lance at the head of a statue of the Virgin, so that blood spurted out of it. There was inadequate evidence for a normal trial, but a frail old man asked for trial by combat, and bested the young Jew. The Jew confessed his crime, and was hanged by his feet between two mastiffs. The features of the earliest attested case, that of a Jewish thief hanged by the feet in Soultzmatt in 1296 are also rather divergent from the rest. The Jew managed somehow, after he had been left to die, to twitch his body in such a manner that he could hoist himself up on the gallows and free himself. At that time, his feet were so damaged that he was unable to escape, and when he was discovered 8 days after he had been hanged, he was strangled to death by the townspeople. As late as in 1699 Celle, the courts were sufficiently horrified at how the Jewish leader of a robber gang (condemned to be hanged in the normal manner), declared blasphemies against Christianity, that they made a ruling on the \"post mortem\" treatment of Jonas Meyer. After 3 days, his corpse was cut down, his tongue cut out, and his body was hanged up again, but this time from its feet.", "In 1713, Juraj Jánošík, a semi-legendary Slovak outlaw and folk hero, was sentenced to be hanged from his left rib. He was left to slowly die. The German physician Gottlob Schober (1670–1739), who worked in Russia from 1712, notes that a person could hang from the ribs for about", "The proper, traditional past tense and past participle form of the verb \"hang\", in this sense, is (to be) \"hanged\". Some dictionaries list only \"hung\", whereas others show both forms. For example, \"people are hanged; meat is hung\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 65810, 198952, 92260, 275, 509, 103122, 98, 1039, 14487, 45604, 23, 48511, 24727, 685, 5584, 102524, 19, 2481, 2005, 23, 120469, 4, 2071, 133, 111, 1572, 4, 47, 73149, 92260, 275, 15, 40062, 28872, 16, 136, 198952, 92260, 275, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 135488, 6236, 138241, 111, 204990, 92260, 275, 136, 509, 70, 114210, 111, 70, 6626, 390, 2273, 14633, 5, 78293, 1295, 204990, 4, 764, 1902, 1632, 114015, 4, 1734, 4293, 122841, 4, 136, 6626, 82953, 7, 4, 160794, 136, 99455, 5, 360, 47114, 4, 3229, 70, 92260, 16145, 109133, 4420, 47, 2363, 5368, 35461, 111, 30749, 4, 70, 82953, 7, 100, 4806, 70, 21109, 18, 1577, 1141, 90, 5, 581, 8753, 35060, 71, 111, 160794, 98, 101275, 136, 108171, 7, 4, 65810, 136, 204990, 98, 108171, 7, 4, 10208, 166238, 98, 47617, 7, 136, 59062, 53, 7974, 32491, 7, 98, 26156, 9, 206, 525, 4950, 7, 5, 581, 48220, 3263, 51339, 297, 23, 581, 115982, 77681, 98816, 2363, 9351, 47, 70, 75516, 75036, 4, 12960, 1836, 3542, 38043, 23, 44109, 55233, 4, 28173, 5, 581, 75516, 75036, 25, 34377, 113976, 170894, 509, 23, 23936, 98, 5581, 15882, 8647, 56, 25, 7, 44, 294, 62233, 18, 538, 100, 18799, 7, 58, 3229, 1836, 51339, 297, 44, 70059, 2071, 28872, 214, 3311, 740, 14847, 1836, 181141, 47, 8129, 89916, 99, 70, 4034, 111, 36102, 15, 8789, 1836, 3542, 95486, 297, 47, 19824, 4445, 89916, 16, 1836, 121447, 2363, 34377, 11001, 4, 44, 3957, 99381, 111, 70, 22928, 136, 70, 95996, 740, 581, 481, 38425, 11001, 44, 441, 26253, 29813, 497, 9166, 58, 83, 135818, 100, 8035, 70, 5117, 11531, 450, 66139, 92260, 275, 237, 142, 150222, 1419, 75169, 43671, 408, 5, 2161, 953, 11994, 31060, 4, 764, 171530, 450, 764, 509, 137802, 70, 75516, 75036, 70, 5701, 5155, 237, 70, 8753, 17164, 297, 44, 7763, 4514, 15555, 237215, 830, 2363, 5117, 11001, 15490, 65810, 5, 360, 1919, 2639, 80997, 4, 92260, 275, 509, 61475, 538, 65771, 678, 10, 14012, 116, 17274, 5962, 4, 44, 5464, 4126, 390, 70, 33500, 830, 3129, 54324, 645, 1632, 19879, 71200, 7, 136, 75204, 10, 86761, 17116, 5, 1529, 51339, 297, 450, 11531, 98, 70, 30839, 1910, 7639, 44, 6766, 257, 9, 109153, 740, 22376, 23, 31060, 4, 92260, 275, 552, 9, 102446, 297, 44, 104711, 100, 43722, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 51339, 297, 390, 166207, 6653, 1294, 136, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 5, 1529, 2843, 26859, 10, 7665, 9, 28889, 4, 20662, 113976, 170894, 7, 23, 10, 54, 3121, 76726, 47, 125568, 44, 5464, 4126, 390, 70, 33500, 740, 3311, 953, 20414, 31060, 4, 44, 46568, 108341, 25129, 58, 171530, 44, 7763, 54350, 4, 378, 12724, 7568, 92260, 275, 268, 83, 12912, 214, 10, 14819, 9, 152667, 178992, 11, 136, 10, 42698, 152667, 681, 481, 23, 10, 182304, 111, 1919, 42850, 166577, 4, 242, 7763, 179030, 3493, 26828, 25, 3129, 509, 191722, 390, 70, 107184, 534, 6, 59533, 72697, 5, 1650, 83, 142, 167969, 150222, 63847, 4, 678, 70, 681, 481, 8035, 11814, 100, 237, 29088, 93425, 5, 581, 11001, 1221, 186, 170998, 237, 390, 242, 3957, 65810, 92260, 275, 198624, 136, 40316, 223, 136, 442, 1221, 186, 6, 86532, 9, 233707, 71, 237, 33662, 237, 7722, 360, 8055, 4, 70, 80836, 176377, 47, 12275, 136, 1836, 171530, 450, 70, 75516, 75036, 3542, 4420, 4, 678, 707, 15490, 160794, 25, 7, 127752, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 22759, 8927, 52336, 4, 44, 152470, 2005, 58, 136, 44, 568, 25, 39, 1401, 13, 10366, 58, 509, 2843, 121447, 98, 44, 304, 42552, 7, 2161, 740, 2161, 952, 8055, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 160794, 1902, 456, 513, 73, 297, 70, 21115, 136, 1836, 3542, 182304, 25842, 5, 581, 5117, 11531, 7103, 70, 3398, 85018, 674, 509, 44, 15363, 86, 538, 97292, 58, 3129, 157578, 438, 5, 138, 23, 70, 7082, 211441, 9903, 805, 5, 2161, 70, 44, 304, 42552, 7, 2161, 58, 7156, 92260, 275, 25, 7, 166577, 7, 99201, 44, 284, 51684, 110196, 740, 1529, 2843, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 136, 6079, 37105, 108171, 7, 98, 70, 44759, 28560, 237, 5299, 237, 44, 12662, 1326, 3164, 85135, 7, 740, 360, 14487, 19340, 4, 92260, 275, 17164, 297, 10, 53397, 44, 284, 46327, 70, 239, 46526, 56, 740, 581, 75516, 75036, 1902, 2363, 5117, 7082, 438, 5, 106, 11001, 44, 81826, 4171, 2583, 1111, 71, 10, 13177, 1098, 60861, 830, 678, 92260, 275, 22231, 1916, 98, 70, 11531, 4, 360, 18982, 15643, 4, 92260, 275, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 136, 552, 9, 102446, 297, 678, 22928, 1401, 11, 814, 113417, 4518, 58871, 25, 7, 15643, 7156, 44, 66279, 58944, 740, 4518, 58871, 1902, 105945, 1632, 111, 1919, 5117, 88551, 5962, 7, 4, 44, 113251, 71, 98, 47, 2646, 11954, 830, 1295, 70, 7156, 44, 66279, 58944, 4, 58, 3129, 65810, 92260, 275, 1902, 59121, 136, 181653, 5, 44, 113251, 71, 98, 47, 2646, 11954, 58, 1902, 157578, 136, 24765, 297, 23, 70, 7082, 4792, 496, 5962, 7, 100, 616, 5369, 5, 22376, 23, 15643, 4, 764, 115, 126, 3674, 678, 34890, 53, 636, 3033, 98, 70, 11531, 44, 60785, 254, 1215, 3890, 15, 70443, 297, 438, 5, 836, 23, 70, 7082, 16, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 217148, 111, 70, 1346, 44, 70059, 7, 68305, 740, 581, 3789, 22104, 7, 51339, 214, 98, 70, 1346, 4, 26719, 135730, 1429, 669, 4, 186004, 53, 13703, 4, 79703, 90, 4, 581, 17065, 13, 136, 581, 3980, 7, 5, 22376, 23, 15643, 4, 2684, 111, 3253, 2844, 24714, 164, 2940, 25, 7, 7156, 44, 22769, 379, 939, 58, 509, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 390, 92260, 275, 678, 160794, 5, 360, 22482, 26771, 4, 70, 75516, 75036, 176377, 47, 70, 12275, 136, 17164, 297, 44, 9506, 6496, 65386, 7, 830, 51, 5062, 70, 96362, 7156, 4, 903, 7156, 509, 959, 10, 65771, 237, 2363, 35992, 151552, 442, 237, 10, 130481, 7156, 5, 10660, 7068, 79786, 98, 803, 54749, 5550, 44726, 25, 7, 7156, 44, 13025, 3960, 70751, 56, 58, 136, 17164, 297, 52336, 100, 70, 1346, 44, 42378, 38543, 2132, 272, 740, 1529, 17164, 297, 1919, 17932, 2639, 7156, 678, 204990, 25, 7, 105226, 4, 44, 81826, 25074, 15901, 2583, 2953, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 65810, 198952, 92260, 275, 52331, 14487, 45604, 46, 387, 4347, 98946, 509, 10, 56101, 5367, 56, 4, 11531, 70035, 136, 17164, 108558, 2750, 21647, 297, 214574, 65536, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 75516, 75036, 4, 100, 4806, 678, 88, 820, 82953, 160794, 136, 135488, 6236, 138241, 82953, 204990, 5, 65810, 2843, 1902, 1919, 10002, 65771, 2639, 80997, 1295, 242, 4836, 7, 98, 19364, 5, 581, 481, 27150, 56, 82953, 99455, 509, 2843, 10, 5367, 56, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Childhood.", "Career.", "1955–1958: The Rattlesnakes.", "1958–1969: Bee Gees.", "1969–1970: Solo career.", "1970–1979: Bee Gees comeback.", "1980–1985: Collaborations with artists.", "Initial solo success.", "1986–2002.", "2003–2009: Touring years.", "2010–2012: Final years.", "Personal life.", "Health issues and death.", "Reactions.", "Final studio album.", "Acclaim and recognition." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Robin Hugh Gibb was born on 22 December 1949 in Jane Crookall Maternity Home in Douglas, Isle of Man, to Barbara Gibb (née Pass) and Hugh Gibb. He was the fraternal twin of Maurice Gibb and was the older of the two by 35 minutes. Apart from Maurice, he had one sister, Lesley Evans, and two brothers, Barry and Andy.", "", "In 1955, when the Gibbs moved back to their hometown of Manchester, the brothers formed the Rattlesnakes. The band consisted of Barry on guitar and vocals, Robin and Maurice on vocals, Paul Frost on drums and Kenny Horrocks on tea-chest bass. The quintet performed in", "The boys finally changed their name to the Bee Gees, while they were living in Queensland, Australia. The Bee Gees' debut television appearance was in 1960 on Desmond Tester's \"Strictly for Moderns\" when they performed \"Time Is Passing By\". When they signed to Festival Records at the start of 1963 (but they were assigned to Leedon Records) they released their debut single, \"The Battle of the Blue and the Grey\". Their 1964 single \"Claustrophobia\" is notable for being the first song that features Gibb as an instrumentalist playing melodica.", "On 19 March 1969, he announced that he was leaving the Bee Gees the same day as the band recorded \"Tomorrow Tomorrow\", their first single without Robin. In his solo career, Gibb was initially successful with a number 2 UK hit, \"Saved by the Bell\", which sold over one million copies and received a gold disc. He performed that song on the German TV show \"Beat-Club\". Also in 1969, Gibb co-produced \"Love for Living\". The song was performed by Clare Torry and was released as a single. He also started a mini-tour, making television appearances in a dozen countries to promote \"Saved by the Bell\". By 19 July 1969, \"New Musical Express\" announced \"Tonight, [Robin Gibb] is fronting a 97-piece orchestra and a 60-piece choir in a recording of his latest composition, 'To Heaven And Back' which was inspired by the Apollo 11 moonshot. It is an entirely instrumental piece, with the choir being used for astral effects. The single will be billed as by 'The Robin Gibb Orchestra and Chorus and it will be rush-released as soon as possible", "In August, the pair returned to studio and they announced that the Bee Gees were back, with or without Barry's contribution. One of the fourteen songs, \"Back Home\" and \"I'm Weeping\" was also released on \"2 Years On\". On 21 August it was announced that Barry had rejoined the group and they were recording together. The first song after the announcement was \"Lonely Days\" which reached No. 3 in the US Billboard Hot 100. On the \"2 Years On\" album Gibb's compositions included \"Alone Again\". He also co-wrote and sang lead vocals on the title track as well as \"Man For All Seasons\". In December 1970, Gibb recorded a demo \"After the Laughter\". The Bee Gees had their first US No. 1 single \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\", with Gibb contributing on the song,", "In January 1980, Gibb co-wrote and co-produced with Blue Weaver Jimmy Ruffin's 1980 album \"Sunrise\". Ruffin had enjoyed one of his first significant hits, \"Hold on to My Love\", from the album \"Sunrise,\" which Robin Gibb had written and produced. \"Hold on to My Love\" had reached and stayed in the US Top 30 hits for 14 years. Also in 1980, he duetted with Marcy Levy on the song \"Help Me!\" (reached No. 50 in the US) featured on the soundtrack of the film \"Times Square\". The other artists performing on the film, including Gary Numan, Roxy Music, Ramones, The Cure and The Cars. Also in 1980, most of Barbra Streisand's album \"Guilty\" was co-written by Gibb with Barry. In February 1981, the Bee Gees returned to the studio and recorded \"Living Eyes\", unlike the previous album, this album was not a successful as their fans described it as a worst album. They then worked on Dionne Warwick's album \"Heartbreaker\" and recorded songs for the film \"Staying Alive\".", "He recorded his second solo album with Maurice's participation, \"How Old Are You?\". The lead single \"Juliet\" was a success in Europe as well as \"Another Lonely Night in New York\" and the title track. In 1984, he released his third solo album \"Secret Agent\", a new wave/synthpop-influenced LP (reached No. 97 in the US, No. 31 in Germany and No. 20 in Switzerland). The album's lead and first single \"Boys Do Fall in Love\" reached the \"Billboard\" magazine top 40 list of hits, as well as reaching", "In late 1986, the Bee Gees began to writing and recording songs for their album \"ESP\" to be released in 1987. In 1992, Lulu recorded \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\" on which he co-wrote. Gibb later contributed vocals on the Brazilian duo José y Durval's", "On 27 January 2003, fifteen days after Maurice's death, Robin released a solo album, \"Magnet\" in Germany on SPV GmbH, and worldwide shortly afterwards. \"Magnet\" featured the Bee Gees song \"Wish You Were Here\" (from the 1989 album \"One\") in a new acoustic version. The lead single, \"Please\", had coincidental lyrics about 'loss'. In recent years, Gibb sang the vocals to the opening titles to the British ITV show \"The Dame Edna Treatment\". In August 2003, Gibb announced the release of a new single of \"My Lover's Prayer\", a song first recorded by the Bee Gees in 1997 on the album \"Still Waters\", with lead vocals by Gibb and singers Wanya Morris and Lance Bass. That version was played on the radio but was never actually released. In October 2003, Gibb recorded a second version of the song with Alistair Griffin, a-runner up in the UK television program \"Fame Academy\" on which Gibb appeared as a judge. In January 2004, the new version of that song was released in the UK as", "In 2010, Gibb was also a guest mentor on the Australian version of \"The X Factor\", alongside TV host Kyle Sandilands, actress/singer Natalie Imbruglia, and singers Ronan Keating and Guy Sebastian. Also in 2010, Gibb toured in Australia with Bonnie Tyler as his supporting guest. Together they performed at Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. In September 2011, Gibb recorded the Bee Gees classic \"I've Gotta Get a Message to You\" with British Army men The Soldiers for a charity single in the UK, it was produced with his son Robin John", "In 1968, Gibb married Molly Hullis, a secretary in Robert Stigwood's organisation. They had two children together, Spencer (b. 1972) and Melissa (b. 1974). The couple divorced in 1980 after years of living separate lives, with Gibb almost permanently in the US and Hullis remaining in the UK; she filed for divorce on 22 May 1980. On 9 September 1983, Gibb was arrested and sentenced to 14 days in jail for speaking to the press about his previous marriage in breach of a court order. Gibb's second marriage, from 1985 until his death, was to Dwina Murphy, an author and artist. She is interested in the Druidry religion and is a follower of the neo-Hindu Brahma Kumaris movement. The couple had a son, Robin-John (known as RJ, b. 1983). Robin-John's first major musical project is the \"Titanic Requiem\" (2012), written with Gibb and first performed at the Central Hall, Westminster, London, on 10 April 2012, by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and RSVP Voices. Gibb had an eight-year affair with his housekeeper, Claire Yang, that produced his fourth child, Snow Evelyn Robin Juliet Gibb, born 4 November 2008.", "On 14 August 2010, while performing in Belgium, Gibb began to feel abdominal pains. On 18 August 2010 at an Oxford hospital, he underwent emergency surgery. Gibb recovered and returned to perform concerts in New Zealand and Australia. During this time, Gibb was also involved in promoting fund-raising for the memorial dedicated to RAF Bomber Command in Green Park, London. Gibb also wrote \"The Titanic Requiem\" with his son Robin-John, which was recorded by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic in 2012. Gibb continued to make television appearances and other events following his surgery, but in April 2011 he was forced by health problems to cancel his tour of Brazil. Another concert in Paris was cancelled in October 2011. On 14 October, Gibb was due to perform the charity single with the Soldiers, but was again rushed to hospital with severe abdominal pains. On 18 October, following his release from the hospital, Gibb appeared on ITV's \"The Alan Titchmarsh Show\" looking gaunt and frail. On 27 October 2011, Gibb cancelled an appearance only minutes before he was due to perform at the Poppy Appeal Concert in London. In November 2011, he was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, which had metastasised to his liver several months earlier. In March 2012, Gibb was hospitalised for intestinal surgery and cancelled scheduled appearances while recovering. In April, however, he contracted pneumonia and fell into a coma. Although he came out of his coma later in April, his colorectal cancer had advanced and he died in London from liver and kidney failure during a thunderstorm on 20 May 2012, at the age of 62. His funeral was held on 8 June 2012 and he was buried at the Church of St Mary the Virgin, near his home in Thame, Oxfordshire. In September of the same year, a blue plaque was placed on the house.", "Robin and his brother Barry had famously clashed personally and professionally for decades before his death, and that conflict lasted to the end. Nonetheless, Barry delivered a eulogy at his brother's funeral saying: \"Even right up to the end we found conflict with each other, which now means nothing. It just means nothing. If there's conflict in your lives – get rid of it.\" At Gibb's funeral, Barry talked about the connection between Robin and his twin brother Maurice, saying, \"they were both beautiful and now they're together\". Barry added details about Robin's struggle losing his brother Maurice a decade earlier. Barry said: \"I think the greatest pain for Robin in the past 10 years was losing his twin brother, and I think it did all kinds of things to him.\" The Who's Roger Daltrey recalled: \"A lovely, lovely guy. I hear everyone talking about the success of their career but I haven't heard many talk about him as a singer and I used to think he was one of the best. To me, singing is about moving people and Robin's voice had something about it", "Gibb's final studio album, \"50 St. Catherine's Drive\", was released posthumously on 29 September 2014 in the UK and 30 September 2014 in the US. The album reached No. 70 in the UK and No. 39 in Germany. It features previously unreleased recordings from 2007 and 2008. The lead single, \"Days of Wine", "In 1994, Gibb was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. In 1997, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, US, as a member of the Bee Gees. At the 1997 BRIT Awards held at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London on 24 February, the Bee Gees received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In the 2002 New Year Honours, Gibb was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) along with his brothers Maurice and Barry. However, the official presentation ceremony at Buckingham Palace in London was delayed until 2004 due to Maurice's death. In May 2004, Gibb and his brother Barry both received honorary doctorates of music from the University of Manchester, England. In 2005, Gibb received the Steiger Award (Miner Award) in Bochum, Germany for accomplishments in the arts. On 10 July 2009, both brothers were also made Freemen of the Borough of Douglas, Isle of Man. The award was also bestowed posthumously on Maurice, therefore confirming the freedom of the town of their birth to Gibb, Barry and Maurice. The radio and television presenter Paul Gambaccini has stated that the Bee Gees were \"second only to Lennon and McCartney as the most successful songwriting unit in British popular music\", and recognised Gibb as \"one of the major figures in the history of British music [and] one of the best white soul voices ever\". Gibb was a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 37702, 133, 509, 88303, 237, 10, 222201, 24, 14987, 37702, 133, 23, 10, 3687, 3129, 14947, 71, 169123, 47, 6863, 60042, 12, 1295, 17262, 5609, 7, 442, 509, 30312, 390, 10, 2288, 4517, 13950, 91, 89059, 15, 2347, 13950, 75076, 1636, 70, 33976, 1257, 47, 70, 17932, 74912, 247, 81522, 4734, 1295, 70, 144477, 36880, 10, 6, 91854, 450, 9588, 90, 98186, 70, 37702, 133, 136, 5809, 186, 72546, 45, 12225, 136, 30312, 390, 10, 5426, 111, 97910, 7, 5, 62, 502, 151895, 4, 502, 106813, 214, 9615, 19929, 10932, 70, 37702, 133, 83, 100, 4806, 390, 43606, 143915, 7, 4, 8, 54760, 3674, 390, 1810, 146049, 7, 4, 76512, 67987, 4, 70836, 7, 136, 10, 4950, 1363, 23, 70, 144477, 136, 1909, 81820, 19, 23, 70, 11698, 5, 360, 70, 2684, 142267, 3687, 2685, 83, 10, 85437, 23, 70, 13950, 678, 142, 51, 120540, 214, 31576, 4, 18925, 127918, 678, 37702, 133, 33976, 7, 4, 81522, 1295, 70, 75414, 37702, 133, 29685, 119300, 5, 581, 56458, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 509, 88303, 3688, 12, 70, 44, 25267, 3422, 161, 68718, 58, 15, 11, 68807, 43606, 9, 2785, 46572, 47, 6488, 678, 142, 121303, 69347, 154732, 70, 22648, 7514, 247, 70, 37702, 133, 5381, 329, 136, 70, 29685, 119300, 30312, 390, 70, 13969, 17365, 5, 32255, 63920, 3542, 64557, 127918, 390, 14432, 111938, 7, 4, 4734, 70, 11192, 47, 6488, 3253, 3422, 161, 7464, 77635, 645, 70, 27140, 111, 37702, 133, 33976, 7, 5, 581, 45367, 56, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 581, 5117, 186768, 538, 17164, 297, 6, 60502, 1290, 111, 70, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 14449, 831, 186, 90698, 56174, 111, 2888, 7182, 4, 10, 88551, 80981, 3378, 3357, 2481, 1295, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 237, 31895, 764, 2750, 12302, 2822, 70, 14449, 57266, 1295, 70, 127067, 9022, 80981, 399, 47, 70, 10091, 15534, 5, 1650, 509, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 450, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 70, 3525, 7414, 51626, 14537, 12, 10, 21334, 57266, 111, 3551, 41371, 98, 70, 4516, 47, 70, 95934, 38529, 98, 1919, 1238, 141775, 4, 678, 16486, 133, 54427, 7, 136, 37515, 37702, 1577, 5, 48752, 289, 88551, 80981, 3378, 110, 2661, 87143, 88303, 2363, 102351, 1779, 66161, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 16128, 111, 70, 10091, 15534, 5, 581, 95934, 38529, 25, 7, 6226, 6777, 959, 58359, 903, 2060, 4, 2685, 509, 20174, 3551, 100, 46512, 15032, 4, 100, 525, 7, 100, 1926, 1916, 4, 44677, 100, 33976, 37702, 1577, 136, 14375, 27165, 79986, 71, 2685, 5, 133698, 70, 56409, 5369, 7103, 70, 1119, 2311, 10763, 111, 70, 33954, 42418, 59714, 121678, 24462, 110156, 136, 20271, 70, 79986, 111, 3342, 111, 211546, 24462, 963, 1104, 2681, 117413, 2685, 621, 959, 5941, 73048, 111, 70, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 37702, 133, 136, 111, 6863, 31347, 7, 5, 145733, 4, 442, 831, 186, 134598, 450, 1836, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 8382, 111, 136565, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 28166, 7610, 54397, 450, 44, 2347, 53, 153161, 100512, 62965, 10840, 136, 6777, 959, 30783, 70, 60097, 4, 237, 442, 186, 21231, 4806, 4, 6637, 1836, 1902, 101637, 71, 70, 60097, 3815, 54940, 61261, 740, 11205, 3853, 70, 92136, 56, 5369, 20271, 70, 79986, 111, 28166, 7610, 136, 1919, 82953, 1108, 125082, 4939, 45233, 5809, 959, 7279, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 7414, 51626, 14537, 5, 1401, 4734, 3714, 70, 123055, 111, 70, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 7822, 6468, 1295, 70, 5117, 6626, 9, 95037, 6468, 111, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 5, 10660, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 3835, 6897, 23, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 136, 207048, 4, 53333, 71062, 214, 2363, 57266, 5, 581, 37702, 133, 31895, 6777, 959, 15549, 5792, 5045, 23, 8382, 13312, 74, 6863, 20809, 509, 47, 1380, 20271, 70, 4568, 128274, 111, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 136, 20271, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 1108, 125082, 4939, 45233, 24462, 93815, 4, 80981, 399, 509, 65450, 3934, 40368, 64406, 13, 4, 199849, 538, 182, 1294, 214, 68036, 4, 136, 70, 37702, 1577, 100512, 51039, 111, 68894, 68036, 136, 91280, 7, 111, 49586, 1297, 1909, 5245, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 111, 25031, 87, 509, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 14449, 136, 7822, 71, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 15, 1106, 135179, 23, 60525, 1295, 702, 19051, 47, 616, 89647, 5, 581, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 6, 29031, 1681, 5775, 46526, 959, 4734, 100, 2363, 68894, 33946, 7, 111, 6863, 31347, 7, 4, 1284, 2843, 100, 3337, 297, 98, 39555, 756, 11192, 33816, 7, 111, 80981, 399, 5, 893, 80661, 41170, 1295, 6044, 91763, 7, 23409, 47, 25031, 25, 7, 1360, 162, 44616, 5, 4966, 25031, 93544, 98, 35971, 2831, 23, 366, 150, 11533, 136, 70, 19694, 52341, 111, 117400, 136, 71924, 297, 70, 115, 2449, 111, 197097, 23179, 7, 23, 70, 3551, 5, 1529, 26859, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 18276, 47, 70, 167375, 2265, 136, 68894, 109458, 5, 360, 70, 423, 927, 47, 729, 927, 202032, 90, 70, 116338, 136, 68894, 12330, 3956, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 3514, 434, 47, 6863, 280, 344, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 509, 959, 4734, 10, 11698, 111, 10, 21334, 1909, 6833, 4, 1284, 2843, 10, 100, 87463, 4, 3129, 112730, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 151994, 100, 80981, 399, 136, 70, 26349, 111, 92981, 5, 3293, 31486, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 35644, 7, 100, 70, 5117, 6049, 111, 6863, 50961, 46, 4939, 87, 175100, 1810, 70, 142105, 456, 238478, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 4, 3129, 509, 2843, 134598, 47, 121461, 70, 82649, 7103, 10, 6957, 11476, 1295, 70, 1733, 8108, 616, 4598, 5, 717, 70, 7311, 26498, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 509, 7068, 110633, 297, 5201, 538, 390, 142, 4949, 14, 10821, 10204, 41274, 5426, 450, 30312, 70, 28271, 24, 731, 5, 3011, 17007, 3542, 58709, 10932, 70, 37702, 133, 136, 58982, 7, 678, 3525, 47, 42844, 3542, 88303, 23, 70, 55291, 7, 111, 70, 76512, 67987, 136, 46132, 70, 37702, 133, 27140, 5, 581, 222201, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 6, 108047, 47, 6488, 3514, 434, 50782, 70, 37702, 133, 64881, 90, 136, 509, 162711, 678, 2856, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 120304, 15, 4, 1295, 4, 7311, 538, 1295, 44, 571, 57286, 18055, 18939, 83, 10, 37702, 133, 98, 10, 13950, 36917, 70, 54427, 111, 50715, 46455, 2980, 136, 70, 96113, 7, 159, 50071, 161, 136, 50715, 46455, 41898, 4, 3060, 144477, 25617, 111, 92981, 4, 23, 70, 25134, 80981, 3378, 16843, 4, 103655, 47806, 5, 908, 19, 10667, 8541, 21449, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 1108, 2661, 37702, 133, 6637, 111, 70, 1108, 2661, 9, 5062, 6, 34165, 11814, 47, 123789, 70, 1911, 7, 136, 54825, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "13th to 15th centuries.", "15th to 17th centuries.", "17th to 21st centuries." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The castle was built as a typical nazal castle in a place which suited perfectly to its purpose: from three sides it was protected by a steep rock slope (the rock penetrates the building up to the second floor), accessible only from the north across a ridge that rises towards the castle and could be easily diked and protected by a system of bails. A prostrate, protruding settlement around the castle is formed by five yards, demarcated by outbuildings, ramparts, gates and a bastion in the north and barbican in the centre. In the most convenient place there is a lake in the rock with an unfailing spring, today covered with castle buildings, accessible from the inner castle courtyard. The core of the castle was built here: the \"Barborka Tower\" (a round five-storied tower with an edge turned toward the driveway), the castle palace and the courtyard protected by the rampart. These parts were completely covered by later extensions, only the high tower Barborka still projects over the complex of castle buildings. The builder of the castle is unknown. The first historically recorded ancestor of the Pernštejn family can be considered Stephen of Medlov, a significant Moravian personality from the beginning of the 13th century. It as probably he who transferred the family property from the southern Moravia to the Uplands. It was in the 13th century that the foundations of the new manorial power: a large property of land independent on the service to the sovereign on his favour, with servile villages and strong castles. Several significant Moravian noble families built their dominions exactly in the southeastern area of the Uplands. The sovereign's control did not reach this far, there was enough land for colonisation, forests for hunting, places for building castles and private law ruled there. During the wild years after the extinction of the Přemysl blood royal (1306) and during the rule of Jan of Luxembourg (1310–1346) there are not many notes of the Pernštejn castle and of its masters. Though, it can be supposed that they belonged to those of whom the emperor Charles IV wrote that \"they mostly became tyrants and did not fear the king, as it beseemed, because they had divided the kingdom among themselves\". Not even the quieter years during the rule of Charles IV and his brother margrave John Henry could not stop the rise of the manorial power. We only know the names of the Pernštejn lords from the first two-thirds of the 14th century. They took part in the public life in assemblies and authorities, further expanding their property. The castle probably did not change too much in those days; its prime was to come during the last quarter of the 14th century and during the 15th century. After the death of the margrave John Henry (1375), Moravia was split into several adverse, mutually harrying parties, and the castles became bases of political parties and nests of robber barons. At that time of William I was the head of the Pernštejn family and lord of the castle (he appears in documents from 1378 to 1422). The Pernštejn garrison fought not only for their political interests of its masters, but also forayed on almost all high roads of Moravia. An indispensable amount from such incomes went to William's treasury. But William kept on taking part in parliament and the High Court of Justice and executed the duties of prominent offices in the land. He started the rise of the house to the highest social and political goals.", "In the 15th to 17th centuries the military and political significance of the castle grew to its peak. At that time Pernštejn was not only a centre of a large barony, but also a fortress, which played an important role in the struggle for Moravia and the city of Brno. This role of the castle responds for the first leg of its construction – John I carried out the largest reconstruction of the castle, which was also supposed to repair the damage after a big fire from the time before 1460. To the original heart of the castle was then complemented mainly by an ingenious fortification system that protected the whole naze. Ditches were dug around the castle and walls with new towers were built in the angles of the ramparts and inside the castle complex. The typical Pernštejn square tower grew outside the castle premises and was connected with them by means of two wooden bridges, which was to allow the last resort for defence and withdrawal in the case of seizure of the castle's core. The castle premises spread by new buildings to the prejudice of the inner yard, and the castle that lacked room began to grow upward. The main fortification system grew toward the north, the only possible direction where an attack could come from. The whole naze was built in this direction as a part of the fortress; it was surrounded by walls and diked by several moats with drawbridges. On the northern end there stood a tall semicircle renaissance bastion protecting the entrance to the spacious settlement around the castle with outbuildings. Another barrier on the way toward the castle was a mighty barbican whose 3 m thick walls with crenels for light firearms and a machicolation protected a narrow way to the entrance surrounded by ramparts. Even if the enemy got across another moat in the very area of the castle, they even would have to face the problem of conquering the only narrow entrance high above the ground to which a wooden ramp terminated by a drawbridge originally led. And then they would have to enter the rooms of the castle through a labyrinth of narrow passages and stairways where two men-at-arms could not pass side by side. The barbican belongs to the best-preserved examples of the late Gothic fortification element in the Czech lands. The appearance of the castle changed once more – at the end of the 15th and during the first half of the 16th century. The reconstruction was started by William II of Pernštejn (1435–1521). He lived in the area of transition of the Czech lands from Middle Ages to Renaissance and managed to use the relative peace with his \"economic\" sense to a fantastic rise of the family fortune. At the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century William II is an almost more important personality of interior politics than the Jagello kings. He strove for the unity of the Czech kingdom against the separatist tendencies of the Moravians, forewarned to encroachment of foreigners and of decline of manners. William II of Pernštejn is considered one of the most significant personalities of the Czech history and his political activity is often compared to that of emperor Charles IV. At that time the castle grew by new halls: where it was impossible to move the walls further out cantilevers were inserted and jetties were made on them, therefore the upper floors of the castle have a bigger area than the ground floor. The entrance space was coved with diamond vault and the former tower cells were turned into dwelling rooms. The Renaissance style, which was brought to Pernštejn probably by the Italians, was promoted in the spatial concept of the new halls, and in the stonework on the reveals of windows and portals. In the second half of the 16th century came the agony of the house of the Pernštejn. In 1596 they had to sell the castle. Much of the family's wealth and property passed to the Lobkowicz family, through Polyxena Pernštejn's marriage to Zdenek Vojtech Popel z Lobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom. At the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century Pernštejn Castle changed several owners. Its impregnability served well during the Thirty Years' War, specially at times of the siege of the city of Brno by the Swedes in 1645. They besieged the castle in vain and their cannonade damaged only part of the top floor. In wars Pernštejn was a safe refuge for the neighbouring population and their property, and between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries it was acclaimed a municipal fortress. In 1710 the Pernštejn estate was bought by Francis of Stockhammer, and the castle remained in the property of that family until 1793.", "In the 17th and 18th centuries the appearance of the castle did not change much. Only some interior changes were preserved, and the stuccowork of the Knights' hall from the years around 1700 or Rococo paintings in the bedroom and in the Chinese parlour from the 1760s. Outbuildings were erected around the castle; a new Baroque chapel with fresco paintings by Francis Gregor Ignacus Eckstein from 1716 replaced the older castle chapel. The new owners had their coat-of-arms sculpted in the rock, and kept on spreading the original park. East of the barbican there is an old yew-tree connected with the tales of the foundation of the castle. Its circuit is and it is the oldest and biggest yew in the southern Moravian region. In 1818 the castle came to the hands of the Mitrovský family. The castle obtained its actual appearance partly down to the Mitrovský family who refused to succumb to the Romantic styles of the 19th century and partly due to the fact that the castle has never suffered at the hands of their enemies. The gate of the first settlement is protected by the older forward fortifications from the beginning of the 16th century. In the prolate settlement there are several outbuilding and a renaissance bastion with a gate, into which the original driveway issues. The road to the castle surmounts the moat and barbican across a baroque bridge. The corridor between the two ramparts, characteristic of the Pernštejn fortifications, lead to the gate of the second settlement (from the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries) with Gothic-Renaissance marble portal. The barbican complex and the second settlement are surrounded by a revetted moat, across which a stairway in the south leads to terrace garden. Gothic bridges issues to the protruding tower of the third gate, through the marble portal of which we can enter the settlement around the inner castle. On the right, there is a unified Gothic building, which was formed by joining of the gradually accumulated building at the end of the 15th century. In the southern part built in the mid-15th century there is a large round tower. Toward the north there spreads a line of Renaissance and older administrative building. After passing through the \"Black Gate\" the way leads across another Gothic bridge to eastern parts of the settlement. In the east this part ends by a round Clock tower. In the west a Renaissance chapel adheres to this tower. The \"Tower of Four Seasons\" called by the colourful glass in the windows was originally smaller and was incorporated in the rampart during the reign of William I. The access to the bridge into the core of the castle is made on a covered staircase ramp, and the palace core is entered via the late-Gothic portal. The passage leads directly to the main communication space of the castle, the passage to the right leads to the small Tyrolian Yard. In the northwestern corner of the castle core there stands five-storey Barborka tower with an edge turned toward the driveway. A two-tract palace stood in the south, with its cellars partly dug in the rock. The large Knights' hall on the first floor was completely rebuilt and its Renaissance vault was decorated with stuccowork and fresco paintings. During the rule of John I the last medieval expansion of residential and representative rooms was achieved: the new renaissance palace was attached to the core and the residential tower in the southeast. On the ground floor there is a vaulted passage of the Black Gate, on the first floor there is a big hall with three fields of Renaissance cross vault used as a library since the 19th century. The first floor contains five representative chambers, the largest of which is the picture gallery. With the exception of Baroque ceilings and Rococo decoration they are preserved in the original Renaissance form. During the reconstruction works on Pernštejn dozens of inscriptions (in Czech, German and Latin) and paintings dating back mostly to the mid-16th century were discovered under the passage plastering. They are an interesting proof of the life in the castle and of the cultural profile of the time. Today the castle is a property of the state. This unique architectural heritage has been lately conserved and made accessible to serve as a document of what the seat of prominent lords of the country looked like." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 58, 83, 89160, 538, 150380, 297, 47, 10, 116338, 4537, 1295, 70, 72399, 305, 927, 142642, 77269, 51529, 237, 44, 116527, 7550, 58, 15, 12662, 1506, 73, 12, 44, 66279, 708, 830, 110680, 44, 66279, 384, 1667, 74054, 21208, 6863, 67896, 150, 525, 63920, 31895, 5622, 47, 99, 19713, 805, 5369, 14432, 5, 602, 192, 43954, 66, 25, 7, 106, 271, 142642, 77269, 4488, 44, 4332, 32271, 7, 111, 70, 12801, 28107, 19, 58, 24073, 78567, 658, 74054, 70, 5117, 111, 9098, 25, 7, 744, 68728, 28692, 22328, 7, 4, 115923, 142, 39395, 76438, 40250, 450, 10, 7986, 98, 116338, 26866, 7, 509, 59121, 390, 1632, 44, 66279, 51438, 58, 15, 79487, 14635, 16, 1295, 70, 22836, 111, 43954, 4, 136, 450, 903, 7986, 1902, 2809, 12301, 136, 22282, 71, 390, 18813, 1529, 5374, 111, 51438, 15, 42, 5, 190, 2592, 1104, 127351, 77269, 194, 3293, 7986, 509, 89160, 538, 207487, 678, 70, 75204, 44, 116527, 7550, 25, 7, 4713, 111, 5550, 740, 581, 101805, 289, 21455, 509, 450, 7550, 51438, 509, 10, 116338, 3790, 24816, 1295, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 15, 176779, 1104, 158222, 77269, 16, 2750, 18738, 71, 1919, 5368, 11341, 111, 43954, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 60097, 3815, 111, 51438, 4, 7440, 764, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 204971, 70, 60097, 678, 1919, 81273, 47, 25550, 3853, 48, 73, 939, 5381, 329, 21, 34204, 23, 1631, 44937, 136, 47, 765, 7228, 51438, 25, 7, 50588, 90, 113138, 20174, 47, 66801, 2363, 171827, 43876, 7, 23, 70, 11341, 111, 15521, 5, 3293, 21455, 83, 7464, 38134, 538, 34658, 23, 9098, 5, 581, 9530, 271, 4, 30260, 4, 136, 1631, 1484, 71, 56978, 56978, 23, 70, 39395, 138, 4216, 142642, 19831, 42179, 297, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 6868, 6635, 47, 70, 44, 23825, 111, 5550, 740, 56978, 25, 7, 479, 40404, 30482, 34735, 450, 764, 27211, 297, 70, 7986, 136, 184750, 24233, 46692, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 192961, 111, 1919, 65572, 3542, 51, 119488, 186768, 538, 5, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 58, 135179, 87420, 70, 75422, 48461, 289, 71426, 7, 111, 70, 76438, 68728, 28692, 22328, 7, 4, 1284, 5303, 5180, 111, 6863, 91853, 7, 136, 13267, 10861, 297, 38134, 538, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 76438, 6, 70035, 136, 17690, 56, 1261, 1463, 43954, 1436, 31, 70, 748, 29367, 450, 70, 7986, 509, 20653, 59121, 23, 70, 201, 927, 142642, 77269, 390, 7550, 708, 25, 7, 7398, 6982, 297, 60887, 1236, 7550, 16666, 4, 237, 10, 14012, 111, 186768, 97264, 41392, 10, 116338, 85689, 3075, 764, 54397, 5, 62, 67688, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 3060, 191225, 7, 80723, 47, 92814, 70, 186768, 6, 116311, 111, 7550, 708, 4, 102917, 538, 98, 70, 61585, 7, 450, 764, 83, 959, 119056, 23, 70, 186768, 54704, 44, 3957, 16277, 6635, 111, 6900, 31, 58, 24073, 75369, 31, 97, 108885, 58, 6, 18889, 14506, 247, 3129, 41392, 7, 2684, 111, 70, 135818, 26366, 7, 1295, 70, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 66279, 51438, 58, 15, 16, 14602, 959, 108975, 23, 2499, 7986, 41928, 47, 70, 44, 4332, 32271, 7, 111, 70, 12801, 28107, 19, 830, 136, 1556, 2809, 92610, 297, 47, 186, 10, 7228, 9, 2037, 8, 32032, 5844, 72180, 306, 33, 91084, 44, 2347, 116131, 4935, 1631, 4726, 42, 58, 12, 70, 613, 11627, 44, 66279, 58, 83, 207244, 297, 237, 70, 62548, 13579, 44, 54957, 14, 4935, 58, 24073, 425, 8612, 19, 58, 6, 247, 12960, 44, 1456, 34, 58, 83, 70, 142, 45964, 76438, 19492, 13, 111, 44, 60337, 15403, 4, 17128, 1236, 58, 24073, 434, 244195, 58, 6, 247, 3129, 42518, 7, 47, 7550, 708, 25, 7, 31486, 237, 70, 40814, 25, 7, 44, 246, 36737, 63855, 56, 58, 23, 70, 13765, 111, 51438, 9315, 16220, 5, 992, 5062, 7550, 51438, 4, 7550, 16666, 135179, 47, 765, 2809, 142, 8561, 3445, 2750, 509, 10, 111937, 13, 180210, 98, 116338, 26866, 7, 4, 136, 1543, 765, 2809, 70, 46517, 100, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 186768, 26366, 44, 66279, 708, 58, 8305, 10, 3173, 111, 1175, 7701, 56, 8780, 5, 360, 29172, 4, 70, 990, 73, 7162, 1121, 2548, 94708, 7, 3542, 134053, 23, 6626, 2548, 68728, 8946, 15, 139652, 77269, 46, 19831, 23336, 16, 3627, 16145, 43573, 70, 26349, 111, 1261, 14916, 23, 41115, 40235, 192859, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 5941, 81020, 54487, 94708, 32562, 7, 70541, 297, 23, 70, 3627, 16145, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 28704, 297, 17721, 61586, 136, 36460, 77269, 4, 107013, 538, 3542, 6626, 84797, 7986, 7, 4, 1632, 150380, 297, 47, 44, 66279, 708, 830, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 75204, 7986, 4, 136, 15700, 150380, 297, 47, 7550, 16666, 4, 3129, 73342, 7, 136, 71062, 7, 54799, 70, 110680, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 58, 390, 7550, 708, 5, 581, 7550, 16666, 7986, 25, 7, 4912, 645, 96091, 678, 5045, 111, 70, 44, 66279, 708, 58, 7986, 4, 136, 70, 6626, 1543, 186, 44, 11, 11001, 4, 19686, 79850, 168698, 91768, 289, 40250, 25072, 297, 1379, 70, 7550, 9351, 740, 3293, 103882, 53, 168360, 450, 5045, 111, 70, 186768, 169463, 509, 4743, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 2685, 3542, 6626, 7986, 7, 450, 5809, 765, 2809, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 116527, 7550, 25, 7, 4713, 111, 5550, 830, 959, 1632, 5, 581, 10941, 111, 70, 110680, 7986, 83, 1672, 1632, 9, 95037, 71, 111, 70, 139539, 7, 111, 70, 5744, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 830, 136, 2363, 7986, 14858, 90, 4552, 20903, 538, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 137567, 68186, 71, 450, 70, 110680, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 58, 509, 140528, 3060, 6032, 17721, 2101, 136, 114820, 77269, 5, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 5550, 58, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 702, 139539, 7, 15, 748, 44, 1434, 1292, 19, 58, 3142, 70, 42486, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 8035, 1632, 44, 169, 1132, 40974, 58, 24073, 434, 70919, 58, 707, 30700, 538, 44, 101966, 14, 11030, 51029, 35454, 90, 1295, 70, 12877, 74918, 23, 5744, 31815, 76438, 13373, 28016, 136, 113860, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 4568, 51389, 111, 117615, 22408, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 4713, 111, 5550, 83, 142, 142, 45964, 76438, 116338, 85689, 3075, 1740, 1295, 70, 239, 67, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 92329, 15, 42, 72089, 538, 190, 927, 142642, 77269, 194, 581, 4488, 4, 3129, 83, 150380, 297, 47, 70, 142, 45964, 76438, 116338, 9530, 271, 7550, 384, 1667, 24073, 116527, 7550, 830, 2843, 160093, 297, 7550, 708, 247, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 702, 139539, 7, 5, 98423, 1632, 83, 30396, 3674, 47, 142, 43585, 111, 1631, 44937, 136, 3642, 442, 4027, 25720, 47, 116338, 113857, 136, 36322, 41637, 5, 1326, 39555, 106, 4, 4283, 5369, 442, 509, 70, 37105, 7986, 23, 142, 142, 927, 25443, 450, 2806, 186, 1483, 48353, 237, 70, 132556, 67485, 53, 51062, 7, 390, 31678, 56, 748, 4687, 33957, 4021, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Text and commentaries.", "Authorship.", "The 13 chapters.", "Quotations.", "Chinese.", "English.", "Cultural influence.", "Military and intelligence applications.", "Application outside the military.", "Film and television." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "\"The Art of War\" is traditionally attributed to a military general from the late 6th century BC known as \"Master Sun\" (Mandarin: \"Sunzi\", earlier \"Sun Tzu\"), though its earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later. Sima Qian's 1st century BC work \"Records of the Grand Historian\" (\"Shiji\"), the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one \"Sun Wu\" (孫武) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu (r. 514–495 BC). This text was traditionally identified with the received \"Master Sun's Art of War\". The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to train even dainty palace ladies in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is still widely held in China. The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the \"Art of War\". Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. \"The Art of War\" appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.", "Around the 12th century, some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sunzi, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic \"The Commentary of Zuo\" (\"Zuo zhuan\" 左傳), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name \"Sun Wu\" () does not appear in any text prior to the \"Records of the Grand Historian\", and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning \"the fugitive warrior\": the surname \"Sun\" is glossed as the related term \"fugitive\" (\"xùn\" ), while \"Wu\" is the ancient Chinese virtue of \"martial, valiant\" (\"wǔ\" ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's \"doppelgänger\" in the story of Wu Zixu. Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure \"Sunzi\" through a form of euhemerism. In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province. Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to \"Sunzi\", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier \"The Art of War\" by Sunzi. The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the \"Sunzi\" text, and the two may be \"a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name\". This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as \"Master Sun's Art of War\", not one. The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the chapters of the modern \"The Art of War\", and their text matches very closely. It is now generally accepted that the earlier \"The Art of War\" was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.", "\"The Art of War\" is divided into 13 chapters (or \"piān\"); the collection is referred to as being one \"zhuàn\" (\"whole\" or alternatively \"chronicle\").", "", "Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the last verse of Chapter 3: This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:", "Common examples can also be found in English use, such as verse 18 in Chapter 1: This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb:", "", "Across East Asia, \"The Art of War\" was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations. During the Sengoku period (c. 1467–1568), the Japanese \"daimyō\" named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied \"The Art of War\". The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard \"Fūrinkazan\" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain. The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on \"Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung\" where \"The Art of War\" is cited as influencing Mao's \"On Guerrilla Warfare\", \"On the Protracted War\" and \"Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War\", and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\" During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied \"The Art of War\" and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in \"The Art of War\" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas. America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American military theory. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists \"The Art of War\" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. \"The Art of War\" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. The Art of War is used as instructional material at the US Military Academy at West Point, in the course Military Strategy (470), and it is also recommended reading for Royal Officer cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the following about Sun Tzu and the Art of War: “I always kept a copy of The Art of War on my Desk,” General Douglas McArthur, 5 Star General & Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. “I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians.” General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from \"The Art of War\" was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\". The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel \"Le Montage\". Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of \"Art of War\". They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters.", "\"The Art of War\" has been applied to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. \"The Art of War\" is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles (\"Du pian xin shu\" 杜騙新書, ca. 1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty. Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate business strategy. Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives. The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian value regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education. \"The Art of War\" has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. \"The Art of War\" has also been applied in sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick, recorded holder of the most Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Art of War. Brazilian association football coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil’s successful 2002 World Cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players’ doors in the night. \"The Art of War\" is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in Electronic Sports. Particularly, one of the fundamental books about e-sports, \"Play To Win\" by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin, is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from \"The Art of War\" in modern Electronic Sports. \"The Art of War\" was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.", "\"The Art of War\" and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in various movies and television shows. In the 1987 movie \"Wall Street\", Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) frequently references The Art of War while dispensing advice to his young protégé Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen). In the latter stages of the movie, Fox mentions Sun Tzu himself when describing his plan on trapping Gekko. The 20th James Bond film, Die Another Day, released in 2002, also references''The Art of War''as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father. In the Michael Bay film The Rock, imprisoned British spy John Mason (Sean Connery) has a copy of The Art of War on his bookshelf in his cell. In television, \"The Art of War\" was referenced in \"The Sopranos\". In season 3, episode 8 (“He Is Risen”), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book. Later in the episode Tony tells Dr. Melfi he is impressed with the Sun Tzu, stating “Here’s this guy, a Chinese general, who wrote this thing 2400 years ago, and most of it still applies today!” Immediately following the episode of \"The Sopranos\" sales of \"The Art of War\" spiked. In \"\" first-season episode \"The Last Outpost,\" Riker quoted \"The Art of War\" to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and \"The Art of War\" with regard to knowing when and when not to fight." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3751, 1484, 31, 72325, 7, 216479, 71, 25632, 142, 22, 1140, 4650, 8730, 9523, 19732, 17721, 142, 242447, 4, 20929, 3371, 2347, 9523, 501, 1643, 3522, 58967, 16219, 136, 142, 39395, 1175, 1153, 1410, 9523, 40681, 519, 29813, 127, 5, 3293, 19732, 15, 720, 4806, 158978, 22, 1140, 53, 6332, 84125, 16, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 4842, 136, 50997, 98220, 13, 4, 136, 70, 24682, 34, 587, 34053, 1636, 4, 3129, 3249, 1257, 70, 10332, 525, 28, 137089, 6635, 42592, 4188, 111, 20929, 3371, 2347, 9523, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 5, 62, 37526, 1294, 22, 1140, 53, 6332, 84125, 19732, 23, 3784, 6496, 142, 242447, 4842, 98220, 136, 10, 77099, 29813, 75708, 1175, 1153, 1410, 67, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 28, 137089, 136, 134199, 1363, 111, 40368, 3789, 20929, 3371, 2347, 9523, 42592, 4188, 6044, 237, 201543, 34053, 102, 4, 1391, 40934, 34053, 102, 4, 7832, 43483, 5974, 90, 15, 748, 1947, 4036, 24175, 34053, 102, 247, 136, 884, 272, 31, 20506, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 6024, 8969, 120087, 119455, 98220, 13, 4, 442, 83, 25902, 3674, 450, 1286, 3501, 23552, 111, 756, 51529, 114149, 111, 11948, 964, 289, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 182, 3422, 4842, 9, 289, 2870, 9, 820, 14, 4126, 14015, 30185, 5, 6096, 98220, 13, 621, 101637, 71, 3934, 70, 313, 1643, 57840, 34053, 45710, 13, 4, 10, 18507, 111, 19844, 8969, 120087, 136, 182342, 11, 29011, 66847, 1771, 132038, 66847, 90, 14037, 23, 2906, 63470, 12259, 8010, 31576, 7, 136, 3789, 43840, 1771, 65998, 7, 4, 142, 6, 202444, 2831, 538, 7228, 7722, 390, 124001, 22293, 12302, 7, 1295, 502, 1153, 1410, 1636, 4, 678, 1672, 40186, 111, 2363, 8584, 13, 19441, 903, 59665, 4, 136, 6626, 114015, 26580, 988, 35839, 17715, 38796, 15, 294, 939, 51684, 39499, 34053, 45710, 13, 4, 15612, 7, 36400, 29022, 34053, 45710, 13, 4, 97360, 13817, 34053, 45710, 13, 136, 1818, 34053, 416, 5670, 34053, 45710, 13, 16, 136, 6, 82350, 15, 69989, 9702, 34053, 45710, 13, 136, 62912, 112, 31, 34053, 45710, 13, 247, 3129, 621, 14037, 23, 15044, 122084, 136, 63335, 36448, 65998, 7, 5, 581, 17715, 38796, 26580, 112, 621, 11948, 289, 208, 13, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 15044, 19844, 8969, 120087, 3173, 7, 136, 6024, 8969, 120087, 11948, 12064, 18695, 52770, 9035, 136, 146651, 7, 5, 581, 6, 82350, 621, 111789, 289, 208, 13, 4, 15520, 1177, 297, 450, 56104, 54, 959, 55993, 47, 1286, 3501, 1672, 836, 1827, 23, 140909, 4, 1284, 10, 10846, 114149, 831, 58359, 140909, 7, 111, 116, 347, 5, 17006, 1690, 497, 246, 34053, 1636, 621, 122084, 678, 10, 214574, 113068, 4, 136, 621, 27983, 14037, 99, 117396, 6, 168867, 7, 154186, 47, 3789, 15520, 1177, 297, 7, 5, 51404, 903, 509, 36770, 538, 150380, 297, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 50981, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 6, 34053, 587, 26976, 68332, 19, 16, 450, 2806, 28897, 4842, 98220, 13, 47, 23, 54815, 18, 117396, 6, 168867, 7, 3501, 3789, 111789, 289, 208, 13, 390, 17656, 31, 47148, 39908, 1830, 4, 17309, 77950, 11782, 7, 903, 3934, 9655, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 50997, 98220, 13, 99, 6782, 6, 168867, 23, 70, 52694, 1510, 194, 31384, 122084, 114149, 621, 14037, 98, 19096, 53, 15756, 2109, 4, 12960, 2684, 27060, 831, 186, 14037, 220642, 47, 13950, 53, 218250, 11, 5, 133540, 36448, 114149, 15426, 100, 21280, 111, 4842, 144, 2870, 18595, 939, 4, 1284, 1836, 2843, 765, 10, 214574, 113068, 23, 67842, 117016, 7, 74, 1836, 137567, 12601, 46622, 4, 11192, 9, 118664, 75973, 7, 678, 34735, 7401, 7, 136, 13950, 53, 103136, 7, 4, 1284, 678, 3060, 131527, 7, 5, 62, 10846, 63335, 36448, 114149, 621, 14037, 23, 22556, 7401, 7, 678, 19096, 53, 103136, 7, 136, 3853, 10846, 56, 621, 14037, 23, 1286, 121469, 238, 7401, 7, 5, 149766, 122084, 136, 63335, 36448, 36235, 621, 33636, 297, 390, 4092, 9, 150, 6496, 111789, 289, 2870, 3173, 7, 136, 164917, 22, 246, 64, 67450, 34053, 9523, 64, 1158, 1771, 3173, 7, 4, 91084, 1836, 6867, 23, 707, 98, 3789, 98220, 13, 4, 18153, 7, 4, 136, 85825, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 3060, 122084, 114149, 765, 30666, 297, 10, 121, 172, 9523, 101906, 136, 1543, 186, 14037, 98, 20903, 538, 707, 1286, 95534, 538, 62548, 4842, 144, 2870, 27980, 7, 5, 360, 70, 5426, 111, 3145, 141, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 73584, 70, 4842, 98220, 13, 621, 18507, 47314, 23, 70, 63590, 11, 13, 72325, 1683, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 24682, 34, 587, 34053, 1636, 136, 50997, 98220, 13, 1001, 3551, 18153, 7, 15, 79600, 10955, 48538, 11, 13, 707, 3751, 1484, 31, 72325, 1683, 194, 581, 42179, 7, 4527, 10, 1791, 54689, 6827, 70767, 7440, 70, 26580, 112, 123055, 54, 959, 24092, 40383, 30648, 74, 70, 18507, 9351, 97360, 31, 34053, 45710, 13, 83, 11814, 100, 70, 4842, 98220, 13, 5, 438, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 621, 34475, 74, 70, 42179, 7, 5154, 4, 44, 618, 10541, 43315, 1614, 51588, 7, 621, 66733, 64549, 7, 4, 136, 110, 51713, 35604, 1242, 52455, 96335, 91376, 16792, 3145, 141, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 4078, 765, 62952, 77950, 450, 83, 23, 106689, 100, 22460, 34053, 538, 23, 70, 63590, 11, 13, 72325, 1683, 15, 216561, 4842, 98220, 13, 194, 33306, 4, 3789, 96335, 765, 42459, 297, 63590, 11, 13, 72325, 1683, 83, 121, 34053, 133, 9523, 5, 4, 70, 16648, 135179, 51, 107, 86918, 71, 5, 873, 17336, 621, 3789, 91376, 24643, 5831, 32747, 111, 70, 4842, 98220, 13, 17368, 233239, 136, 89160, 144, 14612, 24643, 5831, 21068, 2053, 74, 49903, 4, 70, 24643, 5831, 1176, 111, 70, 4842, 98220, 13, 83, 7464, 23, 10, 11341, 111, 85679, 15, 76228, 40865, 1363, 36917, 70, 17366, 111, 12989, 19441, 75204, 10176, 57456, 35743, 100, 2684, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 194, 62, 13036, 25188, 99082, 47, 44188, 36716, 70, 6096, 884, 2870, 101344, 111, 16505, 15, 80852, 7763, 866, 16, 17368, 6, 34053, 112537, 13, 9523, 136, 8584, 1771, 51515, 83, 9458, 297, 390, 70, 9907, 28745, 32807, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 151169, 214, 70, 101344, 111, 16505, 7663, 5, 31384, 97264, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 19824, 16, 3687, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6096, 98220, 13, 4, 707, 97360, 31, 34053, 102, 15, 4, 2819, 6, 247, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 94407, 111, 1175, 1153, 1410, 9523, 98220, 13, 5, 581, 97360, 31, 34053, 102, 2843, 48402, 90, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 11521, 7809, 111, 98220, 13, 4, 70541, 214, 645, 6, 144274, 82424, 125296, 71, 114149, 678, 24643, 5831, 21068, 111666, 7, 221560, 5, 581, 144732, 111, 114149, 15, 136555, 121387, 621, 14037, 23, 70, 62912, 112, 31, 34053, 45710, 13, 15, 67413, 247, 136, 153161, 58055, 111, 6024, 8969, 120087, 4, 122084, 98220, 13, 4, 26719, 5941, 135818, 15520, 1177, 297, 7, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 37838, 21280, 111, 70, 4842, 98220, 13, 74918, 23, 63335, 36448, 65998, 7, 678, 117396, 202104, 7, 14037, 23, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Evolution.", "Taxonomy.", "Classification comparison.", "Species of red algae.", "Morphology.", "Cell structure.", "Chloroplasts.", "Storage products.", "Pit connections and pit plugs.", "Pit connections.", "Pit plugs.", "Function.", "Reproduction.", "Fertilization.", "Life cycle.", "Chemistry.", "Genomes and transcriptomes of red algae.", "Fossil record.", "Relationship to other algae.", "Human consumption." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Chloroplasts evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukaryotic phagotroph. This event (termed primary endosymbiosis) resulted in the origin of the red and green algae, and the glaucophytes, which make up the oldest evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic eukaryotes. A secondary endosymbiosis event involving an ancestral red alga and a heterotrophic eukaryote resulted in the evolution and diversification of several other photosynthetic lineages such as Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Stramenopiles (or Heterokontophyta), and Alveolata. In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-algal-derived plastids. Red algae are divided into the Cyanidiophyceae, a class of unicellular and thermoacidophilic extremophiles found in sulphuric hot springs and other acidic environments, an adaptation partly made possible by horizontal gene transfers from prokaryotes, with about 1% of their genome having this origin, and two sister clades called SCRP (Stylonematophyceae, Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodellophyceae and Porphyridiophyceae) and BF (Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae), which are found in both marine and freshwater environments. The SCRP clade are microalgae, consisting of both unicellular forms and multicellular microscopic filaments and blades. The BF are macroalgae, seaweed that usually do not grow to more than about 50 cm in length, but a few species can reach lengths of 2 m. Most rhodophytes are marine with a worldwide distribution, and are often found at greater depths compared to other seaweeds. While this was formerly attributed to the presence of pigments (such as phycoerythrin) that would permit red algae to inhabit greater depths than other macroalgae by chromatic adaption, recent evidence calls this into question (e.g. the discovery of green algae at great depth in the Bahamas). Some marine species are found on sandy shores, while most others can be found attached to rocky substrata. Freshwater species account for 5% of red algal diversity, but they also have a worldwide distribution in various habitats; they generally prefer clean, high-flow streams with clear waters and rocky bottoms, but with some exceptions. A few freshwater species are found in black waters with sandy bottoms and even fewer are found in more lentic waters. Both marine and freshwater taxa are represented by free-living macroalgal forms and smaller endo/epiphytic/zoic forms, meaning they live in or on other algae, plants, and animals. In addition, some marine species have adopted a parasitic lifestyle and may be found on closely or more distantly related red algal hosts.", "In the system of Adl \"et al.