Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 294, 10836, 87180, 58, 83, 21177, 24243, 154732, 70, 161838, 13950, 30773, 4, 678, 6863, 22958, 67403, 13, 44759, 28560, 241599, 10, 25240, 152667, 178992, 11, 136, 509, 2843, 88551, 100, 19963, 7, 4293, 25, 7, 34648, 6, 58944, 47, 10, 19069, 237, 5201, 150350, 42, 111, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 19612, 5, 581, 12912, 29256, 111, 70, 7156, 8, 18695, 3674, 10, 56101, 127873, 25500, 32216, 4, 3129, 37067, 7, 47, 70, 44759, 4, 237, 50791, 7, 87180, 8950, 73, 23, 115177, 72567, 4, 30715, 4, 83, 10, 116338, 23189, 16128, 5, 581, 7311, 82080, 54452, 509, 10, 70836, 42822, 91, 133, 3134, 4, 678, 10, 22556, 9, 2940, 9, 148477, 29569, 111, 70, 1379, 8752, 111, 10, 127873, 25500, 32216, 98, 70, 46132, 678, 70, 2130, 2264, 7808, 214, 70, 456, 147, 4, 645, 3129, 3542, 28412, 297, 19963, 7, 4293, 25, 7, 24626, 98, 12638, 28560, 5, 147466, 456, 174404, 7, 2806, 186, 23, 10, 11001, 91, 133, 3134, 5, 581, 15672, 54452, 98, 123106, 53, 89916, 60213, 71, 10, 12921, 29256, 29569, 15, 11, 332, 120, 101098, 1810, 111, 1919, 10002, 21722, 247, 237, 6777, 70, 7311, 180972, 24234, 5180, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 180972, 24234, 5180, 11814, 70, 17274, 4927, 18244, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 20524, 1159, 297, 390, 42911, 731, 89916, 14432, 23, 32158, 7103, 70, 8753, 181141, 47, 450, 67967, 100, 2363, 50960, 7156, 5, 44, 294, 10836, 87180, 58, 509, 456, 47327, 297, 136, 20524, 1159, 297, 390, 120304, 87398, 7, 23, 11891, 678, 6626, 9396, 28560, 7, 4, 136, 13438, 23, 6052, 23, 142, 71062, 297, 8, 56219, 13, 79737, 5, 360, 20400, 1735, 41039, 6635, 89916, 121447, 10, 6626, 9, 3827, 238, 8, 56219, 13, 79737, 5, 129551, 47, 3164, 158257, 8347, 56, 4, 70, 7156, 15787, 297, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 25, 7, 44, 2661, 2208, 111, 99162, 12924, 14537, 136, 67973, 13950, 27140, 2481, 58, 136, 44, 83, 5792, 51, 3584, 11680, 297, 100, 70, 63044, 44632, 56, 1284, 64600, 20174, 18652, 52336, 100, 70, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 21721, 1419, 1242, 180972, 32485, 6470, 11584, 16713, 151552, 70, 7156, 237, 44, 11, 43334, 7565, 56, 58, 136, 44, 11, 165523, 28007, 830, 17, 65970, 214, 70, 22304, 111, 70, 94708, 47, 70, 44, 75620, 13950, 17431, 45296, 58, 111, 70, 44759, 28560, 136, 47, 44, 2347, 1256, 65735, 36049, 12447, 740, 25031, 12264, 42822, 111, 44, 4332, 32271, 138521, 748, 830, 8347, 214, 70, 780, 71062, 297, 456, 9, 174404, 4, 90698, 44, 294, 10836, 87180, 58, 44, 11, 42486, 135818, 100, 107137, 7432, 4, 22619, 1830, 136, 10, 158863, 179967, 927, 111, 12348, 830, 136, 1645, 52021, 70, 8753, 100, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 96551, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 28560, 7, 4, 44, 2729, 1459, 23, 10074, 830, 151552, 237, 44, 11, 31995, 4745, 538, 137356, 71, 56312, 450, 45367, 7, 1295, 10, 7262, 9, 40946, 71, 10, 12600, 28692, 56312, 3934, 10, 5675, 21359, 23709, 13950, 56, 4393, 111, 706, 40294, 538, 22313, 90, 136, 22684, 19, 59207, 101275, 66360, 17447, 830, 100512, 10, 5962, 23, 102126, 54799, 6863, 456, 9, 233707, 23, 27193, 15, 28575, 592, 70, 8753, 70, 70318, 194, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 50791, 7, 87180, 83, 70, 17932, 12275, 7156, 390, 56101, 13950, 8753, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 4, 121447, 23, 22482, 32158, 390, 1446, 118, 519, 89916, 5, 1650, 509, 181653, 390, 8022, 1294, 42911, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Musical style.", "Cover art.", "Release.", "Reception." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Salisbury\" is skewed toward the progressive rock genre, with its 16-minute title track featuring a 24-piece orchestra and was also significant for Hensley's instant rise to a position as main composer of the group's music.", "The front cover of the album depicted a British Chieftain tank, which connects to the title, as Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, is a military training area. The original LP release was a gatefold sleeve, with a black-and-white image of the underside of a Chieftain tank on the inside with the turret facing the rear, over which were printed Hensley's comments on each track. Later reissues would be in a single sleeve. The American release on Mercury Records featured a different cover image (a man tearing out of his own skin), as did the original Canadian pressings. Subsequent Canadian pressings used the UK artwork.", "The album was reissued by Bronze Records later in 1971 after the band signed to that label for their third album. \"Salisbury\" was remastered and reissued by Castle Communications in 1996 with two bonus tracks, and again in 2003 in an expanded deluxe edition. In 2016, Sanctuary Records released a two-disc deluxe edition.", "According to AllMusic reviewer, the album perfected Uriah Heep's \"blend of heavy metal power and prog rock complexity\" and \" is too unfocused for the casual listener but offers enough solid songs for the Uriah Heep completist.\" Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described the album as \"a dark downer\" and \"a failed experiment\", imputing the cause of the slip to the \"prog rock nightmare\" of the title track and to \"the hatchet production job\". William Pinfold of \"Record Collector\", reviewing the 2016 expanded re-issue, considered \"Salisbury\" \"a collection notable for tightness, precision and a confident breadth of talent\", and praised the band for the album's variety. One of the album's tracks, \"Lady in Black\", described as \"a stylishly arranged tune that builds from a folk-styled acoustic tune into a throbbing rocker full of ghostly harmonies and crunching guitar riffs\", became a hit in Germany upon its re-release in 1977 (earning the band the award)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 663, 7030, 509, 103122, 23, 10, 19336, 4, 6626, 9, 86385, 18276, 23, 4368, 4293, 4, 38220, 497, 148503, 31667, 4, 70, 4734, 29041, 111, 2005, 42, 2091, 11258, 663, 7030, 7435, 10057, 1104, 175654, 16, 136, 55496, 10542, 191, 7435, 4598, 74668, 72208, 5, 18763, 67373, 1902, 79786, 23, 4368, 4293, 16792, 163055, 237, 104529, 111, 70, 9082, 6557, 12133, 5, 149766, 27863, 25, 6, 60502, 22230, 1902, 66399, 27686, 1295, 30715, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 2161, 1919, 42732, 25, 7, 5609, 4, 663, 7030, 509, 60887, 297, 1295, 25031, 92009, 7, 93017, 20808, 14889, 104279, 158045, 247, 10, 16915, 17840, 2750, 66399, 27686, 47, 62704, 98, 70, 44, 866, 1830, 58, 23, 611, 6460, 5, 581, 92009, 7, 93017, 7, 139505, 3934, 70, 10542, 5245, 111, 2356, 5753, 5, 39391, 214, 10542, 191, 136, 23213, 119109, 3542, 70, 27863, 111, 55496, 10542, 191, 4, 4416, 219, 25, 7, 42732, 5, 39391, 214, 198371, 66933, 2684, 111, 1919, 6897, 663, 7030, 25, 7, 53019, 80723, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 30827, 115215, 4, 3060, 111, 2856, 11675, 390, 19559, 25306, 12, 16771, 220290, 18, 25, 7, 10696, 23, 20426, 875, 35461, 23, 151278, 4, 70, 1529, 10519, 124324, 14449, 25, 7, 5024, 1277, 33, 117889, 19188, 23, 5492, 19, 587, 67, 23, 154140, 4, 136, 70, 171230, 41231, 128405, 10696, 1295, 141692, 4, 2843, 23, 5492, 19, 587, 67, 5, 18763, 5117, 104345, 509, 98, 361, 7582, 121049, 23, 70, 44, 1375, 33, 875, 35461, 19114, 9, 15982, 34925, 11030, 58, 24073, 1272, 241, 5, 339, 5, 663, 7030, 4, 5492, 19, 587, 67, 4, 10, 17704, 534, 5369, 74054, 10, 46844, 41537, 1672, 25031, 20426, 6977, 153095, 4, 2750, 1902, 1660, 72856, 70, 121049, 79169, 289, 81843, 12, 44, 116959, 509, 10, 27150, 332, 1295, 70, 10542, 4, 248, 1529, 6777, 2367, 764, 5809, 100, 2367, 764, 17569, 2965, 74, 248, 4966, 81843, 21449, 68807, 4, 248, 1529, 14037, 66570, 3568, 157272, 4, 248, 3493, 70, 15122, 7, 1221, 14192, 398, 70, 10588, 1242, 360, 125800, 663, 7030, 29966, 297, 5492, 19, 587, 67, 16934, 19188, 5, 28090, 72399, 91234, 663, 7030, 189924, 12610, 329, 46876, 7, 99, 3316, 87109, 29693, 23, 34734, 434, 13534, 7, 10745, 4, 122069, 4, 10, 17467, 4935, 59444, 450, 764, 35839, 44, 2347, 37195, 927, 42154, 133, 111, 33600, 740, 581, 105950, 538, 17467, 4935, 40466, 2837, 45188, 297, 4049, 7103, 764, 91755, 37838, 80675, 297, 70, 40466, 207048, 5, 57549, 6048, 509, 69871, 57415, 4, 1284, 764, 2806, 2614, 350, 1059, 28163, 44983, 23, 1919, 23179, 7565, 70, 32324, 1846, 1295, 70, 13918, 25, 7, 5, 1529, 8668, 53, 297, 1919, 3551, 1484, 6468, 390, 187507, 214, 23902, 4, 26719, 24793, 4, 136, 509, 168861, 1810, 663, 7030, 174920, 23, 227867, 98, 1105, 11994, 81139, 4, 7440, 100, 10, 10846, 40859, 764, 85168, 297, 3650, 1837, 10, 5155, 20697, 237, 10, 17997, 47, 15672, 135474, 7, 5, 24372, 7279, 7, 23, 61765, 33843, 4, 503, 10745, 4, 36958, 1418, 136, 129885, 11, 4, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 7071, 764, 509, 23, 2609, 3466, 4, 38043, 645, 10, 3472, 26976, 43573, 70, 1735, 582, 31, 6, 80728, 5, 360, 20414, 764, 15970, 9, 179193, 297, 1919, 5117, 12877, 111, 30260, 1294, 4, 44, 284, 3350, 282, 8019, 20193, 58, 24073, 194583, 1218, 21777, 5813, 19, 74694, 51029, 581, 44, 231454, 31267, 214, 20744, 58, 35839, 442, 44, 41123, 71, 136, 256, 128396, 41884, 4, 115839, 30260, 1771, 4, 7311, 4, 42177, 4935, 4, 36096, 2182, 4, 136, 41205, 740, 581, 44759, 509, 1295, 70, 50960, 31186, 111, 2290, 67, 25, 7, 44, 27559, 32654, 20179, 830, 3129, 756, 1674, 297, 47, 70, 47219, 111, 1572, 41347, 4, 18813, 111, 63457, 20102, 5, 581, 12877, 509, 171332, 47, 1919, 34391, 4, 70, 176547, 22104, 25031, 134331, 13, 37700, 4, 2750, 1902, 78684, 68, 71, 111, 230916, 84125, 5, 360, 8055, 663, 7030, 109133, 47, 9020, 4, 7440, 764, 158930, 39555, 19686, 79850, 100, 70, 11737, 427, 5369, 74, 764, 30745, 1919, 152363, 34391, 25031, 24856, 40478, 12, 44, 231454, 4, 8, 1366, 10332, 33451, 191, 4, 83, 70, 3687, 100, 160, 90, 53, 1242, 14941, 30260, 7, 6044, 237, 204990, 243308, 4, 42926, 119300, 106642, 2069, 136, 74733, 47443, 5531, 299, 1681, 1902, 7228, 10, 17311, 8562, 111, 31485, 19, 51389, 2451, 7, 2826, 2852, 4, 46878, 10821, 136, 89947, 48242, 2451, 114366, 678, 70, 3835, 5, 129551, 47, 5744, 1419, 191225, 14631, 238102, 4, 663, 7030, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 6528, 111, 30260, 1294, 237, 1913, 10, 82575, 53, 15563, 23, 18982, 95007, 4, 663, 7030, 435, 70, 21261, 1419, 179818, 68161, 90, 1081, 147, 136, 604, 76849, 151912, 3038, 4, 2750, 100512, 1919, 58386, 23, 41310, 5, 194397, 179818, 68161, 90, 1081, 147, 764, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 604, 36770, 100306, 601, 5, 335, 5, 11246, 9821, 4, 23, 663, 7030, 25, 7, 21455, 70, 158036, 38043, 30260, 5, 663, 7030, 1902, 9325, 11246, 9821, 10, 43658, 111, 44, 284, 3350, 282, 8019, 20193, 58, 70, 96362, 6602, 4, 8108, 764, 25737, 100, 2609, 3466, 4, 136, 11246, 9821, 1902, 198371, 14037, 442, 108654, 214, 5, 581, 453, 100512, 20903, 23902, 4, 102971, 11246, 9821, 509, 114210, 390, 387, 5369, 5, 663, 7030, 509, 2843, 65508, 71, 47, 152319, 748, 80640, 26336, 63052, 9, 571, 9785, 937, 4, 249, 10433, 5492, 19, 78439, 77330, 136, 47, 70, 24709, 111, 9020, 25, 7, 82575, 53, 42154, 133, 4, 26719, 70, 30260, 384, 5, 241, 5, 46840, 282, 5, 581, 15672, 764, 50964, 7, 94037, 239, 50216, 34734, 1353, 7, 7435, 13556, 74668, 55102, 100512, 10, 32926, 74, 7103, 141956, 4049, 10, 16610, 1733, 2412, 122399, 10, 21334, 77253, 10554, 47, 63769, 4049, 47, 32153, 98, 1919, 4488, 5, 34734, 1353, 7, 152388, 164055, 23, 62977, 4, 7103, 70, 139356, 80490, 4518, 18891, 4, 4989, 70, 36746, 111, 604, 52490, 1830, 4, 139505, 22008, 37076, 5, 4687, 1543, 2843, 765, 2809, 20947, 3168, 17704, 390, 663, 7030, 25, 7, 90364, 47, 151912, 3038, 5, 360, 18237, 95007, 70, 44, 160054, 11, 13, 58, 42486, 100512, 70, 5117, 111, 663, 7030, 25, 7, 43240, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4416, 219, 10542, 191, 2091, 11258, 663, 7030, 38774, 18374, 143359, 46, 106, 7582, 29172, 16, 509, 142, 1119, 95543, 2182, 15672, 30260, 136, 35778, 4, 10, 13036, 26366, 23, 70, 39395, 5744, 1419, 30260, 1294, 112664, 4, 136, 10, 6, 235143, 52193, 4450, 4383, 5, 18763, 127752, 47, 30260, 1294, 80723, 678, 1919, 34754, 111, 87, 15429, 8780, 4, 10, 112664, 16406, 4126, 1295, 54704, 289, 76438, 136, 148926, 30260, 1294, 4, 11405, 214, 17306, 2481, 4, 22619, 1830, 4, 158, 318, 6889, 4, 136, 111503, 111, 46876, 5, 18763, 43240, 26698, 44, 23267, 4594, 90, 58, 5173, 55102, 4, 44, 841, 58968, 11623, 23004, 23788, 1297, 4293, 58, 5173, 73419, 136, 70, 51, 48310, 67175, 5390, 9, 7, 58994, 28, 18695, 4, 44, 3957, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life (1885–1908).", "Background.", "Education.", "Teaching.", "London (1908–1920).", "Introduction to the literary scene.", "Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, \"Personae\".", "Imagism.", "\"Ripostes\" and translations.", "Marriage, \"Blast\".", "World War I, disillusionment.", "\"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\".", "Paris (1921–1924).", "Italy (1924–1945).", "Children.", "Turn to fascism, World War II.", "Radio broadcasts.", "Arrest for treason.", "United States (1945–1958).", "St. Elizabeths Hospital.", "\"The Pisan Cantos\", Bollingen Prize.", "Views and relationships.", "Release.", "Italy (1958–1972).", "Style.", "Imagism and Vorticism.", "Translations.", "\"The Cantos\".", "Literary criticism and economic theory.", "Reception.", "Critical reception.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Pound was born in a small, two-story house in Hailey, Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound (1858–1942) and Isabel Weston (1860–1948). His father had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the General Land Office. Both parents' ancestors had emigrated from England in the 17th century. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from William Wadsworth (1594–1675), a Puritan who emigrated to Boston on the \"Lion\" in 1632. The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York. Harding Weston and Mary Parker were the parents of Isabel Weston, Ezra's mother. Harding apparently spent most of his life", "Pound's education began in a series of dame schools, some of them run by Quakers: Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892, the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893, and the Florence Ridpath school from 1894, also in Wyncote. His first publication was on 7 November 1896 in the \"Jenkintown Times-Chronicle\" (\"by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years\"), a limerick about William Jennings Bryan, who had just lost the 1896 presidential election: \"There was a young man from the West, / He did what he could for what he thought best; / But election came round, / He found himself drowned, / And the papers will tell you the rest.\" In 1895 Pound attended Wyncote Public School.", "From late 1907 Pound taught Romance languages at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, a conservative town that he called \"the sixth circle of hell\". The equally conservative college dismissed him after he deliberately provoked the college authorities. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke cigarillos in his office down the corridor from the president's. He annoyed his landlords by entertaining friends, including women, and was forced out", "", "Pound arrived in Gibraltar on 23 March 1908, where for a few weeks he earned $15 a day working as a guide to American tourists. After stops in Tangiers, Seville, Cadiz and Genoa, by the end of April he was in Venice, living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge. In July he self-published his first book of poetry, \"A Lume Spento\" (\"With Tapers Quenched\"). The \"London Evening Standard\" called it \"wild and haunting stuff, absolutely poetic, original, imaginative, passionate, and spiritual\". The title was from the third canto of Dante's \"Purgatorio\", which alluded to the death of Manfred, King of Sicily. The book was dedicated to his friend, the Philadelphia artist William Brooke Smith, who had recently died of tuberculosis. In August Pound moved to London, where he lived almost continuously for the next 12 years; he told his university friend William Carlos Williams: \"London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy.\" English poets such as Maurice Hewlett, Rudyard Kipling and Alfred Lord Tennyson had made a particular kind of Victorian verse—stirring, pompous and propagandistic—popular with the public. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as", "At a literary salon in January 1909, Pound met the novelist Olivia Shakespear and her daughter Dorothy, who became his wife in 1914. Through Olivia Shakespear he was introduced to her former lover W. B. Yeats, in Pound's view the greatest living poet. Pound had sent Yeats a copy of \"A Lume Spento\" the previous year, before he left for Venice, and Yeats had apparently found it charming. The men became close friends, although Yeats was older by 20 years. Pound was also introduced to sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, painter Wyndham Lewis and to the cream of London's literary circle, including the poet T. E. Hulme. The American heiress Margaret Lanier Cravens (1881–1912) became a patron; after knowing him a short time she offered a large annual sum to allow him to focus on his work. Cravens killed herself in 1912, after the pianist Walter Rummel, long the object of her affection, married someone else. She may also have been discouraged by Pound's engagement to Dorothy. In June 1909 the \"Personae\" collection became the first of Pound's works to have any commercial success. It was favorably reviewed; one", "Hilda Doolittle arrived in London from Philadelphia in May 1911 with the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September, Doolittle decided to stay on. Pound introduced her to his friends, including the poet Richard Aldington, whom she would marry in 1913. Before that the three of them lived in Church Walk, Kensington—Pound at no. 10, Doolittle at no. 6, and Aldington at no. 8—and worked daily in the British Museum Reading Room. At the museum Pound met regularly with the curator and poet Laurence Binyon, who introduced him to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts that inspired the imagery", "\"Ripostes\", published in October 1912, begins Pound's shift toward minimalist language. Michael Alexander describes the poems as showing a greater concentration of meaning and economy of rhythm than his earlier work. It was published when Pound had just begun his move toward Imagism; his first use of the word \"Imagiste\" appears in his prefatory note to the volume. The collection includes five poems by Hulme and a translation of the 8th-century Old English poem \"The Seafarer\", although not a literal translation. It upset scholars, as would Pound's other translations from", "In August 1912 Harriet Monroe hired Pound as a regular contributor to \"Poetry\". He submitted his own poems, as well as poems by James Joyce, Robert Frost, D. H. Lawrence, Yeats, H.D. and Aldington, and collected material for a 64-page anthology, \"Des Imagistes\" (1914). The Imagist movement began to attract attention from critics. In November 1913 Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, rented Stone Cottage in Coleman's Hatch, Sussex, and invited Pound to accompany him as his secretary. They stayed there for 10 weeks, reading and writing, walking in the woods and fencing. It was the first of three winters they spent together at Stone Cottage, including two with Dorothy after she and Pound married on 20 April 1914. The marriage had proceeded despite opposition from her parents, who worried about Pound's meager income, earned from contributions to literary magazines and probably less than £300 a year. Dorothy's annual income was £50, aided by £150 from her family. Her parents eventually consented, perhaps out of fear that she was getting older with no other suitor in sight. Pound's concession to", "Between 1914 and 1916 Pound assisted in the serialisation of James Joyce's \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\" in \"The Egoist\", then helped to have it published in book form. In 1915 he persuaded \"Poetry\" to publish T. S. Eliot's \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\". Eliot had sent \"Prufrock\" to almost every editor in England, but was rejected. He eventually sent it to Pound, who instantly saw it as a work of genius and submitted it to \"Poetry\". \"[Eliot] has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN\", Pound wrote to Monroe in October", "His poem \"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\" consists of 18 short parts, and describes a poet whose life has become sterile and meaningless. Published in June 1920, it marked his farewell to London. He was disgusted by the massive loss of life during the war and was unable to reconcile himself with it. Stephen J. Adams writes that, just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, so Pound denied he was Mauberley, but the work can nevertheless be read as autobiographical. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene, before turning to social criticism, economics, and an attack on the causes of the war; here the word \"usury\" appears in his work for the first time. The critic F. R. Leavis saw the poem as Pound's major achievement. The war had shattered Pound's belief in modern western civilization. He saw the Vorticist movement as finished and doubted his own future as a poet. He had only the \"New Age\" to write for; his relationship with \"Poetry\" was finished, \"The Egoist\" was quickly running", "The Pounds settled in Paris in January 1921, and several months later moved into an inexpensive apartment at 70 \"bis\". Pound became friendly with Marcel Duchamp, Tristan Tzara, Fernand Léger and others of the Dada and Surrealist movements, as well as Basil Bunting, Ernest Hemingway and his wife, Hadley Richardson. He spent most of his time building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for the bookstore Shakespeare and Company, and in 1921 the volume \"Poems 1918–1921\" was published. In 1922 Eliot sent him the manuscript of \"The Waste Land\", then arrived in Paris to edit it with Pound, who blue-inked the manuscript with comments like \"make up yr. mind...\" and \"georgian\". Eliot wrote: \"I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius.\" In 1924 Pound secured funding for Ford Madox Ford's \"The Transatlantic Review\" from American attorney John Quinn. The \"Review\" published works by Pound, Hemingway and Gertrude Stein, as well as extracts from Joyce's \"Finnegans Wake\", before the money ran out in 1925. It also published several Pound music reviews, later", "", "The Pounds were unhappy in Paris; Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor. At one dinner, a guest randomly tried to stab him; to Pound this underlined that their time in France was over. Hemingway saw how Pound \"indulged in a small nervous breakdown\", leading to two days in an American hospital. They decided to move to a quieter place, choosing Rapallo, Italy, a town of 15,000. \"Italy is my place for starting things\", he told a friend. During this period they lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock she had invested in. Olga Rudge, pregnant by Pound, followed them to Italy.", "Pound came to believe that the cause of World War I was finance capitalism, which he called \"usury\", that the solution lay in C. H. Douglas's idea of social credit, and that fascism was the vehicle for reform. He had met Douglas in the \"New Age\" offices and had been impressed by his ideas. He gave a series of lectures on economics, and made contact with politicians in the United States to discuss education, interstate commerce and international affairs. Although Hemingway advised against it, on 30 January 1933 Pound met Benito Mussolini. Olga Rudge played for Mussolini and told him about Pound, who had earlier sent him a copy of \"Cantos XXX\". During the meeting Pound tried to present Mussolini with a digest of his economic ideas, but Mussolini brushed them aside, though he called the \"Cantos\" \"\"divertente\"\" (entertaining). The meeting was recorded in \"Canto XLI\": \"'Ma questo' / said the boss, 'è divertente.'\" Pound said he had \"never met anyone who seemed to \"get\"", "Tytell writes that, by the 1940s, no American or English poet had been so active politically since William Blake. Pound wrote over 1,000 letters per year during the 1930s and presented his ideas in hundreds of articles as well as in \"The Cantos\". His greatest fear was an economic structure dependent on the armaments industry, where the profit motive would govern war and peace. He read George Santayana and \"The Law of Civilization and Decay\" by Brooks Adams, finding confirmation of the danger of the capitalist and usurer becoming dominant. He wrote in \"The Japan Times\" that \"Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a 'country run by Jews,'\" and told Sir Oswald Mosley's newspaper that the English were a slave race governed since Waterloo by the Rothschilds. Pound broadcast over Rome Radio, although the Italian government was at first reluctant, concerned that he might be a double agent. He told a friend: \"It", "The war years threw Pound's domestic arrangements into disarray. Olga lost possession of her house in Venice and took a small house with Mary above Rapallo at Sant' Ambrogio. In 1943 Pound and Dorothy were evicted from their apartment in Rapallo. His mother's apartment was too small, and the couple moved in with Olga. Mary, then 19 and finished with convent school, was quickly sent back to Gais (a German-speaking South Tyrolian village of Italy), leaving Pound, as she would later write, \"pent up with two women who loved him, whom he loved, and who coldly hated each", "", "On 15 November 1945, Pound was transferred to the United States. An escorting officer's impression was that \"he is an intellectual 'crackpot' who imagined that he could correct all the economic ills of the world and who resented the fact that ordinary mortals were not sufficiently intelligent to understand his aims and motives\". He was arraigned in Washington, D.C., on the 25th of that month on charges of treason. The charges included broadcasting for the enemy, attempting to persuade American citizens to undermine government support of the war, and strengthening morale in Italy against the United States. He was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital, and in June the following year Dorothy was declared his legal guardian. He was held for a time in the hospital's prison ward—Howard's Hall, known as the \"hell-hole\", a building without windows—in a room with a thick steel door and nine peepholes to allow the psychiatrists to observe him as they tried to agree on a diagnosis. Visitors were admitted for only 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming and frothing at", "James Laughlin had \"Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV\" ready for publication in 1946 under the title \"The Pisan Cantos\", and gave Pound an advance copy, but he held back, waiting for an appropriate time to publish. A group of Pound's friends—Eliot, Cummings, W. H. Auden, Allen Tate, and Julien Cornell—met Laughlin to discuss how to get him released. They planned to have Pound awarded the first Bollingen Prize, a new national poetry award by the Library of Congress, with $1,000 prize money donated by the Mellon family. The awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the Library of Congress, including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, Katherine Anne Porter and Theodore Spencer.", "Although Pound repudiated his antisemitism in public, he maintained his views in private. He refused to talk to psychiatrists with Jewish-sounding names, dismissed people he disliked as \"Jews\", and urged visitors to read the \"Protocols of the Elders of Zion\" (1903), a forgery claiming to represent a Jewish plan for world domination. He struck up a friendship with the conspiracy theorist and antisemite Eustace Mullins, believed to be associated with the Aryan League of America, and author of the 1961 biography \"This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound\". Even more damaging was his friendship with John", "Pound's friends continued to try to get him out. Shortly after Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, he told \"Time\" magazine that \"this would be a good year to release poets\". The poet Archibald MacLeish asked Hemingway in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf. Hemingway believed Pound was unable to abstain from awkward political statements or from friendships with people like Kasper, but he signed a letter of support anyway and pledged $1,500 to be given to Pound when he was released. In an interview for the \"Paris Review\" in early 1958, Hemingway said that Kasper should be jailed and Pound released.", "Pound arrived in Naples in July 1958, where he was photographed giving a fascist salute to the waiting press. When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: \"I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum.\" He and Dorothy went to live with Mary at Schloss Brunnenburg, near Merano in the Province of South Tyrol, where he met his grandson, Walter, and his granddaughter, Patrizia, for the first time, then returned to Rapallo, where Olga Rudge was waiting to join them. They were accompanied by a teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, 40 years his junior, ostensibly acting as his secretary and collecting poems for an anthology. The four women soon fell out, vying for control over him; \"Canto CXIII\": alluded to it: \"Pride, jealousy and possessiveness / 3 pains of hell.\" Pound was in love with Spann, seeing in her his last chance for love and youth. He wrote about her in \"Canto CXIII\": \"The long flank, the firm breast / and to know beauty and death and despair / And to think that what has been shall be, / flowing, ever unstill.\" Dorothy had usually ignored his affairs, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Spann was seen off, sent back to the United States. By December 1959, Pound was mired in depression. He saw his work as worthless and \"The Cantos\" botched. In a 1960 interview given in Rome to Donald Hall for \"Paris Review\", he said: \"You—find me—in fragments.