\" 2005, the red algae are classified in the Archaeplastida, along with the glaucophytes and green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida). The authors use a hierarchical arrangement where the clade names do not signify rank; the class name Rhodophyceae is used for the red algae. No subdivisions are given; the authors say, \"Traditional subgroups are artificial constructs, and no longer valid.\" Many studies published since Adl \"et al.\" 2005 have provided evidence that is in agreement for monophyly in the Archaeplastida (including red algae). However, other studies have suggested Archaeplastida is paraphyletic., the situation appears unresolved. Below are other published taxonomies of the red algae using molecular and traditional alpha taxonomic data; however, the taxonomy of the red algae is still in a state of flux (with classification above the level of order having received little scientific attention for most of the 20th century). A major research initiative to reconstruct the Red Algal Tree of Life (RedToL) using phylogenetic and genomic approach is funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the Assembling the Tree of Life Program.", "Some sources (such as Lee) place all red algae into the class \"Rhodophyceae\". (Lee's organization is not a comprehensive classification, but a selection of orders considered common or important.) A subphylum - Proteorhodophytina - has been proposed to encompass the existing classes Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae and Stylonematophyceae. This proposal was made on the basis of the analysis of the plastid genomes.", "Over 7,000 species are currently described for the red algae, but the taxonomy is in constant flux with new species described each year. The vast majority of these are marine with about 200 that live only in fresh water. Some examples of species and genera of red algae are:", "Red algal morphology is diverse ranging from unicellular forms to complex parenchymatous and non- parenchymatous thallus. Red algae have double cell walls. The outer layers contain the polysaccharides agarose and agaropectin that can be extracted from the cell walls by boiling as agar. The internal walls are mostly cellulose. They also have the most gene-rich plastid genomes known.", "Red algae do not have flagella and centrioles during their entire life cycle. Presence of normal spindle fibres, microtubules, un-stacked photosynthetic membranes, presence of phycobilin pigment granules., presence of pit connection between cells filamentous genera, absence of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum are the distinguishing characters of red algal cell structure.", "Presence of the water-soluble pigments called phycobilins (phycocyanobilin, phycoerythrobilin, phycourobilin and phycobiliviolin), which are localized into phycobilisomes, gives red algae their distinctive color. Chloroplast contains evenly spaced and ungrouped thylakoids. Other pigments include chlorophyll a, α- and β-carotene, lutein and zeazanthin. Double membrane of chloroplast envelope surrounds the chloroplast. Absence of grana and attachment of phycobilisomes on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane are other distinguishing characters of red algal chloroplast.", "The major photosynthetic products include floridoside (major product), D‐isofloridoside, digeneaside, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol etc. Floridean starch (similar to amylopectin in land plants), a long term storage product, is deposited freely (scattered) in the cytoplasm. The concentration of photosynthetic products are altered by the environmental conditions like change in pH, the salinity of medium, change in light intensity, nutrient limitation etc. When the salinity of the medium increases the production of floridoside is increased in order to prevent water from leaving the algal cells.", "", "Pit connections and pit plugs are unique and distinctive features of red algae that form during the process of cytokinesis following mitosis. In red algae, cytokinesis is incomplete. Typically, a small pore is left in the middle of the newly formed partition. The pit connection is formed where the daughter cells remain in contact. Shortly after the pit connection is formed, cytoplasmic continuity is blocked by the generation of a pit plug, which is deposited in the wall gap that connects the cells. Connections between cells having a common parent cell are called primary pit connections. Because apical growth is the norm in red algae, most cells have two primary pit connections, one to each adjacent cell. Connections that exist between cells not sharing a common parent cell are labelled secondary pit connections. These connections are formed when an unequal cell division produced a nucleated daughter cell that then fuses to an adjacent cell. Patterns of secondary pit connections can be seen in the order Ceramiales.", "After a pit connection is formed, tubular membranes appear. A granular protein called the plug core then forms around the membranes. The tubular membranes eventually disappear. While some orders of red algae simply have a plug core, others have an associated membrane at each side of the protein mass, called cap membranes. The pit plug continues to exist between the cells until one of the cells dies. When this happens, the living cell produces a layer of wall material that seals off the plug.", "The pit connections have been suggested to function as structural reinforcement, or as avenues for cell-to-cell communication and transport in red algae, however little data supports this hypothesis.", "The reproductive cycle of red algae may be triggered by factors such as day length. Red algae reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction can occur through the production of spores and by vegetative means (fragmentation, cell division or propagules production).", "Red algae lack motile sperm. Hence, they rely on water currents to transport their gametes to the female organs – although their sperm are capable of \"gliding\" to a carpogonium's trichogyne. The trichogyne will continue to grow until it encounters a spermatium; once it has been fertilized, the cell wall at its base progressively thickens, separating it from the rest of the carpogonium at its base. Upon their collision, the walls of the spermatium and carpogonium dissolve. The male nucleus divides and moves into the carpogonium; one half of the nucleus merges with the carpogonium's nucleus. The polyamine spermine is produced, which triggers carpospore production. Spermatangia may have long, delicate appendages, which increase their chances of \"hooking up\".", "They display alternation of generations; in addition to gametophyte generation, many have two sporophyte generations, the carposporophyte-producing carpospores, which germinate into a tetrasporophyte – this produces spore tetrads, which dissociate and germinate into gametophytes. The gametophyte is typically (but not always) identical to the tetrasporophyte. Carpospores may also germinate directly into thalloid gametophytes, or the carposporophytes may produce a tetraspore without going through a (free-living) tetrasporophyte phase. Tetrasporangia may be arranged in a row (zonate), in a cross (cruciate), or in a tetrad. The carposporophyte may be enclosed within the gametophyte, which may cover it with branches to form a cystocarp. These case studies may be helpful to understand some of the life histories algae may display: In a simple case, such as \"Rhodochorton investiens\": In the Carposporophyte: a spermatium merges with a trichogyne (a long hair on the female sexual organ), which then divides to form carposporangia – which produce carpospores. Carpospores germinate into gametophytes, which produce sporophytes. Both of these are very similar; they produce monospores from monosporangia \"just below a cross-wall in a filament\" and their spores are \"liberated through the apex of sporangial cell.\" The spores of a sporophyte produce either tetrasporophytes. Monospores produced by this phase germinates immediately, with no resting phase, to form an identical copy of the parent. Tetrasporophytes may also produce a carpospore, which germinates to form another tetrasporophyte. The gametophyte may replicate using monospores, but produces sperm in spermatangia, and \"eggs\"(?) in carpogonium. A rather different example is \"Porphyra gardneri\": In its diploid phase, a carpospore can germinate to form a filamentous \"conchocelis stage\", which can also self-replicate using monospores. The conchocelis stage eventually produces conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus. This too can reproduce via monospores, which are produced inside the thallus itself. They can also reproduce via spermatia, produced internally, which are released to meet a prospective carpogonium in its conceptacle.", "The values of red algae reflect their lifestyles. The largest difference results from their photosynthetic metabolic pathway: algae that use HCO as a carbon source have less negative values than those that only use. An additional difference of about 1.71‰ separates groups intertidal from those below the lowest tide line, which are never exposed to atmospheric carbon. The latter group uses the more C-negative dissolved in sea water, whereas those with access to atmospheric carbon reflect the more positive signature of this reserve. Photosynthetic pigments of Rhodophyta are chlorophylls \"a\" and \"d\". Red algae are red due to phycoerythrin. They contain the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan in the amorphous sections of their cell walls, although red algae from the genus Porphyra contain porphyran. They also produce a specific type of tannin called phlorotannins, but in a lower amount than brown algae do.", "As enlisted in realDB, 27 complete transcriptomes and 10 complete genomes sequences of red algae are available. Listed below are the 10 complete genomes of red algae.", "One of the oldest fossils identified as a red alga is also the oldest fossil eukaryote that belongs to a specific modern taxon. \"Bangiomorpha pubescens\", a multicellular fossil from arctic Canada, strongly resembles the modern red alga \"Bangia\" and occurs in rocks dating to 1.05 billion years ago. Two kinds of fossils resembling red algae were found sometime between 2006 and 2011 in well-preserved sedimentary rocks in Chitrakoot, central India. The presumed red algae lie embedded in fossil mats of cyanobacteria, called stromatolites, in 1.6 billion-year-old Indian phosphorite – making them the oldest plant-like fossils ever found by about 400 million years. Red algae are important builders of limestone reefs. The earliest such coralline algae, the solenopores, are known from the Cambrian period. Other algae of different origins filled a similar role in the late Paleozoic, and in more recent reefs. Calcite crusts that have been interpreted as the remains of coralline red algae, date to the Ediacaran Period. Thallophytes resembling coralline red algae are known from the late Proterozoic Doushantuo formation.", "Chromista and Alveolata algae (e.g., chrysophytes, diatoms, phaeophytes, dinophytes) seem to have evolved from bikonts that have acquired red algae as endosymbionts. According to this theory, over time these endosymbiont red algae have evolved to become chloroplasts. This part of endosymbiotic theory is supported by various structural and genetic similarities.", "Red algae has a long history of being utilized as an important source of nutritional, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical substances. Many of the edible red algae are a rich source of antioxidants, have high amount of protein content, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and essential fatty acids. Traditionally red algae are eaten raw, in salads, soups, meal and condiments. Several species are important food crops, in particular members of the genus \"Porphyra\", variously known as nori (Japan), \"gim\" (Korea), 紫菜 (China), or laver (Britain). Dulse (\"Palmaria palmata\") is another important British species. These rhodophyte foods are high in vitamins and protein and are easily grown; for example, nori cultivation in Japan goes back more than three centuries. Some of the red algal species like \"Gracilaria\" and \"Laurencia\" are found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicopentaenoic acid, docohexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid) and have protein content up to 47% of total biomass. Where a big portion of world population is not getting insufficient amount of daily iodine intake, a 150 ug/day requirement of iodine is obtained from a single gram of red algae. Red algae, like \"Gracilaria\", \"Gelidium\", \"Euchema\", \"Porphyra\", \"Acanthophora\", and \"Palmaria\" are primarily known for their industrial use for phycocolloids (agar, algin, furcellaran and carrageenan) as thickening agent, textiles, food, anticoagulants, water-binding agents etc. Dulse (\"Palmaria palmata\") is one of the most consumed red algae and is a source of iodine, protein, magnesium and calcium. China, Japan, Republic of Korea are the top producers of seaweeds. In East and Southeast Asia, agar is most commonly produced from \"Gelidium amansii\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 44, 109023, 316, 40861, 58, 10696, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 120725, 66, 6, 124722, 53, 23, 210721, 25, 7, 25074, 52649, 5, 3293, 10696, 4, 26719, 6863, 35773, 1294, 4, 42564, 71, 678, 70, 152363, 23, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 423, 13683, 4, 2667, 1224, 111, 70, 49659, 217, 81206, 3657, 89829, 10, 45443, 214, 10696, 4, 24, 4806, 44, 441, 19929, 37211, 830, 98, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 70, 120725, 66, 6, 124722, 53, 5, 28090, 611, 4015, 98, 4, 70, 49659, 14481, 2843, 87498, 297, 70, 28166, 12535, 4, 136, 756, 2363, 35773, 10484, 3542, 211196, 3674, 23, 70, 151196, 37211, 5, 24372, 70, 15811, 48448, 111, 70, 49659, 14481, 4, 70, 152363, 100512, 10, 11341, 38016, 23, 729, 13574, 4, 136, 23, 729, 14546, 6863, 35773, 1294, 509, 159978, 71, 44, 128878, 13, 51626, 9, 12724, 16300, 16934, 136, 12535, 103835, 58, 390, 5379, 175264, 5, 31267, 7103, 70, 65450, 1916, 111, 70, 152363, 3934, 10, 103655, 136, 10, 30839, 152363, 23, 156999, 4, 70, 35773, 1294, 47143, 297, 237, 10, 124416, 38016, 5, 360, 24531, 4, 70, 16934, 136, 12535, 103835, 509, 39958, 645, 390, 70, 27759, 111, 70, 3525, 538, 14037, 297, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 360, 58410, 4, 70, 139903, 1771, 103835, 24073, 294, 7182, 66, 5872, 72264, 55607, 18939, 509, 14037, 297, 4, 136, 109133, 47, 70, 151196, 37211, 23, 54566, 74, 442, 83, 7464, 142, 58963, 10821, 2831, 111, 70, 9907, 103835, 5, 360, 61540, 4, 70, 35773, 1294, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 137458, 136, 12535, 103835, 58, 24073, 839, 709, 5914, 797, 10, 95946, 797, 72264, 55607, 51029, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 10, 27165, 98, 70, 8437, 40370, 43658, 115, 939, 509, 65508, 71, 46, 10, 41361, 1740, 4420, 47, 729, 13556, 4, 3229, 210721, 110264, 7, 1902, 47, 3535, 23, 8437, 40370, 71200, 7, 111, 2363, 28412, 7, 47, 70, 35773, 1294, 5, 106073, 103655, 141626, 90, 136, 40466, 7, 3542, 155738, 7103, 70, 30839, 6, 167618, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 23, 34578, 4, 70, 35773, 1294, 47143, 297, 9803, 1379, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 10685, 4158, 5007, 136, 12535, 103835, 58, 24073, 1511, 195, 5872, 10, 95946, 797, 72264, 55607, 51029, 360, 42610, 4, 756, 21334, 210721, 35773, 10484, 3542, 42564, 71, 3934, 70, 11001, 9879, 29367, 22836, 103835, 111, 70, 103655, 31, 89262, 92, 47806, 24073, 37455, 1699, 797, 72264, 55607, 198956, 51029, 360, 11704, 4, 70, 1274, 9319, 188, 4568, 120514, 14578, 111, 70, 35773, 1294, 16750, 297, 23, 6863, 43581, 9351, 12, 9907, 103835, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 62, 3525, 132096, 33976, 4, 70, 15881, 166386, 30675, 23, 20681, 4501, 6741, 4, 509, 33428, 3674, 23, 98543, 581, 2684, 33757, 223, 92264, 29053, 32032, 7, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 9907, 103835, 621, 70, 28864, 425, 5030, 2619, 8961, 43362, 136, 70, 171956, 289, 111, 3157, 7438, 5900, 12282, 1067, 5, 581, 9907, 103835, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 80723, 678, 2363, 153939, 15032, 79825, 23, 12839, 23, 133258, 678, 70, 103655, 14380, 5860, 683, 2076, 31, 309, 5, 360, 6097, 79825, 4, 70, 9907, 103835, 55080, 297, 53918, 11226, 4488, 98, 10, 7964, 105994, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 153939, 47691, 5570, 7, 5, 147466, 4, 442, 4163, 75412, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 28811, 77635, 4, 23, 3129, 442, 21449, 47, 78301, 34754, 7, 106480, 5570, 7, 118861, 29053, 32032, 7, 136, 10332, 28412, 7, 5, 1650, 2843, 8060, 297, 40368, 20279, 77635, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 2363, 166635, 136, 70, 5117, 5369, 111, 70, 46015, 172681, 111, 70, 6661, 91377, 15, 76228, 70, 26693, 25, 7, 5117, 20279, 13452, 8035, 1295, 70, 9907, 103835, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 23, 13867, 194, 581, 35773, 1294, 23742, 21640, 230466, 23, 4078, 237, 442, 75204, 70, 33428, 141, 3291, 92, 658, 2319, 731, 1295, 46015, 25, 7, 172681, 111, 70, 6661, 91377, 100, 6863, 79825, 23, 153939, 72219, 10332, 7986, 7, 5, 360, 6863, 5117, 702, 5369, 16792, 12839, 4, 70, 13452, 163846, 297, 70, 153939, 15032, 111, 106, 4, 15128, 60525, 136, 7228, 2856, 3835, 538, 19882, 5, 581, 9907, 103835, 30482, 6863, 6338, 10941, 19882, 23, 70, 6338, 35773, 10484, 44, 12662, 34, 47122, 97857, 58, 15, 5475, 696, 1574, 5, 669, 34, 47122, 97857, 5, 277, 64, 33, 16, 136, 44, 605, 2198, 134886, 58, 15, 5475, 696, 70362, 134886, 758, 5, 7570, 254, 5, 1863, 194, 58916, 47122, 97857, 48402, 90, 1286, 3501, 534, 93712, 29053, 32032, 7, 136, 10332, 28412, 7, 4, 678, 39555, 382, 92498, 111, 2856, 162466, 71, 390, 70, 9907, 103835, 136, 70, 47143, 820, 1295, 65251, 89543, 1295, 744, 76726, 5, 66016, 43304, 3229, 28811, 11, 4, 70, 28811, 32528, 25, 7, 6338, 13651, 100, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 4, 21449, 3934, 6, 116311, 4, 58916, 47122, 97857, 162466, 7, 29053, 32032, 7, 136, 10332, 28412, 7, 153939, 52021, 390, 35773, 10484, 756, 645, 70, 103655, 47806, 136, 390, 3789, 89543, 47, 70, 28811, 11, 13651, 136, 40368, 3789, 26341, 5281, 11914, 7, 4, 26719, 23182, 108858, 152055, 156457, 11374, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 111, 241, 20429, 9688, 4, 1250, 195136, 136, 5443, 9506, 35611, 5, 360, 10, 57119, 4935, 13452, 678, 1815, 4, 78301, 10332, 28412, 7, 136, 39395, 953, 927, 142642, 42840, 1295, 70, 139903, 1771, 103835, 765, 2809, 153939, 52021, 4, 678, 144, 239483, 1286, 3501, 729, 144274, 42840, 153939, 52021, 390, 1815, 15, 162, 111, 18374, 267, 194, 32255, 42840, 621, 81522, 8305, 70, 1815, 83266, 6338, 35773, 1294, 237, 5299, 237, 8305, 70, 9907, 103835, 25, 7, 150917, 13388, 111, 25074, 39754, 7, 136, 70, 150917, 13388, 111, 70, 139903, 1771, 103835, 4, 136, 70, 10332, 28412, 7, 128839, 538, 2843, 8305, 58916, 47122, 97857, 5, 581, 80999, 134886, 6338, 35773, 1294, 70541, 7, 153939, 52021, 60525, 91376, 7103, 70, 6602, 51374, 5, 1061, 2060, 4, 1286, 3501, 131554, 120164, 289, 36549, 765, 2809, 153939, 52021, 5, 581, 14012, 111, 153939, 29367, 42840, 136622, 47, 55993, 4, 41866, 7103, 46889, 153939, 47691, 111, 5744, 28412, 7, 23, 43701, 111, 70, 9907, 16284, 103835, 13452, 5, 360, 3295, 70, 103655, 366, 150, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 9907, 103835, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 15, 16, 83, 70, 9879, 35773, 1294, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 1650, 83, 8951, 297, 390, 70, 185236, 111, 105141, 5, 581, 35773, 1294, 25, 7, 5201, 33976, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 186768, 151196, 37211, 33976, 23, 70, 11698, 111, 210721, 4, 7440, 189275, 23552, 111, 6863, 42840, 621, 93544, 5, 581, 3789, 23552, 111, 70, 42486, 83, 4343, 71, 23, 70, 103724, 111, 20681, 4501, 6741, 5, 581, 9907, 103835, 83, 70, 129058, 35773, 1294, 23, 70, 103655, 47806, 4, 185517, 10932, 305, 19879, 60525, 5, 581, 35773, 1294, 82424, 1556, 10932, 6, 91578, 189893, 120709, 5, 106073, 48402, 214, 153161, 103655, 7986, 7, 4, 70, 35773, 1294, 2843, 4343, 7, 114210, 4912, 1295, 176672, 4, 18721, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Collections.", "Digitisation.", "Proposed new building.", "Incidents." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In the 13th century, the \"Studium generale\" school was founded in the Dominican monastery in Prague's Old Town. This school, including its library, merged with the university in the 14th century. In 1556, monks of the Jesuit Order erected a boarding school, named \"Clementinum\", on the remains of the Dominican monastery. From 1622 on, the Jesuits also administrated the Charles University, and all their libraries were accommodated in the Clementinum. After the suppression of the Jesuits, the university became a state institution in 1773, and in 1777 its library was declared \"Imperial-Royal Public and University Library\" by Maria Theresa. Even after the splitting of the university into a Czech and a German university in 1882, the library remained as a joint institution. In 1918, the Public and University Library was taken over by the government of the newly founded Czechoslovakia. In 1924, the Slavonic Library (\"Slovanská knihovna\") was founded, and moved to the Clementinum in 1929; it is still an autonomous part of the National Library. In 1935, the library was renamed \"National and University Library\" (\"Národní a univerzitní knihovna\"). In the same year, a law on the legal deposit copy duty was introduced – a practice dating back to 1781, when Prague printers had to hand in legal deposit copies of their prints to the library. Although Czech universities and colleges were closed after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, the library remained open under the name of \"Municipal and University Library\" (\"Zemská a univerzitní knihovna\"). In 1958, all large Prague libraries were merged into the single centralized State Library of the Czechoslovak Republic (\"Státní knihovna CSR\"). In 1990, the hitherto last renaming of the library resulted in its current name: National Library of the Czech Republic. A new storage building, the Central Depository in Hostivař, was inaugurated in 1996.", "The most precious medieval manuscripts preserved in the National Library are the Codex Vyssegradensis and the Passional of Abbes Kunigunde.", "The National Library of the Czech Republic began with their digitisation efforts in 1992 in collaboration with the Czech company AiP Beroun. In these efforts, the National Library conducted pioneer work on a global scale in the creation of digitization standards. Later, it got involved in a number of European projects, in which it came to additional developments particularly standards regarding manuscripts and old prints. It also supported several pilot projects at the time of their creation and the first years of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme (with the programme's first pilot project being from the National Library of the Czech Republic in 1993). The library won international recognition in 2005 as it received the inaugural Jikji Prize from UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme for its efforts in digitising old texts. In its first 13 years since 1992, the project accomplished the digitisation of 1,700 documents and made them publicly available. The National Library makes its digital content available in the digital libraries \"Manuscriptorium\" (http://www.manuscriptorium.com/en) and \"Kramerius\" (http://kramerius5.nkp.cz). Manuscriptorium comprises more than 111,000 manuscripts and old prints, with almost 84,000 of them contributed by the National Library and the remainder from 138 partners from 24 countries. Since 2008, when Europeana, the European Union's digital platform for cultural heritage, came into existence, Manuscriptorium contributes manuscripts and old prints digitised by libraries all over the Czech Republic and by other partners to the Europeana platform and several other specialised portals, including professional academic Resource Discovery services, e.g. of EBSCO, ProQuest and ExLibris. In a collaborative project with Google, additional old prints and early 19th century books from the Slavonic Library have been digitised, with altogether more than 177,000 books digitised by Google (as of October 2018). These books are accessible through the Google Books digital library as well as through the National Library's Catalogue of Old Prints and the Catalogue of the Slavonic Library, and the old prints gradually also through Manuscriptorium. The Kramerius digital library contains digitised documents published after the year 1800. So far, more than 2,000 periodical series have been digitised. The number of digitized books continues to grow, especially after mass digitization of modern prints in context of the National Digital Library project.", "In 2006 the Czech parliament approved funding for the construction of a new library building on Letna plain, between Hradčanská metro station and Sparta Prague's football ground, Letná stadium. In March 2007, following a request for tender, Czech architect Jan Kaplický was selected by a jury to undertake the project, with a projected completion date of 2011. Later in 2007 the project was delayed following objections regarding its proposed location from government officials including Prague Mayor Pavel Bém and President Václav Klaus. Plans for the building had still not been decided in February 2008, with the matter being referred to the Office for the Protection of Competition in order to determine if the tender had been won fairly. Later in 2008, Minister of Culture Václav Jehlička announced the end of the project, following a ruling from the European Commission that the tender process had not been carried out legally.", "The library was affected by the 2002 European floods, with some documents moved to upper levels to avoid the excess water. Over 4,000 books were removed from the library in July 2011 following flooding in parts of the main building. There was a fire at the library in December 2012, but nobody was injured in the event." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14847, 442, 100512, 34735, 70, 65018, 76228, 436, 2037, 509, 110, 14858, 100, 70, 3525, 56, 30839, 78431, 1314, 6044, 237, 70, 22700, 49042, 391, 5, 33747, 4, 70, 184520, 509, 126809, 47, 91995, 442, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 2942, 34, 6982, 729, 7, 450, 1902, 2809, 59038, 71, 1295, 70, 92265, 237, 142, 1940, 464, 72350, 5, 1650, 509, 75530, 93, 5281, 450, 70, 3525, 6, 202523, 44841, 47, 186, 4271, 56, 136, 765, 10, 17305, 22023, 23532, 674, 5, 581, 4331, 71834, 47, 27489, 903, 39457, 42, 4, 61475, 538, 4331, 27686, 237, 70, 44, 294, 2146, 76228, 563, 5, 418, 830, 509, 10336, 297, 390, 65018, 76228, 25, 7, 185256, 51517, 4, 177592, 37700, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 6863, 34754, 4, 70, 184520, 509, 42856, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 58, 129933, 436, 2037, 58, 740, 62, 12924, 44075, 214, 645, 70, 17863, 12562, 13, 17007, 4, 179140, 47, 59959, 70, 17863, 7, 1295, 4092, 35401, 99, 144, 35810, 4, 75935, 10, 44, 1132, 2676, 58, 450, 12441, 20279, 7, 47, 11782, 70, 1831, 56379, 44, 105272, 583, 830, 102971, 903, 9351, 509, 8306, 11814, 51521, 538, 5, 2161, 1039, 14487, 64104, 4, 70, 160469, 13, 184520, 509, 5117, 86608, 19, 390, 20904, 96139, 56, 99, 134331, 15534, 4, 1401, 53, 80728, 4, 8018, 36840, 74, 442, 509, 14537, 297, 390, 10, 12062, 118258, 313, 603, 3794, 483, 1511, 5, 360, 4347, 38222, 4, 70, 5117, 36049, 18264, 100, 142, 61475, 1777, 206, 111, 5316, 184520, 7, 509, 31089, 71, 390, 70, 56101, 5550, 12133, 5, 194397, 6056, 38222, 4, 10, 3622, 111, 46963, 2588, 184520, 7, 3542, 181653, 4, 39555, 167969, 70, 61475, 563, 5, 418, 20117, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 450, 36049, 111, 70, 10644, 21449, 47, 142, 3564, 4, 189275, 190, 4, 88925, 184520, 7, 111, 756, 52895, 1902, 2809, 88303, 5, 360, 39395, 24531, 4, 36049, 111, 70, 24, 1405, 20117, 111, 70, 65018, 76228, 184520, 4, 70, 44, 78567, 254, 25, 7, 58, 184520, 116, 919, 5, 418, 80723, 5, 581, 184520, 1902, 10, 153161, 101805, 289, 4331, 100, 6863, 1615, 4, 241599, 10, 109412, 33, 16530, 9, 5062, 57574, 13, 23573, 45646, 4, 142, 81406, 87907, 552, 434, 2069, 4, 6, 62479, 25876, 16138, 7, 10932, 70, 99070, 6295, 4, 136, 10, 109379, 9, 63127, 297, 57574, 13, 23573, 4, 148, 5180, 136, 6, 46741, 5, 51404, 158566, 214, 3060, 34735, 21373, 31075, 678, 70, 436, 2037, 4, 442, 509, 16387, 93, 67175, 678, 10, 60322, 78458, 11876, 301, 56, 57574, 13, 23573, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 1733, 98, 142, 41018, 289, 56101, 9, 34198, 297, 6, 202523, 4, 6626, 127089, 9513, 23, 15, 196800, 2866, 16, 49643, 25306, 36279, 17863, 7, 3542, 6, 121147, 297, 105237, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 99070, 6295, 4, 200470, 52021, 47, 11476, 40225, 7, 8305, 70, 25793, 14191, 17116, 46, 61475, 538, 903, 35060, 71, 111, 70, 11177, 674, 111, 70, 65018, 76228, 11037, 25, 7, 10002, 200470, 52825, 4331, 4, 1284, 7103, 70, 135969, 289, 9, 10187, 4588, 65018, 76228, 9, 81470, 1264, 25072, 7, 80723, 47, 95549, 1810, 4, 70, 1286, 152018, 136, 99156, 9, 188, 9, 24931, 25500, 4, 152945, 1771, 9, 10187, 73138, 95404, 9, 78457, 4293, 5426, 91995, 71, 442, 1295, 7582, 38222, 98, 19364, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 36279, 17863, 7, 4, 10, 3622, 111, 22759, 59797, 54330, 7, 5809, 186, 175100, 100, 61585, 52875, 60042, 7, 5, 581, 103136, 6, 14775, 509, 1427, 134229, 678, 6, 55936, 45, 5252, 7263, 12960, 70, 2663, 6, 14775, 21, 76622, 2499, 45, 5252, 7263, 74, 903, 131148, 450, 70, 43599, 17721, 70, 148, 5180, 509, 40715, 99, 70, 6305, 3501, 99, 70, 74855, 7, 74, 903, 15549, 1902, 2809, 7228, 99, 70, 199015, 111, 47192, 26729, 24816, 4, 70, 65018, 76228, 43240, 31095, 4, 237, 10, 72350, 47, 112892, 18929, 70, 1831, 56379, 25, 7, 50961, 5, 581, 1407, 56, 6, 14775, 60213, 71, 10, 9879, 59226, 6056, 40059, 100, 70, 60042, 111, 101904, 52295, 71, 1257, 19364, 7, 108625, 939, 100, 70, 20279, 5, 118479, 184520, 7, 3542, 14537, 297, 390, 67842, 47014, 1294, 87907, 7, 4, 2684, 39210, 538, 40101, 70, 313, 603, 3794, 483, 571, 707, 70, 67796, 4293, 23856, 418, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 70890, 112, 10, 38516, 218343, 144521, 86, 2594, 8035, 566, 144429, 54799, 70, 128512, 1831, 56379, 23, 70, 19732, 111, 142, 87907, 16610, 4588, 4, 40368, 3789, 87907, 7, 3542, 30666, 297, 47, 14537, 70, 10644, 237, 5299, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 107671, 214, 436, 2037, 136, 55903, 32417, 4, 70, 184520, 509, 90698, 47, 186, 34844, 47, 12403, 5, 581, 10644, 36, 24243, 15044, 6863, 120069, 7414, 4615, 5704, 41159, 136, 6863, 34844, 45064, 47, 70, 20903, 3687, 674, 111, 70, 87907, 4, 20279, 4, 17863, 7, 136, 160692, 32216, 15, 43452, 21020, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 25, 7, 57888, 16, 28032, 70, 12912, 59671, 74261, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 4, 136, 47, 70, 37515, 8089, 3666, 587, 18695, 21543, 111, 70, 47014, 1916, 46889, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 7, 39210, 47, 47014, 1294, 87907, 7, 5, 116732, 1363, 42179, 12452, 52234, 73048, 450, 12, 44, 73, 70, 44540, 111, 10, 95968, 442, 44116, 297, 279, 60744, 62816, 48242, 7, 450, 5809, 3249, 442, 10, 200, 14155, 74, 1284, 1379, 70, 11037, 23996, 111, 10, 131720, 71, 20279, 4, 2750, 55950, 3642, 47, 15504, 6863, 22925, 7, 47, 1919, 10002, 92940, 4, 442, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 133924, 181952, 116491, 17669, 88303, 740, 581, 184520, 33662, 21647, 297, 142, 51, 104272, 67, 216473, 678, 20279, 7, 5, 31384, 23, 83613, 111468, 37534, 20279, 7, 150631, 297, 98, 5646, 9, 16713, 3229, 70, 4393, 160692, 72367, 25944, 297, 70, 1831, 56379, 25, 7, 11698, 111, 64002, 939, 107314, 70, 456, 147, 840, 18, 46002, 17475, 7, 5, 14847, 23, 17366, 113014, 4, 70, 184520, 509, 94419, 538, 6, 46741, 9, 82463, 3033, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 65018, 76228, 55903, 32417, 4, 70, 184520, 21, 76622, 10, 77336, 136667, 3956, 6, 46741, 5868, 13, 4, 221, 450, 70, 20279, 1902, 47, 59911, 53697, 40225, 81147, 98, 70, 6226, 47593, 47, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 65018, 76228, 184520, 509, 10, 56101, 23972, 6661, 5550, 11001, 9, 184, 257, 333, 5868, 13, 6, 202523, 1831, 56379, 450, 509, 65508, 71, 98, 70, 65925, 43643, 23, 38222, 5, 1650, 509, 126809, 390, 70, 65018, 76228, 116732, 1363, 33734, 237, 10, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 65018, 76228, 436, 2037, 136, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 51529, 6, 202523, 1831, 56379, 111, 70, 32774, 5550, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development.", "Design.", "Overview.", "Flight characteristics.", "Operational history.", "Western front.", "Home defence and night fighting.", "Shipboard and parasite fighter.", "Ground attack.", "Postwar service.", "Variants.", "Sopwith Camel F.1.", "Sopwith Camel 2F.1.", "Sopwith Camel \"Comic\" Night fighter.", "F.1/1.", "T.F.1.", "Trainer.", "Survivors.", "Notable appearances in media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "When it became clear the Sopwith Pup was no match for the newer German fighters such as the Albatros D.III, the Camel was developed to replace it, as well as the Nieuport 17s that had been purchased from the French as an interim measure. It was recognised that the new fighter needed to be faster and have a heavier armament. The design effort to produce this successor, initially designated as the \"Sopwith F.1\", was headed by Sopwith's chief designer, Herbert Smith. Early in its development, the Camel was simply referred to as the \"\"Big Pup\"\". A metal fairing over the gun breeches, intended to protect the guns from freezing at altitude, created a \"hump\" that led pilots to call the aircraft \"Camel\", although this name was never used officially. On 22 December 1916, the prototype Camel was first flown by Harry Hawker at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey; it was powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z. In May 1917, the first production contract for an initial batch of 250 Camels was issued by the British War Office. Throughout 1917, a total of 1,325 Camels were produced, almost entirely the initial F.1 variant. By the time that production of the type came to an end, approximately 5,490 Camels of all types had been built. In early 1918, production of the naval variant of the Sopwith Camel, the \"Ship's\" Camel 2F.1 began.", "", "The Camel had a mostly conventional design for its era, featuring a wooden box-like fuselage structure, an aluminium engine cowling, plywood panels around the cockpit, and a fabric-covered fuselage, wings and tail. While possessing some clear similarities with the Pup, it was furnished with a noticeably bulkier fuselage. For the first time on an operational British-designed fighter, two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns were mounted directly in front of the cockpit, synchronised to fire forwards through the propeller disc – initially this consisted of the fitment of the Sopwith firm's own synchronizer design, but after the mechanical-linkage Sopwith-Kauper units began to wear out, the more accurate and easier-to-maintain, hydraulic-link Constantinesco-Colley system replaced it from November 1917 onward. In addition to the machine guns, a total of four Cooper bombs could be carried for ground attack purposes. The bottom wing was rigged with 5° dihedral while the top wing lacked any dihedral; this meant that the gap between the wings was less at the tips than at the roots; this change had been made at the suggestion of Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager, as a measure to simplify the aircraft's construction. The upper wing featured a central cutout section for the purpose of providing improved upwards visibility for the pilot. Production Camels were powered by various rotary engines, most commonly either the Clerget 9B or the Bentley BR1. In order to evade a potential manufacturing bottleneck being imposed upon the overall aircraft in the event of an engine shortage, several other engines were adopted to power the type as well.", "Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was considered to be difficult to fly. The type owed both its extreme manoeuvrability and its difficult handling to the close placement of the engine, pilot, guns and fuel tank (some 90% of the aircraft's weight) within the front seven feet of the aircraft, and to the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotating mass of the cylinders common to rotary engines. Aviation author Robert Jackson notes that: \"in the hands of a novice it displayed vicious characteristics that could make it a killer; but under the firm touch of a skilled pilot, who knew how to turn its vices to his own advantage, it was one of the most superb fighting machines ever built\". The Camel soon gained an unfortunate reputation with pilots. Some inexperienced pilots crashed on take-off when the full fuel load pushed the aircraft's centre of gravity beyond the rearmost safe limits. When in level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the Sopwith Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane, so that the pilot had to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. The aircraft could be rigged so that at higher altitudes it could be flown \"hands off\". A stall immediately resulted in a dangerous spin. A two-seat trainer version of the Camel was later built to ease the transition process: in his \"Recollections of an Airman\" Lt Col L.A. Strange, who served with the central flying school, wrote: \"In spite of the care we took, Camels continually spun down out of control when flew by pupils on their first solos. At length, with the assistance of Lieut Morgan, who managed our workshops, I took the main tank out of several Camels and replaced [them] with a smaller one, which enabled us to fit in dual control.\" Such conversions, and dual instruction, went some way to alleviating the previously unacceptable casualties incurred during the critical type-specific solo training stage.", "", "In June 1917, the Sopwith Camel entered service with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, which was stationed near Dunkirk, France; this was the first squadron to operate the type. Its first combat flight and reportedly its first victory claim were both made on 4 July 1917. By the end of July 1917, the Camel also equipped No. 3 and No. 9 Naval Squadrons; and it had become operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. By February 1918, 13 squadrons had Camels as their primary equipment. The Camel proved to have better manoeuvrability than the Albatros D.III and D.V and offered heavier armament and better performance than the Pup and Triplane. Its controls were light and sensitive. The Camel turned more slowly to the left, which resulted in a nose-up attitude due to the torque of the rotary engine, but the torque also resulted in being able to turn to the right quicker than other fighters, although that resulted in a tendency towards a nose-down attitude from the turn. Because of the faster turning capability to the right, some pilots preferred to change heading 90° to the left by turning 270° to the right. Agility in combat made the Camel one of the best-remembered Allied aircraft of the First World War. RFC crew used to joke that it offered the choice between \"a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross\". Together with the S.E.5a and the SPAD S.XIII, the Camel helped to re-establish the Allied aerial superiority that lasted well into 1918. Major William Barker's Sopwith Camel (serial no. \"B6313\", the aircraft in which he scored the majority of his victories) was used to shoot down 46 aircraft and balloons from September 1917 to September 1918 in 404 operational flying hours, more than any other single RAF fighter.", "An important role for the Camel was home defence. The RNAS flew Camels from Eastchurch and Manston airfields against daylight raids by German bombers, including Gothas, from July 1917. The public outcry against the night raids and the poor response of London's defences resulted in the RFC deciding to divert Camels that had been heading to the frontlines in France to Britain for the purposes of home defence; in July 1917, 44 Squadron RFC reformed and reequipped with the Camel to conduct the home defence mission. By March 1918, the home defence squadrons had been widely equipped with the Camel and by August 1918, a total of seven home defence squadrons were operating these aircraft. When the Germans switched to performing nighttime attacks, the Camel proved capable of being flown at night as well. Accordingly, those aircraft assigned to home defence squadrons were quickly modified with navigation lights in order that they could serve as night fighters. A smaller number of Camels were more extensively reconfigured; on these aircraft, the Vickers machine guns were replaced by overwing Lewis guns and the cockpit was moved rearwards so the pilot could reload the guns. This modification, which became known as the \"Sopwith Comic\" allowed the guns to be fired without affecting the pilot's night vision, and allowed the use of new, more effective incendiary ammunition that was considered unsafe to fire from synchronised Vickers guns. The Camel was successfully used to intercept and shoot down German bombers on multiple occasions during 1918, serving in this capacity through to the final German bombing raid upon Britain on the night of the 20/21 May 1918. During this air raid, a combined force of 74 Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s intercepted 28 Gothas and Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs; three German bombers were shot down, while two more were downed by anti-aircraft fire from the ground and a further aircraft was lost to engine failure, resulting in the heaviest losses suffered by German bombers during a single night's operation over England. The Camel night fighter was also operated by 151 Squadron to intercept German night bombers operating over the Western Front. These aircraft were not only deployed defensively, but often carried out night intruder missions against German airstrips. After five months of operations, 151 Squadron had claimed responsibility for shooting down 26 German aircraft.", "The RNAS operated a number of 2F.1 Camels that were suitable for launching from platforms mounted on the turrets of major warships as well as from some of the earliest aircraft carriers to be built. Furthermore, the Camel could be deployed from \"aircraft lighters\", which were specially modified barges; these had to be towed fast enough that a Camel could successfully take off. The aircraft lighters served as means of launching interception sorties against incoming enemy air raids from a more advantageous position than had been possible when using shore bases alone. During the summer of 1918, a single 2F.1 Camel (\"N6814\") participated in a series of trials as a parasite fighter. The aircraft used Airship \"R23\" as a mothership.", "By mid-1918, the Camel had become obsolescent as a day fighter as its climb rate, level speed and performance at altitudes over 12,000 ft (3,650 m) were outclassed by the latest German fighters, such as the Fokker D.VII. However, it remained viable as a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft and instead was increasingly used in that capacity. The Camel inflicted high losses on German ground forces, albeit suffering from a high rate of losses itself in turn, through the dropping of 25 lb (11 kg) Cooper bombs and low-level strafing runs. The protracted development of the Camel's replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, resulted in the Camel remaining in service in this capacity until well after the signing of the Armistice. During the German Spring Offensive of March 1918, squadrons of Camels participated in the defence of the Allied lines, harassing the advancing German Army from the skies. Jackson observed that \"some of the most intense air operations took place\" during the retreat of the British Fifth Army, in which the Camel provided extensive aerial support. Camels flew at multiple altitudes, some as low as 500 feet for surprise strafing attacks upon ground forces, while being covered from attack by hostile fighters by the higher altitude aircraft. Strafing attacks formed a major component of British efforts to contain the offensive, the attacks often having the result of producing confusion and panic amongst the advancing German forces. As the March offensive waned, the Camel was able to operate within and maintain aerial superiority for the remainder of the war.", "In the aftermath of the First World War, the Camel saw further combat action. Multiple British squadrons were deployed into Russia as a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. Between the Camel and the S.E.5, which were the two main types deployed to the Caspian Sea area to bomb Bolshevik bases and to provide aerial support to the Royal Navy warships present, Allied control of the Caspian region had been achieved by May 1919. Starting in March 1919, direct support was also provided for White Russian forces, carrying out reconnaissance, ground attack, and escort operations. During the summer of 1919, Camels of No. 47 Squadron conducted offensive operations in the vicinity of Tsaritsyn, primarily against Urbabk airfield; targets including enemy aircraft, cavalry formations, and river traffic. In September 1919, 47 Squadron was related to Kotluban, where its aircraft operations mainly focused on harassing enemy communication lines. During late 1919 and early 1920, the RAF detachment operated in support of General Vladimir May-Mayevsky's counter-revolutionary volunteer army during intense fighting around Kharkov. In March 1920, the remainder of the force was evacuated and their remaining aircraft were deliberately destroyed to avoid them falling into enemy hands.", "Camels were powered by several makes of rotary engines:", "The F.1 was the main production version. It was armed with twin synchronised Vickers guns.", "The 2F.1 was a shipboard variant, flown from. It had a slightly shorter wingspan and a Bentley BR1 as its standard engine. Additionally, one Vickers gun was replaced by an overwing Lewis gun.", "The \"Comic\" was a Camel variant designed specifically for night-fighting duties. The twin Vickers guns were replaced by two Lewis guns on Foster mountings firing forward over the top wing, as the muzzle flash of the Vickers guns could blind the pilot. To allow reloading of the guns, the pilot was moved about 12 inches (30 cm) to the rear and to compensate the fuel tank was moved forward. It served with Home Defence Squadrons against German air raids. The \"Comic\" nickname was unofficial, and was shared with the night fighter version of the Sopwith 11⁄2 Strutter.", "The F1/1 was a version with tapered wings.", "The T.F.1 was an experimental trench fighter used for development work for the Sopwith Salamander. Its machine guns were angled downwards for efficient strafing, and it featured armour plating for protection.", "The trainer variant had a second cockpit behind the normal pilot's position. The weapons were removed, although the hump was sometimes kept. Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.", "There are eight known original Sopwith Camels left:", "Biggles flies a Sopwith Camel in the novels by W. E. Johns during Biggles's spell in 266 Squadron during the First World War. The first collection of Biggles stories, titled \"The Camels are Coming\", was published in 1932. The Camel is the \"plane\" of Snoopy in the \"Peanuts\" comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 39967, 13, 509, 103122, 23, 12190, 60701, 4, 80362, 2063, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 91048, 1257, 390, 1919, 9963, 432, 9319, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 59671, 764, 134629, 1919, 27863, 4, 2750, 1902, 66399, 27686, 47, 25515, 191, 4, 9020, 4, 30715, 4, 43606, 5369, 8108, 5, 1529, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 45233, 15612, 1507, 77648, 6635, 19188, 23, 88437, 3915, 4, 9020, 136, 64152, 6259, 23, 72761, 53019, 5, 1529, 98438, 71, 23, 70, 4552, 5117, 9020, 116233, 34242, 23, 27193, 100, 70, 6, 184721, 111, 121276, 153144, 619, 88437, 3915, 5, 1529, 2843, 33284, 297, 70, 5345, 44284, 89499, 7, 23, 25695, 4, 138, 8659, 15, 6495, 6947, 153144, 16, 159, 91526, 1900, 5, 1529, 6777, 959, 5646, 1257, 99, 7057, 41637, 147115, 24189, 764, 509, 6529, 39967, 13, 25, 7, 39395, 28560, 80997, 509, 959, 64004, 214, 5, 1529, 165523, 47, 3249, 70, 32774, 130891, 7175, 100, 70, 20986, 79428, 152150, 7, 4, 959, 3853, 8035, 99201, 23, 70, 145320, 15421, 53, 91, 91526, 5, 1650, 509, 959, 24189, 764, 80723, 47, 4488, 23, 85168, 525, 1379, 70, 100854, 111, 33276, 23630, 549, 450, 764, 80723, 47, 211394, 1919, 38516, 5, 360, 21735, 4, 764, 509, 70, 55640, 159690, 111, 70, 805, 347, 99, 70, 28811, 161912, 7, 136, 122799, 17932, 23, 70, 5701, 19732, 99, 70, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 34242, 23, 210479, 4, 50155, 3419, 59520, 5, 1913, 70, 22059, 6661, 161912, 7, 23, 204795, 7, 23, 51651, 4, 39967, 13, 21449, 22759, 927, 23, 70, 805, 347, 4, 1284, 509, 14432, 70318, 297, 70, 52656, 13, 40501, 4, 3229, 159690, 59520, 509, 2837, 71723, 47314, 7103, 36456, 1916, 5369, 111, 109049, 4527, 5, 1913, 70, 18592, 79428, 152150, 7, 23, 178397, 4, 39967, 13, 23742, 70, 805, 347, 115392, 50155, 25075, 77330, 7103, 59520, 4, 2750, 5423, 10, 8999, 17164, 23, 3569, 22377, 94131, 4, 509, 13438, 2837, 71723, 47314, 25632, 10, 24491, 48683, 3034, 5, 39967, 13, 25, 7, 1733, 509, 3569, 14773, 94131, 4, 10, 3525, 28811, 17164, 390, 89678, 363, 94131, 136, 4734, 73659, 186351, 24189, 8108, 7068, 450, 35672, 1902, 17669, 148431, 70, 1492, 9, 191633, 125861, 1284, 959, 23742, 70, 45712, 5, 360, 12839, 4, 39967, 13, 100512, 70, 50960, 56101, 67945, 46485, 47, 19916, 70, 152150, 805, 347, 4, 7103, 1950, 18345, 58480, 7, 136, 139814, 22576, 7, 4, 6, 69986, 70, 44759, 99255, 111, 17819, 478, 120025, 1224, 111, 2096, 14, 9166, 99, 70, 5755, 152150, 34242, 5, 360, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 1919, 6782, 43876, 77330, 4, 39967, 13, 13028, 3569, 11648, 91, 23, 70, 2704, 4, 136, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 2789, 5369, 58865, 13312, 100512, 70, 10332, 525, 152150, 805, 347, 102995, 390, 22759, 5369, 136, 4520, 13312, 5, 360, 13867, 4, 764, 100512, 70, 5117, 332, 23, 32692, 47, 16401, 70, 152150, 4, 6661, 4, 28811, 136, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 44759, 7, 23, 70, 805, 347, 237, 764, 509, 91375, 14, 10821, 99, 70, 89890, 6661, 161912, 7, 23, 1919, 4271, 525, 17669, 1733, 111, 3569, 19308, 5, 9925, 6602, 764, 509, 2843, 43374, 71, 4831, 39170, 17915, 2481, 111, 70, 42552, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 23, 13211, 4, 764, 123823, 71, 1919, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 44759, 23, 31485, 23, 1919, 17932, 4271, 525, 17669, 805, 347, 1733, 111, 3569, 12183, 5, 262, 6211, 6238, 1919, 152150, 44759, 23, 11891, 4, 39967, 13, 509, 2837, 71723, 47314, 23, 70, 2704, 7103, 6626, 98320, 4034, 7, 5, 1529, 2804, 12, 44, 3957, 5117, 1632, 87, 55950, 87, 6777, 4, 1284, 98, 70, 17932, 1632, 87, 29131, 87, 131300, 297, 169123, 47, 70, 17863, 5, 87, 765, 8306, 2809, 2837, 71723, 47314, 1295, 10, 45712, 8108, 23, 759, 6897, 5, 4865, 10, 3687, 47, 54, 442, 1242, 18763, 132539, 1733, 509, 89678, 15276, 94131, 5, 9626, 87, 284, 28247, 91736, 4, 145320, 1314, 621, 959, 107003, 47, 4034, 1295, 2363, 46389, 7, 4271, 56, 3501, 107754, 94131, 5, 39967, 13, 90223, 71, 1295, 99638, 13, 21640, 130412, 23, 10586, 4, 102971, 764, 136475, 47, 3249, 170894, 7, 99, 194134, 41714, 7, 5, 39967, 13, 2577, 71, 142, 8357, 152150, 148855, 29127, 1294, 129271, 99, 70, 18592, 178397, 152150, 7, 6637, 111, 142, 64406, 13, 48683, 3034, 100, 70, 4599, 14534, 28029, 1236, 74189, 4517, 5252, 36186, 7103, 764, 13028, 23, 70, 80097, 7, 111, 70, 1781, 39, 5, 1529, 144281, 71, 167244, 7103, 70, 175352, 43374, 71, 390, 10, 92142, 111, 534, 47, 209, 136, 26038, 39967, 13, 44, 2347, 68073, 111, 70, 92814, 1242, 39967, 13, 106926, 297, 450, 764, 1902, 39958, 442, 23, 712, 814, 25352, 538, 23, 31964, 69228, 26156, 5, 1913, 70, 13211, 28811, 102995, 16070, 7, 36541, 71, 23, 37626, 4, 7440, 56101, 7175, 84495, 73, 39967, 13, 23742, 1919, 50960, 28811, 805, 347, 44759, 4, 764, 509, 156892, 1257, 23, 10, 154917, 17340, 7864, 53, 7103, 199347, 5550, 16369, 4, 10, 4082, 347, 6, 142117, 20662, 1919, 21640, 102995, 16070, 34377, 4, 3034, 297, 24491, 100, 70, 28029, 1236, 28, 20133, 66671, 13, 5, 5550, 16369, 122273, 297, 450, 764, 1902, 11814, 142, 645, 9, 2347, 9, 71013, 56, 39580, 9, 53927, 9, 2037, 35839, 44, 53234, 14804, 27967, 830, 3129, 39967, 13, 1902, 123997, 99, 10, 52888, 220505, 5, 360, 9571, 4, 40715, 3501, 37195, 21775, 8108, 1919, 5117, 24491, 48683, 3034, 4, 39967, 13, 23742, 10, 400, 4063, 22631, 26548, 70, 32485, 4939, 19909, 6609, 3284, 5, 19909, 6609, 3284, 1902, 23, 7, 4266, 27686, 23, 10, 57, 2826, 21533, 41260, 450, 39967, 13, 25, 7, 456, 10015, 2886, 6, 58944, 1295, 73176, 927, 23, 70, 8999, 47, 231296, 99, 142, 32070, 3229, 764, 5608, 765, 2809, 23, 206398, 5809, 4734, 765, 2809, 69307, 71, 8305, 23718, 9, 33, 1121, 21896, 125694, 5, 581, 115944, 14037, 23, 39967, 13, 25, 7, 1238, 141775, 390, 10, 209, 1104, 304, 144732, 5, 581, 116983, 12989, 297, 450, 19909, 6609, 3284, 5608, 186, 6, 99091, 390, 142, 23, 17043, 10763, 3332, 118862, 4049, 1295, 61689, 6953, 39967, 13, 111, 35971, 4599, 14534, 161451, 7, 5, 581, 90097, 11762, 160012, 82649, 7, 70318, 297, 3542, 1810, 1177, 29590, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 25497, 13534, 185571, 39967, 13, 15, 57332, 116, 7071, 23936, 16, 83, 10, 80362, 2063, 19, 9, 57332, 56101, 36770, 145320, 56, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 4734, 56101, 332, 47, 765, 23742, 86761, 40501, 7, 23, 70, 805, 106384, 99, 756, 22759, 13036, 130412, 7, 9803, 47, 56101, 67945, 74635, 12, 70, 152150, 34242, 4, 70, 6661, 161912, 7, 4, 70, 28811, 161912, 7, 136, 70, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 34242, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 5117, 28811, 47, 36356, 70, 12417, 191633, 125861, 23, 70, 805, 347, 136, 7464, 16401, 7, 70, 56101, 17164, 23, 70, 19732, 5, 1529, 83, 10, 36770, 8999, 23, 24401, 17164, 26837, 645, 1781, 106384, 4, 136, 10, 36770, 28811, 17164, 26837, 23, 70, 1496, 106384, 4, 805, 347, 136, 201, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Professional athletics career.", "Allegations of doping and ban.", "Retirement.", "Achievements and legacy.", "Personal life and family." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Christie was born in Saint Andrew, Jamaica, where he was brought up by his grandmother. At the age of seven he followed his parents, who had emigrated to Acton, London, England, five years before. He was educated at Henry Compton Secondary School in Fulham, London and excelled in physical education. He competed in the very first London Youth Games in 1977 for the borough of Hammersmith & Fulham. He also joined the Air Training Corps in 1978, 336 (Hammersmith) Squadron. He did not take up athletics seriously until he was 19.", "Christie's early track career was not promising. He failed to make the Great Britain team for the 1984 Summer Olympics, not even being included in the sprint relay squad. It was not until he began to work in earnest under the coaching of Ron Roddan that he began to fulfill his potential. In 1986, he was the surprise winner of the 100 m at the European Championships and finished second in the same event at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, behind Ben Johnson. At the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome, Christie came fourth in the 100 m, but was later awarded the bronze medal, when winner Johnson was disqualified after admitting years of steroid use. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Christie won the 100 m silver behind Carl Lewis after Johnson, who set a world record in 9.79 seconds, was again disqualified following a positive drug test. Christie's time was 9.97 seconds, a new European record by 0.03 seconds and only happened twice until before then that anyone had ever broken the ten-second barrier but not won the race. In 1992, Christie became the third British athlete to win the Olympic 100 m, after Harold Abrahams and Allan Wells, winning the title ahead of Frankie Fredericks of Namibia at the Barcelona Olympic Games. In the absence of his great rival Lewis, Christie ran 9.96 s in the final, and at the age of 32 years 121 days became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years and 38 days. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth titles in the 100 m as he was victorious at the Stuttgart World Championships in his fastest ever time of 9.87. That year he was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. The following year, in 1994, he defended his Commonwealth title in Victoria in his second fastest ever 100 m time of 9.91. Defending his Olympic title in 1996, Christie was disqualified in the final after two false starts. He said: \"The first one I knew I did, but on the second one I felt I reacted perfectly to the gun. I have never been disqualified from a race before in my life. What a place to do it.\" His reaction time was 0.086 seconds. Under IAAF rules, sprinters are not allowed to start from their blocks faster than 0.1 seconds. Christie retired from representative international competition in 1997, although he continued to make appearances at invitation meetings.", "Christie faced an International Olympic Committee disciplinary hearing at the 1988 Seoul Olympics because of an adverse drug test for the banned stimulant pseudoephedrine after he ran in the heats of the 200m. He escaped sanction after the committee voted by a margin of 11 to 10 and gave Christie \"the benefit of the doubt.\" Christie argued that he had taken it inadvertently in ginseng tea. At the 1994 European championships staged in Helsinki, where British team captain Christie won his third European 100 m title, he was caught up in a doping controversy after Solomon Wariso, a 400 m runner making his international championship debut, tested positive for the stimulant ephedrine. Wariso revealed that he had used an over-the-counter pick-you-up called \"Up Your Gas\", which Christie had bought at a Florida pharmacy. In 1998, less than six months before his first positive drug test, Christie won a libel action against the journalist John McVicar. McVicar had insinuated in a satirical magazine that Christie's remarkable rise from 156th in the world to triumph at an age when he should have been in decline could only have been achieved through performance-enhancing drugs. The jury found in Christie's favour by a 10–2 majority. The judge ordered that McVicar should be bound by an injunction restraining him from accusing Christie of taking banned substances. The modest £40,000 damages awarded were outweighed by the legal costs that Christie incurred to bring the case. After the judgment, McVicar called Christie \"The Judy Garland of the 100 metres\", referring to the emotion that Christie had given before the court. In February 1999, Christie competed in an indoor meet in Dortmund, Germany. A routine unannounced drug test found the banned substance nandrolone. After a six-month delay, a disciplinary hearing was convened by the British Athletic Federation which found Christie to be not guilty. But the IAAF overruled and confirmed a two-year suspension. He was found to have more than 100 times normal levels of the metabolites of nandrolone in his urine. Various explanations were offered to explain the results, including eating avocado, or using nutritional supplements. The IAAF rejected that explanation and gave Christie a two-years ban from athletics, despite UK Athletics feeling that there was reasonable doubt whether the drug had been taken deliberately, a decision which ignored the usual drug testing principle of \"strict liability\". Several theories have been proposed that might explain Christie's positive test. By way of context, Nandrolone is a long-acting anabolic steroid, and is well-known in athlete circles to be detectable in blood and urine screenings for long periods; ranging from 6 to 18 months. Skeptics of Christie's positive, and other Nandrolone sanctions in the late 1990s, have cited this detection window as a major deterrent to using the drug at any point during training or competition periods. Around this time pro-hormones like 19-norandrostenedione, Androstenedione, and 1-Testosterone, among others, abounded in the American supplement market, and were not yet codified as 'anabolic agents' under the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Given that Christie tested positive for Nandrolone, it is conceivable that he had been taking 19-norandrostenedione, a metabolic precursor to Nandrolone sold over-the-counter in the United States until 2004. At the time Christie had been training in Florida in the winter months, and may have been using the prohormone without knowing it could produce a positive test. Alternatively, Christie may have been under the impression he was administering a different anabolic steroid with a narrower testing window. Substances like Masteron and Primobolan are esterified in oil similar to Nandrolone, and would be indistinguishable if mislabeled. Granted, there is no evidence to support this, but it would certainly explain why an athlete of his maturity and stature was found positive for metabolites well-known to stay in adipose tissue for many months. Christie has always denied any wrongdoing. \"If I took drugs there had to be a reason to take drugs. I had pretty much retired from the sport.\" Furthermore, he denied that his physique was gained through drug use and promoted an anti-steroid approach: \"It does not follow that all athletes who are big take drugs... Only by testing all athletes will the sport be kept clean of drugs.\" Christie was banned for life from the British Olympic Association, who announced that Christie would not be accredited for any future Olympic Games, in accordance with their regulations. The ban also resulted in Puma opting not to continue Christie's £100,000 sponsorship contract. Three years earlier, at the Atlanta Olympics, Christie had worn contact lenses embossed with the Puma logo at the press conference preceding the 100 m final. Reebok had paid $40 million to be the official sponsor, and Christie's actions were seen as ambush marketing and a breach of Olympic rules on the wearing of sponsor's logos by athletes.", "Since his retirement, Christie worked as a presenter on the BBC programmes \"Record Breakers\" and \"Garden Invaders\", and also had a contract with BBC Sport. He has spent less time as a public figure and has devoted most of his time to managing his company. In 2000 he made his acting debut in the BBC programme \"Grange Hill\". Later he appeared in another BBC programme \"Hustle\". In 2010, Christie appeared on the UK ITV television channel's \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!\" show, subsequently becoming the sixth person to be eliminated, on 30 November 2010. During the McVicar case, Christie raised another of his grievances with the media – comments about the figure-hugging running suits that Christie wore in his races. The term \"Linford's lunchbox\" had been coined by \"The Sun\" newspaper in reference to the bulge of Christie's genitalia in his Lycra shorts. He said \"\"Linford's lunchbox\" is one of my grievances with the media. I don't like it... Nobody ever goes on about Sally Gunnell's breasts... I think it is disgusting, I don't like it at all.\" In court, the judge Mr Justice Popplewell, caused hilarity by asking Christie to explain the phrase, asking \"What is 'Linford's lunchbox?'\" The reference became a part of pop culture, as evidenced in a joke by Nick Hancock: \"There's nothing new you can say about Linford Christie, except he's slow and has got a small penis\". Christie's anger at this unwanted attention led to his infamous \"newspaper print\" running suit, although he has deliberately drawn attention to his body on occasions: he has remarked that \"A lot of people have looked at my physique and two things can come into their mind – admiration and envy.\" He also appeared shirtless and flexing his muscles on the BBC youth series \"Reportage\" in 1988. In recent years, however, Christie appears to have come to terms with the 'lunchbox' label, disclosing his preference for briefs rather than boxer shorts, and in 2002 becoming the \"face\" of Sloggi, the men's underwear brand, posing for advertising wearing only underwear. In the successful London bid for the 2012 Olympic Games, Christie was absent from the team, even though he has stated that he attempted to get involved. Christie has cited an ongoing feud between himself and former teammate Sebastian Coe as a likely reason for the snub, although since 1999 British athletics chiefs had \"overlooked\" Christie because of his positive nandrolone test. Commenting on the argument, Christie's teammate, Derek Redmond, said he was \"a well-balanced athlete; he has a chip on both shoulders.\" However, in April 2006 it was announced that Christie would be a senior mentor for athletes on the national team, along with former athletes Steve Backley, Daley Thompson and Katharine Merry. This proved controversial however, due to Christie's drugs ban. \"I don't think he should be in that mentor role,\" said Paula Radcliffe, the marathon world record-holder. \"We have to make sure that the people in that mentor role have an integrity and strong sense of ethics and morals.\" The BOA has confirmed that their ban on Olympic accreditation for Christie remains in place. He was, however, invited to be one of the carriers of the 2008 Olympic Torch on its journey through London, although he was unable to accept because of coaching commitments. In 2011 Christie was convicted of careless driving, after his vehicle crashed head-on into a taxi on 8 May 2010 due to driving on the wrong side of the A413 road in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. Four people, including a newly-wed couple, were hurt.", "Reflecting upon his track career, he stated: \"I will have no complaints if people remember me as one of the best athletes in the world.\" He remains the British record-holder at 100 m, with the 9.87 s he ran at the 1993 World Championships. He was the third Briton, after Harold Abrahams and Allan Wells, and the fifth European to win the 100 m at the Olympic Games. He remains the oldest male athlete to win the 100 metres at the Olympics at the age of 32. As of 2019, Christie's British record of 9.87 seconds in the 100 metres makes him the third fastest European in history; after Francis Obikwelu's 9.86 s personal best which broke Christie's European record, and the same time achieved by French sprinter Jimmy Vicaut. His 100 m personal best fares favourably in comparison with his contemporaries: Carl Lewis and Frankie Fredericks managed 9.86 s while Leroy Burrell ran 9.85 s. Christie broke the ten-second barrier nine times, and was the first European to break the ten-second barrier. In the 1988 100 metres Olympic final, he became the first man to break the ten-second barrier and not win the race. In the 1991 World Championships 100 m final, he became the first man to break the ten-second barrier and come fourth, running 9.92 seconds. In the 4 × 100 m relay event Christie's performance as anchor, alongside Colin Jackson, Tony Jarrett and John Regis, set a European record of 37.77 s at the 1993 World Championships. This was beaten six years later by a 37.73 s run by a British team, which included his protégé Darren Campbell. However, Christie's team's performance is still the second fastest 4 x 100 m performance by a European team and one of the best by a non-United States relay team. Over 60m, Christie set a European record of 6.47 s in 1995 which was beaten by fellow Briton Jason Gardener in 1999 with 6.46 s. Christie has the fourth fastest time over the distance for a European after Gardener, Ronald Pognon and the current European record holder Dwain Chambers. Christie also holds 3 current 35–39 masters age group world records. On 23 September 1995, Christie set a M35 world record of 9.97 in the 100 m which no longer stands. On 25 June 1995 he set the current M35 world record in the 200 m in 20.11 seconds and on 3 January 1997 Christie set the current indoor record in the M35 60 m in a time of 6.51 seconds. Christie broke the world indoor record over 200 m with 20.25 s at Liévin in 1995, and remains the seventh fastest sprinter on the all-time list. He was appointed MBE in 1990 and OBE in 1998. In 1993 the West London Stadium was renamed the Linford Christie Stadium in his honour. Christie's claim that he started races on the \"B of the Bang\" inspired a large public sculpture of the same name. Erected as a celebration of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, it was officially unveiled by Christie in 2004. Owing to safety concerns, it was dismantled in 2009. In 2010, he was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame and in 2009 he was inducted into the London Youth Games Hall of Fame.", "Linford Christie has eight children. His niece Rachel Christie was crowned Miss England in 2009 though later relinquished the title following allegations of assault. His godson Omari Patrick is a professional footballer. His nephew Joshua R Christie represented Jamaica Rugby Team in the 7s tournament in Hong Kong 2018, scoring a try. Joshua also appeared on a reality show, \"Shipwrecked\", in 2019. His son Liam Oliver-Christie was convicted of drugs supply offences in 2018. In 1993 Christie formed a sports management and promotions company, Nuff Respect, with sprint-hurdler Colin Jackson. One of their early products was a sports training and workout video, \"The S Plan: Get Fit with Christie and Jackson\". Jackson was later to leave the enterprise, saying \"Linford has to be in control, he has to be number one, he has to be the leader.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 91084, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 7, 139109, 58, 509, 16406, 4126, 1295, 6863, 4527, 390, 70, 63667, 8554, 4922, 82953, 7, 23, 2363, 21261, 44, 12724, 712, 8752, 27860, 6402, 830, 98, 3129, 70, 14277, 83, 35509, 5, 360, 44, 12724, 712, 8752, 27860, 6402, 830, 44, 294, 1803, 1728, 58, 509, 10, 39210, 128911, 11627, 100, 453, 81810, 71, 23, 70, 85325, 202681, 111, 109736, 214, 100, 136, 220845, 177, 2069, 66961, 17662, 114700, 7, 1810, 111, 70, 44, 60551, 86, 740, 581, 39210, 14941, 80934, 111, 70, 13579, 44, 24259, 6048, 58, 509, 2843, 1059, 3674, 390, 105037, 6760, 2810, 4922, 5, 360, 70, 1346, 4, 10, 44, 24259, 1728, 58, 83, 10, 23182, 17997, 47, 70, 81597, 4, 22008, 19441, 70, 81273, 136, 104851, 47, 41421, 70, 132988, 3934, 70, 169907, 136, 69871, 57415, 3687, 678, 10, 29458, 69236, 5, 360, 70, 95534, 22690, 4, 70, 72745, 15, 130758, 37412, 11852, 549, 515, 4922, 16, 43240, 23, 142, 85589, 4806, 31913, 237, 10, 44, 294, 1803, 1728, 58, 2750, 37105, 7, 3395, 8305, 70, 44, 60551, 86, 830, 142, 16128, 23, 3129, 70, 3638, 131703, 111, 50081, 54, 959, 59911, 136, 14194, 30125, 7, 111, 48903, 214, 538, 4173, 720, 56644, 51626, 103488, 28127, 165, 164, 987, 13482, 54940, 6863, 73573, 7, 5, 581, 81597, 70541, 7, 10, 3687, 35839, 70, 44, 12724, 306, 830, 2804, 47, 80731, 70, 32599, 90, 111, 35672, 2750, 98441, 46132, 5, 581, 16128, 70541, 214, 70, 81597, 83, 90978, 796, 48141, 23, 40, 7612, 2408, 4, 28704, 297, 5773, 390, 70, 27759, 136, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 171, 73, 10821, 141033, 7, 5, 1913, 5368, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 76849, 4, 70, 87428, 1728, 25, 7, 58386, 15, 284, 47098, 36443, 63401, 16, 32834, 7, 4049, 959, 47, 738, 3934, 70, 81597, 4, 1284, 764, 2837, 86811, 272, 538, 456, 75161, 7, 604, 6221, 162, 5, 360, 10, 11675, 34695, 1909, 4, 70, 87428, 1728, 23356, 7, 1919, 11737, 19802, 100, 10, 24745, 3934, 70, 81597, 4, 70, 601, 2783, 56, 15, 284, 35931, 538, 32553, 6773, 12654, 16, 136, 70, 43552, 15, 14535, 24004, 14, 170726, 265, 194, 10660, 70890, 112, 70, 116338, 46389, 2873, 450, 56050, 7, 70, 81597, 390, 25632, 10, 25550, 46132, 70, 70836, 136, 51894, 3934, 70, 26498, 111, 70, 81597, 98, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 4488, 2258, 5, 581, 87428, 1728, 14192, 7, 1919, 19802, 1836, 8110, 54, 66161, 237, 764, 17378, 47, 188545, 70, 77064, 7, 3129, 28127, 99255, 136, 73342, 7, 450, 70, 81597, 8110, 186, 15072, 297, 136, 70, 80560, 525, 60875, 83, 959, 11343, 70, 16610, 525, 60875, 5, 581, 87428, 1728, 109921, 100, 67842, 44, 107617, 7, 58, 390, 104250, 214, 12924, 315, 933, 146543, 47, 43613, 7, 111, 20450, 927, 99255, 111, 2856, 5, 1529, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 96362, 87428, 1728, 24, 4806, 44, 32033, 33874, 1212, 830, 2750, 1902, 12441, 1919, 82953, 47, 1919, 47219, 23, 70, 81597, 4, 36997, 71, 70, 38484, 4, 21449, 3934, 139355, 111, 10, 21334, 10554, 111, 17265, 4, 136, 16610, 538, 7103, 19364, 7, 174176, 193341, 5, 581, 601, 2783, 56, 83, 49242, 70760, 111, 2499, 2773, 77064, 4, 1284, 70, 43552, 137567, 28960, 7, 70, 87428, 1728, 25, 7, 67660, 5, 1301, 1836, 26983, 4, 70, 17262, 453, 45252, 2363, 89397, 100, 3444, 214, 47, 19922, 70, 38484, 5, 581, 601, 2783, 56, 36510, 90, 1919, 30783, 111, 388, 214, 1919, 46517, 5, 581, 43552, 37202, 40715, 142, 78697, 223, 4, 21208, 764, 51636, 7, 98, 85358, 214, 33233, 10, 19336, 4420, 29102, 5, 581, 43552, 36456, 7, 764, 15673, 7, 47, 19916, 10, 34676, 2319, 731, 100, 57456, 114137, 111, 70, 81597, 5, 581, 87428, 1728, 51636, 7, 764, 1556, 110, 53250, 107314, 70, 144, 9774, 48242, 10, 464, 111, 10, 86675, 70, 145342, 13, 47, 2363, 104851, 7, 5, 24372, 26983, 214, 8305, 70, 80208, 7, 4, 70, 17262, 77681, 58359, 2363, 78869, 12, 10, 8, 408, 53, 297, 136, 8, 7612, 6295, 25297, 33976, 5, 360, 10, 19336, 4030, 1436, 26278, 4, 10, 24089, 6, 46828, 5, 581, 144285, 43552, 28288, 7, 47, 4527, 70, 24089, 47, 203599, 10, 62975, 11, 6261, 5, 1301, 70, 104713, 51515, 70, 38484, 4, 70, 43552, 122273, 7, 1919, 29568, 91177, 7, 23, 1379, 1865, 214, 70, 120696, 5, 581, 43552, 1556, 91048, 10, 13484, 120190, 1507, 54330, 678, 4049, 4, 136, 764, 150661, 7, 47, 163684, 70, 38484, 47, 56282, 6863, 4527, 390, 28, 5115, 453, 5, 581, 17262, 453, 30957, 10, 72761, 136, 78975, 9157, 16713, 1660, 50782, 70, 38484, 450, 31358, 7, 2856, 146353, 297, 5, 581, 601, 2783, 56, 92154, 7, 450, 3229, 1818, 33874, 1212, 435, 1919, 69236, 4, 8, 61518, 1919, 6, 144729, 53250, 7, 4, 70, 17155, 211394, 297, 1818, 33874, 1212, 25, 7, 23410, 104851, 100, 180187, 43257, 3501, 19095, 4420, 1919, 82953, 1295, 47219, 5, 3293, 105876, 297, 70, 2497, 24908, 9, 19040, 555, 1818, 33874, 1212, 47, 375, 4007, 193341, 5, 581, 601, 2783, 56, 14192, 7, 2856, 450, 110, 1632, 23, 70, 28271, 8999, 83, 19048, 47, 3714, 2363, 29568, 104851, 7, 136, 237, 6044, 442, 83, 69201, 47, 4527, 70, 38484, 100, 15970, 4745, 89397, 5, 581, 43552, 76199, 1257, 98, 1919, 1774, 111, 163684, 214, 70, 38484, 5, 175399, 4, 764, 2837, 93457, 7, 1919, 54330, 136, 91, 4460, 23962, 6863, 126371, 5, 581, 87428, 1728, 4, 70, 601, 2783, 56, 4, 136, 70, 43552, 621, 435, 4420, 99, 70, 1909, 390, 70, 87428, 1728, 25, 7, 58386, 136, 76849, 5, 24372, 30646, 214, 5368, 4, 70, 87428, 1728, 14192, 7, 1919, 58386, 3642, 80267, 53, 1556, 72856, 6863, 109208, 136, 144239, 44841, 100, 15044, 37317, 214, 70, 81597, 136, 38043, 10, 4127, 6897, 5, 1301, 70, 87428, 1728, 60268, 7, 4, 1919, 58386, 49432, 1636, 2363, 76755, 23, 10, 2667, 179554, 75060, 297, 105237, 47, 70, 15593, 5, 360, 70, 4568, 28302, 44, 16305, 939, 79243, 830, 70, 24941, 25, 7, 8, 5037, 297, 76849, 4, 1661, 7, 75447, 23, 70, 98483, 16454, 237, 10, 5161, 85745, 390, 563, 1410, 1846, 8064, 1003, 1430, 334, 83, 24862, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 87428, 1728, 15, 16, 83, 10, 24849, 134349, 41664, 127663, 4927, 1346, 8951, 297, 390, 105037, 6760, 2810, 4922, 678, 10, 49119, 20706, 59121, 390, 67151, 136, 94992, 1459, 63667, 8554, 4922, 4, 5078, 1428, 53, 35509, 98, 2363, 29172, 21261, 44, 12724, 712, 8752, 27860, 6402, 740, 581, 1346, 70163, 7, 80854, 111, 41664, 127663, 678, 155034, 99644, 6827, 136, 55182, 21533, 2856, 90, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Title.", "Plot.", "Production.", "Writing.", "Production.", "Style.", "Soundtrack.", "Film score.", "Sound design.", "Reception.", "Critical response.", "Box office.", "Awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The meaning of the word \"stalk\" was derived from its use by the Strugatsky brothers in their novel \"Roadside Picnic\", on which the movie is based. In \"Roadside Picnic\", \"Stalker\" was a common nickname for men engaged in the illegal enterprise of prospecting for and smuggling alien artifacts out of the \"Zone\". The common English definition of the term \"stalking\" was also cited by Andrei Tarkovsky. In the film, a \"stalker\" is a professional guide to the Zone, someone having the ability and desire to cross the border into the dangerous and forbidden place with a specific goal.", "In the distant future, the protagonist (Alexander Kaidanovsky) works in an unnamed location as a \"Stalker\" who leads people through the \"Zone\", an area in which the normal laws of reality do not apply and remnants of seemingly extraterrestrial activity lie undisturbed among its ruins. The Zone contains a place called the \"Room\", said to grant the wishes of anyone who steps inside. The area containing the Zone is shrouded in secrecy, sealed off by the government and surrounded by ominous hazards. At home with his wife and daughter, the Stalker's wife (Alisa Freindlich) begs him not to go into the Zone, but he dismissively rejects her pleas. In a rundown bar, the Stalker meets his next clients for a trip into the Zone, the Writer (Anatoly Solonitsyn) and the Professor (Nikolai Grinko). They evade the military blockade that guards the Zone by following a train inside the gate and ride into the heart of the Zone on a railway work car. The Stalker tells his clients they must do exactly as he says to survive the dangers which lie ahead and explains that the Zone must be respected and the straightest path is not always the shortest path. The Stalker tests for various \"traps\" by throwing metal nuts tied to strips of cloth ahead of them. He refers to a previous Stalker named \"Porcupine\", who had led his brother to his death in the Zone, visited the Room, came into possession of a large sum of money, and shortly afterwards committed suicide. The Writer is skeptical of any real danger, but the Professor generally follows the Stalker's advice. As they travel, the three men discuss their reasons for wanting to visit the Room. The Writer expresses his fear of losing his inspiration. The Professor seems less anxious, though he insists on carrying along a small backpack. The Professor admits he hopes to win a Nobel Prize for scientific analysis of the Zone. The Stalker insists he has no motive beyond the altruistic aim of aiding the desperate to their desires. After traveling through the tunnels, the three finally reach their destination: a decayed and decrepit industrial building. In a small antechamber, a phone rings. The surprised Professor decides to use the phone to telephone a colleague. As the trio approach the Room, the Professor reveals his true intentions in undertaking the journey. The Professor has brought a 20-kiloton bomb with him, and he intends to destroy the Room to prevent its use by evil men. The three men enter a physical and verbal standoff just outside the Room that leaves them exhausted. The Writer realizes that when Porcupine met his goal, despite his conscious motives, the room fulfilled Porcupine's secret desire for wealth rather than bring back his brother from death. This prompted the guilt-ridden Porcupine to commit suicide. The Writer tells them that no one in the whole world is able to know their true desires and as such it is impossible to use the Room for selfish reasons. The Professor gives up on his plan of destroying the Room. Instead, he disassembles his bomb and scatters its pieces. The Stalker, the Writer, and the Professor are met back at the bar by the Stalker's wife and daughter. After returning home, the Stalker tells his wife how humanity has lost its faith and belief needed for both traversing the Zone and living a good life. As the Stalker sleeps, his wife contemplates their relationship in a monologue delivered directly to the camera. In the last scene \"Martyshka\", the couple's deformed daughter, sits alone in the kitchen reading as a love poem by Fyodor Tyutchev is recited. She appears to use psychokinesis to push three drinking glasses across the table. A train passes by where the Stalker's family lives and the entire apartment shakes.", "", "After reading the novel, \"Roadside Picnic\", by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, Tarkovsky initially recommended it to a friend, the film director Mikhail Kalatozov, thinking Kalatozov might be interested in adapting it into a film. Kalatozov abandoned the project when he could not obtain the rights to the novel. Tarkovsky then became very interested in adapting the novel and expanding its concepts. He hoped it would allow him to make a film which conforms to the classical Aristotelian unity; a single action, on a single location, within 24 hours (single point in time). Tarkovsky viewed the idea of the Zone as a dramatic tool to draw out the personalities of the three protagonists, particularly the psychological damage from everything that happens to the idealistic views of the Stalker as he finds himself unable to make others happy. \"This, too, is what Stalker is about: the hero goes through moments of despair when his faith is shaken; but every time he comes to a renewed sense of his vocation to serve people who have lost their hopes and illusions.\" The film departs considerably from the novel. According to an interview with Tarkovsky in 1979, the film has basically nothing in common with the novel except for the two words \"Stalker\" and \"Zone\". Yet, several similarities remain between the novel and the film. In both works, the Zone is guarded by a police or military guard, apparently authorized to use deadly force. The Stalker in both works tests the safety of his path by tossing nuts and bolts tied with scraps of cloth, verifying that gravity is working as usual. A character named Hedgehog/Porcupine is a mentor to Stalker. In the novel, frequent visits to the Zone increase the likelihood of abnormalities in the visitor's offspring. In the book, the Stalker's daughter has light hair all over her body, while in the film she is crippled. Neither in the novel nor in the film do the women enter the Zone. Finally, the target of the expedition in both works is a wish-granting device. In \"Roadside Picnic\", the site was specifically described as the site of alien visitation; the name of the novel derives from a metaphor proposed by a character who compares the visit to a roadside picnic. The closing monologue by the Stalker's wife at the end of the film has no equivalent in the novel. An early draft of the screenplay was published as a novel \"Stalker\" that differs substantially from the finished film.", "In an interview on the MK2 DVD, the production designer, Rashit Safiullin, recalled that Tarkovsky spent a year shooting a version of the outdoor scenes of \"Stalker\". However, when the crew returned to Moscow, they found that all of the film had been improperly developed and their footage was unusable. The film had been shot on new Kodak 5247 stock with which Soviet laboratories were not very familiar. Even before the film stock problem was discovered, relations between Tarkovsky and \"Stalker\"s first cinematographer, Georgy Rerberg, had deteriorated. After seeing the poorly developed material, Tarkovsky fired Rerberg. By the time the film stock defect was discovered, Tarkovsky had shot all the outdoor scenes and had to abandon them. Safiullin contends that Tarkovsky was so despondent that he wanted to abandon further work on the film. After the loss of the film stock, the Soviet film boards wanted to shut the film down, but Tarkovsky came up with a solution: he asked to be allowed to make a two-part film, which meant additional deadlines and more funds. Tarkovsky ended up reshooting almost all of the film with a new cinematographer, Alexander Knyazhinsky. According to Safiullin, the finished version of \"Stalker\" is completely different from the one Tarkovsky originally shot. The documentary film \"Rerberg and Tarkovsky: The Reverse Side of \"Stalker\"\" by Igor Mayboroda offers a different interpretation of the relationship between Rerberg and Tarkovsky. Rerberg felt that Tarkovsky was not ready for this script. He told Tarkovsky to rewrite the script in order to achieve a good result. Tarkovsky ignored him and continued shooting. After several arguments, Tarkovsky sent Rerberg home. Ultimately, Tarkovsky shot \"Stalker\" three times, consuming over of film. People who have seen both the first version shot by Rerberg (as Director of Photography) and the final theatrical release say that they are almost identical. Tarkovsky sent home other crew members in addition to Rerberg and excluded them from the credits as well. The central part of the film, in which the characters travel within the Zone, was shot in a few days at two deserted hydro power plants on the Jägala river near Tallinn, Estonia. The shot before they enter the Zone is an old Flora chemical factory in the center of Tallinn, next to the old Rotermann salt storage (now Museum of Estonian Architecture), and the former Tallinn power plant, now Tallinn Creative Hub where a memorial plate of the film was set up in 2008. Some shots within the Zone were filmed in Maardu, next to the Iru power plant, while the shot with the gates to the Zone was filmed in Lasnamäe, next to Punane Street behind the Idakeskus. Other shots were filmed near the Tallinn–Narva highway bridge on the Pirita River. Several people involved in the film production, including Tarkovsky, died from causes that some crew members attributed to the film's long shooting schedule in toxic locations. Sound designer Vladimir Sharun recalled:", "Like Tarkovsky's other films, \"Stalker\" relies on long takes with slow, subtle camera movement, rejecting the use of rapid montage. The film contains 142 shots in 163 minutes, with an average shot length of more than one minute and many shots lasting for more than four minutes. Almost all of the scenes not set in the Zone are in Sepia or a similar high-contrast brown monochrome.", "The \"Stalker\" film score was composed by Eduard Artemyev, who had also composed the scores for Tarkovsky's previous films \"Solaris\" and \"The Mirror\". For \"Stalker\" Artemyev composed and recorded two different versions of the score. The first score was done with an orchestra alone but was rejected by Tarkovsky. The second score that was used in the final film was created on a synthesizer along with traditional instruments that were manipulated using sound effects. In the final film score the boundaries between music and sound were blurred, as natural sounds and music interact to the point where they are indistinguishable. In fact, many of the natural sounds were not production sounds but were created by Artemyev on his synthesizer. For Tarkovsky music was more than just a parallel illustration of the visual image. He believed that music distorts and changes the emotional tone of a visual image while not changing the meaning. He also believed that in a film with complete theoretical consistency music will have no place and that instead music is replaced by sounds. According to Tarkovsky, he aimed at this consistency and moved into this direction in \"Stalker\" and \"Nostalghia\". In addition to the original monophonic soundtrack, the Russian Cinema Council (Ruscico) created an alternative 5.1 surround sound track for the 2001 DVD release. In addition to remixing the mono soundtrack, music and sound effects were removed and added in several scenes. Music was added to the scene where the three are traveling to the Zone on a motorized draisine. In the opening and the final scene Beethoven's \"Ninth Symphony\" was removed and in the opening scene in Stalker's house ambient sounds were added, changing the original soundtrack, in which this scene was completely silent except for the sound of a train.", "Initially, Tarkovsky had no clear understanding of the musical atmosphere of the final film and only an approximate idea where in the film the music was to be. Even after he had shot all the material he continued his search for the ideal film score, wanting a combination of Oriental and Western music. In a conversation with Artemyev he explained that he needed music that reflects the idea that although the East and the West can coexist, they are not able to understand each other. One of Tarkovsky's ideas was to perform Western music on Oriental instruments, or vice versa, performing Oriental music on European instruments. Artemyev proposed to try this idea with the motet \"Pulcherrima Rosa\" by an anonymous 14th century Italian composer dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In its original form Tarkovsky did not perceive the motet as suitable for the film and asked Artemyev to give it an Oriental sound. Later, Tarkovsky proposed to invite musicians from Armenia and Azerbaijan and to let them improvise on the melody of the motet. A musician was invited from Azerbaijan who played the main melody on a tar based on mugham, accompanied by orchestral background music written by Artemyev. Tarkovsky, who, unusually for him, attended the full recording session, rejected the final result as not what he was looking for. Rethinking their approach they finally found the solution in a theme that would create a state of inner calmness and inner satisfaction, or as Tarkovsky said \"space frozen in a dynamic equilibrium.\" Artemyev knew about a musical piece from Indian classical music where a prolonged and unchanged background tone is performed on a tambura. As this gave Artemyev the impression of frozen space, he used this inspiration and created a background tone on his synthesizer similar to the background tone performed on the tambura. The tar then improvised on the background sound, together with a flute as a European, Western instrument. To mask the obvious combination of European and Oriental instruments he passed the foreground music through the effect channels of his SYNTHI 100 synthesizer. These effects included modulating the sound of the flute and lowering the speed of the tar, so that what Artemyev called \"the life of one string\" could be heard. Tarkovsky was amazed by the result, especially liking the sound of the tar, and used the theme without any alterations in the film.", "The title sequence is accompanied by Artemyev's main theme. The opening sequence of the film showing Stalker's room is mostly silent. Periodically one hears what could be a train. The sound becomes louder and clearer over time until the sound and the vibrations of objects in the room give a sense of a train's passing by without the train's being visible. This aural impression is quickly subverted by the muffled sound of Beethoven's \"Ninth Symphony\". The source of this music is unclear, thus setting the tone for the blurring of reality in the film. For this part of the film Tarkovsky was also considering music by Richard Wagner or the \"Marseillaise\". In an interview with Tonino Guerra in 1979, Tarkovsky said that he wanted \"music that is more or less popular, that expresses the movement of the masses, the theme of humanity's social destiny.\" He added, \"But this music must be barely heard beneath the noise, in a way that the spectator is not aware of it.\" In one scene, the sound of a train becomes more and more distant as the sounds of a house, such as the creaking floor, water running through pipes, and the humming of a heater become more prominent in a way that psychologically shifts the audience. While the Stalker leaves his house and wanders around an industrial landscape, the audience hears industrial sounds such as train whistles, ship foghorns, and train wheels. When the Stalker, the Writer, and the Professor set off from the bar in an off-road vehicle, the engine noise merges into an electronic tone. The natural sound of the engine falls off as the vehicle reaches the horizon. Initially almost inaudible, the electronic tone emerges and replaces the engine sound as if time has frozen. The journey to the Zone on a motorized draisine features a disconnection between the visual image and the sound. The presence of the draisine is registered only through the clanking sound of the wheels on the tracks. Neither the draisine nor the scenery passing by is shown, since the camera is focused on the faces of the characters. This disconnection draws the audience into the inner world of the characters and transforms the physical journey into an inner journey. This effect on the audience is reinforced by Artemyev's synthesizer effects, which make the clanking wheels sound less and less natural as the journey progresses. When the three arrive in the Zone initially, it appears to be silent. Only after some time, and only slightly audibly can one hear the sound of a distant river, the sound of the blowing wind, or the occasional cry of an animal. These sounds grow richer and more audible while the Stalker makes his first venture into the Zone, initially leaving the professor and the writer behind, and as if the sound draws him towards the Zone. The sparseness of sounds in the Zone draws attention to specific sounds, which, as in other scenes, are largely disconnected from the visual image. Animals can be heard in the distance but are never shown. A breeze can be heard, but no visual reference is shown. This effect is reinforced by occasional synthesizer effects which meld with the natural sounds and blur the boundaries between artificial and alien sounds and the sounds of nature. After the three travelers appear from the tunnel, the sound of dripping water can be heard. While the camera slowly pans to the right, a waterfall appears. While the visual transition of the panning shot is slow, the aural transition is sudden. As soon as the waterfall appears, the sound of the dripping water falls off while the thundering sound of the waterfall emerges, almost as if time has jumped. In the next scene Tarkovsky again uses the technique of disconnecting sound and visual image. While the camera pans over the burning ashes of a fire and over some water, the audience hears the conversation of the Stalker and the Writer who are back in the tunnel looking for the professor. Finding the Professor outside, the three are surprised to realize that they have ended up at an earlier point in time. This and the previous disconnection of sound and the visual image illustrate the Zone's power to alter time and space. This technique is even more evident in the next scene where the three travelers are resting. The sounds of a river, the wind, dripping water, and fire can be heard in a discontinuous way that is now partially disconnected from the visual image. When the Professor, for example, extinguishes the fire by throwing his coffee on it, all sounds but that of the dripping water fall off. Similarly, we can hear and see the Stalker and the river. Then the camera cuts back to the Professor while the audience can still hear the river for a few more seconds. This impressionist use of sound prepares the audience for the dream sequences accompanied by a variation of the Stalker theme that has been already heard during the title sequence. During the journey in the Zone, the sound of water becomes more and more prominent, which, combined with the visual image, presents the Zone as a drenched world. In an interview Tarkovsky dismissed the idea that water has a symbolic meaning in his films, saying that there was so much rain in his films because it is always raining in Russia. In another interview, on the film \"Nostalghia\", however, he said \"Water is a mysterious element, a single molecule of which is very photogenic. It can convey movement and a sense of change and flux.\" Emerging from the tunnel called the meat grinder by the Stalker they arrive at the entrance of their destination, the room. Here, as in the rest of the film, sound is constantly changing and not necessarily connected to the visual image. The journey in the Zone ends with the three sitting in the room, silent, with no audible sound. When the sound resumes, it is again the sound of water but with a different timbre, softer and gentler, as if to give a sense of catharsis and hope. The transition back to the world outside the Zone is supported by sound. While the camera still shows a pool of water inside the Zone, the audience begins to hear the sound of a train and Ravel's \"Boléro\", reminiscent of the opening scene. The soundscape of the world outside the Zone is the same as before, characterized by train wheels, foghorns of a ship and train whistles. The film ends as it began, with the sound of a train passing by, accompanied by the muffled sound of Beethoven's \"Ninth symphony\", this time the \"Ode to Joy\" from the final moments of the symphony. As in the rest of the film the disconnect between the visual image and the sound leaves the audience unclear whether the sound is real or an illusion.", "", "Upon its release the film's reception was less than favorable. Officials at Goskino, a government group otherwise known as the State Committee for Cinematography, were critical of the film. On being told that \"Stalker\" should be faster and more dynamic, Tarkovsky replied: The Goskino representative then stated that he was trying to give the point of view of the audience. Tarkovsky supposedly retorted: More recently, reviews of the film have been highly positive. It earned a place in the British Film Institute's \"50 Greatest Films of All Time\" poll conducted for \"Sight & Sound\" in September 2012. The group's critics listed \"Stalker\" at #29, tied with the 1985 film \"Shoah\". Critic Derek Adams of the \"Time Out Film Guide\" has compared \"Stalker\" to Francis Ford Coppola's \"Apocalypse Now\", also released in 1979, and argued that \"as a journey to the heart of darkness\" \"Stalker\" looks \"a good deal more persuasive than Coppola's.\" \"Slant Magazine\" reviewer Nick Schager has praised the film as an \"endlessly pliable allegory about human consciousness\". In Schager's view \"Stalker\" shows \"something akin to the essence of what man is made of: a tangled knot of memories, fears, fantasies, nightmares, paradoxical impulses, and a yearning for something that's simultaneously beyond our reach and yet intrinsic to every one of us.\" On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film is rated at 100% based on 37 reviews with an average rating of 8.46/10. Its critical consensus states, \"\"Stalker\" is a complex, oblique parable that draws unforgettable images and philosophical musings from its sci-fi/thriller setting.\"", "\"Stalker\" sold 4.3 million tickets in the Soviet Union.", "The film was awarded the \"Prize of the Ecumenical Jury\" at the Cannes Film Festival, and the \"Audience Jury Award - Special Mention\" at Fantasporto, Portugal." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 13468, 21449, 1672, 6637, 111, 10, 160692, 16610, 4588, 143434, 390, 70, 36327, 1832, 1255, 26315, 6023, 5, 133707, 509, 24145, 13438, 56668, 71, 23, 70, 17274, 4, 40575, 111, 21334, 2258, 7, 91, 122077, 297, 4, 136, 70, 16839, 100, 30839, 373, 73163, 2258, 7, 77227, 297, 4, 3853, 23, 76726, 6044, 237, 130891, 4, 7440, 76242, 71, 2258, 7, 3542, 7464, 10, 110796, 2481, 5, 581, 74103, 2101, 4, 83184, 297, 23, 44321, 4, 509, 2843, 58696, 538, 65771, 4, 41866, 23, 6863, 24, 4935, 98848, 5, 141186, 47443, 4, 70, 208806, 1809, 15182, 9523, 10336, 111, 335, 32557, 4, 113771, 538, 8, 67, 14437, 6097, 2258, 7, 221, 5045, 450, 764, 2244, 24243, 47, 31351, 70, 48800, 7, 111, 2856, 136, 4331, 10, 242, 36290, 56, 139686, 13, 2258, 25, 5, 1529, 21, 532, 7565, 3060, 62822, 4331, 96679, 46, 70, 2258, 5608, 186, 70541, 297, 28032, 10, 16530, 450, 72350, 71, 2819, 136, 70, 44828, 1505, 216417, 5608, 36, 143414, 53, 111, 70, 140909, 74, 136, 70, 87907, 4, 100, 89397, 111, 11034, 4, 5608, 186, 142, 144573, 25072, 5, 62, 8996, 2071, 20561, 39122, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 20697, 100, 884, 1824, 4, 1902, 2809, 172310, 297, 4420, 47, 335, 32557, 23, 47114, 678, 10, 59335, 1295, 47443, 47, 4331, 10, 37457, 111, 121392, 538, 175961, 14449, 2258, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 80343, 52101, 237, 1919, 110680, 119537, 146410, 47, 110633, 335, 32557, 25, 7, 144573, 101805, 289, 115774, 5, 2071, 20561, 39122, 1902, 5423, 1810, 4331, 77635, 100, 17262, 2258, 7, 46, 21334, 136, 19336, 14449, 2258, 7, 136, 10, 4552, 19336, 111503, 2258, 5, 18763, 61475, 4488, 509, 98, 70, 142105, 2258, 4, 4331, 27686, 6, 73973, 166539, 4, 678, 70, 19336, 525, 2258, 4, 6, 73973, 20543, 363, 4, 19441, 70, 459, 25617, 25343, 53, 8, 61518, 442, 8035, 2071, 20561, 39122, 25, 158036, 3357, 33946, 5, 17106, 47443, 25, 7, 24099, 47, 27489, 10, 373, 73163, 2258, 28813, 1290, 136, 1919, 15226, 5281, 4331, 96679, 8035, 21, 532, 7565, 23, 18374, 36327, 4, 4488, 98, 6, 73973, 166539, 118066, 136, 6, 73973, 20543, 363, 100512, 70, 25343, 53, 5, 581, 7175, 450, 82775, 70, 13468, 509, 456, 10015, 78458, 19336, 74, 23, 66044, 47, 2071, 20561, 39122, 4, 21763, 11555, 7, 15, 434, 497, 1902, 79786, 678, 4049, 98, 70, 119537, 146410, 247, 31745, 18813, 3915, 15, 434, 497, 1902, 2809, 678, 4049, 99, 884, 1824, 247, 6626, 177907, 25921, 4, 136, 22759, 8167, 46526, 7, 1055, 79786, 98, 70, 13452, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 4, 390, 20414, 44321, 4, 1836, 1902, 82775, 136, 88303, 70, 7311, 6, 73973, 20543, 363, 160469, 13, 4, 3129, 509, 52490, 32789, 37838, 24, 4806, 70, 44, 184114, 13, 27271, 58, 6637, 111, 6863, 134855, 5, 141186, 47443, 190238, 70, 2258, 100, 36049, 98, 953, 20414, 136, 6, 73973, 20543, 363, 100512, 13452, 6, 41388, 1837, 5, 581, 6, 41388, 1837, 11814, 10, 101805, 289, 335, 32557, 62, 9, 138724, 7, 22759, 9, 2408, 104532, 4, 7401, 9, 137160, 297, 87907, 4, 1284, 45807, 71, 1295, 40250, 390, 931, 128396, 442, 3900, 37676, 538, 4, 678, 70, 87907, 9, 38173, 3100, 12056, 3674, 4, 22759, 9, 175870, 179965, 23, 70, 6, 71836, 4, 136, 390, 187016, 214, 12912, 9, 434, 144009, 22648, 5, 78289, 5510, 756, 19336, 12912, 9, 434, 144009, 22648, 2258, 7, 126809, 16792, 765, 11814, 10, 21373, 180346, 4, 40494, 678, 70, 179965, 56104, 84797, 538, 22, 155648, 71, 43257, 3501, 17368, 70, 87907, 29700, 5, 581, 180586, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 99, 70, 25737, 5609, 111, 70, 2258, 221, 450, 70, 87907, 9, 121147, 297, 1207, 5809, 186, 10267, 122009, 4, 1284, 678, 39531, 5281, 163451, 221, 450, 442, 2586, 434, 1831, 3934, 70, 6083, 27226, 81147, 16128, 1379, 70, 12912, 6, 14775, 5, 3293, 31913, 57, 4126, 80939, 140909, 4, 1284, 1902, 70, 6392, 71, 2187, 16852, 111, 61590, 214, 70, 180586, 678, 1831, 450, 1902, 2809, 764, 27686, 390, 452, 6953, 645, 70, 87907, 5, 1650, 2843, 172554, 71, 70, 64194, 17, 13866, 1363, 5426, 47, 70, 8951, 42805, 111, 102044, 36448, 8305, 70, 28223, 13, 5, 241, 147, 538, 160469, 90, 11814, 70, 144573, 483, 9285, 9, 10060, 62, 9, 138724, 7, 25072, 4, 1284, 903, 62952, 70, 6, 41388, 1837, 678, 23718, 2060, 117396, 3501, 6863, 27167, 136, 60042, 56065, 46, 10, 2663, 38352, 645, 2510, 9607, 127, 5, 581, 87907, 509, 34390, 71, 47, 10, 3525, 6, 195586, 9, 10060, 177399, 678, 10, 16610, 56, 120472, 5, 3293, 34390, 71, 14537, 1295, 4669, 47, 3912, 14225, 254, 136, 143434, 10, 88551, 36069, 23, 9983, 944, 4, 221, 62952, 1286, 61207, 1771, 23718, 4, 41866, 3229, 70, 6, 41388, 1837, 14361, 509, 38134, 14534, 390, 116, 23, 17007, 11516, 5, 8318, 1827, 16, 645, 70, 6, 73973, 20543, 363, 160469, 13, 4, 3129, 41725, 19, 3674, 70, 2258, 25, 7, 2663, 38352, 12960, 224588, 6863, 40780, 53, 136, 33816, 16200, 214, 5, 31267, 221, 4, 70, 6, 41388, 1837, 1902, 10, 2663, 38352, 111, 4948, 9607, 127, 4, 3129, 509, 11522, 3501, 5941, 3789, 111503, 2258, 7, 111, 70, 1733, 5, 581, 72179, 1830, 5426, 4, 82775, 390, 2071, 20561, 39122, 25, 7, 34391, 1773, 5, 20984, 2501, 202, 1507, 99, 2501, 202, 1507, 55441, 7, 80433, 4, 11814, 94928, 21922, 1297, 158, 90, 64457, 111, 101805, 289, 31576, 7, 5, 3293, 32628, 9, 433, 6496, 4331, 2843, 60213, 71, 9588, 214, 161838, 9, 17957, 31576, 214, 111, 70, 158, 90, 4, 136, 62952, 3060, 6083, 48, 44287, 4, 581, 36049, 11389, 111, 70, 13468, 509, 106804, 297, 47, 70, 24234, 23, 7071, 41722, 4, 136, 390, 8055, 4, 40368, 199823, 2258, 7, 1902, 2809, 181653, 43542, 100, 70, 5117, 40575, 5, 581, 13468, 509, 51521, 538, 171530, 47, 70, 3835, 98, 1381, 8055, 41722, 5, 31384, 131554, 2258, 7, 1902, 21771, 2809, 9325, 1563, 52562, 136, 3542, 44116, 297, 450, 5155, 23, 39555, 805, 76726, 5, 581, 5117, 27781, 4, 10, 119537, 13468, 9, 59076, 748, 678, 70, 164498, 305, 3117, 62, 9092, 4, 83, 98, 44116, 99, 70, 182999, 15366, 18222, 23, 5550, 44726, 72567, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 13468, 83, 10, 19336, 111503, 2258, 181653, 390, 70, 14941, 9, 77007, 56101, 15366, 84829, 15, 571, 32557, 16, 136, 6863, 39457, 4295, 1295, 41722, 24189, 52489, 581, 7311, 83, 90698, 142, 47989, 111, 23936, 7, 56101, 5700, 29394, 5, 1650, 7, 32628, 9, 433, 6496, 3900, 37676, 87907, 136, 12912, 9, 434, 144009, 22648, 108802, 46, 6, 190358, 20668, 111, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 2258, 25, 7, 74912, 3180, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 44828, 26255, 136, 34613, 208, 429, 46, 79507, 71, 10, 58093, 111, 2258, 6, 114014, 5, 360, 8272, 4, 70, 13468, 509, 43374, 71, 70, 17932, 9, 840, 18, 26794, 80973, 2258, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 50155, 70, 17652, 13293, 384, 4, 136, 99255, 111, 70, 228268, 41869, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Mark I Mini: 1959–1967.", "Mark II Mini: 1967–1970.", "Mark III: 1969–1976 (ADO20).", "Mark IV and onwards: 1976–2000.", "Variants.", "Wolseley Hornet and Riley Elf (1961–69).", "Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1960–69).", "Mini Van (1960–83).", "Mini Moke (1964–89).", "Mini Pick-up (1961–83).", "Morris Mini K (March 1969 – August 1971, Australia only).", "Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–1971; 1990–2000.", "Mini Clubman and 1275 GT: 1969–1980.", "End of production.", "Limited editions.", "Concepts and unproduced prototypes.", "Kit cars and customisation.", "Motorsport.", "Awards.", "Sales.", "United States and Canada.", "Safety record.", "50th anniversary." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Mini came about because of a fuel shortage caused by the 1956 Suez Crisis. Petrol was once again rationed in the UK, sales of large cars slumped, and the market for German bubble cars boomed, even in countries such as Britain, where imported cars were still a rarity. The Fiat 500, launched in 1957, was also hugely successful, especially in its native Italy. Leonard Lord, the somewhat autocratic head of BMC, reportedly detested these cars so much that he vowed to rid the streets of them and design a 'proper miniature car'. He laid down some basic design requirements – the car should be contained within a box that measured ; and the passenger accommodation should occupy of the length; and the engine, for reasons of cost, should be an existing unit. Alec Issigonis, who had been working for Alvis, had been recruited back to BMC in 1955 with a brief from Lord to design a range of technically advanced family cars in the same innovative spirit as his earlier Morris Minor to complement BMC's existing conventional models. Issigonis had set out design projects for three cars – large and small family cars and a very small economy car. His initial work was on the largest car, designated XC9001, with the smallest car, XC9003, having the lowest priority despite it being Issigonis' greatest personal interest. With Lord's dictum to produce a bubble car competitor and his revised design requirements being laid down in October 1956, work on XC9001 stopped and XC9003 became the priority. The team that designed the Mini was remarkably small; in addition to Issigonis, Jack Daniels (who had worked with him on the Morris Minor), Chris Kingham (who had been with him at Alvis), two engineering students, and four draughtsmen worked on the project. Together, by July 1957, they had designed and built the original XC9003 prototype, which was affectionately named the \"Orange Box\" because of its colour. Leonard Lord approved the car for production on 19 July and XC9003 became project ADO15. The ADO15 used a conventional BMC A-Series four-cylinder, water-cooled engine, but departed from tradition by mounting it transversely, with the engine-oil lubricated, four-speed transmission in the sump, and by employing front-wheel drive. Almost all small front-wheel drive cars developed since have used a similar configuration, except with the transmission usually separately enclosed rather than using the engine oil. The radiator was mounted at the left side of the car so that the engine-mounted fan could be retained, but with reversed pitch so that it blew air into the natural low pressure area under the front wing. This location saved vehicle length, but had the disadvantage of feeding the radiator with air that had been heated by passing over the engine. It also exposed the entire ignition system to the direct entry of rainwater through the grille. Early prototypes used the existing 948-cc A-Series unit, but this provided the ADO15 with performance far greater than its price and purpose required – a top speed over 90 mph. The engine was reduced to a new 848-cc capacity with a shorter stroke. This reduced power from 37 to 33 bhp and caused a significant drop in torque, so provided more realistic performance, especially when the ADO15 body was widened by 2 inches (5.08 cm) over the XC9003 prototype, which blunted the car's top speed while improving its stability and roadholding. Even so, the ADO15 had a top speed of 75 mph, which was better than many other economy cars of the time. The suspension system, designed by Issigonis's friend Dr. Alex Moulton at Moulton Developments Limited, used compact rubber cones instead of conventional springs. This space-saving design also featured rising progressive-rate springing of the cones, and provided some natural damping,", "The production version of the Mini was demonstrated to the press in April 1959, and by August, several thousand cars had been produced ready for the first sales. The Mini was officially announced to the public on 26 August 1959. Some 2,000 cars had already been sent abroad and were displayed that day in almost 100 countries. The first example, a Morris Mini-Minor with the registration 621 AOK, is on display at the Heritage Motor Centre in Warwickshire. Another early example from 1959 is on display at the National Motor Museum in Hampshire. The Mini was marketed under BMC's two main brand names, Austin and Morris, until 1969, when it became a marque in its own right. The Morris version was known to all as \"the Mini\" or the \"Morris Mini-Minor\". This seems to have been a play on words: the Morris Minor was a larger, well known, and successful car that continued in production, and \"minor\" is Latin for \"lesser\", so an abbreviation of the Latin word for \"least\" – \"minimus\" – was used for the new even smaller car. One name proposed for the almost identical Austin version was Austin Newmarket, but it was sold as the Austin Seven (sometimes written as \"SE7EN\" in early publicity material – with the '7' using the letter V rotated anticlockwise so it approximated the number 7), which recalled the popular small Austin 7 of the 1920s and 1930s.", "The Mark II Mini was launched at the 1967 British Motor Show, and featured a redesigned grille, a larger rear window and numerous cosmetic changes. A total of 429,000 Mk II Minis were produced. A variety of Mini types was made in Pamplona, Spain, by the Authi company from 1968 onwards, mostly under the Morris name. In 1969, a fibreglass version of the Mini Mark II was", "The Mark III Mini had a modified bodyshell with enough alterations to see the factory code change from ADO15 to ADO20 (which it shared with the Clubman). The most obvious changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. Customer demand led to the sliding windows being replaced with winding windows, although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from hydrolastic to rubber cones as a cost-saving measure. (The 1275 GT and Clubman retained the hydrolastic system until June 1971, when they, too, switched to the rubber cone suspension of the original Minis.) In 1969, the simple name Mini completely replaced", "The Mark IV was introduced in 1976, though by this stage British Leyland was working on a new small car which was widely expected to replace the Mini before much longer. It had a front rubber-mounted subframe with single tower bolts and the rear frame had some larger bushings introduced, all intended to improve the car's mechanical refinement and to reduce noise levels. Twin column stalks for indicators and wipers were introduced, as were larger foot pedals. From 1977 onwards, the rear light clusters included reversing lights. In July 1979 the lower end of the Mini range was altered. The basic Mini 850 (which had featured in various forms since the original launch 20 years before) was withdrawn. Its place was taken by two models at slightly lower and slightly higher price points. The new base model was the Mini City, with black-painted bumpers, an untrimmed lower facia rail, part-fabric seats and wing mirror and sun visor only on the driver's side, plus unique 'City' body graphics and boot badge. Above the City was the new 850 SDL (Super Deluxe), which had the same specification as the standard Mini 1000 but with the smaller engine. For August 1979 the Mini's 20th anniversary was marked by the introduction of the first true limited-edition Mini, which was the Mini 1100 Special. This was a 5000-car run with the 1098cc engine, broadly to the specification already in production for the European market as a standard model with the same name. However this was the first time a UK-market 'round-nose' (i.e. non-Clubman) Mini had been available with the 1098cc engine, and the UK limited edition was also fitted with unique Exacton alloy wheels - the first time these were fitted to a factory-produced Mini - and plastic wheelarch extensions. Inside was the 1275GT's three-dial instrument cluster and a leather-rimmed wheel with a rectangular centre from the Innocenti Mini hatchback. The 1100 Special and 850 City models were phased out by 1980, and during the same year the engine was upgraded to the improved A-Plus unit from the new Metro. This was then followed by a number of incremental developments. In 1978, the Mini was one of the key cars made available to disabled motorists under the new Motability scheme. Reports of the Mini's imminent demise surfaced again in 1980 with the launch of the Austin Mini-Metro (badging with the word \"mini\" in all lowercase). Faced with competition from a new wave of modern superminis like the Ford Fiesta, Renault 5, and Volkswagen Polo, the Mini was beginning to fall out of favour in many export markets, with the South African, Australian, and New Zealand markets all stopping production around this time. Buyers of small cars now wanted modern and practical designs, usually with a hatchback. Although the Mini continued to be produced after the Metro's launch, production volumes were reduced as British Leyland and its successor Rover Group concentrated on the Metro as its key supermini. The original Mini's last year in the top ten of Britain's top selling cars was 1981, as it came ninth and the Metro was fifth. The arrival of the Metro also had production of the larger Allegro pruned back before it was finally discontinued in 1982. In 1982, BL made 56,297 Minis and over 175,000 Metros. During the early 1980s, the Mini received many mechanical upgrades which were shared with the Metro, such as the A-Plus engine, 12-inch wheels with front disc brakes, improved soundproofing and quieter, stronger transmissions. This not only modernised the Mini but, because many of its major subassemblies were now shared with the Metro, made it very cost-effective to produce despite falling sales volumes. The Mini's 25th anniversary fell in 1984 and British Leyland produced a 'Mini 25' limited-edition model, both to mark the occasion and to publicise the recent upgrades to the model. This marked the start of a turnaround in the Mini's fortunes. Basic models such as the City and the City E (using the economy-tuned drivetrain from the Metro HLE) filled in the bottom of the Austin-Rover range and still found buyers who wanted a compact city car that was easy to park and cheap to run. Low purchase and running costs also made the Mini continually popular as a first car for younger drivers, and Austin-Rover introduced a steady stream of limited editions with bright paint colours, body graphics, and trim to appeal to this market. The Mini was also becoming prized as a characterful and nostalgic car in its own right, and the London Collection of limited-edition models was more upmarket and luxurious and named after affluent or fashionable parts of London. These marketing strategies proved very successful; Mini production actually had modest increases through the mid-1980s, from 34,974 in 1985 to 35,280 in 1985 and 39,800 in 1986. By 1990, with the reintroduction of the very popular Cooper model, Mini production passed 40,000. In 1988, Austin Rover decided to keep the Mini in production for as long as it was viable to do so, putting an end to reports that it would be discontinued by 1991, by which time the original Metro would also be replaced. The fibreglass Mini built in Chile from 1970 until 1974 was not the only fibreglass version; in the summer of 1991, a fibreglass bodied Mini again entered production, this time in Venezuela. The producer, Facorca, intended to sell the car in the Caribbean and Central America, and also had plans for Brazilian assembly.", "The popularity of the original Mini spawned many models that targeted different markets.", "Released in 1961 as more luxurious versions of the Mini, both the Wolseley Hornet and the Riley Elf had longer, slightly finned rear wings and larger boots that gave the cars a more conventional three-box design. The wheelbase of the Elf and Hornet remained at, whereas the overall length was increased to. This resulted in a dry weight of / (rubber/hydrolastic suspension) for the Elf and / for the Hornet. Front-end treatment, which incorporated each marque's traditional upright grille design (the Hornet's grille with a lit \"Wolseley\" badge), also contributed to", "These models were two-door estate cars with double \"barn\"-style rear doors. Both were built on a slightly longer chassis of compared to for the saloon. The early Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman cars had an internal fuel tank located on the left hand side of the rear load area. This is identifiable by the fuel filler cap being on the left hand side of the car just below the rear window. In October 1961 the fuel tank was relocated to the underneath of the car and the filler cap was moved to low down on the right hand side of the car – the same configuration that was already in use on the Mini Van. From", "The Mini Van was a commercial panel van (in US English, a sedan delivery) rated at 1⁄4-ton load capacity. Built on the longer Traveller chassis but without side windows, it proved popular in 1960s Britain as a cheaper", "A utility vehicle intended for the British Army was built with a twin-engined 4-wheel-drive. Although the 4WD Moke could climb a 1:2 gradient, it lacked enough ground clearance for military use. The single-engined front-wheel-drive Moke enjoyed some", "A pick-up truck (technically a coupé utility by definition), in total length was built on the longer Mini Van platform, with an open-top rear cargo area and a tailgate. The factory specified the weight of the Pick-up as less than with a full tank of fuel. As with the", "Built in the Australian British Motor Corporation factory at Zetland, New South Wales, using 80% local content, the Morris Mini K was advertised as the \"great leap forward\". The Mini K ('K' standing for Kangaroo) had a 1098 cc engine and was the last round-nosed model to be produced in Australia, originally priced at A$1780. The", "Issigonis' friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company and designer and builder of Formula One, saw the potential of the Mini for competition. Issigonis was initially reluctant to see the Mini in the role of a performance car, but after John Cooper appealed to BMC management, the two men collaborated to create the Mini Cooper. The Austin Mini Cooper and Morris Mini Cooper debuted in September 1961. The engine from the Morris Mini-Minor was given a longer stroke to increase capacity to increasing power from. The car featured a race-tuned engine, twin SU carburettors, a closer-ratio gearbox and front disc brakes, uncommon at the time in a small car. One thousand units of this version were commissioned by management, intended for and designed to meet the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 cc engine was replaced by a shorter stroke 998 cc unit in 1964. In 1962, Rhodesian John Love became the first non-British racing driver to win the British Saloon Car Championship driving a Mini Cooper. A more powerful Mini Cooper, dubbed the \"S\", was developed in tandem and released in 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore and nitrided steel crankshaft and strengthened", "In 1969, under the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was given a facelift by stylist Roy Haynes, who had previously worked for Ford. The restyled version was called the Mini Clubman, and has a squarer frontal look, using the same indicator/sidelight assembly as the Austin Maxi. The Mini Clubman was intended to replace the upmarket Riley and Wolseley versions. A new model, dubbed the 1275 GT, was slated as the replacement for the 998 cc Mini Cooper (the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S continued alongside the 1275 GT for two years until 1971). The Clubman Estate replaced the Countryman and Traveller. The original \"round-front\" design remained in production alongside the Clubman and 1275 GT. Production of the Clubman and 1275 GT got off to a slow start because the cars incorporated \"lots of production changes\" including the relocation of tooling from the manufacturer's Cowley plant to the Longbridge plant: very few cars were handed over to customers before the early months of 1970. Early domestic market Clubmans were still delivered on cross-ply tyres despite the fact that by 1970 radials had become the norm for the car's mainstream competitors. By 1973 new Minis were, by default, being shipped with radial tyres, though cross-plies could be specified by special order, giving British buyers a price saving of £8. The 1275 GT is often incorrectly described as the \"Mini Clubman 1275 GT\". The official name was always just the \"Mini 1275 GT\", and it was a separate, distinct model from the Clubman (although it shared the same frontal treatment as the Mini Clubman, and was launched at the same time). In 1971, the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S was discontinued in the UK, leaving the Mini 1275 GT as the only sporting Mini on sale for the rest of the decade. Innocenti in Italy, however, continued making their own version of the Mini Cooper for some time. While the UK-built 1275 GT was not nearly as quick as a 1275 Mini Cooper S, it was cheaper to buy, run, and insure. It was the first Mini to be equipped with a tachometer. It also featured a standard-fit close-ratio gearbox, and initially had 10-inch (25.4 cm) Rostyle wheels covering the 7.5inch (19.05 cm) Cooper S type disc brakes, and a boot board; both were dropped in 1974. Performance of the 1275GT was lively for the time, achieving 0– in 12.9 seconds, and the excellent mid-range torque offered a time in top gear of only nine seconds. The bluff front, however, meant that the model struggled to reach. Throughout the 1970s, British Leyland continued to produce the classic 1959 \"round-front\" design, alongside the newer Clubman and 1275 GT models. The long-nose Clubman and 1275 GT offered better crash safety, were better equipped, and had better under-bonnet access, but they were more expensive and aerodynamically inferior to the original 1959 design. The Mini Clubman and 1275 GT were replaced in 1980 by the new hatchback Austin Metro, while production of the original \"round-front\" Mini design continued for another 20 years. At the end of Clubman and 1275 GT production, 275,583 Clubman saloons, 197,606 Clubman Estates and 110,673 1275 GTs had been made.", "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the British market received numerous \"special editions\" of the Mini, which shifted the car from a mass-market item into a fashionable icon. It was this image that perhaps helped the Mini become such an asset for BMW, which later bought the remnants of BMC as the Rover Group. It was even more popular in Japan, which took the lion's share of the circa 40,000 Minis produced annually in the early 1990s. It was seen there as a retro-cool icon, and inspired many imitators. The ERA Mini Turbo was particularly popular with Japanese buyers. In 1994, under Bernd Pischetsrieder, a first cousin once removed of Issigonis, BMW took control of the Rover Group, which included the Mini, fitting an airbag to comply with European legislation. By March 2000, Rover was still suffering massive losses, and BMW decided to dispose of most of the companies. The sell-off was completed in May that year. MG and Rover went to Phoenix, a new British consortium; and Land Rover was sold to Ford Motor Company.", "From the Mark IV onward, many special limited-production editions of the Mini were offered. These included models that were created to commemorate racing victories or to celebrate an anniversary of the Mini marque. Limited editions generally came equipped with a unique combination of interior and exterior trim and special decals. Examples include Mini 1100 Special, Mini 1000 Special HL", "From 1967 to 1979, Issigonis had been designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X. It was longer and more powerful than the Mini, but due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation), the car did not reach production. A number of prototypes produced for vehicles based on the Mini but which never saw production are held and sometimes displayed at the British Heritage Motor Centre museum at Gaydon, Warwickshire. These included the Twini, a re-engineered four-wheel-drive Moke with two engines—one at the front and another at the back; the Austin Ant, a second attempt to produce a four-wheel-drive vehicle, this time using a transfer case; and a two-seater convertible MG edition of the Mini, cancelled due to it being perceived as competition", "The cheapness and availability of used Minis make it a candidate", "BMC operated a Competition Department at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, under the control of Stuart Turner, which built specially prepared Minis (mostly based on Cooper and Cooper S versions) to compete in international rallies and other motorsport. This department played a key role in ensuring the Mini's huge success in motorsport throughout the 1960s, in particular, winning the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965 and 1967, the 1000 Lakes Rally in 1965, 1966 and 1967, and dominating all of the first 9 positions in the 1966 Gallaher 500 at Bathurst. The car also won the 1961, 1962, 1969, 1978 and 1979 British Saloon Car Championship season, as well as the British Rally Championship in 1962, 1963 and 1970, the European Rally Championship in 1965 and 1966, and won the Finnish Rally Championship in 1965 and 1966. Minis also won the 1965 Lowood 4 Hour endurance race, and the final Finnish Grand Prix in 1963. The Cooper S also had some success in the European Touring Car Championship, winning in 1964 and 1968, the Guia Race of Macau (a 1-2-3 finish in 1965, a 1–2 finish in 1970 and a win in 1972), and the Australian Touring Car Championship, winning its class in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967 and 1968. A further title was the 1971 Sun-7 Chesterfield Series. The Mini also achieved class wins at the 1963 Armstrong 500, repeating", "The Mini has won many awards over the years, including second place in 1999's \"Global\" Car of the Century award, behind only the Model T Ford. In the same competition, run by the prestigious Global Automotive Elections Foundation, the Mini was", "At its peak, the Mini was a strong seller in most of the countries where it was sold, with the United Kingdom inevitably receiving the highest volumes. The 1,000,000th Mini came off the production line in 1965, with the 2,000,000th in 1969. The 3,000,000th Mini came off the production line in 1972, with the 4,000,000th in 1976. It dominated the mini-car market until the arrival of the Hillman Imp in 1963. It outsold the Imp. Competition arrived with the more modern and practical Vauxhall Chevette of 1975, but the Mini continued to sell well until its \"replacement\"—the Metro—arrived in 1980. By this time, the Mini's design had been overtaken by numerous more modern and practical vehicles. Although the Metro did not replace the Mini, production figures for the Mini dipped during the 1980s, and interest in the design was not revived until the reintroduction of the Mini Cooper in 1990. This helped sales of the Mini through the 1990s, to the end of production on 4 October 2000. A total of 1,581,887 Minis were sold in Britain after its launch in 1959. The last new one to be registered was sold in 2004, some four years after the end of production. The highest price ever paid for a Mini was at a Bonhams auction in 2007, when a works rally-prepared Mini (DJB 93B) sold for £100,500 ($196,980).", "Between 1960 and 1967, BMC exported approximately 10,000 left-hand drive BMC Minis to the United States. Sales were discontinued when stricter federal safety standards were imposed in 1968 and the arrival of the larger and more profitable Austin America. Mini sales fell in the 1967 calendar year and the US importer was expecting the forthcoming Austin America to find a larger market. The America was also withdrawn in 1972 due to slow sales and", "Issigonis designed the Mini with an emphasis on active safety. Asked about the crashworthiness of the Mini, he said: \"I make my cars with such good brakes, such good steering, that if people get into a crash it's their own fault\" and \"I don't design my cars to have accidents\". In July 1965 BMC announced that following \"comments by safety experts\" about the Mini's external doorhandles, these would be modified on new cars so that the gap between the handle and the door panel would be effectively closed. Nicholas Faith states in his book that Murray Mackay, one of the UK's leading motor vehicle crash and safety researchers, was critical of the pre-1967 Mini's passive safety features, including the protruding filler cap, the door latch, and the vulnerability of the passenger space to engine intrusion. The Mini was withdrawn from the American market because it could not meet the 1968 U.S. safety regulations and emission standards, and although often updated, not sufficiently to comply with U.S. regulations. It continued to be sold in Canada until 1980. The Mini was", "Several key events marked the 50th anniversary of the Mini in 2009. On 13 January 2009, the Royal Mail released a limited edition of stamps entitled \"British Design Classics\", featuring an original, egg-shell blue, MK1 Mini, registration XAA 274. On 17 May, a world record parade of 1,450 Minis congregated at Crystal Palace as part of a London to Brighton run. The following week, 10,000 Minis and 25,000 people attended an anniversary party at Silverstone Circuit on the border of Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire. Between 7 and 10 August 2009 approximately 4000 minis from around the world congregated at Longbridge Birmingham to celebrate the 50th anniversary. On 26 August 2009, smallcarBIGCITY launched in London to provide sightseeing tours of the capital in a fleet of restored Mini Coopers." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 122816, 90, 621, 117, 33, 93, 289, 18153, 7, 4, 105925, 1295, 49512, 10366, 1690, 106211, 306, 90, 15, 42, 106211, 38657, 10821, 97153, 90, 16, 707, 4, 23, 19014, 42, 153552, 7, 4, 1295, 11876, 16145, 15, 8516, 12630, 7, 97153, 90, 194, 10660, 765, 4989, 4, 72, 24762, 86608, 4209, 36418, 7, 3129, 1543, 186, 8781, 707, 90356, 71, 4, 18652, 707, 739, 41566, 4, 136, 49878, 510, 297, 707, 765, 10, 115339, 41421, 9, 7, 58994, 5, 581, 1690, 106211, 38657, 10821, 114149, 56104, 765, 138, 1104, 963, 4950, 289, 91, 47416, 9, 2420, 20051, 31358, 7, 105925, 23, 168, 184, 501, 122077, 7, 5, 581, 11876, 12630, 7, 114149, 765, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 4, 4950, 289, 31358, 7, 5, 581, 23, 76352, 6964, 69098, 621, 23, 70, 115700, 111, 10, 1207, 136, 70541, 1632, 707, 1286, 6, 230612, 6827, 37195, 9, 365, 13482, 189067, 5, 32255, 55993, 98, 10, 43604, 8969, 707, 280, 20380, 11030, 5, 581, 17262, 40, 5007, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 56104, 93403, 214, 707, 16810, 2146, 7565, 19364, 7, 4, 621, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 49269, 740, 10660, 71062, 1295, 2363, 653, 118201, 3647, 15, 2347, 44, 238, 19729, 58, 707, 44, 44645, 58, 6, 247, 3934, 10, 134744, 56, 71062, 297, 126826, 24073, 3141, 275, 58, 707, 44, 22877, 13, 18939, 136, 831, 186, 69979, 14534, 678, 173, 14653, 4, 124519, 707, 54, 933, 5, 360, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 146651, 4, 3060, 111, 70, 1690, 106211, 38657, 10821, 97153, 90, 765, 10, 44, 372, 5861, 58, 15, 11, 370, 2480, 111, 16610, 1257, 54969, 111938, 7, 105925, 23, 6863, 4122, 2256, 247, 3129, 621, 70, 18153, 25, 7, 52770, 9035, 5, 581, 17262, 4, 68018, 34390, 71, 4, 280, 60380, 9157, 1257, 54969, 4, 2831, 538, 50155, 70, 40, 5007, 51039, 5, 10660, 621, 35839, 44, 66589, 7, 740, 31384, 164917, 97153, 114149, 765, 756, 37195, 459, 7438, 6275, 214, 80560, 1810, 19364, 7, 4, 1284, 137567, 400, 6492, 136, 5570, 7, 129927, 94419, 538, 23, 170894, 5, 10660, 621, 25072, 297, 99, 2363, 3647, 3934, 10, 180371, 43333, 450, 400, 90, 36917, 70, 40354, 1294, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 142, 25277, 3432, 79357, 707, 44157, 40354, 1294, 194, 581, 20623, 7, 101637, 98186, 70, 1747, 3355, 3934, 280, 20408, 532, 90356, 7, 74, 903, 83, 88551, 23, 160, 52704, 2320, 5, 581, 97153, 6, 132641, 83, 111, 33946, 237, 142, 27781, 111, 70, 41911, 17721, 86608, 4209, 18153, 7, 136, 3722, 10061, 1916, 103665, 7, 5, 581, 115700, 111, 70, 6, 132641, 136, 70, 19069, 111, 70, 160, 8405, 9, 74105, 14, 6496, 136, 37420, 47148, 71579, 7, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 280, 60380, 3173, 10, 132260, 9, 7, 16852, 100, 10, 12403, 214, 103665, 4, 3129, 23, 43011, 214, 100, 4272, 867, 4, 1221, 5117, 1380, 3934, 5470, 678, 70, 117, 26865, 127, 4, 7068, 678, 70, 37420, 47148, 1924, 18241, 23, 1632, 2750, 42, 6259, 71579, 3129, 83, 3017, 86, 98, 142, 40354, 1294, 100, 4806, 111, 17262, 2258, 5310, 7, 5, 581, 2412, 17463, 9, 5062, 3900, 37676, 13452, 1830, 98, 70, 75414, 2750, 42, 6259, 1379, 8752, 111, 70, 1924, 18241, 83, 9149, 10519, 70, 645, 147, 59207, 20623, 16294, 35064, 70, 189814, 4, 221, 450, 70, 103665, 32497, 23, 5470, 678, 6863, 160, 8405, 9, 63127, 297, 71579, 4734, 7103, 452, 6953, 70, 189814, 74, 23, 4420, 214, 1810, 111, 70, 6, 132641, 442, 1221, 1380, 23, 5470, 4734, 678, 70, 351, 9, 153524, 5844, 92319, 2577, 111, 70, 189814, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 142, 103665, 81148, 214, 160, 8405, 1295, 1632, 6, 132641, 1221, 4, 23, 22, 33558, 10, 17932, 4, 40370, 70, 160, 8405, 98, 70, 189814, 74, 23, 4420, 214, 1810, 111, 10, 6, 132641, 4, 70, 160, 8405, 3129, 442, 81148, 7, 1221, 959, 186, 21922, 13482, 5773, 98, 70, 189814, 111, 70, 5701, 6, 132641, 5, 581, 97153, 41896, 83, 10, 150143, 3129, 9803, 7, 1257, 23, 17262, 63920, 47, 122273, 70, 183851, 40, 297, 7, 28032, 5, 360, 3060, 114149, 4, 70, 40, 297, 7, 81148, 142, 187, 379, 5, 44, 568, 3679, 58, 83, 70, 142105, 107396, 111, 70, 14449, 87, 19040, 189956, 678, 1257, 47, 2668, 114149, 46, 5941, 111, 2856, 6083, 113490, 7, 5, 18799, 40865, 5256, 4, 72134, 678, 9865, 9248, 5173, 63258, 4, 765, 1614, 97368, 48141, 2856, 5, 9865, 9248, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 13036, 1614, 51588, 5180, 237, 40059, 7, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 42179, 7, 6044, 237, 155484, 5173, 71204, 136, 23630, 1830, 71511, 208000, 765, 137567, 35839, 2856, 1614, 48281, 4, 12960, 85590, 538, 112033, 14653, 9865, 9248, 25, 21115, 5180, 4, 17368, 37195, 1614, 48281, 53333, 101637, 71, 3934, 77488, 76456, 40059, 7, 5, 6619, 6097, 4, 40059, 44, 9506, 39, 1679, 164, 58, 15, 22144, 1409, 223, 44, 9506, 39, 1679, 164, 18939, 509, 53333, 101637, 71, 3934, 37195, 8927, 36549, 5, 18852, 3060, 114210, 97264, 4, 23630, 1830, 71511, 109133, 3060, 111, 70, 11876, 12630, 7, 1614, 48281, 24073, 1542, 14, 19379, 316, 830, 44, 294, 86590, 49433, 58, 136, 44, 25178, 87594, 238, 939, 365, 17996, 18939, 3934, 84797, 12663, 24073, 1542, 14, 19379, 191, 830, 44, 97866, 31, 58, 136, 44, 568, 91557, 61669, 26286, 58, 107013, 538, 247, 1284, 903, 1556, 959, 2809, 68186, 71, 390, 14432, 6, 70035, 7, 6044, 237, 123426, 434, 194076, 4, 102971, 70, 21, 3055, 93544, 44, 25178, 87594, 238, 939, 5782, 58, 237, 10, 117781, 107396, 4, 47, 26698, 44, 25178, 87594, 238, 939, 5782, 43333, 3666, 223, 830, 5036, 176377, 47, 44, 25178, 87594, 238, 939, 365, 17996, 58, 237, 44, 568, 3679, 43333, 82560, 740, 23630, 1830, 71511, 2843, 34390, 71, 70, 14012, 111, 40059, 7, 23, 1614, 1409, 223, 122816, 4, 1295, 37195, 47, 6626, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 169424, 24073, 13025, 3798, 771, 6126, 18939, 707, 6, 112199, 24073, 568, 3679, 18939, 111, 187, 7870, 98, 70, 40, 297, 7, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 1686, 19309, 58, 707, 44, 157, 32736, 19309, 740, 63569, 5173, 83904, 87344, 10750, 7, 100, 959, 26719, 756, 18551, 19309, 114149, 23, 44, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 122816, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 50181, 1104, 7739, 114149, 111, 86608, 4209, 18153, 7, 678, 7639, 53, 189067, 5, 1650, 51776, 6863, 9351, 1295, 70, 160600, 2565, 100, 10, 102044, 84201, 4, 3129, 83, 2843, 70, 9351, 100, 70, 160600, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 70, 102044, 84201, 4, 122816, 5, 31384, 42179, 7, 11341, 450, 70, 9351, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 38134, 96551, 111, 6, 132641, 104988, 14037, 54940, 70, 5941, 114149, 5, 1301, 5299, 237, 8035, 70, 57456, 9351, 4, 44, 49433, 58, 83, 2843, 38134, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 39210, 9351, 100, 756, 44, 568, 3679, 58, 114149, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3060, 66165, 81551, 47, 3789, 20903, 538, 62548, 12663, 5, 62, 39210, 9351, 100, 3060, 114149, 83, 242, 190872, 7, 25, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Flower.", "Taxonomy.", "Distribution and habitat.", "Cultivation.", "Bearded rhizome iris.", "Bearded iris \"Oncocyclus\" section.", "Bearded iris \"Regelia\" section.", "Beardless rhizome iris (subgenus \"Limniris\").", "Crested rhizome iris (subgenus \"Limniris\").", "Bulbing juno iris (subgenus \"Scorpiris\").", "Bulbing European iris (subgenus \"Xiphium\").", "Bulbing reticulate iris (subgenus \"Hermodactyloides\").", "Uses.", "Aromatic rhizomes.", "Water purification.", "In culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Irises are perennial plants, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises) or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect flowering stems which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3–10 basal sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical, basal leaves.", "The inflorescences are in the shape of a fan and contain one or more symmetrical six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or peduncle. The three sepals, which are usually spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as \"falls\". They expand from their narrow base (the \"claw\" or \"haft\" ), into a broader expanded portion (\"limb\" or \"blade\") and can be adorned with veining, lines or dots. In the centre of the blade, some of the rhizomatous irises have a \"beard\" (a tuft of short upright extensions growing in its midline), which are the plant's filaments. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called \"standards\". Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards, but generally limb and standards differ markedly in appearance. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary (known as an epigynous or inferior ovary). The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches; this is significant in pollination. The iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth, then with the stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of the stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower. The iris fruit is a capsule which opens up in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. In some species, the seeds bear an aril.", "\"Iris\" is the largest genus of the family Iridaceae with up to 300 species – many of them natural hybrids. Modern classifications, starting with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections. Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko (1987) have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining Dykes' groupings, using six subgenera further divided into twelve sections. Of these, section \"Limneris\" (subgenus \"Limneris\") was further divided into sixteen series. Like some older sources, Rodionenko moved some of the bulbous subgenera (\"Xiphium\", \"Scorpiris\" and \"Hermodactyloides\") into separate genera (\"Xiphion\", \"Juno\" and \"Iridodictyum\" respectively), but this has not been accepted by later writers such as Mathew (1989), although the latter kept \"Hermodactylus\" as a distinct genus, to include \"Hermodactylus tuberosus\", now returned to \"Hermodactyloides\" as \"Iris tuberosa\". Rodionenko also reduced the number of sections in subgenus Iris, from six to two, depending on the presence (\"Hexapogon\") or absence (\"Iris\") of arils on the seeds, referred to as \"arilate\" or \"nonarilate\". Taylor (1976) provides arguments for not including all arilate species in \"Hexapogon\". In general, modern classifications usually recognise six subgenera, of which five are restricted to the Old World; the sixth (subgenus \"Limniris\") has a Holarctic distribution. The two largest subgenera are further divided into sections.", "Nearly all species are found in temperate Northern hemisphere zones, from Europe to Asia and across North America. Although diverse in ecology, \"Iris\" is predominantly found in dry, semi-desert, or colder rocky mountainous areas, other habitats include grassy slopes, meadowlands, bogs and riverbanks.", "Iris is extensively grown as ornamental plant in home and botanical gardens. Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example, is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts a well attended iris breeders' competition. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. For garden cultivation, iris classification differs from taxonomic classification. Garden iris are classed as either bulb iris or rhizome iris (called rhizomatous) with a number of further subdivisions. Due to a wide variety of geographic origins, and thus great genetic diversity, cultivation needs of iris vary greatly. Iris grow well in most any garden soil types providing they are well-drained. The earliest to bloom are species like \"I. junonia\" and \"I. reichenbachii\", which flower as early as February and March in the Northern Hemisphere, followed by the dwarf forms of \"I. pumila\", and then by most of the tall bearded varieties, such as the German iris and its variety \"florentina\", sweet iris, Hungarian iris, lemon-yellow iris (\"I. flavescens\"), \"Iris sambucina\", \"I. amoena\", and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like \"I. neglecta\" or \"I. squalens\" and best united under \"I. × lurida\". The iris is promoted in the United Kingdom by the British Iris Society. The national collection of Arthur Bliss Irises is held by Anne Milner in Gloucestershire.", "Bearded iris are classified as dwarf, tall, or aril. In Europe, the most commonly found garden iris is a hybrid iris (falsely called German iris, \"I. germanica\" which is sterile) and its numerous cultivars. Various wild forms (including \"Iris aphylla\") and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris (\"I. pallida\") and the Hungarian iris (\"I. variegata\") form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf species like \"Iris pumila\". Bearded iris are easy to cultivate and propagate and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers (more than 30 000 cultivars only for the tall bearded irises!). They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when the clumps become congested. A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose, remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris (\"I. fulva\"), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus, the vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available. The following is a selection of bearded irises that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:", "This section contains the cushion irises or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Compared with other irises the cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle-shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks; they are often very dark and in some almost blackish. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered the roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally.", "This section, closely allied to the cushion irises, includes several garden hybrids with species in section \"Oncocyclus\", known as \"Regelio-cyclus\" irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered.", "There are six major subgroupings of the beardless iris, depending on origin. They are divided into Pacific Coast, Siberica, Spuria, Louisiana, Japanese, and other. Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the European garden are the Siberian iris (\"I. sibirica\") and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris (\"I. ensata\") and its hybrids. \"Japanese iris\" is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper (\"hanashōbu\"), the blood iris (\"I. sanguinea, ayame\") and the rabbit-ear iris (\"I. laevigata, kakitsubata\"). \"I. unguicularis\" is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers blotched with yellow, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is \"I. ruthenica\", which has much the same requirements and characteristics as the tall bearded irises. In North America, Louisiana iris and its hybrids are often cultivated.", "One specific species, \"Iris cristata\" from North America.", "Often called 'junos', this type of iris is one of the more popular bulb irises in cultivation. They are generally earliest to bloom.", "This group includes irises generally of European descent, and are also classified as Dutch, English, or Spanish iris.", "Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including the yellow \"I. danfordiae\", and the various blue-purple \"I. histrioides\" and \"I. reticulata\", flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fiber.", "", "Rhizomes of the German Iris (\"I. germanica\") and Sweet Iris (\"I. pallida\") are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color. For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as \"iris butter\" or orris oil. Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes, and organic acids such as ascorbic acid, myristic acid, tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid. Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag (\"I. versicolor\") and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of the toxic glycoside iridin. These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance.", "In water purification, yellow iris (\"I. pseudacorus\") is often used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed-setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants, such as from agricultural runoff. This highly aggressive grower is now considered a noxious weed and banned in some states of the US where it is found clogging natural waterways.", "The Iris is one of the flowers listed as birth flower for February. In Christianity, the iris represents Our Lady of Sorrows as its sharp leaves are like swords. The Iris croatica is the unofficial National Flower of Croatia. \"Iris nigricans\", the Black Iris is the national flower of Jordan. Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth Iris, is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth. In 1998, \"Iris lacustris\", the Dwarf Lake Iris was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist. In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower of Louisiana, though the state flower is the magnolia blossom. In Iran and Kashmir, \"Iris kashmiriana\" and \"Iris germanica\" are most commonly grown on Muslim grave yards. An iris — species unspecified — is one of the state flowers of Tennessee. It is generally accepted that the species \"Iris versicolor\", the Purple Iris is the state flower alongside the wild-growing purple passionflower (\"Passiflora incarnata\"), the state's other floral emblem. Greeneville, Tennessee, is home to the annual Iris Festival celebrating the iris, local customs, and culture. The species \"Iris versicolor\" is also the provincial flower of Quebec, having replaced the Madonna lily which is not native to the province. and it is the official flower of Kappa Pi International Honorary Art Fraternity. The artist George Gessert has specialised in breeding irises. The artist Vincent van Gogh painted several famous pictures of irises. The American artist Joseph Mason – a friend of John James Audubon – painted a precise image of what was then known as the Louisiana flag or copper iris (\"Iris fulva\"), to which Audubon subsequently added two Northern paraula birds (\"Parula americana\") for inclusion as Plate 15 in his \"Birds of America\". The artist Philip Hermogenes Calderon painted an iris in his 1856 work \"Broken Vows\"; he followed the principles of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. An ancient belief is that the iris serves as a warning to be heeded, as it was named for the messenger of Olympus. It also conveys images of lost love and silent grief, for young girls were led into the afterlife by Iris. \"Broken Vows\" was accompanied with poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow when it was first exhibited. French King Clovis I (466–511), when he converted to Christianity, changed his symbol on his banner from three toads to irises (the Virgin's flower). The fleur-de-lis, a stylized iris, first occurs in its modern use as the emblem of the House of Capet. The fleur-de-lis has been associated with France since Louis VII adopted it as a symbol in the 12th century. The yellow fleur-de-lis reflects the yellow iris (\"I. pseudacorus\"), common in Western Europe. Contemporary uses can be seen in the Quebec flag and the logo of the New Orleans Saints professional football team and on the flag of Saint Louis, Missouri. The red fleur-de-lis in the coat-of-arms and flag of Florence, Italy, descends from the white iris which is native to Florence and which grew even in its city walls. This white iris displayed against a red background was the symbol of Florence until the Medici family reversed the colors to signal a change in political power, setting in motion a centuries-long and still on-going breeding program to hybridize a red iris. The fleur-de-lis is the almost-universal symbol of Scouting and one of the symbols adopted by the sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma. A stylized yellow iris is the symbol of Brussels, since historically the important Saint Gaugericus Island was carpeted in them. The iris symbol is now the sole feature on the flag of the Brussels-Capital Region. The provincial flower of Québec (Canada) is the harlequin blueflag (\"I. versicolor\"), called \"iris versicolore\" in French. It is thought in China, that Iris anguifuga has the ability to keep snakes from entering the garden. It grows all winter, keeping snakes out, but then goes dormant in the spring, allowing the snakes back into the garden. In the autumn, the iris re-appears and can stop the snakes again. In the \"Homeric Hymn to Demeter\", the goddess Persephone and her companion nymphs (the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena) were gathering flowers such as rose, crocus, violet, iris (also called 'agallis' or ἀγαλλίς (in Greek script), lily, larkspur, and hyacinth in a springtime meadow before she was abducted by the god Hades. It has been suggested that the 'agallis' mentioned was a dwarf iris, as described by leaf and root shape,) and identified as Iris attica." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 15786, 1679, 66933, 1919, 29041, 44462, 23, 70, 28820, 127, 59444, 111, 6760, 19, 865, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 10, 4000, 115769, 116233, 32528, 4, 3129, 764, 33636, 297, 99, 10, 15889, 158, 19623, 23, 171983, 23, 70351, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 764, 14037, 297, 10, 121, 120430, 6635, 53702, 23, 6760, 19, 865, 25842, 678, 1919, 82953, 4, 23, 3129, 1836, 186085, 5808, 297, 116338, 81979, 7, 136, 23189, 5, 147466, 903, 53702, 2843, 81810, 71, 23, 172310, 214, 47, 70, 28820, 127, 9907, 126140, 5, 360, 70, 5369, 41310, 8363, 2489, 4, 764, 149976, 23, 70, 87, 92343, 2873, 111, 3065, 1717, 43574, 1336, 25, 7, 28820, 127, 206010, 7, 136, 100512, 47749, 42, 111, 142, 87880, 1294, 74861, 191, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 5369, 764, 509, 75101, 214, 93324, 111, 4, 54940, 27060, 4, 70, 190, 927, 360, 57463, 1294, 31951, 674, 4, 70, 1112, 927, 360, 57463, 1294, 31951, 674, 29398, 297, 23, 339, 434, 865, 4, 136, 70, 427, 927, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 35509, 23, 6760, 157, 5877, 5, 360, 61786, 4, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 15786, 1679, 509, 35839, 47, 34210, 15519, 4, 7440, 764, 79786, 237, 44816, 111, 70, 12321, 141888, 86907, 111, 70, 185236, 111, 5550, 5, 24372, 17262, 5369, 764, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 70, 17932, 48180, 33744, 111, 5550, 136, 127873, 111, 126140, 141888, 4, 136, 23, 58020, 764, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 9082, 5, 992, 3675, 41933, 764, 149976, 237, 10, 8244, 111, 240963, 9, 77007, 7610, 89499, 7, 123573, 5, 147466, 4, 24189, 34578, 4, 764, 149976, 98, 70, 5701, 1305, 23, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 5947, 89499, 7, 123573, 23, 339, 434, 865, 5, 133698, 70, 28820, 127, 262, 6211, 29888, 5550, 111, 6088, 34578, 4, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 15786, 1679, 41591, 71, 75101, 111, 756, 70, 28820, 127, 84616, 29398, 297, 23, 136, 10932, 70, 26349, 111, 339, 434, 865, 5, 106073, 2684, 111, 70, 20324, 28820, 127, 84616, 3638, 538, 29398, 297, 23, 70, 16128, 3542, 6181, 297, 47, 70, 12912, 4, 764, 145755, 47, 5808, 13, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 15044, 70, 26349, 136, 6863, 16128, 5, 17106, 95685, 1777, 1803, 17514, 4, 456, 147, 3428, 68818, 4, 8767, 34, 14202, 136, 49649, 172310, 7, 4, 764, 133888, 70, 26349, 100, 70, 78431, 5, 1529, 47749, 71, 1919, 84616, 20271, 78431, 7, 26548, 70, 1401, 4097, 88083, 136, 70, 6096, 126140, 4, 3129, 14432, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 99381, 111, 339, 434, 865, 5, 106073, 1919, 3428, 68818, 3542, 6494, 538, 1810, 2606, 1297, 297, 4, 1810, 164118, 71, 136, 1379, 46979, 20051, 4, 70, 165815, 21, 14437, 1492, 13312, 4, 7103, 3129, 9082, 15786, 1679, 613, 18280, 2822, 70, 26349, 47, 70, 6096, 126140, 221, 237, 47, 4, 59499, 47, 1919, 10002, 34153, 4, 44, 10869, 9667, 12060, 53333, 70, 60742, 111, 70, 3395, 136, 10512, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 26349, 740, 24372, 137802, 70, 26349, 4, 764, 145755, 47, 144281, 47, 16554, 4, 136, 7068, 47, 9942, 4, 7440, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 456, 57332, 28820, 127, 126140, 8035, 100, 4806, 1379, 70, 531, 170926, 7, 111, 70, 28820, 127, 27759, 23, 1119, 1340, 5, 24372, 70, 6817, 111, 9942, 4, 764, 10267, 107, 27686, 47, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 8622, 4, 764, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 28820, 127, 138, 4216, 3980, 86132, 66, 115965, 133, 92343, 2873, 29398, 297, 23, 176637, 5, 360, 24644, 764, 26038, 1257, 903, 1305, 136, 17721, 40464, 136, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 764, 149976, 237, 142, 360, 16711, 1290, 111, 67485, 53, 44284, 111, 28820, 127, 46640, 7, 23, 32774, 130891, 5, 360, 18608, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 15786, 1679, 90223, 71, 47, 10, 40617, 43573, 188831, 54799, 8064, 86, 4, 7440, 764, 68, 71, 23, 29172, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 185460, 15786, 1679, 7435, 18237, 121049, 23, 823, 23432, 865, 1372, 6088, 29172, 16, 509, 10, 28820, 127, 4537, 4, 2965, 51529, 237, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 727, 429, 111, 339, 434, 865, 23, 34578, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early career.", "World War II.", "Retirement." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Władysław Langner spent his childhood in the Polish town of Tarnów, where he became a member of a local Independent Youth Union, which he represented at a national congress in Kraków in 1913. In the same year he founded a paramilitary organization in Tarnów together with his brother, in which they regularly organized military exercises and training. Later this organization also engaged in recruiting to the Polish National Army. In the years 1914-1917, he served in the I Brigade of Piłsudski's Polish Legions and became commander of an infantry platoon. In the following years he was commanding officer of, among others, the 5th Infantry Regiment, the 40th Infantry Regiment stationed in Lwów, and the 12th Infantry Division based in Tarnopol. In 1928, Władysław Langner was called to Warsaw, where he worked as Head of the Main Administration Bureau of the Ministry of War. After three years he was promoted to the second Vice Minister of War and Chief of Army Administration, and in 1934 he was promoted to General. Until 1938 he served as a CO of Łódź-based IV Corps Command. Later, until 1939, he served on the same post in the headquarters of the VI Corps Command in Lwów.", "During the Polish Defensive War of September 1939, Władysław Langner assumed command of all the Polish forces stationed in and around the city of Lwów. Although most of the regular Polish forces normally stationed in the area were transported to the front, he managed to organize the defence of both the city and its area. With march battalions, rear troops, marauders and raw recruits, he prepared the city for the fight. He commanded his forces during fights against the Wehrmacht and the Red Army, which later became known as the Battle of Lwów. Although his troops were badly outnumbered, outflanked and under equipped, the defense lasted ten days, after which General Langner surrendered the city to the Red Army so as to, according to his own words, \"not endanger further the lives of the people and risk the destruction of the city\". After leaving the city, he managed to escape to Romania, and then to France, where he joined the reborn Polish Army being formed under the auspices of the Polish government in exile. After the fall of France, he retreated to the United Kingdom. There, he was appointed commander of the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Brigade stationed in Scotland. In 1941 he gave up this post and between 1943 and the end of World War II he served as an Inspector of Military Training of Polish Units in Great Britain.", "In 1945 Władysław Langner retired to a farm near Newcastle upon Tyne, where he died in 1972." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 81421, 18226, 6431, 509, 103122, 98, 382, 7071, 36102, 99, 503, 2480, 191, 9082, 27123, 23, 39721, 4, 47, 4939, 18226, 6431, 136, 49715, 4450, 11, 663, 19256, 5, 1529, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 1919, 78840, 6236, 9963, 432, 9319, 4, 60592, 18226, 6431, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 190, 5369, 8108, 1919, 127319, 5, 581, 130904, 25, 31095, 4, 66311, 43816, 18055, 4, 509, 1919, 2355, 1021, 9319, 5, 18226, 6431, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 124302, 73, 19188, 4, 10, 45443, 214, 41371, 10696, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 124302, 73, 23, 1575, 275, 6958, 72567, 23, 23924, 82588, 5, 18226, 6431, 191722, 1632, 111, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 2684, 170277, 52336, 4, 44, 116742, 53, 23, 70, 17689, 678, 69124, 7, 830, 124901, 68944, 98363, 10, 49726, 70, 25299, 1902, 79442, 19, 4, 10, 7401, 46133, 178829, 111, 1919, 34391, 4, 131931, 180, 25, 60728, 69527, 4, 1295, 160020, 1294, 10696, 4, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 6057, 7, 5, 116267, 166577, 111, 1919, 67373, 191722, 390, 4049, 509, 70, 96, 20446, 1272, 44, 144890, 36151, 830, 70, 20450, 6953, 11531, 111, 44, 3957, 130904, 58, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 581, 22392, 37340, 194, 360, 28980, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 22759, 4, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 5423, 111, 70, 130904, 25, 1346, 44, 54084, 21533, 2646, 1515, 53, 11330, 740, 14847, 81421, 509, 43606, 5369, 10332, 23, 28015, 4, 1919, 27863, 168265, 71, 25632, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 236251, 2481, 678, 148926, 90357, 22104, 6949, 265, 96288, 5, 4939, 18226, 6431, 139505, 96288, 98, 387, 11994, 31060, 4, 136, 81421, 1556, 10, 27150, 56, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 4, 82421, 18226, 6431, 5, 10208, 228736, 54397, 44, 133747, 78182, 58, 47, 130250, 4049, 645, 70, 168265, 74, 7311, 538, 35839, 44, 133747, 112876, 7, 830, 228736, 98816, 70, 9351, 6637, 764, 17569, 450, 44, 21718, 112, 58, 509, 142, 99156, 9351, 47, 5367, 5, 24372, 1919, 27863, 25, 168265, 4, 81421, 1902, 39555, 110, 5470, 678, 1919, 67373, 24189, 70, 39395, 19340, 7, 3229, 4, 99, 70, 50336, 111, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 7068, 9, 47313, 84240, 4, 4347, 43531, 15, 60662, 265, 96288, 136, 18226, 6431, 1902, 142458, 20102, 84797, 71, 247, 764, 80723, 47, 19922, 1919, 67373, 186085, 5, 4939, 18226, 6431, 123997, 4049, 10, 92260, 1681, 1734, 10208, 101275, 136, 10, 47617, 36279, 100, 40111, 29733, 4, 136, 65524, 71, 1919, 33946, 23, 19612, 390, 141377, 4049, 3060, 43678, 6468, 5, 77168, 214, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 162882, 98, 382, 14487, 15643, 4, 81421, 18226, 6431, 54479, 71, 348, 56, 136, 456, 12832, 674, 98186, 4049, 4, 54433, 4, 87, 25, 272, 8306, 6183, 36663, 47, 3714, 70, 85027, 1672, 3642, 17901, 509, 678, 163, 5, 8622, 509, 3060, 4552, 40907, 41884, 22120, 297, 1672, 163, 27, 1884, 3229, 764, 2804, 87, 25, 71, 1380, 1810, 111, 10, 148, 31047, 19770, 144521, 98, 10, 72864, 17431, 5, 2907, 21493, 1884, 450, 5, 2583, 5351, 4, 7440, 25, 7, 70, 5161, 23, 450, 32, 10208, 136, 87, 11814, 47, 10756, 1672, 32233, 10, 4785, 27, 1286, 3501, 40960, 136, 87, 6777, 5, 1401, 1902, 10, 6782, 222002, 7730, 136, 2685, 37202, 47, 186, 2060, 1286, 75073, 111, 163, 136, 10208, 75169, 25842, 99, 450, 32070, 3501, 2685, 621, 75073, 111, 163, 136, 759, 17901, 5, 81421, 1608, 44571, 99, 129271, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 88669, 136, 5161, 6, 116071, 155241, 12097, 176016, 71, 5, 1529, 30745, 70, 44, 212128, 199668, 830, 44, 568, 765, 47, 5154, 450, 4, 1295, 759, 6275, 111, 21455, 4, 87, 29131, 764, 509, 10, 75690, 59869, 13, 830, 764, 2804, 4, 44, 397, 712, 5809, 22120, 1672, 88669, 136, 5161, 1810, 459, 1674, 47, 70, 8999, 1284, 764, 5809, 8306, 7639, 442, 47, 70, 3395, 2750, 134598, 538, 131148, 70, 2684, 47, 4049, 12, 1919, 58386, 136, 775, 5, 11249, 831, 398, 22120, 1672, 88669, 136, 5161, 136, 765, 10, 14449, 23, 4785, 7, 136, 126371, 2451, 157, 36398, 4, 25171, 26976, 4, 168265, 32, 2583, 831, 25, 18, 54, 442, 4, 959, 2174, 398, 25, 107, 8035, 29568, 136, 42551, 678, 31949, 1242, 81421, 509, 39041, 48141, 1295, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 1221, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 63207, 111, 11762, 3559, 4, 9508, 509, 75935, 390, 1919, 67373, 47, 186, 99764, 17721, 81421, 136, 1919, 23552, 82953, 82421, 5, 81421, 166, 297, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 97761, 136, 23, 11891, 157578, 10, 9615, 19929, 106689, 113771, 538, 41965, 11762, 1549, 19879, 5, 3311, 37771, 81421, 25, 7, 34698, 7, 154732, 1919, 67373, 1902, 163, 41566, 297, 15286, 38526, 5, 853, 408, 30319, 1919, 75312, 24243, 5470, 678, 1919, 67373, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 106438, 7, 4, 764, 2804, 4, 40960, 136, 87, 4163, 98, 10, 6782, 35142, 11522, 7068, 5, 1401, 1902, 10, 5915, 111, 7477, 4, 94518, 297, 10, 5915, 136, 1902, 10, 6782, 1733, 23, 4537, 3229, 764, 509, 678, 4347, 43531, 5, 2646, 122378, 7, 111, 450, 1733, 678, 40960, 136, 4347, 621, 4552, 34735, 292, 1836, 3542, 70, 256, 7520, 525, 1733, 87, 831, 37629, 678, 4049, 5, 18226, 6431, 7228, 1919, 24668, 34377, 99, 32070, 534, 98, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 7156, 44, 198076, 7, 136, 59132, 7, 58, 75169, 47617, 7, 98, 44, 21566, 9, 21566, 830, 14432, 54433, 4, 44, 397, 712, 4, 1902, 87, 51529, 398, 3542, 7730, 47, 3884, 442, 98, 70, 7156, 4, 87, 2806, 25, 272, 112730, 5045, 11522, 3890, 360, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 59499, 47, 3164, 158257, 4, 764, 44, 2500, 5259, 297, 10, 456, 10015, 2886, 108171, 21373, 2481, 47, 1919, 67373, 3934, 10, 65771, 5367, 214, 80997, 740, 18226, 6431, 105945, 168894, 36272, 678, 1919, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 28563, 89576, 830, 121447, 23, 20986, 5, 103687, 297, 390, 49612, 79703, 13, 4, 442, 5623, 7710, 297, 6626, 2663, 209, 5962, 7, 4, 70, 44759, 28560, 136, 44, 7763, 31, 239, 67, 100, 18621, 1272, 90, 830, 136, 85168, 297, 18226, 6431, 10, 110, 91407, 100, 70, 189857, 60992, 100, 11345, 2356, 69891, 23, 20231, 5, 13703, 21930, 100, 70, 6626, 5962, 7, 3542, 7228, 390, 1346, 14364, 3362, 1460, 238, 875, 61118, 136, 108558, 6470, 77330, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4939, 28166, 81421, 18226, 6431, 15, 57332, 382, 7071, 36102, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 5367, 56, 4, 19612, 3378, 4, 81828, 56, 136, 44171, 1414, 42294, 4994, 18, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 70, 22392, 4221, 11, 9319, 32807, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Relationship with his father.", "Career.", "Music career.", "Film.", "Photography.", "Books.", "Philanthropy.", "Personal life.", "Discography.", "Other releases." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Julian Lennon was born on 8 April 1963 at Sefton General Hospital in Liverpool, to John Lennon and Cynthia Powell. He was named after his paternal grandmother, Julia Lennon, who died 5 years before his birth. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, was his godfather. Lennon was educated at Ruthin School, a boarding independent school in the town of Ruthin in Denbighshire in North Wales. Lennon inspired one of his father's most famous songs, \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\", whose lyrics describe a picture the boy had drawn, a watercolor painting of his friend, Lucy O'Donnell, from nursery school, surrounded by stars. Another composition of his father inspired by him was the lullaby \"Good Night\", the closing song of \"The Beatles\" (also known as The White Album). In 1967, at the age of four, he attended the set of the Beatles' film \"Magical Mystery Tour\". When Julian was five years old in 1968, his parents divorced following his father's infidelity with Japanese multimedia artist Yoko Ono. John Lennon married Ono on 20 March 1969, and Julian has a younger half-brother, Sean Lennon. Paul McCartney wrote \"Hey Jude\" to console him over the divorce; originally called \"Hey Jules\", McCartney changed the name because he thought that \"Jude\" was an easier name to sing. After his parents' divorce, Julian had almost no contact with his father until the early 1970s when, at the request of his father's then-girlfriend, May Pang (Yoko Ono and Lennon had temporarily separated), he began to visit his father regularly. John Lennon bought him a Gibson Les Paul guitar and a drum machine for Christmas 1973, and encouraged his interest in music by showing him some chords.", "Following his father's murder on 8 December 1980, Julian Lennon voiced anger and resentment towards him, saying, I've never really wanted to know the truth about how dad was with me. There was some very negative stuff talked about me... like when he said I'd come out of a whiskey bottle on a Saturday night. Stuff like that. You think, where's the love in that? Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit... more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad. Julian chafed at hearing his father's peace and love stance perpetually celebrated. He told the \"Daily Telegraph\", \"I have to say that, from my point of view, I felt he was a hypocrite\", he said, \"Dad could talk about peace and love out loud to the world but he could never show it to the people who supposedly meant the most to him: his wife and son. How can you talk about peace and love and have a family in bits and pieces—no communication, adultery, divorce? You can't do it, not if you're being true and honest with yourself.\" Julian was excluded from his father's will. However, a trust of £100,000 was created by his father to be shared between Julian and his half brother Sean. Julian sued his father's estate and in 1996 reached a settlement agreement reportedly worth £20 million. By 2009, Julian's feelings toward his father had mellowed considerably. Recalling his renewed contact with his father in the mid-1970s, he said, Dad and I got on a great deal better then. We had a lot of fun, laughed a lot and had a great time in general when he was with May Pang. My memories of that time with Dad and May are very clear — they were the happiest time I can remember with him.", "", "Lennon made his musical debut at age 11 on his father's album \"Walls and Bridges\" playing drums on \"Ya-Ya\", later saying, \"Dad, had I known you were going to put it on the album, I would've played much better!\" In the 1980s, according to AllMusic, he \"parlayed a remarkable vocal similarity to his father into a successful singing career\". Lennon enjoyed immediate success with his debut album, \"Valotte\", released in 1984. Produced by Phil Ramone, it spawned two top 10 hits, the title track and \"Too Late for Goodbyes\", and earned Lennon a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1985. Music videos for the two hits were made by film director Sam Peckinpah and producer Martin Lewis. After the album's release, Paul McCartney sent Lennon a telegram wishing him good luck. His second album, 1986's \"The Secret Value of Daydreaming\", was panned by critics. However, it reached number 32 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and produced the single \"Stick Around\", which was Lennon's first number 1 single on the US Album Rock Tracks chart. He recorded the song \"Because\", previously recorded by The Dave Clark Five, in the UK for Clark's 1986 musical \"Time\". On 1 April 1987, Julian Lennon appeared as the Baker in Mike Batt's musical \"The Hunting of the Snark\" (based on Lewis Carroll's poem). The all-star lineup included Roger Daltrey, Justin Hayward and Billy Connolly, with John Hurt as the narrator. The performance, a musical benefit at London's Royal Albert Hall in aid of the deaf, was attended by the Duchess of York. Although Lennon never achieved the same level of success in the US as he had enjoyed with \"Valotte\", his 1989 single \"Now You're in Heaven\" peaked at number 5 in Australia and gave him his second number 1 hit on the Album Rock Tracks chart in the US. In 1991, George Harrison played guitar on Lennon's album \"Help Yourself\", which included the single \"Saltwater\" although he was not directly credited. The single \"Saltwater\" reached number 6 in the UK and topped the Australian singles charts for four weeks. During this time, Lennon contributed a cover of the Rolling Stones' \"Ruby Tuesday\" to the soundtrack of the television series \"The Wonder Years\". Lennon left the music business for several years in the 1990s. He followed his interests in cooking, sailing and sculpting. After he began his performing career, there was occasionally unfounded media speculation that Lennon would undertake performances with McCartney, Harrison and Ringo Starr. In the \"Beatles Anthology\" series in 1995, the three surviving Beatles confirmed there was never an idea of having Julian sit in for his father as part of a Beatles reunion, with McCartney saying, \"Why would we want to subject him to all of this?\" In May 1998, Lennon released the album \"Photograph Smile\" to little commercial success. Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album as \"well-crafted and melodic\", and concluded by saying that it was \"the kind of music that would receive greater praise if it weren't made by the son of a Beatle\". In 2002, he recorded a version of \"When I'm Sixty-Four\", from the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album, for an Allstate Insurance commercial. In 2006 he ventured into Internet businesses, including MyStore.com with Todd Meagher and Bebo founder Michael Birch. In 2009 Lennon created a new partnership with Meagher and Birch called theRevolution, LLC. Through this company, Lennon released a tribute song and EP, \"Lucy\", honouring the memory of Lucy Vodden (née O'Donnell), the little girl who inspired the song \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\", with 50 per cent of the proceeds going to fund Lupus research. In October 2011, Lennon released the album \"Everything Changes\". In 2012 he worked with music film director Dick Carruthers on the feature-length video documentary \"Through the Picture Window\", which followed Lennon's journey in the making of \"Everything Changes\" and includes interviews with Steven Tyler, Bono, and Paul Buchanan from The Blue Nile. \"Through the Picture Window\" was also released as an app in all formats with bespoke videos for all 14 tracks from the album.", "Lennon's first-ever tour in early 1985 was documented as part of the film \"Stand By Me: A Portrait Of Julian Lennon\" — a film profile started by Sam Peckinpah, but completed by Martin Lewis after Peckinpah's death. Lennon has appeared in several other films including \"The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus\" (1996, but shot in 1968), \"Cannes Man\" (1996), \"\" (1988), \"Chuck Berry: Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll\" (1987), and a cameo in \"Leaving Las Vegas\" (1995) as a bartender. Julian provided the voice for the title role in the animated film \"David Copperfield\" (1993). He was also the voice of the main character Toby the Teapot in the animated special \"The Real Story of I'm a Little Teapot\" (1990). Lennon is also the producer of the documentary called \"WhaleDreamers\" about an aboriginal tribe in Australia and its special relationship to whales. It also touches on many environmental issues. This film has received many awards and was shown at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. In 2020, Lennon worked on the documentary film, \"Women of the White Buffalo\" as an executive producer. The documentary film focused on the Lakota women living Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, how they are used and how they preserve and protect their ancestral values and wisdom.", "After photographing his half-brother Sean's music tour in 2007, Lennon took up a serious interest in photography. On 17 September 2010, Lennon opened an exhibition of 35 photographs called \"Timeless: The Photography of Julian Lennon\" with help from long-time friend and fellow photographer Timothy White. Originally scheduled to run from 17 September to 10 October, the Morrison Hotel Gallery extended it a week to end 17 October. The photographs include shots of his brother Sean and U2 frontman Bono. Lennon's \"Horizons\" series was featured at the Emmanuel Fremin Gallery, NYC, 12 March – 2 May 2015.", "Shortly after the death of his father, Lennon began collecting Beatles memorabilia. In 2010, he published a book describing his collection, entitled: \"Beatles Memorabilia: The Julian Lennon Collection\". In 2017, Lennon began a New York Times Bestselling trilogy, \"Touch the Earth, Heal the Earth\" and \"Love the Earth\" which he completed in 2019.", "A conversation Lennon once had with his father: \"Dad once said to me that should he pass away, if there was some way of letting me know he was going to be OK – that we were all going to be OK – the message would come to me in the form of a white feather.... the white feather has always represented peace to me\" inspired him greatly. Then Lennon, while on a tour in Australia, received a white feather gift from an indigenous elderly member of the Mirning tribe in Australia, which also turned out to be an inspirational message to him. In 2007, he founded The White Feather Foundation (TWFF). Its mission \"embraces environmental and humanitarian issues and in conjunction with partners from around the world helps to raise funds for the betterment of all life, and to honor those who have truly made a difference.\" TWFF partners with philanthropists and charities around the world to raise funds for various environmental and humanitarian projects such as clean water, indigenous cultures, education and health. In 2008, the Prince of Monaco Albert II presented TWFF with the Better World Environmental Award. In 2015, after the Nepal earthquake, TWFF contributed $106,347.52 to the Music for Relief's Nepal aid fund to support the victims of the earthquake. Cynthia visited Kenya and Ethopia in 2014 to witness the education and environmental initiatives by TWFF. After her death, Lennon announced that he would be naming TWFF's scholarship program to Kenyan girls after his mother: \"The Cynthia Lennon Scholarship for Girls\". In 2019, Julian contributed his voice and music to the soundtrack of narrative feature film “One Little Finger“, which has the initiative to spread awareness about ‘ability in disability’. It shows how important and powerful music is to support societal and cognitive development of people with disabilities.", "Lennon has been quoted as having a reasonably \"cordial\" relationship with Ono, while getting along very well with her son, Julian’s half-brother Sean. Julian saw Sean perform live for the first time in Paris, on 12 November 2006 at La Boule Noire and he and Sean spent time together on Sean's tour in 2007. Lennon has never married or had children, revealing that his difficult relationship with his famous father had discouraged him from doing so. He said that, unlike his father, he wanted to be mature enough to cope with fatherhood. \"He was young and didn't know what the hell he was doing,\" Lennon said. \"That's the reason I haven't had children yet. I didn't want to do the same thing. No, I'm not ready. I want to know who I am first.\" In commemoration of John Lennon's 70th birthday and as a statement for peace, Lennon and his mother, Cynthia, unveiled the John Lennon Peace Monument in his home town of Liverpool, on 9 October 2010. Lennon remains friends with his father's former bandmate, Paul McCartney, though they experienced a public falling out in 2011 when Lennon was not invited to McCartney's wedding to Nancy Shevell.", "", "Source:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 780, 242161, 8347, 117414, 7, 450, 17368, 47, 29827, 134665, 3229, 187363, 214, 70, 120, 12421, 1556, 110, 24725, 98, 70, 17366, 111, 144231, 49146, 1405, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 12719, 1104, 617, 12807, 7401, 4, 47, 29827, 134665, 7, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 96551, 111, 82761, 7, 4, 70, 17262, 5201, 64333, 8035, 10, 56095, 60877, 4, 127179, 2506, 4, 136, 217655, 7, 5, 129153, 29888, 7, 11764, 67, 99, 19713, 9071, 111, 10, 222201, 47, 29827, 134665, 5, 32255, 23, 62630, 2661, 2878, 66695, 621, 82775, 47, 4358, 87388, 144231, 1295, 70, 120, 12421, 5, 581, 49146, 1405, 111, 144231, 136, 44805, 223, 56282, 7, 70, 183278, 1363, 111, 15250, 147, 136, 83, 38134, 538, 63043, 297, 47, 4358, 881, 77651, 151517, 2449, 136, 21318, 19, 1803, 70997, 4, 102971, 70, 56465, 289, 12330, 3956, 111, 903, 68073, 83, 29865, 71, 5, 130877, 4935, 10, 56095, 60877, 26698, 2878, 66695, 111, 64344, 78603, 64707, 5134, 112, 15, 6210, 132, 56585, 16, 247, 97377, 316, 44603, 2182, 15, 20370, 9688, 247, 67842, 97377, 316, 64707, 1409, 6, 134208, 14612, 1636, 4, 67842, 5795, 46430, 136, 932, 5674, 1636, 4, 136, 64707, 425, 395, 10974, 67, 15, 20370, 132, 9698, 16, 56585, 194, 129153, 29888, 7, 4, 1884, 70, 130546, 13492, 33059, 97957, 11814, 23, 151250, 7, 25, 23179, 7, 4, 2843, 22304, 10, 19336, 41170, 111, 17404, 583, 20022, 1830, 3129, 83, 24117, 71, 44, 34740, 33059, 58, 22631, 5, 31384, 8796, 7, 70541, 173169, 297, 35011, 32248, 4, 3129, 27992, 7, 237, 10, 126561, 10, 2844, 29888, 4, 136, 2843, 15190, 7, 10, 102942, 25958, 6221, 162, 214, 186116, 53, 6544, 6947, 47, 70, 71099, 5, 581, 13492, 33059, 111, 120, 12421, 87388, 7, 1924, 5425, 1295, 47, 29827, 71579, 7, 4, 1284, 1556, 959, 2809, 127887, 47, 52295, 130546, 16227, 645, 136, 36917, 70, 93425, 111, 70, 49146, 1405, 111, 144231, 136, 44805, 223, 5, 581, 10, 2844, 29888, 21543, 111, 47, 29827, 134665, 83, 117414, 71, 390, 6863, 627, 6538, 34292, 5, 56374, 11192, 627, 6538, 142424, 621, 154109, 93905, 5, 31384, 151250, 7, 67330, 47, 29827, 134665, 678, 142, 627, 6538, 34292, 110, 77546, 3501, 836, 100, 31815, 4527, 5, 36157, 3929, 112, 23, 67842, 3173, 7, 83, 70, 2684, 5700, 36457, 186227, 23, 47, 29827, 134665, 47, 56282, 151517, 2449, 5, 36157, 3929, 112, 83, 13379, 23, 19336, 41170, 7, 23, 18153, 7, 4, 85825, 4, 136, 3060, 6083, 7401, 97264, 5, 581, 78301, 127179, 2506, 23, 47, 29827, 134665, 1556, 48588, 141, 93425, 98, 70, 27643, 111, 130546, 17404, 583, 136, 32881, 7, 5, 1061, 28483, 127179, 2506, 15, 4645, 919, 16, 83, 70, 2684, 39210, 31344, 111, 127179, 2506, 4, 1284, 78827, 223, 127179, 2506, 15, 294, 19, 919, 247, 21739, 18026, 42, 15, 66, 107554, 28279, 111, 127179, 2506, 247, 136, 221, 28483, 22460, 18026, 12393, 134208, 14612, 67, 15, 4645, 9698, 919, 16, 621, 2843, 11814, 5, 19356, 79357, 127179, 2506, 1556, 2809, 127887, 47, 186, 1286, 60266, 3501, 221, 28483, 127179, 2506, 23, 6, 241866, 70, 136667, 3956, 111, 130546, 15342, 90, 136, 6226, 2069, 21859, 54613, 164, 4, 1284, 113660, 208806, 1286, 71579, 1924, 5425, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 47, 29827, 134665, 54324, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 1556, 75534, 47, 106, 4, 3559, 63920, 117, 19879, 127179, 2506, 5, 360, 28811, 76726, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 17274, 707, 200955, 4, 70, 127179, 2506, 10941, 83, 27983, 77546, 74, 10, 353, 919, 10941, 111, 127089, 418, 12807, 148, 64, 434, 2858, 4, 60450, 32261, 39, 127179, 2506, 16, 83, 39210, 5, 3164, 111, 6097, 202104, 7, 621, 47041, 47, 56282, 47, 29827, 8, 408, 53, 4, 59499, 47, 10, 3640, 1311, 206, 60791, 8347, 5, 1657, 95220, 5256, 35064, 75534, 32261, 39, 621, 959, 47041, 47, 186, 87823, 13, 4, 136, 70, 87823, 13, 21543, 51312, 7, 678, 202104, 5, 95612, 289, 110324, 7, 8060, 70, 4527, 111, 11192, 127179, 2506, 168, 7737, 32512, 7, 4, 237, 442, 509, 14037, 47, 34390, 70, 41170, 111, 144231, 183278, 3674, 4, 227204, 70, 14012, 111, 53664, 1779, 8082, 40934, 587, 52544, 136, 21, 44150, 49369, 45819, 136, 144681, 125568, 97377, 316, 127179, 2506, 40370, 7, 47, 10, 77546, 79385, 3501, 7103, 70, 4527, 111, 89160, 127179, 2506, 70541, 214, 168, 7737, 32512, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 6097, 93425, 8110, 186, 40197, 71, 678, 70, 124735, 10512, 111, 182, 39, 99, 77546, 202104, 7, 5, 52455, 4, 102971, 959, 756, 4, 47, 29827, 134665, 7, 70541, 221, 28483, 21, 474, 8613, 2906, 1021, 67, 15, 294, 19759, 16, 707, 62548, 613, 114700, 10840, 15, 112, 720, 46825, 7, 194, 159, 19759, 83, 14037, 23, 5941, 3789, 3357, 517, 38742, 237, 5299, 4, 6044, 237, 119829, 4, 136, 83, 5201, 538, 10, 5775, 302, 214, 23882, 4, 3129, 22, 19736, 61514, 113068, 111, 47, 29827, 134665, 4, 224588, 6863, 46622, 6953, 14537, 5, 4699, 63499, 1462, 4, 142, 2874, 49369, 26206, 141, 23882, 4, 83, 10, 39210, 47, 29827, 134665, 186227, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 4699, 63499, 1462, 707, 97, 38893, 170368, 2506, 56282, 21859, 54613, 164, 136, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 15672, 1575, 1803, 56187, 4, 112397, 34390, 15250, 147, 136, 6494, 71191, 5, 62, 3295, 8347, 111, 56465, 289, 25188, 103876, 71, 2685, 509, 77950, 100, 70, 60266, 7432, 111, 757, 5, 66409, 1927, 63499, 1462, 23, 6, 241866, 144231, 136, 21859, 54613, 164, 5, 116267, 1311, 206, 60791, 8347, 23, 1210, 1556, 14037, 450, 1927, 63499, 1462, 69307, 71, 10, 165443, 456, 77391, 23, 144231, 4, 136, 23, 21859, 54613, 164, 4, 10, 201, 11991, 456, 77391, 23, 2586, 297, 214, 29204, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 2685, 509, 23, 129980, 77950, 47, 7639, 10, 60212, 23, 181952, 21318, 3598, 1814, 136, 2685, 509, 110, 77950, 40101, 111, 2499, 182, 39, 7844, 93425, 137272, 678, 70, 4527, 111, 1927, 63499, 1462, 47, 29827, 134665, 7, 100, 1286, 3501, 138, 5369, 5, 581, 77950, 33444, 214, 47, 144231, 136, 21859, 54613, 164, 509, 90698, 47, 186, 111, 71644, 13, 31897, 12960, 100, 21318, 3598, 1814, 509, 27226, 31897, 5, 717, 29827, 134665, 32497, 23, 10, 96551, 111, 104988, 136, 196634, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 717, 29827, 134665, 83, 10, 71099, 707, 6434, 168, 7737, 32512, 11814, 678, 10, 47, 29827, 11911, 1495, 47, 46622, 136, 76104, 70, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 136, 16227, 111, 120, 12421, 5, 717, 29827, 134665, 83, 11814, 47, 125568, 30202, 99824, 13, 12, 442, 83, 142, 10, 2844, 29888, 450, 36442, 7, 23, 49146, 6496, 130546, 144231, 136, 15381, 1295, 70, 120, 12421, 4, 30793, 7, 23, 15811, 11856, 214, 12967, 1952, 164, 4, 136, 75060, 7, 36457, 145170, 15, 840, 18, 39210, 538, 127179, 2506, 16, 47, 4358, 56282, 47, 29827, 8, 408, 53, 15, 555, 1803, 15342, 90, 16, 136, 29204, 70997, 15, 9966, 54613, 164, 194, 78417, 136, 221, 28483, 235269, 13, 15, 10075, 214, 67757, 16, 621, 54940, 76319, 450, 831, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Usefulness.", "Ingredients.", "Abrasives.", "Fluorides.", "Surfactants.", "Other components.", "Antibacterial agents.", "Flavorants.", "Remineralizers.", "Miscellaneous components.", "Xylitol.", "Safety.", "Fluoride.", "Diethylene glycol.", "Triclosan.", "Polyethylene glycol - PEG.", "Miscellaneous issues and debates.", "Alteration of taste perception.", "Whitening toothpastes.", "Herbal and natural toothpastes.", "Striped toothpaste.", "History.", "Early toothpastes.", "Tooth powder.", "Modern toothpaste.", "Toothpaste tubes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3" ], "content": [ "A 2016 systematic review indicates that using toothpaste when brushing the teeth has no impact on the level of plaque removal.", "In addition to 20%–42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, the three main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.", "Abrasives constitute at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles are designed to help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque and calculus prevents the accumulation of tartar and is widely claimed to help minimize cavities and periodontal disease, although the clinical significance of this benefit is debated. Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)), calcium carbonate (CaCO), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)OH). Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed \"polishing\" action. Some brands contain powdered white mica, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus. The abrasive effect of toothpaste is indicated by its RDA value. Too high RDA values are deleterious. Some dentists recommend toothpaste with an RDA value no higher than 50 for daily use.", "Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluoride is present in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride (SnF), olaflur (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium monofluorophosphate (NaPOF) are also used. Stannous fluoride has been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in reducing the incidence of dental caries and controlling gingivitis, but causes somewhat more surface stains. Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF content of 0.312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is common. All of these concentrations are likely to prevent tooth decay, according to a 2019 Cochrane review. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm are not likely to be preventive, and the preventive effect increases with concentration. Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride dentifrices, as it was found to reduce the amount of plaque accumulated, decrease the number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and possibly promote calcium fluoride deposits to a higher degree than after the use of traditional fluoride containing dentifrices. However, these effects must be balanced with the increased risk of harm at higher concentrations.", "Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products as well, such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power.", "", "Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the United Kingdom. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath. A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence for the effectiveness of 0.30% triclosan in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Another Cochrane review in 2013 has found that triclosan achieved a 22% reduction in plaque, and in gingivitis, a 48% reduction in bleeding gums. However, there was insufficient evidence to show a difference in fighting periodontitis and there was no evidence either of any harmful effects associated with the use of triclosan toothpastes for more than 3 years. The evidence relating to plaque and gingivitis was considered to be of moderate quality while for periodontitis was low quality.", "Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors and flavors, intended to encourage use of the product. The three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include Anethole anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine. Alternatively, unflavored toothpastes exist.", "Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and a variety of calcium phosphates are included in formulations for remineralization, i.e. the reformation of enamel.", "Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol, or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethyleneglycol. Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity. Two systemic meta-analysis reviews reported that arginine, and calcium sodium phosphosilicate - CSPS containing toothpastes are also effective in alleviating dentinal hypersensitivity respectively. Another randomized clinical trial found superior effects when both formulas were combined together. Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar. Other example to components in toothpastes is the Biotene, which has proved its efficiency in relieving the symptoms of dry mouth in people who suffer from xerostomia according to the results of two randomized clinical trials. Chlorohexidine mouthwash has been popular for its positive effect on controlling plaque and gingivitis, however, a systemic review studied the effects of chlorohexidine toothpastes and found insufficient evidence to support its use, tooth surface discoloration was observed as a side effect upon using it, which is considered a negative side effect that can affect patients' compliance. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is listed as an inactive ingredient in some toothpaste, for example Colgate Total.", "Some studies have demonstrated that toothpastes with xylitol as an ingredient are more effective at preventing dental caries in permanent teeth of children than toothpastes containing fluoride alone. Furthermore, xylitol has not been found to cause any harmful effects. Further investigation into the efficacy of toothpastes containing this product is however required as the currently available studies are of low quality and therefore the results of such studies must be applied carefully.", "", "Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts, but instances are exceedingly rare and result from prolonged and excessive use of toothpaste (i.e. several tubes per week). Approximately 15 mg/kg body weight is the acute lethal dose, even though as small amount as 5 mg/kg may be fatal to some children. The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of full-strength toothpaste (1350–1500 ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages. However, smaller volumes are used for young children, for example, a smear of toothpaste until three years old. A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste. Nausea and vomiting are also problems which might arise with topical fluoride ingestion.", "The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a recall in 2007 involving multiple toothpaste brands in several nations. The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.", "Reports have suggested triclosan, an active ingredient in many kinds of toothpastes, can combine with chlorine in tap water to form chloroform, which the United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. An animal study revealed the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and many other lab researches proved bacteria might be able to develop resistance to triclosan in a way which can help them to resist antibiotics also.", "PEG is a common ingredient in some of the formulas of toothpastes; it is a hydrophilic polymer that acts as a dispersant in toothpastes. Also, it is used in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulas, for example: ointments, osmotic laxatives, some of the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, other medications and household products. However, 37 cases of PEG hypersensitivity (delayed and immediate) to PEG-containing substances have been reported since 1977, suggesting that they have unrecognized allergenic potential.", "With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea. Tartar fighting toothpastes have been debated. Case reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal toothpaste containing cinnamon. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been proposed to increase the frequency of mouth ulcers in some people, as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged. In studies conducted by the university of Oslo on recurrent aphthous ulcers, it was found that SLS has a denaturing effect on the oral mucin layer, with high affinity for proteins, thereby increasing epithelial permeability. In a double-blind cross-over study, a significantly higher frequency of aphthous ulcers was demonstrated when patients brushed with an SLS-containing versus a detergent-free toothpaste. Also patients with Oral Lichen Planus who avoided SLS-containing toothpaste benefited.", "After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant taste. Sodium lauryl sulfate alters taste perception. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving food a bitter taste. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste. Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual cold receptors.", "Many toothpastes make whitening claims. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. The abrasive in these toothpastes, not the peroxide, removes the stains. Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to gently polish the teeth or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to break down or dissolve stains. When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear whiter. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel. Teeth whitening gels represent an alternative. A recent systematic review in 2017 concluded that nearly all dentifrices that are specifically formulated for tooth whitening were shown to have a beneficial effect in reducing extrinsic stains, irrespective of whether or not a chemical discoloration agent was added. However, the whitening process can permanently reduce the strength of the teeth, as the process scrapes away a protective outer layer of enamel.", "Companies such as Tom's of Maine, among others, manufacture natural and herbal toothpastes and market them to consumers who wish to avoid the artificial ingredients commonly found in regular toothpastes. Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate. The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. A systemic review in 2014 found insufficient evidence to determine whether the aloe vera herbal dentifrice can reduce plaque or improve gingival health, as the randomized studies were found to be flawed with high risk of bias. According to a study by the Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, many of the herbal toothpastes being sold in India were adulterated with nicotine. Charcoal has also been incorporated in toothpaste formulas; however, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness.", "Striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the Stripe brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year. Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in Stripe) fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments, however, they are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which thereby issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes. In 1990, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO ) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about halfway up its length. Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is a space for the material for one color, which issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes. Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO ), in which two or three layers extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO ), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate design.", "", "Since 5000 BC, the Egyptians made a tooth powder, which consisted of powdered ashes of ox hooves, myrrh, powdered and burnt eggshells, and pumice. The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. In the 9th century, Iraqi musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both \"functional and pleasant to taste\". It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and \"miswak\". During Japan's Edo period, inventor Hiraga Gennai's \"Hika rakuyo\" (1769), contained advertisements for \"Sosekiko\", a \"toothpaste in a box.\" Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century.", "Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good. Arm & Hammer marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and Colgate currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries.", "An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burned bread. Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin), cinnamon, and burned alum. By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide and baking soda was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I. Together with Willoughby D. Miller, Newell Sill Jenkins developed a toothpaste and named it Kolynos, the first toothpaste containing disinfectants. The name's origin is from Greek \"Kolyo nosos\" (κωλύω νόσος), meaning \"disease prevention\". Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe have been uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with Harry Ward Foote (1875-1942), professor of chemistry at Sheffield Chemical Laboratory of Yale University. After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son Leonard A. Jenkins, who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of American Home Products in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars. Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing calcium fluoride as the active ingredient, was sold by Karl F. Toellner Company, of Bremen, Germany, based upon the early work of chemist Albert Deninger. An analogous invention by Roy Cross, of Kansas City, Missouri, was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by Joseph C. Muhler at Indiana University to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically proven fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that \"Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care.\" In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries lesions). After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials, its hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives. In 2006, BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The \"biomimetic hydroxylapatite\" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into fluorapatite.", "In 1880, Doctor Washington Sheffield of New London, CT manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In York in 1896, Colgate & Company Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of lead." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 621, 17262, 20117, 7, 111, 903, 134357, 13, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 4, 91519, 7, 765, 2363, 121641, 146543, 50155, 2363, 4420, 7, 74, 10, 21334, 6, 131803, 83, 7068, 146543, 47, 70, 148, 24816, 7, 136, 115081, 645, 10, 5452, 4293, 4, 186, 302, 4, 707, 10, 150522, 98, 70, 133940, 5, 581, 134357, 56, 50065, 7, 98, 903, 6, 131803, 24189, 70, 91519, 83, 10756, 214, 1295, 70, 121641, 5, 66016, 70, 44540, 621, 146543, 50155, 70, 91519, 25, 7, 4420, 4, 903, 1221, 22304, 10, 4552, 108938, 24503, 136, 7722, 2837, 87632, 111, 70, 121641, 5, 581, 4393, 57888, 111, 70, 28368, 25, 7, 14361, 83, 7068, 8060, 297, 390, 70, 65042, 297, 136, 70796, 538, 47014, 3674, 5608, 56, 221, 27853, 7, 5, 51404, 70, 61353, 45831, 110, 173591, 232796, 4, 442, 831, 22304, 4989, 9, 32166, 24030, 13, 4, 19881, 674, 4, 707, 42728, 19, 82649, 5, 581, 61353, 205794, 113660, 1620, 1861, 289, 6221, 80140, 182260, 4, 105207, 47, 121, 14907, 164, 707, 86669, 111, 129357, 23, 70, 121641, 5, 581, 17932, 143834, 4, 51529, 237, 91, 13722, 1192, 1363, 4, 83, 21373, 47, 70, 5117, 4, 1284, 10, 36549, 111, 36069, 7, 621, 49814, 4, 91084, 450, 70, 91519, 83, 107003, 47, 36069, 24189, 1919, 707, 604, 6817, 83, 186683, 12765, 297, 390, 70, 6, 131803, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 82649, 143434, 390, 70, 72179, 1830, 4, 70, 24503, 7844, 55, 7190, 2806, 22304, 13036, 11405, 47, 70, 65042, 297, 136, 166553, 121641, 4, 105207, 47, 148431, 5608, 1314, 5, 1650, 83, 18822, 71, 450, 38855, 8447, 2516, 131489, 11, 62764, 4, 20271, 1919, 423, 2681, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 7103, 747, 17704, 538, 158, 46181, 214, 26548, 70, 11214, 318, 14449, 23, 171230, 4, 509, 28368, 297, 47, 903, 3173, 111, 6363, 7495, 246, 5, 360, 70, 50960, 20117, 4, 70, 91519, 25, 7, 44540, 621, 146543, 47, 70, 12912, 5, 581, 91519, 83, 2843, 80756, 1295, 70, 44540, 4, 1284, 70, 142, 8828, 7, 621, 146543, 136, 10, 99162, 57888, 83, 220642, 47, 2856, 5, 3293, 1221, 22304, 24503, 136, 7722, 82649, 959, 4734, 47, 70, 121641, 4, 1284, 2843, 47, 70, 6049, 7, 136, 26177, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 25031, 3430, 9494, 4, 112923, 143, 432, 73829, 2322, 5330, 509, 134357, 297, 390, 6363, 7495, 246, 48716, 20028, 8108, 8035, 3884, 47, 47219, 23, 10, 110324, 390, 45811, 289, 15, 73702, 3142, 73829, 2322, 5330, 4, 49903, 4, 198371, 10670, 85018, 71, 1919, 204702, 7, 7103, 8035, 134357, 297, 4, 3129, 155605, 12441, 47, 1919, 149357, 111, 6818, 592, 99, 70, 145054, 5, 3293, 75186, 509, 17569, 47, 186, 11814, 20271, 70, 33965, 39, 52334, 206, 4699, 16765, 111, 33965, 39, 4, 157082, 23, 611, 12231, 47, 134357, 13, 61689, 5281, 43198, 17007, 5, 360, 70, 164034, 94465, 202104, 11491, 4, 101085, 1314, 3542, 1992, 164, 5252, 390, 19441, 2363, 44540, 146543, 50155, 2363, 4420, 4, 136, 7068, 8035, 45890, 297, 98, 10, 5664, 678, 2363, 74261, 1660, 36917, 70, 61585, 100, 23552, 142, 56816, 5, 3293, 509, 2843, 242161, 25958, 11814, 23, 96606, 916, 1657, 46899, 2320, 16010, 100, 34128, 2852, 5911, 111, 11491, 91736, 5, 34525, 538, 70, 1992, 4745, 674, 11814, 53201, 90356, 7, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 109133, 3934, 10, 147568, 17155, 98, 5361, 5664, 7, 221, 450, 91519, 7, 5809, 959, 28702, 3134, 70, 24503, 237, 1836, 5809, 390, 17368, 70, 53201, 5, 212184, 613, 686, 3104, 16162, 2022, 136538, 33022, 7, 111, 1919, 10002, 134858, 111, 6363, 7495, 246, 3229, 8035, 134357, 297, 99, 70, 83572, 202104, 11491, 111, 19953, 6499, 4017, 7570, 23, 95699, 34, 138518, 199458, 5, 2022, 136538, 25, 7, 6, 140815, 289, 76811, 7, 111, 70, 134357, 13, 3542, 99201, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 43240, 390, 70, 6, 70035, 601, 5, 527, 5, 96407, 27245, 15, 10869, 78458, 70, 21261, 44, 102522, 720, 89191, 51029, 581, 44, 131803, 7, 58, 509, 1632, 111, 40368, 134357, 13, 150624, 6, 212423, 99, 70, 572, 28494, 11, 339, 2516, 20204, 191, 4, 5700, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 2548, 5380, 133236, 5, 581, 1764, 509, 11814, 390, 70, 23924, 39272, 7717, 126140, 47, 18276, 4, 134357, 13, 136, 101934, 67, 141621, 71, 4516, 1055, 4, 153161, 15672, 1831, 1055, 51876, 7565, 20271, 54330, 214, 79904, 7, 15, 216561, 4602, 919, 93324, 33876, 1519, 19514, 56, 4, 136, 7082, 19295, 53, 20279, 378, 2940, 14432, 7082, 148643, 268, 4939, 223230, 194, 581, 10, 464, 111, 70, 134357, 13, 509, 56104, 959, 1030, 3181, 2852, 116338, 4677, 74, 43257, 4, 442, 509, 47, 36356, 70, 1221, 111, 70, 101085, 1314, 4, 15044, 11651, 538, 136, 237, 10, 21115, 4, 136, 47, 2046, 59121, 707, 17164, 297, 63805, 7, 1295, 70, 101085, 1314, 2750, 35778, 29367, 345, 5, 294, 5, 55080, 111, 70, 1631, 136, 1645, 52021, 3642, 70, 23924, 39272, 7717, 191607, 2856, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 10586, 28076, 38927, 20413, 13416, 4, 903, 61353, 509, 44, 113458, 538, 6, 212423, 58, 390, 70, 48031, 84616, 111, 176672, 4, 7440, 442, 83, 44, 16345, 25958, 11814, 25842, 678, 11192, 9, 11856, 3408, 7401, 4, 39108, 129517, 4, 186, 26518, 4, 707, 17688, 185679, 1363, 6044, 237, 6, 30590, 1255, 214, 70, 29753, 66695, 707, 57262, 707, 22466, 214, 10, 17431, 69880, 26548, 707, 23, 70, 64331, 707, 123824, 740, 360, 11891, 4, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 28076, 38927, 14037, 176672, 221859, 111, 134357, 13, 100, 6863, 4527, 111, 39531, 184, 10756, 214, 5, 176672, 1556, 2809, 606, 28153, 67175, 390, 159091, 8357, 136, 3789, 21640, 14135, 38109, 94407, 50509, 214, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 61353, 5, 360, 88847, 1632, 111, 70, 104315, 19, 160020, 7, 101934, 3674, 20271, 70, 38004, 110324, 23, 130788, 4, 159, 19417, 13920, 391, 6836, 53429, 4, 11341, 71, 450, 2412, 1902, 2809, 134357, 297, 23, 903, 3917, 5, 10660, 146543, 759, 44540, 50155, 759, 4420, 5, 47009, 1836, 80756, 163, 1295, 10, 1911, 5, 1650, 12319, 7, 1884, 1836, 621, 115851, 214, 398, 1295, 756, 5609, 7, 5, 2646, 9983, 991, 509, 165292, 297, 136, 759, 5608, 1314, 3542, 2837, 116292, 297, 1295, 2363, 124416, 7, 1295, 1733, 47, 1733, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6363, 7495, 246, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 160959, 4, 83, 10, 3173, 111, 134357, 13, 7440, 73, 70, 91519, 25, 7, 44540, 621, 146543, 50155, 2363, 4420, 136, 45890, 297, 390, 10, 6, 131803, 220642, 47, 70, 148, 24816, 7, 4, 205794, 16750, 214, 23, 2837, 116292, 297, 5608, 1314, 5, 150533, 7, 1543, 186, 49814, 47, 70, 14361, 47, 201415, 53, 70, 21543, 136, 51312, 70, 24503, 5, 3293, 8562, 111, 134357, 13, 2806, 137567, 959, 4568, 1286, 3501, 142, 56816, 15490, 10588, 4, 237, 442, 2806, 47041, 16750, 23, 47219, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Variants.", "History.", "Modern instances." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "There are three variants of this torture. In the first, victims have their arms tied behind their backs; a large rope is then tied to the wrists and passed over a pulley, beam, or a hook on the roof. The torturer pulls on this rope until the victim is hanging from the arms. Since the hands are tied behind the victim's back, this will cause a very intense pain and possible dislocation of the arms. The full weight of the subject's body is then supported by the extended and internally rotated shoulder sockets. While the technique shows no external injuries, it can cause long-term nerve, ligament, or tendon damage. The technique typically causes brachial plexus injury, leading to paralysis or loss of sensation in the arms. The second variation, known as squassation, is similar to the first, but a series of drops are added, meaning that the victim is allowed to drop until his or her fall is suddenly checked by the rope. In addition to the damage caused by the suspension, the painful jerk would cause major stress to the extended and vulnerable arms, leading to broken shoulders. It is believed that Niccolò Machiavelli, during his 1513 imprisonment after allegedly conspiring against the Medici family in Florence, was subjected to this form of strappado. In the third variant, the victim's hands are tied to the front. The victim is also hung from the hands, but the ankles are tied and a heavy weight is attached to them. This will cause pain and possible damage not only to the arms, but also to the legs and hips.", "According to William Godwin, Girolamo Savonarola was tortured by strappado multiple times before being put to death in a trial by ordeal (fire); Savonarola, however, apparently renounced his confessions after being tortured, which eventually led to his sentence of burning at the stake. This device was thought to be used during the Salem Witch Trials of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 to torture accused witches.", "In the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, prisoners were punished by having their hands tied behind their back, and then being suspended on a pole with their feet just above the ground for half an hour. This was also systematically used in Dachau Concentration Camp for infringement of camp rules. Originally the punishment used tree branches, but it was moved into a shower room on special poles so that victims could not relieve the pain as they could by using the tree. Holocaust survivor Jean Améry writes of his own experiences of strappado when being tortured at the Nazi concentration camp of Fort Breendonk in occupied Belgium. Améry's analytical descriptions of the torture were included in a number of works by the writer W. G. Sebald (notably the novel \"Austerlitz\"). The \"ropes\" was one of several torture methods employed at the Hỏa Lò Prison, popularly known as the Hanoi Hilton. The site was used by the North Vietnamese Army to house, torture and interrogate captured servicemen, mostly American airmen shot down during bombing raids (including USAF officer Joseph Kittinger, and US Navy pilot [and later US Senator] John McCain). The aim of the torture was usually not acquiring military information; rather, it was to break the will of the prisoners, both individually and as a group, and to get written or recorded statements from the prisoners who criticized U.S. conduct of the war and praised how the North Vietnamese treated them. According to a 1997 Human Rights Watch report, this technique was \"widely employed\" by the security forces of Turkey, where it is \"usually used together with high-pressure water, electric shock, beating, or sexual molestation such as squeezing the testicles or breast or placing a nightstick against or in the vagina or anus\". In 1996, the European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of torture for its use of reverse hanging. Turkey has been admonished by Amnesty International and other international human rights groups concerning the use of the technique. In 2003, one of the Bulgarian nurses interrogated during the HIV trial in Libya, Snezhana Dimitrova, stated that she had been tortured in this way. They tied my hands behind my back. Then they hung me from a door. It feels like they are stretching you from all sides. My torso was twisted and my shoulders were dislocated from their joints from time to time. The pain cannot be described. The translator was shouting, \"Confess or you will die here\". In November 2003, Manadel al-Jamadi, a suspected terrorist, was tortured to death at Abu Ghraib Prison during a Central Intelligence Agency interrogation, by members of the US Military. It was revealed in February 2005 that he had died after 30 minutes of interrogation during which he was suspended by the wrists, bound behind his back. In 2017, video footage was released of Iraqi Army members inflicting strappado torture following successes in the Battle of Mosul." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 101860, 8080, 12008, 70, 5701, 42238, 4935, 5426, 4, 26719, 70, 144314, 53, 75690, 89625, 21068, 5426, 450, 27489, 7, 738, 89045, 29813, 73, 9, 107, 14507, 6953, 133818, 23, 55111, 90, 4, 70, 13380, 7143, 6635, 706, 1760, 450, 23410, 90, 18344, 9120, 133, 9, 143933, 26518, 133818, 136, 40971, 12651, 84382, 133818, 4, 136, 70, 40354, 1294, 68034, 450, 54452, 7, 1100, 133818, 7, 4, 26719, 210279, 7, 136, 239269, 13, 5, 33306, 4, 114149, 285, 53, 207583, 23, 70, 185688, 32354, 214, 5, 6561, 60212, 83, 450, 85825, 450, 765, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 130720, 275, 70, 3564, 58174, 316, 2174, 145520, 14602, 959, 74918, 20271, 450, 105823, 5, 82821, 7, 450, 765, 71018, 141, 105823, 7, 6, 67175, 70, 3564, 58174, 316, 8305, 71018, 1363, 64457, 5, 116267, 60212, 83, 17688, 103488, 5, 360, 114149, 678, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 4, 117776, 7, 621, 137567, 4734, 17688, 538, 36457, 20271, 70, 437, 6563, 15, 31, 525, 6563, 16, 93402, 111, 2363, 105823, 5, 3293, 83, 2843, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 8035, 44, 73, 80097, 1242, 360, 69822, 4, 117776, 7, 111, 114149, 678, 71018, 141, 105823, 7, 831, 186, 17688, 538, 36457, 99, 2499, 1733, 23, 2363, 105823, 4, 3853, 3229, 1836, 621, 959, 1672, 47, 45371, 19309, 5, 28076, 7, 765, 71018, 141, 105823, 7, 43257, 3501, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 5, 10660, 4, 51, 5062, 2684, 3789, 114149, 4, 765, 29024, 11, 6259, 45371, 57860, 4, 10, 92635, 111, 162520, 173591, 24092, 7, 47, 26073, 437, 7263, 10658, 54613, 53, 99, 45371, 57860, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 70, 81273, 47, 24209, 181036, 194, 8622, 621, 4, 49903, 4, 1614, 17991, 24092, 7, 47, 3129, 14135, 11280, 7, 1543, 10862, 78458, 35644, 4, 26719, 65572, 23, 10, 46667, 25, 7, 25454, 18, 136, 40911, 170894, 5, 31384, 25188, 2843, 42459, 7, 450, 24793, 17660, 47, 765, 1286, 17688, 38514, 136, 621, 1286, 502, 86, 47, 17688, 103488, 7108, 8108, 45371, 57860, 5, 82821, 7, 678, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 27983, 765, 51, 11714, 92, 2886, 1810, 19364, 44116, 7, 111, 10658, 54613, 53, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 22, 6504, 17704, 136, 10576, 7844, 117719, 7, 47, 123166, 289, 65572, 1884, 291, 1916, 11782, 7, 5, 44, 68001, 6563, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1829, 42845, 44, 58, 15, 25, 7079, 33, 3285, 25, 4, 242, 15575, 35121, 25, 247, 1295, 160600, 44, 31, 57381, 3666, 58, 15, 39798, 25958, 242, 15575, 35121, 25, 4, 1286, 15636, 4935, 538, 242, 7079, 33, 3285, 25, 4, 25, 7404, 7432, 25, 4, 54940, 3789, 91084, 7, 1884, 242, 4134, 6659, 25, 194, 209052, 25958, 4, 903, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 6, 15575, 35121, 23, 893, 45964, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 450, 1840, 11, 9325, 47, 9983, 674, 28136, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 23742, 23, 604, 30148, 2875, 3173, 390, 3786, 223, 5, 50005, 44652, 988, 11814, 44, 31, 525, 6563, 58, 47, 117414, 242, 7079, 33, 3285, 25, 4, 136, 47, 98363, 17946, 7432, 5, 2005, 42, 11814, 70, 2565, 47, 98363, 249, 6402, 5, 22387, 31, 2843, 11814, 442, 47, 15005, 47, 142, 193, 30494, 289, 22648, 136, 47, 98363, 70, 57289, 44, 33926, 33, 136, 79442, 19, 390, 70, 6, 15575, 35121, 111, 104851, 740, 31384, 124409, 1286, 20903, 538, 90795, 14534, 47, 43581, 91084, 136, 127689, 111, 44, 525, 6563, 830, 56889, 246, 2143, 24073, 174131, 90, 830, 3863, 5, 17461, 5, 17727, 4527, 7, 44, 31, 57381, 3666, 58, 47, 98363, 70, 104851, 111, 67155, 47, 5623, 7710, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 4527, 23, 14941, 509, 678, 10, 91084, 111, 242, 7079, 32916, 297, 36096, 25, 5, 360, 33418, 4, 442, 509, 5117, 11814, 47, 98363, 242, 16014, 23, 85825, 74, 80097, 25, 5, 360, 56101, 136, 2684, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 14941, 4, 70, 10010, 2069, 83, 44, 31, 525, 6563, 58, 707, 15, 40043, 538, 16, 44, 52908, 10058, 7, 740, 360, 756, 14941, 10010, 33992, 4, 70, 110, 309, 3564, 7, 23, 44, 9, 223, 58, 136, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 23, 44, 9, 10821, 740, 12613, 7, 23, 23924, 15672, 14941, 4, 10, 21968, 141, 1543, 186, 151552, 237, 44, 73, 437, 6563, 58, 3229, 442, 83, 23, 450, 17311, 2831, 111, 70, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 5, 62, 22759, 9, 153213, 18614, 25443, 83, 11814, 23, 91067, 47, 85825, 678, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 5, 6561, 707, 40368, 18344, 150, 66695, 111, 70, 40354, 1294, 4034, 47, 55993, 5, 581, 481, 14012, 83, 114149, 29458, 5, 33417, 71407, 903, 93402, 831, 4568, 237, 10176, 237, 1632, 5155, 707, 237, 4989, 237, 17262, 40859, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 114149, 5, 9626, 70, 79507, 111, 210279, 4, 70, 400, 592, 23, 70, 75, 155352, 15, 3611, 58174, 316, 16, 4034, 7, 47, 85493, 5, 31384, 85825, 1543, 16981, 193277, 23410, 17514, 450, 5809, 186, 59714, 53, 5, 581, 117776, 83, 959, 14373, 17688, 538, 10658, 5844, 74, 70, 10332, 88591, 3480, 67, 316, 8, 48281, 1636, 74, 70, 75, 155352, 136, 70, 64331, 45, 2581, 71, 136, 26292, 678, 79552, 4, 24209, 18264, 1340, 136, 23410, 13, 10, 177217, 10821, 79552, 74, 70, 193277, 25277, 2347, 52853, 215447, 1636, 136, 70, 193277, 19932, 18, 25443, 45831, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 351, 9, 10517, 19, 47314, 315, 11030, 27686, 25277, 2347, 150, 289, 38750, 7, 5, 111477, 660, 69407, 100, 44, 3454, 525, 6563, 58, 26698, 44, 3454, 9, 31, 525, 6563, 830, 44, 3454, 525, 1605, 830, 136, 44, 3454, 9, 31, 525, 1605, 740, 12566, 6563, 707, 36, 525, 6563, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 93402, 3229, 70, 117776, 83, 17688, 538, 10658, 5844, 24073, 73, 80097, 51029, 9626, 15913, 1363, 390, 738, 89045, 133141, 238, 133818, 7, 4, 40354, 9893, 18344, 150, 66695, 90638, 136, 210279, 23410, 17514, 1119, 2529, 2363, 129058, 79507, 5, 581, 117776, 7068, 80788, 933, 17688, 538, 10658, 5844, 123166, 4, 10, 16648, 450, 1543, 186, 26073, 297, 390, 75693, 240877, 137043, 65572, 5, 12566, 6563, 83, 39210, 538, 51592, 23, 70, 21968, 38820, 114149, 4, 26719, 2829, 1636, 5, 1650, 83, 17569, 450, 903, 124735, 17688, 10658, 54613, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 707, 36, 525, 6563, 105823, 15, 820, 14, 4126, 1295, 42845, 44, 31, 525, 6563, 58, 44, 7079, 33, 3285, 830, 7311, 538, 1295, 160600, 1038, 249828, 112057, 235, 44, 31, 57381, 3666, 58, 44, 15575, 35121, 18939, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 456, 64240, 214, 240877, 137043, 289, 65572, 450, 621, 135989, 297, 390, 42238, 4935, 133818, 7, 23, 2684, 21968, 38820, 70, 9893, 117776, 7, 5, 241, 6639, 223, 105823, 7, 4034, 7103, 17688, 28206, 2481, 23, 117776, 7, 136, 621, 206735, 297, 390, 142, 60451, 223, 93402, 7, 707, 390, 479, 7456, 117538, 5, 33417, 71407, 4, 6, 60451, 223, 105823, 7, 21342, 24189, 47219, 5, 31384, 85825, 1543, 44116, 59714, 53, 193277, 2837, 69674, 4, 27983, 121742, 19, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Differences from the menstrual cycle.", "Etymology and nomenclature.", "Four phases.", "Proestrus.", "Estrus.", "Metestrus or diestrus.", "Anestrus.", "Cycle variability.", "Frequency.", "Specific species.", "Cats.", "Dogs.", "Horses.", "Rats.", "Bison.", "Others." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary gland that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself that releases sex hormones, including estrogens and progesterone. However, species vary significantly in the detailed functioning. One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles resorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. Another difference is sexual activity. In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the estrus (oestrus) phase of their cycle. This is also referred to as being \"in heat.\" In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans have menstrual cycles rather than estrous cycles. They, unlike most other species, have concealed ovulation, a lack of obvious external signs to signal estral receptivity at ovulation (i.e., the ability to become pregnant). There are, however, subtle signs to which human males may favorably respond, including changes in a woman's scent and facial appearance. Some research also suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation. Animals with estrous cycles often have unmistakable outward displays of receptivity, ranging from engorged and colorful genitals to behavioral changes like mating calls.", "\"Estrus\" is derived via Latin \"\" ('frenzy', 'gadfly'), from Greek \"oîstros\" (literally 'gadfly', more figuratively 'frenzy','madness', among other meanings like 'breeze'). Specifically, this refers to the gadfly in Ancient Greek mythology that Hera sent to torment Io, who had been won in her heifer form by Zeus. Euripides used \"oestrus\" to indicate 'frenzy', and to describe madness. Homer used the word to describe panic. Plato also used it to refer to an irrational drive and to describe the soul \"driven and drawn by the gadfly of desire\". Somewhat more closely aligned to current meaning and usage of \"estrus\", Herodotus (\"Histories\", ch. 93.1) uses \"oîstros\" to describe the desire of fish to spawn. The earliest use in English was with a meaning of 'frenzied passion'. In 1900, it was first used to describe 'rut in animals; heat'. In British and most Commonwealth English, the spelling is \"oestrus\" or (rarely) \"œstrus\". In all English spellings, the noun ends in \"-us\" and the adjective in \"-ous\". Thus in North American English, a mammal may be described as \"in estrus\" when it is in that particular part of the estrous cycle.", "A four-phase terminology is used in reference to animals with estrous cycles.", "One or several follicles of the ovary start to grow. Their number is species specific. Typically this phase can last as little as one day or as long as three weeks, depending on the species. Under the influence of estrogen, the lining in the uterus (endometrium) starts to develop. Some animals may experience vaginal secretions that could be bloody. The female is not yet sexually receptive; the old corpus luteum degenerates; the uterus and the vagina distend and fill with fluid, become contractile and secrete a sanguinous fluid; the vaginal epithelium proliferates and the vaginal cytology shows a large number of non-cornified nucleated epithelial cells. Variant terms for \"proestrus\" include \"pro-oestrus\", \"proestrum\", and \"pro-oestrum\".", "Estrus or oestrus refers to the phase when the female is sexually receptive (\"in heat\"). Under regulation by gonadotropic hormones, ovarian follicles mature and estrogen secretions exert their biggest influence. The female then exhibits sexually receptive behavior, a situation that may be signaled by visible physiologic changes. Estrus is commonly seen in the mammalian species, including primates. It is thought that this increased sexual receptivity serves the function of helping the female obtain mates with superior genetic quality. This phase is sometimes called estrum or oestrum. In some species, the labia are reddened. Ovulation may occur spontaneously in others. Especially among quadrupeds, a signal trait of estrus is the lordosis reflex, in which the animal spontaneously elevates her hindquarters.", "This phase is characterized by the activity of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. The signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the corpus luteum starts to form. The uterine lining begins to appear. In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but is reorganized for the next cycle. Other spellings include \"metoestrus\", \"metestrum\", \"metoestrum\", \"dioestrus\", \"diestrum\", and \"dioestrum\".", "Anestrus refers to the phase when the sexual cycle rests. This is typically a seasonal event and controlled by light exposure through the pineal gland that releases melatonin. Melatonin may repress stimulation of reproduction in long-day breeders and stimulate reproduction in short-day breeders. Melatonin is thought to act by regulating the hypothalamic pulse activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Anestrus is induced by time of year, pregnancy, lactation, significant illness, chronic energy deficit, and possibly age. Chronic exposure to anabolic steroids may also induce a persistent anestrus due to negative feedback on the hypothalamus/pituitary/gonadal axis. Other spellings include \"anoestrus\", \"anestrum\", and \"anoestrum\". After completion (or abortion) of a pregnancy, some species have \"postpartum estrus\", which is ovulation and corpus luteum production that occurs immediately following the birth of the young. For example, the mouse has a fertile postpartum estrus that occurs 14 to 24 hours following parturition.", "Estrous cycle variability differs among species, but cycles are typically more frequent in smaller animals. Even within species significant variability can be observed, thus cats may undergo an estrous cycle of 3 to 7 weeks. Domestication can affect estrous cycles due to changes in the environment.", "Some species, such as cats, cows and domestic pigs, are polyestrous, meaning that they can go into heat several times per year. Seasonally polyestrous animals or seasonal breeders have more than one estrous cycle during a specific time of the year and can be divided into short-day and long-day breeders: Species that go into heat twice per year are diestrous. Canines are diestrous. Monoestrous species, such as bears, foxes, and wolves, have only one breeding season per year, typically in spring to allow growth of the offspring during the warm season to aid survival during the next winter. A few mammalian species, such as rabbits and cats, do not have an estrous cycle, instead being induced to ovulate by the act of mating and are able to conceive at almost any arbitrary moment. Generally speaking, the timing of estrus is coordinated with seasonal availability of food and other circumstances such as migration, predation etc., the goal being to maximize the offspring's chances of survival. Some species are able to modify their estral timing in response to external conditions.", "", "The female cat in heat has an estrus of 14 to 21 days and is generally characterized as an induced ovulator, since coitus induces ovulation. However, various incidents of spontaneous ovulation have been documented in the domestic cat and various non-domestic species. Without ovulation, she may enter interestrus, which is the combined stages of diestrus and anestrus, before reentering estrus. With the induction of ovulation, the female becomes pregnant or undergoes a non-pregnant luteal phase, also known as pseudopregnancy. Cats are polyestrous but experience a seasonal anestrus in autumn and late winter.", "A female dog is usually diestrous (goes into heat typically twice per year), although some breeds typically have one or three cycles per year. The proestrus is relatively long at 5 to 9 days, while the estrus may last 4 to 13 days, with a diestrus of 60 days followed by about 90 to 150 days of anestrus. Female dogs bleed during estrus, which usually lasts from 7–13 days, depending on the size and maturity of the dog. Ovulation occurs 24–48 hours after the luteinizing hormone peak, which occurs around the fourth day of estrus; therefore, this is the best time to begin breeding. Proestrus bleeding in dogs is common and is believed to be caused by diapedesis of red blood cells from the blood vessels due to the increase of the estradiol-17β hormone.", "A mare may be in heat for 4 to 10 days, followed by approximately 14 days in diestrus. Thus, a cycle may be short, totaling approximately 3 weeks. Horses mate in spring and summer; autumn is a transition time, and anestrus occurs during winter. A feature of the fertility cycle of horses and other large herd animals is that it is usually affected by the seasons. The number of hours daily that light enters the eye of the animal affects the brain, which governs the release of certain precursors and hormones. When daylight hours are few, these animals \"shut down,\" become anestrous, and do not become fertile. As the days grow longer, the longer periods of daylight cause the hormones that activate the breeding cycle to be released. As it happens, this benefits these animals in that, given a gestation period of about eleven months, it prevents them from having young when the cold of winter would make their survival risky.", "Rats typically have rapid cycle times of 4 to 5 days. Although they ovulate spontaneously, they do not develop a fully functioning corpus luteum unless they receive coital stimulation. Fertile mating leads to pregnancy in this way, but infertile mating leads to a state of pseudopregnancy lasting about 10 days. Mice and hamsters have similar behaviour. The events of the cycle are strongly influenced by lighting periodicity. A set of follicles starts to develop near the end of proestrus and grows at a nearly constant rate until the beginning of the subsequent estrus when the growth rates accelerate eightfold. Ovulation occurs about 109 hours after the start of follicle growth. Oestrogen peaks at about 11 am on the day of proestrus. Between then and midnight there is a surge in progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and ovulation occurs at about 4 am on the next estrus day. The following day, metestrus, is called early diestrus or diestrus I. During this day, the corpora lutea grow to a maximal volume, achieved within 24 hours of ovulation. They remain at that size for three days, halve in size before the metestrus of the next cycle and then shrink abruptly before estrus of the cycle after that. Thus the ovaries of cycling rats contain three different sets of corpora lutea at different phases of development.", "Buffalo have an estrous cycle of about 22 to 24 days. Buffalo are known for difficult estrus detection. This is one major reason for being less productive than cattle. During four phases of its estrous cycle, mean weight of corpus luteum has been found to be 1.23±0.22g (metestrus), 3.15±0.10g (early diestrus), 2.25±0.32g (late diestrus), and 1.89±0.31g (proestrus/estrus), respectively. The plasma progesterone concentration was 1.68±0.37, 4.29±0.22, 3.89±0.33, and 0.34±0.14 ng/ml while mean vascular density (mean number of vessels/10 microscopic fields at 400x) in corpus luteum was 6.33±0.99, 18.00±0.86, 11.50±0.76, and 2.83±0.60 during the metestrus, early diestrus, late diestrus and proestrus/estrus, respectively.", "Estrus frequencies of some other mammals:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7550, 132641, 7, 62038, 67, 23, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 10660, 3542, 5117, 85727, 27686, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 82167, 136, 70, 174715, 14098, 46684, 5, 353, 4935, 15672, 3395, 3514, 434, 4262, 132641, 7, 237, 10, 13081, 254, 1295, 82167, 47, 174715, 25730, 5, 360, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 70, 5117, 13081, 254, 91566, 7, 3542, 91048, 1295, 21629, 47, 14713, 390, 88898, 4295, 5, 7550, 132641, 7, 621, 56104, 43156, 77253, 707, 117, 33, 93, 289, 18153, 7, 450, 23, 3060, 114149, 831, 55993, 47, 10, 155955, 111, 707, 1286, 5, 10660, 81148, 1632, 707, 1286, 38134, 4, 33949, 65226, 9723, 15, 132641, 10336, 7, 247, 678, 124498, 205811, 62656, 137130, 933, 99, 70, 50782, 136, 205811, 707, 29475, 191, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 10, 119455, 64, 2822, 16, 17116, 137130, 933, 46132, 5, 48752, 289, 122360, 289, 98174, 4295, 111, 44, 841, 5, 3398, 21426, 58, 765, 4842, 9, 46133, 297, 62656, 137130, 933, 74, 756, 111, 2856, 36418, 1295, 10, 11001, 7311, 842, 18211, 5, 133698, 75678, 4, 4262, 132641, 7, 139, 18, 20271, 70, 5155, 47, 2577, 70, 4262, 1284, 7279, 24145, 1836, 9842, 29695, 306, 214, 5, 3293, 28560, 214, 111, 70, 4262, 23, 27150, 4262, 132641, 10336, 7, 83, 35839, 50651, 31, 29813, 8780, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 1836, 621, 90638, 4, 4262, 132641, 7, 137567, 2577, 28, 4438, 5, 581, 112664, 111, 4262, 132641, 7, 8305, 50651, 31, 29813, 8780, 96276, 237, 70, 4262, 132641, 28960, 7, 70, 4262, 4, 70, 198274, 5609, 111, 70, 4262, 132641, 36418, 9842, 7, 47, 183278, 67, 75678, 133818, 7, 136, 903, 113660, 75678, 3129, 456, 80581, 7, 70, 4262, 132641, 5, 581, 166904, 136, 24887, 53, 36418, 83, 90356, 71, 23, 70, 1407, 56, 2831, 23, 56409, 18153, 7, 1284, 83, 56104, 51, 169074, 71, 23, 85727, 27686, 98174, 4295, 5, 581, 29333, 5330, 67, 31358, 7, 621, 168, 19888, 136, 27983, 47593, 53, 5, 581, 92319, 31358, 7, 621, 198274, 4, 3361, 13, 4, 707, 27983, 26498, 9, 2420, 20051, 5, 10660, 621, 157167, 67175, 121392, 538, 390, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 62656, 137130, 933, 15, 434, 3220, 13379, 16, 621, 122175, 13, 4, 136, 390, 70, 169424, 98, 70, 28338, 189067, 111, 10, 14320, 7332, 450, 83, 111, 6626, 10, 7710, 9, 5062, 105994, 7, 450, 621, 377, 39367, 10821, 15, 86673, 83, 4, 72546, 149, 934, 297, 136, 6817, 214, 99, 28206, 2481, 194, 31384, 114149, 2843, 765, 78301, 16610, 56, 105994, 7, 23, 70, 14320, 7332, 4, 136, 1632, 114149, 21, 22824, 10, 14320, 7332, 167969, 5, 116267, 121392, 60213, 450, 157167, 114942, 70, 107396, 1286, 28702, 78458, 4, 1284, 144570, 10, 11948, 70820, 47, 1957, 4, 83, 70, 169424, 111, 10, 197097, 4, 6024, 8969, 120087, 114689, 85, 429, 99, 70, 1747, 3355, 111, 70, 20623, 5, 27766, 9319, 4, 70, 137130, 933, 111, 10, 4262, 132641, 621, 137356, 71, 23, 10, 6083, 144252, 5, 84572, 41159, 83, 51592, 54940, 70, 117, 33, 93, 289, 114149, 450, 3249, 1257, 70, 11876, 92, 111, 8382, 23, 70, 107396, 5, 31384, 765, 2684, 707, 756, 111, 70, 21334, 31358, 7, 23, 10, 2062, 62809, 99, 70, 3647, 111, 70, 18153, 136, 27489, 10, 86608, 4209, 36418, 450, 1556, 31358, 7, 450, 621, 34390, 71, 23, 13267, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 117, 33, 93, 16765, 765, 28338, 189067, 450, 621, 167969, 205811, 4, 1284, 10, 10846, 765, 28338, 189067, 678, 91705, 4745, 459, 7438, 5, 6561, 114149, 4, 44, 841, 5, 44210, 143, 830, 21, 22824, 62656, 189067, 144, 239483, 5, 44, 60785, 26865, 6378, 58, 114149, 621, 11814, 237, 15381, 18153, 7, 390, 70, 21, 26091, 13, 111, 5941, 95, 45226, 78478, 10133, 5, 581, 40, 297, 7, 111, 44, 841, 5, 3398, 21426, 58, 621, 11814, 237, 14135, 15381, 5, 581, 75678, 111, 10, 4262, 132641, 56566, 7, 81113, 538, 98, 6863, 101412, 121312, 136, 76615, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 34003, 442, 83, 35020, 71, 1221, 765, 93425, 98, 6863, 34754, 5, 7550, 132641, 34754, 83, 18507, 47314, 390, 10, 36549, 111, 55670, 4935, 36541, 7, 136, 42238, 4935, 36541, 7, 450, 831, 186, 83324, 71, 390, 135812, 214, 70, 10336, 7, 707, 5201, 32845, 206, 111, 10, 11001, 10336, 707, 90356, 71, 10336, 5, 581, 34419, 111, 231527, 25924, 1556, 7968, 53, 64807, 70, 24725, 111, 67842, 31355, 79556, 9, 77007, 92895, 52825, 7, 98, 70, 75678, 111, 4262, 132641, 7, 5, 97163, 53208, 31355, 17957, 509, 14037, 47, 27489, 11522, 31355, 79556, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 3501, 75, 1283, 4, 3129, 51339, 297, 11522, 23, 27226, 9, 98334, 13, 58555, 5, 360, 30089, 4, 10, 36998, 5426, 111, 36049, 35839, 70, 30701, 372, 66, 9, 6548, 132641, 5426, 83, 11814, 12, 4262, 132641, 7, 621, 35020, 71, 5117, 4, 136, 7068, 30701, 372, 66, 13081, 6423, 28960, 4, 6, 241866, 17, 19298, 14922, 7, 136, 118055, 3622, 4262, 132641, 36049, 136, 18348, 41159, 5, 7550, 132641, 7, 621, 56104, 35020, 71, 23, 70, 120069, 127067, 9022, 707, 144477, 9022, 10776, 7, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 21612, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 10776, 7, 4, 4262, 132641, 7, 621, 55993, 19, 23, 70, 86595, 111, 102044, 53, 34003, 7, 4, 136, 30701, 372, 10133, 831, 7068, 186, 35020, 71, 23, 70, 51065, 5, 42477, 1314, 765, 103876, 71, 450, 70, 30701, 372, 66, 9, 6548, 132641, 55300, 111, 21873, 1363, 5809, 186, 53333, 52295, 71, 8305, 65572, 23, 92895, 52825, 4527, 5, 581, 43581, 55300, 1556, 2809, 127887, 47, 765, 24491, 156444, 24725, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 114149, 125296, 71, 23, 70, 107396, 12, 581, 25632, 114149, 3542, 198395, 99201, 23, 70, 107396, 44, 60785, 26865, 6378, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 93219, 1236, 6378, 15, 16, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 18153, 7, 48402, 214, 1672, 2358, 114149, 5, 218288, 100, 17262, 114149, 23, 25134, 21629, 4, 756, 44, 60785, 26865, 6378, 58, 114149, 621, 24, 4935, 47, 23924, 21629, 136, 15881, 21629, 5, 581, 39210, 123055, 44, 6548, 132641, 58, 136, 44, 277, 3796, 4262, 132641, 58, 205794, 15005, 47, 70, 5700, 77253, 114149, 44, 60785, 26865, 6378, 3398, 21426, 830, 124901, 68807, 6, 132641, 10336, 7, 23, 162515, 678, 70, 17358, 60291, 6713, 1884, 70, 4262, 5, 3293, 136, 3789, 114149, 4, 959, 78458, 58332, 17662, 3089, 350, 24073, 841, 5, 43333, 3666, 223, 74054, 621, 98174, 3674, 23, 79197, 2182, 10776, 7, 136, 3060, 143257, 10776, 7, 237, 15381, 13081, 6423, 100, 118103, 4, 377, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Origin.", "Morphology.", "Growth stages.", "Production.", "Fertilizer use.", "Production in Brazil.", "Diversity.", "Accepted species.", "Formerly included." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Sunflowers originate in the Americas. They were first domesticated in what is now Mexico and the Southern United States. Native American people grew sunflowers as a crop from Mexico to Southern Canada. In the 16th century the first crop breeds were brought from America to Europe by explorers.", "Sunflowers are usually tall annual or perennial plants that in some species can grow to a height of or more. They bear one or more wide, terminal capitula (flower heads), with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a brown/red) disc florets inside. Several ornamental cultivars of \"H. annuus\" have red-colored ray florets; all of them stem from a single original mutant. During growth, sunflowers tilt during the day to face the sun but stop once they begin blooming. This tracking of the sun in young sunflower heads is called heliotropism. By the time they are mature, sunflowers generally face east. The movement of sunflowers through heliotropism happens as the sunflower follows the sun, the opposite side of the sunflower stem begins to accumulate growth hormones and this causes growth which redirects the sunflower. The rough and hairy stem is branched in the upper part in wild plants but is usually unbranched in domesticated cultivars. The petiolate leaves are dentate and often sticky. The lower leaves are opposite, ovate, or often heart-shaped. They are distinguished technically by the fact that the ray florets (when present) are sterile, and by the presence on the disk flowers of a pappus that is of two awn-like scales that are caducous (that is, easily detached and falling at maturity). Some species also have additional shorter scales in the pappus, and one species lacks a pappus entirely. Another technical feature that distinguishes the genus more reliably, but requires a microscope to see, is the presence of a prominent, multicellular appendage at the apex of the style. Further, the florets of a sunflower are arranged in a natural spiral. Variability is seen among the perennial species that make up the bulk of those in the genus. Some have most or all of the large leaves in a rosette at the base of the plant and produce a flowering stem that has leaves that are reduced in size. Most of the perennials have disk flowers that are entirely yellow, but a few have disk flowers with reddish lobes. One species, \"H. radula\", lacks ray flowers altogether. \"Helianthus\" species are used as food plants by the larvae of many lepidopterans. The seeds of \"H. annuus\" are used as human food.", "The growth of a sunflower depends strictly on its genetic makeup and background. Additionally, the season it is planted will have effects on its development. Sunflower development is classified by a series of vegetative stages and reproductive stages that can be determined by identifying the heads or main branch of a single head or branched head.", "", "The Journal of Environmental Management has analyzed the impact of various nitrogen-based fertilizers on the growth of sunflowers. Ammonium nitrate was found to produce better nitrogen absorption than urea, which performed better in low-temperature areas.", "In Brazil, a unique system of production called the soybean-sunflower system is used: sunflowers are planted first, and then soybean crops follow, reducing idle periods and increasing total sunflower production and profitability. Sunflowers are usually planted in the extreme southern or northern regions of the country. Frequently, in the southern regions, sunflowers are grown in the beginning of rainy seasons, and soybeans can then be planted in the summer. Researchers have concluded that the soybean-sunflower method of plantation could be further improved through changes in fertilizer use. The current method has been shown to have positive environmental impacts.", "", "There are many species recognized in the genus:", "The following species were previously included in the genus \"Helianthus\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 13000, 53, 112537, 53, 111, 756, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 114149, 35509, 98, 10, 2878, 1363, 297, 17664, 297, 9, 51734, 9631, 90, 3378, 114137, 111, 10, 59671, 22293, 2053, 3509, 111, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 136, 72249, 22293, 27583, 40, 26513, 5170, 390, 799, 147, 82, 144, 5, 117593, 4, 71062, 297, 678, 165082, 114149, 5, 8273, 48281, 23, 6, 65665, 28960, 58427, 53, 15, 179937, 2077, 13000, 53, 112537, 13, 9523, 456, 238478, 7, 17368, 10, 162515, 111, 72249, 136, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 27583, 40, 26513, 5170, 72941, 2844, 3674, 678, 165082, 7, 47, 25902, 67, 10, 4188, 111, 45, 814, 110343, 7, 42459, 7, 450, 70, 107396, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 45, 74789, 71, 1295, 70, 22556, 4950, 7, 23, 107396, 44, 10581, 23150, 78478, 223, 830, 6863, 114015, 24643, 191, 4, 1672, 714, 19879, 5369, 6650, 5, 581, 53894, 525, 65450, 54940, 82424, 38043, 114149, 111, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 83, 607, 297, 47, 6780, 1837, 19879, 5369, 6650, 136, 84797, 7, 107396, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 3934, 6626, 26580, 988, 12, 26580, 112, 87, 450, 37105, 7, 47, 70, 5744, 57571, 735, 1181, 4, 1482, 13, 9, 53370, 3674, 4, 50997, 4, 136, 1631, 111443, 4262, 84433, 4, 136, 10, 26580, 112, 1995, 450, 96853, 70, 5744, 4989, 9, 28575, 4, 4842, 9, 4134, 11, 14437, 4, 42874, 875, 184, 297, 4, 15265, 147, 4, 136, 4842, 9, 53370, 3674, 4262, 84433, 15, 21231, 40059, 242, 683, 3038, 112537, 53, 25, 36917, 194, 581, 5527, 214, 111, 903, 40140, 2320, 19732, 166904, 538, 42518, 7, 678, 70, 102256, 81949, 329, 86, 226586, 1830, 450, 16750, 297, 23, 124735, 187, 532, 2481, 98, 70, 111719, 7, 111, 23924, 21629, 136, 10, 149307, 1295, 57, 2187, 10697, 47, 27689, 7, 15534, 4, 102971, 70, 89515, 329, 111, 6097, 156444, 65572, 47, 70, 28, 137089, 111, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 83, 51, 119488, 5, 438, 165082, 7, 220, 6332, 1234, 79850, 95486, 297, 47, 107396, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 621, 82424, 51529, 1295, 70, 19983, 4935, 36418, 9, 2256, 4588, 450, 8110, 765, 13835, 71, 17721, 714, 13386, 19879, 5369, 6650, 4, 175884, 2684, 111, 70, 39395, 81949, 329, 86, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 22759, 1119, 2311, 15390, 114149, 111, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 621, 51529, 1295, 70, 165082, 17164, 12, 8622, 621, 99, 19713, 6626, 237, 14373, 9232, 34601, 71, 165082, 114149, 111, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 450, 58359, 4420, 47, 70, 86991, 81949, 329, 86, 12, 32964, 3789, 1286, 17309, 165082, 114149, 108975, 47, 186, 20903, 538, 144, 71516, 47, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 6, 76075, 7921, 830, 136, 160463, 2363, 67896, 150, 525, 74918, 42, 6620, 1543, 186, 20903, 47, 70, 45, 814, 110343, 111, 70, 42592, 429, 105207, 47, 70, 5744, 1631, 111443, 1295, 3789, 114149, 111, 44, 5267, 771, 2179, 58, 12, 8622, 621, 82424, 702, 125296, 71, 114149, 23, 903, 107396, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 161751, 2179, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 63335, 36448, 67155, 23, 70, 4262, 84433, 14449, 4, 6, 59441, 54689, 85, 13, 4, 23, 70, 12989, 908, 318, 48429, 7, 5, 181799, 70, 2684, 75530, 16523, 2886, 114149, 111, 903, 107396, 83, 70, 57571, 735, 1181, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Phylogeny.", "Evolutionary history.", "Fossil record.", "Species." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Phylogeny of all \"Lepomis\" species based on a partitioned mixed-model Bayesian analysis of a seven gene dataset of mitochondrial and nuclear gene DNA sequences by Near et al. (2005), expanded with fossil species. Subgenera in bold follow Bailey (1938):", "Phylogenetic reconstructions using a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences calibrated with fossils to estimate ages of divergences suggests that the genus \"Lepomis\" diverged from the black bass in genus \"Micropterus\", its sister taxon, about 25 million years ago. The deepest split among currently living species of \"Lepomis\" is dated to ~15 million years ago and separates genus \"Lepomis\" into two clades: clade I that leads to the modern bluegill, orange-spotted, green, and warmouth sunfish, and a clade II that includes the modern long-ear, red-breasted, pumpkinseed, redear, and red-spotted sunfish (see section 'Phylogeny' above). The timing of this speciation event roughly corresponds with the Middle Miocene disruption that resulted in increased aridity on the plains of North America and a transition from savannah to grasslands, although the relevance of these environmental changes to the evolution of \"Lepomis\" is unclear.", "No fossils unambiguously assigned to genus \"Lepomis\" are currently known from the putative stem-lineage that must have existed between 25-15 million years ago, spanning most of the early Miocene. Currently, four extinct species of \"Lepomis\" are known from the fossil record: There are at least two as yet undescribed fossil species of \"Lepomis\" that reach back to the middle Miocene: Two other more recent fossil species appear to be closely allied to \"Lepomis gulosus\", and indeed their earliest occurrence may be close to the divergence of the lineage leading to the modern warmouth from other species of \"Lepomis\":", "There are currently 13 recognized species in this genus:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 58923, 228736, 509, 103122, 58923, 127394, 24453, 669, 4, 70, 17932, 111, 22759, 20020, 4, 23, 261, 155283, 76639, 7, 46542, 23, 10542, 104588, 47064, 4, 2356, 5753, 5, 4687, 1902, 1632, 114210, 82953, 4, 4939, 4, 136, 6626, 27150, 56, 114015, 7, 4, 41193, 136, 127394, 89596, 5, 1840, 67373, 4, 151992, 9079, 141, 43816, 18055, 4, 509, 103122, 23, 64972, 47, 102374, 9, 11670, 114686, 177705, 7, 4, 37405, 136, 124172, 43816, 18055, 5, 18763, 114015, 24009, 241, 5, 9173, 3232, 100512, 10, 959, 297, 172647, 2750, 79786, 98, 37348, 111, 24793, 25, 7, 92895, 2481, 136, 43904, 96335, 5, 1529, 14432, 98816, 1919, 9351, 47, 19824, 24453, 669, 5, 1529, 41361, 71, 141778, 27165, 23, 2356, 5753, 100, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 19802, 4, 26719, 8753, 133, 38970, 100225, 25877, 31947, 4, 11531, 70035, 7, 1950, 18345, 1172, 1977, 136, 21763, 155484, 4, 136, 5885, 22104, 7, 6044, 237, 103939, 8, 50368, 592, 136, 7880, 137514, 265, 5, 1913, 24453, 669, 25, 7, 50336, 4, 155484, 54397, 70, 11531, 44, 9506, 1127, 58, 3229, 24453, 669, 25, 7, 76849, 509, 22759, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 17164, 297, 390, 131007, 53, 91865, 23, 40191, 136, 23409, 47, 14012, 106, 98, 70, 116287, 7, 5, 52455, 29526, 103122, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 3542, 24, 4806, 58923, 23, 8382, 5369, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 17164, 297, 13438, 23, 36102, 390, 34965, 3342, 136, 262, 66, 5, 228736, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 127394, 13156, 15, 40062, 17859, 1679, 16, 24453, 669, 4, 509, 1295, 10, 30839, 845, 114686, 14449, 5, 1840, 67373, 509, 9920, 821, 5, 17859, 1679, 4, 14037, 56, 111, 70, 17859, 1679, 33734, 203538, 4343, 23, 198193, 4, 157997, 5, 24453, 669, 150180, 71, 1295, 76639, 7, 46542, 19694, 19188, 23, 41722, 5, 4687, 7068, 29966, 297, 70, 1446, 15477, 29693, 111, 67455, 64624, 4, 7440, 2412, 75204, 142, 6, 228214, 111, 64624, 79385, 23, 40418, 5, 1840, 82953, 4939, 4, 2750, 22282, 71, 27165, 1884, 2363, 67373, 4, 14432, 100512, 10208, 228736, 25, 7, 200866, 136, 31095, 5, 58923, 12601, 2822, 31425, 136, 85825, 5, 24372, 25975, 26518, 1295, 1446, 15477, 29693, 4, 2412, 29966, 297, 70, 12535, 111, 157487, 136, 13036, 297, 23, 5885, 81693, 5, 51404, 58923, 509, 35187, 214, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 157487, 4, 604, 42732, 509, 152388, 23, 70, 38576, 150631, 111, 15672, 75353, 189932, 106, 23, 80362, 2063, 9631, 4, 44109, 7, 4, 2356, 5753, 5, 88949, 111, 604, 42732, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 58923, 3514, 434, 47, 35463, 26983, 214, 390, 1831, 5, 360, 157487, 2412, 34739, 1257, 31425, 6, 110092, 237, 10, 63645, 5, 24372, 604, 42732, 68, 71, 23, 38576, 4, 58923, 139505, 13892, 10745, 6872, 5, 581, 24941, 1902, 10, 76849, 4, 54953, 9319, 4, 23, 14487, 38576, 5, 1840, 42732, 1902, 186, 944, 257, 5252, 58923, 17265, 47, 6867, 98, 4, 33233, 678, 10, 14012, 111, 167224, 178829, 7, 5, 581, 24941, 168265, 71, 23, 31017, 5, 58923, 138755, 71, 17368, 604, 409, 555, 9351, 5, 4687, 100512, 10, 116816, 1419, 136, 68669, 195644, 100, 44, 7763, 7710, 619, 74831, 58, 41260, 5, 360, 31017, 4, 2412, 100512, 79880, 25958, 75412, 678, 6765, 10017, 1507, 4, 10, 23182, 81828, 56, 5, 4687, 22282, 71, 70, 3917, 764, 79786, 20271, 16186, 106443, 7, 4, 52080, 3642, 764, 5423, 1257, 51876, 7, 136, 145755, 6, 177476, 136, 166577, 5, 14847, 2412, 80723, 47, 54, 1286, 111, 604, 10002, 106443, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 678, 19612, 94407, 4, 764, 2804, 764, 509, 44, 162, 27706, 67175, 58, 99, 3642, 72546, 2412, 509, 19048, 47, 5646, 6226, 111, 51, 882, 538, 707, 51, 587, 134364, 13, 19612, 72004, 5, 4687, 5809, 2046, 604, 28368, 7, 47, 54, 66161, 2367, 2412, 36663, 15490, 5045, 57574, 7, 5, 10017, 1507, 2804, 450, 162049, 13950, 94407, 509, 44, 11, 59714, 53, 24503, 23, 70, 108, 2594, 5, 4966, 678, 70, 113856, 58923, 4, 756, 903, 98816, 27, 14240, 2363, 46223, 3542, 6520, 14534, 98, 604, 1242, 10017, 1507, 509, 2843, 204971, 390, 70, 6, 130687, 111, 24453, 669, 25, 7, 76849, 5, 44, 9506, 1127, 136, 87, 2806, 2046, 11192, 136, 54953, 9319, 2806, 5154, 70, 2684, 44613, 8966, 27, 87, 25, 71, 5351, 4, 242, 73243, 83, 51575, 6499, 1507, 99, 37195, 5369, 10332, 38, 25, 58, 1529, 15190, 7, 450, 764, 14037, 58923, 25, 7, 76755, 678, 54953, 9319, 10, 44, 104643, 108654, 214, 43585, 111, 604, 6897, 678, 903, 58867, 29041, 1242, 2161, 1632, 46505, 4, 3229, 70, 41260, 75204, 142, 194134, 47, 81828, 70, 166693, 47002, 7, 20271, 10, 17164, 82641, 19085, 98, 10, 151, 5204, 4, 24453, 669, 109312, 149849, 297, 47, 33636, 70, 104345, 237, 6863, 81828, 56, 5, 581, 16186, 106443, 94419, 10, 174548, 6275, 23, 604, 6897, 12, 24453, 669, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 959, 204971, 678, 604, 69236, 111, 141753, 10, 81828, 56, 98, 604, 10002, 5, 1529, 36663, 604, 47, 1379, 78219, 23113, 23189, 678, 10, 23182, 81828, 56, 5, 44, 110355, 4, 87, 8306, 1902, 70, 201010, 100, 450, 4, 58, 2412, 2804, 5, 44, 568, 1902, 47, 63207, 759, 34698, 7, 1242, 4966, 2412, 22282, 71, 70, 6, 110092, 111, 111649, 7, 99, 40466, 23, 157487, 1379, 1391, 5076, 135442, 63590, 56, 136, 100512, 142, 10, 5518, 31425, 63645, 1419, 4, 17368, 10, 11192, 9, 161789, 636, 2063, 15593, 5, 62, 10846, 21775, 7103, 604, 166693, 47002, 7, 106443, 4, 2412, 509, 107003, 4420, 7, 16852, 99, 4687, 11, 88260, 4, 7440, 70, 130904, 51339, 297, 5, 24453, 669, 1902, 21647, 297, 3060, 16981, 23, 211099, 6, 110092, 4, 136, 100512, 142, 51, 161818, 18276, 81828, 56, 99, 19893, 147756, 25, 7, 140423, 17678, 24453, 20428, 23664, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 22104, 7, 2412, 81828, 297, 2685, 3542, 717, 4028, 54113, 26086, 4, 15901, 3238, 161460, 4, 102809, 159, 66965, 4, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 4, 25027, 133093, 4, 3342, 164, 2177, 42454, 4, 51838, 313, 6324, 1507, 4, 26328, 619, 6389, 54881, 583, 4, 70, 40469, 4, 70, 20769, 7, 4, 70, 82821, 7, 4, 4939, 18226, 6431, 136, 108994, 44389, 5, 1840, 16186, 111, 44389, 4, 39958, 23, 28980, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 58923, 127394, 228736, 4, 40073, 228736, 24073, 40062, 58, 24453, 669, 74, 36770, 538, 6872, 74, 6088, 744, 4, 24644, 46, 7071, 21567, 9571, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 81828, 56, 4, 19612, 3378, 4, 26249, 38109, 177500, 4, 136, 6, 98659, 5, 4687, 509, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 5117, 58386, 111, 10208, 228736, 111, 70, 130904, 136, 100, 604, 81828, 7, 111, 37624, 31075, 136, 158, 99736, 6635, 19612, 72004, 5, 1840, 20929, 3542, 91376, 23, 70, 12877, 44, 9506, 1127, 228736, 25, 7, 84247, 2449, 12, 1818, 87929, 111, 142, 14825, 58, 23, 86591, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early years.", "Career.", "Photography.", "Music.", "Personal life.", "Marriages.", "Melville See Jr. (1962–1965).", "Paul McCartney (1969–1998).", "Lifestyle.", "Vegetarianism.", "Animal rights activist.", "Marijuana.", "Diagnosis and death.", "Tributes and dedications.", "Representation in other media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Linda McCartney was born Linda Louise Eastman, the second of four children, in affluent Scarsdale in Westchester County, New York. She had one older brother, John, and two younger sisters, Laura and Louise Jr. Her father, Leopold Vail Epstein, was born in 1910 to Russian-Jewish immigrants, Louis and Stella Epstein. His sister Rose E. Frisch became a noted scientist who worked on issues of women's fertility and population studies. He later changed his name to Lee Eastman. He practiced entertainment law in New York for well-known clients, including bandleader Tommy Dorsey, songwriters Harold Arlen and Jack Lawrence, and fine artists such as Willem de Kooning and Mark Rothko. At Eastman's request, Lawrence wrote the song \"Linda\" when Eastman's daughter was four. The song was recorded by Buddy Clark in 1947 and went to number 1 on the charts. Many girls born in the United States were named Linda in those years. The song was recorded again in 1963 by duo Jan and Dean. McCartney's mother, Louise Sara (née Lindner) Eastman, was from a German Jewish family. Her father was Max J. Lindner, founder of the Lindner Company clothing store in Cleveland, Ohio. Eastman graduated from Scarsdale High School in 1959. She then attended the Vermont College of Fine Arts, where she received an Associate of Arts degree in 1961. Her brother John, who studied law like their father, later became Paul McCartney's attorney and manager. Linda preferred nature and animals. After graduating from Vermont College, she attended the University of Arizona and majored in fine arts. While Linda was studying at the University of Arizona, her mother was killed in the 1962 crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in Jamaica Bay, Queens, New York. Because of her mother's death, Linda grew to hate traveling by air. In Arizona she took up nature photography as a hobby.", "", "After her mother died in 1962, Linda married Melville See. The couple had a daughter, Heather, in December 1962. Her mother had bequeathed Linda money to live on, along with a number of valuable paintings. The couple divorced in 1965. Linda resumed using her maiden name. She became a receptionist and editorial assistant for \"Town & Country\" magazine. In 1965, she became romantically involved with David Dalton, a professional photographer. She studied the way he worked during photo shoots, learning how he set up shots and managed lighting and composition. When she began to do more of her own shoots, such as with music groups, he said he was \"astonished\" at how easily she was able to take control of unruly or uncooperative musicians. She could get her subjects to do exactly what she wanted without much fuss. Dalton said that shooting rock groups was \"a bloody pain in the neck. But with the lovely Linda, all this changed... Now their eyes were pinned on her.\" Dalton was also impressed by the intelligence of Eastman's daughter. \"Linda and I would get high and Heather would say the most amazing things... I'd think, 'This is André Breton at six years old!'\" He adds that he found Linda's relationship with Heather a \"very charming aspect of her life with this wonderful child.\" On one occasion, when the magazine received an invitation to photograph the Rolling Stones during a record promotion party on a yacht, Eastman immediately volunteered to represent the publication as its photographer. The photo shoot marked a turning point in her life: Eastman's father was not impressed with her goal of becoming a photographer on her own. He wanted her to undertake formal training with a professional photographer. \"Well, I never had the patience for that,\" she said. \"I had to trust my feelings.\" But she studied the photography of horses at college in Arizona under Hazel Larsen Archer and became an avid nature hobbyist, using a high-quality Leica camera. A few months after her Rolling Stones shoot, she was allowed backstage at Shea Stadium, where the Beatles performed. Eastman had gained some experience in celebrity photography, and became an unofficial house photographer at Bill Graham's Fillmore East concert hall. Among the artists she photographed there were Todd Rundgren, Aretha Franklin, Grace Slick, Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, Eric Clapton, Simon & Garfunkel, the Who, the Doors, the Animals, John Lennon and Neil Young. Her photo of Young, taken in 1967, was used on the cover of \"Sugar Mountain – Live at Canterbury House 1968\" in 2008. She photographed Clapton for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine and became the first woman to have a photograph featured on the front cover (May 11, 1968). After marrying McCartney, Linda and he were featured on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" on January 31, 1974, making her the only person to have had a photograph she'd taken, and to have been the subject of a photograph, featured on the front cover of the magazine. Her photographs were later exhibited in more than 50 galleries internationally, as well as at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. A collection of photographs from that time, \"Linda McCartney's Sixties: Portrait of an Era\", was published in 1988. She also took the photograph for the cover of Paul McCartney's and Michael Jackson's single \"The Girl Is Mine\".", "After the Beatles broke up in 1970, Paul taught Linda to play keyboards and recorded an album with her, \"Ram\", as a duo. The couple formed the band Wings. They garnered several Grammy Awards, becoming one of the most successful British bands of the 1970s, but had to endure jibes about Linda's singing. She later said that criticisms that she sang out of tune in Wings' early days were true. In 1977, the reggae-inspired single \"Seaside Woman\" was released by an obscure band called Suzy and the Red Stripes on Epic Records in the United States. Suzy and the Red Stripes were Wings, with Linda (who wrote the song) on lead vocals. The song, recorded by Wings in 1972, was written in response to allegations from Paul's publisher that Linda's co-writing credits were inauthentic and that she was not a real songwriter. In 1971, Northern Songs and Maclen Music filed a lawsuit alleging Paul McCartney had violated an exclusive rights agreement by collaborating with Linda on the song \"Another Day\", which had the effect of transferring a 50% share of the publishing royalties to his own McCartney Music company. The lawsuit was \"amicably settled,\" according to an ATV spokesman, in June 1972. The McCartneys shared an Oscar nomination for the song \"Live and Let Die\"; they were photographed together at the event in April 1974. Linda's album \"Wide Prairie\", which included \"Seaside Woman,\" was released posthumously in 1998. Along with eight other British composers, Paul contributed to the choral album \"A Garland for Linda\", and he dedicated his classical album \"Ecce Cor Meum\" (1999) to Linda.", "", "", "Eastman's first marriage was to Melville See Jr., whom she had met in college. He graduated with a geology degree from Princeton and undertook graduate studies at the University of Arizona in Tucson to earn a master's degree. Eastman followed him there, where she enrolled at the university to study art history. She was studying there in March 1962 when her mother was killed in a commercial plane crash. She married See in June 1962; their daughter Heather Louise was born six months later on December 31, 1962. The couple had dissimilar lifestyles and became increasingly unhappy. They divorced three years later in June 1965. He was an academic who spent much of his time studying or doing research, while she preferred a less intellectual home life. She loved the wide open spaces in Arizona and enjoyed riding horses through the desert landscape. The settings, with saguaro cacti, reminded her of scenery from western films, which inspired her to take up photography as a hobby.", "On May 15, 1967, while on a photo assignment in London, Eastman met Paul McCartney at the Bag O'Nails club, where Georgie Fame was performing. They met again four days later at the launch party for \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" at Brian Epstein's house. When her assignment was completed, she flew back to New York City. They got together again the following May in New York, while McCartney and John Lennon were there to inaugurate Apple Records. A few months after he returned to London, McCartney invited Eastman to spend some time with him there. When she arrived, they went to his home, where they spent the evening. \"He must have been really happy that night,\" said one of the fans who often loitered outside his home. \"He sat on the windowsill with his acoustic guitar and sang 'Blackbird' to us\" from his upstairs room.