\" Hall wrote that he seemed in an \"abject despair, accidie, meaninglessness, abulia, waste\". He paced up and down", "Critics generally agree that Pound was a strong yet subtle lyricist, particularly in his early work, such as \"The River Merchant's Wife\". According to Witmeyer a modern style is evident as early as \"Ripostes\", and Nadel sees evidence of modernism even before he began \"The Cantos\", writing that Pound wanted his poetry to represent an \"objective presentation of material which he believed could stand on its own\" without use of symbolism or romanticism. Drawing on literature from a variety of disciplines, Pound intentionally layered often confusing juxtapositions, yet led the reader to an intended conclusion, believing the \"thoughtful man\" would apply a sense of organization and uncover the underlying symbolism and structure. Ignoring Victorian and Edwardian grammar and structure, he created a unique form of speech, employing odd and strange words, jargon, avoiding verbs, and using rhetorical devices such as parataxis. Pound's relationship to music is essential to his poetry. Although he was tone deaf and his speaking voice is described as \"raucous, nasal, scratchy\", Michael Ingam writes that Pound is on a short list of poets possessed of a sense of sound, an \"ear\" for words, imbuing his poetry with melopoeia. His study of troubadour poetry—words written to be sung (\"motz et son\")—led him to think modern poetry should be written similarly. He wrote that rhythm is \"the hardest quality of a man's style to counterfeit\". Ingham compares the form of \"The Cantos\" to a fugue; without adhering strictly to the traditions of the form, nevertheless multiple themes are explored simultaneously. He goes on to write that Pound's use of counterpoint is integral to the structure and cohesion of \"The Cantos\", which show multi-voiced counterpoint and, with the juxtaposition of images, non-linear themes. The pieces are presented in fragments \"which taken together, can be seen to unfold in time as music does\".", "Opinion varies about the nature of Pound's writing style. Nadel writes that imagism was to change Pound's poetry. Like Wyndham Lewis, Pound reacted against decorative flourishes found in Edwardian writing, saying poetry required a precise and economic use of language and that the poet should always use the \"exact\" word, stripping the writing down to the", "Pound's translations represent a substantial part of his work. He began his career with translations of Occitan ballads and ended with translations of Egyptian poetry. Yao says the body of translations by modernist poets in general, much of which Pound started, consists of some of the most \"significant modernist achievements in English\". Pound was the first English language poet since John Dryden, some three centuries earlier, to give primacy to translations in English literature. The fullness of the achievement for the modernists is that they renewed interest in multiculturalism, multilingualism, and, perhaps of greater importance, they treated translations not in a strict sense of the word but instead saw a translation as the creation of an original work. Michael Alexander writes that, as a translator, Pound was a pioneer with a great gift of language and an incisive intelligence. He helped", "\"The Cantos\" is difficult to decipher. In the epic poem, Pound disregards literary genres, mixing satire, hymns, elegies, essays and memoirs. Pound scholar Rebecca Beasley believes it amounts to a rejection of the 19th-century nationalistic approach in favor of early-20th-century comparative literature. Pound reaches across cultures and time periods, assembling and juxtaposing \"themes and history\" from Homer to Ovid and Dante, from Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, and many others. The work presents a multitude of protagonists as \"travellers between nations\". The nature of \"The Cantos\", she says, is to compare and measure among historical periods and cultures and against \"a Poundian standard\" of modernism. Pound layered ideas, cultures and historical periods, writing in as many as 15 different languages, using modern vernacular, Classical", "Pound's literary criticism and essays are, according to Massimo Bacigalupo, a \"form of intellectual journal\". In early works, such as \"The Spirit of Romance\" and \"I Gather the Limbs of Osiris\", Pound paid attention to medieval troubadour poets—Arnaut Daniel and François Villon. The former piece was to \"remain one of Pound's principal sourcebooks for his poetry\"; in the latter he introduces the concept of \"luminous details\". The leitmotifs in Pound's literary criticism are recurrent patterns found in historical events, which, he believed, through the use of judicious juxtapositions illuminate truth; and in them he reveals forgotten writers and cultures. Pound wrote intensively about", "", "In 1922, the literary critic Edmund Wilson reviewed Pound's latest published volume of poetry, \"Poems 1918–21\", and took the opportunity to provide an overview of his estimation of Pound as poet. In his essay on Pound, titled \"Ezra Pound's Patchwork\", Wilson wrote: Ezra Pound is really at heart a very boyish fellow and an incurable provincial. It is true that he was driven to Europe by a thirst for romance and color that he could scarcely have satisfied in America, but he took to Europe the simple faith and pure enthusiasm of his native Idaho.... His sophistication is still juvenile, his ironies are still clumsy and obvious, he ridicules Americans in Europe not very much simpler than himself... According to Wilson, the lines in Pound's poems stood isolated, with fragmentary wording contributing to poems that \"do not hang together\". Citing Pound's first seven cantos, Wilson dubbed the writing \"unsatisfactory\". He found \"The Cantos\" disjointed and its contents reflecting a too-obvious reliance on the literary works of other authors, and an awkward use of Latin and Chinese translations as a device inserted among reminiscences of Pound's own life. The rise of New Criticism during the 1950s, in which author is separated from text, secured Pound's poetic reputation. Nadel writes that the publication of T.S. Eliot's \"Literary Essays\" in 1954 \"initiated the recuperation of Ezra Pound\". Eliot's essays coincided with the work of Hugh Kenner, who visited Pound extensively at St. Elizabeths. Kenner wrote that there was no great contemporary writer less read than Pound, adding that there is also no one to appeal more through \"sheer beauty of language\". Along with Donald Davie, Kenner brought a new appreciation to Pound's", "Pound helped advance the careers of some of the best-known modernist writers of the early 20th century. In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway and Conrad Aiken, he befriended and helped Marianne Moore, Louis Zukofsky, Jacob Epstein, Basil Bunting, E. E. Cummings, Margaret Anderson, George Oppen and Charles Olson. Hugh Witemeyer argues that the Imagist movement was the most important in 20th-century English-language poetry because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him. In 1917, Carl Sandburg wrote in \"Poetry\": \"All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned.\" The outrage after Pound's wartime collaboration with Mussolini's regime was so deep that the imagined method of his execution dominated the discussion. Arthur Miller considered him worse than Hitler: \"In his wildest moments of human vilification Hitler never" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 70541, 297, 8651, 6057, 116287, 7, 4, 22, 125082, 71, 98, 552, 8079, 182482, 390, 42814, 3596, 42, 15, 408, 423, 10837, 13528, 59741, 5, 581, 5117, 4572, 116287, 7, 58755, 67, 12638, 111, 70, 4572, 436, 188, 41092, 1771, 158, 37219, 21094, 5, 581, 7218, 927, 116287, 65508, 7, 427, 3525, 158, 37219, 21094, 23, 70, 53894, 127067, 9022, 20704, 3129, 3542, 51, 69723, 19, 47, 436, 188, 133, 1176, 5, 581, 2704, 6626, 116287, 7, 621, 1774, 14, 157695, 7, 67967, 297, 44, 58, 65183, 157, 74988, 552, 6169, 14597, 164, 337, 1283, 58, 58, 136, 44, 58, 65183, 157, 74988, 552, 6169, 44157, 164, 1312, 101156, 830, 58, 707, 15, 42, 72089, 538, 247, 44, 156673, 22751, 111, 70, 144477, 9022, 2360, 14, 157695, 58, 136, 44, 156673, 22751, 111, 70, 127067, 9022, 2360, 14, 157695, 1242, 98423, 37385, 96853, 10, 6, 120067, 100, 152018, 538, 72694, 214, 70, 19069, 111, 12638, 6057, 47, 6, 175921, 7, 111, 10, 79385, 5, 581, 19069, 7, 11814, 390, 9631, 56, 47, 28282, 70, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 3542, 39958, 1295, 70, 71062, 297, 81830, 8194, 6057, 71426, 111, 8064, 3089, 6163, 1106, 5, 6163, 1106, 25, 7, 71062, 297, 5303, 1902, 41263, 3674, 23, 29053, 32032, 16792, 423, 16665, 136, 509, 19882, 23, 6, 48461, 3173, 98, 70, 4157, 1084, 289, 32363, 90, 111, 114335, 5586, 82389, 4, 13015, 428, 223, 4, 136, 103939, 22446, 4615, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 91376, 23, 169196, 42, 3173, 23, 43041, 46964, 603, 25, 7, 44, 26951, 5876, 19379, 86, 112997, 7, 58, 111, 611, 3768, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 6163, 1106, 25, 7, 71426, 107003, 100, 15286, 38526, 11522, 61689, 219, 2408, 3501, 436, 188, 133, 1176, 25, 7, 208806, 84046, 6057, 5303, 214, 5, 581, 6057, 7, 145870, 23, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 3622, 645, 106, 4, 5955, 4, 114141, 214, 450, 6163, 1106, 25, 7, 71426, 509, 959, 70, 4734, 31344, 111, 4677, 11814, 5, 9631, 56, 34739, 70, 127067, 9022, 6057, 19069, 7, 136, 158, 37219, 2320, 123055, 100, 70, 7218, 927, 37385, 1295, 70, 71426, 111, 174705, 56136, 1290, 135961, 179241, 1330, 16762, 26824, 2189, 4, 2750, 26785, 297, 70, 114210, 150556, 7, 111, 70783, 20828, 38720, 254, 45740, 136, 48176, 5631, 58368, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 13416, 111, 29465, 8, 11214, 76, 5, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 70541, 7, 5941, 1286, 6057, 7, 3501, 6777, 2499, 96362, 6057, 153759, 4, 21208, 70, 24763, 14012, 83, 167956, 71, 237, 959, 756, 6057, 7, 98, 70, 116287, 7, 621, 67967, 297, 5, 98423, 111, 70, 158, 37219, 21094, 25, 6057, 7, 621, 645, 16442, 98, 142, 22, 125082, 71, 29569, 111, 70, 28368, 111, 70, 158, 37219, 2320, 5, 1326, 89397, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 5941, 111, 70, 14135, 158, 37219, 21094, 621, 22, 125082, 71, 237, 26366, 7, 51592, 1295, 50155, 7440, 162, 1836, 1902, 89160, 538, 2809, 79516, 71, 237, 7808, 214, 70, 64883, 5, 3293, 81960, 939, 12441, 47, 3060, 169463, 23, 70, 15659, 289, 91084, 7, 111, 24233, 6057, 123055, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 70, 59665, 7, 111, 40368, 24, 4806, 6057, 7, 15005, 183037, 47, 44, 54969, 5608, 56, 58, 136, 70, 1884, 4, 3129, 2806, 186, 214552, 34475, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 25, 7, 58, 164156, 7, 194, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 65508, 71, 70, 101805, 111, 67967, 2069, 6057, 7, 390, 160600, 136, 42845, 120820, 4, 51529, 237, 9631, 56, 6057, 4331, 21094, 4, 10, 5426, 3129, 83, 7464, 11814, 18925, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 79737, 111, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 10, 23180, 111, 6057, 7, 509, 28412, 297, 98, 70, 4420, 111, 12638, 37385, 5, 3293, 7228, 442, 69201, 47, 75463, 70, 23180, 12960, 16487, 99, 70, 116287, 5, 145062, 184, 7464, 4, 70, 31330, 214, 111, 70, 23180, 168360, 8305, 70, 9191, 136, 5732, 14, 6259, 70, 116287, 5, 3164, 14432, 79737, 7, 111, 70, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 171, 217, 3674, 70, 23180, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 64457, 28412, 297, 23, 10, 84797, 221636, 35839, 44, 19279, 52721, 5565, 62816, 316, 10, 1151, 164, 4143, 66, 58174, 162, 740, 185397, 903, 84797, 221636, 509, 1108, 2822, 390, 183851, 11417, 31, 48461, 289, 18499, 7, 3129, 100512, 124632, 678, 221419, 79737, 7, 5, 581, 22, 125082, 71, 44759, 9191, 111, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 83, 181141, 23, 70, 208429, 7, 111, 70, 9879, 192046, 99, 70, 103136, 678, 70, 2667, 83814, 62, 65692, 4, 100, 44, 130758, 37412, 3596, 42, 97240, 830, 136, 70, 5622, 276, 21960, 33747, 5, 1650, 66139, 142, 107653, 82451, 102908, 678, 70, 4393, 44759, 23, 70, 27585, 5, 2161, 44987, 24259, 7, 47, 40101, 5609, 9157, 26366, 7, 111, 110588, 136, 1840, 70838, 5, 360, 59478, 7, 23, 70, 44987, 24259, 7, 12301, 4, 44, 58, 178741, 14, 75, 37429, 1814, 7, 124931, 51522, 31, 58, 58, 24073, 28848, 2512, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 117914, 111, 124931, 53, 18939, 136, 44, 58, 25178, 82110, 75, 37429, 1814, 7, 124931, 17116, 38794, 365, 58, 58, 24073, 25178, 70838, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 9836, 111, 124931, 53, 51029, 62, 95665, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 44759, 9191, 621, 22, 125082, 71, 40368, 78301, 26366, 7, 5, 360, 70, 1407, 56, 25737, 83, 107184, 4, 3445, 151138, 70, 4262, 5, 4792, 27585, 83, 70, 64883, 2355, 988, 7, 27939, 31799, 678, 10, 13081, 7710, 111, 6057, 7, 136, 6626, 96, 17514, 98, 95, 11, 114942, 5, 26655, 56, 7108, 83, 64372, 4, 3445, 151138, 70, 55583, 4, 678, 10, 3540, 13, 111, 6057, 7, 5, 30543, 10519, 70, 44759, 75631, 83, 10, 26366, 111, 143128, 10517, 19, 136, 9149, 10519, 450, 10, 21455, 111, 226395, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4143, 66, 58174, 11, 83, 10, 6057, 153759, 181653, 390, 67538, 9631, 56, 5, 1650, 509, 91376, 23, 226395, 23, 13442, 363, 390, 135560, 44382, 24073, 136658, 31, 139006, 223, 44382, 223, 18939, 1379, 70, 4393, 44759, 4143, 66, 58174, 11, 152, 56360, 10, 1515, 3119, 1605, 95283, 1779, 61903, 102, 4, 4678, 55300, 31, 8, 2256, 1724, 4, 10, 1357, 164, 21, 65015, 133114, 5, 3293, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 4, 70541, 214, 116287, 7, 111, 756, 70, 158, 37219, 21094, 4, 79442, 19, 390, 10, 3525, 55300, 136, 22, 125082, 71, 98, 552, 8079, 182482, 740, 581, 2565, 44, 1062, 1603, 58174, 11, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 345, 88877, 4, 78736, 111, 70, 199320, 7, 136, 44, 14952, 232, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "The charts in \"Uranometria\".", "The star catalogue in \"Uranometria\".", "Title page engraving." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Uranometria\" contained 51 star charts, engraved on copper plates by Alexander Mair (ca 1562-1617). The first 48 charts illustrate each of the 48 Ptolemaic constellations. The 49th chart introduces 12 new constellations in the deep southern sky which were unknown to Ptolemy. The final two charts are planispheres labeled \"\"Synopsis coeli superioris borea\"\" and \"\"Synopsis coeli inferioris austrina\",\" or (roughly), \"Overview of the northern hemisphere\" and \"Overview of the southern hemisphere.\" Each plate includes a grid for accurately determining the position of each star to fractions of a degree. The positions used by Bayer to create the \"Uranometria\" were taken from the expanded 1,005 star catalog of Tycho Brahe. Brahe's expanded list had circulated in manuscript since 1598 and was available in graphic form on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius, Hondius, and Willem Blaeu. It was first published in tabular form in Johannes Kepler's \"Rudolphine Tables\" of 1627. The use of Brahe's catalog allowed for considerably better accuracy than Ptolemy's somewhat limited star listing. The stars listed in \"Uranometria\" total over 1,200, indicating that Brahe's catalog was not the only source of information used. Bayer took the southern star positions and constellation names for the 49th plate from the catalog of Dutch navigator Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, who corrected the older observations of Amerigo Vespucci and Andrea Corsali, as well as the report of Pedro de Medina. \"Uranometria\" contains many more stars than did any previous star atlas, though the exact number is disputed as not all stars on the charts are labeled. Each of the constellations' stars are overlain on an engraved image of the subject of the constellation. For reasons unknown, many of the human constellations are engraved as figures seen from behind whereas they had traditionally been rendered as facing the Earth. This oddity led to some confusion in the literal meanings of certain star names (e.g. the origins of several named stars refer specifically to \"right shoulder\" and the like, which would be incorrect given \"Uranometria's\" illustrations). \"Uranometria\" introduced the convention of labelling stars by Greek and Latin letters, known as Bayer star designations, a system which is still used today.", "In the first edition of \"Uranometria\" a table of stars was printed on the back of each plate. This made it impossible to consult the table while looking at the chart. Worse still, the lettering of the table showed through the page and spoiled the chart. All later editions of the \"Uranometria\" omitted the tables, which were instead printed in a separate catalogue called \"Explicatio characterum aeneis Uranometrias\". Unfortunately this separate catalogue was marred by numerous typographical errors which became worse with subsequent editions.", "The engraved title page of \"Uranometria\" is signed in the shadows of the central scroll at the bottom with the monogram AMF, for \"Alexander Mair fecit\", and the date MDCIII. It features an architectural motif with the full title in the center. On pedestals to either side stand figures of Atlas and Hercules. Inscriptions in the pedestals read, \"\"Atlanti uetustiss astronom magistro\"\" (\"Atlas the earliest teacher of astronomy\") and \"\"Herculi uetustiss astronom discipulo\"\" (\"Hercules the earliest student of astronomy\"). Across the top of the title page are engraved several additional figures. In the upper left is Apollo, personifying the sun. Top center is the Earth goddess Cybele with a crown of stars and two lions on leashes. Upper right is Diana, personifying the Moon, with a cape of stars. Beneath the title banner is a figure of Capricorn and beneath that a view of Augsburg." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 204990, 636, 79139, 15, 197558, 26328, 247, 10, 163, 343, 49456, 6815, 136, 10, 179546, 249, 10433, 4, 83, 76367, 78458, 139505, 47, 3145, 1934, 133, 4, 142, 162753, 272, 46667, 2750, 324, 5967, 9821, 4049, 5, 24372, 10, 204657, 23, 70, 14380, 7440, 764, 43240, 4, 204990, 6, 48708, 13566, 54799, 10, 332, 35839, 51575, 44, 397, 94627, 58, 38900, 66544, 15, 205503, 7, 91354, 1236, 16, 5962, 1916, 10, 27150, 46667, 35839, 51181, 16270, 44, 866, 17111, 58, 436, 2118, 31182, 15, 6979, 701, 1784, 132210, 16, 98, 70, 48800, 5, 204990, 59959, 7, 173228, 136, 19095, 7, 604, 5368, 5, 173228, 4, 2750, 83, 10, 44794, 67, 4, 14192, 7, 70, 24, 5844, 204990, 450, 391, 94627, 83, 604, 82953, 4, 1284, 391, 94627, 83, 20653, 604, 165185, 5, 204990, 14457, 7, 142, 127451, 100, 173228, 136, 2412, 24209, 7, 1919, 324, 95650, 5, 1061, 191, 764, 19095, 7, 1919, 178829, 7, 47, 70, 127451, 4, 16792, 1919, 58386, 3145, 1934, 133, 150661, 7, 47, 104250, 2856, 16065, 5, 4966, 391, 94627, 74703, 7, 70, 178829, 7, 47, 142, 4927, 117058, 100, 10, 21334, 41170, 4, 128219, 70, 117058, 450, 173228, 1902, 112518, 297, 2856, 17368, 70, 55109, 99442, 39076, 5, 14847, 204990, 6, 48708, 13566, 54799, 3145, 1934, 133, 25, 7, 36770, 71390, 2750, 509, 134598, 538, 152388, 23, 70, 5550, 4, 764, 23577, 7, 10, 150370, 47, 2046, 31351, 111, 3145, 1934, 133, 5, 1529, 214493, 7, 23, 1919, 78091, 4, 4734, 47, 103882, 173228, 136, 391, 94627, 23, 11958, 20271, 70, 17431, 5, 215072, 297, 4, 764, 31358, 7, 4, 1284, 30646, 7, 23, 70, 42141, 47, 22120, 47, 173228, 5, 4687, 112017, 90, 450, 2412, 5161, 7, 391, 94627, 136, 157996, 63614, 204990, 4, 54433, 450, 70, 4734, 31635, 2412, 24765, 297, 678, 4049, 509, 1919, 17265, 5, 204990, 52875, 7, 604, 678, 10, 17075, 33632, 136, 31358, 7, 70, 127451, 678, 110, 195812, 90, 5, 391, 94627, 54410, 7, 53189, 14432, 136, 103882, 7, 173228, 25, 7, 14361, 5, 391, 94627, 83, 9932, 4806, 100, 173228, 25, 7, 47219, 36, 14775, 47, 1919, 216473, 4, 136, 764, 83, 71924, 297, 5, 204990, 24209, 7, 10, 107628, 15212, 5, 360, 70, 1346, 44767, 26328, 123867, 23, 5161, 678, 823, 701, 1784, 132210, 4, 136, 764, 6777, 5773, 9, 86667, 237, 5299, 4, 12960, 1784, 132210, 77736, 100, 14787, 7, 91354, 1236, 4, 2750, 11301, 7, 70, 165185, 5, 15790, 17990, 136, 108558, 58807, 152184, 107818, 1902, 65524, 71, 70, 76755, 17721, 91354, 1236, 136, 1784, 132210, 23, 12989, 47, 2046, 70, 4393, 525, 158, 686, 10763, 3934, 2363, 23718, 7, 24073, 2729, 5585, 16270, 58, 509, 91354, 1236, 25, 7, 5117, 1030, 1916, 16981, 194, 24372, 70, 1346, 1902, 2809, 140528, 91354, 1236, 4, 2750, 5809, 3059, 538, 22648, 4, 34739, 1784, 132210, 100, 10, 22648, 4, 150631, 297, 70, 2258, 136, 2412, 509, 152388, 5, 1913, 70, 211088, 44767, 26328, 1071, 73, 3674, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 8060, 297, 237, 764, 172458, 11015, 70, 17202, 5, 1529, 120332, 33, 297, 15790, 17990, 678, 10, 17863, 4, 54433, 450, 70, 47219, 111, 1784, 132210, 509, 756, 1919, 193857, 5, 44, 605, 5713, 163, 2174, 398, 1884, 830, 45739, 71, 15790, 17990, 4, 44, 8789, 87, 765, 7228, 70, 1346, 740, 2161, 1105, 18374, 6052, 44, 2729, 5585, 16270, 58, 509, 121447, 98, 12352, 23, 9942, 390, 13527, 214, 75571, 1363, 4, 33233, 678, 15790, 17990, 25, 7, 44, 20320, 7398, 429, 118305, 58, 5173, 95787, 4, 44, 618, 2149, 9, 916, 9, 79023, 238, 58, 5173, 77671, 4, 136, 44, 20370, 9319, 1212, 58, 5173, 82839, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 16530, 5423, 5, 581, 1346, 509, 14432, 121447, 25842, 678, 15790, 17990, 25, 7, 44, 58229, 478, 8, 59679, 58, 24073, 284, 10013, 23, 70, 74831, 18939, 390, 276, 910, 13888, 446, 31, 98, 15044, 29252, 9, 7092, 136, 12352, 23, 9942, 98, 209, 7582, 7891, 44, 2729, 5585, 16270, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 23924, 21629, 98, 70002, 44456, 238, 23, 13501, 390, 22710, 58815, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 44, 40658, 69131, 44456, 238, 68220, 740, 581, 1346, 509, 2843, 121447, 98, 310, 38131, 390, 49309, 8357, 98, 190, 22482, 5726, 4, 3129, 96853, 44, 58229, 478, 8, 59679, 58, 237, 142, 4173, 5, 2161, 616, 18237, 780, 15672, 1202, 9, 3827, 179236, 14380, 581, 26315, 720, 1830, 68220, 121447, 44, 2729, 5585, 16270, 830, 3525, 538, 14359, 2822, 8305, 10, 201, 605, 6338, 12302, 4, 98, 29252, 9, 7092, 136, 12352, 5, 149766, 79737, 7, 26698, 10, 40418, 39864, 1363, 47, 70, 1346, 390, 14364, 16162, 15790, 17990, 4, 10, 3525, 33683, 678, 10, 15790, 17990, 191225, 4, 10, 3525, 14359, 30494, 111, 15790, 17990, 25, 7, 44, 20320, 7398, 429, 118305, 830, 10, 9199, 9, 67403, 13, 77104, 17721, 15790, 17990, 136, 39329, 44767, 26328, 8951, 297, 390, 117085, 2975, 89912, 4, 3525, 14941, 1614, 5440, 7, 100, 70, 1346, 4, 136, 142, 34666, 390, 1346, 191225, 5174, 60765, 582, 3956, 1067, 916, 5, 581, 3525, 29252, 9, 7092, 136, 12352, 29256, 237, 5299, 237, 14566, 40908, 509, 58755, 3674, 390, 88826, 206, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 239, 5585, 16270, 24073, 3957, 27774, 206, 18939, 83, 10, 66426, 92265, 1346, 390, 14364, 16162, 15790, 17990, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 17932, 45730, 1346, 390, 70, 14364, 136, 70, 808, 8420, 2480, 127, 1346, 111, 1919, 80997, 5, 581, 15659, 289, 14941, 153648, 111, 70, 1346, 25, 7, 44759, 83, 44, 3957, 27774, 206, 830, 102971, 70, 14277, 509, 8306, 121447, 1379, 903, 44759, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 14941, 237, 44, 29598, 19, 25, 18, 16505, 10, 27774, 206, 2953, 581, 1346, 509, 456, 42424, 390, 177545, 15786, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 237, 44, 294, 3284, 1974, 15130, 58, 15, 99270, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Plot.", "Production and aftermath.", "Home media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Maurice Legrand (Michel Simon), a meek cashier and aspirant painter, is miserably married to Adèle, an abusive woman who mistreats him. After a celebration in the company where he works, Maurice stumbles upon a man called André \"Dédé\" Jauguin (Georges Flamant) hitting a young woman called Lucienne \"Lulu\" Pelletier (Janie Marèse) on the street. Maurice protects Lulu and brings her home. Lulu, who is a prostitute, tells the naive Maurice that Dédé is her brother, but Dédé is actually her pimp. Maurice rents an apartment for Lulu and she becomes his mistress. Soon he brings his paintings to the apartment, since his wife Adèle intends to throw them away. But Dédé sells the paintings to an art dealer for a large amount, telling the dealer that Lulu had painted them using the alias Clara Wood. When Maurice stumbles upon Adèle's former husband who was supposedly killed in the War, he plots a scheme to get rid of Adèle. He succeeds in his intent, only to discover Lulu and Dédé in bed during the night. Shocked, he leaves, but returns in the morning to talk to Lulu. She confesses that she loves Dédé and humiliates Maurice, saying that the only reason she stayed with him was his money. Maurice attacks her with a knife and leaves the apartment with no witnesses. Dédé arrives moments later and discovers Lulu's body. Dédé is blamed for Lulu's death owing to his reputation, and he is executed. Maurice becomes a vagrant.", "In the film Michel Simon falls in love with Janie Marèse, and he did off-screen as well, while Marèse fell for Georges Flamant, who plays the pimp. Renoir and producer Pierre Braunberger had encouraged the relationship between Flamant and Marèse in order to get the fullest conviction into their performances (\"La Chienne\" was Flamant's first acting experience). After the film had been completed Flamant, who could barely drive, took Marèse for a drive, crashed the car and she was killed. At the funeral Michel Simon fainted and had to be supported as he walked past the grave. He threatened Renoir with a gun, saying that the death of Marèse was all his fault. \"Kill me if you like\", responded Renoir, \"but I have made the film\".", "On 23 October 2003 \"La Chienne\" was released on DVD in France by Opening Distribution, along with Renoir's \"On purge bébé\" (1931), \"Tire-au-flanc\" (1928), and \"Catherine\" (1924), as part of a box set. The film was later released together with Renoir's \"Partie de campagne\" (\"A Day in the Country\") by M6 Vidéo on both Blu-ray and DVD in France on 10 November 2015. \"La Chienne\" was released in North America on LaserDisc in 1989 by Image Entertainment as part of the \"CinemaDisc Collection\". The film was also released on VHS by Kino International on 5 February 2002, which includes \"Partie de campagne\" as an extra. On 14 June 2016 American video-distribution company The Criterion Collection released \"La Chienne\", newly restored through a 4K digital transfer, on Blu-ray and DVD. Both editions include a 1961 introduction to the film by director Jean Renoir, a new interview with a Renoir scholar, a new restoration of Renoir's \"On purge bébé\", a 95-minute conversation between Renoir and actor Michel Simon directed by Jacques Rivette, new English subtitles for the film, and an essay by film scholar Ginette Vincendeau. The new Blu-ray and DVD cover as well as interior poster was illustrated by Blutch." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 148027, 111, 64883, 25, 7, 39411, 31, 157695, 80723, 23, 48463, 4, 3229, 25031, 159011, 134053, 450, 70, 214706, 44457, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 64883, 102337, 40099, 71, 450, 98, 10, 18930, 1165, 4, 10, 19336, 4, 39411, 29367, 6, 157695, 5, 360, 70, 27712, 7, 4, 80490, 276, 5, 7903, 11, 16865, 26171, 71, 70, 3299, 111, 68728, 432, 154453, 4, 3129, 150380, 90, 64883, 25, 7, 214706, 44457, 47, 70, 78112, 111, 64883, 25, 7, 193, 191, 1810, 56, 56458, 5, 194397, 70, 4527, 111, 39411, 102220, 7, 4, 172647, 7, 3542, 19048, 47, 35187, 70, 143834, 7, 23, 64883, 25, 7, 214706, 44457, 237, 32354, 7, 111, 15044, 1733, 136, 21, 35810, 136, 152050, 13, 5, 67053, 214, 23, 70, 72399, 27712, 7, 4, 13950, 7831, 3542, 11814, 47, 35187, 9545, 21068, 62656, 7, 5, 360, 42610, 4, 56489, 106, 4, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 56489, 36549, 111, 32628, 6, 54916, 4, 509, 83184, 297, 47, 35187, 70, 20753, 2481, 111, 9545, 21068, 62656, 7, 36917, 70, 225748, 136, 72350, 70, 14838, 41039, 21094, 23, 903, 103488, 5, 3293, 29752, 139999, 71, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 70, 3000, 87416, 4567, 2320, 6, 75696, 15, 116292, 297, 23, 70, 75414, 10776, 111, 64883, 25, 7, 39411, 31, 157695, 247, 678, 70, 28960, 1257, 56489, 138, 14432, 450, 6602, 44836, 21286, 502, 6496, 6863, 6, 116311, 5, 22376, 20271, 42610, 4, 79834, 13, 119109, 26171, 71, 70, 6528, 111, 70, 38549, 32382, 4, 678, 70, 13579, 25, 155116, 31, 157695, 25, 8035, 26171, 71, 390, 14978, 18217, 23, 41722, 47, 73342, 3642, 70, 38549, 32382, 78974, 297, 678, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 214706, 44457, 5, 581, 14432, 29752, 111, 56489, 427, 23, 40418, 12441, 390, 70, 2041, 78280, 136, 8599, 731, 33, 150556, 23, 36102, 111, 10, 8932, 555, 227204, 23, 214706, 44457, 90254, 43573, 70, 101947, 9, 6032, 6, 230185, 4, 14432, 509, 24, 4806, 70, 39411, 31, 149302, 5, 3311, 26819, 4, 70, 8357, 10592, 867, 53, 56489, 139999, 71, 70, 39411, 31, 46741, 4, 707, 70, 95534, 214706, 44457, 5, 151269, 31, 157695, 7, 621, 108750, 98, 40368, 77336, 7, 12, 70, 10644, 111, 116920, 6827, 36746, 4, 70, 31425, 111, 97264, 111, 80796, 136, 3095, 316, 4, 70, 14922, 111, 70, 36746, 25, 7, 25927, 4, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 10, 33102, 1672, 3129, 70, 36746, 111374, 4, 70, 10, 33102, 111, 70, 214706, 45, 37035, 4, 136, 70, 101668, 13, 136, 48225, 111, 70, 86608, 111, 38549, 32382, 5, 581, 33910, 1294, 62488, 7440, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 831, 678, 5165, 70, 38549, 32382, 81147, 83, 35839, 70, 85853, 669, 1104, 89742, 219, 516, 62488, 5, 3293, 83, 80234, 538, 3299, 297, 390, 70, 26168, 7440, 73, 26168, 115187, 33636, 7, 70, 4567, 223, 111, 70, 23208, 4, 26168, 454, 304, 33636, 7, 70, 214706, 44457, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 23208, 99, 70, 28, 13722, 1290, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 363, 33636, 7, 70, 191060, 939, 111, 70, 38549, 32382, 12, 62, 39411, 31, 157695, 83, 18507, 47314, 237, 44, 73, 33310, 27744, 58, 3229, 26168, 454, 758, 4, 707, 3229, 70, 158978, 177986, 47, 70, 86608, 111, 38549, 32382, 83, 70, 214706, 44457, 111, 70, 36746, 5, 123106, 53, 4, 64883, 4, 145255, 4, 2902, 299, 61376, 4, 118651, 4, 4143, 66, 223, 4, 136, 199204, 13, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 80788, 18, 9407, 73, 27744, 39411, 31, 157695, 7, 5, 62, 39411, 31, 157695, 83, 18507, 47314, 237, 44, 18442, 37534, 58, 3229, 26168, 454, 910, 4, 707, 3229, 70, 38549, 32382, 83, 959, 233, 144429, 390, 70, 36746, 25, 7, 214706, 44457, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 70, 38549, 32382, 78974, 7, 678, 70, 225748, 707, 17, 5831, 157695, 111, 70, 23208, 15, 748, 71579, 111, 70, 23208, 4, 2174, 70, 23208, 1556, 110, 225748, 194, 133484, 1556, 142, 135989, 297, 214706, 44457, 4, 3129, 26950, 450, 6637, 133484, 135179, 47, 765, 110, 70796, 68728, 432, 21543, 4, 70, 4734, 214706, 44457, 13379, 83, 450, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 38549, 32382, 25, 7, 137565, 10366, 10932, 70, 72761, 6, 174408, 111, 133484, 15, 21231, 2843, 133484, 25, 135989, 297, 39411, 31, 157695, 194, 14847, 26168, 454, 966, 4, 70, 23208, 68034, 136, 6863, 214706, 44457, 15044, 162466, 5, 1650, 83, 7722, 450, 23342, 83, 111, 903, 10644, 5, 581, 6, 84201, 129517, 3173, 7, 70, 628, 32166, 5510, 135355, 111, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 74, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 136, 70, 68663, 57646, 5, 1326, 6057, 7, 4, 903, 83, 56104, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 70, 29486, 320, 32382, 136, 1940, 9235, 320, 57646, 74, 100, 23208, 7, 4, 70, 38352, 111, 70, 38549, 32382, 2685, 227204, 7, 237, 442, 51515, 90, 70, 39411, 31, 149302, 5, 581, 39411, 31, 7816, 10519, 83, 70, 10776, 111, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 17721, 70, 6, 84201, 129517, 136, 70, 39411, 31, 149302, 5, 1650, 83, 100, 4806, 5201, 538, 1295, 129517, 297, 38549, 32382, 4, 21208, 442, 70541, 7, 10, 19336, 41170, 111, 80796, 1295, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 5, 1650, 83, 142, 16128, 80788, 1916, 11192, 915, 26147, 48302, 85679, 4, 7440, 70, 48225, 136, 101668, 13, 111, 70, 214706, 44457, 41110, 7, 72, 2175, 71407, 5, 3293, 83, 143434, 390, 70, 42486, 111, 38549, 32382, 9060, 450, 1556, 191984, 1379, 519, 86, 70, 42, 2749, 47691, 5, 1650, 27992, 7, 237, 10, 314, 3767, 191, 450, 71872, 7, 70, 81147, 1295, 70, 86608, 111, 70, 38549, 32382, 136, 70, 125861, 111, 70, 214706, 44457, 1295, 70, 36746, 5, 581, 39411, 31, 149302, 83, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 7440, 73, 70, 81147, 1295, 70, 33910, 1294, 214706, 44457, 83, 40197, 71, 678, 70, 81147, 1295, 70, 38549, 32382, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 158, 814, 110343, 111, 70, 129517, 297, 38549, 32382, 1295, 70, 39411, 31, 7816, 10519, 678, 70, 214706, 44457, 111, 70, 36746, 136, 80796, 1295, 70, 39411, 31, 157695, 5, 88949, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 903, 158, 814, 110343, 70541, 39411, 29367, 80796, 4, 70, 182809, 7, 17721, 2856, 621, 27140, 5, 581, 45646, 111, 70, 39411, 31, 149302, 56566, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 39411, 31, 157695, 83, 10, 10776, 111, 32628, 206990, 142, 116920, 6827, 36746, 23, 3129, 25534, 71, 2878, 66695, 621, 195052, 390, 450, 36746, 25, 7, 214706, 44457, 5, 1650, 83, 75935, 390, 10, 6057, 707, 23208, 678, 142, 36457, 14566, 68728, 432, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Structure and behavior.", "Structure.", "Bow shock.", "Magnetosheath.", "Magnetopause.", "Magnetotail.", "Earth's magnetosphere.", "Other objects." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when William Gilbert discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that on a terrella, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s, Walter M. Elsasser proposed the model of dynamo theory, which attributes Earth's magnetic field to the motion of Earth's iron outer core. Through the use of magnetometers, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude. Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study cosmic rays. In 1958, Explorer 1, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the Van Allen radiation belt (located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the follow up Explorer 3 later that year definitively proving its existence. Also during 1958, Eugene Parker proposed the idea of the solar wind, with the term'magnetosphere' being proposed by Thomas Gold in 1959 to explain how the solar wind interacted with the Earth's magnetic field. The later mission of Explorer 12 in 1961 led by the Cahill and Amazeen observation in 1963 of a sudden decrease in magnetic field strength near the noon-time meridian, later was named the magnetopause. By 1983, the International Cometary Explorer observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.", "Magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the period of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind. The planetary distance where the magnetosphere can withstand the solar wind pressure is called the Chapman–Ferraro distance. This is usefully modeled by the formula wherein formula_1 represents the radius of the planet, formula_2 represents the magnetic field on the surface of the planet at the equator, and formula_3 represents the velocity of the solar wind: A magnetosphere is classified as \"intrinsic\" when formula_5, or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object. Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Ganymede, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, for example, exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as \"induced\" when formula_6, or when the solar wind is not opposed by the object's magnetic field. In this case, the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere or ionosphere of the planet (or surface of the planet, if the planet has no atmosphere). Venus has an induced magnetic field, which means that because Venus appears to have no internal dynamo effect, the only magnetic field present is that formed by the solar wind's wrapping around the physical obstacle of Venus (see also Venus' induced magnetosphere). When formula_7, the planet itself and its magnetic field both contribute. It is possible that Mars is of this type.", "", "The bow shock forms the outermost layer of the magnetosphere; the boundary between the magnetosphere and the ambient medium. For stars, this is usually the boundary between the stellar wind and interstellar medium; for planets, the speed of the solar wind there decreases as it approaches the magnetopause.", "The magnetosheath is the region of the magnetosphere between the bow shock and the magnetopause. It is formed mainly from shocked solar wind, though it contains a small amount of plasma from the magnetosphere. It is an area exhibiting high particle energy flux, where the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field varies erratically. This is caused by the collection of solar wind gas that has effectively undergone thermalization. It acts as a cushion that transmits the pressure from the flow of the solar wind and the barrier of the magnetic field from the object.", "The magnetopause is the area of the magnetosphere wherein the pressure from the planetary magnetic field is balanced with the pressure from the solar wind. It is the convergence of the shocked solar wind from the magnetosheath with the magnetic field of the object and plasma from the magnetosphere. Because both sides of this convergence contain magnetized plasma, the interactions between them are complex. The structure of the magnetopause depends upon the Mach number and beta of the plasma, as well as the magnetic field. The magnetopause changes size and shape as the pressure from the solar wind fluctuates.", "Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker, and the density of charged particles is higher.", "Over Earth's equator, the magnetic field lines become almost horizontal, then return to reconnect at high latitudes. However, at high altitudes, the magnetic field is significantly distorted by the solar wind and its solar magnetic field. On the dayside of Earth, the magnetic field is significantly compressed by the solar wind to a distance of approximately. Earth's bow shock is about thick and located about from Earth. The magnetopause exists at a distance of several hundred kilometers above Earth's surface. Earth's magnetopause has been compared to a sieve because it allows solar wind particles to enter. Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occur when large swirls of plasma travel along the edge of the magnetosphere at a different velocity from the magnetosphere, causing the plasma to slip past. This results in magnetic reconnection, and as the magnetic field lines break and reconnect, solar wind particles are able to enter the magnetosphere. On Earth's nightside, the magnetic field extends in the magnetotail, which lengthwise exceeds. Earth's magnetotail is the primary source of the polar aurora. Also, NASA scientists have suggested that Earth's magnetotail might cause \"dust storms\" on the Moon by creating a potential difference between the day side and the night side.", "Many astronomical objects generate and maintain magnetospheres. In the Solar System this includes the Sun, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to on the dayside and almost to the orbit of Saturn on the nightside. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an order of magnitude, and its magnetic moment is approximately 18,000 times larger. Venus, Mars, and Pluto, on the other hand, have no magnetic field. This may have had significant effects on their geological history. It is theorized that Venus and Mars may have lost their primordial water to photodissociation and the solar wind. A strong magnetosphere greatly slows this process." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 509, 103122, 23, 19591, 127, 2082, 4, 28, 4438, 111, 12190, 72673, 4, 3934, 10, 102374, 110, 2661, 14449, 5, 581, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 68728, 8946, 144851, 71, 2363, 74855, 7, 47, 567, 979, 735, 56836, 3970, 6102, 4, 10, 103655, 2750, 174920, 23, 226185, 1295, 70, 152239, 12610, 145359, 136, 14037, 297, 70, 28820, 127, 9, 9506, 8805, 7925, 19, 3970, 6102, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 5, 360, 702, 5039, 4, 1919, 775, 7, 5030, 46994, 29505, 15, 124524, 538, 58698, 19033, 16, 136, 10663, 103073, 8453, 297, 163614, 111, 226185, 4, 7068, 10, 58386, 111, 13769, 20102, 87, 170467, 18117, 5548, 4, 47, 124338, 136, 34739, 102374, 130367, 16070, 1379, 70, 122050, 11, 2810, 136, 10663, 103073, 4922, 613, 11627, 7, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 31384, 111, 5030, 46994, 29505, 25, 7, 60887, 10840, 3542, 2855, 3674, 168081, 47, 15190, 44, 1052, 464, 4922, 58, 47, 2363, 613, 11627, 7, 23, 611, 14546, 47, 176016, 2363, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 12610, 74855, 7, 5, 194397, 6056, 32692, 4, 43032, 111, 70, 14449, 149976, 23, 102374, 27759, 136, 34739, 67842, 19069, 7, 237, 23607, 4295, 136, 1631, 4537, 7, 5, 23698, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 509, 170277, 538, 10, 100306, 111, 129811, 70, 32774, 5, 581, 67373, 111, 70, 150350, 42, 4, 105037, 155056, 5548, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 21067, 13903, 132869, 10837, 247, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 37195, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 775, 7, 111, 4908, 15464, 395, 2369, 2810, 11150, 76, 4, 76849, 111, 10, 8781, 12426, 7352, 17574, 494, 525, 1295, 436, 58588, 4, 136, 23414, 86216, 4537, 7948, 22591, 19, 145739, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 2750, 1902, 47, 51521, 538, 76556, 4420, 23, 12190, 72673, 23, 4347, 163140, 4, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 25, 7, 98, 134369, 115, 2449, 35060, 71, 111, 10, 24941, 111, 21974, 111, 181186, 289, 115, 939, 12638, 5155, 4, 1284, 764, 189232, 297, 450, 1919, 104851, 47, 150350, 44, 8408, 2809, 91, 7737, 6259, 27, 87, 6777, 959, 50509, 35978, 678, 19612, 99, 756, 1242, 1529, 54397, 450, 5470, 678, 21618, 301, 65381, 23, 6088, 163140, 65524, 71, 4049, 44, 188, 2046, 61689, 2785, 4806, 47, 19612, 136, 14432, 47, 12266, 23023, 3934, 442, 740, 1913, 21618, 301, 65381, 25, 7, 199015, 4, 764, 54397, 10, 104713, 47, 70, 6, 40676, 1158, 111, 70, 241, 9, 150632, 43967, 954, 39, 75189, 53, 4, 3129, 442, 1902, 21, 76622, 1257, 47, 450, 6275, 4, 136, 456, 748, 1430, 2816, 3674, 70, 64194, 954, 39, 75189, 53, 5, 1650, 7, 5117, 23718, 21449, 23, 14487, 111, 450, 6602, 1379, 21618, 301, 65381, 25, 7, 48225, 23, 12190, 72673, 5, 62, 17932, 23718, 134629, 23, 11994, 176284, 1379, 70, 48225, 111, 154240, 339, 395, 22705, 15, 1021, 9319, 111, 150350, 42, 5710, 188, 538, 339, 395, 22705, 194, 46348, 18908, 555, 329, 17721, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 360, 159983, 4, 70, 39282, 46799, 9, 18345, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 100512, 43552, 111, 109613, 289, 3288, 40322, 136, 73750, 2320, 15, 748, 206, 525, 30494, 16, 99, 70, 12190, 72673, 78771, 31667, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 57724, 111, 70, 198624, 35014, 5, 1529, 10267, 122009, 1919, 19069, 23, 36457, 24, 1405, 4516, 4, 136, 189924, 1919, 61112, 23, 61514, 15, 120430, 6635, 93324, 7, 23, 49002, 3542, 56065, 47, 95549, 2363, 61514, 7, 11907, 5155, 4, 237, 1836, 3542, 90698, 47, 186, 11343, 98, 115, 939, 194, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 189050, 23, 1919, 7199, 17990, 7, 450, 1208, 11395, 35323, 1155, 52828, 334, 4922, 1902, 39958, 645, 450, 6602, 237, 14364, 111, 70, 78771, 31667, 4, 136, 3444, 214, 3525, 59714, 47, 63335, 33, 1257, 128169, 23, 8382, 28368, 7, 4, 1902, 122399, 47, 8783, 11212, 79850, 100, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 25, 7, 11374, 5, 10257, 41382, 56, 1208, 11395, 379, 567, 126, 2397, 42459, 7, 450, 1155, 52828, 334, 4922, 25, 7, 53250, 7, 13648, 765, 2809, 6626, 42822, 5, 23972, 4, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 509, 70, 32786, 111, 70, 156615, 19713, 35778, 29367, 390, 6863, 233, 54137, 7, 4, 136, 44854, 214, 4049, 47, 94957, 99, 70, 78771, 31667, 1543, 765, 2809, 90698, 10, 46002, 3917, 47, 7639, 450, 756, 85583, 19612, 72004, 3542, 81907, 2685, 5, 77648, 4, 70, 18645, 1543, 765, 2809, 74481, 3674, 47, 172554, 4049, 47, 142, 108858, 153552, 23, 3129, 764, 2806, 33022, 23, 10, 1286, 17467, 4935, 4, 65925, 9, 77007, 20623, 5, 21618, 301, 65381, 1902, 233, 144429, 108858, 23189, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 25, 7, 96335, 136, 1919, 15549, 23, 130812, 118861, 19612, 53019, 91048, 4049, 70, 28780, 19, 111, 1919, 145042, 15889, 64370, 4, 2750, 17569, 764, 509, 104250, 214, 16065, 1919, 102374, 604, 14, 16852, 47, 150350, 5639, 21325, 136, 88279, 1073, 5, 24372, 764, 26678, 272, 44, 188, 131126, 23, 237, 5045, 105416, 38496, 237, 7722, 58, 3934, 1919, 198387, 4843, 39, 75189, 53, 4, 764, 54397, 1608, 26278, 43240, 6, 5667, 4209, 81113, 538, 47, 54704, 289, 115774, 4, 26719, 10, 79315, 1100, 3263, 4, 10, 79315, 70801, 126, 23, 563, 43967, 136, 10, 48220, 3263, 100, 14838, 67, 4, 17306, 73, 126, 4, 3328, 19, 4, 95622, 191, 136, 16569, 5, 56888, 70, 70801, 126, 136, 70, 954, 39, 75189, 53, 4, 384, 1436, 14, 2810, 4922, 54397, 47, 1919, 60370, 7432, 4, 31252, 40744, 85, 542, 1215, 2594, 4, 450, 1836, 44, 6488, 13, 152382, 678, 10, 27980, 111, 501, 27571, 8966, 1284, 27, 378, 6488, 13, 268, 17, 18329, 297, 678, 10, 36898, 538, 50426, 109109, 62816, 740, 133939, 3035, 6868, 297, 450, 3229, 764, 49782, 70, 954, 39, 75189, 53, 4, 764, 93544, 44, 2242, 60096, 450, 903, 83, 70, 4488, 111, 10, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 54397, 450, 764, 100512, 54639, 73, 3674, 678, 373, 59725, 19612, 32926, 1208, 40085, 66, 12628, 395, 18117, 15, 594, 5, 436, 5, 88845, 14, 68053, 16, 23, 124338, 23, 156999, 5, 12628, 395, 18117, 509, 1632, 111, 10, 105925, 552, 126326, 111, 102374, 21293, 9, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 50118, 14, 22456, 18117, 5548, 41447, 4922, 9, 72583, 433, 2810, 15, 74, 543, 11994, 543, 12465, 46, 952, 18237, 81139, 16, 509, 10, 102374, 150350, 42, 4, 136, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 21115, 111, 150350, 4295, 51529, 237, 581, 156615, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 31347, 111, 178992, 2320, 5, 18763, 2965, 9, 69723, 19, 178992, 289, 166577, 7, 2451, 58, 87926, 416, 28984, 75760, 11137, 141, 830, 70, 44, 92141, 39209, 24453, 56, 8129, 9578, 6644, 830, 136, 70, 954, 39, 75189, 1771, 14947, 44, 61278, 51542, 5272, 2873, 58, 2451, 1046, 41147, 1577, 111, 70, 54704, 289, 19612, 28926, 59843, 4, 33233, 678, 14947, 7, 136, 1119, 3443, 6328, 7, 1295, 3060, 111, 1919, 423, 6264, 7, 5, 44, 61278, 51542, 5272, 2873, 58, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Mentored by Balakirev; time with The Five.", "Professorship, marriage, inspector of bands.", "Backlash and \"May Night\".", "Belyayev circle.", "Increased contact with Tchaikovsky.", "Increasing conservatism; second creative drought.", "1905 Revolution.", "Death.", "Compositions.", "Operas.", "Orchestral works.", "Smaller-scale works.", "Legacy.", "Transitional figure.", "Students.", "Editing the work of The Five.", "Folklore and pantheism.", "Publications.", "References.", "General sources.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Rimsky-Korsakov was born in Tikhvin, east of Saint Petersburg, into a Russian noble family. The Rimsky-Korsakov dynasty traced their roots to Zhigimunt Korsak, a Czech who arrived in Lithuania from the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Polish-Lithuanian Korsak coat of arms. In 1390, his sons Vyacheslav (originally Vaclav) and Miloslav escorted Sophia of Lithuania, then a wife of Vasily I Dmitriyevich, to Moscow and took Russian citizenship under the Korsakov and Miloslavsky surnames, respectively. Some of Vyacheslav's descendants were granted permission to add \"Rimsky\" to their surnames in 1677 to celebrate their so-called Roman roots. Throughout history, members of the family served in Russian government and took various positions as governors and war generals. Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov was famously a lover of Catherine the Great. The father of the composer, Andrei Petrovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1784–1862), was one of the six illegitimate sons of Avdotya Yakovlevna, daughter of a simple Orthodox priest from Pskov, and lieutenant general Peter Voinovich Rimsky-Korsakov who had to officially", "Once back in Saint Petersburg in May 1865, Rimsky-Korsakov's onshore duties consisted of a couple of hours of clerical duty each day, but he recalled that his desire to compose \"had been stifled... I did not concern myself with music at all.\" He wrote that contact with Balakirev in September 1865 encouraged him \"to get accustomed to music and later to plunge into it\". At Balakirev's suggestion, he wrote a trio to the scherzo of the E-flat minor symphony, which it had lacked up to that point, and reorchestrated the entire symphony. Its first performance came in December of that year under Balakirev's direction in Saint Petersburg. A second performance followed in March 1866 under the direction of Konstantin Lyadov (father of composer Anatoly Lyadov). Correspondence between Rimsky-Korsakov", "In 1871, the 27-year-old Rimsky-Korsakov became Professor of Practical Composition and Instrumentation (orchestration) at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, as well as leader of the Orchestra Class. He retained his position in active naval service, and taught his classes in uniform (military officers in Russia were required to wear their uniforms every day, as they were considered to be always on duty). Rimsky-Korsakov explained in his memoirs that Mikhaíl Azanchevsky had taken over that year as director of the Conservatory, and wanting new blood to freshen up teaching in those subjects, had offered to pay generously for Rimsky-Korsakov's services. Biographer Mikhail Zetlin suggests that Azanchevsky's motives might have been twofold. First, Rimsky-Korsakov was the member of the Five least criticized by its opponents, and inviting him to teach at the Conservatory may have been considered a safe way to show that all serious musicians were welcome there. Second, the offer may have been calculated to expose him to an academic climate in which he would write in a more conservative, Western-based style. Balakirev had opposed academic training", "Rimsky-Korsakov's studies and his change in attitude regarding music education brought him the scorn of his fellow nationalists, who thought he was throwing away his Russian heritage to compose fugues and sonatas. After he strove \"to crowd in as much counterpoint as possible\" into his Third Symphony, he wrote chamber works adhering strictly to classical models, including a string sextet, a string quartet in F minor and a quintet for flute, clarinet, horn, bassoon and piano. About the quartet and the symphony, Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, that they \"were filled with a host of clever things but... [were] imbued with a dryly pedantic character\". Borodin commented that when he heard the symphony, he kept \"feeling that this is the work of a", "Rimsky-Korsakov wrote that he became acquainted with budding music patron Mitrofan Belyayev (M. P. Belaieff) in Moscow in 1882. Belyayev was one of a growing coterie of Russian nouveau-riche industrialists who became patrons of the arts in mid- to late-19th century Russia; their number included railway magnate Savva Mamontov and textile manufacturer Pavel Tretyakov. Belyayev, Mamontov and Tretyakov \"wanted to contribute conspicuously to public life\". They had worked their way into wealth, and being Slavophiles in their national outlook believed in the greater glory of Russia. Because of this belief, they were more likely than the", "In November 1887, Tchaikovsky arrived in Saint Petersburg in time to hear several of the Russian Symphony Concerts. One of them included the first complete performance of his First Symphony, subtitled \"Winter Daydreams\", in its final version. Another concert featured the premiere of Rimsky-Korsakov's Third Symphony in its revised version. Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky corresponded considerably before the visit and spent a lot of time together, along with Glazunov and Lyadov. Though Tchaikovsky had been a regular visitor to the Rimsky-Korsakov home since 1876, and had at one point offered to arrange Rimsky-Korsakov's appointment as director of the Moscow Conservatory, this was the beginning of closer relations between the two. Within a couple of years, Rimsky-Korsakov wrote, Tchaikovsky's visits became more frequent. During these visits and", "In March 1889, Angelo Neumann's traveling \"Richard Wagner Theater\" visited Saint Petersburg, giving four cycles of \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" there under the direction of Karl Muck. The Five had ignored Wagner's music, but \"The Ring\" impressed Rimsky-Korsakov: he was astonished with Wagner's mastery of orchestration. He attended the rehearsals with Glazunov, and followed the score. After hearing these performances, Rimsky-Korsakov devoted himself almost exclusively to composing operas for the rest of his creative life. Wagner's use of the orchestra influenced Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration, beginning with the", "In 1905, demonstrations took place in the St. Petersburg Conservatory as part of the 1905 Revolution; these, Rimsky-Korsakov wrote, were triggered by similar disturbances at St. Petersburg State University, in which students demanded political reforms and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Russia. \"I was chosen a member of the committee for adjusting differences with agitated pupils\", he recalled; almost as soon as the committee had been formed, \"[a]ll sorts of measures were recommended to expel the ringleaders, to quarter the police in the Conservatory, to close the Conservatory entirely\". A lifelong liberal politically,", "Beginning around 1890, Rimsky-Korsakov suffered from angina. While this ailment initially wore him down gradually, the stresses concurrent with the 1905 Revolution and its aftermath greatly accelerated its progress. After December 1907,", "Rimsky-Korsakov followed the musical ideals espoused by The Five. He employed Orthodox liturgical themes in the \"Russian Easter Festival Overture\", folk song in \"Capriccio Espagnol\" and orientalism in \"Scheherazade\", possibly his best known work. He proved a prolific composer but also a perpetually self-critical one. He revised every orchestral work up to and including his Third Symphony—some, like \"Antar\" and \"Sadko\", more than once. These revisions range from minor changes of tempo, phrasing and instrumental detail to wholesale transposition and complete recomposition. Rimsky-Korsakov was open about the influences in his music, telling Vasily Yastrebtsev, \"Study Liszt and Balakirev more closely, and you'll see that a great deal in me is not mine\". He followed Balakirev in his use of the whole tone scale, treatment of folk songs and musical orientalism and Liszt for harmonic adventurousness. (The violin melody used to portray Scheherazade is very closely related to its counterpart in Balakirev's symphonic poem \"Tamara\", while the \"Russian Easter Overtures\" follows the design and plan of Balakirev's Second Overture on Russian Themes.) Nevertheless, while he took Glinka and Liszt as his harmonic models, his use of whole tone and octatonic scales do demonstrate his originality. He developed both these compositional devices for the \"fantastic\" sections of his operas, which depicted magical or supernatural characters and events. Rimsky-Korsakov maintained an interest in harmonic experiments and continued exploring new idioms throughout his career. He tempered this interest with an abhorrence of excess and kept his tendency to experiment under constant control. The more radical his harmonies became, the more he attempted to control them with strict rules—applying his \"musical conscience\", as he called it. In this sense, he was both a progressive and a conservative composer. The whole tone and octatonic scales were both considered adventurous in the Western classical tradition, and Rimsky-Korsakov's use of them made his harmonies seem radical. Conversely, his care about how or when in a composition he used these scales made him seem conservative compared with later composers like Igor Stravinsky, though they were often building on Rimsky-Korsakov's work.", "While Rimsky-Korsakov is best known in the West for his orchestral works, his operas are more complex, offering a wider variety of orchestral effects than in his instrumental works and fine vocal writing. Excerpts and suites from them have proved as popular in the West as the purely orchestral works. The best-known of these excerpts is probably \"Flight of the Bumblebee\" from \"The Tale of Tsar Saltan,\" which has often been heard by itself in orchestral programs, and in countless arrangements and transcriptions, most famously in a piano version made by Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff. Other selections familiar to listeners in the West are \"Dance of the Tumblers\" from \"The Snow Maiden\", \"Procession of the Nobles\" from \"Mlada\", and \"Song of the Indian Guest\" (or, less accurately, \"Song of India\") from \"Sadko\", as well as suites from \"The", "The purely orchestral works fall into two categories. The best-known ones in the West, and perhaps the finest in overall quality, are mainly programmatic in nature—in other words, the musical content and how it is handled in the piece is determined by the plot or characters in a story, the action in a painting or events reported through another non-musical source. The second category of works are more academic, such as his First and Third Symphonies and his Sinfonietta. In these, Rimsky-Korsakov still employed folk themes but subjected them to abstract rules of musical composition. Program music came naturally to Rimsky-Korsakov. To him, \"even a folk theme has a program of sorts.\" He composed the majority of his orchestral works in this genre at two periods of his career—at the beginning, with \"Sadko\" and \"Antar\" (also known as his Second Symphony, Op. 9), and in the 1880s, with \"Scheherazade\", \"Capriccio Espagnol\" and the \"Russian Easter Overture\". Despite the gap between these two periods, the composer's overall approach and the way he used his musical themes remained consistent. Both \"Antar\" and", "Rimsky-Korsakov composed dozens of art songs, arrangements of folk songs, chamber and piano music. While the piano music is relatively unimportant, many of the art songs possess a delicate beauty. While they yield in", "", "Critic Vladimir Stasov, who along with Balakirev had founded The Five, wrote in 1882, \"Beginning with Glinka, all the best Russian musicians have been very skeptical of book learning and have never approached it with the servility and the superstitious reverence with which it is approached to this day in many parts of Europe.