\" McCartney was attracted to Eastman for a number of reasons, which he explained later: \"I liked her as a woman, she was good-looking with a good figure, so physically I was attracted to her.\" McCartney also liked her sense of independence: \"Her mental attitude was quite rebellious... [growing up] she was the kind of kid who would hang out in the kitchen with the black maids\" to learn cooking. She disliked socializing. They both liked natural surroundings, he said, and they shared a love of nature, which became one of their most important emotional links. He knew that because of her \"very free spirit,\" she was considered a rebel and a black sheep by her family for avoiding excelling in education, unlike her father and brother. \"She was an artist,\" Paul said, \"and was not cut out to be an academic.\" Linda's daughter, Heather, created another strong bond between them, since he had always liked and wanted children of his own. When McCartney first met Heather, who was nearly six, he insisted that she and Linda move to London to live with him. After they did, he devoted time to Heather, playing with her, reading her stories, and drawing cartoons with her. He sang her to sleep at bedtime. Biographer Philip Norman notes that Linda had some personality aspects which Paul admired. She seemed less concerned with clothing or her public appearance, preferring to dress casually, even in semi-formal settings. She typically held his arm when they were together, often \"gazing up at him in awe,\" and seeming to idolize him. Paul's friends said that he began to be less formal, whether shaving less often or just wearing simpler clothes. \"He could go on the bus down to Apple,\" said his maid, \"and no one would recognize him.\" Linda's relaxed attitude about everyday things began to affect him in other ways. He recalls once feeling guilty because he was exhausted from work and, having trained himself to never appear tired, apologized to her. She simply replied, \"it's allowed,\" which amazed him. \"I remember thinking, Fucking hell! That was a mind-blower. I'd never been with anyone who thought like that... it was patently clear that it was allowed to be tired.\" They were married in a small civil ceremony at Marylebone Town Hall on 12 March 1969. British fans reacted negatively, partly because his marriage ended McCartney's status as the last unattached Beatle. John Lennon married Yoko Ono a week later, and both women were perceived by fans as reasons for the group's breakup. Lennon at one point publicly criticized the way the press treated Linda: \"She got the same kind of insults, hatred, absolute garbage thrown at her for no reason whatsoever other than she fell in love with Paul McCartney.\" In late 1969, Paul fell into a deep depression due to the Beatles' pending breakup. He spent days in bed and drank excessively, wondering what to do with his life. McCartney later said that Linda helped him pull out of that crisis by praising his work as a songwriter and persuading him to continue writing and recording. After a few troubled months, Paul McCartney wrote \"Maybe I'm Amazed\" in Linda's honor. He explained during an interview that the song was written \"for me and Linda,\" and that with the Beatles breaking up, \"that was my feeling: Maybe I'm amazed at what's going on... Maybe I'm a man and maybe you're the only woman who could ever help me; Baby won't you help me understand... Maybe I'm amazed at the way you pulled me out of time, hung me on the line, Maybe I'm amazed at the way I really need you.\" He added that \"every love song I write is for Linda.\" During their 29-year marriage, the McCartneys had four children: she brought her daughter Heather from her first marriage (whom Paul later formally adopted), and together the couple had Mary (b. 1969), Stella (b. 1971), and James (b. 1977). They sometimes went to his farmhouse retreat in western Scotland, which he purchased before they met, a hidden place he used to \"escape Beatlemania.\" They both liked and needed time away from the city, and were equally attracted to natural surroundings, writes biographer Barry Miles. \"We'd just enjoy sitting out in nature,\" Paul said. The song \"Two of Us\" on \"Let it Be\" was written by Paul during one of their country drives. \"This song was about that: doing nothing, trying to get lost... [and] the wonderfully free attitude we were able to have. Linda recalled the setting: McCartney began writing more of his songs away from the studio. \"I found that I was enjoying working alone,\" he said. He wrote the song \"The Lovely Linda\" for his debut solo album while they were staying in Scotland. In 1971 they recorded the album \"Ram\". She became Lady McCartney when her husband was knighted in 1997. Her brother, entertainment lawyer John Eastman, has represented McCartney since the Beatles' breakup.", "", "Paul and Linda McCartney became vegetarian in 1971, and she promoted a vegetarian diet through her cookbooks: \"Linda McCartney's Home Cooking\" (with author Peter Cox, 1989), \"Linda's Kitchen\", and \"Simple and Inspiring Recipes for Meatless Meals\". She explained her change to vegetarianism by saying that she did not \"eat anything with a face... If slaughterhouses had glass walls the whole world would be vegetarian\".", "The McCartneys became outspoken vegetarians and animal rights activists. In 1991, Linda introduced a line of frozen vegetarian meals under the Linda McCartney Foods name, which made her wealthy independently of her husband. The H. J. Heinz Company acquired the company in March 2000, and the Hain Celestial Group bought it in 2007. A strong advocate of animal rights, Linda lent her support to many organizations, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the Council for the Protection of Rural England, and Friends of the Earth. She was also a patron of the League Against Cruel Sports. She narrated a TV advertisement for PETA in which she said: \"Have you ever seen a fish gasping for breath when you take it out of the water? They're saying, 'Thanks a lot for killing me. It feels great, you know.' No! It hurts!\" After her death, PETA created the Linda McCartney Memorial Award.", "In 1984, McCartney was arrested in Barbados for possession of marijuana; her husband had been arrested in 1975 in Los Angeles on the same charge. After flying to Heathrow Airport, she was arrested on charges of possession. She later said that, while hard drugs are \"disgusting\", marijuana is \"pretty lightweight\".", "McCartney was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1995, and her condition soon grew worse when the cancer metastasized to her liver. She died at the age of 56 on April 17, 1998, at the McCartney family ranch in Tucson, Arizona. Her family was with her when she died. She was cremated in Tucson, and her ashes were scattered at the McCartney farm in Sussex, England. Her husband later suggested that fans remember her by donating to breast cancer research charities that do not support animal testing, \"or the best tribute – go veggie.\" A memorial service was held for her at St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London, which was attended by George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Billy Joel, Elton John, David Gilmour, Peter Gabriel, and other celebrities among a congregation of 700. A memorial service was also held at Riverside Church in Manhattan, two months after her death. \"She was my girlfriend,\" McCartney said at her funeral. \"I lost my girlfriend.\" She left all her property to Paul, including royalties from books or records, and all rights to her photos. He has pledged to continue her line of vegetarian food, and to keep it free from genetically modified organisms.", "A few months after her death, the Edinburgh International Film Festival premiered \"Wide Prairie\", a six-minute cartoon fantasy film she made with director Oscar Grillo. In April 1999, Paul McCartney performed at the \"Concert for Linda\" tribute at the Royal Albert Hall, which had been organized by two of their friends, Chrissie Hynde and Carla Lane. Among the artists that performed, besides Paul, were George Michael, the Pretenders, Elvis Costello, Tom Jones and Neil Finn. Paul closed the concert by dedicating the event to Linda, whom he called his \"beautiful baby,\" and their children. In January 2000, Paul announced donations in excess of $2,000,000 for cancer research at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York and the Arizona Cancer Center in Tucson, where Linda received treatment. The donations, through the Garland Appeal, were made on the condition that no animals would be used for testing purposes. Also in 2000, The Linda McCartney Centre, a cancer clinic, opened at The Royal Liverpool University Hospital. In November 2002, the Linda McCartney Kintyre Memorial Trust opened a memorial garden in Campbeltown, the main town in Kintyre, with a bronze statue of her made by her cousin, sculptor Jane Robbins.", "Linda McCartney and husband Paul appeared as themselves on an episode of \"Bread\" in 1988, and in \"Lisa the Vegetarian\", an episode of \"The Simpsons\", in 1995. After her death, \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> 200th episode \"Trash of the Titans\", which aired on April 26, 1998, and Paul McCartney's Tuesday from 2000 (directed by Geoff Dunbar) were both dedicated to her memory. \"Simpsons\" executive producer Mike Scully said, \"It just seemed like the right thing to do. Everyone here was surprised and saddened by her death.\" Elizabeth Mitchell and Gary Bakewell played the McCartneys in the 2000 TV movie \"The Linda McCartney Story\". She was portrayed as \"Linda Eastman\" in the 1985 TV movie \"\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9433, 83, 70267, 47, 70, 63044, 38937, 4, 2750, 831, 42856, 20600, 70, 10975, 237, 10, 49119, 433, 814, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 70, 38937, 1543, 24209, 1286, 75412, 678, 70, 13452, 4, 23009, 538, 105233, 10, 588, 238, 1803, 42009, 13, 11435, 100, 70622, 47, 70, 10723, 7440, 442, 83, 79516, 71, 3934, 10, 1202, 11435, 111, 70, 10127, 3674, 588, 238, 1803, 42009, 13, 5, 1301, 70, 49119, 433, 814, 187507, 7, 70, 38937, 4, 2363, 13909, 83, 2843, 11814, 100, 89159, 214, 60091, 77635, 4, 40575, 111, 3129, 13695, 70, 10723, 7, 136, 106001, 7, 51042, 5, 8622, 621, 1672, 6, 183191, 36457, 72095, 15, 15477, 127, 538, 36998, 7, 194, 129551, 47, 181798, 22392, 19729, 23, 1919, 44, 6696, 102, 7612, 2320, 12, 4713, 136, 231996, 16505, 830, 44, 20320, 70, 49119, 1836, 621, 50796, 10821, 4, 165292, 214, 4, 128766, 115700, 7, 4, 164789, 25269, 1577, 136, 40956, 7, 111, 16712, 14775, 52770, 9035, 1242, 581, 9351, 44, 647, 8996, 62233, 4687, 4517, 58, 83, 39958, 1295, 70, 44759, 111, 90452, 341, 5, 67468, 25, 7, 21261, 44, 8331, 3952, 7, 41945, 111, 89917, 4687, 4517, 2953, 5, 581, 44759, 191551, 7, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 13452, 12, 13909, 7, 15, 51796, 30185, 16, 2750, 765, 26859, 51042, 70, 49119, 433, 814, 9842, 89159, 214, 15, 7090, 302, 214, 16, 70, 588, 238, 1803, 72304, 15, 7816, 4517, 194, 581, 2412, 4517, 102908, 83, 175100, 645, 3934, 3789, 128746, 111, 70, 13452, 12, 70, 805, 707, 221, 2412, 4517, 4343, 71, 98, 70, 10723, 99, 2499, 1733, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 242, 2347, 1238, 21135, 25, 74, 105233, 10, 3525, 588, 238, 1803, 390, 1940, 69990, 1916, 707, 375, 964, 592, 70, 2412, 4517, 25, 7, 588, 238, 1803, 18151, 678, 450, 111, 15700, 2412, 4517, 83, 35839, 291, 1916, 64, 4134, 297, 214, 74, 65572, 47, 70, 18151, 621, 35839, 199334, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 581, 171859, 7, 450, 139392, 6097, 72304, 15, 7816, 4517, 16, 831, 186, 75935, 23, 10, 10846, 48322, 12, 1836, 831, 186, 75935, 136, 230121, 390, 43032, 111, 70, 39108, 7816, 4517, 409, 2069, 5303, 4, 43032, 111, 70, 409, 2069, 5303, 831, 7026, 70, 171859, 7, 111, 144573, 2412, 4517, 136, 77488, 13, 344, 2856, 4, 707, 2412, 4517, 831, 186, 2589, 297, 25842, 191082, 390, 70, 10723, 707, 23009, 538, 390, 10723, 18022, 7, 15, 67127, 76, 4806, 2412, 94266, 6468, 194, 53400, 7, 1543, 43374, 98, 2412, 4517, 450, 1836, 1884, 707, 2837, 5062, 4, 136, 903, 20875, 214, 83, 11814, 100, 70, 101412, 234873, 3129, 139392, 7, 3525, 2412, 4517, 5, 98423, 14277, 83, 10, 588, 238, 1803, 42009, 13, 678, 40368, 111, 6863, 171859, 7, 10127, 3674, 5, 581, 11651, 2674, 90, 111, 3129, 6097, 72304, 58055, 621, 79516, 71, 17368, 25, 7, 16082, 25, 9433, 214, 105823, 7, 1295, 17, 19298, 13909, 7, 98, 70, 15917, 3674, 33120, 111, 8382, 51042, 70, 49119, 433, 814, 38415, 4, 136, 122799, 2412, 4517, 15, 73, 70, 3173, 111, 5, 14677, 102158, 16, 621, 15917, 3674, 47, 70, 33120, 5, 581, 13909, 9, 48281, 3674, 2412, 4517, 171859, 7, 136, 72304, 621, 15917, 3674, 1379, 70, 9066, 8127, 27917, 3775, 277, 99932, 289, 15, 13709, 9, 36354, 9, 36253, 16, 86872, 74, 38937, 9, 48281, 3674, 2412, 4517, 171859, 7, 621, 1379, 70, 9066, 8127, 27917, 15, 13709, 9, 36354, 16, 86872, 5, 149766, 621, 191082, 7026, 297, 390, 70, 49119, 57, 814, 5, 581, 1379, 538, 214, 112341, 37348, 165249, 390, 12663, 4935, 4, 15917, 3674, 6338, 4927, 77635, 83687, 21261, 8437, 37348, 450, 70, 43581, 112341, 5426, 831, 959, 28219, 707, 34831, 5, 581, 49119, 433, 814, 509, 75935, 136, 121447, 237, 4092, 10975, 390, 50695, 18186, 3132, 23, 8272, 136, 136622, 47, 186, 126809, 390, 4049, 136, 10, 7175, 111, 1672, 43606, 185118, 7, 5, 581, 116, 53489, 425, 36549, 129927, 7, 1295, 70, 10332, 11389, 7, 5, 1650, 1556, 10, 3525, 7643, 4, 77546, 31897, 2412, 4517, 136, 3789, 66139, 5, 1650, 1556, 101089, 297, 47, 10, 4092, 110346, 3299, 23, 3129, 70, 10723, 10975, 83, 959, 19882, 136, 5045, 111, 70, 375, 7077, 297, 2053, 83, 959, 19882, 1379, 10, 4092, 86872, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 6863, 49146, 1405, 1295, 262, 62806, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 89917, 4687, 4517, 83, 10, 15917, 3674, 242122, 13452, 100, 10127, 1916, 136, 28, 3784, 6496, 588, 238, 1803, 42009, 90, 4, 3129, 621, 23, 15504, 15917, 3674, 47, 70, 33120, 297, 13909, 7, 4, 3129, 44116, 2856, 237, 10, 49119, 433, 814, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Process." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "The process is transparent to the casual user, who can simply install the software as a screensaver. Alternatively, the user may become more involved with the project, manually creating a fractal flame file for upload to the server where it is rendered into a video file of the animated fractal flame. As the screensaver entertains the user, their computer is also used for rendering commercial projects, sales of which keep the servers and developers running. There are about 500,000 active users (monthly uniques). According to Mitchell Whitelaw in his \"Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life\", \"On the screen they are luminous, twisting, elastic shapes, abstract tangles and loops of glowing filaments.\" The name \"Electric Sheep\" is taken from the title of Philip K. Dick's novel \"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?\". The title mirrors the nature of the project: computers (androids) who have started running the screensaver begin rendering (dreaming) the fractal movies (sheep). The sheep motif is carried over into other aspects of the project: the 100 or so sheep stored on the server at any time is referred to as 'the flock'; creating a new fractal by interpolating or combining the sheep's fractal code with that of another sheep is called mating/breeding; changes to the code are called mutations, etc. The parameters that generate these movies (sheep) can be created in a few ways: they can be created and submitted by members of the electricsheep mailing list, members of the mailing list can download the parameters of existing sheep and tweak them, or sheep can be mated together automatically by the server or manually by server admins (nicknamed shepherds). Users may vote on sheep that they like or dislike, and this voting is used for the genetic algorithm which generates new sheep. Each movie is a fractal flame with several of its parameters animated. The individual frames of which these movies consist are rendered using'spare' processing cycles from idle computers on the distributed network of those running the screensaver application, and finished sheep (in the form of.avi files) are distributed to the network. The computer-generated sheep parameters and movies are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial (CC-BY-NC) license; user-generated sheep parameters are under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license. Both are automatically downloaded by the screen saver. The underlying copyright issues raised by generative, distributed digital art projects involve novel legal issues that the current copyright system can not understand or handle. The screensaver was created and released as free software by Scott Draves in 1999 and continues to be developed by him and a team of about five engineers. The 2.7.x series differs from the old versions. It has a new logo, higher quality sheep and other features. It has switched to a freemium model in which the server software is not available and much of the computed data is not available under a free license, which led to its removal from Debian." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 1556, 10, 27226, 31563, 83259, 23, 7401, 5, 1650, 224128, 119066, 7, 23, 108069, 4611, 1224, 20271, 70, 88487, 2320, 111, 4224, 1081, 130090, 4, 136, 831, 127841, 2182, 1810, 111, 108069, 23, 144521, 7, 5, 581, 224128, 7, 15, 9494, 13, 879, 15882, 7, 16, 1221, 27983, 3173, 98, 70, 1379, 8752, 111, 10, 8231, 92, 23, 108069, 9, 116115, 297, 144521, 7, 450, 765, 2809, 4343, 71, 99, 52768, 7, 35064, 4, 136, 1221, 8731, 3815, 4, 2174, 17669, 4, 2837, 86918, 6083, 538, 3934, 70, 108069, 5, 32255, 224128, 7, 2843, 127841, 2182, 1810, 111, 63335, 4224, 1081, 130090, 450, 1556, 2809, 149031, 297, 707, 107003, 47, 9157, 100, 3060, 1733, 5, 717, 56282, 224128, 7, 3173, 214, 23, 44277, 2873, 4224, 1081, 3643, 707, 55, 12097, 4, 70, 479, 107, 3181, 11090, 63335, 4224, 1081, 130090, 5608, 186, 149031, 297, 645, 54350, 47, 125568, 224128, 141, 47691, 5, 581, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 224128, 7, 621, 184750, 390, 46312, 214, 8305, 6626, 135355, 7, 111, 96967, 63499, 927, 5, 581, 46312, 297, 130090, 1543, 7068, 186, 7228, 3934, 3643, 707, 55, 12097, 5, 360, 3060, 50218, 1836, 606, 35593, 47, 70, 5609, 111, 70, 149031, 297, 116419, 4, 20662, 46312, 214, 51, 86, 26531, 6635, 5, 581, 22684, 112, 3173, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 186, 90, 14775, 16, 83, 43799, 297, 136, 7398, 47314, 47, 27489, 70, 35011, 4, 36, 1846, 9393, 4, 43840, 1771, 173169, 11814, 100, 5941, 173618, 53, 136, 3789, 197540, 60042, 7, 5, 360, 15381, 4, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 83, 11814, 100, 12, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 442, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 82761, 111, 12, 62, 21373, 43840, 28279, 4, 221, 28483, 43840, 17198, 516, 134208, 14612, 67, 4, 831, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 24709, 111, 15250, 147, 6637, 111, 2363, 39210, 32354, 237, 10, 82761, 111, 3472, 214, 173169, 5, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 831, 186, 17664, 297, 678, 142, 43840, 1771, 41931, 6044, 237, 107466, 130090, 707, 35011, 27888, 1970, 47, 3249, 10, 71099, 9, 5062, 174033, 23882, 100, 12924, 7, 6044, 237, 70910, 7, 4, 81406, 707, 552, 8079, 4, 707, 678, 7401, 100, 3789, 174033, 86685, 6044, 237, 49146, 6496, 22729, 1924, 5425, 1295, 196, 43252, 73, 5, 3293, 17664, 6644, 83, 68018, 121742, 19, 538, 7228, 678, 27888, 1970, 136, 221, 28483, 235269, 13, 15, 10075, 214, 67757, 247, 3129, 20653, 131300, 47, 216989, 13, 12638, 3789, 4, 105233, 44603, 6, 143961, 13, 136, 10, 221, 28483, 1030, 103727, 29806, 5, 53822, 111, 15250, 147, 509, 27983, 11814, 23, 89160, 2160, 13, 214, 7440, 70, 27140, 214, 22631, 111, 70, 15250, 17957, 6, 17514, 509, 11814, 47, 126596, 70, 31563, 83259, 136, 64707, 14907, 164, 111, 72573, 660, 28279, 7, 6044, 237, 2478, 170368, 2506, 136, 144, 316, 5, 53822, 111, 15250, 147, 4, 3229, 17664, 297, 3934, 10, 71099, 678, 64707, 1409, 117, 61942, 13, 4, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 46622, 52648, 1295, 3060, 3535, 72977, 4, 959, 78458, 3535, 102158, 5, 581, 71099, 83, 190659, 136, 107003, 47, 5423, 100, 10, 10846, 21974, 136, 7068, 509, 5252, 5773, 678, 10, 3472, 214, 67757, 64, 36448, 29806, 5, 24372, 15700, 5277, 184, 678, 7401, 136, 209183, 36898, 214, 4, 10, 6117, 19, 38415, 111, 29700, 1221, 59959, 70, 11435, 1295, 53333, 52648, 214, 5, 148507, 214, 70, 5423, 1733, 111, 14015, 56, 111, 7270, 38742, 15, 840, 18, 38134, 538, 11814, 23, 8089, 6423, 316, 14015, 56, 58982, 4488, 136, 4927, 18244, 176050, 16, 83, 205794, 69307, 71, 390, 70, 8781, 39864, 1363, 111, 39555, 2499, 43840, 109971, 3674, 3934, 70, 17664, 214, 7401, 5, 62, 60091, 91010, 1236, 10107, 425, 171793, 5844, 54324, 390, 7082, 724, 47, 52350, 14566, 14015, 11783, 7, 96853, 99, 19713, 24051, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 5, 581, 47143, 214, 145170, 621, 70, 5701, 14015, 56, 111, 7270, 136, 70801, 169, 9, 172, 11048, 6, 197564, 13, 21771, 197097, 23, 70, 5201, 12996, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 70, 4734, 36457, 186227, 83, 70, 24709, 111, 15250, 147, 5, 1326, 2160, 13, 214, 24887, 4, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 831, 186, 17664, 297, 678, 8311, 76, 237, 70, 126561, 43840, 44841, 47, 34704, 67, 70, 8311, 76, 5, 53822, 111, 15250, 147, 1556, 2809, 11814, 70796, 538, 237, 10, 7398, 208, 4935, 4, 1284, 903, 83, 169907, 6637, 142, 89978, 111, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4, 707, 59058, 2595, 32868, 4, 1543, 74918, 5, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 83, 70, 541, 35602, 25, 7, 158978, 91067, 5570, 100, 10, 81630, 373, 18234, 5, 345, 6953, 142, 89978, 111, 70, 28279, 23, 7401, 4, 10, 131457, 3674, 29806, 83, 75935, 678, 10, 81630, 111, 1031, 159595, 99, 5, 345, 5416, 2837, 166589, 23, 43840, 4, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 1221, 26725, 1883, 67, 3934, 43840, 15250, 17957, 4, 15250, 17957, 4, 136, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 6, 17514, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 10, 131457, 3674, 29806, 28282, 7, 10, 373, 18234, 678, 5570, 81630, 5, 117371, 4527, 237, 10, 5570, 4, 442, 83, 170198, 450, 70, 29806, 186, 46312, 297, 707, 8, 43632, 71, 17721, 136, 5, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 44603, 2182, 831, 186, 7228, 390, 6818, 592, 24709, 111, 15250, 147, 4, 3129, 27489, 7, 44, 1081, 147, 141, 10, 1495, 740, 3293, 9433, 83, 5036, 228908, 13, 1284, 181653, 10, 77546, 31897, 15, 1283, 1681, 2886, 7398, 2481, 16, 3501, 44, 7804, 19346, 58, 125663, 297, 1295, 109412, 707, 3789, 18153, 10, 114942, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 663, 1073, 7, 6664, 4785, 3960, 17957, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 64707, 1409, 15250, 17957, 4, 678, 26168, 341, 110776, 4, 83, 10, 390, 57877, 111, 108069, 109513, 5, 360, 179065, 442, 83, 51529, 237, 24709, 111, 15250, 147, 5, 1650, 83, 9433, 297, 1295, 70, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 43840, 28279, 111, 55576, 12259, 43840, 15, 11, 111758, 76634, 9120, 43840, 194, 581, 16750, 214, 173169, 53, 43840, 831, 186, 11814, 23, 3472, 214, 707, 237, 10, 174033, 29806, 15, 434, 3220, 17664, 297, 678, 142, 43840, 1771, 29806, 6044, 237, 107466, 130090, 707, 35011, 27888, 1970, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Occurrence.", "Applications.", "In food.", "Household use.", "Cosmetics.", "Medicinal use.", "Chemistry." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Potassium bitartrate has a low solubility in water. It crystallizes in wine casks during the fermentation of grape juice, and can precipitate out of wine in bottles. The crystals (wine diamonds) will often form on the underside of a cork in wine-filled bottles that have been stored at temperatures below, and will seldom, if ever, dissolve naturally into the wine. These crystals also precipitate out of fresh grape juice that has been chilled or allowed to stand for some time. To prevent crystals forming in homemade grape jam or jelly, the prerequisite fresh grape juice should be chilled overnight to promote crystallization. The potassium bitartrate crystals are removed by filtering through two layers of cheesecloth. The filtered juice may then be made into jam or jelly. In some cases they adhere to the side of the chilled container, making filtering unnecessary. The crude form (known as beeswing) is collected and purified to produce the white, odorless, acidic powder used for many culinary and other household purposes.", "", "In food, potassium bitartrate is used for: Additionally it is used as a component of: A similar acid salt, sodium acid pyrophosphate, can be confused with cream of tartar because of their common function as a component of baking powder.", "Potassium bitartrate can be mixed with an acidic liquid such as lemon juice or white vinegar to make a paste-like cleaning agent for metals such as brass, aluminium or copper, or with water for other cleaning applications such as removing light stains from porcelain. This mixture is sometimes mistakenly made with vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which actually react to neutralize each other, creating carbon dioxide and a sodium acetate solution. Cream of tartar was often used in traditional dyeing where the complexing action of the tartrate ions was used to adjust the solubility and hydrolysis of mordant salts such as tin chloride and alum. Cream of tartar, when mixed into a paste with hydrogen peroxide, can be used to clean rust from some hand tools, notably hand files. The paste is applied and allowed to set for a few hours and then washed off with a baking soda/water solution. After another rinse with water and thorough drying, a thin application of oil will protect the file from further rusting. Slowing the set time of plaster of Paris products (most widely used in gypsum plaster wall work and artwork casting) is typically achieved by the simple introduction of almost any acid diluted into the mixing water. A commercial retardant premix additive sold by USG to trade interior plasterers includes at least 40% potassium bitartrate. The remaining ingredients are the same plaster of Paris and quartz-silica aggregate already prominent in the main product. This means that the only active ingredient is the cream of tartar.", "For dyeing hair, potassium bitartrate can be mixed with henna as the mild acid needed to activate the henna.", "Cream of tartar has been used internally as a purgative, but this is dangerous because an excess of potassium, or hyperkalemia, may occur.", "Potassium bitartrate is the NIST's primary reference standard for a pH buffer. Using an excess of the salt in water, a saturated solution is created with a pH of 3.557 at. Upon dissolution in acid, potassium bitartrate will dissociate into acid tartrate, tartrate, and potassium ions. Thus, a saturated solution creates a buffer with standard pH. Before use as a standard, it is recommended that the solution be filtered or decanted between and. Potassium carbonate can be made by burning cream of tartar, which produces \"pearl ash\". This process is now obsolete but produced a higher quality (reasonable purity) than \"potash\" extracted from wood or other plant ashes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 15, 8859, 2434, 4922, 159, 31043, 16, 509, 82775, 136, 64549, 297, 390, 81068, 602, 2434, 4922, 99, 70, 51211, 31, 9, 130984, 1771, 3980, 1651, 429, 144562, 15, 45176, 856, 1511, 16, 23, 12190, 72673, 23, 70351, 5, 1650, 509, 35509, 98, 1919, 110680, 159, 24589, 44, 92141, 4922, 48379, 83086, 830, 3129, 26859, 1810, 237, 70, 138241, 9, 128897, 71, 44, 5267, 12801, 830, 7068, 237, 70, 138241, 153981, 9, 128897, 71, 44, 136055, 11412, 14, 73291, 4922, 58, 8108, 22466, 214, 756, 22759, 111, 70, 44, 130984, 14, 4922, 25, 7, 58, 87907, 7, 23, 10, 1152, 18770, 180346, 33233, 70, 92319, 6, 14775, 25, 7, 105207, 121303, 47, 28282, 70, 51211, 1002, 48379, 83086, 292, 3129, 1902, 112730, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 102374, 85683, 1363, 136, 70, 6024, 9, 128897, 1831, 56379, 95845, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 49002, 1902, 10, 18227, 47, 24209, 70, 127319, 23935, 111, 70, 5117, 6024, 9, 70154, 1505, 136, 6024, 9, 128897, 1831, 79852, 5, 581, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 509, 5117, 29024, 14, 4126, 136, 88303, 237, 10, 44752, 34, 93905, 1831, 56379, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 85683, 1363, 32692, 4, 442, 1902, 142, 125001, 3674, 44828, 1505, 57, 100702, 4, 104577, 6, 44726, 56, 80923, 7, 4, 10, 171335, 4, 10, 158733, 136, 3853, 70, 5117, 1831, 3422, 86, 64848, 5, 581, 1831, 56379, 2843, 1902, 80097, 214, 136, 39108, 289, 6, 177476, 5, 581, 159, 31043, 99070, 6295, 1902, 6, 129980, 32628, 6, 190358, 40368, 3445, 7, 47, 139999, 70, 20279, 5, 13527, 5180, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 57574, 13, 23573, 28897, 3674, 135969, 7, 47, 194637, 1810, 98, 188, 70, 92319, 148, 5180, 47, 4516, 70, 87907, 7, 20271, 113014, 5, 62, 1256, 206, 98, 70, 25737, 5609, 62952, 142, 42805, 47, 70, 5201, 377, 7568, 4, 50155, 70, 99070, 6295, 5, 581, 5201, 377, 7568, 60213, 71, 6626, 21334, 54825, 98, 12638, 5609, 5, 27766, 9319, 4420, 509, 10, 14375, 377, 7568, 3129, 99201, 10, 770, 927, 4, 19336, 23180, 136, 10, 100348, 5, 30948, 214, 509, 62952, 390, 10, 32382, 9, 33926, 33, 145823, 136, 80097, 214, 509, 120384, 297, 390, 6626, 4989, 87907, 146353, 137158, 7, 3129, 115081, 8305, 70, 107767, 7, 111, 70, 377, 7568, 5, 262, 61518, 5941, 129745, 9035, 4, 70, 113014, 13984, 7, 98, 70, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 3542, 128489, 13, 5, 10660, 99201, 22759, 308, 206, 102220, 7, 4, 1632, 117, 87907, 4, 10, 375, 13409, 4, 10, 22684, 112, 99615, 29089, 136, 1831, 175870, 172075, 4, 6626, 47589, 345, 9, 2420, 20051, 43333, 7, 136, 10, 16446, 100, 4620, 14585, 1363, 4, 136, 10, 36549, 111, 124001, 1909, 7, 39501, 297, 79259, 538, 98, 70, 951, 13, 111, 70, 57574, 13, 23573, 100, 163, 162, 53089, 194637, 7, 136, 224, 16797, 7, 5, 147466, 4, 23, 70, 62825, 42, 20117, 7, 4, 10, 38188, 172075, 136, 131830, 53, 54330, 7, 22553, 509, 49814, 47, 36442, 54330, 214, 5, 360, 70351, 70, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 438, 5, 36225, 18738, 434, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 4, 136, 98, 534, 22482, 41310, 4, 70, 17932, 160469, 13, 15, 144810, 53, 1831, 160328, 26560, 16, 34739, 5773, 100, 6863, 5117, 32837, 1363, 113014, 678, 611, 44828, 26255, 10, 24351, 4, 16188, 214, 10, 17164, 100, 14012, 111, 44828, 26255, 175100, 5, 28090, 496, 18237, 47, 427, 20414, 41310, 4, 442, 5423, 10, 8999, 17164, 390, 20662, 10, 24745, 1295, 12190, 72673, 47, 149222, 4, 10, 62488, 111, 3060, 28797, 1785, 4, 136, 4420, 5, 581, 5117, 6049, 34739, 616, 21974, 136, 4520, 14633, 4, 678, 1632, 132260, 100, 160692, 99, 3347, 2420, 4, 136, 70, 30646, 1632, 4, 678, 10, 160692, 7279, 99, 22695, 991, 6931, 10926, 4, 34739, 3853, 40715, 1733, 4, 1672, 702, 21974, 5, 581, 1030, 164779, 75204, 390, 602, 2434, 4922, 99201, 115525, 171184, 1995, 13379, 214, 4049, 678, 70, 81206, 111, 2907, 5, 36061, 4, 65056, 927, 262, 7134, 13, 4, 80265, 9966, 100, 142, 220828, 1830, 1295, 70, 1631, 6032, 144888, 47, 63769, 4049, 47, 21342, 1919, 4331, 4488, 4, 136, 10, 103036, 111, 10, 80731, 41965, 805, 4, 9508, 204033, 90, 1295, 70, 22836, 786, 192, 5, 133698, 142, 163628, 116338, 8347, 99, 137708, 157, 1033, 503, 365, 23, 20414, 4, 171184, 1995, 122329, 297, 136, 96950, 33, 297, 70, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 60457, 335, 67485, 53, 67241, 50986, 4, 438, 5, 26560, 4, 70, 44, 19717, 4854, 4922, 1242, 133698, 134234, 4, 70, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 3542, 112031, 71, 678, 15044, 7158, 7, 136, 33857, 5245, 23, 130534, 1363, 111, 3525, 20117, 7, 8035, 181653, 5, 4263, 442, 1902, 959, 2809, 100, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 70, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 2806, 31895, 765, 26859, 44828, 1505, 113014, 7, 450, 5701, 6602, 5, 17106, 70, 86595, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 602, 2434, 4922, 509, 65524, 71, 390, 70, 50339, 111, 70, 502, 6496, 113014, 7, 47, 456, 34198, 70, 1831, 56379, 47, 24209, 70, 44, 92369, 913, 1294, 30330, 11, 45709, 516, 1928, 169, 4, 60457, 310, 4, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 5117, 60042, 9, 34198, 297, 17305, 22023, 3501, 1831, 62825, 42, 5, 581, 3525, 99162, 62825, 42, 509, 161549, 164917, 136, 22729, 56, 3501, 70, 60457, 62, 5, 106745, 141, 673, 22824, 175100, 1257, 47, 7607, 5279, 111, 54330, 7, 4, 136, 19069, 7, 100, 1257, 47, 300, 86, 36279, 17863, 7, 3542, 49814, 100, 15970, 9, 112, 6211, 184, 23, 67842, 31913, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 120069, 6, 46741, 5, 581, 10934, 306, 7831, 15, 73, 6863, 159, 28174, 67322, 5428, 20117, 4, 11994, 64104, 16, 509, 70, 5117, 1831, 56379, 23, 32692, 47, 49504, 67, 10, 6, 46741, 17863, 1679, 19069, 5, 581, 87907, 7, 3542, 30312, 678, 190, 2866, 9, 4450, 2594, 187, 4514, 5, 581, 116338, 11389, 509, 82775, 36510, 538, 100, 4989, 9, 94250, 12403, 214, 23, 15044, 54330, 214, 136, 227476, 31486, 7, 5, 14847, 601, 38969, 7155, 350, 1810, 4, 4734, 6626, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 54330, 1314, 3542, 140528, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 602, 2434, 4922, 44, 24687, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 58, 15, 16, 15, 8859, 2434, 4922, 159, 31043, 4, 159, 37620, 4, 159, 33503, 4, 159, 28174, 4, 159, 51372, 136, 159, 9, 80847, 3542, 10, 18507, 111, 102374, 479, 9, 70646, 5550, 87, 21334, 22759, 9, 128897, 60091, 1831, 79852, 7, 136, 116338, 99162, 54330, 1314, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 87, 390, 70, 102374, 145359, 5, 581, 1831, 56379, 36549, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 891, 395, 10934, 306, 7831, 4, 10, 40814, 1295, 187414, 238, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 581, 36549, 509, 35509, 98, 70, 51211, 1002, 48379, 83086, 707, 636, 12801, 4, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 5117, 22759, 9, 128897, 71, 1831, 56379, 4, 82775, 390, 81068, 602, 2434, 4922, 5, 581, 891, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Operational history.", "Russian Revolution and aftermath.", "Replica." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Ilya Muromets (Sikorsky S-22) was designed and constructed by Igor Sikorsky at the Russo-Baltic Carriage Factory (RBVZ) in Saint Petersburg in 1913. It was based on his earlier S-21 \"Russky Vityaz\", which started out as the twin-engined \"Le Grand\", then as the twin tandem-engined \"Bolshoi Baltisky\" before placing all four of the \"Baltisky's\" engines in a tractor configuration along the lower wing's leading edge to create the Russky Vityaz — which had played an important role in the development of Russian aviation and the multi-engine aircraft industries of the world. Russia had a chance to become the birthplace of the first multi-passenger and multi-engine airliner. The Ilya Muromets was first conceived and built as a luxurious aircraft. For the first time in aviation history, it had an insulated passenger saloon, comfortable wicker chairs, a bedroom, a lounge and even the first airborne toilet. The aircraft also had heating and electrical lighting. The S-22 cockpit had sufficient space allowing several persons to observe the pilot. Openings on both sides of the fuselage permitted mechanics to climb out onto the lower wings to service the engines during flight. A hatch on the left side provided an entry to the main cabin, behind the cockpit. The main cabin featured two large windows on each side. Further back was a private cabin which included a berth, small table and a cabinet. Lighting was provided by a wind-driven generator and heating was supplied by two long engine exhaust pipes which passed through the corners of the cabin. Despite many advancements, the flight instruments on the Ilya Muromets were primitive. They included four tachometers, one per engine, a compass, a crude altimeter and airspeed indicator, two glass U-shaped tubes and a ball for bank indication, and a series of horizontal bars situated vertically on the nose of the fuselage for measuring climbs and descents. Later, in the bomber variants, a drift indicator and elementary bombsight was added to aid bombing. In 1913 the Ilya Muromets No. 107 flew for the first time, and on 11 February 1914, the second prototype (factory airframe 128) took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard, marking a record for number of passengers carried. From 30 June to 12 July 1914, it set a world record by making a trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev, a distance of some 1200 km, and back. The first leg took 14 hours and 38 minutes, with one landing for fuel at Orsha, and the return one, with a fuel stop at Novosokolniki, took even less time, about 13 hours. The acclaim received by Sikorsky included Tsar Nicholas II presenting him with the Order of St. Vladimir, Fourth Degree, arranging for an exemption from the wartime draft to allow him to continue his design work, and a promise of a grant worth 100,000 rubles from the State Duma. During an Imperial military review at Krasnoye Selo in July, Nicholas II decorated and christened the Ilya Muromets Type B Military Prototype, No. 128, the \"Kievsky.\" During testing, the Ilya Muromets were fitted with both skis and pontoons in anticipation of new variants being produced. If it had not been for World War I, the Ilya Muromets would probably have started passenger flights that same year. With the beginning of World War I, Sikorsky was encouraged by the results of the proving flights to redesign the aircraft to become the \"Military Ilia Mourometz, Type V, the world's first purpose-designed heavier than air bomber. The new heavy bomber was slightly smaller and lighter than the Type A. Internal racks carried up to 800 kg of bombs, and positions for up to nine machine guns were added for self-defense in various locations, including the extreme tail. The Muromets (in its S-25 Geh-2 variant, March 1916) was the first aircraft in history to incorporate a tail gunner position. The engines were protected with 5 mm-thick armor. The military version was designed expressly for long-range flying in both bombing and reconnaissance roles.", "When WWI broke out, only two Ilya Muromets bombers were completed out of an initial production run of ten aircraft. In August 1914, the Ilya Muromets was introduced to the Imperial Russian Air Service and on 10 December 1914, the Russians formed their first ten-bomber squadron, slowly increasing the number to 20 by mid-1916. Operations with the heavy bombers began on 12 February 1915 with a raid on German frontline positions. German Fighter Pilots often were reluctant to attack Ilya Muromets in the air due to their defensive firepower including the unique tail gun position, and the difficulty in bringing down such a large aircraft. Once engaged, small fighters also found that they were buffeted by propeller wash of the four large engines. On 12 September 1916, the Russians lost their first Ilya Muromets in a fight with four German Albatros, three of which it managed to shoot down. This was also the only loss to enemy action during the war; three others were damaged in combat, but managed to return to base to be repaired. 83 Ilya Muromets bombers were built for the Russian forces between 1913 and 1918. They recorded a number of firsts in the history of military aviation, like bombing from heavy bombers, performing bomber group raids on enemy targets, night bombing, and photographic bomb damage assessment. They were also the first to develop defensive tactics for a single bomber engaged in an air combat with several enemy fighters. Due to systematic weapon upgrades, the effectiveness of bomb-dropping reached 90%. The Ilya Muromets performed more than 400 sorties and dropped 65 tons of bombs during the war. By 1917, attrition from constant flying had reduced the bombing fleet substantially and only four bombers remained at the front line; the other Ilya Muromets were relegated to trainer duties. The heavy bombers of other participants appeared in 1916, all resembling the Russian pioneer to a certain degree. The Russian government and Sikorsky himself sold the design and production license to the British and French governments. The Germans tried to copy its design, using the fragments of the Ilya Muromets they had shot down over their territory in September 1916. By the end of 1916, the design was generally believed to be at the end of its development cycle, with ensuing modifications to individual aircraft, such as additional armor and weapons, making the aircraft too heavy and not suitable for operational use. Continual changes in the field as well as the factory led to many aircraft being redesignated as a new variant. Further designs based on the original Ilya Muromets bombers included a more dedicated attack version.", "Following the February Revolution of 1917, the Ilya Muromets bombers continued to fly with the Russian Imperial Army but others were seized by the provisional government with pilots also defecting to the Ukrainian squadron of Hetman and General Pavlo Skoropadsky, with at least one Ilya Muromets being flown by Polish forces. The remainder of the aircraft flew with the Red Army until mid-1919. The Ilya Muromets continued in production after the war, with only a handful being finished. From May–October 1921, the aircraft was utilized in its originally intended role of passenger transport on the Moscow-Kharkov line; six saw service as a civilian passenger airliner and mail plane. After carrying 60 passengers and two tons of freight, the Ilya Muromets were considered too difficult to maintain as engines and airframes were worn out and on 10 October 1922, the airliners were retired. The last flight of an Ilya Muromets bomber took place in 1922 at the Air Shooting and Bomb-dropping School in Serpukhov.", "One Ilya Muromets S-22 replica exists in the Monino Air Force Museum near Moscow built in 1970." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 893, 45964, 160600, 1556, 6626, 42792, 7, 100, 119653, 18929, 12, 15, 247, 1295, 15, 143321, 23, 18925, 25, 7, 160600, 4734, 26950, 44, 95665, 58, 1284, 3129, 23, 157612, 939, 509, 11814, 111, 2499, 8562, 111, 109412, 33, 5664, 4, 6275, 297, 707, 41725, 660, 4, 3059, 707, 678, 6, 235923, 7, 16, 136, 15, 16, 44, 47913, 318, 18929, 98, 10, 1774, 92, 830, 25842, 678, 15, 44, 75750, 133, 51029, 360, 110680, 479, 9, 158271, 160600, 7986, 7, 56104, 26950, 44, 75750, 133, 740, 2356, 65295, 160600, 4527, 7, 22759, 42792, 7, 4, 17262, 111, 2856, 35509, 54799, 15, 247, 56104, 3900, 143, 3674, 44, 95665, 740, 581, 2684, 39210, 13579, 83, 15, 247, 44, 188, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 509, 2684, 27983, 51339, 297, 47, 45, 54607, 2873, 6863, 195812, 90, 1295, 117, 5408, 98767, 21373, 15, 16345, 25958, 106480, 100938, 10821, 16, 138379, 5, 49643, 5083, 7, 3542, 68018, 25737, 98, 44116, 7103, 47219, 237, 10, 1631, 592, 47, 2499, 3789, 38516, 49602, 7, 5, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 509, 56104, 179140, 47, 22691, 10, 47219, 450, 509, 106480, 72803, 4, 24503, 7844, 15, 127, 6620, 70, 13579, 44, 3355, 47913, 1883, 1916, 830, 218500, 44, 6056, 111, 119653, 18929, 214, 74054, 23322, 13, 43452, 4, 157996, 26518, 4, 136, 3835, 4, 17368, 89778, 26950, 3542, 2684, 55812, 2517, 100, 450, 69236, 5, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 150624, 10861, 297, 15286, 38526, 678, 31913, 136, 1733, 14922, 5, 581, 160600, 136, 42845, 34153, 42518, 214, 47, 44, 47913, 318, 55923, 1830, 58, 190659, 47, 5941, 12921, 3173, 7, 111, 24503, 7844, 71924, 1830, 4, 26719, 8035, 6, 75750, 6259, 98, 10, 145054, 4, 707, 261, 55923, 297, 47, 10, 53201, 4, 1257, 54969, 5664, 15, 11, 22684, 425, 8781, 425, 247, 707, 15, 840, 18, 170277, 5036, 16, 47, 10, 162515, 111, 142, 1257, 54969, 15, 73, 42845, 4, 44, 1084, 13569, 18939, 136, 10, 41421, 372, 302, 15, 73, 42845, 4, 44, 10974, 8516, 316, 51029, 4311, 45857, 70, 44389, 56, 54397, 12, 44, 568, 1957, 41421, 90, 2685, 4, 959, 1660, 111, 1632, 8562, 1284, 7228, 23, 5941, 12921, 48322, 12, 3060, 765, 2363, 91519, 7, 678, 10336, 7565, 47, 70, 61585, 74, 3060, 21980, 1935, 2363, 14375, 63920, 74, 27060, 115851, 1810, 2363, 121641, 98, 70, 6, 91697, 4626, 740, 360, 3060, 50218, 4, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 509, 168861, 47, 85358, 70, 41421, 372, 302, 47, 70, 3687, 111, 71924, 1830, 5, 62, 28271, 41421, 2806, 642, 6958, 5299, 645, 35826, 5279, 15, 7739, 96, 275, 247, 1284, 70, 41421, 372, 302, 2806, 959, 186, 237, 53142, 19, 43452, 4, 642, 6958, 214, 10932, 2678, 5279, 95083, 96, 275, 194, 581, 12610, 4816, 19, 87524, 18031, 115923, 450, 70, 26349, 111, 51651, 1902, 10, 29458, 3687, 100, 85358, 214, 1810, 71924, 17514, 4, 39501, 297, 50782, 70, 1184, 3181, 2256, 132936, 4, 136, 1902, 10, 29458, 16128, 70488, 100, 70, 71924, 1830, 111, 94859, 7, 390, 119653, 55923, 1830, 5, 10091, 54969, 32323, 2806, 44136, 39, 78458, 186, 188347, 28123, 538, 23, 450, 3687, 4, 136, 70, 41421, 372, 302, 4, 678, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 3445, 95134, 21771, 68352, 297, 47, 442, 4, 2806, 7068, 186, 220642, 47, 70, 1305, 5, 581, 3445, 71924, 297, 1543, 765, 2809, 220642, 47, 70, 41421, 390, 6, 131803, 4, 21208, 24, 7870, 136, 3789, 189173, 76319, 621, 119056, 23, 10, 46692, 390, 70, 78182, 66, 4816, 19, 33876, 223, 4, 7440, 764, 117249, 450, 99, 70, 727, 429, 111, 58332, 15, 89149, 4, 44, 2347, 79063, 1314, 1810, 111, 6, 29838, 136, 1256, 2822, 4, 44, 13761, 6259, 58, 8382, 1836, 156892, 4, 1632, 7103, 1632, 3917, 4, 136, 15700, 7103, 15700, 4, 47, 70, 41421, 90, 4, 390, 3917, 111, 834, 740, 134549, 7, 11814, 23, 70, 119653, 55923, 1830, 111, 49602, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 24, 7870, 4, 3542, 221, 46526, 237, 444, 113647, 7, 678, 21778, 1399, 4126, 186526, 14768, 2449, 5, 51404, 10, 119653, 55923, 1830, 509, 142, 71924, 1830, 4, 442, 509, 2843, 10, 157996, 2320, 4, 390, 20662, 70, 158, 4545, 14534, 237, 166553, 237, 7722, 5, 106073, 22104, 7, 765, 89160, 538, 8, 18695, 3674, 70, 26366, 98, 10, 41421, 678, 10, 54508, 20450, 927, 707, 10, 29256, 214, 111, 70, 117719, 7, 4, 70, 3445, 8035, 119653, 1029, 297, 509, 56104, 43613, 20051, 24, 12225, 5, 213185, 7, 390, 4311, 45857, 70, 44389, 56, 11341, 3060, 91519, 7, 134729, 297, 10, 47593, 168861, 1257, 19364, 7, 8305, 2363, 11969, 73, 5, 262, 61518, 6863, 103351, 4527, 390, 70, 12610, 7, 4, 70, 92973, 7, 111, 119653, 55923, 1830, 6777, 959, 144281, 35778, 8780, 390, 3060, 192471, 12610, 3620, 22230, 5, 185571, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 151552, 119653, 55923, 1830, 237, 44, 11, 2684, 156217, 136, 2837, 41128, 214, 1992, 4745, 674, 830, 136, 42459, 297, 450, 44, 2347, 4552, 41392, 111, 70, 41421, 5608, 186, 2060, 184750, 959, 4734, 1295, 10, 12610, 130367, 25, 7, 14361, 4, 1284, 1295, 1919, 7086, 4, 1919, 46223, 4, 1919, 67896, 7, 740, 540, 184, 136913, 764, 17378, 4, 44, 23389, 83, 10, 46824, 47, 68557, 10, 12610, 130367, 74, 47, 14753, 474, 429, 4049, 83, 10, 6, 44726, 297, 7432, 74, 47, 3884, 4049, 47, 47219, 83, 39555, 366, 56623, 112, 5, 4865, 35299, 87, 5154, 111, 119653, 18929, 214, 4049, 32, 1061, 221859, 142, 22631, 53418, 390, 2499, 207116, 186, 160370, 21286, 36510, 297, 390, 2499, 9351, 6494, 20174, 100, 442, 1242, 21612, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 6049, 7, 111, 70, 3445, 71924, 297, 3542, 148431, 707, 9638, 3055, 297, 678, 142, 193, 191, 11938, 4, 142, 27992, 35839, 44, 47913, 18108, 27402, 6664, 830, 3129, 509, 2843, 195409, 190659, 15490, 119653, 55923, 1830, 47, 94859, 7, 5, 3293, 27992, 21574, 33, 297, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 3445, 1284, 509, 2843, 131148, 47, 8, 720, 8382, 2750, 139999, 71, 70, 119653, 55923, 1830, 1295, 375, 266, 19514, 29114, 5908, 5, 106073, 70, 142, 45964, 845, 114686, 4816, 19, 33876, 223, 136, 5659, 3378, 15005, 47, 70, 119653, 55923, 1830, 111, 137107, 111, 3395, 390, 70, 12610, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 83, 10, 55300, 111, 1992, 4745, 674, 707, 10323, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 3129, 70, 91519, 83, 146543, 707, 68352, 297, 47, 10, 21334, 109412, 33, 186, 302, 136, 25737, 47, 10756, 4, 95134, 100, 40368, 13312, 4, 24189, 57693, 47219, 1295, 146353, 1830, 136, 237, 34053, 5134, 2320, 5, 1650, 509, 11814, 237, 10, 1992, 4745, 674, 390, 70, 12610, 7, 5, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 63920, 111, 70, 8999, 237, 78684, 237, 70, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "Details.", "Archaeological evidence.", "History and religious texts.", "Pre-Roman states.", "Ancient Rome.", "History.", "Society and law.", "Process.", "In Islam.", "Japan.", "Burma.", "Europe.", "Modern use.", "Legal execution.", "Jihadism.", "Other terrorist incidents.", "As a devotional practice." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Ancient Greek has two verbs for crucify: (), from (which in today's Greek only means \"cross\" but which in antiquity was used of any kind of wooden pole, pointed or blunt, bare or with attachments) and () \"crucify on a plank\", together with ( \"impale\"). In earlier pre-Roman Greek texts usually means \"impale\". New Testament Greek uses four verbs, three of them based upon (), usually translated \"cross\". The most common term is (), \"to", "Crucifixion was most often performed to dissuade its witnesses from perpetrating similar (usually particularly heinous) crimes. Victims were sometimes left on display after death as a warning to any other potential criminals. Crucifixion was usually intended to provide a death that was particularly slow, painful (hence the term \"excruciating\", literally \"out of crucifying\"), gruesome, humiliating, and public, using whatever means were most expedient for that goal. Crucifixion methods varied considerably with location and time period. The Greek and Latin words corresponding to \"crucifixion\" applied to many different forms of painful execution, including being impaled on a stake, or affixed to a tree, upright pole (a crux simplex), or (most famous now) to a combination of an upright (in Latin, \"stipes\") and a crossbeam (in Latin, \"patibulum\"). Seneca the Younger wrote: \"I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet\". In some cases, the condemned was forced to carry the crossbeam to the place of execution. A whole cross would weigh well over 135 kg (300 lb), but the crossbeam would not be as burdensome, weighing around 45 kg (100 lb). The Roman historian Tacitus records that the city of Rome had a specific place for carrying out executions, situated outside the Esquiline Gate, and had a specific area reserved for the execution of slaves by crucifixion. Upright posts would presumably be fixed permanently in that place, and the crossbeam, with the condemned person perhaps already nailed to it, would then be attached to the post. The person executed may have been attached to the cross by rope, though nails and other sharp materials are mentioned in a passage by the Judean historian Josephus, where he states that at the Siege of Jerusalem (70), \"the soldiers out of rage and hatred, \"nailed\" those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest\". Objects used in the crucifixion of criminals, such as nails, were sought as amulets with perceived medicinal qualities. While a crucifixion was an execution, it was also a humiliation, by making the condemned as vulnerable as possible. Although artists have traditionally depicted the figure on a cross with a loin cloth or a covering of the genitals, the person being crucified was usually stripped naked. Writings by Seneca the Younger state some victims suffered a stick forced upwards through their groin. Despite its frequent use by the Romans, the horrors of crucifixion did not escape criticism by some eminent Roman orators. Cicero, for example, described crucifixion as \"a most cruel and disgusting punishment\", and suggested that \"the very mention of the cross should be far removed not only from a Roman citizen's body, but from his mind, his eyes, his ears\". Elsewhere he says, \"It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a wickedness; to put him to death is almost parricide. What shall I say of crucifying him? So guilty an action cannot by any possibility be adequately expressed by any name bad enough for it.\" Frequently, the legs of the person executed were broken or shattered with an iron club, an act called \"crurifragium\", which was also frequently applied without crucifixion to slaves. This act hastened the death of the person but was also meant to deter those who observed the crucifixion from committing offenses.", "Although the ancient Jewish historian Josephus and Appian refer to the crucifixion of thousands of people by the Romans, there is only a single archaeological discovery of a crucified body dating back to the Roman Empire around the time of Jesus. This was discovered at Givat HaMivtar, Jerusalem in 1968. The remains were found accidentally in an ossuary with the crucified man's name on it, 'Jehohanan, the son of Hagakol'. Nicu Haas, an anthropologist at the Hebrew University Medical School in Jerusalem, examined the ossuary and discovered that it contained a heel bone with a nail driven through its side, indicating that the man had been crucified. The position of the nail relative to the bone indicates that the feet had been nailed to the cross from their side, not from their front; various opinions have been proposed as to whether they were both nailed together to the front of the cross or one on the left side, one on", "", "Crucifixion (or impalement), in one form or another, was used by Persians, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. The Greeks were generally opposed to performing crucifixions. However, in his \"Histories\", ix.120–122, the Greek writer Herodotus describes the execution of a Persian general at the hands of Athenians in about 479 BC: \"They nailed him to a plank and hung him up... this Artayctes who suffered death by crucifixion.\" The \"Commentary on Herodotus\" by How and Wells remarks: \"They crucified him with hands and feet stretched out and nailed to cross-pieces; cf. vii.33. This barbarity, unusual on the part of Greeks, may be explained by the enormity of the outrage or by Athenian deference to local feeling.\" Some Christian theologians, beginning with Paul of Tarsus writing in, have interpreted an allusion to crucifixion in Deuteronomy. This reference is to being hanged from a tree, and may be associated with lynching or traditional hanging. However, Rabbinic", "", "The hypothesis that the Ancient Roman custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of \"arbori suspendere\"—hanging on an \"arbor infelix\" (\"inauspicious tree\") dedicated to the gods of the nether world—is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution (the \"supplicium more maiorum\", punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors) consisted of suspending someone from a tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death. Tertullian mentions a 1st-century AD case in which trees were used for crucifixion, but Seneca the Younger earlier used the phrase", "Crucifixion was intended to be a gruesome spectacle: the most painful and humiliating death imaginable. It was used to punish slaves, pirates, and enemies of the state. It was originally reserved for slaves (hence still called \"supplicium servile\" by Seneca), and later extended to citizens of the lower classes (\"humiliores\"). The victims of crucifixion were stripped naked and put on public display while they were slowly tortured to death so that they would serve as a spectacle and an example. According to Roman law, if a slave killed his or her master, all of", "Crucifixion was typically carried out by specialized teams, consisting of a commanding centurion and his soldiers. First, the condemned would be stripped naked and scourged. This would cause the person to lose a large amount of blood, and approach a state of shock. The convict then usually had to carry the horizontal beam (\"patibulum\" in Latin) to the place of execution, but not necessarily the whole cross. During the death march, the prisoner, probably still nude after the scourging, would be led through the most crowded streets bearing a \"titulus\" – a sign board proclaiming the prisoner's name and crime. Upon arrival at the place of execution, selected to be especially public, the convict would be stripped of any remaining clothing, then nailed to the cross naked. If the crucifixion took place in an established place of execution, the vertical beam (\"stipes\") might be permanently embedded in the ground. In this case, the condemned person's wrists would first be nailed to the \"patibulum\", and then he or she would be hoisted off the ground with ropes to hang from the elevated \"patibulum\" while it was fastened to the \"stipes\". Next the feet or ankles would be nailed to the upright stake. The 'nails' were tapered iron spikes approximately long, with a square shaft across. The \"titulus\" would also be fastened to the cross to notify onlookers of the person's name and crime as they hung on the", "Islam spread in a region where many societies, including the Persian and Roman empires, had used crucifixion to punish traitors, rebels, robbers and criminal slaves. The Qur'an refers to crucifixion in six passages, of which the most significant for later legal developments is verse 5:33: The corpus of hadith provides contradictory statements about the first use of crucifixion under Islamic rule, attributing it variously to Muhammad himself (for murder and robbery of a shepherd) or to the second caliph Umar (applied to two slaves who murdered their mistress). Classical Islamic jurisprudence applies the verse 5:33 chiefly to highway robbers,", "Crucifixion was introduced into Japan during the Sengoku period (1467–1573), after a 350-year period with no capital punishment. It is believed to have been suggested to the Japanese by the introduction of Christianity into the region, although similar types of punishment had been used as early as the Kamakura period. Known in Japanese as, crucifixion was used in Japan before and during the Tokugawa Shogunate. Several related crucifixion techniques were", "In Burma, crucifixion was a central element in several execution", "During World War I, there were persistent rumors that German soldiers had crucified a Canadian soldier on a tree or barn door with bayonets or combat knives. The event was initially reported in 1915 by Private George Barrie of the 1st Canadian Division. Two investigations, one a post-war official investigation, and the other an independent investigation by the", "Crucifixion is still used as a rare method of execution in some countries. The punishment of crucifixion (\"șalb\") imposed in Islamic law is variously interpreted as exposure of the body after execution, crucifixion followed by stabbing in the chest, or crucifixion for three days, survivors of which are allowed to live.", "Several people have been subjected to crucifixion in Saudi Arabia in the 2000s, although on occasion they were first beheaded and then crucified. In March 2013, a robber was set to be executed by being crucified for three days. However, the method was changed to death by firing squad. The Saudi Press Agency reported that the body of another individual was crucified after his execution in April 2019 as part of a crackdown on charges of terrorism. Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested in 2012 when he was 17 years old for taking part in an anti-government protests in Saudi Arabia during the Arab Spring. In", "On 5 February 2015 the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) reported that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) had committed \"several cases of mass executions of boys, as well as reports of beheadings, crucifixions of children and burying children alive\". On 30 April 2014 Islamic extremists carried out a total of seven public executions in Raqqa, northern Syria. The", "The human rights group Karen Women Organization documented a case of Tatmadaw forces crucifying several Karen villagers in 2000 in the Dooplaya District in Burma's Kayin State. On 22 January 2014, Dmytro Bulatov, an anti-government activist and member of AutoMaidan, was kidnapped by unknown persons speaking in Russian", "The Catholic Church frowns upon self-crucifixion as a form of devotion: \"Penitential practices leading to self-crucifixion with nails are not to be encouraged.\" Despite this, the practice persists in the Philippines, where some Catholics are voluntarily, non-lethally crucified for a limited time on Good Friday to imitate the sufferings of Christ. Pre-sterilised nails are driven through the palm of the hand between the bones, while there is a footrest to which the feet are nailed. Rolando del Campo, a carpenter in Pampanga, vowed to be crucified every Good Friday for 15 years if God would carry his wife through a difficult childbirth, while in San Pedro Cutud, Ruben Enaje has been crucified 32 times. The Church in the Philippines has repeatedly voiced disapproval of crucifixions and self-flagellation, while the government has noted that it cannot deter devotees. The Department of Health insists that participants in the rites should have tetanus shots and that the nails used should be sterilized. In other cases, a crucifixion is only simulated within a passion play, as in the ceremonial re-enactment that has been performed yearly in the town of Iztapalapa, on the outskirts of Mexico City, since 1833, and in the more famous Oberammergau Passion Play. Also, since at least the mid-19th century, a group of flagellants in New Mexico, called \"Hermanos de Luz\" (\"Brothers of Light\"), have annually conducted reenactments of Christ's crucifixion during Holy Week, in which a penitent is tied—but not nailed—to a cross. In a reported case from July 1805 a man named Mattio Lovat attempted to crucify himself at a public street in Venice, Italy. The attempt was unsuccessful, and he was sent to an asylum, where he died a year later." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 228736, 509, 103122, 98, 702, 6088, 32158, 99, 18813, 25, 7, 29693, 27123, 23, 9020, 4, 70, 17932, 29041, 111, 15672, 81828, 56, 58923, 228736, 136, 36770, 33424, 133, 10208, 228736, 5, 4687, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 604, 57988, 289, 6782, 9, 79139, 432, 9319, 7, 15, 837, 927, 111, 58923, 228736, 25, 7, 9963, 432, 9319, 7, 3542, 24, 4806, 124172, 194, 1301, 10, 10176, 23040, 4, 228736, 26983, 6259, 70, 32363, 13, 678, 604, 27863, 136, 2363, 21115, 601, 5180, 4, 33233, 678, 604, 78, 79298, 7, 12, 114210, 23552, 9, 7, 19656, 54953, 9319, 15, 434, 497, 509, 8437, 538, 30666, 297, 390, 10208, 228736, 247, 114210, 114015, 23213, 4, 136, 27150, 56, 82953, 14631, 5, 129551, 47, 604, 67373, 4, 70, 9351, 111, 601, 5180, 509, 191722, 390, 124172, 25, 7, 34844, 117989, 5, 1301, 1919, 76849, 509, 8035, 103122, 390, 161203, 377, 90, 3464, 19, 40059, 4, 10208, 11736, 50782, 70, 172852, 17155, 136, 1645, 53, 297, 450, 2412, 186, 103122, 44, 191, 70, 148, 5180, 111, 142, 61909, 740, 1840, 42732, 509, 845, 114686, 5, 262, 61518, 2363, 65536, 4, 70, 228736, 7, 36663, 2363, 20020, 47, 37105, 237, 3638, 10, 6897, 237, 7722, 4, 221, 124172, 136, 604, 78, 79298, 7, 29966, 297, 4000, 11341, 115215, 23, 24453, 26832, 13802, 4, 1632, 111, 2856, 8035, 873, 425, 78280, 29693, 5, 228736, 1556, 2804, 450, 12960, 29966, 214, 11341, 10696, 4, 2412, 509, 10, 91519, 111, 50208, 38543, 4, 136, 1902, 2809, 10, 50208, 53, 164055, 5, 228736, 100512, 60892, 23, 4331, 214, 180950, 237, 10, 156206, 5, 1913, 17480, 2412, 82775, 604, 5117, 79, 27853, 5, 129335, 5369, 14432, 4, 2412, 44848, 71, 100, 14949, 239, 15322, 4084, 4, 20697, 98, 604, 5117, 93543, 31816, 6644, 42486, 4, 739, 592, 604, 59376, 20697, 100, 38157, 3621, 1507, 4, 604, 67373, 25, 7, 61279, 133, 96190, 308, 3632, 100, 10, 14012, 111, 5369, 5, 4687, 22282, 71, 604, 137374, 99, 136210, 7, 38648, 86, 29693, 111, 11724, 136, 87398, 4, 134629, 390, 56575, 11724, 99, 15881, 12190, 6470, 7, 23, 70, 39395, 11704, 7, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 98147, 1840, 25975, 2320, 42486, 509, 40030, 297, 390, 23902, 136, 1601, 51734, 7, 353, 24113, 177018, 4, 2369, 7, 1249, 636, 10529, 136, 37958, 8455, 7, 100, 4092, 99, 70, 25975, 2320, 11675, 7514, 7639, 5, 581, 42486, 509, 127887, 47, 10, 11531, 390, 604, 67373, 4, 44, 294, 36378, 4347, 10013, 740, 62, 6897, 10617, 147836, 4, 228736, 4527, 7, 110, 78546, 56, 707, 16387, 23, 604, 4331, 7, 5, 44, 3957, 81589, 58, 151552, 604, 23, 918, 237, 10, 44, 25553, 6892, 18, 136, 108171, 58, 132756, 111, 26249, 38109, 5, 4687, 8060, 7, 436, 30967, 5, 31384, 111, 228736, 25, 7, 4331, 7, 765, 7986, 450, 121151, 90, 98, 604, 44, 157, 26249, 58, 44930, 74, 1632, 111, 604, 108725, 79, 27853, 7, 17378, 44, 68879, 2886, 100, 2896, 53, 147836, 7, 58, 98, 70, 91, 133, 3134, 5, 62, 80836, 111, 604, 193289, 136, 19914, 1159, 4196, 49935, 7, 3542, 16839, 297, 183037, 237, 66416, 9, 193701, 4, 21208, 604, 4527, 111, 29700, 9, 77007, 142518, 13, 41637, 7464, 165249, 162145, 289, 50509, 7, 5, 360, 103844, 228736, 83184, 297, 10, 54543, 18276, 1379, 604, 9351, 23, 10, 124416, 200569, 678, 527, 45740, 10760, 15, 35613, 341, 4209, 16, 136, 168360, 604, 5117, 42486, 23, 7270, 5, 4687, 5036, 160404, 7, 8651, 4092, 144057, 4343, 7, 23, 147037, 25, 7, 1061, 497, 4, 9020, 25, 7, 4347, 93771, 4, 3358, 25, 7, 10542, 38436, 4, 7270, 25, 7, 17743, 164, 25674, 4, 5755, 25, 7, 98757, 872, 8, 6524, 1883, 24408, 4, 51651, 4, 69563, 136, 122046, 4, 54940, 3789, 31913, 7, 5, 360, 88847, 228736, 83184, 297, 604, 5117, 173487, 4, 124172, 5, 360, 18982, 56434, 2412, 83184, 297, 10, 21722, 8804, 13315, 4, 313, 23711, 5, 581, 3555, 107554, 13315, 96853, 59671, 38742, 4, 1295, 10, 46622, 6953, 124111, 7228, 678, 107466, 3424, 39, 136, 62752, 47924, 47, 50997, 26156, 136, 68524, 33, 29695, 7, 5084, 180371, 7401, 5, 360, 43304, 2412, 83184, 297, 10, 3525, 38786, 35890, 13315, 5, 360, 7582, 36404, 70, 124172, 228736, 71930, 42486, 509, 83184, 297, 100, 3525, 57332, 7, 136, 20020, 1257, 47, 32070, 5035, 360, 18237, 27997, 228736, 77049, 71, 70, 99837, 169116, 7, 212553, 14298, 47, 51339, 99, 604, 1210, 31576, 54543, 92252, 99, 70, 2356, 5753, 1784, 2661, 1845, 29089, 53, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 98, 534, 18237, 12453, 64511, 138931, 77049, 71, 47, 70, 19085, 99201, 14245, 1391, 3238, 7514, 4, 41994, 3980, 36840, 4, 7714, 17686, 28889, 4, 164733, 9335, 70655, 24374, 4, 94239, 97595, 1507, 4, 117277, 663, 11036, 603, 4, 1061, 52706, 70829, 1577, 4, 436, 25, 618, 75087, 4, 10255, 102, 8022, 41044, 136, 51575, 31746, 10656, 4293, 5, 22376, 23, 27997, 228736, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 12877, 44, 3957, 227234, 56575, 10639, 14137, 740, 360, 7582, 20400, 228736, 83184, 297, 604, 5117, 5101, 87690, 42486, 5, 581, 42486, 83, 7228, 1257, 111, 5941, 67945, 67657, 3408, 4, 17198, 19616, 9, 5062, 63044, 59982, 7, 5, 228736, 2804, 604, 67373, 1902, 191722, 70, 42486, 5, 360, 7071, 267, 4, 7103, 729, 5369, 111, 165410, 678, 341, 4209, 4, 228736, 68872, 47, 59038, 6863, 145054, 111, 604, 14380, 136, 5646, 70, 19574, 7, 111, 604, 7964, 54543, 352, 95972, 5, 4687, 82775, 167361, 7880, 133, 25, 7, 81141, 116816, 40989, 4, 136, 14432, 75935, 7621, 143126, 7, 111, 442, 4, 1105, 23, 400, 538, 35011, 136, 1105, 23, 98, 53, 425, 22556, 4, 100, 604, 64337, 17106, 11954, 150143, 42486, 4, 12638, 27167, 71, 99, 11762, 363, 4, 4283, 5, 2161, 423, 18374, 267, 4, 124172, 228736, 171530, 70, 83184, 111, 124172, 228736, 20731, 7, 32807, 4, 10, 21441, 2481, 171332, 47, 57262, 27968, 5, 228736, 72856, 604, 42732, 47, 70, 70997, 23, 82490, 581, 21441, 2481, 1221, 60393, 13, 75534, 111, 70, 8796, 25, 7, 37405, 47969, 592, 1305, 9, 134364, 13, 85690, 60751, 1176, 375, 48448, 70910, 47, 24793, 1379, 519, 214, 57262, 27968, 39734, 5, 228736, 83184, 297, 10, 124416, 9, 43210, 13, 13315, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 124172, 50030, 228736, 15, 57332, 702, 6088, 32158, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 54543, 51517, 5, 4687, 83, 10, 76849, 111, 15672, 81828, 56, 4, 19612, 3378, 4, 136, 26249, 38109, 177500, 58923, 228736, 136, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 10868, 10208, 228736, 5, 18852, 604, 27863, 4, 228736, 83, 10, 11037, 132756, 111, 26249, 38109, 136, 83, 106480, 51529, 100, 604, 4527, 111, 147836, 136, 26249, 9, 32087, 30700, 7, 23, 604, 4488, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Beginning.", "Collaborations.", "Team GB.", "Awards and media.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "McCartney was born on 13 September 1971 at King's College Hospital in London, the second child of American photographer Linda McCartney and former Beatle Paul McCartney. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers (both of Linda McCartney's grandmothers were named Stella). As a little girl, McCartney travelled the globe with her parents and their group Wings, along with her siblings: older half-sister Heather (who was legally adopted by Paul McCartney), older sister Mary, and younger brother James. According to her father, the name of Wings was inspired by Stella's difficult delivery. As his daughter was being born by emergency caesarean section, Paul sat outside the operating room and prayed that she be born \"on the wings of an angel\". Her mother was Jewish. Despite their fame, the McCartneys wanted their children to lead as normal a life as possible, so Stella and her siblings attended local state schools in East Sussex, one of them being Bexhill College. McCartney has said that while attending state school, she was a victim of bullying, and had been a bully herself.", "", "McCartney became interested in designing clothes as a youth. At 13, she designed her first jacket. Three years later, she interned for Christian Lacroix, working on her first haute couture collection, honing her skills working for Edward Sexton, her father's Savile Row tailor for a number of years. She studied her foundation at Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication, followed by Fashion Design at Central Saint Martins in the early 1990s, graduating in 1995. Her graduation collection was modelled by friends and supermodels Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon and Kate Moss for free at the graduation runway show. The collection was shown to a song by her father, \"Stella May Day\". A lifelong vegetarian, McCartney uses no leather or fur in her designs. \"The Guardian\" described her in 2015 as a \"consistent and vocal\" supporter of animal rights. She supports PETA. Some of McCartney's designs have text that elaborates on her \"no animal\" policy; one of her Adidas jackets says \"suitable for sporty vegetarians\" on the sleeve. A pair of her vinyl and ultrasuede boots were marketed specifically as vegan-friendly, though her use of oil-based synthetics still raised ecological concerns. In 2001, McCartney launched a fashion house under her name in a joint venture with Gucci Group (now Kering) and showed her first collection in Paris. She now operates 51 freestanding stores in Manhattan's Soho, London's Mayfair, LA's West Hollywood, Paris's Palais Royal, Barcelona's Passeig de Gracia Milan, Rome, Miami and Houston, among other locations. In 2003, McCartney launched her first perfume, Stella. In January 2007, she launched a skincare line, CARE. The 100% organic line includes seven products, from a cleansing milk made with lemon balm and apricot to green tea and linden blossom floral water. In 2008, she launched a new lingerie line. In November 2010, the Stella McCartney Kids collection was launched for newborns and children up to age 12. In June 2012, McCartney invited the Soul Rebels Brass Band to perform at her 2013 spring fashion presentation at the New York Marble Cemetery in New York City on 11 June 2012. Other guests invited to the party included Anne Hathaway, Jim Carrey, Anna Wintour, Annie Leibovitz, Lauren Hutton, Amy Poehler, Solange Knowles, P'Trique, Greta Gerwig and André Leon Talley. Also in 2012, McCartney was part of the book \"The sustainable Fashion Handbook\". In November 2016, McCartney launched her first menswear collection. The collection is made up of many athleisure, pyjama-like casual outfits. McCartney said her father had inspired the collection. In April 2018, after 17 years of partnership with Kering, McCartney decided to purchase its stake of her company and take the reins of her global fashion empire. She designed Meghan Markle's wedding reception dress, and later created 46 replicas of it, 23 in lily white and 23 in onyx black, for her Made With Love capsule collection, each priced at £3,500. On 15 October 2018, Stella McCartney announced the launch of Stella McCartney Cares Foundation, a charity dedicated to breast cancer. McCartney lost her mother to the disease in 1998. The charity will donate 1,000 of the brand's Louis Listening post-operative mastectomy compression bras to women undergoing breast cancer treatment.", "McCartney launched a joint-venture line with Adidas, establishing a long-term partnership with the corporation in September 2004. This line is a sports performance collection for women. In January 2010, McCartney announced she would be collaborating with Disney to create an Alice in Wonderland-inspired jewelry collection. In July of the same year, together with PETA and eco designer Atom cianfarani, McCartney worked to petition the British Ministry of Defence to cease the use of Canadian Black Bears as the fur for their guards' hats. The military has not made the change. In July 2011, she participated at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona. In December 2018, McCartney announced to launch a new fashion industry charter for climate action, in collaboration with the United Nations. To help fashion companies welcome sustainable business practices. In August 2019, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift teamed up with McCartney to release a fashion line inspired by Swift's seventh studio album \"Lover\", the project called \"Stella X Taylor Swift\".", "In September 2010, Stella McCartney was appointed Team GB's Creative Director for the 2012 Olympics by Adidas—the first time in the games' history that a leading fashion designer designed the apparel for a country's team across all competitions for both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games. In March 2012 the Team GB kit was publicly displayed. McCartney continued in this role for the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "Stella McCartney received the VH1/\"Vogue\" Designer of the Year award in 2000 in New York. Her father Paul presented the award to her; she thanked him in her acceptance speech and dedicated the award to her late mother. In 2000, McCartney received the Woman of Courage Award for work against cancer at the prestigious Unforgettable Evening event (2003, Los Angeles), the \"Glamour\" Award for Best Designer of the Year (2004, London), the Star Honoree at the Fashion Group International Night of the Stars (2004, New York), the Organic Style Woman of the Year Award (2005, New York), the \"Elle\" Style Award for Best Designer of the Year Award (2007, London), Best Designer of the Year at the British Style Awards (2007, London), Best Designer of The Year at the Spanish Elle Awards (2008, Barcelona), the Green Designer of the Year at the ACE Awards (2008, New York) and in 2009 she was honoured by the NRDC, featured in the Time 100 and recognised as a \"Glamour\" magazine Woman of the Year. In November 2011 she was presented with the Red Carpet Award by the British Fashion Council. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to fashion. In 2012, McCartney was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his artwork – the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires. In February 2013 she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. In June 2017, McCartney was the guest for BBC Radio 4's \"Desert Island Discs\". Her choices included \"Road to Nowhere\" by Talking Heads and \"Blackbird\" by the Beatles. Her favourite was \"God Only Knows\" by the Beach Boys. In 2017, McCartney received the Special Recognition Award for Innovation at the 2017 Fashion Awards", "McCartney married British publisher Alasdhair Willis on 30 August 2003 at Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute. Her wedding dress was an updated version of her mother's wedding dress from 1969. Willis works as creative director of shoewear brand Hunter. In 2015, he was named one of \"GQ\"s 50 best-dressed British men. McCartney and Willis have four children: sons Miller Alasdhair James Willis (born 2005) and Beckett Robert Lee Willis (born 2008) and daughters Bailey Linda Olwyn Willis (born 2006) and Reiley Dilys Stella Willis (born 2010). McCartney has a younger half-sister, Beatrice Milly McCartney, born on 28 October 2003 to her father and his second wife, Heather Mills. In 2018, McCartney said: \"When my mum died, Dad, my brother and I went to see the Maharishi... I had quite a reaction that I didn't feel in control of. I possibly suppressed my emotions and I started having panic attacks, physical reactions to that loss\". She said that Transcendental meditation made an almost instantaneous difference in her ability to cope. \"It really did help me at a time when I really needed some help... I didn't want to part with money for it. But, you know, it's probably the best investment I ever made.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 37837, 7, 509, 103122, 23, 143940, 72697, 4, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 47, 4939, 44, 73484, 58, 56230, 37837, 7, 4, 10, 36770, 56101, 121, 2955, 42227, 4, 136, 1919, 58386, 4, 33424, 32512, 23213, 37837, 7, 4, 6, 40062, 13316, 5259, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 10, 46512, 583, 23, 70, 56101, 126140, 5, 1840, 67373, 509, 30666, 297, 99, 32070, 59671, 136, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 138276, 191, 4, 7440, 1919, 30666, 5844, 27863, 1902, 10, 11969, 3443, 53, 19927, 5, 18763, 30666, 5844, 67373, 2843, 79786, 237, 10, 135969, 100, 10, 12801, 87696, 28779, 214, 7175, 5, 1840, 42732, 509, 103122, 23, 5596, 4, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 136, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 14941, 45443, 214, 115215, 5, 10660, 435, 99, 188831, 12535, 4, 136, 3542, 139505, 26548, 70, 32599, 90, 111, 13316, 5259, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 2750, 6777, 959, 29966, 70, 81141, 136, 4734, 24124, 1919, 76849, 24145, 1286, 8108, 764, 68, 71, 5, 33424, 32512, 113091, 40368, 46876, 7, 136, 112730, 70, 16569, 4, 136, 7880, 112730, 4599, 513, 136, 101275, 4, 1884, 71, 6, 110092, 15, 69986, 142, 44, 647, 272, 592, 20744, 58, 70318, 247, 136, 34739, 2831, 23, 183851, 29681, 5, 1529, 509, 4552, 9896, 111, 85825, 15, 174796, 100, 70, 18912, 12233, 284, 100, 10, 1733, 247, 136, 37837, 7, 37629, 297, 604, 14449, 11343, 19441, 10, 10269, 136, 10, 7515, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 24145, 19441, 10, 8093, 738, 8364, 136, 10, 35011, 25990, 299, 738, 257, 450, 509, 107003, 47, 2062, 302, 70, 18276, 6, 157272, 390, 7880, 25, 7, 27863, 23, 1261, 761, 223, 4, 43573, 6499, 2271, 5, 581, 37837, 7, 14449, 66933, 2363, 65006, 7, 23, 1261, 761, 223, 136, 2843, 158930, 2685, 100, 10, 1733, 5, 14847, 37837, 7, 509, 37195, 5369, 10332, 4, 70, 14449, 109133, 144477, 47, 884, 19, 44726, 4, 23, 23924, 316, 1297, 1760, 4, 1284, 109133, 14847, 604, 67373, 509, 79, 14, 6259, 100, 543, 21775, 7103, 8035, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 160459, 4, 2412, 25737, 5368, 678, 604, 114015, 47, 6867, 678, 604, 42732, 136, 4755, 24073, 441, 3666, 7, 52562, 7, 58, 39329, 28166, 6512, 8705, 53, 247, 23, 313, 6324, 3915, 4, 9020, 5, 1840, 82953, 23409, 47, 138276, 191, 47, 6867, 678, 1919, 78840, 6236, 9963, 99547, 7, 5, 4687, 14432, 54397, 450, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 423, 2412, 13028, 16065, 47, 33284, 10, 7477, 93771, 4, 136, 158930, 23, 10, 20596, 24351, 16530, 1379, 27646, 47673, 29398, 100, 22759, 21775, 4, 102971, 6512, 8705, 53, 8, 93, 297, 903, 390, 54433, 450, 2412, 46505, 25958, 25737, 5368, 99, 14000, 7, 47, 26983, 678, 10, 27150, 332, 2750, 79786, 100, 10, 7477, 93771, 23, 9020, 5, 133698, 604, 11341, 71, 14922, 111, 5368, 9393, 7432, 4, 604, 10696, 115923, 117414, 450, 2412, 136, 604, 114015, 3542, 15044, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 11756, 93017, 199083, 23, 8064, 86, 136, 1401, 147, 24189, 7071, 26819, 4, 136, 99, 3905, 112, 105236, 142158, 3220, 29888, 4, 23, 7345, 3915, 4, 98, 305, 18237, 26819, 4, 7440, 1836, 15044, 24765, 297, 24189, 116, 20414, 20986, 5, 4687, 37629, 297, 450, 10, 117914, 99, 70, 3905, 112, 105236, 24145, 2804, 4, 44, 9319, 13, 25, 7, 110, 15673, 100, 604, 99, 756, 830, 136, 450, 2412, 25737, 10696, 678, 110, 108858, 209864, 7, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 604, 67373, 1902, 15700, 76849, 4, 150165, 37837, 7, 4, 678, 10, 3525, 4755, 5, 37837, 7, 79786, 100, 10, 224151, 19927, 4, 1284, 509, 57, 76622, 4, 136, 2244, 24243, 44, 86, 814, 47, 4488, 100, 35672, 37076, 13438, 740, 4687, 14432, 54397, 23, 604, 1809, 964, 87168, 450, 70, 101785, 111, 10, 55, 19256, 26976, 19927, 23, 313, 6324, 3915, 26038, 604, 10, 12447, 98, 72864, 7, 4, 1284, 41994, 71263, 4, 70, 101785, 111, 4267, 75287, 845, 19256, 1314, 4, 14432, 11341, 71, 12, 44, 200647, 64113, 2412, 54397, 1672, 163, 509, 400, 90, 4, 87, 8306, 26038, 604, 10, 12447, 74, 2412, 1660, 80756, 10932, 136, 7228, 26156, 5, 4687, 30745, 163, 604, 67373, 509, 103494, 5, 581, 4734, 13580, 450, 509, 2161, 382, 8055, 13867, 4, 37837, 7, 136, 4211, 44885, 172458, 47, 70, 107767, 111, 262, 1446, 13, 38666, 7, 136, 19825, 7, 42562, 17119, 4, 9020, 4, 1284, 12960, 41421, 214, 19825, 7, 42562, 17119, 4, 37837, 7, 509, 186015, 297, 7565, 390, 10, 35206, 2926, 75457, 4, 70, 4568, 23, 10, 134698, 53, 111, 17262, 4, 3129, 509, 35644, 214, 47, 142, 161203, 11782, 5, 37837, 7, 134729, 297, 134616, 297, 57230, 7, 4, 10, 33595, 34, 2822, 32386, 4, 136, 70, 86669, 111, 604, 25737, 6049, 35064, 70, 472, 86, 13, 74, 10, 12924, 37385, 509, 14432, 220642, 47, 604, 4203, 1824, 5, 360, 18374, 13867, 4, 2412, 1902, 15700, 41018, 450, 53333, 16610, 33, 297, 604, 6049, 5, 37837, 7, 509, 70318, 297, 11762, 5955, 4, 9508, 390, 70, 35206, 180210, 237, 456, 58875, 21161, 100, 604, 232796, 4, 3853, 21208, 70, 35206, 2926, 187830, 271, 4, 6107, 2027, 38648, 86, 4, 509, 14432, 34735, 297, 390, 143445, 90, 111, 132442, 15490, 4743, 517, 136, 35743, 5, 24372, 70, 27998, 4, 37837, 7, 54324, 604, 13765, 47, 70, 44, 22418, 111, 70, 6661, 830, 136, 26038, 3789, 33683, 7, 4, 54433, 2412, 85168, 297, 11762, 418, 203770, 5, 4687, 11814, 70, 17265, 47, 5423, 1257, 70, 54953, 9319, 37837, 7, 19102, 87343, 15, 54376, 297, 3576, 1104, 30416, 16, 3129, 75060, 297, 502, 237398, 32060, 16145, 47, 3395, 4, 106480, 20020, 4, 2750, 1902, 72856, 32060, 16145, 7103, 2288, 26783, 98, 3551, 2962, 7, 5, 37837, 7, 27983, 45831, 3395, 604, 502, 237398, 6049, 4, 24145, 35971, 442, 5773, 20271, 142, 33683, 98, 70, 15672, 22120, 7639, 44, 2729, 56216, 18813, 9251, 830, 23, 55021, 37837, 7, 12877, 297, 164055, 3934, 70, 45644, 771, 187906, 19102, 43975, 23, 52888, 4, 3129, 3884, 604, 98, 10, 49649, 15381, 66416, 68, 18, 4, 17368, 148, 156253, 27689, 7, 136, 3671, 9120, 160, 202, 24494, 7, 47, 764, 289, 604, 4323, 7030, 5, 24372, 142, 41018, 4, 37837, 7, 134053, 450, 2412, 1902, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 54953, 9319, 14245, 37837, 7, 15, 57332, 427, 18982, 28015, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 36770, 3299, 4, 2450, 3357, 2481, 4, 8063, 3613, 669, 136, 177500, 5, 37837, 7, 21449, 47, 3835, 35743, 3229, 2412, 509, 10, 3299, 23, 13867, 136, 509, 75412, 23, 10, 83629, 61770, 6889, 678, 10, 35206, 2926, 75457, 23, 9020, 5, 581, 27998, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 10, 65970, 2320, 111, 604, 25737, 6049, 35064, 70, 472, 86, 13, 4, 1284, 2412, 136475, 47, 3299, 390, 17368, 10, 502, 237398, 400, 6492, 136, 14432, 54324, 604, 13765, 47, 70, 61894, 532, 44, 22418, 111, 70, 6661, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "London and modelling.", "Accident and amputees.", "Relationship with Paul McCartney.", "Marriage.", "Parenthood.", "Separation.", "Divorce.", "Media image and criticism.", "Activism.", "Commercial interests.", "Participation in modern art.", "British Paralympic ski team." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Mills was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, to John \"Mark\" Francis Mills, a former British paratrooper, and his wife, Beatrice Mary Mills, née Finlay, who was the daughter of a colonel in the British Army. Her father was adopted at age seven and grew up in Brighton, where his adoptive parents had a grocery shop. His adoptive father also worked as a mechanic for a Grand Prix racing team. Her mother was born in India, during World War II, and was educated at English boarding schools. They met at Newcastle University, and were married against the wishes of Finlay's father, who did not attend the wedding and only saw his daughter once more before he died. Beatrice spoke several languages and played the piano, and Mark played banjo and guitar, liked photography (winning an \"Evening Standard\" award), and took part in numerous sports. He was very fond of animals (working for the RSPCA for a time), and Mills remembered her family always having a dog and a cat, as well as once having a pet goose and a white nanny goat that was allowed to roam the house owned by Mark's parents in Libanus, near Brecon. The Mills family spent their holidays in Libanus and also lived there for a time. When Mills was six years old, the family moved north to Alnwick, in Northumberland, but moved", "When her father was jailed for 18 months after being convicted of fraud, she left home with her sister to live with her mother and partner (\"Crossroads\" actor Charles Stapley), in Clapham, London. Her brother went to Brighton to live with his paternal grandparents. She later wrote that at the age of 15 she ran away to join a funfair, and lived in a cardboard box under Waterloo station for four months, although Stapley denied this by saying that she occasionally left home at weekends to travel with a young man who worked for a funfair in London. During her stated period of homelessness, her school records indicate that she and her sister were both enrolled at Usworth comprehensive in Tyne and Wear until April 1983, and at Hydeburn Comprehensive, in Balham, on 6 June 1983, where they both stayed until 2 July 1984. She remembered that a teacher at the Hydeburn once said, \"there's no hope for her at all\", and that she left school with no academic qualifications. In the same year, her father had another daughter, Claire Mills, with a new partner. Mills worked for a croissant shop, but was sacked, and vowed \"never to work for anyone else again\". She later wrote in her autobiography that the owner of a jewellery shop in Clapham gave her a job on Saturdays, but Jim Guy, the owner of Penrose Jewellers, later stated: \"Everything she wrote about me was lies, I never gave her a job; she just hung around and made tea. She told me her father was dead. The only thing that was", "On 8 August 1993, Mills and Mincione walked to the corner of De Vere Gardens and Kensington Road, London, but while crossing Kensington Road, Mills was knocked down by a police motorcycle, the last in a convoy of three, which was responding to an emergency call. Mills suffered crushed ribs, a punctured lung, and the loss of her left leg below the knee; a metal plate was later attached to her pelvis. In October 1993, she had another operation that further shortened her leg. Mills was awarded £200,000 by the police authority as recompense for her injuries, even though the police motorcyclist, PC Osbourne, was later cleared by magistrates of driving without due care and attention. After the accident, Mills sold her story to the \"News of the World\", and gave other interviews, saying she earned £180,000. She used the money to set up the Heather Mills Health Trust (existed 2000–2004) which delivered prosthetic limbs to people, particularly children, who had lost limbs after stepping on landmines. Mills often shows people her prosthetic leg, once taking it off during an interview on the American talk show \"Larry King Live\", in 2002. Mills booked herself into the Hippocrates Health Institute in Florida, which put her on a raw food vegan diet, using wheat grass and garlic poultices to heal her wound. After an operation, Mills discovered that she had been previously identified as having an O rhesus negative blood type, when in fact she was A rhesus negative, which had interfered with her attempts to follow the so-called blood type diet. As her prosthetic leg had to be replaced on a regular basis, because the size of the amputated stump kept changing as it healed, she had the idea to collect thousands of discarded prosthetic limbs for amputees in Croatia. Mills persuaded the Brixton prison governor to get inmates to dismantle and pack the prosthetic limbs before being transported, which resulted in 22,000 amputees obtaining limbs", "Mills met McCartney at the Dorchester Hotel, during the Pride of Britain Awards event in April 1999, which McCartney had attended to present an award to an animal rights activist. Mills presented the Outstanding Bravery Award to Helen Smith, also making an appeal on behalf of the Heather Mills Health Trust. McCartney also presented an award dedicated to his late wife, Linda McCartney. McCartney talked to Mills about donating to her charity, later giving her £150,000. In the autumn of 1999, Mills and her sister recorded \"VO!CE\", a song they wrote to raise funds for Mills's charity, with McCartney agreeing to sing backing vocals. After recording the song in Greece, where Mills's sister lived, running the independent label Coda Records, the sisters stayed overnight at McCartney's estate in Peasmarsh, Sussex, in early November, where McCartney added vocals to the song. Having sparked the interest of the tabloids about his appearances with Mills at events, McCartney appeared publicly beside her at a party in January 2000 to celebrate her 32nd birthday. While on holiday in the Lake District, McCartney proposed to Mills on 23 July 2001, giving her a £15,000 diamond and sapphire ring he had purchased in Jaipur, India, while they were there on holiday.", "Mills and McCartney were married on 11 June 2002, four years after Linda McCartney died of breast cancer. The McCartney–Mills wedding was an elaborate ceremony at Castle Leslie, in the village of Glaslough in County Monaghan, Ireland. A song specially composed by McCartney, called \"Heather\", was played, which had been included on the 2001 album \"Driving Rain\". Mills said that she liked to cook traditional vegetarian Christmas dinners for McCartney and as many of his family as possible, and that McCartney had encouraged her to give up her self-confessed addiction to chocolate and Snickers bars. When asked by chat-show host Larry King in 2003, how", "During a \"Parkinson\" chat show on 22 February 2003, host Michael Parkinson asked if it was because of McCartney that Mills did not give any interviews, and she replied that she wanted to protect McCartney, his children, and their privacy. On the same show she said that her previous ectopic pregnancies had damaged her fertility, and that her chances of getting pregnant were small, but the couple announced in May 2003 that they were expecting their first", "After some time apart, Mills and McCartney separated on 17 May 2006. In November 2007, Mills gave a number of interviews, saying that the breakdown of the marriage was caused by her husband's daughter, Stella, whom she described as \"jealous\" and \"evil\". Mills had previously talked with \"New York\" magazine, saying Stella had once issued a press release confirming how much she liked her new stepmother, although Stella's publicist denied that such a statement had ever been issued. After dismissing Anthony Julius, a Mishcon de Reya lawyer, Mills stated she would represent herself in the upcoming divorce hearing, with help from her sister Fiona, David Rosen, a solicitor-advocate, and Michael Shilub, an American", "The case was heard in court 34 at the Royal Courts of Justice in London. At the start of the proceedings Mills asked for £125 million, but McCartney offered £15.8 million. Before the court case, Mills had employed the accountancy firm Lee and Allen to examine McCartney's publishing company, business assets, and properties, claiming that she had a tape recording of McCartney admitting his true worth, but the presiding judge, Mr Justice Bennett, based his decision on a forensic valuation of McCartney's finances completed by accounting firm Ernst & Young. The hearing took six days, finishing on 18 February 2008, with the judgment being made public on 17 March 2008. Mills was eventually awarded a lump sum of £16.5m, together with assets of £7.8m, which included the properties she owned at the time. The total was £24.3 million plus payments of £35,000 per annum, for a nanny and school costs for their daughter. In his judgment, Mr Justice Bennett stated: \"The husband's evidence was, in my judgment, balanced. He expressed", "Mills's relationship with McCartney triggered considerable media interest. After her divorce, the attitude of the British media was hostile. Mills frequently accused the press of misquoting her and of using material out of context to give a negative impression of her, telling the \"Evening Standard\" that the claims that she had married McCartney for his money were more hurtful than losing her leg. Mills has been accused by several newspapers of having embellished her life story. A journalist with the same name, Heather Mills, at that time working for \"The Observer\", accused Mills of impersonating her for over a year in the late 1990s, showing people cuttings of articles the journalist had written, which helped Mills secure a job presenting \"The General\", a BBC television programme about Southampton General Hospital. There were also doubts about Mills's claim that she had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, because the Heather Mills Health Trust had given away thousands of prosthetic limbs to landmine victims, but the nomination cannot yet be proven because the identities of all nominees remain secret for 50 years. Mills's stepfather disputed her statement that her mother had nearly lost a leg in a car crash, after Mills said: \"her leg was only hanging on by a tiny flap of skin and flesh...miraculously the surgeons managed to insert a metal plate and reattach it\". Stapely said that Mills's mother had suffered a leg injury after a car crash, but recovered and was \"a keen tennis player\" and that Mills \"is simply a very confused woman for whom reality and fantasy have become blurred\". Mills said that she had once been asked to stand for parliament by the three main political parties, and had been offered a peerage in 2001 (to become Baroness Mills) by the then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, and a certain \"Lord MacDonald\". An ITV documentary (\"McCartney vs McCartney: The Ex Files\") interviewed three Lord MacDonalds, but not one of them could remember ever meeting Mills. British journalist Jasper Gerard, to whom Mills made the claims, also says she told him that she had cancelled a meeting with US president Bill Clinton in case her endorsement affected a US election outcome. Mills stated that she was once awarded the title of \"Outstanding Young Person of the Year\" by the British Chambers of Commerce, but did not challenge newspapers after they discovered there was no such award. In October 2006, Mills announced her intention to sue the \"Daily Mail\", \"The Sun\" and the \"Evening Standard\" newspapers. All the newspapers said that their stories \"were obtained by proper methods and in accordance with good journalistic practice\". \"The Sun\", which regularly refers to Mills as \"Mucca\" – a play on McCartney's nickname \"Macca\" – responded by asking her to \"tick the boxes\" on a series of allegations the newspaper had made, stating, \"It is not clear what exactly she plans to sue us about\". Underneath the questions, \"The Sun\" listed six allegations about her, with a blank box beside each of them. The words beside the boxes read: \"Hooker, Liar, Porn Star, Fantasist, Trouble Maker, Shoplifter\". Later that year, Mills told the BBC that she had received death threats, and on 17 December, police stated that a \"non-specific threat\" had been made to her safety. This led to more criticism that she was calling out the emergency services too often. In March 2007, Kevin Moore, Chief Superintendent of Sussex Police, said that Mills was running \"the risk of being treated as the little boy who cried wolf\", and added, \"We do have to respond to a disproportionate high volume of calls from Heather Mills McCartney because of the situations she finds herself in, and this is regrettable as it takes officers away from other policing matters.\" Mills responded that the police had told her to contact them whenever she was being harassed. During a five-day trial in July 2007, it was revealed that Mills had been physically assaulted, in Brighton, by Jay Kaycappa, a notorious paparazzo trying to photograph Mills while on shifts for a national newspaper and a regional press agency. Kaycappa, who had 132 previous criminal convictions (including perverting the course of justice, obtaining property by deception, driving offences and using ten aliases), was found guilty and sentenced to a 140-hour community order and ordered to pay Mills £100, plus £1,000 court costs. During several interviews in October that year, Mills accused the media of giving her \"worse press than a paedophile or a murderer\". She also criticised the media over the treatment of Diana, Princess of Wales – who, according to Mills, was \"chased and killed\" by paparazzi – and of Kate McCann. Immediately before giving these interviews, her PR adviser, Phil Hall (the ex-Editor of the \"News of the World\"), quit. In 2008, a survey commissioned by \"Marketing\" magazine showed Mills as one of the top five most hated celebrity women, along with Amy Winehouse, Victoria Beckham and Kerry Katona. In December of that year, the Channel 4 television comedy series \"Star Stories\" broadcast a satirical mockumentary of Mills's life story from her point of view. In 2009, after petitioning the Press Complaints Commission in the UK about being lied about in the press, five British tabloids (\"The Sun\", \"Daily Express\", \"News of the World\", \"Sunday Mirror\" and \"Daily Mirror\") publicly apologised to Mills about printing false, hurtful or defamatory stories about her. Another tabloid (\"Daily Mail\"), sent a private letter of apology. Mills has complained that over 4,400 abusive articles about her have been published.", "In 2005, Mills became a patron of the British animal rights organisation Viva!, and the Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation, which are both run by Juliet Gellatley. In March 2006, McCartney and Mills travelled to Canada to bring attention to the country's annual seal hunt. Sponsored by the Humane Society of the United States, they complained that the hunt was inhumane, and called on the Canadian government to put an end to it. Their arrival on the floes sparked much attention in Newfoundland and Labrador, where 90 per cent of the sealers live. McCartney and Mills protested against seals being clubbed to death, pierced with boat hooks and sometimes skinned alive. Newfoundland and Labrador's Premier, Danny Williams, debated the issue with them on \"Larry King Live\", the issue being that seals are no longer hunted that way, and have not been for a while. Mills joined a Viva! film team at a pig farm in Somerset, in February 2007, to publicise the use of restrictive farrowing crates, which", "On 4 July 2009, Mills opened a vegan restaurant called VBites at Hove Lagoon, Hove, Sussex. Mills is quoted as saying that she intends it to be the first in a worldwide chain of vegan restaurants. Whilst promoting the restaurant, Mills gave an interview to the BBC, stating that she had been very proactive in the building stages and that now it was open, would give as much time to it as she could – working it around her charity work. In May 2013, she sold the restaurant premises to local record producer Fatboy Slim and opened a new, enlarged VBites in East Street in", "Mills was part of a series of body", "In May 2011, \"Hello!\" magazine ran an article about Mills's ambitions for the 2014 Paralympic Games, as well as her efforts to stay fit and healthy with her vegan lifestyle following her accident. On 17 December 2013, it was announced that Mills would miss the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, Russia. She was asked to leave due to a fallout and complaints about her behaviour towards officials." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 187, 6261, 100, 10, 100510, 35509, 98, 70, 87093, 6635, 52350, 111, 14375, 57266, 136, 11374, 15, 73, 10554, 4, 756, 151618, 450, 1836, 18822, 621, 959, 143434, 390, 120332, 7, 707, 95319, 4, 26719, 121122, 7, 111, 17265, 4, 107222, 4127, 7, 4, 3551, 136, 10323, 4127, 7, 16, 23, 12989, 47, 881, 77651, 79612, 12960, 39771, 84382, 11651, 14788, 939, 136, 78737, 2481, 5, 33306, 4, 1836, 2843, 125296, 21441, 2481, 136, 60013, 289, 70767, 7, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 5701, 87093, 6635, 82, 75708, 5, 106073, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 621, 51529, 100, 10, 16865, 1916, 10, 7108, 47, 14375, 15, 130187, 289, 29367, 707, 124416, 351, 9, 57964, 16, 57266, 4, 3060, 26171, 450, 351, 9, 61340, 3835, 707, 26908, 57266, 831, 2843, 32316, 23, 142, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 1419, 100510, 5, 1326, 2856, 4, 2367, 83, 5526, 83, 450, 442, 83, 163629, 71, 136, 12302, 2822, 15490, 4358, 707, 34866, 84459, 1295, 70, 44, 277, 69035, 30675, 11341, 740, 262, 7934, 109622, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 18822, 450, 70, 4734, 1660, 136, 2684, 25313, 25958, 48588, 141, 3917, 47, 163629, 57266, 83, 8305, 87093, 6635, 52350, 4, 18466, 4, 707, 18940, 9, 77007, 7311, 6, 189958, 1363, 4, 43257, 3501, 8305, 229000, 191, 707, 160459, 5, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 1957, 4092, 9, 55637, 10323, 8780, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 10, 4092, 136, 78737, 10821, 100510, 5, 172014, 15881, 47, 137514, 1299, 27201, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 8780, 621, 70, 23755, 7, 111, 15970, 9, 8770, 1679, 16070, 136, 7311, 6, 189958, 1363, 450, 70163, 7, 3357, 136, 14375, 57266, 12, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 204797, 11651, 707, 124416, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 14375, 16, 101785, 16070, 111, 70, 26950, 111, 36049, 136, 70, 12996, 111, 18940, 211460, 111, 2367, 70, 11651, 27117, 707, 14602, 959, 3871, 5, 24372, 57266, 83, 27198, 297, 8305, 18940, 4, 442, 1543, 7068, 4734, 121122, 44540, 148436, 37838, 390, 52350, 707, 18466, 46, 168861, 12302, 7, 621, 90698, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 15, 66, 147, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 54, 959, 16916, 259, 429, 150385, 47, 186, 10, 168861, 12302, 194, 34525, 6, 189958, 1363, 114864, 142, 11651, 47, 63043, 2499, 8306, 9, 372, 89700, 11814, 65514, 4, 26719, 3551, 136, 390, 224588, 707, 51404, 14375, 57266, 83, 70, 73944, 101785, 16070, 191619, 28032, 142, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 1419, 100510, 4, 2685, 32316, 50218, 7440, 39210, 57266, 1543, 85493, 23, 10, 80002, 5073, 6083, 38109, 170846, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 14012, 111, 14375, 108880, 1543, 10, 58944, 23, 142, 16128, 4, 12638, 10002, 214, 70, 3551, 136, 33976, 7, 450, 1836, 4527, 4, 1284, 70, 60875, 7, 17721, 2856, 24209, 34735, 297, 136, 83782, 19, 145322, 12097, 8305, 43373, 136, 60091, 112664, 5, 32255, 209183, 44937, 7, 1543, 24209, 167224, 47, 70, 26908, 4, 1284, 101785, 16070, 53418, 186, 150380, 297, 47, 2499, 11001, 3445, 6637, 5941, 162466, 71, 70, 18940, 63559, 47, 28282, 2856, 5, 68185, 7, 7068, 10, 58944, 237, 47, 53333, 168698, 136, 76104, 214, 903, 39210, 57266, 221, 581, 100510, 22, 25826, 297, 390, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 1556, 2809, 35839, 70, 44, 184103, 20605, 100510, 58, 2451, 14, 5, 13, 5, 44, 11, 100510, 35509, 34166, 538, 98, 87093, 6635, 22631, 4, 167969, 1502, 41577, 297, 390, 95319, 707, 120332, 7, 111, 95319, 58, 23, 3129, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 237, 33657, 70, 5426, 28702, 90, 98, 87093, 6635, 106689, 7, 15, 184103, 7, 16, 17721, 79165, 237, 70, 8437, 170846, 5, 1650, 83, 34844, 47, 92054, 134995, 538, 2367, 70, 17311, 7, 111, 903, 100510, 1221, 6713, 1884, 6637, 111, 70, 41653, 136, 27140, 31075, 111, 18264, 7, 5, 6561, 17311, 13969, 41274, 83, 450, 12302, 111, 57266, 136, 11374, 8110, 186, 90698, 48136, 538, 98, 70, 2831, 111, 15044, 68036, 5, 438, 173591, 77630, 2449, 831, 37772, 142, 11651, 47, 26946, 707, 8, 299, 10, 17311, 124161, 5, 893, 143889, 13648, 18645, 42169, 136, 47219, 72382, 47, 5701, 9, 13802, 24941, 7, 2451, 66, 126340, 13648, 128120, 47, 125296, 2499, 69941, 50782, 1919, 707, 604, 10002, 109208, 5, 154966, 7, 621, 4092, 47, 30957, 3934, 707, 456, 75161, 223739, 106689, 7, 237, 1836, 1957, 11177, 5, 137514, 1299, 71, 187, 21325, 450, 216487, 7, 2806, 32316, 23, 10, 4092, 100510, 237, 1836, 621, 44, 5072, 62479, 70, 19361, 214, 111, 10323, 740, 1529, 17378, 84046, 400, 41159, 100, 216487, 7, 5809, 2843, 32316, 8305, 18264, 12, 44, 50886, 4680, 21094, 621, 959, 99, 756, 169919, 28692, 219475, 7, 74, 1836, 621, 4092, 151747, 111, 79165, 19361, 214, 2363, 10323, 5, 2161, 70, 242520, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 26171, 12921, 3173, 7, 111, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 8780, 136, 1632, 16128, 111, 217573, 674, 83, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 27165, 5, 360, 44, 3957, 30318, 100, 177106, 830, 119537, 136, 58923, 6505, 86, 78280, 36746, 47, 2499, 33908, 31667, 27165, 2367, 991, 30441, 5, 10660, 187, 6261, 450, 756, 1632, 1556, 47, 54, 83, 26458, 2174, 1632, 83, 229000, 449, 26548, 15700, 15, 21231, 43807, 16, 23, 12989, 47, 28288, 2174, 142, 27992, 83, 7108, 707, 44691, 5, 33306, 4, 12960, 2843, 8060, 214, 10, 6083, 63323, 1363, 98, 37772, 136, 160459, 4, 137514, 1299, 71, 8060, 7, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 10, 199849, 538, 176506, 9, 34, 5416, 9879, 29367, 14788, 92812, 8437, 18151, 3129, 14375, 29685, 7, 2806, 915, 181606, 47, 28960, 5, 992, 5062, 15044, 70, 6505, 86, 78280, 7, 136, 137514, 1299, 71, 2750, 1957, 142, 36696, 6827, 39210, 134393, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 136, 14392, 2481, 237, 10, 64209, 674, 4, 6765, 391, 5, 136240, 669, 26171, 7, 450, 44, 2347, 76519, 111, 27165, 1221, 186, 181653, 100, 18348, 98, 70, 9803, 16839, 4, 1660, 237, 42840, 136, 70910, 621, 181653, 18925, 5, 8622, 5809, 186, 130412, 54940, 12921, 8796, 7, 111, 27165, 4, 1660, 237, 2685, 83, 130412, 54940, 12921, 8796, 7, 111, 2258, 7, 740, 581, 6626, 7893, 14392, 51515, 90, 47, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 8780, 129927, 23, 28601, 47, 36766, 28556, 3089, 9, 215652, 1419, 100510, 83, 105506, 297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 8780, 83, 10, 68894, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 25313, 154453, 450, 204797, 7, 70, 27169, 1363, 111, 9879, 29367, 117249, 23, 10862, 111, 15970, 9, 8770, 1679, 16070, 4, 14375, 57266, 136, 4092, 16839, 7, 5, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 16401, 450, 23, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 44830, 13, 15, 143321, 1836, 98363, 237, 27165, 390, 61799, 1294, 1809, 15182, 9523, 8, 7612, 90, 4, 707, 57495, 15182, 9523, 27047, 1363, 91, 7514, 297, 390, 62621, 30675, 68894, 5361, 33946, 94407, 247, 100510, 17660, 7, 47, 223739, 538, 15970, 9, 144867, 67, 136, 117907, 731, 8305, 70, 150189, 10821, 136, 107554, 80244, 111, 70, 4092, 16839, 3129, 1836, 98363, 237, 10, 87093, 6635, 100510, 5, 132579, 3089, 9, 215652, 64370, 8060, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Philosophy.", "Ethics.", "Property.", "Private property.", "Common property.", "Contractual society.", "Law and order and the use of violence.", "Branches.", "Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism.", "History.", "Classical liberalism.", "19th-century individualist anarchism in the United States.", "Historical precedents.", "Free cities of medieval Europe.", "Medieval Iceland.", "American Old West.", "Gaelic Ireland.", "Law merchant, admiralty law and early common law.", "Somalia from 1991 to 2006.", "Criticism.", "State, justice and defense.", "Rights and freedom.", "Economics and property.", "Literature.", "Nonfiction.", "Fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of private property and services (in sum, all relationships that they believe are not caused by threats or violence, including exchanges of money, consumer goods, land and capital goods) in order to minimize conflict while maximizing individual liberty and prosperity. However, they also recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic. Although anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized or joint non-public) property, some propose that non-state public or community property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society. For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the \"compulsory state\". Deontological anarcho-capitalists believe that the only just and most economically beneficial way to acquire property is through voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based original appropriation, rather than through aggression or fraud. Anarcho-capitalists see free-market capitalism as the basis for a free and prosperous society. Murray", "", "Central to Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism are the concepts of self-ownership and original appropriation that combines personal and private property: Anarcho-capitalists advocate individual or joint (i.e. private) ownership of the means of production and the product of labor regardless of what the individual needs or does not need. After property is transformed through labor, it may then only exchange hands legitimately by trade or gift – forced transfers are considered illegitimate (anarcho-capitalists do not consider wage labour to be a forced transfer). Original appropriation allows an individual to claim any never-before used resources, including land and by improving or", "While private property is the dominant ownership mechanism within an anarcho-capitalist society, there exist cases where common property may develop in a Lockean natural rights framework. For example, a number of private businesses may arise in an area, each owning the land and buildings that they use, but the paths between them become cleared and trodden incrementally through customer and commercial movement. These thoroughfares may become valuable to the community, but ownership cannot be attributed to any single person because many contributed the labor necessary to create them. Questions then arise as to further developing and maintaining this common property so", "The society envisioned by anarcho-capitalists has been called the \"contractual society\"—i.e. \"a society based purely on voluntary action, entirely unhampered by violence or threats of violence\" in which anarcho-capitalists assert the system relies on voluntary agreements (contracts) between individuals as the legal framework. It is difficult to predict precisely what the particulars of this society will look like because of the details and complexities of contracts. One particular ramification is that transfer of property and services must be considered voluntarily on the part of both parties. No external entities can force an individual to accept or deny a particular transaction. An employer might offer insurance and death benefits to same-sex couples—another might refuse to recognize any union outside his or her own faith. Individuals are free to enter into or reject contractual agreements as they see fit. Rothbard argues that corporations would exist in a free society as they are \"simply the pooling of capital\". He says limited liability for corporations could also exist through contract: \"Corporations are not at all monopolistic privileges; they are free associations of individuals pooling their capital. On the", "Different anarcho-capitalists propose different forms of anarcho-capitalism and one area of disagreement is in the area of law. In \"The Market for Liberty\", Morris and Linda Tannehill object to any statutory law whatsoever. They argue that all one has to do is ask if one is aggressing against another (see tort) in order to decide if an act is right or wrong. However, while also supporting a natural prohibition on force and fraud, Rothbard supports the establishment of a mutually agreed-upon centralized libertarian legal code which private courts would pledge to follow. Unlike both the Tannehills and Rothbard who see an ideological commonality of ethics and morality as a requirement, David D. Friedman proposes that \"the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market, just as books and bras are produced today. There could be competition among different brands of law, just as there is competition among different brands of cars\".", "The two principal moral approaches to anarcho-capitalism differ in regard to whether anarcho-capitalist society is justified on deontological or consequentialist ethics, or both. Natural-law anarcho-capitalism (as advocated by Rothbard) holds that a universal system of rights can be derived from natural law. Some other anarcho-capitalists do not rely upon the idea of natural rights, but instead present economic justifications for a free-market capitalist society. Such a latter approach has been offered by David D. Friedman in \"The Machinery of Freedom\". Unlike other anarcho-capitalists, most notably Rothbard, Friedman has never tried to deny", "In both its social and individualist forms, anarchism is usually considered a radical left-wing and anti-capitalist ideology that promotes socialist economic theories such as collectivism, communism, syndicalism and mutualism. Anarchists believe capitalism is incompatible with social and economic equality and therefore do not recognize anarcho-capitalism as an anarchist school of thought. In particular, they argue that capitalist transactions are not voluntary and that maintaining the class structure of a capitalist society requires coercion, which is incompatible with an anarchist society. Murray Rothbard argues that the capitalist system of today is not properly anarcho-capitalist because it so often colludes with the state. According to Rothbard, \"what Marx and later writers have done is to lump together two extremely different and even contradictory concepts and actions under the same portmanteau term. These two contradictory concepts are what I would call 'free-market capitalism' on the one hand, and'state capitalism' on the other\". He continues: \"The difference between free-market capitalism and state capitalism is precisely the difference between, on the one hand, peaceful, voluntary exchange, and on the other, violent expropriation. State capitalism inevitably creates", "", "Classical liberalism is the primary influence with the longest history on anarcho-capitalist theory. Classical liberals have had two main themes since John Locke first expounded the philosophy: the liberty of man and limitations of state power. The liberty of man was expressed in terms of natural rights while limiting the state was based (for Locke) on a consent theory. In the 19th century, classical liberals led the attack against statism. One notable was Frédéric Bastiat (\"The Law\"), who wrote: \"The state is the great fiction by which everybody seeks to live at the expense of everybody else\". Henry David", "Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). In the winter of 1949, influenced by several 19th century individualists anarchists, Rothbard decided to reject minimal state \"laissez-faire\" and embrace individualist anarchism. In 1965, he said: \"Lysander Spooner and Benjamin R. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy\". He thought they had a faulty understanding of economics as the 19th century individualists had a labor theory of value as influenced by the classical economists and Rothbard was", "Several libertarians have discussed historical precedents of what they believe were examples of anarcho-capitalism.", "Economist and libertarian scholar Bryan Caplan cites the free", "According to the libertarian theorist David D. Friedman: \"Medieval Icelandic institutions have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions\". While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the legal system of the Icelandic Commonwealth comes close to being a real-world anarcho-capitalist legal system because while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so it provides some evidence of how such a society would function. \"Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially 'public' offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those", "According to the research of Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hill, the Old West in the United States in the period of 1830 to 1900 was similar to anarcho-capitalism in that \"private agencies provided the necessary basis for an orderly society in which property was protected and conflicts were resolved\"", "In his work \"For a New Liberty\", Murray Rothbard has claimed ancient Gaelic Ireland as an example of nearly anarcho-capitalist society. In his depiction, citing the work of Professor Joseph Peden, the basic political unit of ancient Ireland was the tuath, which", "Some libertarian historians have cited law merchant, admiralty law and", "Economist Alex Tabarrok claimed that Somalia in its stateless period provided a \"unique test of the theory of", "", "Many anarchists like Brian Morris argue that anarcho-capitalism does not in fact get rid of the state. He says that anarcho-capitalists \"simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood\". As anarchist Peter Sabatini notes: Likewise, Bob Black argues that an anarcho-capitalist wants to \"abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else\". He states that they do not denounce what the state does,", "Negative and positive rights are rights that oblige either action (positive rights) or inaction (negative rights). Anarcho-capitalists believe that negative rights should be recognized as legitimate, but positive rights should be", "Most anarchists argue that certain capitalist transactions are not voluntary and that maintaining the class structure of a capitalist society requires coercion, which violates anarchist principles. David Graeber noted his skepticism about anarcho-capitalism along the same lines: Some critics argue that the anarcho-capitalist concept of voluntary choice ignores constraints due to both human and non-human factors, such as the need for food and shelter, and active restriction of both used and unused resources by those enforcing property claims. For instance, if a person requires employment in order to feed and house himself, the employer–employee relationship could be considered involuntary. Another criticism is that employment is involuntary because the economic system that makes it necessary for some individuals to serve others is supported by the enforcement of", "", "The following is a partial", "Anarcho-capitalism has been examined in and influenced by certain works of literature, particularly science fiction. One of the earliest and influential works is Robert A. Heinlein's 1966 novel \"The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress\" in which a penal colony on the Moon revolts against the rule of Earth, creating a society based on what the author terms \"rational anarchism\". \"Sharper Security: A Sovereign Security Company Novel\", part of a series by Thomas Sewell," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 26349, 111, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 83, 23, 127067, 9022, 66724, 4, 4122, 7514, 36880, 70, 64857, 4, 43573, 70, 21640, 132988, 5, 1650, 83, 23, 70, 86991, 4, 39555, 237, 2060, 1295, 236731, 4, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 237, 1295, 181103, 4, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 5, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 83, 57849, 3674, 36917, 15520, 17366, 136, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 1650, 83, 98, 70, 85437, 601, 7118, 9319, 21231, 136, 98, 70, 161359, 32547, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 40368, 100, 525, 9, 63127, 297, 130473, 7, 136, 101120, 7, 678, 155955, 7, 111, 1257, 47, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 225051, 40630, 5, 717, 70, 127067, 83, 70, 9006, 3206, 1098, 101120, 37457, 4, 3129, 84797, 7, 3980, 4288, 32320, 1295, 203587, 136, 98848, 5, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 83, 10, 33908, 31667, 26349, 111, 3980, 4288, 32320, 4, 136, 70, 86757, 40, 257, 111, 70, 103724, 111, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 9, 94646, 4, 1284, 442, 22027, 25, 18, 186, 10617, 47, 442, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 2363, 132954, 182482, 621, 12921, 15, 605, 100, 70, 26349, 4, 48968, 100, 70, 103724, 194, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 83, 101637, 71, 68034, 3934, 611, 103724, 7, 12, 1650, 83, 53333, 101637, 71, 3934, 714, 15267, 7, 29088, 199749, 19, 5, 10660, 621, 12, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 4, 160731, 127830, 4, 198466, 56680, 4, 90115, 66489, 40451, 4, 40607, 33055, 4, 40607, 5416, 22341, 4, 41449, 150, 66489, 87, 4, 4772, 34466, 4, 73513, 18, 127830, 4, 27572, 33055, 4, 339, 127830, 4, 1784, 12116, 4, 353, 5739, 4, 11059, 59923, 4, 2907, 5, 6470, 1079, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 4, 2907, 5, 7948, 444, 17038, 40630, 4, 2907, 5, 7948, 1079, 241, 776, 56680, 4, 88024, 7948, 444, 1843, 206, 141, 4, 2907, 5, 72693, 14977, 1079, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 4, 27822, 4, 5531, 66489, 934, 4, 582, 4164, 2852, 4, 3316, 532, 5761, 133097, 4, 121672, 127830, 4, 136, 30982, 111426, 9815, 5, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 1556, 10, 222201, 72852, 289, 153552, 4, 678, 10, 44075, 41170, 111, 7620, 87420, 70, 10, 89583, 19, 136, 41710, 5, 581, 43257, 91097, 41710, 7, 621, 4, 49903, 4, 148431, 390, 46505, 289, 24814, 56, 14922, 7, 4743, 47, 5775, 11036, 19, 32382, 1295, 70, 9006, 3206, 1098, 101120, 7, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 83080, 52768, 1295, 40418, 136, 11704, 83, 4, 12960, 70, 83080, 52768, 23, 4078, 509, 5, 3980, 4288, 32320, 25, 7, 192471, 147158, 933, 2319, 2647, 1734, 172, 344, 136, 241, 1297, 25612, 21028, 33957, 11354, 56, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 9351, 4, 3129, 218500, 3900, 19309, 7, 237, 44, 13534, 111, 21, 674, 58, 707, 44, 13534, 111, 180732, 7, 830, 1902, 9844, 47, 54, 678, 70, 1601, 52501, 10821, 17569, 450, 87714, 7844, 44075, 3387, 707, 77793, 7, 17660, 47, 6867, 10932, 1360, 934, 56, 10821, 7401, 7, 707, 68062, 2676, 7, 5, 360, 25074, 35061, 13, 4, 44, 238, 5115, 513, 35259, 58, 83, 10, 3687, 256, 309, 3674, 390, 6044, 10, 259, 49725, 117776, 706, 40294, 707, 44, 238, 5115, 395, 740, 12613, 7, 1836, 41591, 71, 450, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 10, 153648, 7228, 390, 70, 30839, 9615, 603, 7, 111, 70, 7311, 35061, 13, 9351, 111, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 642, 74041, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 35061, 13, 41392, 111, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 44, 334, 149127, 14836, 58, 15, 25, 73, 10077, 102144, 25, 4, 70, 35061, 13, 9351, 100, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 16, 1740, 1295, 611, 1837, 83, 4082, 5369, 1286, 17309, 136, 4911, 7, 5809, 186, 10, 153648, 1295, 30839, 5, 581, 42850, 206019, 4, 98, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 83, 450, 70, 25074, 35061, 13, 44, 238, 5115, 513, 35259, 58, 68034, 60899, 4420, 47, 142, 21229, 238, 44, 141, 25, 11, 3181, 48323, 58, 91084, 10, 3687, 99, 707, 23, 70, 7401, 4, 3129, 2806, 3249, 70, 259, 49725, 9, 34001, 154453, 228908, 13, 5, 126093, 21816, 1902, 99, 67842, 20028, 81887, 297, 47, 73342, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 105482, 9351, 12, 360, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 1563, 9190, 136, 107955, 41382, 56, 4939, 111, 582, 4164, 2852, 3900, 143, 3674, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 25, 7, 9351, 23, 1919, 44, 104820, 56, 28860, 1605, 4816, 1605, 58, 237, 44, 41732, 107, 59248, 13, 10414, 223, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 44, 13534, 111, 180732, 830, 5389, 45757, 223, 10692, 20995, 4, 18897, 111, 70, 152363, 40466, 111, 70, 3980, 73, 4450, 66, 140509, 7, 23, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 136, 30391, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 28412, 297, 32692, 111, 70, 115, 7668, 23, 611, 1530, 4, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 14037, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 9351, 23, 10, 44, 13534, 36880, 70, 32547, 161359, 830, 3129, 4, 49903, 4, 83, 69201, 100, 147158, 9523, 89397, 5, 581, 39210, 3395, 2843, 221, 46526, 142, 187136, 12, 62, 3472, 56, 25, 7, 4027, 982, 24494, 509, 61689, 5281, 111, 70, 2480, 136, 71924, 297, 4, 1284, 3229, 10, 10846, 13312, 7103, 19364, 7, 70, 747, 17704, 70, 2480, 69347, 1810, 47, 186, 10, 121742, 136, 70, 21, 71, 509, 77443, 47, 186, 112668, 149548, 4, 70, 130367, 7, 25, 44, 143, 674, 78690, 242, 605, 35738, 25, 16, 23409, 100, 927, 136, 100, 927, 740, 3293, 13765, 509, 113771, 390, 62, 1151, 162, 143942, 223, 27860, 22796, 9222, 4, 2750, 14432, 100512, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 1995, 5, 360, 56434, 70, 26349, 98816, 6863, 51521, 9351, 47, 44, 605, 35738, 11443, 18, 444, 601, 7118, 9319, 21231, 58, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 98, 43157, 601, 44285, 127, 194, 33306, 4, 16792, 2685, 621, 110, 3789, 9615, 19929, 7, 390, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 605, 35738, 11443, 18, 58, 151107, 4, 70, 96362, 16610, 56, 9351, 47143, 7, 220, 6332, 1234, 10821, 5, 52639, 1556, 442, 450, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 509, 14037, 297, 7103, 10, 24941, 111, 1620, 272, 453, 1902, 14865, 73, 70, 63586, 1249, 2886, 44, 866, 7250, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 444, 601, 7118, 9319, 21231, 15, 74, 2819, 2819, 2819, 6, 247, 56104, 51529, 237, 1660, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 15, 6, 247, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 30361, 11341, 111, 3980, 4288, 32320, 23, 66724, 5, 17106, 10, 43904, 111, 209, 163324, 9513, 2858, 18982, 11075, 247, 442, 83, 70, 37195, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 26349, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 333, 10534, 25, 7, 40, 257, 111, 70, 12610, 129574, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 41449, 92, 9, 605, 35738, 11443, 18, 136, 5368, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 157565, 19, 11443, 18, 4, 70, 3980, 73, 4450, 66, 12535, 111, 5659, 71516, 28745, 7, 136, 70, 63691, 12576, 603, 12535, 111, 13703, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Location.", "Municipal arrangement.", "Climate.", "Name.", "History.", "Population.", "Sights.", "Economy.", "Transport.", "Culture.", "Education.", "Secondary.", "Sports.", "International relations.", "Twin towns – sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The city of Klagenfurt is in southern Austria, midway across the nation, near the international border. It is in the middle, almost as far from Innsbruck, to the west, as from Vienna, to the northeast. Klagenfurt is elevated above sea level and covers an area of. It is on the lake Wörthersee and on the Glan River. The city is surrounded by several forest-covered hills and mountains with heights of up to, for example, Ulrichsberg. To the south is the Karawanken mountain range, which separates Carinthia from Slovenia and Italy.", "Klagenfurt is a statutory city of Carinthia, and the administrative seat of the district of Klagenfurt-Land, but it doesn't belong to it. In fact, their licence plates are different (K for the city, KL for the district). Klagenfurt is divided itself into 16 districts: It is further divided into 25 Katastralgemeinden. They are: Klagenfurt, Blasendorf, Ehrenthal, Goritschitzen, Großbuch, Großponfeld, Gurlitsch I, Hallegg, Hörtendorf, Kleinbuch, Lendorf, Marolla, Nagra, Neudorf, St. Martin bei Klagenfurt, St. Peter am Karlsberg, St. Peter bei Ebenthal, Sankt Peter am Bichl, St. Ruprecht bei Klagenfurt, Stein, Tentschach, Viktring, Waidmannsdorf, Waltendorf, and Welzenegg.", "Klagenfurt has a typical continental climate, with a fair amount of fog throughout the autumn and winter. The rather cold winters are, however, broken by occasional warmer periods due to foehn wind from the Karawanken mountains to the south. The average temperature from 1961 and 1990 is, while the average temperature in 2005 was.", "Carinthia's eminent linguists Primus Lessiak and Eberhard Kranzmayer assumed that the city's name, which literally translates as \"ford of lament\" or \"ford of complaints\", had something to do with the superstitious thought that fateful fairies or demons tend to live around treacherous waters or swamps. In Old Slovene, \"cviljovec\" is a place haunted by such a wailing female ghost or \"cvilya\". Thus they assumed that Klagenfurt's name was a translation made by the German settlers of the original Slovene name of the neighbouring wetland. However, the earliest Slovene mention of Klagenfurt in the form of \"v Zelouzi\" ('in Celovec', the Slovene name for Klagenfurt) dating from 1615 is 400 years more recent and thus could be a translation from German. The latest interpretation, on the other hand, is that the Old Slovene \"cviljovec\" itself goes back to an Italic \"l'aquiliu\" meaning a place at or in the water, which would make the wailing-hag theory obsolete. Scholars had at various times attempted to explain the city's peculiar name: In the 14th century, the abbot and historiographer John of Viktring translated Klagenfurt's name in his \"Liber certarum historiarum\" as \"Queremoniae Vadus\", i.e. \"ford of complaint\", Hieronymus Megiser, Master of the university college of the Carinthian Estates in Klagenfurt and editor of the earliest printed history of the duchy in 1612, believed to have found the origin of the name in a \"ford across the River Glan\", which, however, is impossible for linguistic reasons. The common people also sought an explanation: A baker's apprentice was accused of theft and executed, but when a few days afterwards the alleged theft turned out to be a mistake and the lad was proved to be totally innocent, the citizens' \"lament (= 'Klagen') went forth and forth\". This story was reported by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who later became Pope Pius II. In 2007, the city changed its official name to \"Klagenfurt am Wörthersee\" (i.e., Klagenfurt on Lake Wörth). However, since there are no other settlements by the name of \"Klagenfurt\" anywhere, the previous shorter name remains unambiguous.", "Legend has it that Klagenfurt was founded after a couple of brave men had slain the abominable \"Lindwurm\", a winged dragon in the moors adjoining the lake, the staple diet of which is said to have been virgins, but which did not spurn the fat bull on a chain that the men had mounted on a strong tower. The feat is commemorated by a grandiose 9-ton Renaissance monument in the city centre. Historically, the place was founded by the Spanheim Duke Herman as a stronghold sited across the commercial routes in the area. Its first mention dates from the late 12th century in a document in which Duke Ulric II. exempted St. Paul's Abbey from the toll charge \"in \"foro Chlagenvurth\"\". That settlement occupied an area that was subject to frequent flooding, so in 1246 Duke Herman's son, Duke Bernhard von Spanheim, moved it to a safer position and is thus considered to be the actual founder of the market place, which in 1252 received a city charter. In the following centuries, Klagenfurt suffered fires, earthquakes, invasions of locusts, and attacks from Islamic Ottomans, and was ravaged by the Peasants' Wars. In 1514, a fire almost completely destroyed the city, and in 1518 Emperor Maximilian I, unable to rebuild it, despite the loud protests of the burgers, ceded Klagenfurt to the Estates, the nobility of the Duchy. Never before had such a thing happened. The new owners, however, brought about an economic renaissance and the political and cultural ascendancy of Klagenfurt. A canal was dug to connect the city to the lake as a supply route for timber to rebuild the city and to feed the city's new moats; the noble families had their town houses built in the duchy's new capital, the city was enlarged along a geometrical chequer-board lay-out according to the Renaissance ideas of the Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio; a new city centre square, the \"Neuer Platz\", was constructed; and the new fortifications that took half a century to build made Klagenfurt the strongest fortress north of the Alps. In 1809, however, the French troops under Napoleon destroyed the city walls, leaving, against a large sum collected by the citizens, only one eastern gate (which was pulled down to make way for traffic some decades later), and the small stretch in the west which is now all that is left of the once grand fortifications. In 1863, the railway connection to St. Veit an der Glan boosted the city's economy and so did the building of the Vienna-Trieste railway that brought the city an imposing central station (destroyed in World War II) and made Klagenfurt the absolute centre of the region. During the 19th century, the city developed into an important centre of Carinthian Slovene culture. Many important Slovene public figures lived, studied or worked in Klagenfurt, among them Anton Martin Slomšek, who later became the first bishop of Maribor and was beatified in 1999, the philologists Jurij Japelj and Anton Janežič, the politician Andrej Einspieler, and the activist Matija Majar. The Slovene national poet France Prešeren also spent a short part of his professional career there. On the initiative of bishop Slomšek, teacher Anton Janežič and vicar Andrej Einspieler on 27 July 1851 in Klagenfurt the Hermagoras Society publishing house was founded, which in 1919 moved to Prevalje and then in 1927 to Celje, but was re-established in Klagenfurt in 1947. Several Slovene language newspapers were also published in the city, among them the \"Slovenski glasnik\". By the late 19th century, however, the Slovene cultural and political influence in Klagenfurt had declined sharply, and by the end of World War I, the city showed an overwhelmingly Austrian German character. Nevertheless, in 1919, the city was occupied by the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and claimed for the newly founded South-Slav kingdom. In 1920, the Yugoslav occupying forces withdrew from the town centre, but remained in its southern suburbs, such as Viktring and Ebenthal. They eventually withdrew after the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920, when the majority of voters in the Carinthian mixed-language \"Zone A\" decided to remain part of Austria. In 1938, Klagenfurt's population suddenly grew by more than 50% through the incorporation of the town of St. Ruprecht and the municipalities of St. Peter, Annabichl, and St. Martin. But during World War II, the city was bombed 41 times, the bombs killing 612 people, completely destroying 443 buildings, and damaging 1,132 others. of rubble had to be removed before the citizens could set about rebuilding their city. In order to avoid further destruction and a major bloodshed, on 3 May 1945 General Löhr of Army Group E (Heeresgruppe E) had agreed to declare Klagenfurt an \"open city\" \"in case Anglo-American forces should attack the city\", a declaration that was broadcast several times and two days later also published in the \"Kärntner Nachrichten\". On 8 May 1945, 9:30 a.m., British troops of the Eighth Army under General McCreery entered Klagenfurt and were met in front of \"Stauderhaus\" by the new democratic city and state authorities. All the strategic positions and important buildings were immediately seized, and Major General Horatius Murray was taken to General Noeldechen for the official surrender of the 438th German Division. Three hours later, groups of partisans arrived on a train which they had seized in the Rosental valley the day before, and Yugoslav regular forces of the IVth army moved in at the same time, both claiming the city with its South Carinthian hinterland and immediately establishing a \"Komanda staba za Koroška\", afterwards named the \"Commandantura of the Carinthian Military Zone\" under Major Egon Remec after they had made their way through the streets jammed with tens of thousands of \"Volksdeutsche\" refugees and masses of soldiers of all the nationalities that had been fighting under German command and were now fleeing the Russians. On \"Neuer Platz\"—renamed \"Adolf Hitler Platz\" in 1938—British armoured vehicles are said to have faced allied Yugoslav ones in a hostile way, which would have been a curious spectacle for the liberated burghers, but this is probably one more of those modern legends. From the beginning of 1945, when the end of the war was rather obvious, numerous talks among representatives of democratic pre-1934 organisations had taken place, which later extended to high-ranking officers of the Wehrmacht and officials of the administration. Even representatives of the partisans in the hills south of Klagenfurt were met who, in view of the strong SS-forces in Klagenfurt, agreed not to attempt to take the city by force, but upheld the official declaration that south-eastern Carinthia was to be a Yugoslav possession. On 7 May 1945 a committee convened in the historic \"Landhaus\" building of the Gau authorities in order to form a Provisional State government, and one of the numerous decisions taken was a proclamation to the \"People of Carinthia\" reporting the resignation of the \"Gauleiter\" and \"Reichsstatthalter\" Friedrich Rainer, the transfer of power to the new authorities, and an appeal to the people to decorate their homes with Austrian or Carinthian colours, which was printed in the \"Kärntner Zeitung\" of 8 May. When on the following day, Yugoslav military demanded of Klagenfurt's new mayor that he remove the Austrian flag from the city hall and fly the Yugoslav flag, the acting British Town Officer Cptn. Watson immediately prohibited this but also ordered that the Austrian flag be taken down. Accompanied by a guerilla carrying a machine pistol a Yugoslav emissary appeared on the same day in the \"Landesregierung\" building, demanding of the Acting State Governor Piesch repeal the order to take down the Yugoslav flag, which was ignored. Several days passed before under British pressure with US diplomatic backing the Yugoslav troops withdrew from the city proper, not before establishing a parallel Carinthian-Slovene civil administration, a \"Carinthian National Council\" presided over by Franc Petek. However, protected by British soldiers, the members of the Provisional State Government went about their responsible business devising a comprehensive concept to cover the new political, sociological, and economic situation in the land, which would serve the British military authorities. Rapid financial assistance and the restitution of property to the victims of the Nazi regime was necessary. This posed a problem because one of the very first actions of the British had been to confiscate all the property of the Nazi Party, to freeze all bank accounts, and to block all financial transfers. It took months before basic communication and public transport, mail service and supply were working again, to some extent at least. During the years that followed these turbulent days, a major part of the British Eighth Army, which in July 1945 was re-constituted as \"British Troops in Austria\" (BTA), had their headquarters in Klagenfurt, since Carinthia together with neighbouring Styria formed the British occupation zone in liberated Austria, a state of affairs which lasted until 26 October 1955. In 1961, Klagenfurt became the first city in Austria to adopt a pedestrian zone. The idea of a friendly twinning of cities in other countries that had started with the very first-ever city partnership—Klagenfurt and Wiesbaden, Germany, as early as 1930—was followed up by numerous city partnerships with the result that in 1968 Klagenfurt was honoured with the title of a \"European City of the Year\". Three times, a European record, Klagenfurt was also awarded the prestigious Europa Nostra Diploma of Merit for the exemplary restoration and redevelopment of its ancient centre. In 1973, Klagenfurt absorbed four more adjacent municipalities—Viktring with its grand Cistercian monastery, Wölfnitz, Hörtendorf, and St. Peter am Bichl—increasing the population of Klagenfurt to about 90,000.", "As of January 2020, there were 101,403 people whose principal residence was in Klagenfurt. In 2019 there were around 20,000 people who were born outside the country, corresponding to 20% of the city's population.", "The Old City with its central \"Alter Platz\" (Old Square) and the Renaissance buildings with their charming arcaded courtyards is a major attraction. Notable landmarks also include:", "Klagenfurt is the economic centre of Carinthia, with 20% of the industrial companies. In May 2001, there were 63,618 employees in 6,184 companies here. 33 of these companies employed more than 200 people. The prevalent economic sectors are light industry, electronics, and tourism. There are also several printing offices.", "Klagenfurt Airport is a primary international airport with connections to several major European cities and holiday resorts abroad. The Klagenfurt central station () is located south of the city centre. The city is situated at the intersection of the A2 and S37 motorways. The A2 autobahn runs from Vienna via Graz and Klagenfurt to Villach and further to the state border of Italy. The S37 freeway runs from Vienna via Bruck an der Mur and Sankt Veit an der Glan to Klagenfurt. The Loibl Pass highway B91 goes to Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, which is only from Klagenfurt. The volume of traffic in Klagenfurt is high (motorisation level: 572 cars/1000 inhabitants in 2007). In the 1960s, with the last streetcar (tram) line demolished, Klagenfurt was meant to become a car-friendly city, with lots of wide roads. A motorway was even planned which was to cross the city partly underground, but which now by-passes the city to the north. The problem of four railway lines from north, west, south, and east meeting at the central station south of the city centre and strangulating city traffic has been eased by a considerable number of underpasses on the main arteries. Nevertheless, despite 28 bus lines, traffic jams are frequent nowadays as in most cities of similar size. Ideas of a rapid transport system using the existing railway rails, of an elevated cable railway to the football stadium, or of a regular motorboat service on the Lend Canal from the city centre to the lake have not materialized. But for those who fancy leisurely travel there is a regular motorboat and steamer service on the lake connecting the resorts on Wörthersee. During severe winters, which no longer occur regularly, you might of course be faster crossing the frozen lake on your skates.", "There is a civic theatre-cum-opera house with professional companies, a professional symphony orchestra, a state conservatory and concert hall. There are musical societies such as Musikverein (founded in 1826) or Mozartgemeinde, a private experimental theatre company, the State Museum, a modern art museum and the Diocesan museum of religious art; the Artists' House, two municipal and several private galleries, a planetarium in Europa Park, literary institutions such as the Robert Musil House, and a reputable German-literature competition awarding the prestigious Ingeborg Bachmann Prize. Klagenfurt is the home of a number of small but fine publishing houses, and several papers or regional editions are also published here including dailies such as \"Kärntner Krone\", \"Kärntner Tageszeitung\", \"Kleine Zeitung\". Klagenfurt is a popular vacation spot with mountains both to the south and north, numerous parks and a series of 23 stately homes and castles on its outskirts. In summer, the city is home to the Altstadtzauber (The Magic of the Old City) festival. Also located here are the University of Klagenfurt, a campus of the Fachhochschule Kärnten, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, a college of education for primary and secondary teacher training and further education of teachers as well as a college of general further education (VHS) and two institutions of further professional and vocational education (WIFI and BFI). Among other Austrian educational institutions, there is a Slovene language Gymnasium (established in 1957) and a Slovene language commercial high school. Several Carinthian Slovene cultural and political associations are also based in the city, including the Hermagoras Society, the oldest Slovene publishing house founded in Klagenfurt in 1851.", "", "A number of general high schools such as and senior high schools offering general-cum-professional education:", "The Austrian ice-hockey record-champion EC KAC is one of the best known sports clubs in Austria. The \"Eishockey Club Klagenfurter Athletiksport Club\" has won the Austrian Championship 30 times and its fans come from all over Carinthia. The Premier League Football club SK Austria Kärnten is based in Klagenfurt. Klagenfurt hosts the Start/Finish of the Austrian Ironman Contest, swim, cycling, and a run, part of the WTC Ironman series, which culminates in the Hawaii World Championships. The World (European) Rowing Championships were held on the Wörthersee in 1969. One of the FIVB's Beach Volleyball Grand Slams takes place in Klagenfurt every July and is almost always one of Austria's biggest celebrations during the year. Beach volleyball is popular in Austria even though the country is landlocked. Austrian players Clemens Doppler, Florian Gosch, and Alexander Horst, who are perennial European powerhouses take part every year. The 2009 champions of this tournament were the 2008 Beijing gold medal team from the US, Phil Dalhausser and Todd Rogers. Klagenfurt also hosted three games during the UEFA Euro 2008 Championships in the recently built Hypo-Arena. Klagenfurt was also a contender for the 2006 Winter Olympics and is home to an American Football team, the Carinthian Black Lions, competing in the First League of the Austrian Football League. The Black Lions attract fans from all over Carinthia, playing home games in both Klagenfurt and Villach.", "", "Klagenfurt is twinned with the following towns and cities." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 509, 103122, 47, 10, 16320, 36800, 14449, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 142, 79775, 249, 10433, 4, 3129, 191722, 2177, 6124, 136, 1919, 82953, 4, 212183, 7435, 16028, 8363, 83679, 4, 47, 237360, 80997, 7, 23, 4927, 5, 24372, 21721, 214, 1919, 158978, 53019, 4, 764, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 70, 62903, 111, 67455, 64624, 4, 210721, 4, 7440, 764, 22282, 71, 678, 212183, 5404, 42, 39, 4217, 5, 24372, 5404, 42, 39, 4217, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 764, 12302, 2822, 47, 70, 62903, 111, 67455, 64624, 4, 186806, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 10, 103655, 9836, 53702, 35839, 44, 6200, 92, 4273, 102, 58, 15, 11, 46327, 115184, 3608, 92, 4273, 102, 247, 10, 21115, 450, 99201, 884, 11203, 7, 79616, 11, 4, 33263, 4933, 69125, 123245, 4, 136, 49513, 56478, 1784, 18345, 5, 360, 142399, 4, 764, 176377, 5368, 136, 80723, 178829, 28302, 7, 1295, 16320, 36800, 6897, 5, 28090, 151278, 47, 154140, 4, 764, 509, 19048, 47, 35187, 23, 7270, 4, 45458, 47, 10, 191225, 16070, 136, 4, 23, 141692, 4, 678, 79616, 11, 25, 7, 127557, 4, 26038, 10, 141377, 99, 70, 39090, 5, 18763, 5117, 13036, 80788, 1363, 23, 210721, 21449, 23, 117430, 5, 1529, 509, 139505, 23, 122815, 136, 4, 16610, 538, 7103, 4, 123997, 10, 19336, 18276, 23, 572, 14042, 19, 3748, 339, 497, 102, 4, 3129, 764, 11814, 237, 10, 12275, 5, 360, 96929, 4, 442, 509, 27198, 297, 3934, 10, 6626, 9, 86385, 23228, 4, 191722, 390, 7262, 6, 159958, 4, 678, 10, 4331, 390, 236998, 29629, 191480, 5, 1650, 33662, 100512, 10, 5700, 41714, 3687, 100, 5941, 135818, 103655, 22104, 7, 4, 6, 70035, 7, 136, 150350, 4295, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 49903, 4, 1919, 58386, 25, 7, 13893, 35431, 4, 3129, 509, 11343, 70425, 4, 34739, 10, 15504, 100, 70, 124632, 136, 442, 509, 63559, 47, 3687, 604, 23, 70, 13893, 17986, 99, 152031, 6195, 869, 5, 4687, 24765, 297, 2685, 24189, 604, 47219, 23, 41722, 5, 24372, 903, 1733, 4, 764, 21334, 538, 69347, 16065, 1295, 178829, 47, 54, 82, 59207, 7, 5, 28090, 63445, 47, 43357, 4, 764, 158930, 23, 10, 37702, 133, 23, 87, 48231, 136, 76104, 297, 10, 12275, 23, 70, 192049, 19, 23295, 8752, 4, 7440, 764, 23409, 100, 46517, 5, 360, 61786, 4, 764, 36997, 71, 110663, 4, 7440, 764, 139999, 71, 70, 4000, 114122, 7, 5, 18763, 7262, 178829, 7, 75204, 10, 13036, 141377, 23, 345, 3334, 4983, 134738, 74740, 99, 70, 44, 856, 1673, 21160, 159, 62092, 11387, 43357, 740, 1529, 68, 71, 111, 200, 10952, 53, 137578, 17262, 5369, 14432, 4, 136, 509, 176377, 47, 1919, 3687, 111, 127319, 100, 373, 51626, 5, 360, 34975, 10, 10696, 23, 572, 14042, 19, 3748, 339, 497, 102, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 4049, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2177, 6124, 10091, 9544, 59150, 18374, 153774, 4, 341, 1701, 869, 42629, 20, 427, 18982, 27712, 4, 572, 14042, 19, 3748, 339, 497, 102, 16, 509, 10, 103655, 249, 10433, 136, 6, 48461, 22104, 4, 124901, 4488, 70163, 7, 80854, 111, 174108, 8780, 136, 4713, 232437, 47, 12937, 70, 7262, 24804, 111, 174715, 80981, 399, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "He was born to a peasant family. His father was an amateur painter, which inspired Joža and his brother, František (1868-1929), to pursue careers in art. After completing his primary education, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague, where he studied with František Čermák. After Čermák's death, he transferred to the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he was one of the founders of a Czech student organization called \"Škréta\" (after Karel Škréta), a group that included Alfons Mucha, Antonín Slavíček, and Luděk Marold. In 1888, he returned home and began painting scenes from peasant life. From 1892 to 1893, he was able to study in Paris, thanks to a scholarship and, in 1894, with Mucha's assistance, gave a showing at the Salon. His first major exhibition in Prague came in 1897. He was married in 1899 and, shortly after, bought a small house in Hroznová Lhota, which he used as a studio. In 1904, it was transformed into a two-story villa, inspired by folk architecture, with a design by Dušan Jurkovič. It soon became a popular meeting place for many notable Czech artists, writers and composers. The following year, however, his wife's mental condition, which was always poor, took a turn for the worse and it was necessary to place her in the mental hospital at Kroměříž. She stayed there until her death in 1959. After this time, he largely turned away from painting to do etchings. From 1922 to 1937, he lived in a castle in Ilava and maintained a studio in the Slovakian countryside, where he went for inspiration. In 1928, he visited Dubrovnik, where he observed the local customs. His folk paintings received a major showing in Uherské Hradiště at the \"Výstava Slovácka 1937\". He died of kidney failure three years later, and was returned to his place of birth for burial. In 2011, a school in Hroznová Lhota was named after him." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17006, 63399, 10975, 96853, 63262, 214, 55556, 450, 22, 19736, 1614, 9, 2256, 147, 1733, 6713, 2037, 47, 52295, 23718, 4, 237, 192617, 33938, 83, 23, 13, 24500, 45964, 100, 21334, 63399, 7, 5, 121691, 8364, 10, 63399, 70541, 7, 541, 2053, 55769, 136, 1632, 8110, 186, 456, 97351, 4126, 35509, 98, 70, 34292, 111, 1632, 111, 70, 44457, 7, 5, 62, 8781, 208124, 456, 97351, 3132, 136, 160477, 7, 12638, 35735, 59499, 47, 70, 3034, 5, 4263, 2685, 83, 4734, 1632, 14858, 214, 35735, 4, 903, 831, 7279, 3229, 442, 7413, 7, 450, 11001, 35735, 4, 1284, 2174, 2685, 621, 48716, 14858, 90, 4, 442, 8110, 3034, 26818, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 70, 14012, 111, 41018, 7, 23, 70, 83080, 7225, 83, 180, 132, 839, 16, 707, 192617, 1733, 5, 66016, 63399, 7, 1543, 70541, 5941, 36746, 7, 4, 136, 16792, 6713, 2037, 83, 10, 39210, 41018, 4, 442, 83, 27983, 224, 481, 2886, 47, 52295, 23718, 5, 893, 63262, 83, 2499, 2053, 45646, 450, 52295, 7, 70, 23718, 111, 6713, 2037, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 12921, 11814, 100, 903, 60042, 5, 8622, 621, 27140, 4331, 52350, 9, 16713, 7, 23, 3784, 6496, 6713, 2037, 23718, 4, 63262, 13267, 4, 136, 63262, 9, 117008, 23718, 5, 52455, 63262, 4331, 7, 80788, 18, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 15, 670, 132, 4867, 132, 839, 32149, 6713, 2037, 23718, 136, 23, 3060, 86685, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 69307, 49878, 15, 670, 27750, 16, 23718, 5, 31471, 90, 621, 11814, 47, 35206, 63399, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 8274, 149577, 4, 29426, 441, 22335, 118596, 4, 105029, 123275, 6, 186104, 136, 16087, 647, 151657, 6, 186104, 5, 893, 63262, 1543, 186, 159978, 71, 237, 8274, 149577, 4, 3129, 28282, 7, 142, 165164, 158, 2816, 4288, 98, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 23180, 5, 187781, 76519, 56104, 165164, 538, 28282, 142, 63262, 98, 10, 5423, 111, 3365, 316, 1779, 159978, 71, 105029, 123275, 6, 186104, 4, 136, 3060, 621, 87709, 111, 17368, 142, 21771, 9, 54376, 214, 63262, 47, 35206, 903, 158, 2816, 4288, 5, 52455, 63399, 76519, 64209, 450, 15044, 142447, 214, 136, 91067, 71, 5423, 7, 111, 3365, 316, 1779, 23, 10, 16087, 647, 151657, 6, 186104, 158, 2816, 4288, 621, 63262, 297, 4, 4911, 7, 224588, 23718, 111, 183540, 7, 4, 114419, 136, 8, 74635, 47, 70, 23180, 7, 42938, 214, 23, 70, 158, 2816, 4288, 5, 31384, 63399, 76519, 8060, 142, 29426, 441, 22335, 118596, 158, 2816, 4288, 450, 63284, 7, 450, 4, 100, 10, 3525, 538, 183540, 297, 707, 150011, 17164, 4, 10, 24233, 1653, 2063, 67, 16401, 7, 100, 110, 3789, 17164, 5, 3293, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 29479, 10, 8274, 149577, 158, 2816, 4288, 15, 76228, 28, 161789, 1653, 2063, 67, 16, 707, 1286, 27140, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 4, 1884, 22, 7, 53089, 450, 110, 645, 143, 26783, 1733, 37457, 7, 707, 110, 1940, 39797, 1916, 700, 87739, 53, 36746, 7, 2806, 186, 4343, 71, 23, 70, 23180, 5, 893, 63262, 8060, 214, 4271, 157318, 100, 115923, 40407, 38543, 70, 1653, 2063, 67, 83, 56065, 47, 35206, 6044, 10, 158, 2816, 4288, 5, 581, 2053, 83, 13379, 23, 61799, 1294, 12989, 4, 1284, 70, 62775, 289, 12989, 214, 83, 58735, 297, 390, 70, 63262, 5, 581, 2053, 6, 15555, 7, 1543, 186, 93403, 87420, 70, 23180, 211460, 111, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 63262, 297, 3365, 316, 19, 707, 125195, 5, 581, 351, 9, 29786, 1515, 297, 63262, 53201, 70541, 7, 70, 63262, 22799, 7, 23, 17497, 71, 12989, 4, 678, 70, 95, 2407, 17366, 111, 70, 63262, 70541, 214, 70, 6275, 56, 47, 70, 17164, 15, 22469, 136, 70, 6, 15555, 14012, 23, 70, 2053, 9191, 23, 9191, 9, 53404, 297, 87907, 7, 74, 6, 15555, 5773, 3509, 23, 11435, 9, 53404, 297, 87907, 7, 194, 360, 10, 351, 9, 29786, 1515, 297, 63262, 4, 8622, 831, 186, 1286, 3501, 1632, 351, 9, 29786, 1515, 297, 63262, 98, 10, 63399, 23180, 5, 313, 19981, 4209, 37264, 7, 70, 2053, 46389, 3934, 10, 24233, 117781, 12989, 47, 14858, 70, 63262, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 6, 15555, 2053, 8035, 4343, 71, 23, 12989, 5, 228072, 4, 4734, 1632, 234737, 297, 63262, 831, 186, 75935, 98, 10, 34475, 63399, 23180, 5, 140077, 1515, 297, 136044, 7, 831, 6782, 538, 51312, 128512, 38352, 111, 456, 97351, 1405, 4, 1284, 56104, 4734, 7440, 70, 2053, 83, 17203, 297, 243228, 25958, 23, 70, 5701, 707, 39531, 184, 12989, 111, 70, 234737, 297, 63262, 4, 707, 3229, 10, 37457, 111, 55769, 83, 133291, 5, 66016, 70, 72761, 115923, 621, 23, 903, 12096, 12989, 98, 28338, 4, 70, 11737, 6, 15555, 35735, 23, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 83, 109312, 8108, 707, 7103, 70, 4568, 1632, 4, 136, 221, 10846, 56, 2053, 46389, 12301, 7, 621, 56065, 5, 581, 158978, 60213, 111, 10, 234737, 297, 63262, 83, 127298, 70, 12989, 214, 111, 70, 72761, 2053, 6, 15555, 7, 23, 213246, 678, 70, 63262, 46389, 7, 450, 6275, 47, 2856, 5, 31384, 63399, 7, 84797, 70, 2053, 136, 63262, 46389, 7, 3934, 84797, 102158, 4, 27060, 3884, 6626, 64557, 12921, 2053, 46389, 7, 28032, 70, 5701, 72761, 11435, 132, 7, 194, 14847, 48716, 63399, 7, 136, 48716, 23180, 7, 621, 33284, 297, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 234737, 15, 10869, 47, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 234737, 297, 63262, 151552, 198395, 194, 581, 115923, 100, 70, 23180, 7, 53371, 70, 34292, 111, 10, 234737, 22799, 35299, 186, 4343, 71, 25842, 23, 70, 5701, 707, 43573, 1272, 2053, 46389, 7, 5, 3293, 1543, 52295, 70, 33284, 7, 111, 6097, 23180, 7, 98, 70, 234737, 22799, 4, 16792, 70, 14858, 214, 115923, 621, 4343, 71, 25842, 136, 40715, 87, 64, 670, 83, 56065, 47, 64040, 67, 2856, 5, 581, 234737, 180346, 61924, 7, 70, 2053, 108802, 23, 70, 23180, 7, 450, 621, 63920, 111, 70, 234737, 5, 62, 234737, 831, 186, 22799, 297, 678, 10, 335, 9, 62731, 13, 63262, 707, 10, 1556, 127, 23180, 5, 581, 2053, 46389, 7440, 70, 23180, 17164, 83, 4343, 71, 83, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 234737, 22799, 5, 581, 12989, 450, 70, 63262, 80934, 61924, 7, 70, 3365, 316, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 63399, 63262, 83, 10, 2053, 45646, 450, 52295, 7, 70, 38352, 111, 2053, 456, 97351, 1405, 41018, 7, 98, 10, 63399, 23180, 99, 70, 11034, 111, 78301, 33022, 7, 136, 132096, 32628, 47, 76104, 70, 63262, 2053, 45646, 5, 31471, 90, 621, 11814, 47, 69405, 64040, 67, 2053, 15490, 19441, 47, 33938, 11907, 6, 15555, 23, 10, 63399, 23180, 11907, 1733, 10, 63399, 23180, 83, 17203, 297, 5, 31471, 90, 831, 186, 75935, 17368, 1632, 707, 1286, 3365, 316, 1779, 111, 10, 63399, 23180, 4, 101904, 70, 18231, 100, 15044, 25545, 96759, 6713, 74854, 136, 93766, 17203, 111, 12989, 297, 115923, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Usage.", "Support for fast lookup.", "Policing the database constraints.", "Index architecture and indexing methods.", "Non-clustered.", "Clustered.", "Cluster.", "Column order.", "Applications and limitations.", "Types of indexes.", "Bitmap index.", "Dense index.", "Sparse index.", "Reverse index.", "Primary index.", "Secondary index.", "Index implementations.", "Index concurrency control.", "Covering index.", "Standardization." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Most database software includes indexing technology that enables sub-linear time lookup to improve performance, as linear search is inefficient for large databases. Suppose a database contains N data items and one must be retrieved based on the value of one of the fields. A simple implementation retrieves and examines each item according to the test. If there is only one matching item, this can stop when it finds that single item, but if there are multiple matches, it must test everything. This means that the number of operations in the average case is O(N) or linear time. Since databases may contain many objects, and since lookup is a common operation, it is often desirable to improve performance. An index is any data structure that improves the performance of lookup. There are many different used for this purpose. There are complex design trade-offs involving lookup performance, index size, and index-update performance. Many index designs exhibit logarithmic (O(log(N))) lookup performance and in some applications it is possible to achieve flat (O(1)) performance.", "Indexes are used to police database constraints, such as UNIQUE, EXCLUSION, PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY. An index may be declared as UNIQUE, which creates an implicit constraint on the underlying table. Database systems usually implicitly create an index on a set of columns declared PRIMARY KEY, and some are capable of using an already-existing index to police this constraint. Many database systems require that both referencing and referenced sets of columns in a FOREIGN KEY constraint are indexed, thus improving performance of inserts, updates and deletes to the tables participating in the constraint. Some database systems support an EXCLUSION constraint that ensures that, for a newly inserted or updated record, a certain predicate holds for no other record. This can be used to implement a UNIQUE constraint (with equality predicate) or more complex constraints, like ensuring that no overlapping time ranges or no intersecting geometry objects would be stored in the table. An index supporting fast searching for records satisfying the predicate is required to police such a constraint.", "", "The data is present in arbitrary order, but the logical ordering is specified by the index. The data rows may be spread throughout the table regardless of the value of the indexed column or expression. The non-clustered index tree contains the index keys in sorted order, with the leaf level of the index containing the pointer to the record (page and the row number in the data page in page-organized engines; row offset in file-organized engines). In a non-clustered index, There can be more than one non-clustered index on a database table.", "Clustering alters the data block into a certain distinct order to match the index, resulting in the row data being stored in order. Therefore, only one clustered index can be created on a given database table. Clustered indices can greatly increase overall speed of retrieval, but usually only where the data is accessed sequentially in the same or reverse order of the clustered index, or when a range of items is selected. Since the physical records are in this sort order on disk, the next row item in the sequence is immediately before or after the last one, and so fewer data block reads are required. The primary feature of a clustered index is therefore the ordering of the physical data rows in accordance with the index blocks that point to them. Some databases separate the data and index blocks into separate files, others put two completely different data blocks within the same physical file(s).", "When multiple databases and multiple tables are joined, it is called a cluster (not to be confused with clustered index described previously). The records for the tables sharing the value of a cluster key shall be stored together in the same or nearby data blocks. This may improve the joins of these tables on the cluster key, since the matching records are stored together and less I/O is required to locate them. The cluster configuration defines the data layout in the tables that are parts of the cluster. A cluster can be keyed with a B-Tree index or a hash table. The data block where the table record is stored is defined by the value of the cluster key.", "The order that the index definition defines the columns in is important. It is possible to retrieve a set of row identifiers using only the first indexed column. However, it is not possible or efficient (on most databases) to retrieve the set of row identifiers using only the second or greater indexed column. For example, in a phone book organized by city first, then by last name, and then by first name, in a particular city, one can easily extract the list of all phone numbers. However, it would be very tedious to find all the phone numbers for a particular last name. One would have to look within each city's section for the entries with that last name. Some databases can do this, others just won't use the index. In the phone book example with a composite index created on the columns (codice_3), if we search by giving exact values for all the three fields, search time is minimal—but if we provide the values for codice_4 and codice_5 only, the search uses only the codice_4 field to retrieve all matched records. Then a sequential lookup checks the matching with codice_5. So, to improve the performance, one must ensure that the index is created on the order of search columns.", "Indexes are useful for many applications but come with some limitations. Consider the following SQL statement: codice_8. To process this statement without an index the database software must look at the last_name column on every row in the table (this is known as a full table scan). With an index the database simply follows the index data structure (typically a B-tree) until the Smith entry has been found; this is much less computationally expensive than a full table scan. Consider this SQL statement: codice_9. This query would yield an email address for every customer whose email address ends with \"@wikipedia.org\", but even if the email_address column has been indexed the database must perform a full index scan. This is because the index is built with the assumption that words go from left to right. With a wildcard at the beginning of the search-term, the database software is unable to use the underlying index data structure (in other words, the WHERE-clause is \"not sargable\"). This problem can be solved through the addition of another index created on codice_10 and a SQL query like this: codice_11. This puts the wild-card at the right-most part of the query (now gro.aidepikiw@%), which the index on reverse(email_address) can satisfy. When the wildcard characters are used on both sides of the search word as \"%wikipedia.org%\", the index available on this field is not used. Rather only a sequential search is performed, which takes O(N) time.", "", "A bitmap index is a special kind of indexing that stores the bulk of its data as bit arrays (bitmaps) and answers most queries by performing bitwise logical operations on these bitmaps. The most commonly used indexes, such as B+ trees, are most efficient if the values they index do not repeat or repeat a small number of times. In contrast, the bitmap index is designed for cases where the values of a variable repeat very frequently. For example, the sex field in a customer database usually contains at most three distinct values: male, female or unknown (not recorded). For such variables, the bitmap index can have a significant performance advantage over the commonly used trees.", "A dense index in databases is a file with pairs of keys and pointers for every record in the data file. Every key in this file is associated with a particular pointer to \"a record\" in the sorted data file. In clustered indices with duplicate keys, the dense index points \"to the first record\" with that key.", "A sparse index in databases is a file with pairs of keys and pointers for every block in the data file. Every key in this file is associated with a particular pointer \"to the block\" in the sorted data file. In clustered indices with duplicate keys, the sparse index points \"to the lowest search key\" in each block.", "A reverse-key index reverses the key value before entering it in the index. E.g., the value 24538 becomes 83542 in the index. Reversing the key value is particularly useful for indexing data such as sequence numbers, where new key values monotonically increase.", "The primary index contains the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-key fields of the table. The primary index is created automatically when the table is created in the database.", "It is used to index fields that are neither ordering fields nor key fields (there is no assurance that the file is organized on key field or primary key field). One index entry for every tuple in the data file (dense index) contains the value of the indexed attribute and pointer to the block/record.", "Indices can be implemented using a variety of data structures. Popular indices include balanced trees, B+ trees and hashes. In Microsoft SQL Server, the leaf node of the clustered index corresponds to the actual data, not simply a pointer to data that resides elsewhere, as is the case with a non-clustered index. Each relation can have a single clustered index and many unclustered indices.", "An index is typically being accessed concurrently by several transactions and processes, and thus needs concurrency control. While in principle indexes can utilize the common database concurrency control methods, specialized concurrency control methods for indexes exist, which are applied in conjunction with the common methods for a substantial performance gain.", "In most cases, an index is used to quickly locate the data record(s) from which the required data is read. In other words, the index is only used to locate data records in the table and not to return data. A covering index is a special case where the index itself contains the required data field(s) and can answer the required data. Consider the following table (other fields omitted): To find the Name for ID 13, an index on (ID) is useful, but the record must still be read to get the Name. However, an index on (ID, Name) contains the required data field and eliminates the need to look up the record. Covering indexes are each for a specific table. Queries which JOIN/ access across multiple tables, may potentially consider covering indexes on more than one of these tables. A covering index can dramatically speed up data retrieval but may itself be large due to the additional keys, which slow down data insertion & update. To reduce such index size, some systems allow including non-key fields in the index. Non-key fields are not themselves part of the index ordering but only included at the leaf level, allowing for a covering index with less overall index size.", "No standard defines how to create indexes, because the ISO SQL Standard does not cover physical aspects. Indexes are one of the physical parts of database conception among others like storage (tablespace or filegroups). RDBMS vendors all give a CREATE INDEX syntax with some specific options that depend on their software's capabilities." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 10586, 4, 1836, 121447, 2363, 34377, 65042, 297, 11301, 4, 44, 3957, 9626, 64330, 26201, 830, 3129, 509, 17164, 297, 17721, 11891, 136, 98600, 360, 10586, 136, 9571, 4, 6863, 43032, 80723, 137633, 214, 216473, 7, 4000, 538, 5, 8981, 32055, 509, 24, 4806, 44, 568, 13857, 6406, 58815, 58, 25, 7, 44, 919, 48231, 111, 70, 58417, 58, 136, 23409, 98, 47, 54452, 142, 7156, 4, 44, 284, 2310, 2594, 111, 70, 1401, 481, 1140, 740, 62, 10617, 678, 121057, 195, 4, 31373, 49688, 208, 136, 44389, 129721, 4, 764, 100512, 142, 20338, 6635, 32786, 111, 44, 3957, 13538, 16818, 169, 740, 1250, 4390, 23742, 10, 4092, 8946, 2069, 130412, 11675, 390, 44, 3957, 77641, 740, 360, 8272, 4, 57279, 169, 121447, 44, 3957, 184, 15130, 7, 26201, 830, 136, 7228, 40368, 170894, 7, 98, 3789, 29892, 21777, 25, 52336, 5, 62, 67688, 70, 1733, 111, 121057, 195, 25, 7, 5117, 17164, 35142, 4, 1250, 4390, 81887, 297, 47, 15226, 272, 391, 1530, 5, 1529, 145755, 47, 172310, 4000, 166504, 26177, 72720, 34965, 930, 92343, 2873, 4, 150350, 71, 111, 5900, 3984, 4, 10, 4000, 38485, 4, 136, 8414, 5, 13791, 56, 4, 10, 4989, 6032, 34391, 111, 121057, 195, 136, 1250, 4390, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 13791, 56, 509, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 108558, 15, 1106, 14432, 181653, 121057, 195, 25, 7, 5117, 7156, 4, 44, 4153, 48310, 67, 74054, 1284, 5900, 3984, 117, 37316, 48141, 4049, 47, 33284, 70, 21115, 237, 142, 22104, 5, 147466, 70, 21115, 509, 33284, 297, 390, 57279, 169, 4, 136, 57279, 169, 65508, 71, 1919, 4989, 6032, 34391, 130643, 4, 2750, 99, 70, 1733, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 29892, 34965, 930, 62171, 13, 1255, 5, 2161, 4347, 21416, 8272, 4, 8108, 10, 7639, 23, 166504, 4, 57279, 169, 29966, 297, 10, 8834, 6402, 7440, 142, 10750, 678, 10, 332, 645, 10, 7401, 75354, 57826, 3674, 3934, 10, 78431, 5, 581, 332, 23409, 47, 1919, 71666, 136, 456, 97351, 4126, 10, 11476, 56859, 4, 3129, 764, 11476, 71, 23, 57279, 169, 25, 7, 48225, 5, 57279, 169, 509, 51876, 22759, 20028, 136, 509, 5962, 390, 70, 237, 27305, 30614, 25, 7, 80939, 237, 70, 52875, 56, 18738, 71, 70, 28302, 5, 581, 52875, 509, 141621, 71, 98, 1202, 136, 1831, 297, 14432, 450, 5155, 98, 4000, 7123, 5, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 21115, 3542, 174450, 19, 390, 70, 124257, 1459, 4, 1011, 350, 592, 70, 52528, 28032, 70, 143849, 5, 6561, 111, 57279, 169, 25, 7, 2704, 27992, 7, 1902, 2809, 10, 50336, 450, 130643, 33284, 70, 21115, 5, 24372, 57279, 169, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 121057, 195, 149849, 297, 237, 91995, 674, 47, 211394, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 100, 927, 277, 214, 17808, 5256, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 121057, 195, 155605, 456, 513, 14653, 70, 21115, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 1919, 47219, 4, 57279, 169, 509, 20697, 98, 1919, 5117, 2639, 7156, 4, 44, 594, 42, 5, 3545, 157, 78697, 223, 830, 3129, 509, 121447, 1305, 22462, 79850, 23, 22482, 52489, 391, 1530, 17164, 297, 2363, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 4657, 5115, 25, 7, 36151, 830, 23, 1919, 98323, 5, 121057, 195, 25, 7, 50960, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 157530, 78804, 1314, 82080, 830, 83, 2843, 171332, 47, 4049, 5, 581, 28560, 44, 144890, 622, 44389, 58, 98, 391, 1530, 25, 7, 17932, 7156, 4, 44, 397, 1530, 6661, 830, 83, 1672, 57279, 169, 5, 581, 7156, 2843, 96853, 44, 7235, 177, 169, 242, 14773, 830, 10, 10586, 182304, 7311, 538, 1295, 70, 11531, 44, 397, 51979, 1140, 740, 581, 481, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 4657, 5115, 25, 7, 36151, 830, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 40250, 111, 53550, 3269, 143414, 14, 297, 33976, 7, 98, 11476, 70, 17431, 8108, 70210, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 18237, 55197, 1650, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 1632, 98, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 14012, 6626, 98, 70, 17274, 116287, 4, 2843, 58359, 214, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 180972, 116287, 7, 5, 44, 4657, 5115, 25, 7, 36151, 58, 23409, 98, 47, 74703, 22759, 19879, 7156, 7, 214574, 136, 6626, 19879, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 360, 8055, 103844, 391, 1530, 136, 1184, 3915, 3542, 200, 76622, 5773, 70, 5550, 20051, 11330, 7103, 43032, 111, 70, 21115, 747, 17704, 538, 72761, 538, 52875, 297, 1184, 3915, 645, 70, 68944, 111, 1919, 11531, 44, 15982, 195, 21533, 3370, 173212, 830, 3129, 70541, 297, 10, 91067, 47, 121057, 195, 25, 7, 76849, 5, 121057, 195, 509, 959, 13379, 20271, 70, 9742, 5, 11205, 4989, 7103, 4, 20271, 10, 9742, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 391, 1530, 3542, 142458, 20102, 32594, 297, 4743, 47, 70, 6088, 534, 927, 52875, 7, 4, 136, 435, 678, 930, 3796, 884, 48396, 111, 12035, 2298, 169, 4, 182304, 70, 11001, 44, 1126, 1662, 740, 44, 397, 1530, 6661, 58, 509, 121447, 98, 7071, 30284, 86097, 241599, 36049, 390, 1773, 5, 64614, 4, 121057, 195, 4, 13791, 56, 136, 2734, 1033, 10542, 4, 136, 121399, 170894, 7, 390, 100363, 13, 4699, 329, 98, 70, 28560, 44, 15363, 16300, 939, 58, 136, 335, 9, 68996, 111, 27939, 11856, 37639, 98, 70, 28560, 44, 127345, 153748, 1995, 740, 1650, 34377, 297, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 4, 17274, 4, 136, 133836, 7156, 7, 116287, 7, 4, 136, 99, 14012, 6626, 23, 102126, 2451, 1428, 2069, 645, 23552, 10, 19879, 115923, 23, 6863, 5117, 5895, 111, 54452, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 75447, 5, 44, 31852, 14298, 830, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 5117, 11001, 4, 2843, 157578, 14012, 1632, 23, 28173, 4, 2356, 138059, 136, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 6, 239530, 1771, 2663, 100, 939, 4, 70, 2663, 43606, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 102126, 4, 136, 70, 2663, 1492, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 805, 5, 581, 21115, 118775, 23, 70, 4078, 1346, 44, 3957, 14407, 525, 47935, 71, 58, 22299, 297, 237, 44, 63473, 3473, 12126, 1657, 21605, 933, 740, 1326, 70, 14277, 4, 70, 21115, 17164, 297, 70, 11531, 44, 31852, 21786, 169, 740, 106073, 121057, 195, 509, 70, 4734, 391, 1530, 32786, 959, 47, 108975, 23, 70, 14277, 4, 764, 51339, 7, 70, 681, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 391, 1530, 15, 66, 61475, 8780, 100, 70, 19946, 939, 984, 3121, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 26177, 72720, 21115, 1295, 166504, 4, 158115, 5, 15236, 297, 23, 11891, 4, 70, 21115, 69307, 71, 154909, 36272, 678, 6863, 13315, 2037, 111, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 57724, 121057, 195, 4, 1250, 4390, 4, 8981, 32055, 4, 8414, 5, 13791, 56, 4, 5900, 3984, 136, 130643, 53, 19909, 28563, 53, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early career and \"The Underground EP\" (1996–1998).", "Death of Bugz (1999).", "\"Devil's Night\", \"D12 World\" and appearances without Eminem (2000–2005).", "Death of Proof, Swift's arrest and \"Eminem Presents: The Re-Up\" (2006).", "Member changes, hiatus, mixtapes and comeback (2007–2013).", "Bizarre and Kon Artis rejoin, \"Shady XV\", unreleased third studio album and \"The Devil's Night Mixtape\" (2014–2015).", "Solo careers, collaborative works and breakup (2017–2018).", "Feuds.", "Natas.", "Royce da 5'9\".", "Canibus.", "Members." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "In 1997, they released their debut extended play, \"The Underground EP\", which was recorded between 1996 and 1997. In 1997 and 1998, its members began establishing reputations locally. Bizarre was named \"Inner City Entertainment\"'s \"Flava of the Week\" and went on to release an album, \"Attack of the Weirdos\". Along with Eminem, Rah Digga and Young Zee, he became an honorary member of \"The Outsidaz\". Proof won a freestyling competition run by \"The Source\". In 1999, Bugz released \"These Streets EP\", and made several appearances on other rappers' songs. Around the time of Eminem's first record deal, Proof attempted to revive D12. He managed to recruit local Detroit hip hop duo Da Brigade, composed of Kuniva, a local MC, and Mr. Porter, a longtime friend of Eminem and Proof. At the time, Porter was the group's producer (he later produced Eminem's first album, \"Infinite\"), but Kuniva persuaded him to join the group as an artist. Later the group was joined by Bugz, and Bugz introduced his longtime friend Swift, who at the time was a member of rap duo Da Rabeez.", "On May 21, 1999, before a show in Detroit, Bugz attended a picnic where an argument with a man over a water pistol escalated into a fight. The man went to his SUV and retrieved a firearm, which he fired in Bugz's direction. Bugz was shot four times and was hit by the assailant's vehicle as the attacker fled the scene. The attack was captured on video and aired later that day on local news. Members of the group were shaken by the tragedy, darkening the mood within the collective. One of Bugz's final acts had been a request that Swift join the group. After Bugz's death, Eminem volunteered as replacement to fulfill the group's forthcoming obligations. This led to Eminem eventually rejoining the group. At the time of his death, Bugz was working on his first solo album, \"Mr. Obnoxious\", which was released posthumously in February 2000. D12 recorded their debut album, \"Devil's Night\", in his memory. Eminem's third album, \"The Marshall Mathers LP\", is also dedicated to him. The track \"Good Die Young\" on D12's second album, \"D12 World\", is about Bugz. The album also includes \"Bugz '97\", a 1997 recording originally from the song \"Desperados\".", "Their debut album, \"Devil's Night\", referring to the tradition of setting unoccupied buildings on fire the night before Halloween, was released in June 2001. It debuted at number one on the U.S. and number two on the UK chart, also reaching the top of the Canadian charts. \"Devil's Night\" went on to sell four million albums worldwide and two million in the U.S. In August 2001, D12 and Esham were kicked off the Warped Tour after members of the group allegedly physically attacked Esham over the lyrics of his song \"Chemical Imbalance\", which contained a reference to Eminem's daughter. Eminem was not present during the tour. Not long after, during a tour in the United Kingdom, D12 were temporarily stranded due to the September 11th attacks, and met with Damon Albarn of Gorillaz, recording the single \"911\". \"D12 World\" was released on April 27, 2004, featuring production by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Porter and Kanye West, and guest appearances by Obie Trice on the track \"Loyalty\" and B-Real of Cypress Hill on the track \"American Psycho II\". It debuted at the top of the U.S., UK, and Australian albums charts, and at number two in Germany—selling over half a million records in its first week of release in the U.S. alone. \"My Band\", the album's first single, also reached number one in Australia, New Zealand and the U.S. rhythmic top forty, the top five in the UK and Germany, and the top ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The group appeared in the 2005 film \"The Longest Yard\" credited as \"Basketball Convicts\". For the movie, the group recorded the song \"My Ballz\". Although Eminem was the only D12 member not to appear in the movie, he performs the chorus and a verse in \"My Ballz\". The group was often overshadowed by Eminem's massive success, and toured without him for the second album while Eminem was busy recording \"Encore\". Although shadowed by Eminem's success, other members Bizarre and Proof managed mildly successful solo careers with the releases of \"Hannicap Circus\" and \"Searching for Jerry Garcia\" in 2005. In promotion for both albums, D12 performed live at the House of Blues in Chicago with King Gordy & stic.man. Eminem was in rehab due to his addiction to sleeping pills and could not attend. That concert, \"D12: Live in Chicago\", was later released on DVD in August 2005. D12 (minus Eminem) appeared on Tech N9ne's 2002 album entitled \"Absolute Power\" on the track \"She-Devil\". They also decided that Eminem would not be as prominent on their upcoming third album, which remains evident even after Proof's death. Their third album is estimated to be 70% completed without any input from Eminem. However, in June 2009, Eminem confirmed he was also working hard on the group's third studio album on an announcement made on Rap City during an interview with Eminem and Denaun Porter. The group recorded a song for Eminem's album \"Recovery\" titled \"Hit Me with Your Best Shot\", but it was not featured on the official album. It was later featured on Eminem's mixtape \"Straight from the Lab Part 2\" which leaked in 2011.", "On April 11, 2006, Proof died from a gunshot wound at a club in Detroit, after allegedly fatally shooting Keith Bender, Jr., following an argument over a game of pool. Proof was then shot by the bouncer Mario Etheridge, Bender's cousin. He was pronounced dead on arrival at St. John Health's Conner Creek Campus shortly thereafter. He was buried on April 19 in The Fellowship Chapel, Detroit, to a full house of 2,660 with thousands mourning outside. Ten days later after Proof's death, Swift was arrested in Novi, Michigan, after failing to appear in court. This was due to his attendance as an honorary pallbearer at the funeral of group member Proof. Already on probation for a DUI offense, for which he served two days in October 2005, he was sentenced by District Court Judge Brian MacKenzie to 93 days in jail for violating the terms of the probation. This resulted in the stalling of recording for D12's third album. Following his release, work commenced on the album. On December 5, 2006, Shady Records released \"\" which featured performances by Eminem, D12, 50 Cent, Obie Trice, Stat Quo, Bobby Creekwater and Cashis while affiliated artists such as Lloyd Banks, Akon and Nate Dogg, made guest appearances. Some tracks were collaborative performances from D12 members, such as \"Murder\" by Bizarre and Kuniva and \"Whatever You Want\" by Swifty McVay and Mr. Porter. The track \"Trapped\" by Proof included an intro by Eminem paying his final respects saying, \"Big Proof, rest in peace dudey we love you. We just wanna keep making you proud.\"", "On May 21, 2008, after four years of inactivity and the passing of Proof, D12 released a new mixtape, \"Return of the Dozen Vol. 1\". The mixtape was designed to get D12 back on their feet in preparation for new possible content. The mixtape lacked Eminem (who was working on his solo album, \"Relapse\"). It contains several guest features from rappers such as Royce da 5'9\" (whom they had a feud with) and King Gordy. Some tracks were solo performances from a D12 member, such as \"If You Want It\" by Kuniva, in a similar way to how Eminem performed \"Girls\" from \"Devil's Night\". D12 released their mixtape \"Return of the Dozen Vol. 2\" on April 12, 2011, which featured Fuzz Scoota. Fuzz Scoota was one of the original members of D12 but left in 1999. He then later joined back with D12 on April 7, 2011. Eminem was only present on one track throughout the whole mixtape, though he wasn't present at all in the previous one. Due to Eminem being on tour for his album \"Recovery\" and because of Mr. Porter being his current hype man there were four active members of D12 at the time (Bizarre, Kuniva, Fuzz and Swift). The others, while not currently active, were still members of D12. In a video posted on YouTube by Eminem & Royce da 5'9\" on June 13, 2011, Eminem stated that he was back in the studio with D12 after not being a very active member for nearly three years. D12 performed at the Kanrocksas Music Festival on August 5, 2011. The track, \"Outro\", off the \"Return of the Dozen Vol. 2\" mixtape, had a music video released on September 1, 2011, though the video did not feature either Eminem or Mr. Porter. The group also stated intentions to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the release of the \"Devils Night\" album, though the celebration was held on the actual Devil's Night on October 30 in Saint Andrew's Hall in Detroit, Michigan, even though the album was released months earlier on June 19, 2001. In 2012, Bizarre left the group, citing creative differences. That same year, March 24, Mr. Porter announced that he had left D12 via a series of tweets. In the Twitter posts, he said that he wanted to focus on being a solo artist, but clarified that holds no animosity toward other members of the group. The group now currently has only four members. While promoting his recent mixtape, Kuniva was interviewed in August 2012 about the group's status. He replied that it's \"not over, we're still coming.\" He went on to state that D12 had been back in the studio as a whole. Former D12 member Mr. Porter was asked on Twitter on January 26, 2013 about a possible new D12 album. He responded \"Not happening bro sorry\", clarifying that he would not appear on the album.", "In January 2014, Mark Bass of the Bass Brothers confirmed that D12 had been recently recording at the F.B.T. studio and he had been mixing their recorded material. He also confirmed that Eminem was featured on at least three songs that have been completed. In February 2014, Bizarre confirmed that he was back in the group and that D12 would be releasing their third studio album during 2014. On August 25, 2014, a press release on Eminem's official website also revealed D12 to be featured on the label's upcoming 2-disc compilation album, titled \"Shady XV\". The album, released on November 24, 2014, featured one greatest hits disc and one disc with new material from a variety of Shady Records recording artists including D12. The new D12 song was entitled \"Bane\", which features the return of Kon Artis, and was produced by group member Mr. Porter. The song did not feature Eminem or returning member Fuzz Scoota. On August 18, 2015, D12 confirmed on Tim Westwood TV that they have already recorded a large number of songs for the album and will release it \"when the time is right.\" On October 1, 2015, it was announced that D12 would be releasing a new mixtape, \"The Devil's Night Mixtape\" was released on October 30, 2015 and it featured Lazarus, King Gordy, Royce da 5'9\", Bizarre, Swifty McVay, Kuniva and Mr. Porter. It also included a freestyle by Eminem for its introduction although he wasn't present on any other tracks throughout the whole mixtape. It was hosted by DJ Whoo Kid.", "In 2017, D12 have been focusing on their respective solo careers. On February 17, Swifty McVay released his debut album \"Grey Blood\". Bizarre released his new mixtape \"Tweek Sity 2\", in addition to working on collaborations with other artists such as Riff Raff, King Gordy and Qom Qazamah respectively. Swifty McVay and Kuniva are currently working on their collaboration album, titled \"My Brother's Keeper\". On August 31, 2018, Eminem released a song titled \"Stepping Stone\" on his album \"Kamikaze\". On it, Eminem announced that D12 was officially broken up.", "", "A rivalry with a fellow Detroit-based group known as Natas began in the late 1990s, when D12 opened for Lil' Kim at her Detroit show. It is alleged that Natas band member Esham Smith was attacked by a group of D12 associates after he was invited onstage and subsequently outperformed them. Initially, D12 member Eminem was on good terms with Natas, but the two had a falling out when he criticized Esham's second album. In speaking with Murder Dog, Esham responded to D12 calling them \"the Village People of rap\", Eminem \"a super bitch\", and making reference to Eminem's daughter, Hailie, being in a coma on the track \"Chemical Imbalance\". D12, in turn, responded with the song \"Instigator\", dissing Natas, while Proof made two diss tracks aimed specifically at Esham, \"Every Sucker Has a Moment\" and \"Uh Huh\", though the latter was not released. Both sides tried to make amends prior to joining the Warped Tour 2001. However a fight was provoked after Esham allegedly threw items at D12's tour bus. Smith sustained a broken nose, bruised eardrum, a temporary loss of hearing, and multiple cuts and bruises according to his label's spokeswoman. Natas member Mastamind sustained multiple cuts and bruises. Both groups were removed from the Warped Tour line up, and banned from ever performing at the festival again.", "When first signed to Aftermath Entertainment, Eminem was not on good terms with the rest of D12, causing him to initially only focus on furthering the career of his Bad Meets Evil bandmate Royce da 5'9\". Royce performed on Eminem's first solo album \"The Slim Shady LP\", and acted as his hype man for the first weeks of his debut tour. Eminem eventually reconciled with D12, and also began giving time to establishing their career. This caused a number of projects Royce had planned with Eminem to be postponed indefinitely. In protest, he resigned as Eminem's hype man, with the position being taken up by Proof. D12 saw this as a betrayal to Eminem, as the resignation came at the awkward time of halfway through his first tour. This resulted in an immediate falling out between Royce da 5'9\" and D12, with a drawn-out, public rivalry between the rapper and five of the six members ensuing. Royce released three diss tracks aimed at the group; the first diss track, \"Shit on You\", was recorded over the instrumental of D12's \"Shit on You\" and mainly attacked group member Bizarre. \"Malcolm X\" was the second diss track, which featured Tré Little. D12 responded with \"Smack Down\", which was recorded over 50 Cent's \"Back Down\" instrumental. Proof also recorded a diss track entitled \"Many Men\". This was recorded over 50 Cent's \"Many Men (Wish Death)\" instrumental. Proof later released another diss with The Purple Gang called \"Beef Is Ova\". Royce responded with his third diss track, which was recorded over 50 Cent's \"In Da Club\" instrumental titled \"Death Day\". In the Summer of 2003, D12 member Proof confronted Royce da 5'9\" outside a club in Detroit. Violence erupted between the rappers' entourage, leading to the police being called, and Proof and Royce's arrest. The two were detained overnight in adjacent cells where they talked out their differences and ended the feud. A few years later Royce would feature on D12's mixtape, \"Return of the Dozen\", as well as on the line-up of their following tour of Europe and Canada and appearing on \"The Devil's Night Mixtape.\"", "During the time Eminem and Mr. Porter started recording \"Recovery\", the rest of D12 were featured on a diss track directed at Eminem with rapper Canibus on his record \"Melatonin Magik\" titled \"Air Strike (Pop Killer)\". Canibus had previously been involved in a feud with Eminem. Canibus name-dropped Eminem's longtime deceased friend Proof, saying \"if Proof was alive he'd be dying inside\". D12 member Swift responded to the record publicly, and had the following to say about DZK (another rapper featured on the track): \"[He] asked us to do a track with him when he already was teamed up with Canibus without us knowing. They dissed Em, took our verses and added them to the song so they can bring traffic and make it seem like we turning on Em... as a desperate attempt to be heard after ducking and dodging Em for 7 years. It was a straight hoe move.\"", "Former members" ] }