\" This statement was not true for Glinka, who studied Western music theory assiduously with Siegfried Dehn in Berlin before he composed his opera \"A Life for the Tsar\". It was true for Balakirev, who \"opposed academicism with tremendous vigor,\" and it was true initially for Rimsky-Korsakov, who had been imbued by Balakirev and Stasov with the same attitude. One point Stasov omitted purposely, which would have disproved his statement completely, was that at the time he wrote it, Rimsky-Korsakov had been pouring his \"book learning\" into students at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory for over a decade. Beginning with his three years of self-imposed study, Rimsky-Korsakov had drawn closer to Tchaikovsky and further away from the rest of The Five, while the rest of The Five had drawn back from him and Stasov had branded him a", "Rimsky-Korsakov taught theory and composition to 250 students over his 35-year tenure at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, \"enough to people a whole'school' of composers\". This does not include pupils at the two other schools where he taught, including Glazunov, or those he taught privately at his home, such as Igor Stravinsky. Apart from Glazunov and Stravinsky, students who later found fame included Anatoly Lyadov, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Alexander Spendiaryan, Sergei Prokofiev, Ottorino Respighi, Witold Maliszewski, Mykola Lysenko, Artur Kapp, and Konstanty Gorski. Other students included the music critic and musicologist Alexander Ossovsky, and the composer Lazare Saminsky. Rimsky-Korsakov", "Rimsky-Korsakov's editing of works by The Five is significant. It was a practical extension of the collaborative atmosphere of The Five during the 1860s and 1870s, when they heard each other's compositions in progress and worked on them together, and was an effort to save works that would otherwise either have languished unheard or become lost entirely. This work included the completion of Alexander Borodin's opera \"Prince Igor\", which Rimsky-Korsakov undertook with the help of Glazunov after Borodin's death, and", "Rimsky-Korsakov may have saved the most personal side of his creativity for his approach to Russian folklore. Folklorism as practiced by Balakirev and the other members of The Five had been based largely on the \"protyazhnaya\" dance song. \"Protyazhnaya\" literally meant \"drawn-out song\", or melismatically elaborated lyric song. The characteristics of this song exhibit extreme rhythmic flexibility, an asymmetrical phrase structure and tonal ambiguity. After composing \"May Night\", Rimsky-Korsakov was increasingly drawn to \"calendar songs\", which were written for specific ritual occasions. The ties to folk culture was what interested him most in folk music, even in his days with The Five; these songs formed a part of rural customs, echoed old Slavic paganism and the pantheistic world of folk rites. Rimsky-Korsakov wrote that his interest in these songs was heightened by his", "Rimsky-Korsakov's autobiography and his books on harmony and orchestration have been translated into English and published.", "", "\"In English\":", "Films Scores Other" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 151269, 8780, 509, 5117, 134053, 23, 70, 142, 45964, 8999, 4, 3229, 3395, 156672, 450, 459, 18557, 25749, 4, 6083, 538, 39411, 29367, 126371, 111, 70, 23911, 39411, 1486, 4, 5809, 110281, 193, 191, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 155116, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 160600, 13579, 67397, 1598, 234866, 6623, 235, 6, 20457, 103968, 44, 86049, 45020, 7, 16060, 29538, 830, 44, 2347, 5695, 37903, 66, 6, 34165, 4, 459, 112, 34165, 1242, 360, 142, 45964, 200955, 4, 126562, 17991, 150380, 297, 70, 5117, 111, 2367, 5809, 186, 35839, 10, 57456, 35107, 111, 39411, 8780, 47, 70, 6, 119598, 56, 5971, 1577, 111, 52999, 2143, 4, 2750, 158930, 1295, 1672, 305, 2588, 77269, 47, 1672, 190, 4633, 77269, 5, 581, 142, 45964, 42878, 29874, 7986, 44, 294, 33768, 882, 102, 3362, 57694, 58, 98363, 7, 17368, 39411, 1486, 47, 87388, 6, 118201, 7, 6, 55720, 69819, 23, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 14361, 5, 360, 142, 45964, 9098, 4, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 82575, 53, 91067, 47, 39411, 8780, 400, 90, 23, 10, 201, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 77269, 12877, 24, 4806, 7103, 6863, 42179, 4, 44, 3957, 947, 429, 111, 130966, 70237, 740, 581, 116, 2208, 9, 16797, 44616, 77269, 3398, 16765, 4, 44, 866, 3449, 3767, 112204, 10084, 34, 830, 2843, 73048, 12, 44, 3957, 459, 112, 34165, 30482, 193, 191, 51515, 4, 707, 442, 110281, 7, 442, 1242, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 41392, 111, 70, 99, 117474, 111, 10, 3871, 133, 83, 23, 10, 106, 271, 9, 16797, 44616, 4488, 44, 866, 309, 32742, 58, 24073, 63641, 7154, 71, 360, 3181, 10484, 58, 2077, 44, 284, 459, 112, 34165, 110281, 7, 10, 3871, 133, 1242, 581, 534, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 76438, 172647, 4687, 19, 1461, 31, 509, 70, 5117, 3445, 47, 33022, 2451, 73, 70, 44, 217701, 56718, 155057, 7, 58, 2451, 4390, 70, 214706, 3871, 133, 375, 13409, 136, 450, 442, 52295, 71, 70, 61689, 219, 2408, 111, 134470, 390, 187016, 214, 70, 116920, 6827, 23755, 111, 29568, 144477, 5, 3311, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 76438, 3542, 51529, 47, 4527, 70, 459, 112, 34165, 375, 13409, 100, 134470, 5, 10660, 152319, 297, 10, 48225, 289, 5732, 191, 1295, 459, 112, 34165, 23, 6044, 10, 3917, 450, 70, 34831, 111, 70, 5732, 191, 11343, 6275, 297, 127067, 5, 42814, 65784, 8500, 4, 390, 534, 19308, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 23, 14713, 47, 98363, 70, 375, 13409, 136, 6863, 4527, 100, 134470, 5, 360, 427, 14212, 4, 7948, 43952, 62754, 223, 8, 7798, 118383, 54397, 70, 44, 647, 4994, 33228, 8, 39411, 13, 830, 70, 5117, 1119, 18211, 85689, 3075, 28852, 23709, 70, 183871, 111, 39411, 7, 5, 360, 427, 12012, 4, 70, 183871, 111, 39411, 7, 136, 70, 36898, 75028, 43576, 3542, 45252, 297, 390, 884, 9, 284, 1495, 11431, 4, 10, 116374, 14, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 4, 124931, 56, 4, 136, 20787, 41382, 56, 5, 89655, 6389, 5870, 14, 25, 7, 4734, 1119, 18211, 4488, 4, 70, 44, 17726, 13, 186053, 37069, 21, 14354, 4, 28, 95, 21637, 832, 74128, 40616, 830, 83, 70, 5117, 51529, 27781, 111, 10, 5744, 39734, 111, 214706, 11521, 21004, 12470, 5, 128538, 23, 5369, 43573, 423, 4836, 136, 8306, 91376, 4, 70, 85689, 3075, 1902, 10, 38134, 45755, 92105, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 6389, 5870, 14, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 142, 26808, 23, 39411, 8780, 390, 38855, 8447, 2516, 131413, 31, 4, 124901, 161752, 11, 151269, 2063, 23175, 83679, 83, 1660, 10, 456, 9, 712, 20314, 674, 111, 6389, 5870, 14, 25, 7, 4488, 5, 6389, 5870, 14, 25, 7, 85689, 3075, 509, 51529, 2843, 47, 84996, 141117, 1035, 262, 1165, 57979, 136, 25031, 159011, 5, 360, 48463, 4, 25031, 159011, 91376, 1919, 44, 4657, 151269, 13, 4, 151269, 70775, 944, 89499, 64343, 4, 82, 8, 5695, 157, 151269, 13, 59488, 3408, 58, 24073, 20320, 70, 151269, 136, 151269, 1771, 89731, 90, 4, 136, 98, 70, 32774, 151269, 70, 64883, 51029, 360, 903, 4488, 764, 98363, 7, 5941, 111, 1919, 28007, 7, 678, 1919, 3299, 109270, 35839, 70, 18930, 1165, 5, 28090, 1919, 28007, 7, 4, 764, 103876, 71, 450, 70, 64883, 509, 68034, 214706, 136, 450, 903, 509, 70, 31635, 75028, 43576, 6275, 297, 144477, 15, 4692, 686, 79850, 4, 3060, 18822, 71, 450, 442, 509, 70, 5664, 6057, 15, 73209, 37206, 16, 707, 10, 21334, 214706, 90695, 98, 70, 144477, 5664, 450, 110281, 297, 70, 375, 13409, 194, 893, 100094, 111, 70, 76755, 17721, 39108, 2481, 136, 39411, 8780, 80723, 23, 543, 2947, 678, 4488, 390, 15745, 14949, 13472, 42, 14437, 4, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 161876, 4, 2750, 134053, 390, 70, 27998, 289, 808, 131519, 214, 111, 10, 375, 13409, 3871, 133, 43573, 10, 1439, 13, 450, 142, 39108, 43581, 5809, 28282, 10, 214706, 44457, 5, 3293, 3551, 10015, 28007, 83, 51529, 237, 13472, 42, 14437, 25, 7, 146797, 5, 48752, 289, 3789, 28007, 7, 134629, 4, 678, 51575, 9, 63344, 13, 62, 2676, 10389, 4, 2750, 23, 543, 1549, 134053, 450, 70, 214706, 44457, 41263, 1916, 23, 10, 155738, 9, 128405, 509, 62548, 47, 70, 43581, 86608, 214, 8305, 10, 71579, 22, 155648, 71, 390, 70, 60875, 74, 25075, 93726, 26336, 7, 7, 74, 16162, 9, 8023, 17332, 824, 10257, 18, 136, 151338, 4084, 947, 53708, 4, 15044, 111, 136565, 23, 543, 1549, 21449, 1257, 678, 70, 10257, 18, 1104, 5464, 53708, 27165, 68772, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 100, 70, 214706, 44457, 1295, 10, 43581, 9, 3284, 1294, 214, 1439, 13, 74, 11617, 40236, 5636, 4, 2750, 23, 543, 5016, 14037, 450, 10, 1733, 9, 1961, 38543, 214706, 85679, 8305, 10, 40956, 111, 1439, 13, 135989, 297, 10, 6599, 429, 4, 136, 27060, 90791, 53333, 22317, 17721, 39411, 8780, 136, 39108, 2481, 5, 14631, 82366, 7190, 9920, 19256, 142518, 90, 29367, 136, 71062, 297, 6097, 149201, 7, 3934, 9920, 19256, 25, 7, 28, 13722, 5256, 4, 51, 151138, 39108, 2481, 4, 39411, 8780, 4, 136, 233, 41637, 3934, 70, 44457, 111, 77556, 155116, 8780, 5, 360, 66007, 4, 24748, 119225, 11814, 6097, 131703, 23, 167729, 214, 1919, 154453, 111, 5361, 90816, 939, 4, 186607, 449, 450, 70, 131703, 34658, 29568, 23, 756, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 151269, 8780, 83, 10, 18507, 111, 72761, 11521, 21004, 12470, 450, 621, 2450, 3674, 390, 214706, 44457, 7, 5, 89917, 43581, 7, 136, 70, 214706, 53189, 111, 131830, 53, 2878, 66695, 8337, 6, 58944, 47, 10, 214706, 44457, 4, 3129, 27992, 7, 98, 3789, 43581, 7, 136, 214706, 53189, 5, 151269, 8780, 83, 1632, 43585, 111, 70, 70163, 71, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 111, 77556, 155116, 8780, 5, 581, 2684, 16031, 93425, 74918, 23, 78874, 155116, 1771, 76319, 4, 3129, 621, 37515, 538, 110281, 297, 390, 214706, 44457, 7, 136, 831, 186, 39411, 29367, 47, 24209, 28123, 39411, 7, 4, 27024, 214, 214706, 44457, 7, 61261, 5, 262, 155116, 84382, 10, 39411, 83, 2843, 7722, 5, 87293, 10, 10846, 161451, 7, 621, 78874, 155116, 1771, 74, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Sources.", "Types of magnetism.", "Diamagnetism.", "Paramagnetism.", "Ferromagnetism.", "Magnetic domains.", "Antiferromagnetism.", "Ferrimagnetism.", "Superparamagnetism.", "Electromagnet.", "Magnetism, electricity, and special relativity.", "Magnetic fields in a material.", "Magnetic force.", "Magnetic dipoles.", "Magnetic monopoles.", "Living things.", "Quantum-mechanical origin of magnetism." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world, when people noticed that lodestones, naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral magnetite, could attract iron. The word \"magnet\" comes from the Greek term μαγνῆτις λίθος \"magnētis lithos\", \"the Magnesian stone, lodestone.\" In ancient Greece, Aristotle attributed the first of what could be called a scientific discussion of magnetism to the philosopher Thales of Miletus, who lived from about 625 BC to about 545 BC. The ancient Indian medical text \"Sushruta Samhita\" describes using magnetite to remove arrows embedded in a person's body. In ancient China, the earliest literary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th-century BC book named after its author, \"The Sage of Ghost Valley\". The 2nd-century BC annals, \"Lüshi Chunqiu\", also notes: \"The lodestone makes iron approach, or it attracts it.\" The earliest mention of the attraction of a needle is in a 1st-century work \"Lunheng\" (\"Balanced Inquiries\"): \"A lodestone attracts a needle.\" The 11th-century Chinese scientist Shen Kuo was the first person to write—in the \"Dream Pool Essays\"—of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north. By the 12th century, the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation. They sculpted a directional spoon from lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always pointed south. Alexander Neckam, by 1187, was the first in Europe to describe the compass and its use for navigation. In 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt wrote the \"Epistola de magnete\", the first extant treatise describing the properties of magnets. In 1282, the properties of magnets and the dry compasses were discussed by Al-Ashraf, a Yemeni physicist, astronomer, and geographer. Leonardo Garzoni's only extant work, the \"Due trattati sopra la natura, e le qualità della calamita\", is the first known example of a modern treatment of magnetic phenomena. Written in years near 1580 and never published, the treatise had a wide diffusion. In particular, Garzoni is referred to as an expert in magnetism by Niccolò Cabeo, whose Philosophia Magnetica (1629) is just a re-adjustment of Garzoni's work. Garzoni's treatise was known also to Giovanni Battista Della Porta and William Gilbert. In 1600, William Gilbert published his \"De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure\" (\"On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth\"). In this work he describes many of his experiments with his model earth called the terrella. From his experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses pointed north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass). An understanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism began in 1819 with work by Hans Christian Ørsted, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, who discovered by the accidental twitching of a compass needle near a wire that an electric current could create a magnetic field. This landmark experiment is known as Ørsted's Experiment. Several other experiments followed, with André-Marie Ampère, who in 1820 discovered that the magnetic field circulating in a closed-path was related to the current flowing through a surface enclosed by the path; Carl Friedrich Gauss; Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, both of whom in 1820 came up with the Biot–Savart law giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire; Michael Faraday, who in 1831 found that a time-varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a voltage, and others finding further links between magnetism and electricity. James Clerk Maxwell synthesized and expanded these insights into Maxwell's equations, unifying electricity, magnetism, and optics into the field of electromagnetism. In 1905, Albert Einstein used these laws in motivating his theory of special relativity, requiring that the laws held true in all inertial reference frames. Electromagnetism has continued to develop into the 21st century, being incorporated into the more fundamental theories of gauge theory, quantum electrodynamics, electroweak theory, and finally the standard model.", "Magnetism, at its root, arises from two sources: The magnetic properties of materials are mainly due to the magnetic moments of their atoms' orbiting electrons. The magnetic moments of the nuclei of atoms are typically thousands of times smaller than the electrons' magnetic moments, so they are negligible in the context of the magnetization of materials. Nuclear magnetic moments are nevertheless very important in other contexts, particularly in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ordinarily, the enormous number of electrons in a material are arranged such that their magnetic moments (both orbital and intrinsic) cancel out. This is due, to some extent, to electrons combining into pairs with opposite intrinsic magnetic moments as a result of the Pauli exclusion principle (see \"electron configuration\"), and combining into filled subshells with zero net orbital motion. In both cases, the electrons preferentially adopt arrangements in which the magnetic moment of each electron is canceled by the opposite moment of another electron. Moreover, even when the electron configuration \"is\" such that there are unpaired electrons and/or non-filled subshells, it is often the case that the various electrons in the solid will contribute magnetic moments that point in different, random directions so that the material will not be magnetic. Sometimes, either spontaneously, or owing to an applied external magnetic field—each of the electron magnetic moments will be, on average, lined up. A suitable material can then produce a strong net magnetic field. The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its structure, particularly its electron configuration, for the reasons mentioned above, and also on the temperature. At high temperatures, random thermal motion makes it more difficult for the electrons to maintain alignment.", "", "Diamagnetism appears in all materials and is the tendency of a material to oppose an applied magnetic field, and therefore, to be repelled by a magnetic field. However, in a material with paramagnetic properties (that is, with a tendency to enhance an external magnetic field), the paramagnetic behavior dominates. Thus, despite its universal occurrence, diamagnetic behavior is observed only in a purely diamagnetic material. In a diamagnetic material, there are no unpaired electrons, so the intrinsic electron magnetic moments cannot produce any bulk effect. In these cases, the magnetization arises from the electrons' orbital motions, which can be understood classically as follows: This description is meant only as a heuristic; the Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem shows that diamagnetism is impossible according to classical physics, and that a proper understanding requires a quantum-mechanical description. All materials undergo this orbital response. However, in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the diamagnetic effect is overwhelmed by the much stronger effects caused by the unpaired electrons.", "In a paramagnetic material there are \"unpaired electrons\"; i.e., atomic or molecular orbitals with exactly one electron in them. While paired electrons are required by the Pauli exclusion principle to have their intrinsic ('spin') magnetic moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align its magnetic moment in any direction. When an external magnetic field is applied, these magnetic moments will tend to align themselves in the same direction as the applied field, thus reinforcing it.", "A ferromagnet, like a paramagnetic substance, has unpaired electrons. However, in addition to the electrons' intrinsic magnetic moment's tendency to be parallel to an applied field, there is also in these materials a tendency for these magnetic moments to orient parallel to each other to maintain a lowered-energy state. Thus, even in the absence of an applied field, the magnetic moments of the electrons in the material spontaneously line up parallel to one another. Every ferromagnetic substance has its own individual temperature, called the Curie temperature, or Curie point, above which it loses its ferromagnetic properties. This is because the thermal tendency to disorder overwhelms the energy-lowering due to ferromagnetic order. Ferromagnetism only occurs in a few substances; common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt, their alloys, and some alloys of rare-earth metals.", "The magnetic moments of atoms in a ferromagnetic material cause them to behave something like tiny permanent magnets. They stick together and align themselves into small regions of more or less uniform alignment called magnetic domains or Weiss domains. Magnetic domains can be observed with a magnetic force microscope to reveal magnetic domain boundaries that resemble white lines in the sketch. There are many scientific experiments that can physically show magnetic fields. When a domain contains too many molecules, it becomes unstable and divides into two domains aligned in opposite directions, so that they stick together more stably, as shown at the right. When exposed to a magnetic field, the domain boundaries move, so that the domains aligned with the magnetic field grow and dominate the structure (dotted yellow area), as shown at the left. When the magnetizing field is removed, the domains may not return to an unmagnetized state. This results in the ferromagnetic material's being magnetized, forming a permanent magnet. When magnetized strongly enough that the prevailing domain overruns all others to result in only one single domain, the material is magnetically saturated. When a magnetized ferromagnetic material is heated to the Curie point temperature, the molecules are agitated to the point that the magnetic domains lose the organization, and the magnetic properties they cause cease. When the material is cooled, this domain alignment structure spontaneously returns, in a manner roughly analogous to how a liquid can freeze into a crystalline solid.", "In an antiferromagnet, unlike a ferromagnet, there is a tendency for the intrinsic magnetic moments of neighboring valence electrons to point in \"opposite\" directions. When all atoms are arranged in a substance so that each neighbor is anti-parallel, the substance is antiferromagnetic. Antiferromagnets have a zero net magnetic moment, meaning that no field is produced by them. Antiferromagnets are less common compared to the other types of behaviors and are mostly observed at low temperatures. In varying temperatures, antiferromagnets can be seen to exhibit diamagnetic and ferromagnetic properties. In some materials, neighboring electrons prefer to point in opposite directions, but there is no geometrical arrangement in which \"each\" pair of neighbors is anti-aligned. This is called a spin glass and is an example of geometrical frustration.", "Like ferromagnetism, ferrimagnets retain their magnetization in the absence of a field. However, like antiferromagnets, neighboring pairs of electron spins tend to point in opposite directions. These two properties are not contradictory, because in the optimal geometrical arrangement, there is more magnetic moment from the sublattice of electrons that point in one direction, than from the sublattice that points in the opposite direction. Most ferrites are ferrimagnetic. The first discovered magnetic substance, magnetite, is a ferrite and was originally believed to be a ferromagnet; Louis Néel disproved this, however, after discovering ferrimagnetism.", "When a ferromagnet or ferrimagnet is sufficiently small, it acts like a single magnetic spin that is subject to Brownian motion. Its response to a magnetic field is qualitatively similar to the response of a paramagnet, but much larger.", "An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually consist of a large number of closely spaced turns of wire that create the magnetic field. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet. The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding. However, unlike a permanent magnet that needs no power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to maintain the magnetic field. Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as motors, generators, relays, solenoids, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment. Electromagnets are also employed in industry for picking up and moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel. Electromagnetism was discovered in 1820.", "As a consequence of Einstein's theory of special relativity, electricity and magnetism are fundamentally interlinked. Both magnetism lacking electricity, and electricity without magnetism, are inconsistent with special relativity, due to such effects as length contraction, time dilation, and the fact that the magnetic force is velocity-dependent. However, when both electricity and magnetism are taken into account, the resulting theory (electromagnetism) is fully consistent with special relativity. In particular, a phenomenon that appears purely electric or purely magnetic to one observer may be a mix of both to another, or more generally the relative contributions of electricity and magnetism are dependent on the frame of reference. Thus, special relativity \"mixes\" electricity and magnetism into a single, inseparable phenomenon called electromagnetism, analogous to how relativity \"mixes\" space and time into spacetime. All observations on electromagnetism apply to what might be considered to be primarily magnetism, e.g. perturbations in the magnetic field are necessarily accompanied by a nonzero electric field, and propagate at the speed of light.", "In a vacuum, where is the vacuum permeability. In a material, The quantity is called \"magnetic polarization\". If the field is small, the response of the magnetization in a diamagnet or paramagnet is approximately linear: the constant of proportionality being called the magnetic susceptibility. If so, In a hard magnet such as a ferromagnet, is not proportional to the field and is generally nonzero even when is zero (see Remanence).", "The phenomenon of magnetism is \"mediated\" by the magnetic field. An electric current or magnetic dipole creates a magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic forces on other particles that are in the fields. Maxwell's equations, which simplify to the Biot–Savart law in the case of steady currents, describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces. Therefore, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion—for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. They also arise from \"intrinsic\" magnetic dipoles arising from quantum-mechanical spin. The same situations that create magnetic fields—charge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipoles—are also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, creating a force. Following is the formula for moving charge; for the forces on an intrinsic dipole, see magnetic dipole. When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a Lorentz force F given by the cross product: where Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down. The magnitude of the force is where formula_8 is the angle between v and B. One tool for determining the direction of the velocity vector of a moving charge, the magnetic field, and the force exerted is labeling the index finger \"V\", the middle finger \"B\", and the thumb \"F\" with your right hand. When making a gun-like configuration, with the middle finger crossing under the index finger, the fingers represent the velocity vector, magnetic field vector, and force vector, respectively. See also right-hand rule.", "A very common source of magnetic field found in nature is a dipole, with a \"South pole\" and a \"North pole\", terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet. The Earth's North Magnetic Pole (currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is physically a south pole, as it attracts the north pole of a compass. A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems move toward configurations with lower energy. When diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, a \"magnetic dipole\" tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby lowering the net field strength. When ferromagnetic material is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic dipoles align to the applied field, thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic domains.", "Since a bar magnet gets its ferromagnetism from electrons distributed evenly throughout the bar, when a bar magnet is cut in half, each of the resulting pieces is a smaller bar magnet. Even though a magnet is said to have a north pole and a south pole, these two poles cannot be separated from each other. A monopole—if such a thing exists—would be a new and fundamentally different kind of magnetic object. It would act as an isolated north pole, not attached to a south pole, or vice versa. Monopoles would carry \"magnetic charge\" analogous to electric charge. Despite systematic searches since 1931,, they have never been observed, and could very well not exist. Nevertheless, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of these magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. Using quantum theory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric charge—that is, why the observed elementary particles carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron. Certain grand unified theories predict the existence of monopoles which, unlike elementary particles, are solitons (localized energy packets). The initial results of using these models to estimate the number of monopoles created in the Big Bang contradicted cosmological observations—the monopoles would have been so plentiful and massive that they would have long since halted the expansion of the universe. However, the idea of inflation (for which this problem served as a partial motivation) was successful in solving this problem, creating models in which monopoles existed but were rare enough to be consistent with current observations.", "Some organisms can detect magnetic fields, a phenomenon known as magnetoception. Some materials in living things are ferromagnetic, though it is unclear if the magnetic properties serve a special function or are merely a byproduct of containing iron. For instance, chitons, a type of marine mollusk, produce magnetite to harden their teeth, and even humans produce magnetite in bodily tissue. Magnetobiology studies the effects of magnetic fields on living organisms; fields naturally produced by an organism are known as biomagnetism. Many biological organisms are mostly made of water, and because water is diamagnetic, extremely strong magnetic fields can repel these living things.", "While heuristic explanations based on classical physics can be formulated, diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism can only be fully explained using quantum theory. A successful model was developed already in 1927, by Walter Heitler and Fritz London, who derived, quantum-mechanically, how hydrogen molecules are formed from hydrogen atoms, i.e. from the atomic hydrogen orbitals formula_9 and formula_10 centered at the nuclei \"A\" and \"B\", see below. That this leads to magnetism is not at all obvious, but will be explained in the following. According to the Heitler–London theory, so-called two-body molecular formula_11-orbitals are formed, namely the resulting orbital is: Here the last product means that a first electron, r, is in an atomic hydrogen-orbital centered at the second nucleus, whereas the second electron runs around the first nucleus. This \"exchange\" phenomenon is an expression for the quantum-mechanical property that particles with identical properties cannot be distinguished. It is specific not only for the formation of chemical bonds, but also for magnetism. That is, in this connection the term exchange interaction arises, a term which is essential for the origin of magnetism, and which is stronger, roughly by factors 100 and even by 1000, than the energies arising from the electrodynamic dipole-dipole interaction. As for the \"spin function\" formula_13, which is responsible for the magnetism, we have the already mentioned Pauli's principle, namely that a symmetric orbital (i.e. with the + sign as above) must be multiplied with an antisymmetric spin function (i.e. with a − sign), and \"vice versa\". Thus: I.e., not only formula_15 and formula_10 must be substituted by \"α\" and \"β\", respectively (the first entity means \"spin up\", the second one \"spin down\"), but also the sign + by the − sign, and finally r by the discrete values \"s\" (= ±1⁄2); thereby we have formula_17 and formula_18. The \"singlet state\", i.e. the − sign, means: the spins are \"antiparallel\", i.e. for the solid we have antiferromagnetism, and for two-atomic molecules one has diamagnetism. The tendency to form a (homoeopolar) chemical bond (this means: the formation of a \"symmetric\" molecular orbital, i.e. with the + sign) results through the Pauli principle automatically in an \"antisymmetric\" spin state (i.e. with the − sign). In contrast, the Coulomb repulsion of the electrons, i.e. the tendency that they try to avoid each other by this repulsion, would lead to an \"antisymmetric\" orbital function (i.e. with the − sign) of these two particles, and complementary to a \"symmetric\" spin function (i.e. with the + sign, one of the so-called \"triplet functions\"). Thus, now the spins would be \"parallel\" (ferromagnetism in a solid, paramagnetism in two-atomic gases). The last-mentioned tendency dominates in the metals iron, cobalt and nickel, and in some rare earths, which are \"ferromagnetic\". Most of the other metals, where the first-mentioned tendency dominates, are \"nonmagnetic\" (e.g. sodium, aluminium, and magnesium) or \"antiferromagnetic\" (e.g. manganese). Diatomic gases are also almost exclusively diamagnetic, and not paramagnetic. However, the oxygen molecule, because of the involvement of π-orbitals, is an exception important for the life-sciences. The Heitler-London considerations can be generalized to the Heisenberg model of magnetism (Heisenberg 1928). The explanation of the phenomena is thus essentially based on all subtleties of quantum mechanics, whereas the electrodynamics covers mainly the phenomenology." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 20913, 111, 70, 24491, 538, 25534, 71, 22664, 19, 83, 205794, 77556, 429, 6402, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 442, 139392, 7, 142, 39108, 289, 44457, 36880, 70, 107834, 13, 2843, 35839, 70, 107834, 13, 38516, 5, 67241, 19, 6181, 24209, 7, 77556, 429, 6402, 2174, 959, 216989, 297, 39108, 25958, 390, 6181, 111, 40101, 10, 42518, 214, 40907, 25534, 23, 70, 5701, 48225, 707, 10, 42518, 214, 24491, 25534, 23, 70, 198274, 48225, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 22664, 19, 42874, 450, 83, 959, 77556, 429, 6402, 4, 83, 70, 22664, 19, 64, 771, 1073, 7, 6664, 42874, 111, 70, 9060, 62233, 842, 140090, 3129, 60199, 538, 13105, 10, 40197, 71, 121122, 111, 502, 67772, 136, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 6, 17514, 5, 581, 70163, 71, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 35358, 2517, 111, 502, 67772, 136, 124666, 75935, 390, 22664, 19, 42874, 7, 83, 35839, 142, 77556, 34610, 21533, 35358, 2517, 5, 893, 77556, 34610, 21533, 35358, 2517, 33636, 7, 10, 4343, 111, 48302, 15, 7804, 80973, 48302, 16, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 22648, 10, 95937, 13, 111, 333, 109622, 9433, 90, 6044, 237, 127216, 142518, 90, 164, 4, 21650, 2517, 1257, 78219, 136, 22631, 38516, 27643, 5, 360, 38750, 45746, 1363, 4, 70, 22664, 19, 42874, 4527, 7, 48302, 47, 6181, 502, 67772, 1295, 70, 50944, 425, 111, 70, 86467, 3089, 29887, 191, 47, 70, 1940, 9, 282, 12846, 86, 32628, 5, 1650, 83, 142, 36457, 42874, 450, 139392, 7, 10, 22664, 19, 202104, 35358, 2517, 36880, 70, 75414, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 107834, 13, 6637, 2685, 621, 1286, 502, 67772, 50782, 70, 50944, 425, 3501, 46132, 5, 581, 60212, 23, 81630, 136, 39108, 25534, 15, 167790, 214, 60212, 7, 23, 373, 18234, 177399, 16, 28282, 7, 142, 77556, 34610, 21533, 38516, 60212, 450, 43240, 21373, 47, 450, 111, 10, 172714, 707, 48302, 3082, 214, 25072, 100, 70, 38750, 5, 581, 9433, 5809, 2843, 186, 51592, 237, 60223, 10821, 47, 6, 166871, 1257, 78280, 707, 21441, 9966, 10, 172714, 100, 14432, 4527, 4, 237, 442, 27489, 7, 38516, 48302, 5, 581, 22664, 19, 42874, 14602, 959, 28282, 48302, 4, 1284, 3173, 7, 10, 35358, 2517, 450, 4343, 7, 48302, 100, 14432, 4527, 5, 581, 48302, 56065, 100, 70, 22664, 19, 42874, 214, 132539, 1543, 1380, 1295, 22729, 15, 20016, 48302, 74, 174855, 748, 7352, 2146, 6700, 247, 77556, 19, 12302, 15, 219945, 289, 48302, 74, 77556, 19, 6181, 99115, 7, 87, 4, 4830, 136, 7610, 16, 707, 48302, 9, 26932, 93447, 52164, 15, 34610, 21533, 48302, 16, 6044, 237, 17198, 516, 134208, 14612, 67, 15, 17487, 14, 74, 22664, 19, 9, 76226, 214, 17198, 516, 134208, 14612, 81708, 16, 707, 606, 76131, 1212, 1927, 134208, 14612, 67, 15, 284, 23658, 74, 22664, 19, 127216, 162, 90, 194, 113197, 87, 15, 16546, 51748, 45955, 21320, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 541, 135486, 12, 22985, 28272, 3630, 128713, 4524, 77193, 6991, 707, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 70, 14135, 21308, 4, 541, 135486, 8, 180220, 1409, 6991, 16, 83, 10, 22664, 19, 42874, 22648, 19, 390, 77556, 19, 6181, 5, 1650, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 572, 707, 353, 9, 30145, 116292, 214, 541, 135486, 262, 180220, 1409, 6991, 15, 25013, 841, 16, 59745, 15, 20499, 4904, 1031, 397, 5, 17727, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 353, 6181, 214, 8414, 254, 1601, 212122, 5, 1650, 60199, 538, 13105, 70, 12302, 111, 77556, 1779, 1295, 541, 135486, 47, 552, 33, 3285, 282, 2396, 963, 15, 10625, 2737, 50258, 136, 4, 23, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 4, 442, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 75414, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 107834, 13, 5, 3293, 193807, 13, 112397, 47, 137633, 10, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 60212, 111, 22664, 19, 77556, 34610, 21533, 38516, 450, 70, 127216, 142518, 6991, 7068, 4527, 7, 47, 142518, 13, 62539, 127216, 5, 113197, 4830, 60494, 16546, 106, 10179, 70147, 16, 16, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 19932, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 876, 418, 707, 70, 552, 33, 3285, 282, 2396, 152, 19932, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 501, 46, 128713, 4524, 77193, 6991, 16, 83, 10, 22664, 19, 42874, 22648, 19, 390, 77556, 19, 6181, 5, 113197, 4830, 83, 10, 6024, 22144, 309, 217, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 21308, 22, 40899, 71, 390, 15044, 70, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 15, 2408, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 876, 16, 136, 70, 72249, 8584, 90, 15, 5584, 3789, 1614, 309, 14481, 194, 113197, 4830, 83, 13379, 23, 70, 75414, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 107834, 13, 111, 756, 37511, 45966, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 136, 70, 75414, 107834, 90, 111, 2684, 1175, 49369, 26206, 5, 3293, 193807, 13, 112397, 47, 137633, 10, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 60212, 111, 22664, 19, 77556, 34610, 21533, 38516, 450, 70, 127216, 142518, 6991, 111, 86467, 3089, 29887, 11, 7068, 4527, 7, 47, 142518, 13, 62539, 127216, 5, 581, 19932, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 6, 150598, 27140, 15, 16546, 106, 10179, 5046, 5, 17727, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 14015, 31, 28272, 929, 2451, 72325, 6652, 1643, 73, 74906, 81708, 16, 83, 142, 193807, 13, 62548, 47, 113197, 4830, 1284, 14037, 23, 70, 96055, 46623, 532, 107834, 13, 23, 170368, 31, 72325, 7, 111, 18153, 7, 4, 19932, 3922, 49369, 26206, 4, 136, 50997, 98220, 13, 5, 3293, 22664, 19, 42874, 83, 22648, 19, 390, 77556, 19, 6181, 136, 60199, 538, 13105, 70, 12302, 111, 77556, 1779, 1295, 14015, 31, 28272, 929, 47, 14015, 6652, 1643, 73, 5, 581, 132539, 83, 60223, 10821, 47, 70, 132539, 60199, 538, 64807, 390, 113197, 4830, 15, 2408, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 6, 65037, 17727, 111, 70, 86467, 3089, 29887, 289, 77556, 19, 6181, 121293, 5, 3293, 193807, 13, 112397, 47, 137633, 10, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 60212, 111, 22664, 19, 77556, 34610, 21533, 38516, 450, 70, 127216, 142518, 6991, 111, 170368, 31, 72325, 7, 7068, 4527, 7, 47, 142518, 13, 62539, 127216, 5, 113197, 7610, 15, 16546, 99420, 5, 97109, 16, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 19932, 188, 206, 7761, 13, 501, 128713, 6991, 247, 83, 10, 22664, 19, 42874, 22648, 19, 390, 77556, 19, 6181, 5, 3293, 193807, 13, 83, 10, 21334, 3900, 282, 12846, 86, 21308, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 22664, 19, 42874, 83, 142, 28970, 107834, 13, 21308, 42874, 450, 45367, 7, 1257, 10, 22664, 19, 35358, 2517, 36880, 10, 333, 109622, 107834, 13, 5, 67241, 19, 42874, 7, 60199, 538, 731, 70, 25632, 132539, 12, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Function.", "Diversity.", "Electron transport driven proton pumps.", "Electron Transport Complex I.", "Electron Transport Complex III.", "The cytochrome bf complex.", "Electron Transport Complex IV.", "ATP driven proton pumps.", "P-type proton ATPase.", "V-type proton ATPase.", "F-type proton ATPase.", "Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps.", "Light driven proton pumps." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Transport of the positively charged proton is typically electrogenic, i.e. it generates an electrical field across the membrane also called the membrane potential. Proton transport becomes electrogenic if not neutralized electrically by transport of either a corresponding negative charge in the same direction or a corresponding positive charge in the opposite direction. An example of a proton pump that is not electrogenic, is the proton/potassium pump of the gastric mucosa which catalyzes a balanced exchange of protons and potassium ions. The combined transmembrane gradient of protons and charges created by proton pumps is called an electrochemical gradient. An electrochemical gradient represents a store of energy (potential energy) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake and action potential formation. In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. The difference in pH and electric charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for the cell. The process could also be seen as analogous to cycling uphill or charging a battery for later use, as it produces potential energy. The proton pump does not create energy, but forms a gradient that stores energy for later use.", "The energy required for the proton pumping reaction may come from light (light energy; bacteriorhodopsins), electron transfer (electrical energy; electron transport complexes I, III and IV) or energy-rich metabolites (chemical energy) such as pyrophosphate (PPi; proton-pumping pyrophosphatase) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP; proton ATPases).", "", "Complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) (also referred to as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or, especially in the context of the human protein, NADH dehydrogenase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. It belongs to the H or Na-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH) Family (TC# 3.D.1), a member of the Na transporting Mrp superfamily. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and, in eukaryotes, it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.", "Complex III ((EC 1.10.2.2)) (also referred to as cytochrome b1 or the coenzyme Q : cytochrome c – oxidoreductase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the nuclear genomes (all other subunits). Complex III is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of all aerobic eukaryotes and the inner membranes of most eubacteria. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.", "The cytochrome bf complex (EC 1.10.99.1) (also called plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) is an enzyme related to Complex III but found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae. This proton pump is driven by electron transport and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin. The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by Complex III (cytochrome bc1) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of chloroplasts then uses to synthesize ATP.", "Complex IV (EC 1.9.3.1) (also referred to as cytochrome c oxidase), is a proton pump driven by electron transport. This enzyme is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.", "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) driven proton pumps (also referred to as proton ATPases or -ATPases) are proton pumps driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Three classes of proton ATPases are found in nature. In a single cell (for example those of fungi and plants), representatives from all three groups of proton ATPases may be present.", "The plasma membrane -ATPase is a single subunit P-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists and many prokaryotes. The plasma membrane -ATPase creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists, and many prokaryotes. Here, proton gradients are used to drive secondary transport processes. As such, it is essential for the uptake of most metabolites, and also for responses to the environment (e.g., movement of leaves in plants). Humans (and probably other mammals) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H/K ATPase that also belongs to the P-type ATPase family. This enzyme functions as the proton pump of the stomach, primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents (see gastric acid).", "The V-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the V-type. It is found in various different membranes where it serves to acidify intracellular organelles or the cell exterior.", "The F-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the F-type (also referred to as ATP synthase or FF ATPase). It is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane where it functions as a proton transport-driven ATP synthase. In mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power this translocation of protons. For example, the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing equivalents provided by reduced cytochrome c. ATP itself powers this transport in the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes. The FF ATP synthase of mitochondria, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. Protons translocate across the inner mitochondrial membrane via proton wire. This series of conformational changes, channeled through the a and b subunits of the F particle, drives a series of conformational changes in the stalk connecting the F to the F subunit. This process effectively couples the translocation of protons to the mechanical motion between the Loose, Tight, and Open states of F necessary to phosphorylate ADP. In bacteria and ATP-producing organelles other than mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power the translocation of protons. CF ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human FF ATP synthase in plants.", "Proton pumping pyrophosphatase (also referred to as H-PPase or vacuolar-type inorganic pyrophosphatases (V-PPase; V is for vacuolar)) is a proton pump driven by the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). In plants, H-PPase is localized to the vacuolar membrane (the tonoplast). This membrane of plants contains two different proton pumps for acidifying the interior of the vacuole, the V-PPase and the V-ATPase.", "Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump and is used by Archaea, most notably in Halobacteria. Light is absorbed by a retinal pigment covalently linked to the protein, that result in a conformational change of the molecule that is transmitted to the pump protein associated with proton pumping." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 12876, 33850, 4, 118623, 4, 4937, 1824, 509, 10, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 47617, 1991, 23, 70, 4000, 19612, 28302, 111, 10, 10776, 51529, 237, 233128, 17119, 7, 20271, 70, 39395, 15643, 7, 5, 11356, 214, 678, 8753, 7, 23, 117406, 87420, 12876, 33850, 4, 118623, 18919, 4, 136, 2356, 6982, 1833, 5, 4937, 1824, 109133, 47, 39897, 23, 70, 39395, 47, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 136, 51339, 297, 23, 67842, 4000, 8753, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 96139, 4, 14432, 98567, 98, 47, 51339, 100, 70, 130306, 538, 1030, 164779, 297, 8753, 94698, 42, 1193, 4, 136, 4552, 59335, 538, 51339, 297, 23, 12190, 7, 3347, 73029, 1314, 4, 3129, 14432, 98816, 2363, 9351, 47, 581, 159, 114382, 4, 136, 2843, 60213, 71, 4937, 1824, 25, 7, 94698, 42, 1193, 8753, 120126, 112297, 31649, 2186, 18, 136, 20178, 143940, 6362, 5, 18763, 6957, 80997, 25813, 21449, 1672, 72399, 23, 70, 8, 23662, 7103, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 25, 7, 4989, 6032, 47617, 1991, 103383, 29217, 25737, 70, 8753, 23, 13501, 4, 1059, 1916, 3357, 89397, 5, 4937, 1824, 1902, 11343, 36663, 47, 186, 70, 47617, 1991, 111, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 5, 1301, 10, 166513, 4, 764, 1902, 27983, 17569, 1672, 53550, 1257, 1919, 47617, 24448, 23, 70, 43328, 5915, 99, 70, 233128, 1311, 12811, 316, 23, 15673, 7, 450, 70, 8753, 2806, 60322, 4049, 237, 1836, 23409, 11015, 678, 2363, 9742, 5324, 5, 1529, 77681, 68872, 47, 40485, 99, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 67675, 47, 3535, 70, 8753, 10, 62690, 111, 1919, 75169, 5, 29217, 509, 7464, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 47617, 1991, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 221, 33720, 17669, 21449, 1810, 111, 70, 190647, 5, 14847, 29217, 6777, 31358, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 23, 13501, 4, 108171, 1419, 101681, 6470, 49782, 1672, 442, 8305, 1919, 222002, 678, 30520, 4772, 13534, 5, 6470, 35839, 1257, 4937, 1824, 1632, 5155, 136, 2804, 4, 44, 22769, 90, 7, 2750, 27117, 10, 47617, 1991, 1242, 4937, 1824, 20461, 1363, 297, 100, 70, 307, 36520, 19069, 136, 100512, 2363, 3525, 32786, 4, 4911, 7, 141753, 70, 5117, 351, 9, 111345, 191, 47, 51339, 100, 70, 8753, 5, 1529, 1556, 2809, 678, 70, 8753, 17669, 16792, 136, 2843, 34831, 7, 47617, 115, 2449, 100, 94698, 42, 1193, 237, 5299, 5, 4937, 1824, 2843, 51339, 297, 47617, 7, 23, 4772, 13534, 25, 7, 8753, 106313, 1295, 12839, 47, 11857, 4, 1284, 47, 5622, 4, 764, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 4488, 678, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 1556, 2809, 38134, 538, 1030, 164779, 297, 17669, 16792, 1919, 34377, 98, 70, 11704, 7156, 44, 683, 115947, 33150, 740, 4937, 1824, 509, 21334, 538, 102778, 100, 1274, 2852, 13320, 242, 93986, 1264, 25, 123610, 7, 237, 4772, 13534, 25, 7, 91995, 674, 23, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 23, 98543, 123610, 7, 2806, 47143, 23, 70, 8753, 24189, 70, 6052, 41186, 191, 678, 4772, 13534, 5, 4937, 1824, 51776, 22299, 237, 70, 552, 9, 70035, 100, 70, 11531, 44, 441, 53, 1297, 40404, 830, 3129, 135179, 98, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 25, 7, 6789, 7156, 44, 168678, 150, 1363, 830, 20662, 442, 1919, 5117, 136, 4734, 127752, 23, 70, 8753, 5, 360, 7071, 20400, 4937, 1824, 33284, 297, 70, 17690, 297, 13315, 9, 2037, 111, 19669, 19, 1261, 151581, 100, 41186, 191, 45831, 136, 1556, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 8753, 237, 2363, 51521, 32786, 5, 1529, 83, 39210, 538, 121742, 19, 47, 186, 25737, 9, 12336, 297, 5, 360, 50081, 4, 764, 83, 920, 14, 39659, 96765, 7, 4, 136, 11301, 7, 678, 142, 9803, 20623, 5, 1529, 9157, 7, 99, 305, 25, 910, 740, 4937, 1824, 11343, 11814, 77256, 131837, 7, 24189, 20907, 2161, 70, 5117, 6049, 111, 70, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 44, 5021, 126214, 2647, 11330, 58, 764, 112730, 10, 134852, 24448, 136, 7068, 101089, 297, 47, 10, 30439, 24448, 100, 70, 17932, 6049, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 51592, 17368, 10, 30439, 24448, 99, 70, 75033, 594, 7639, 678, 1919, 8753, 94698, 42, 1193, 5, 18763, 30439, 169581, 83, 12, 6626, 1105, 58, 425, 2357, 58, 4950, 7, 47617, 7, 4, 616, 58, 425, 136473, 58, 16854, 107, 4, 1019, 58, 425, 1019, 58, 209, 58, 425, 1126, 58, 427, 58, 425, 1126, 58, 136, 616, 58, 425, 963, 58, 6, 86147, 3627, 7, 136, 611, 58, 425, 2592, 58, 136, 543, 58, 425, 2485, 58, 74912, 3627, 7, 5, 4937, 1824, 1556, 112730, 1342, 4435, 19932, 100497, 7, 16792, 4347, 22059, 5, 1529, 2843, 11301, 7, 122841, 47617, 10336, 7, 136, 4527, 7, 82629, 47617, 69880, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7880, 50695, 4937, 1824, 15, 57332, 6088, 305, 4, 40418, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 13950, 19612, 3378, 4, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 47617, 1991, 100, 70, 14941, 99162, 12924, 8753, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 4, 70, 120552, 13950, 8753, 19669, 19, 1261, 151581, 4, 136, 70, 15672, 99162, 12924, 8753, 94698, 42, 1193, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Equipment." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Travis was a well-known drummer in the local music scene of a region known as Hampton Roads during the early 1980s. Playing with bands in clubs throughout Norfolk, Virginia Beach, and Newport News. Travis moved to California in the early to mid-1980s and performed in various local bands, such as Hawk, later moving on to perform for the critically acclaimed band Racer X, and very briefly performed in Saints Or Sinners, which later changed their name to The Scream, and also featured Travis's Racer X bandmates Bruce Bouillet and Juan Alderete. His big career move came about late in the decade after Judas Priest's longtime drummer Dave Holland left the band in 1989, citing personal reasons. Travis had always wanted to be the drummer of Judas Priest. As a teenager, he had often thought about setting up his drum kit in the parking lot at the Hampton Coliseum in hopes that the band would notice him as they went past with their tour bus. He finally decided to wait at the back of the arena to hand the band a tape of his playing. Holland was still the band's drummer at the time, so nothing ever came out of the encounter. When Holland did leave Judas Priest in 1989, vocalist Jeff Martin heard about it through his friendship with Rob Halford. Martin called up Travis one day and said, \"Guess who needs a drummer.\" Travis auditioned for the vacant position and became their new member, thus becoming the first non-Briton to perform for the band. He has been with the band ever since and also handles drum duties for Racer X as well. Travis also performed drums in Halford's band Fight from 1992 to 1995, but to date, he is best known for his work with Judas Priest, for which he has been widely acclaimed ever since his debut on the 1990 album \"Painkiller\". Travis was largely responsible for hiring Tim 'Ripper' Owens as Halford's replacement in Judas Priest in 1996. Owens would remain in the band until the 2003 reunion with Halford. Travis takes credit as the co-writer for the song \"Cyberface\", which appears on Judas Priest's 2001 album \"Demolition\", making it his first and only contribution in the band. In April 2016, Travis joined the reformed line-up of Thin Lizzy for reunion shows and has remained in the band as their official member. He is commonly mistaken to be left-handed. In reality, he is ambidextrous, and plays with an open style. He stands at 6'6\".", "Travis always used Tama Drums until 2008. On the first leg of the Judas Priest \"Nostradamus Tour\" he played a Pearl kit and then switched to a DW kit for the second leg. He was also seen using a DW kit at the NAMM show with his band Racer X. His DW setup is: two 23\"x24\" bass drums, 14\"x6.5\" snare,8\"x8\" 10\"x9\" 12\"x9\" and 14\"x10\" rack toms and 16\"x14\" and 18\"x16\" floor toms. Travis has played Paiste cymbals since May 1987. He also plays Evans drum heads and uses Vater drumsticks." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 51404, 262, 29089, 509, 157318, 100, 604, 76849, 77667, 26551, 4, 19441, 39958, 70, 3173, 111, 142, 10332, 46667, 35839, 31033, 31, 4, 2412, 75204, 10, 3080, 6295, 2886, 81907, 1295, 24445, 223, 4, 70, 18813, 111, 12701, 223, 164, 23, 1913, 7636, 5, 1529, 37170, 604, 47, 160020, 42506, 75189, 1919, 775, 390, 36939, 93, 219, 5, 1301, 10, 18466, 47, 24445, 223, 4, 6637, 111, 1919, 17986, 2481, 4, 262, 29089, 203251, 47, 3249, 42506, 75189, 10, 2355, 4, 390, 2373, 73, 1916, 136, 5798, 1916, 4049, 678, 920, 100816, 11, 4, 71191, 214, 21507, 538, 54799, 4049, 12960, 104064, 4049, 23, 604, 121641, 136, 337, 5084, 4, 136, 20662, 4049, 206683, 390, 6818, 592, 1919, 67573, 52101, 16065, 23, 70, 14449, 26498, 127, 11907, 17431, 5, 4687, 3884, 4049, 23, 70, 11476, 99, 17431, 1884, 10, 11476, 43264, 707, 13495, 15490, 70, 51359, 111, 1919, 27863, 12, 262, 29089, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 28484, 70, 68869, 6637, 1919, 42732, 36939, 93, 219, 172458, 23, 136, 24124, 604, 775, 23, 70, 11476, 136, 91, 114382, 297, 23, 1238, 54969, 4, 3129, 27162, 2822, 262, 29089, 4, 2750, 21, 1183, 71, 450, 150863, 4745, 67573, 7, 54, 959, 28219, 70, 23755, 136, 68869, 5, 42506, 75189, 2806, 8306, 113054, 10, 6897, 4092, 1295, 47219, 4, 1284, 262, 29089, 25, 7, 61972, 4, 23, 15824, 4, 133888, 136, 73872, 297, 4049, 47, 24209, 206683, 29367, 237, 10, 134003, 111, 40814, 58984, 12, 12960, 42506, 75189, 188545, 7, 23, 70, 2005, 12259, 44, 60977, 28725, 47, 262, 29089, 830, 70, 38925, 7884, 243, 525, 47, 3789, 11389, 7, 23, 3129, 42506, 75189, 14602, 959, 188545, 1919, 24765, 23, 70, 11476, 5, 581, 7271, 32502, 206683, 47691, 24209, 7, 70, 22304, 111, 1919, 47219, 136, 211088, 27528, 23, 1919, 20338, 3542, 170920, 99, 12701, 223, 164, 1379, 70, 2497, 3075, 111, 10, 68869, 8698, 92, 9, 402, 46401, 4, 10, 12404, 9, 10519, 133, 9523, 19732, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 63641, 21398, 2143, 830, 3129, 509, 34658, 98, 10, 34003, 289, 18231, 47, 56381, 67, 100, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 15546, 58984, 9, 90865, 42506, 75189, 5, 3293, 8698, 92, 9, 402, 46401, 37202, 47, 765, 2809, 70, 68869, 77924, 583, 111, 10, 28271, 27140, 111, 47353, 51529, 237, 70, 12701, 8702, 72173, 34242, 12, 171855, 165523, 23, 20662, 42506, 75189, 206683, 4, 262, 29089, 19667, 47, 94957, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 70, 4927, 111, 6, 177849, 136, 4, 1295, 4049, 4, 70, 10588, 111, 200955, 97384, 47, 18153, 136, 456, 2631, 13081, 6423, 5, 1529, 18738, 434, 36880, 70, 3551, 98, 10, 99784, 19, 9, 86905, 19, 1608, 4726, 18, 12960, 262, 29089, 136, 77667, 26551, 517, 71, 100, 4049, 4, 136, 104902, 4049, 28484, 1919, 29752, 111, 155629, 214, 70, 28271, 111, 200955, 98, 70, 4927, 111, 6, 177849, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 42506, 75189, 707, 42506, 254, 81645, 191, 15, 7251, 45964, 160600, 12, 92739, 4639, 213558, 1598, 707, 92739, 4639, 1279, 5002, 247, 509, 10, 775, 111, 18813, 24445, 223, 136, 44109, 36939, 93, 219, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mythology." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "While Demeter was searching for her daughter Persephone, having taken the form of an old woman called Doso, she received a hospitable welcome from Celeus, the King of Eleusis in Attica. He asked her to nurse Demophon his son by Metanira. As a gift to Celeus, because of his hospitality, Demeter planned to make Demophon a god, by anointing and coating him with ambrosia, breathing gently upon him while holding him in her arms and bosom, and making him immortal by burning his mortal spirit away in the family hearth every night. She put him in the fire at night like a firebrand or ember without the knowledge of his parents: Demeter was unable to complete the ritual because his mother Metanira walked in and saw her son in the fire and screamed in fright, which angered Demeter, who lamented that foolish mortals do not understand the concept and ritual. Demophon would never obtain a life free from death, but Demeter's actions, in fact, prepared and destined him to become immortalized as a recipient of hero cult: while Demophon survives in the Homeric \"Hymn to Demeter\", the scholia attest to other versions in which Demophon does not survive his stay in the fire. The bungled immortalization becomes the cause of his death and funeral games in his honor were established at Eleusis under the guise of a ritual mock-battle, a quasi-athletic event known as the \"Ballêtus\", which was held on a seasonal basis to compensate for the death of the baby cult-hero Demophon. This mock-battle seems to have been the ritual kernel of a whole complex of events known as the Eleusinian Games: Having failed in making Demophon immortal, Demeter chose to teach Triptolemus the art of agriculture and, from him, the rest of Greece learned to plant and reap crops. He flew across the land on a dragon-drawn chariot while Demeter and Persephone cared for him, and helped him complete his mission of educating the whole of Greece on the art of agriculture." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 51404, 262, 29089, 15, 73, 70, 2497, 3075, 111, 142, 10332, 46667, 24, 4806, 31033, 31, 16, 509, 157318, 100, 604, 76849, 77667, 26551, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 1563, 77193, 297, 390, 101444, 7, 4, 2412, 75204, 10, 3080, 6295, 2886, 81907, 1295, 24445, 223, 5, 1529, 37170, 604, 47, 160020, 42506, 75189, 2451, 58, 92, 33150, 111, 453, 830, 10, 105416, 17365, 47, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 2451, 136, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 4, 1919, 775, 7, 390, 36939, 93, 219, 5, 262, 29089, 24124, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 509, 133054, 136, 51158, 4049, 604, 57262, 124111, 5, 11205, 4734, 6777, 764, 192026, 1919, 90254, 1284, 764, 34648, 538, 100512, 142, 25171, 5, 1301, 15700, 18466, 47, 24445, 223, 4, 23, 4224, 35810, 100, 1919, 17986, 2481, 4, 262, 29089, 23410, 538, 203251, 47, 3249, 42506, 75189, 206683, 390, 6818, 592, 16065, 1919, 67573, 52101, 23, 70, 14449, 26498, 127, 11907, 17431, 5, 4687, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 28484, 70, 68869, 6637, 36939, 93, 219, 172458, 23, 98, 604, 1632, 17431, 5, 175399, 4, 262, 29089, 19667, 47, 94957, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 70, 4927, 111, 6, 177849, 136, 4, 1295, 4049, 4, 70, 10588, 111, 200955, 97384, 47, 18153, 136, 456, 2631, 13081, 6423, 5, 1529, 18738, 434, 36880, 70, 3551, 98, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 79442, 19, 390, 24911, 5245, 12960, 262, 29089, 136, 77667, 26551, 4, 24145, 14359, 2822, 47, 604, 42732, 4, 517, 71, 100, 4049, 4, 136, 104902, 4049, 28484, 1919, 29752, 111, 155629, 214, 70, 28271, 111, 200955, 23, 70, 4927, 111, 6, 177849, 5, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 509, 105950, 538, 137272, 678, 70, 2965, 31, 8202, 111, 15673, 100, 70, 7103, 24804, 137272, 678, 70, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 12701, 8702, 72173, 2646, 1515, 3387, 15, 605, 3683, 2387, 28980, 915, 37638, 194, 14847, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 189924, 18813, 54012, 11680, 111, 70, 159, 2408, 4450, 10133, 4, 70, 81693, 111, 6, 177849, 4, 54012, 11680, 128120, 71, 47, 94957, 442, 47, 1919, 3395, 136, 7068, 37842, 47, 162882, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 5, 1301, 1992, 4745, 674, 4, 262, 29089, 69347, 54012, 11680, 3934, 10, 108495, 425, 5, 18813, 21656, 76, 8345, 111, 70, 20779, 11, 13, 2843, 7228, 142, 81887, 98, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 25, 6897, 4, 200, 30319, 1632, 111, 1919, 24911, 5245, 47, 56282, 1919, 144281, 5, 262, 29089, 23632, 297, 13438, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 99784, 19, 136, 158, 4545, 592, 21656, 76, 8345, 47, 10, 6897, 111, 9983, 674, 5, 345, 5416, 1919, 47219, 4, 21656, 76, 8345, 509, 158012, 23, 70, 6057, 7, 237, 70, 158, 37219, 2320, 2331, 979, 12665, 223, 4, 2804, 47, 102337, 40099, 10, 332, 31577, 47, 67153, 10, 179989, 4, 237, 10, 1631, 592, 47, 67573, 7, 2750, 2806, 5351, 47, 139647, 53, 8382, 1238, 141775, 297, 390, 70, 2355, 7, 5, 360, 70, 187, 1436, 1771, 2005, 12259, 3905, 28725, 47, 262, 29089, 4, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 83, 59335, 538, 119056, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 7311, 494, 525, 7, 111, 262, 29089, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 453, 47, 30698, 70, 23410, 12296, 90, 136, 235501, 7, 111, 12701, 8702, 72173, 2646, 1515, 3387, 12, 17893, 66695, 4, 5177, 17965, 7522, 4, 24445, 223, 136, 63306, 4878, 44297, 3542, 70, 27060, 119056, 111, 70, 5117, 494, 525, 7, 5, 581, 31486, 111, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 23, 70, 12701, 8702, 72173, 235501, 7, 509, 66161, 61924, 71, 12, 44, 1106, 1902, 10, 58984, 111, 1919, 10002, 4, 34955, 1295, 70, 2646, 1515, 3387, 5, 6561, 30957, 297, 1919, 110664, 98, 70, 3917, 47, 70, 155738, 9, 16713, 57, 89921, 479, 6333, 15390, 4, 8108, 38162, 47, 70, 36770, 1529, 11222, 1830, 4, 70, 110664, 111, 28114, 2179, 50782, 70, 6782, 43796, 7809, 399, 1242, 15, 605, 3683, 2387, 194, 360, 70, 190, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 4950, 9, 107, 51821, 23, 70, 9907, 25946, 4, 94100, 7, 24073, 379, 68567, 1363, 74054, 3129, 31895, 21449, 1295, 1919, 110664, 4, 70, 25299, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 9157, 7, 17721, 70, 6626, 3430, 68442, 7, 4, 262, 29089, 136, 70, 38633, 4, 136, 53299, 7, 1295, 262, 29089, 70, 67896, 111, 162048, 15, 4390, 86761, 4, 5036, 72856, 194, 1818, 34053, 1294, 24073, 20320, 27174, 31847, 329, 58, 7610, 5, 89647, 10, 34601, 7, 47, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 17262, 75101, 9035, 100, 10, 8781, 4, 2147, 10821, 6897, 12, 44, 11193, 13665, 935, 27863, 830, 44, 11193, 13665, 70, 2355, 7, 678, 93151, 58, 2451, 2472, 70, 160600, 7, 4, 44, 23129, 14481, 58, 2806, 26698, 70, 162048, 2451, 2940, 44, 294, 16082, 70, 85825, 58, 15, 605, 3683, 2387, 4, 915, 81764, 194, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 83, 2843, 8, 18695, 3674, 237, 10, 27150, 332, 678, 10, 32845, 206, 707, 879, 4545, 158012, 23, 1919, 24887, 4, 56104, 129842, 98, 1919, 1608, 4726, 18, 4, 69979, 14534, 678, 179989, 7, 5, 18763, 150380, 90, 26698, 10, 37385, 111, 162048, 4, 10, 80836, 111, 148, 156253, 707, 1909, 4293, 67896, 7, 136, 10, 91, 19462, 56, 5, 24445, 223, 707, 70, 16320, 36800, 9865, 433, 60291, 1543, 186, 161740, 297, 100, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 237, 70, 177765, 12701, 8702, 72173, 134003, 111, 70, 5117, 18466, 7, 111, 70, 2646, 1515, 3387, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 55903, 188, 133, 2647, 15, 4, 44, 74257, 254, 9371, 9825, 830, 16060, 5, 44, 927, 107, 13, 42822, 1631, 4726, 42, 56128, 2843, 51529, 237, 667, 3285, 4188, 16, 83, 10, 26366, 162711, 678, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 262, 29089, 111, 70, 12701, 8702, 72173, 2646, 1515, 3387, 5, 1529, 509, 40101, 10, 67573, 54631, 4, 70, 88, 18557, 775, 111, 18813, 24445, 223, 111, 12701, 223, 164, 4, 707, 4, 59499, 47, 436, 184, 11547, 9, 47677, 135360, 1846, 223, 25, 44, 222077, 2347, 408, 58, 15, 568, 5, 856, 5, 10461, 4, 70, 775, 111, 30006, 11, 136, 55609, 223, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mythology.", "Persephone's abduction.", "Adventures of the hero.", "Eleusinian mysteries." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "While Demeter (in the guise of an old woman named Doso) was searching for her daughter Persephone, who had been abducted by Hades, she received a hospitable welcome from Celeus. He asked her to nurse Demophon—\"killer of men\", a counterpart to Triptolemus— and Triptolemus, his sons by Metanira. Demeter saw Triptolemus was sick and fed him her breast milk. Not only did he recover his strength but he instantly became an adult. As another gift to Celeus, in gratitude for his hospitality, Demeter secretly planned to make Demophon immortal by burning away his mortal spirit in the family hearth every night. She was unable to complete the ritual because Metanira walked in on her one night. Instead, Demeter chose to teach Triptolemus the art of agriculture and, from him, the rest of Greece learned to plant and reap crops. He flew across the land on a chariot drawn by dragons while Demeter and Persephone, once restored to her mother, cared for him, and helped him complete his mission of educating the whole of Greece in the art of agriculture. Triptolemus was equally associated with the bestowal of hope for the afterlife associated with the expansion of the Eleusinian Mysteries (Kerenyi 1967 p 123).", "When Triptolemus taught King Lyncus of the Scythians, the arts of agriculture, Lyncus refused to teach it to his people and then tried to murder Triptolemus. As punishment, Demeter turned Lyncus into a lynx. King Charnabon of the Getae also made an attempt on Triptolemus' life, killing one of his dragons to prevent his escape. Demeter intervened again, replacing the dragon and condemning Charnabon to a life of torment. Upon his death, Charnabon was placed in the stars as the constellation Ophiuchus, said to resemble a man trying to kill a serpent, as a warning to mortals who would think to betray those favoured by the gods.", "In the archaic Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Triptolemus is briefly mentioned as one of the original priests of Demeter, one of the first men to learn the secret rites and mysteries of Eleusinian Mysteries: Diocles, Eumolpos, Celeus and Polyxeinus were the others mentioned of the first priests. The role of Triptolemus in the Eleusinian mysteries was exactly defined: \"he had a cult of his own, apart from the Mysteries. One entered his temple on the way to the closed-off sacred precinct, before coming to the former Hekataion, the temple of Artemis outside the great Propylaia.\" (Kerenyi). In the 5th-century bas-relief in the National Museum, Athens (\"illustration\"), which probably came from his temple, the boy Triptolemus stands between the two Goddesses, Demeter and the Kore, and receives from Demeter the ear of grain (of gold, now lost). Porphyry (\"On Abstinence\" IV.22) ascribes to Triptolemus three commandments for a simple, pious life: \"Honor your parents\", \"Honor the gods with fruits\"—for the Greeks, \"fruits\" would include the grain—and \"Spare the animals\" (Kerenyi, p128). Triptolemus is also depicted as a young man with a branch or diadem placed in his hair, usually sitting on his chariot, adorned with serpents. His attributes include a plate of grain, a pair of wheat or barley ears and a scepter. Celeus or the peasant Dysaules may be substituted for Triptolemus as the primordial Eleusinian recipient of the first gifts of the Mysteries." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 48271, 14, 3089, 15, 7496, 6623, 20457, 84164, 44, 294, 3675, 10767, 69376, 19, 58, 23, 160600, 16, 509, 70, 775, 111, 10, 3000, 2465, 377, 1405, 1294, 93324, 136, 10, 84773, 46667, 111, 12610, 127319, 5, 262, 61518, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 59665, 7, 2685, 83, 10176, 47, 42459, 450, 48271, 14, 3089, 90698, 66570, 23937, 3789, 3501, 10, 12610, 4, 136, 1919, 11192, 30648, 28032, 70, 352, 95972, 42459, 7, 450, 764, 509, 31895, 959, 142, 120524, 1884, 5941, 30839, 1771, 14949, 7, 1284, 43257, 10, 73398, 86, 14949, 1884, 1919, 32926, 19635, 1140, 3834, 87, 4, 2750, 159978, 71, 73398, 86, 14949, 2481, 70, 51521, 42615, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 5, 48271, 14, 3089, 33284, 297, 70, 12610, 187, 1176, 136, 49175, 8305, 70, 30648, 7, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 19635, 1140, 3834, 87, 4, 2750, 79986, 71, 70, 24453, 9022, 9, 4200, 420, 111, 70, 12610, 145359, 1295, 73138, 31, 8705, 4, 136, 2750, 509, 47, 24209, 70, 4568, 6, 88940, 748, 47, 79986, 15044, 70, 8394, 48850, 136, 171827, 106706, 7, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 124416, 538, 5, 360, 6, 162982, 4, 19635, 1140, 3834, 9325, 4049, 237, 142, 22, 68153, 47, 70, 29685, 111, 70, 57309, 66, 18813, 7224, 4717, 4830, 23, 313, 58927, 75189, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 10, 88669, 9615, 19929, 33444, 214, 47, 70, 2878, 1363, 111, 135665, 5, 345, 5416, 1919, 30646, 47, 73138, 31, 8705, 99, 70, 65771, 93192, 111, 88669, 22120, 7, 4, 48271, 14, 3089, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 32497, 133427, 1924, 106449, 136, 33662, 7103, 47, 32497, 85727, 4160, 5, 360, 6, 128877, 19635, 1140, 3834, 125568, 71, 48271, 14, 3089, 47, 32497, 82, 171447, 486, 25385, 944, 34579, 29754, 136, 26038, 4049, 75101, 111, 70, 80399, 26548, 70, 159960, 7, 23, 70, 57116, 7, 5, 581, 6, 88940, 748, 125296, 71, 450, 48271, 14, 3089, 5809, 186, 10, 167224, 6, 25958, 4, 136, 47, 3173, 10, 59714, 4817, 678, 4049, 4, 19635, 1140, 3834, 139505, 1919, 30666, 297, 269, 329, 160485, 47, 48271, 14, 3089, 5, 581, 129570, 34739, 3687, 10932, 70, 1733, 111, 48271, 14, 3089, 25, 7, 29752, 47, 57309, 11, 4, 136, 20654, 37838, 160485, 26038, 127319, 47, 10, 775, 4, 2750, 509, 24, 4806, 64037, 134886, 4, 136, 6626, 76849, 7, 4, 5379, 136, 581, 41527, 4526, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 65925, 31678, 56, 748, 60524, 3378, 1995, 23, 6, 131564, 4, 48271, 14, 3089, 104902, 138804, 70, 187, 1176, 450, 19635, 1140, 3834, 2806, 37105, 47, 91375, 53, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 9173, 735, 6862, 4, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 119893, 23, 450, 133868, 5, 6561, 111, 1919, 375, 70367, 20271, 70, 80399, 509, 70, 28896, 9904, 75708, 1631, 1484, 71, 21664, 12259, 4, 2750, 47749, 71, 10, 193984, 14012, 111, 159960, 1771, 119591, 3387, 5, 21664, 12259, 2806, 738, 98, 47, 24209, 48271, 14, 3089, 25, 7, 185256, 64406, 6635, 20271, 1919, 14432, 80997, 237, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 65925, 12610, 50588, 90, 5, 48271, 14, 3089, 157167, 67175, 66570, 99, 70, 9173, 735, 6862, 4, 136, 19635, 1140, 3834, 4, 146353, 297, 390, 70, 80399, 4, 24124, 4049, 237, 10, 332, 41965, 53, 111, 153579, 100, 70, 22690, 81900, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 5, 581, 4568, 6, 88940, 748, 111, 10, 25072, 297, 51651, 6, 140545, 297, 48271, 14, 3089, 158031, 19, 111, 1919, 775, 58744, 3834, 4, 678, 70, 30648, 111, 32497, 82, 171447, 486, 25385, 944, 34579, 29754, 118669, 10836, 15, 1159, 42491, 13, 47749, 42, 247, 16610, 538, 8108, 1919, 47219, 23, 6, 131715, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 47219, 111, 19635, 1140, 3834, 4, 58744, 3834, 100512, 31678, 56, 748, 111, 70, 65925, 12610, 145359, 12960, 1919, 82953, 51210, 3938, 223, 509, 158012, 98, 70, 24453, 9022, 6, 42294, 86, 23, 73138, 31, 8705, 5, 1301, 15044, 3542, 1379, 4588, 4, 19635, 1140, 3834, 6, 140545, 297, 48271, 14, 3089, 237, 70, 517, 1865, 56, 100, 58744, 3834, 24189, 764, 21449, 111, 32070, 5, 1529, 2806, 63043, 47, 765, 2809, 34475, 10, 21373, 31486, 23, 28601, 7, 47, 51210, 3938, 223, 4, 102971, 110, 41371, 493, 41274, 111, 903, 32316, 7, 5, 30097, 9319, 77443, 47, 186, 60266, 6, 88940, 25251, 4, 136, 48271, 14, 3089, 21449, 47, 186, 70, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 47749, 42, 9, 73, 9, 206, 29469, 111, 70, 12610, 50588, 90, 23, 70, 65272, 12960, 1919, 43876, 71970, 44297, 100512, 70, 14537, 50155, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 360, 1919, 31486, 23, 70, 65272, 4, 48271, 14, 3089, 77443, 1919, 77041, 31075, 51120, 25958, 4, 102971, 68894, 22311, 19962, 27699, 390, 97957, 111, 70, 6626, 109343, 29685, 7, 2806, 6, 98333, 4049, 87420, 1919, 80997, 5, 18763, 5117, 187363, 678, 6044, 29685, 44951, 7, 21449, 23, 6, 131715, 5, 581, 28896, 519, 927, 7, 38043, 23, 61187, 56, 2501, 66677, 1902, 78684, 3163, 89829, 21664, 12259, 237, 2363, 60097, 5, 21664, 12259, 7155, 350, 1919, 85689, 53, 678, 51651, 136, 12441, 1919, 3395, 98, 10, 79904, 3934, 6003, 99407, 5, 581, 187, 1176, 91375, 14, 10821, 99, 70, 9173, 735, 6862, 509, 7464, 6, 93457, 71, 5, 33306, 4, 16792, 70, 50588, 90, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 145359, 3542, 95699, 34, 138518, 678, 10453, 6402, 73106, 63239, 23, 14237, 146410, 136, 51712, 4, 71970, 44297, 4, 78894, 13333, 19, 15853, 93660, 111, 70, 24453, 4, 81887, 297, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 678, 21664, 12259, 23, 3445, 5, 90512, 7, 23, 73138, 31, 8705, 92610, 297, 71970, 44297, 509, 23, 192428, 678, 70, 159960, 7, 5, 48271, 14, 3089, 12441, 70, 187, 1176, 3934, 70, 57116, 7, 47, 158, 20549, 70, 159960, 7, 4, 155605, 206990, 2856, 174653, 23, 581, 1192, 538, 5, 129551, 47, 149980, 19, 4, 48271, 14, 3089, 509, 23, 10, 19069, 47, 163684, 2856, 4, 1284, 509, 12989, 297, 390, 51210, 3938, 223, 47, 30646, 70, 24453, 9022, 145359, 25, 7, 84616, 136, 31358, 891, 538, 42, 52638, 5, 48271, 14, 3089, 3332, 33, 3674, 70, 12989, 7, 4, 100, 764, 509, 23, 10, 19069, 47, 8, 88981, 21664, 12259, 25, 7, 159960, 7, 4, 1284, 764, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 29927, 686, 223, 48271, 14, 3089, 15, 74, 46505, 25958, 59121, 237, 48271, 5197, 74, 501, 5, 6, 120301, 46, 1039, 8055, 201, 109168, 509, 10, 11192, 9, 36467, 214, 4537, 24073, 91088, 1515, 34579, 316, 18939, 23, 70, 12610, 187, 1176, 2750, 4, 100, 10, 1733, 4, 100512, 70, 2684, 113138, 332, 23, 70, 65925, 12610, 145359, 5, 1529, 509, 23552, 3000, 2465, 136, 139505, 47, 70, 269, 329, 111, 31678, 56, 748, 19635, 1140, 3834, 87, 74, 1919, 119555, 2408, 100, 70, 1379, 4588, 58744, 3834, 94419, 70, 11192, 6275, 111, 30839, 1771, 129745, 674, 23, 70, 4516, 111, 51651, 5, 24372, 5941, 5369, 111, 91375, 3387, 26548, 10, 14012, 111, 22, 13, 32747, 4, 15044, 95974, 3378, 136, 12610, 4, 10, 36549, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Origins and rise to power.", "Serving Honorius.", "Downfall.", "Aftermath.", "Sources." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Stilicho (Στιλίχων \"Stilíchōn\" in Greek) was the son of a Vandal cavalry officer and a provincial woman of Roman birth. Despite his father's origins there is little to suggest that Stilicho considered himself anything other than a Roman, and his high rank within the empire suggests that he was probably not an Arian like many Germanic Christians but rather a Nicene Christian like his patron Theodosius I, who declared Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire. Stilicho joined the Roman army and rose through the ranks during the reign of Theodosius I, who ruled the Eastern-half of the Roman Empire from Constantinople, and who was to become the last emperor to rule both the eastern and western halves of the empire jointly. In 383, Theodosius sent him as an envoy to the court of the Persian King Shapur III in Ctesiphon to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia. Upon his return to Constantinople at the successful conclusion of peace talks, Stilicho was promoted to comes sacri stabuli and soon after to comes domesticorum. In 393 Theodosius promoted Stilicho to comes et magister utriusque militiae and gave him command of the campaign against the Goths in the Balkans. The emperor recognized that Stilicho could be a valuable ally, and to form a blood tie with him, Theodosius married his adopted niece Serena to Stilicho. The marriage took place around the time of Stilicho's mission to Persia, and ultimately Serena gave birth to a son, who was named Eucherius, and two daughters, Maria and Thermantia. After the death of the Western Emperor Valentinian II in 392, Stilicho helped raise the army that Theodosius would lead to victory at the Battle of the Frigidus, and was one of the Eastern leaders in that battle. One of his comrades during the campaign was the Visigothic warlord Alaric, who commanded a substantial number of Gothic auxiliaries. Alaric would go on to become Stilicho's chief adversary during his later career as the head of the Western Roman armies. Stilicho distinguished himself at the Frigidus, and Theodosius, exhausted by the campaign, saw him as a man worthy of responsibility for the future safety of the empire. The last emperor of a united Rome appointed Stilicho guardian of his son Honorius, with the rank of comes et magister utriusque militiae praesentalis (supreme commander), shortly before his death in 395.", "Following the death of Theodosius, Honorius became Emperor of the Western Roman Empire while his brother Arcadius was placed on the Eastern throne in Constantinople. As both were underage, Theodosius appointed Stilicho as the caretaker for Honorius until he came of age. He would claim to have been given a similar role in regards to Arcadius, although no independent verification of this exists. Neither proved to be effective emperors, and Stilicho came to be the \"de facto\" commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west while his rival Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east. In his role in the west, Stilicho proved his abilities energetically, although political maneuverings by agents of the two imperial courts would hinder him throughout his career. His first brush with such court politics came in 395. The Visigoths living in Lower Moesia had recently elected Alaric as their king. Alaric broke his treaty with Rome and led his people on a raid into Thrace. The army victorious at the Frigidus was still assembled. However, since the armies of the Eastern Empire were occupied with Hunnic incursions in Asia Minor and Syria, Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of the East, attempted to negotiate with Alaric in person. Officials in Constantinople suspected Rufinus was in league with the Goths. Stilicho led the army into the Balkans to confront the Goths, eventually surrounding them somewhere in Thessaly. According to Claudian, Stilicho was in a position to destroy them, but was ordered by Arcadius to return the Eastern Empire's forces and leave Illyricum. Stilicho resented the orders, for he was in a position to defeat Alaric's Goths, but he obeyed them anyway. When the Eastern Empire's forces arrived at Constantinople, Arcadius and Rufinus rode out to meet them. At this meeting Rufinus was murdered by the troops. Many historians suspect the involvement of Stilicho in the assassination/murder of Rufinus. In 396 Stilicho campaigned against the Franks and other Germanic tribes in Gaul. He used the campaign to boost the morale of the western army, which had suffered three consecutive defeats against Theodosius, and to recruit Germanic auxiliaries to bolster its ranks. The next year, in 397, Stilicho defeated Alaric's forces in Macedonia, but Alaric himself escaped into the surrounding mountains. Edward Gibbon, drawing on Zosimus, criticizes Stilicho for being overconfident in victory and indulging in luxury and women, allowing Alaric to escape. Contemporary scholarship disagrees, and finds a variety of possible explanations, including an order from Arcadius directing him to evacuate the Eastern Empire, the unreliability of his mostly barbarian troops, the revolt of Gildo in Africa or the possibility that he simply was never as close to Alaric as Claudian suggests. Later that year, Gildo, a Roman general in Africa, led a revolt in order to place the African provinces, the critical source of Rome's grain supply, under the control of the Eastern Empire. Stilicho sent Mascezel, the brother of Gildo, into Africa with an army, which quickly suppressed the rebellion. However, upon his return to Italy, Mascezel was drowned under questionable circumstances, perhaps on the orders of a jealous Stilicho. The year 400 also saw Stilicho accorded the highest honour within the Roman state by being appointed consul. Stilicho also fought a war in Britain in this time period, likely in the year 398, though a critical analysis of Claudian strongly suggests that it went badly. In 402 Alaric invaded Italy and lay siege to Milan where Honorius was trapped. Stilicho hastened forward with a selected vanguard in advance of his main body of 30,000 troops, breaking the siege of Milan and rescuing the besieged emperor. Alaric had to raise the siege of the city. One of his chieftains implored him to retreat, but Alaric refused. In a surprise attack on Easter Sunday in 402, Stilicho defeated Alaric at the Battle of Pollentia, capturing his camp and his wife. Alaric himself managed to escape with most of his men. This battle was the last victory celebrated in a triumphal march in Rome, which was saved for the time being. In 403 at Verona, Stilicho again bested Alaric, who escaped on swift horse. A truce was made and Alaric went to Illyricum where he and his men were settled in the border provinces of Noricum and Pannonia (probably \"Pannonia Secunda\"). In 405 there was a major invasion of Italy by a combined force of Goths, Alans, Sueves, and Vandals under the command of Radagaisus, disrupting Stilicho's plans to re-take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire with the help of Alaric. Stilicho, scraping together a force of c. 20,000 men (thirty numeri of Roman troops with supporting units of federates like Alans and Huns) through a variety of desperate methods, including efforts to enroll slaves in the army in exchange for their freedom, at Ticinum (Pavia) in 406 led this force against Radagaisus at the beginning of the campaigning season. Fortunately for Stilicho, Radagaisus had split his forces into three divisions; two were pillaging the Italian countryside while the largest contingent under Radagaisus himself was laying siege to Florentia. Stilicho marched his entire army against Radagaisus at Florentia, managed to surprise him and captured almost his entire force. In 405, according to Rutilius Namatianus, \"De Reditu\" 51–60, Stilicho ordered the destruction of the Sibylline Books. The reasons for this are unknown, and the story cannot be verified. In late 406, Stilicho demanded the return of the eastern half of Illyricum (which had been transferred to the administrative control of Constantinople by Theodosius), threatening war if the Eastern Roman Empire resisted. The exact reasons for this are unclear, but there are several theories: 1) Stilicho wanted Illyricum as a recruiting ground for his army (recruiting troops in the western provinces proved difficult because most able bodied men were employed by the western elite which he could afford to antagonize). 2) Stilicho feared that Italy could be invaded from Illyricum if he did not controle the Dioces himself (directly or indirectly through Alaric). 3) Stilicho planned to neutralize Alaric as a threat by employing him and his battle-hardened troops in the Western Empire's defences and made him \"comes et magister militum per Illyricum\" (Stilicho and Alaric would take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire, Alaric would defend Illyricum, leaving Stilicho free to concentrate on the north). A combination of all three is also a possibility.", "In order to protect Italy, the Empire had depleted the Rhine frontier of forces, leaving it defended by \"only the faith of the Germans and the ancient terror of the Roman name\", as Gibbon put it. A massive number of Vandals, Alans, and Suevi from central Europe first defeated the Romans allies, the Franks, and then, on 31 December 406, they crossed the poorly-defended Rhine. These new migrants proceeded to devastate the provinces of Gaul, as well as triggering military revolts there and in Britannia. Stilicho's reputation would never recover from this disaster. The destruction that occurred in Gaul and the lack of an effective response from the court in Ravenna lent support to the rebellion of Constantine III in Britain, which Stilicho proved unable to quash. As Constantine moved his forces into Gaul, Stilicho sent his subordinate Sarus to oppose him. Sarus had some initial success, winning a major victory and killing both of Constantine's \"magistri militum\", but a relief force drove him back and saved the rebellion. Sarus withdrew and Stilicho decided to seal off the Alps to prevent Constantine from threatening Italy. Meanwhile, Constantine's rebellion having interrupted the negotiations between Alaric and Stilicho for the joint attack on Illyria, Alaric demanded the payment he was owed, threatening to attack Italy again if he did not receive a large amount of gold. The senate, \"inspired by the courage, rather than the wisdom, of their predecessors\", as Gibbon put it, favored war with Alaric until Stilicho persuaded them to give into Alaric's demands. They were angry at Stilicho for this, and one of the most outspoken of them, Lampadius, said \"\"Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis\" (This is not peace, but a pact of servitude).\" Stilicho's unsuccessful attempts to deal with Constantine, rumors that he had earlier planned the assassination of Rufinus and that he planned to place his son on the throne following the death of Emperor Arcadius (1 May 408) caused a revolt. The Roman army at Ticinum mutinied on August 13, 408, killing at least seven senior imperial officers (Zosimus 5.32). John Matthews observed that the following events \"have every appearance of a thoroughly co-ordinated coup d'état organized by Stilicho's political opponents\". Stilicho retired to Ravenna, where he was taken into captivity. Stilicho did not resist and was executed on August 22, 408 as was his son, Eucherius, shortly afterwards.", "In the disturbances which followed the downfall and execution of Stilicho, the wives and children of barbarian \"foederati\" throughout Italy were slain by the local Romans. The natural consequence was that these men (estimates describe their numbers as perhaps 30,000 strong) flocked to the protection of Alaric, clamoring to be led against their enemies. The Visigothic warlord accordingly crossed the Julian Alps and began a campaign through the heart of Italy. By September 408, the barbarians stood before the walls of Rome. Without a strong general like Stilicho, Honorius could do little to break the siege, and adopted a passive strategy trying to wait out Alaric, hoping to regather his forces to defeat the Visigoths in the meantime. What followed was two years of political and military manoeuvering, Alaric, king of the Goths, attempting to secure a permanent peace treaty and rights to settle within Roman territory. He besieged Rome three times without attacking while the Roman army of Italy watched helplessly, but only after a fourth failed attempt at a deal was Alaric's siege a success. After months under siege the people of Rome were dying of hunger and some were resorting to cannibalism. Then, the Gothic army broke through the gates and sacked the city in August of 410. Many historians argue that the removal of Stilicho was the main catalyst leading to this monumental event, the first barbarian capture of Rome in nearly eight centuries and a part of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.", "Besides the relevant legal records in the \"Codex Theodosianus\", the major primary source for the events of Stilicho's reign, or at least events prior to 404, are the panegyrics addressed to him by the poet Claudian. For events after 404, Zosimus is a main source, although as a Byzantine, he felt a strong distaste for Stilicho. Stilicho also maintained correspondence with his friend, the renowned pagan senator Symmachus." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 60560, 7, 9842, 678, 10, 64549, 297, 59444, 27585, 707, 10, 259, 6126, 450, 1221, 45367, 3934, 6044, 4, 142, 187, 4806, 88898, 42, 4, 136, 10, 90097, 14012, 111, 54427, 4295, 5, 60560, 7, 88898, 70, 22288, 136, 9842, 914, 9319, 214, 65514, 11814, 47, 45367, 78301, 25072, 7, 136, 33976, 7, 136, 47, 25188, 116086, 7, 707, 118299, 5, 57945, 7, 6044, 237, 23189, 25072, 7, 4, 64549, 214, 33976, 7, 4, 200, 30319, 22, 195, 53, 25072, 7, 3021, 5, 4, 85168, 70, 58585, 16981, 26847, 5, 1913, 24233, 16981, 6275, 159399, 7, 16200, 7, 4, 92865, 85168, 109923, 9035, 450, 1543, 186, 69347, 23, 100, 126381, 1295, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 2005, 6406, 4, 3129, 831, 26698, 25072, 7, 4, 116086, 7, 4, 707, 65514, 5, 581, 6712, 42658, 90, 21373, 47, 2684, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 27528, 24189, 1632, 5609, 199747, 7, 5, 360, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 830, 70, 58585, 129745, 7, 8305, 39713, 21533, 44, 284, 4188, 830, 33636, 214, 186768, 1733, 14922, 7, 74, 6097, 22691, 17203, 47, 117396, 136912, 7, 4, 25072, 7, 4, 136, 33976, 7, 5, 10660, 26698, 70, 156457, 72944, 4, 3129, 33636, 7, 70, 103882, 53, 136, 64222, 1363, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 390, 28811, 7, 136, 114864, 70, 58585, 47, 88898, 136, 85493, 2363, 111503, 74, 70, 192568, 141, 72944, 4, 3129, 33636, 7, 70, 28811, 60075, 66, 6889, 3934, 70, 44, 46568, 6661, 58, 136, 51, 21135, 7, 39395, 116338, 25072, 7, 74, 70, 1326, 87463, 72944, 4, 3129, 33636, 7, 70, 10204, 41274, 111, 70, 28811, 46512, 3387, 4, 51, 21135, 7, 10204, 7, 4, 136, 114864, 70, 58585, 47, 765, 10, 1286, 28484, 116338, 74, 70, 81207, 72944, 4, 3129, 185553, 7, 10, 37515, 111503, 4, 4743, 23, 2831, 47, 31461, 3387, 2451, 712, 157000, 71, 33976, 7, 450, 191082, 27489, 65514, 707, 4927, 33150, 53, 2451, 2940, 51, 21135, 7, 756, 25072, 7, 136, 109923, 9035, 74, 136, 70, 163628, 72944, 4, 3129, 51, 21135, 7, 756, 33976, 7, 136, 116086, 7, 4, 136, 114864, 398, 47, 25379, 25072, 136, 177953, 109923, 9035, 10, 17932, 1733, 5, 3164, 62, 4188, 11034, 15381, 136, 43780, 47, 129745, 47, 4, 40494, 70, 192568, 141, 72944, 4, 3129, 4734, 84458, 15381, 15, 10253, 194, 581, 27167, 111, 32070, 129745, 674, 83, 145322, 141, 4, 1284, 14602, 959, 285, 53, 17721, 91944, 5256, 5, 209683, 47, 70, 44, 1249, 748, 2355, 7, 58, 5426, 23, 44, 284, 429, 111, 172555, 25443, 830, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 58, 4527, 7, 10, 44, 106144, 37434, 66, 12353, 58, 47, 80731, 9396, 90, 98, 10, 65771, 129745, 674, 47, 15700, 32070, 5, 14847, 70, 58585, 55076, 7, 47, 129745, 47, 70, 11737, 32070, 4, 2750, 83, 34475, 70, 44126, 111, 6626, 707, 1286, 44, 106144, 37434, 10133, 58, 450, 22691, 2856, 678, 10, 12921, 9396, 98, 218873, 2856, 5, 581, 73826, 3378, 83, 34475, 10, 4537, 29367, 44759, 1295, 70, 14922, 450, 56104, 44961, 7, 70, 9396, 450, 442, 76199, 12, 100, 27781, 4, 44, 3957, 24955, 1419, 58, 76199, 70, 58585, 22759, 552, 19725, 4, 12960, 44, 3957, 9082, 58, 76199, 77488, 76456, 842, 1205, 67, 1314, 136, 1632, 63847, 111, 99162, 4927, 33150, 53, 5, 1301, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 2005, 6406, 51312, 7, 23, 17366, 4, 1286, 73826, 72004, 621, 51, 21135, 297, 2451, 257, 10, 34515, 111, 1632, 100, 11907, 1492, 2005, 6406, 90926, 2451, 2037, 47, 17366, 1496, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 58, 114864, 70, 58585, 47, 11301, 237, 136659, 12921, 91944, 5256, 12, 195374, 4, 56101, 4, 92265, 4, 82528, 21325, 13, 4, 174705, 4, 102374, 4, 30839, 4, 136, 71047, 47126, 5, 98423, 111, 70, 136659, 91944, 5256, 1556, 6863, 10002, 90254, 7, 136, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 136, 36998, 25072, 7, 19882, 4734, 47, 450, 91944, 1363, 5, 209052, 25072, 7, 100, 12638, 91944, 1363, 621, 4331, 27686, 25674, 135440, 25072, 7, 4, 217063, 117396, 9396, 90, 98, 70, 135440, 116086, 23, 70, 81207, 72944, 4, 1284, 99, 142, 124735, 27167, 5, 581, 58585, 831, 15549, 70, 9351, 111, 2363, 2005, 6406, 4, 70, 56489, 9351, 4, 136, 83, 34475, 10, 479, 9, 76, 4806, 57724, 1295, 2831, 111, 70, 14922, 15, 2472, 27781, 4, 113157, 80469, 30738, 100, 70, 92265, 192568, 141, 145359, 4, 9763, 1399, 669, 70, 5695, 19, 14486, 2517, 100, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 136, 23698, 70, 148503, 2661, 100, 70, 102374, 145359, 194, 98423, 91944, 1363, 1556, 36998, 109923, 9035, 47, 36442, 6863, 15380, 4, 111503, 136, 116338, 15, 2472, 27781, 4, 70, 71047, 47126, 621, 19048, 47, 12989, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 58, 83, 70, 5117, 6712, 23, 70, 36549, 47, 65508, 70, 44, 55376, 6406, 58, 23755, 5, 581, 2005, 6406, 32354, 7, 237, 10, 17932, 26349, 4, 10, 14537, 23923, 450, 83, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 36457, 6712, 5, 1650, 53418, 186, 52875, 297, 707, 163684, 297, 4, 102971, 142, 163628, 72944, 116086, 35839, 44, 166191, 2873, 58, 7279, 7, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 233, 54137, 7, 1295, 217063, 2005, 6406, 109923, 9035, 5, 209683, 47, 10, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 6712, 62816, 4, 70, 2005, 6406, 83, 70560, 2517, 17721, 27528, 4, 91084, 450, 116086, 7, 21647, 297, 8305, 84797, 27528, 831, 186, 190659, 136, 24765, 190659, 100, 237, 4989, 237, 450, 17311, 26349, 32316, 7, 5, 19335, 8705, 2005, 44156, 90, 831, 186, 75935, 136, 76104, 297, 4, 102971, 12638, 8060, 7, 4734, 1632, 91944, 1363, 5, 581, 2005, 6406, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 43606, 5201, 33976, 7, 1295, 3129, 70, 58585, 55076, 7, 2363, 3525, 109923, 674, 126381, 136, 178036, 21094, 12, 581, 2356, 6661, 125362, 33734, 4, 70, 67485, 53, 62903, 4, 70, 234120, 4, 70, 204914, 238, 109561, 75628, 136, 70, 1950, 3422, 5, 60560, 7, 831, 2843, 17203, 70, 2005, 6406, 20271, 10, 14858, 390, 18158, 214, 98, 70, 44, 55376, 6406, 58, 77679, 33636, 297, 98, 70, 22438, 397, 237, 70, 64857, 25, 7, 49938, 5, 581, 2005, 6406, 32354, 7, 12921, 538, 46132, 10, 6712, 5, 175399, 581, 25072, 7, 111, 44, 284, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 72944, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 83, 10, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 1202, 6712, 126809, 390, 7244, 84829, 25, 7, 214069, 137869, 136, 91376, 390, 7244, 13547, 137869, 5, 581, 4727, 11389, 509, 196, 3674, 645, 136, 126809, 136, 91376, 390, 5581, 10325, 56, 25, 7, 4727, 165606, 5, 581, 6107, 11389, 509, 121447, 98, 18374, 543, 4, 4078, 23, 23924, 21629, 136, 7582, 201, 4, 4078, 23, 14713, 4, 12960, 70, 4727, 11389, 509, 121447, 98, 7582, 21416, 3295, 23, 23924, 21629, 136, 6088, 30777, 3295, 23, 14713, 5, 893, 541, 9, 724, 4588, 11389, 111, 70, 6712, 126809, 390, 80488, 19745, 509, 121447, 98, 7071, 29835, 20938, 1650, 83, 70, 50960, 6712, 111, 70, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 58, 36549, 136, 70, 40, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "Civilizations.", "Home Cities.", "Units.", "Buildings.", "Plot.", "Act I: Blood.", "Act II: Ice.", "Act III: Steel.", "Development.", "Technical features.", "Audio.", "Release history.", "Reception.", "Graphics.", "Sound effects.", "Single-player campaign.", "Multiplayer.", "Awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Players begin with a constructed town center or a wagon that will build into such, an armed explorer, and a modest number of villagers. Players explore the map and begin gathering resources used to build additional units and buildings and to research upgrades or technologies. Actions such as training units, constructing buildings, killing enemy units etc., earn the player experience points. At certain experience point thresholds, players earn shipments that may be turned in for cards from the player's Home City, which can include units, upgrades, or resources. The game progresses similar to most real-time strategy games until one side resigns. In \"Age of Empires III\", the player advances through technological \"Ages\", representing historical time periods; these provide access to greater improvements, units, and buildings. They include the Discovery Age, which represents the discovery and exploration of the Americas by Europeans and allows the player to explore and develop their economy; the Colonial Age, which represents the European Expansion into the \"New World\" and unlocks early military units; the Fortress Age, which represents the fortification of the European colonies, unlocks forts, and allows the player to have a more complete military; the Industrial Age, which triggers a strong economy, due in part to factories—advanced buildings that automatically produce resources or artillery—and unlocks all units and shipments; and the Imperial Age, which unlocks all buildings and upgrades, and allows you to send unit and resource shipments a second time. All Ages cost food and coin to advance to, except the Colonial Age, which only costs food (800). The price of age advancement is incremental, but does not vary between civilizations. Similar to the \"minor gods\" system in \"Age of Mythology\", \"Age of Empires III\" uses a \"Politician System\" to grant bonuses on a successful advancement to another age. When the player chooses to advance to the next age, who is given the choice of two or more \"Politicians\" that provide them with a different bonus on choosing them. The Politician is given a generalized title from the period that usually reflects the bonus that it gives: for example, \"The Naturalist\" gives the player four cows, while \"The General\" gives twelve musketeers and one piece of heavy artillery. As the player's Home City increases in level, more Politicians are unlocked—at a rate of one for every ten Home City levels—up to level 60.", "\"Age of Empires III\" allows the player to play as eight different civilizations: Spanish, British, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, German, and Ottomans. Each of the eight civilizations has its own strengths and weaknesses and unique units available only to that civilization. Specific units for each civilization are designated Royal Guard units, receiving greater bonuses on the Guard upgrade in the Industrial Age, but at an increased price. The player can change the name of their Home City, the Explorer name, and is given a pre-named leader from part of the period (for example, Napoleon Bonaparte for the French Colonial Empire, Suleiman the Magnificent for Ottoman Empire, and Ivan the Terrible for the Russian Empire). Each civilization has unique shipments to aid its cultural, economy and military (for example, the Ottomans are able to order", "\"Age of Empires III\" is the first game in the series to introduce the \"Home City\" concept. The Home City functions as a second city, a powerhouse that is separated from the active game. It cannot be attacked or destroyed, although an Imperial Age upgrade called \"Blockade\" stops the player's opponents from receiving Home City shipments. Similar to a role-playing game character, the Home City is persistent between games, meaning that upgrades gained through separate games can be applied and stay applied for as long as that particular city exists. Multiple Home Cities can be created and maintained, although each supports only one civilization. The Home City is composed of five main buildings from which the player chooses their new shipment cards and customizations: The New World Trading Company, the Military Academy, the Cathedral, the Manufacturing Plant and the Harbor. Players can also access the Home City during a match by clicking on the \"Home City\" button represented on the HUD as the nation's flag. The Home City functions differently inside a game. Instead", "The units of \"Age of Empires III\" are based, as in previous iterations of the game, around military classes of the historic time period. The player controls a variety of civilian and military units, and uses them to expand and develop their civilization, as well as wage war against opponents. The base unit of a game is the settler, responsible for gathering resources and constructing buildings, in order to improve the economy of the civilization. The number of units a player can control in a scenario is limited by a \"population limit\", a common real-time strategy game mechanic.", "Buildings play a big role in gameplay, as they are used for training civilian and military units, researching improvements, supporting population, providing structural defense or as resource providers. The buildings portrayed in \"Age of Empires III\" resemble the architectural design of that era. All of the games in the series share several buildings, including the Town Center and Docks. The appearance and attributes of a building change as the player advances through the Ages, and some civilizations have", "The story-based campaign mode consists of related scenarios with preset objectives, such as destroying a given building. In \"Age of Empires III\", the campaign follows the fictional Black family in a series of three \"Acts\", which divide the story arc into three generations. All three acts are narrated by Amelia Black (Tasia Valenza). Instead of playing as one of the standard civilizations, the player takes command of a special civilization that is linked to the character or period that each Act portrays. Most units of the player civilizations speak in English language, with the exception of unique units such as Spanish Rodeleros, Spanish Lancers, German Ulhans and German War Wagons.", "During Act I, the player assumes command of the Knights of St. John, which resembles the Spanish civilization. In the late 16th century, Morgan Black—a Scottish-born mid-level commander of the Knights of Saint John—is defending their last stronghold on Malta from the forces of Sahin \"The Falcon\" of the Ottoman Empire (in a telling of the Great Siege of Malta). When the Ottomans send in their great bombards, Morgan then lights a signal fire to call in supporting cavalry led by his superior, Alain Magnan, who drive", "During Act II, the player plays as John Black's Mercenaries, which is modeled after the German civilization with some elements of the French civilization. In the mid-eighteenth century, Morgan's grandson, John Black, and his Mohawk friend Kanyenke are on their way through the Carolinas to Brunswick with their band of mercenaries after the colony's governor and John's uncle, Stuart Black, summons them. After defending the colony against Cherokee raiders, John and Kanyenke attack the Cherokee war camps, forcing the Cherokee to arrange a truce. While John, Kanyenke, and most of the colony's garrison are away at the following negotiations, both they and Brunswick are attacked by a British army led by General Warwick, who captures the town. Warwick captures Stuart and begins questioning him about the location of the Lake of the Moon. John and Kanyenke return and drive Warwick's forces from Brunswick, but Warwick and Stuart are gone. John concludes that the Circle of Ossus has returned. Kanyenke believes that his sister, Nonahkee, could be in danger, and the pair leaves for New England. They find Warwick attacking Nonahkee's village, hoping to", "During Act III, the player plays as the U.S. civilization (only available in the campaign), which resembles the British civilization. In 1817 (five years after Nathaniel's death in 1812), the narrative shifts to Amelia Black, the granddaughter of John Black and Nathaniel's daughter, and heiress owner of The Falcon Company, a railroad company. Her sights are set on expanding new railroad operations in the United States after the compensation given by the British and Americans for John Black's sacrifice was exhausted by Nathaniel. After defeating a rival railroad company and laying track to supply the US Cavalry near the Mexican border, Amelia meets French prospector Pierre Beaumont, who helps her and US Cavalry commander Major Ryan Cooper defeat a Mexican army attacking a fort. Beaumont leads Amelia to a mine in Colorado, where she meets an aged Kanyenke, who has brought Cooper and the cavalry with him. Kanyenke reveals Beaumont as the leader of Circle of Ossus. Amelia, Kanyenke, and Cooper chase Beaumont through the mines, where they", "", "\"Age of Empires III\" builds on and introduces new features to the \"Age of Mythology\" engine, called \"Bang! Engine\". One new feature is the inclusion of the Havok physics simulation middleware engine on the Windows version and", "The \"Age of Empires III\" original soundtrack features an original musical score composed by Ensemble Studios musicians Stephen Rippy and Kevin McMullan, whose previous work includes other games in the \"Age of Empires\" series as well as \"Age of Mythology\". It was released on November 11, 2005 by Sumthing Else Music Works. Stephen Rippy, music and sound director at Ensemble Studios, said, \"\"Age of Empires III\" is a game with an epic topic — it covers the colonization of the Americas over a period of some three hundred years, so it needed to have an epic-sounding score", "Following the announcement of the game on January 4, 2005, a trial version was released on September 7, 2005. This contained a cut-down version of the game, introducing new features, such as two campaign scenarios, two random map scenarios (New England and Texas) and access to two civilizations (British and Spanish), and a variety of modifications. An updated demo version was made available with the game's release on September 22, 2005. As part of \"Age of Empires III\" launch, Ensemble Studios announced the release of Age of Empires III Fan Site Kit on September 9, 2005. The release of the game on September 22, 2005 saw two separate editions being made available. The standard edition included the game and manual, a collector's edition version in a presentation box that includes the official soundtrack, extra documentation, a hardback book titled \"Art of Empires\" that contains concept art and 3D renders from the game and a DVD entitled \"The Making of Age of Empires III\". The release of the game has been followed by a series of patches that have fixed minor bugs in the software or added new features. Ensemble Studios released an expansion for the game named \"\" on October 17, 2006. It contains three new native civilizations that can be completely controlled: The Iroquois Confederation, the Great Sioux Nation, and the Aztecs. New content for existing European civilizations, maps and gameplay additions (such as the \"revolution\" feature, in which players can \"revolt\" from their mother country and start an active military coup in the game) was added. A second expansion pack, \"\", was announced on May 18, 2007 and features three Asian civilizations: the Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. It was released on October 23, 2007. A Mac OS X port of the game was released on November 13, 2006 by MacSoft, followed by the first expansion on June 18, 2007. In 2009, when Ensemble Studios was closed and no support was to expect by the successor company Robot Entertainment, the game community tried to provide game support and fixes of remaining issues themselves, for instance with fan patches. Both the original game and the first expansion were made available in a single collection titled \"Gold Edition\" on October 23, 2007. On November 21, 2010, Microsoft sold the game including its two expansion packs as a part of its relaunch of its Games for Windows Live platform for 10 cents or 10 Microsoft points. The overwhelming and unanticipated demand created a shortage of account keys leaving some of those who had purchased the game through the promotion unable to install the game. Microsoft remedied this issue by assuring all customers who purchased the game that account keys would be generated within one week and automatically uploaded to each profile. As a result of this promotion the overall sales of the game have sharply increased.", "\"Age of Empires III\" was well received by critics and reviewers. The game received an average score of 82% according to GameRankings. \"Age of Empires III\" was listed as the eighth best-selling PC game of 2005, and over two million copies of it had been sold by May 2007. GameSpot pointed out that \"\"Age of Empires III\" has some very big shoes to fill\", and GameSpy remarked that it \"may not redefine real-time strategy gaming, but it sets the bar so high that we will be comparing games to this for years\". IGN also commented on the game, saying \"\"Age of Empires III\" is a superbly balanced and polished game\", and: \"Discounting a few niggles in the interface, the whole presentation is rock solid.\" Game Revolution said that it is \"as detailed as a history book, and about as much fun\", while GameZone stated it is \"one purchase you will not come to regret\". \"Age of Empires III\" was the eighth best-selling PC game of 2005 despite its late release, and sold over 2 million copies by May 2007. It received a \"Gold\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.", "The game's visuals were highly praised by reviewers. In a preview, IGN said that \"After seeing the screenshots, our jaws hit the floor at the amount of detail\", while in their review, 1UP.com described it as \"one of the most beautiful games you will put on your computer for the foreseeable", "GameZone praised the game's sound effects, saying that \"you will feel the explosions of the cannon balls, the muskets firing their endless volleys, and the destruction", "Reviewers were divided about the single-player campaign. GameSpot thought it was \"standard for a real-time strategy game\", but also complained that it had \"less-than-stellar voice work and awkward cutscenes\"; GameSpy agreed that \"\"Age of Empires III\"s campaign is not revolutionary\", but thought that \"the voice acting is great\". IGN praised the campaign's story, in that it gave the player a \"nice sense of purpose\";", "\"Age of Empires III\"s multiplayer was the first in the series to be integrated into the game interface and was highly lauded, as was the Home City concept. The topic of multiplayer was touched by GameZone, who said \"this game demands multiplayer mode, and Ensemble Studios provided this for the players\", while at 1UP, the reviewer commented similarly, stating, \"Multiplayer support has", "\"Age of Empires III\" won \"PC Gamer US\"s \"Best Real-Time Strategy Game 2005\" award. The magazine's Brett Todd wrote, \"It was astounding how Ensemble managed to stick to the historical RTS formula yet keep the gameplay feeling fresh.\" The game was presented with two awards by GameSpy in 2005: \"Real-time strategy game of the year\" and \"Best Graphics\". GameSpy highly praised the game overall, giving it 5 stars in its review, which particularly noted the graphics and multiplayer experience. The game was named fifth-best game of 2005 by GameSpy. Other awards, including an \"Outstanding\" from GameZone, reflect the positive" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 50961, 111, 70, 6661, 64166, 11588, 4, 111, 3129, 70, 92016, 68718, 7, 15, 62068, 136, 32964, 6661, 64166, 11588, 16, 3542, 70, 27585, 152667, 7, 4, 509, 29024, 14, 4126, 237, 142, 27081, 75312, 8202, 13452, 136, 13986, 147, 31251, 297, 390, 6765, 14434, 4240, 14191, 5, 581, 13452, 509, 179140, 47, 4358, 15226, 102, 119066, 61187, 56, 147037, 5, 581, 13452, 509, 203251, 390, 70, 13791, 210221, 111, 2356, 5753, 136, 2356, 101033, 4, 3129, 1274, 2822, 107653, 146410, 34, 149958, 6102, 14, 5, 1529, 21449, 1257, 678, 70, 6528, 111, 33976, 138241, 47, 42844, 5, 24372, 1119, 41745, 272, 9807, 118, 21094, 4, 70, 2356, 101033, 136, 2356, 5753, 22836, 27759, 7, 4, 3129, 1601, 41079, 70, 13791, 210221, 4, 78205, 71, 47, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 6661, 64166, 11588, 99, 70, 6436, 96190, 1764, 4, 105866, 23, 70, 92319, 9, 25617, 16128, 111, 147037, 5, 717, 40407, 53, 70, 2356, 101033, 27759, 4, 70, 13791, 210221, 176506, 47, 22113, 70, 4620, 9167, 18, 215528, 619, 147037, 85736, 52562, 15, 25723, 4806, 47, 13791, 210221, 11062, 9, 841, 1674, 1681, 247, 3129, 6181, 297, 375, 561, 23962, 1295, 2356, 101033, 24372, 132556, 6661, 64166, 11588, 509, 88303, 23, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 70, 6661, 64166, 11588, 27140, 1902, 10, 3622, 111, 59671, 33976, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 70, 2684, 135818, 64333, 3542, 70, 5201, 92016, 68718, 7, 88303, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 2451, 62068, 6661, 64166, 11588, 509, 70, 23924, 68718, 4, 136, 32964, 6661, 64166, 11588, 509, 70, 25134, 68718, 5, 98423, 47, 6488, 509, 645, 11192, 4, 136, 95699, 34, 138518, 1672, 111, 70, 3622, 111, 70, 1764, 25, 7, 3551, 5, 133698, 10, 24234, 108870, 23, 29733, 4, 149958, 6102, 14, 509, 37170, 4, 44, 168754, 6626, 12062, 9, 86385, 33976, 7, 32, 44084, 959, 1632, 23336, 9, 86385, 33976, 2953, 18763, 57553, 509, 4, 44, 568, 15935, 25, 18, 3444, 47, 388, 13, 70, 14135, 105994, 1242, 14847, 442, 509, 47, 48398, 1810, 98, 18374, 4, 32158, 4, 6561, 6661, 64166, 11588, 100512, 70, 35835, 271, 33976, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 613, 13409, 214, 70, 145359, 22836, 104919, 4, 3129, 1902, 2161, 22482, 17480, 26527, 4, 10, 17262, 9, 187911, 11476, 7155, 350, 1810, 98, 70, 534, 927, 74912, 111, 70, 23924, 68718, 5, 581, 11476, 93403, 8305, 70, 56458, 111, 70, 33976, 47, 70, 483, 927, 136, 616, 927, 74912, 7, 4, 237, 70, 125001, 1363, 100, 203599, 114457, 7, 4, 105866, 23, 10, 19537, 939, 91, 44645, 450, 13028, 79259, 538, 17721, 74912, 7, 4, 1902, 2809, 17, 13866, 3674, 5, 79200, 7, 2684, 195052, 390, 70, 11476, 3542, 1119, 34971, 164, 5252, 39555, 109312, 4, 136, 70, 7311, 11476, 509, 3884, 1810, 23, 10, 10846, 21974, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 82649, 509, 98, 70, 534, 927, 74912, 4, 7440, 70, 11476, 509, 160692, 297, 390, 100348, 7, 152382, 678, 15122, 4, 57913, 9, 77007, 79552, 100, 23179, 116491, 4, 136, 3789, 23179, 98154, 5, 31143, 98869, 214, 30312, 70, 158285, 4, 136, 1913, 382, 32909, 10, 5, 39, 5, 15, 17610, 618, 16, 98, 6088, 534, 4, 103844, 43606, 112784, 11050, 7, 148272, 71, 678, 144, 9, 214785, 150631, 297, 15672, 75353, 189932, 534, 3934, 70, 144477, 9022, 49304, 112, 111, 70, 23924, 68718, 17721, 70, 17461, 4216, 136, 10078, 927, 74912, 7, 5, 132556, 8927, 14633, 14432, 4, 99, 483, 28724, 10, 5, 39, 5, 15, 17610, 618, 247, 10, 17932, 21115, 111, 42998, 7, 150631, 297, 70, 112784, 76622, 14098, 75353, 189932, 36213, 3934, 70, 127067, 9022, 49304, 112, 111, 70, 25134, 68718, 4, 22223, 6048, 17721, 70, 14154, 927, 136, 9365, 927, 74912, 7, 5, 3311, 483, 26451, 10, 5, 39, 5, 15, 17610, 618, 247, 70, 25134, 68718, 3365, 127966, 71, 7103, 6818, 592, 100, 189275, 9103, 14633, 5, 24372, 6818, 592, 100, 30669, 14633, 4, 70, 23924, 68718, 3365, 127966, 71, 4743, 47, 118990, 141, 137578, 99, 209, 28270, 10, 5, 39, 5, 15, 17610, 618, 194, 14847, 70, 23924, 68718, 3365, 127966, 71, 4, 8, 35611, 77736, 98, 70, 43573, 1272, 361, 6661, 64166, 11588, 4, 51047, 9966, 442, 136, 72134, 11476, 7, 5, 581, 11476, 7, 96865, 297, 100, 77168, 214, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 7311, 6661, 64166, 11588, 4, 2685, 509, 29865, 118861, 70, 22690, 111, 70, 6661, 64166, 11588, 1764, 5, 8622, 3542, 152132, 7, 100, 6863, 456, 238478, 39555, 109312, 4, 136, 390, 5726, 4, 70, 61187, 56, 147037, 55441, 84829, 1902, 5808, 297, 10, 130412, 47, 83324, 3642, 47, 4527, 70, 1764, 5, 581, 152132, 7, 3542, 2831, 111, 10, 150679, 1774, 47, 21502, 119066, 70, 6088, 534, 52875, 7, 136, 456, 177149, 70, 27140, 5, 14847, 70, 3835, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 5117, 68807, 111, 4331, 7, 4, 10, 17932, 4, 1286, 9803, 130412, 34739, 3687, 23, 14487, 5726, 4, 23, 3129, 10, 4331, 390, 11555, 43278, 90, 68347, 509, 133291, 237, 70, 159690, 5, 3293, 4331, 1379, 74797, 5941, 111666, 7, 4, 5201, 538, 6637, 111, 217573, 9035, 678, 106001, 174821, 57035, 18055, 4, 2750, 34658, 70, 95, 6991, 47, 70, 6661, 64166, 11588, 1764, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 8622, 509, 35778, 8780, 50509, 214, 70, 84046, 14012, 111, 74912, 7, 450, 3542, 4331, 27686, 100, 23179, 32628, 136, 3789, 37938, 31075, 23, 142, 39395, 1774, 5, 87293, 15751, 74912, 7, 2806, 765, 2809, 57990, 2661, 4, 136, 70, 3622, 23179, 32628, 111, 70, 456, 978, 24908, 6661, 64166, 11588, 27140, 2806, 765, 2809, 34390, 71, 390, 1286, 3501, 23, 225490, 678, 70, 7311, 27140, 5, 581, 74912, 17475, 509, 566, 144429, 390, 57035, 18055, 4, 2750, 36510, 297, 50509, 450, 77546, 74912, 7, 2806, 186, 10, 400, 41159, 23, 70, 19732, 111, 10, 22690, 42998, 52875, 707, 3789, 45559, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 33976, 25, 7, 155955, 2806, 581, 128201, 238, 107767, 34165, 111, 6561, 6661, 64166, 11588, 509, 21, 532, 23, 10, 405, 26973, 299, 98, 20414, 201, 4, 44211, 581, 6, 34165, 1902, 142, 6, 101287, 134598, 538, 59121, 390, 79281, 821, 5, 13316, 2590, 18055, 5, 33306, 4, 50961, 509, 8, 5259, 297, 24189, 3295, 4743, 47, 167956, 7, 645, 17265, 4, 48031, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6561, 6661, 64166, 11588, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 6561, 6661, 64166, 4, 6561, 601, 20499, 4, 707, 129168, 68718, 16, 83, 70, 5201, 33976, 111, 70, 456, 978, 24908, 6661, 64166, 11588, 27140, 23, 61187, 56, 147037, 4, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 6561, 601, 20499, 83, 70, 35835, 271, 33976, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 35835, 271, 33976, 23, 70, 65925, 14313, 14, 157695, 4, 136, 70, 59671, 927, 9, 91569, 525, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 1601, 91569, 45646, 1556, 70, 5701, 9351, 237, 70, 23924, 68718, 111, 70, 7311, 6661, 64166, 11588, 4, 3129, 509, 163684, 297, 23, 70, 42998, 52875, 7, 111, 6088, 534, 4, 55197, 581, 3525, 20704, 7, 15182, 1264, 9157, 7, 98, 70, 144477, 25617, 107767, 111, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Original building (1971–2001).", "Construction.", "Specifications and operations.", "Incidents.", "September 11 attacks.", "Current building (2013–present).", "Planning and early development.", "Construction and later development.", "Opening and post-opening.", "Estimated cost and funding.", "Architecture and design.", "Incidents.", "Controversies.", "Owners and tenants.", "Key figures.", "Developer.", "Key project coordinators.", "Port Authority construction workers." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "", "The construction of the World Trade Center, of which the Twin Towers (One and Two World Trade Center) were the centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan. The project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. He came up with the idea of building twin towers. After extensive negotiations, the New Jersey and New York State governments, which supervise the Port Authority, consented to the construction of the World Trade Center at the Radio Row site, located in the lower-west area of Manhattan. To satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (renamed to Port Authority Trans-Hudson), which transported commuters from New Jersey", "After Seven World Trade Center was built in the 1980s, the World Trade Center complex had a total of seven buildings; however, the most notable ones were the main Twin Towers built in the 1970s—One World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower. Each tower was over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His response was, \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When it was topped out on October, 1971, One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world, surpassing the Empire State Building, which had", "On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower. The fire spread through the core of the building to the 9th and 14th floors, as the insulation for telephone cables, located in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors, had been ignited. Areas most affected by the fire were extinguished almost immediately, and the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was on the 11th floor, where the fire was fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel, and", "At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors. By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT). When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for", "", "Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine how to use the site. The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex. When the public rejected the first round of designs, a second, more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner. This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time. There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than in comparison with the original complex. The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would", "The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004. The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J. Finkelstein. However, construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security, and design. The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006. Soon after, explosives were detonated at the construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the building's foundation, onto which of concrete was poured by November 2007. In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the public were invited to sign the first steel beam installed onto the building's base. It was welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006. Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward, so the tower's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year. In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Construction of the tower's concrete core, which began after the cranes arrived, reached street level by May 17. However, construction of the base was not finished until two years later, after which construction of the office floors began, and the first glass windows were subsequently installed; during 2010, floors were constructed at a rate of about one per week. An advanced \"cocoon\" scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling, and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure in the city. The tower reached 52 floors and was over tall by December 2010. The tower's steel frame was halfway complete by then, but grew to 82 floors by the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its concrete flooring had reached 72 floors and the glass cladding had reached 56 floors. In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from \"Freedom Tower\" to \"One World Trade Center\", stating that this name was the \"easiest for people to identify with.\" The change came after board members of the Port Authority voted to sign a 21-year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which would become the building's first commercial tenant to sign a lease. Vantone plans to create the China Center, a trade and cultural facility, covering 191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69. Detailed floor plans of the tower were posted on New York City's Department of Finance website in May 2011. This resulted in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area, who warned that the plans could potentially be used for a future terrorist attack. While under construction, the tower was", "On November 1, 2014, moving trucks started moving items for the tower's first occupying tenant, magazine publisher Condé Nast, from its old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade Center. \"The New York Times\" noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the building of the new", "An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter). However, the tower's total estimated construction cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, making it the most expensive building in the world at the time. The tower's construction", "Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the 2002 competition were discarded from the tower's final design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower's central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being an off-center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty. One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three-dimensional Building Information Model. The building occupies a square, with an area of, nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower is built upon a tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground-level attacks. Originally, the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable. The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night. Cable-net glass façades on all four sides of the building for the higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. The façades are high, and range in width from on the east and west sides, on the north side, and on the south side. The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon. From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's cubic base are chamfered back, shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism. Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 408-foot (124 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna – designed in a collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers, and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light is projected horizontally from the spire and shines over above the tower. David Childs of SOM, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the tower's design:", "In March 2014, the tower was scaled by 16-year-old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in a fence. He was subsequently arrested on trespassing charges. He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator operator to lift him to the tower's 88th floor, according to news sources. He then used stairways to get to the 104th floor, walked past a sleeping security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the antenna, where he took pictures for two hours. The elevator operator was reassigned, and the guard was fired. It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry to the site. Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.", "The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor, called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers. This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called \"Windows on the World Wine School\", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly. Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt, the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has outraged some observers. The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy Murdock of the \"National Review\", have said that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the building \"the Fear Tower\". Nicolai Ouroussoff, the architecture critic for \"The New York Times\", calls the tower base a \"grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia\".", "One World Trade Center is principally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in exchange for an investment of at least $100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing, property management, and tenant installations. By September 2012, around 55 percent of the building's floor space had been leased, but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014; the amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent by November 2014. In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year lease, with an option to extend the lease's term and occupy up to. The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to a lease of around, and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy around. However, the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract. In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor; in 2013, Legends Hospitality", "", "Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site's redevelopment process. Before construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regarding the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14 million, gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed. After the September 11 attacks, there were a series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original towers; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed. After a trial resulted, a verdict was given on April 29, 2004. The", "David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged him to do so. He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day-to-day design and development. Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a plan for the new tower in 2002. He gave an initial proposal, which he called \"Memory Foundations\", for the design of One World Trade Center. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off-center spire. Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station. He instead placed it another block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the Statue of Liberty. Most of Libeskind's original designs were later scrapped, and other architects were", "A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary entitled \"How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center?\" was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site. However, further analysis of the work site showed that dozens of construction-related injuries had occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 not reported to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workers also left post-9/11-related graffiti at the site, which are supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14847, 15005, 2852, 47, 1809, 63920, 4, 143452, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 142901, 42, 111, 70, 7311, 98154, 4, 450, 83, 4, 70, 63920, 6, 93457, 71, 136, 20600, 297, 20271, 70, 50961, 111, 10, 3525, 80939, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 7103, 55637, 63920, 621, 8382, 7228, 390, 53095, 3789, 3501, 70, 143452, 4, 3129, 13648, 186, 20600, 297, 237, 91995, 9035, 7103, 70, 2258, 32497, 1810, 111, 70, 31461, 53, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 17652, 11814, 4396, 27287, 131999, 76329, 7, 4, 5443, 2506, 103683, 7, 4, 67615, 160692, 115049, 25251, 4, 136, 17652, 25, 7, 10002, 87907, 46389, 7, 136, 10336, 7, 3229, 33976, 10, 2258, 4, 7068, 2258, 14359, 7966, 7, 136, 43799, 25251, 16916, 8382, 47, 186, 70, 143452, 63920, 5, 64511, 9, 43264, 63920, 2806, 186, 90698, 7103, 55637, 4, 6044, 237, 205002, 131999, 76329, 7, 4, 622, 30404, 71, 103683, 7, 4, 37029, 59021, 160692, 115049, 25251, 4, 136, 335, 9088, 87907, 46389, 7, 136, 10336, 7, 5, 52455, 1809, 63920, 142901, 4295, 74703, 63920, 8305, 48716, 86723, 7, 4, 100, 27781, 47, 2258, 6, 114014, 100, 59720, 20271, 3525, 9, 272, 75708, 133, 50961, 4, 47, 2258, 6, 114014, 100, 49138, 133, 237, 1809, 55474, 9, 43264, 297, 91995, 674, 63920, 4, 136, 8305, 4537, 1143, 206, 8915, 6953, 100677, 121293, 7, 5, 28541, 34475, 8796, 111, 2831, 831, 186, 143452, 98, 3060, 80939, 115774, 136, 7103, 55637, 98, 27060, 5, 7244, 83, 10, 5700, 27781, 111, 10, 14380, 450, 37348, 6863, 3773, 172852, 76519, 100, 4527, 390, 143452, 13909, 142901, 4295, 1829, 70, 125378, 2069, 111, 7244, 3773, 5, 143452, 12996, 22799, 7, 621, 27167, 71, 92319, 3501, 2363, 101597, 105416, 17365, 7, 4, 41866, 237, 1836, 621, 59038, 71, 23, 11876, 92, 102134, 2449, 5, 4966, 1836, 4527, 70, 5701, 10975, 237, 101597, 11389, 7, 111, 3773, 5, 10660, 621, 102917, 538, 100, 6107, 142901, 42, 143452, 7, 136, 5426, 45367, 1314, 4, 136, 237, 6044, 621, 205794, 54324, 23, 21950, 400, 35481, 214, 8, 16765, 47, 10, 96551, 111, 142901, 4295, 15, 397, 6796, 4, 20847, 4, 148210, 4, 121298, 4, 117160, 4, 5140, 85355, 4, 360, 62489, 238, 4, 4265, 187840, 4, 15612, 289, 87673, 7, 4, 75344, 11, 40139, 4, 49049, 2271, 19, 4, 1460, 208, 36867, 4, 823, 2721, 4, 153033, 4, 3021, 5, 194, 32255, 143452, 7, 39210, 538, 4527, 10, 50491, 51529, 237, 12353, 80002, 297, 1914, 9, 105348, 4, 3129, 479, 9, 111438, 1636, 3773, 98, 6107, 7, 450, 621, 47, 186, 54324, 1829, 46889, 113068, 5, 32255, 143452, 7, 39210, 538, 57134, 133, 10975, 450, 83, 120262, 959, 479, 9, 80383, 297, 98, 3773, 1295, 7244, 61261, 4, 98, 70, 43079, 111, 3773, 450, 1221, 186, 8, 13158, 53, 297, 678, 2363, 6107, 7, 15, 189958, 67, 76407, 27941, 7, 4, 144759, 136, 121097, 10975, 4, 67842, 49966, 4, 3021, 194, 154966, 7, 1543, 2843, 59038, 143452, 44, 16751, 9, 177149, 56, 58, 86872, 7, 100, 3357, 4527, 15, 188, 26698, 20513, 76407, 247, 707, 100, 11473, 64, 2109, 1935, 98, 6107, 7, 3129, 1836, 45367, 5, 908, 7244, 26, 7, 241, 55406, 118861, 6107, 142901, 4295, 136, 5426, 9, 177149, 56, 143452, 86872, 7, 4, 70, 12996, 22799, 83, 146543, 47, 70, 6107, 42732, 24351, 3129, 442, 26, 7, 61475, 538, 20600, 297, 98, 4, 136, 2685, 83, 44, 46280, 71407, 58, 110, 12302, 2852, 70, 22799, 17721, 6107, 7, 7103, 19364, 5, 3293, 83, 23, 69822, 47, 101597, 22799, 7, 4, 3129, 1543, 186, 12302, 2822, 4, 62952, 1836, 621, 4734, 34704, 3674, 98, 1632, 6107, 99, 10, 1733, 5, 62, 88551, 76407, 15549, 1221, 185553, 10, 456, 111438, 1363, 60322, 4, 1660, 237, 678, 101597, 5, 42666, 143452, 7, 621, 51521, 538, 34658, 400, 2886, 100, 8966, 6044, 237, 59720, 64, 107, 63127, 53, 2450, 4, 136, 237, 6044, 3542, 39210, 538, 62952, 24189, 70, 72399, 106364, 7, 5, 32255, 3542, 7068, 93402, 71, 1810, 23, 10862, 111, 145951, 2878, 5256, 105866, 98, 70, 158978, 132096, 22648, 111, 70, 6107, 15, 2940, 19882, 100, 12989, 1295, 70, 142901, 42, 54799, 50336, 16, 100, 70, 38937, 47, 121461, 707, 14359, 107, 2363, 76519, 47, 70, 31461, 53, 11341, 5, 3293, 959, 4734, 59226, 7565, 98, 84458, 4, 1284, 509, 2843, 10, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 128839, 995, 40777, 31146, 329, 136, 40681, 6953, 1810, 111, 233, 70760, 2450, 1295, 1532, 98, 19364, 5, 12353, 45367, 1314, 53333, 765, 10, 12921, 64209, 674, 118861, 59720, 2450, 1295, 42666, 143452, 7, 5, 51404, 46622, 101597, 2450, 111, 3773, 831, 186, 20600, 297, 136, 34704, 3674, 98, 6097, 128779, 678, 143452, 22799, 7, 15, 840, 18, 39210, 538, 17368, 70, 159, 37352, 22799, 450, 25, 7, 6, 55720, 69819, 23, 47, 70, 5426, 199232, 21771, 247, 8561, 143452, 145951, 2450, 450, 509, 75935, 390, 70, 6107, 142901, 42, 15, 10869, 5426, 9, 177149, 56, 4, 12488, 101597, 3773, 11389, 7, 16, 205794, 4734, 43240, 98, 70, 6107, 3299, 13315, 450, 509, 82775, 100, 442, 5, 1061, 10, 145951, 17116, 64, 76129, 100, 10, 215850, 233557, 436, 2525, 9, 571, 1221, 4734, 4488, 98, 450, 3299, 4, 136, 959, 10, 233557, 159, 11663, 618, 5, 143452, 7, 456, 538, 98, 2363, 81273, 47, 22648, 7565, 70, 11034, 111, 36049, 8305, 97558, 7, 111, 105994, 5, 22376, 4, 17368, 142, 143452, 114864, 70, 7398, 28661, 214, 14380, 47, 113054, 44841, 82761, 7, 707, 38742, 15490, 10002, 214, 136, 172852, 10, 31461, 53, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 7311, 98154, 142901, 42, 15, 670, 17513, 16, 83, 10, 14380, 450, 27489, 7, 63920, 136, 98154, 450, 1543, 186, 16839, 297, 390, 15700, 142901, 42, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 49049, 2271, 19, 4, 10, 85766, 7717, 65133, 7, 14380, 4, 142901, 7, 63920, 136, 98154, 100, 3789, 53095, 26719, 4129, 4, 82735, 4, 1815, 4, 38051, 136, 70616, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Automotive parts.", "Computer software.", "Economies of scale." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "When referring to auto parts, OEM refers to the manufacturer of the original equipment, that is, the parts assembled and installed during the construction of a new vehicle. In contrast, aftermarket parts are those made by companies other than the OEM, which might be installed as replacements after the car comes out of the factory. For example, if Ford used Autolite spark plugs, Exide batteries, Bosch fuel injectors, and Ford's own engine blocks and heads when building a car, then car restorers and collectors consider those to be the OEM parts. Other-brand parts would be considered aftermarket, such as Champion spark plugs, DieHard batteries, Kinsler fuel injectors, and BMP engine blocks and heads. Many auto parts manufacturers sell parts through multiple channels, for example to car makers for installation during new-vehicle construction, to car makers for resale as automaker-branded replacement parts, and through general merchandising supply chains. Any given brand of part can be OEM on some vehicle models and aftermarket on others.", "Microsoft is a popular example of a company that issues its Windows operating systems for use by OEM computer manufacturers via the Bundling of Microsoft Windows. OEM product keys are priced lower than their retail counterparts, especially as they are purchased in bulk quantities. But they use the same software as retail versions of Windows. They are primarily for PC manufacturer OEMs and system builders, and as such are typically sold in volume licensing deals to a variety of manufacturers (Dell, HP, ASUS, Acer, Lenovo, Wistron, Inventec, Supermicro, Compal Electronics, Quanta Computer, Foxconn, Pegatron, Jabil, Flex, etc.). These OEMs commonly use a procedure known as System Locked Pre-installation, which pre-activates Windows on PCs that are to be sold via mass distribution. These OEMs commonly bundle software that is otherwise not pre-installed on Windows from Microsoft themselves, on the images of Windows that will be deployed with their PCs (appropriate hardware drivers, malware and maintenance software, various apps, etc). Individuals may also purchase OEM \"system-builder\" licenses for personal use (to include virtual hardware), or for sale/resale on PCs which they build. Per Microsoft’s EULA regarding PC manufacturers and system-builder OEM licenses, the product key is tied to the PC motherboard which it’s initially installed on, and there is \"typically\" no transferring the key between PCs afterward. This is in contrast to retail keys, which may be transferred, provided they are only activated on one PC at a time. A significant hardware change will trigger a reactivation notice, just as with retail. Direct OEMs are officially held liable for things such as installation/recovery media, and as such were commonly provided until the late-2000s. These were then phased out in favor of recovery partitions located on the primary storage drive of the PC (and available for order from the manufacturer upon request) for the user to repair or restore their systems to the factory state. This not only cut down on costs, but was also a consequence of the gradual obsolescence and phasing out of optical media from 2010 onward. System builders further have a different requirement regarding installation media from Direct OEMs. While clean retail media of Windows can be installed and activated on these devices with OEM keys (most commonly using the SLP key that's embedded in to the system firmware already), actual OEM recovery media that was created by the PC manufacturer (not system-builder, nor retail Windows versions) typically only works on the PC model line that was designed for it. So a recovery disc/USB for a Toshiba Satellite P50-B will only work on that model, and not a Satellite S55T.", "OEMs rely on their ability to drive down the cost of production through economies of scale. Also, using an OEM allows the purchasing company to obtain needed components or products without owning and operating a factory." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14631, 201897, 89596, 5, 509, 103122, 98, 11994, 611, 4, 729, 11703, 4, 15, 16305, 206, 190, 4, 729, 2525, 4, 25074, 57845, 16, 99, 77616, 176766, 5586, 22062, 43573, 13791, 1657, 7514, 4, 118623, 4, 47, 14631, 201897, 34843, 5, 136, 72242, 53, 1657, 7514, 201897, 5, 18763, 14449, 1902, 158930, 23, 118623, 16792, 70, 4122, 9, 151318, 7, 5, 201897, 3514, 434, 1257, 237, 70, 10332, 525, 111, 77488, 76456, 20020, 4, 678, 59671, 82953, 7, 136, 22759, 114015, 7, 4, 21208, 4734, 37195, 111, 1919, 78, 79298, 7, 2806, 6867, 47, 25171, 44462, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 10, 47, 402, 13400, 128988, 2750, 3514, 434, 1257, 98, 10, 21873, 1363, 4, 7068, 35839, 101057, 19434, 162, 1236, 4, 3129, 764, 1902, 23, 86151, 3674, 54799, 58359, 214, 25171, 44462, 5, 17106, 142, 25902, 3674, 805, 94859, 7, 136, 10, 21873, 1363, 4, 201897, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 70, 142105, 2515, 34695, 56, 136, 10, 105207, 130367, 23, 70, 10374, 71, 15477, 5, 201897, 25, 7, 57988, 289, 9963, 1021, 9319, 509, 10, 197097, 128988, 136, 47, 402, 13400, 1143, 62956, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 729, 4598, 7, 4, 70, 201897, 14449, 109133, 3934, 10, 3525, 538, 88303, 18276, 4, 3129, 1836, 24, 4806, 12982, 26338, 56, 5, 28090, 32070, 534, 47, 611, 4, 201897, 509, 9325, 47, 35187, 1379, 16692, 106878, 191, 4, 10, 50695, 4745, 196592, 2750, 149976, 237, 10, 121314, 100, 10, 14012, 111, 197097, 128988, 87143, 23, 70, 25134, 5, 201897, 97384, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 700, 87168, 4, 136, 5744, 136, 54704, 289, 46876, 7, 2451, 1106, 100512, 41866, 46902, 45964, 23, 42845, 5, 1913, 32070, 611, 4, 201897, 176377, 47, 12982, 26338, 56, 4, 7440, 764, 80723, 10, 6626, 9, 46799, 15411, 111, 35187, 1379, 70, 110230, 24149, 14978, 6470, 23, 212485, 100, 40466, 5, 992, 5062, 2684, 40466, 9, 99091, 118623, 1779, 111, 1919, 5155, 4, 201897, 6777, 959, 29966, 70, 29693, 360, 729, 12424, 4, 7103, 70, 46692, 111, 70, 159703, 25515, 4, 70, 56101, 9, 127345, 46512, 3387, 111, 23924, 21629, 7155, 350, 1295, 70, 56101, 145359, 4, 35968, 214, 27798, 18811, 1363, 136, 23, 215131, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 15672, 135555, 5, 581, 56101, 174462, 4, 49903, 4, 206398, 71, 47, 80731, 70, 56101, 9, 127345, 46512, 3387, 18811, 1363, 23, 223606, 707, 23, 215131, 4, 7103, 10, 86675, 70, 46512, 64370, 78431, 70, 11034, 538, 92265, 136, 42878, 5550, 5, 3311, 70, 39395, 729, 5757, 7, 70, 76755, 17721, 70, 56101, 9, 127345, 46512, 3387, 136, 130891, 150844, 3674, 645, 70, 31089, 111, 56101, 36235, 1363, 4, 167575, 1916, 23, 70, 15672, 135555, 6635, 5550, 4, 3129, 80723, 23, 729, 6873, 5, 581, 15672, 46512, 64370, 65450, 17721, 6626, 7808, 5256, 4, 70, 2091, 395, 6562, 7, 47, 18813, 14787, 4830, 4, 136, 70, 182857, 7, 4, 450, 201897, 33284, 297, 4, 1379, 6226, 111, 70, 185827, 77699, 5, 201897, 18822, 71, 450, 223606, 1902, 645, 824, 48398, 6863, 6, 99091, 7, 390, 35439, 6953, 36235, 1363, 98, 70, 56101, 9, 127345, 46512, 3387, 4, 136, 764, 52193, 927, 29367, 678, 8382, 2750, 39746, 297, 56101, 79986, 5, 1529, 2843, 10862, 297, 8, 9, 7752, 7121, 54700, 70, 32544, 4398, 84084, 23, 118623, 74, 201897, 18822, 71, 450, 142, 170920, 42615, 509, 226886, 289, 959, 4734, 100, 173072, 214, 147452, 111, 42615, 4, 1284, 2843, 6637, 442, 65524, 71, 155738, 9, 36904, 297, 7432, 136, 51, 7162, 1363, 214, 36, 115089, 6620, 47, 70, 180210, 111, 70, 11341, 5, 360, 729, 16360, 4, 201897, 4, 34739, 10, 40, 257, 98, 70, 4000, 148855, 111, 147715, 4, 10, 502, 9, 107, 137089, 21115, 450, 645, 7, 15519, 70, 4000, 182857, 34579, 399, 5, 360, 18374, 729, 6873, 4, 764, 509, 62458, 297, 237, 70, 46512, 583, 111, 70, 74888, 47064, 34579, 399, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 17932, 9, 73, 9, 277, 12018, 24189, 1919, 81843, 237, 10, 102329, 13, 47, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 118623, 155358, 4, 3129, 509, 25534, 71, 678, 27024, 214, 1301, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 118623, 13038, 111, 228532, 90, 4, 201897, 136475, 47, 204797, 100, 167821, 147452, 4, 136, 4, 33233, 678, 234484, 4, 144888, 297, 70, 118623, 113427, 13, 100, 112869, 10821, 129168, 5, 9925, 10, 25965, 674, 4, 3129, 142027, 71, 147452, 111, 42615, 136, 104, 40590, 7121, 67175, 70, 84084, 111, 30715, 4, 509, 115081, 23, 729, 15276, 5, 201897, 2843, 100512, 10, 3551, 149575, 1290, 4, 7398, 28661, 214, 3551, 33233, 70, 2501, 187404, 32547, 23, 10, 165410, 678, 15700, 234484, 73907, 13, 4, 14631, 216351, 5, 194397, 6056, 70, 729, 4836, 7, 4, 201897, 204797, 71, 100, 17690, 111, 70, 24241, 7, 111, 102668, 820, 2320, 5, 1529, 100512, 118055, 538, 203925, 1672, 70, 45, 6548, 2481, 111, 70, 117249, 136, 70, 642, 344, 7432, 111, 70, 9879, 27759, 7103, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 135555, 6635, 5550, 23, 729, 17168, 5, 1529, 18822, 71, 450, 44, 3355, 5170, 29888, 53397, 15182, 2408, 58, 143434, 2265, 8, 408, 53, 4, 136, 509, 106480, 63134, 71, 390, 131703, 450, 8437, 29367, 15122, 17265, 136, 8, 93, 297, 105739, 238, 43766, 2481, 47, 920, 11124, 31004, 1295, 3789, 76726, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 53894, 538, 142837, 1672, 70, 23, 41159, 111, 77699, 47, 3540, 78458, 55080, 110613, 44930, 4, 59959, 15672, 52350, 4, 136, 1738, 56, 70, 9615, 19929, 111, 70, 33532, 17721, 70, 5659, 83111, 3378, 71175, 7, 136, 70, 225260, 32547, 5, 1301, 201897, 54397, 4, 44, 11, 52028, 1902, 174920, 3129, 509, 47, 28288, 36766, 70, 15672, 28007, 509, 47, 186, 10, 77805, 214, 47, 70, 8999, 4, 707, 47, 97612, 18, 100, 17669, 70, 15673, 7, 3129, 70, 122530, 19, 22304, 1902, 117371, 10, 91659, 509, 157578, 99, 70, 176547, 155358, 98, 4347, 714, 4, 729, 19308, 4, 201897, 79786, 678, 3789, 43032, 111, 70, 118623, 33743, 1363, 4, 41866, 200081, 39643, 929, 11727, 136, 14787, 3010, 191, 4, 47, 28282, 136, 13379, 70, 118623, 5586, 5, 581, 118623, 5586, 509, 142, 1810, 2256, 100, 10, 3525, 30361, 171484, 74, 442, 35839, 100, 17262, 90356, 7, 111, 27759, 15, 2828, 96298, 4935, 4, 159354, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14631, 201897, 4, 89596, 5, 15, 16305, 206, 611, 4, 729, 11703, 46, 18237, 29835, 543, 101807, 509, 142, 15672, 117249, 669, 4, 61634, 4, 14700, 66, 202988, 4, 6, 119598, 56, 136, 215624, 214, 160960, 2750, 149976, 237, 70, 22759, 927, 13918, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 1295, 543, 6463, 47, 543, 2489, 5, 1529, 83, 1337, 6259, 237, 70, 44, 17647, 9319, 111, 70, 163965, 58, 100, 1919, 80953, 1803, 31486, 23, 144888, 214, 136, 8891, 1916, 70, 163965, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 19893, 111, 38927, 5, 1529, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 44, 3957, 18767, 1419, 62323, 7, 830, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 182017, 9, 4332, 143637, 19, 31016, 4, 136, 149976, 237, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 14098, 46684, 104463, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "American Revolution.", "Father of the Constitution.", "Calling a convention.", "Philadelphia Convention.", "\"The Federalist Papers\" and ratification debates.", "Congressman and party leader (1789–1801).", "Election to Congress.", "Bill of Rights.", "Founding the Democratic-Republican Party.", "Adams presidency.", "Marriage and family.", "Secretary of State (1801–1809).", "Presidency (1809–1817).", "Taking office and cabinet.", "War of 1812.", "Prelude to war.", "Military action.", "Postwar period.", "Native American policy.", "General Wilkinson misconduct.", "Election of 1816.", "Retirement, national leader, and elder statesman.", "Political and religious views.", "Federalism.", "Religion.", "Slavery.", "Physical characteristics and health.", "Legacy.", "Historical reputation.", "Memorials." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751, (March 5, 1750, Old Style) at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to James Madison Sr. and Nelly Conway Madison. His family had lived in Virginia since the mid-1600s. Madison grew up as the oldest of twelve children, with seven brothers and four sisters, though only six of his siblings would live to adulthood. His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood. With an estimated 100 slaves and a plantation, Madison's father was the largest landowner and a leading citizen in the Piedmont. Madison's maternal grandfather was a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. In the early 1760s, the Madison family moved into a newly built house, which they named Montpelier. From age 11 to 16, Madison was sent to study under Donald Robertson, a Scottish instructor who served as a tutor for a number of prominent planter families in the South. Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and classical languages—he became especially proficient in Latin. At age 16, Madison returned to Montpelier, where he began a two-year course of study under the Reverend Thomas Martin in preparation for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not attend the College", "In 1765, after the passage of the Stamp Act, the British-American colonies of North America broke from the British Empire, demanding proper representation and independence, known as the American Revolution. The British Crown, however, declined to grant the British-American colonies representation in Parliament or independence, after aiding the colonists fight the costly French and Indian War. By the early 1770s the relationship between the British-American colonies and Britain deteriorated over the issue of British taxation, culminating in the American Revolutionary War, which began in 1775. The American colonists split between two factions, the Loyalists to King George III, and the Patriots, that Madison joined, under control of the Continental Congress. Madison believed that Parliament had overstepped its bounds by imposing taxation on the British-American colonies, and he sympathized with those who resisted British rule. He also favored de-establishing the Anglican Church in Virginia; Madison believed that an established religion was detrimental not only for restricting freedom of religion, but also because it encouraged closed-mindedness and unquestioning obedience to the authority of the state. In 1774, Madison, took a seat on the local Committee of Safety, a pro-revolution group that oversaw the local Patriot militia. In October 1775, he was commissioned as the colonel of the Orange County militia, serving as his father's second-in-command until his election as a delegate to the Fifth Virginia Convention, which was charged with producing", "", "As a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, Madison continued to advocate for religious freedom, and, along with Jefferson, drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. That amendment, which guaranteed freedom of religion and disestablished the Church of England, was passed in 1786. Madison also became a land speculator, purchasing land along the Mohawk River in a partnership with another Jefferson protege, James Monroe. Throughout the 1780s, Madison advocated for reform of the Articles of Confederation. He became increasingly worried about the disunity of the states and the weakness of the central government after the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783. He believed that \"excessive democracy\" caused social decay, and was particularly troubled by laws that legalized paper money and denied diplomatic immunity to ambassadors from other countries. He was also deeply concerned about the inability of Congress to capably conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. As Madison wrote, \"a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had", "Before a quorum was reached at the Philadelphia Convention on May 25, 1787, Madison worked with other members of the Virginia delegation, especially Edmund Randolph and George Mason, to create and present the Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan was an outline for a new federal constitution; it called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress (consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives) apportioned by population, and a federal Council of Revision that would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress. Reflecting the centralization of power envisioned by Madison, the Virginia Plan granted the U.S. Senate the power to overturn any law passed by state governments. The Virginia", "After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, Madison convinced his fellow Congressmen to remain neutral in the ratification debate and allow each state to vote upon the Constitution. Throughout the United States, opponents of the Constitution, known as Anti-Federalists, began a public campaign against ratification. In response, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay began publishing a series of pro-ratification newspaper articles in New York. After Jay dropped out from the project, Hamilton approached Madison, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays. Altogether, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the", "", "After Virginia ratified the constitution, Madison returned to New York to resume his duties in the Congress of the Confederation. At the request of Washington, Madison sought a seat in the U.S. Senate, but the state legislature instead elected two Anti-Federalist allies of Patrick Henry. Now deeply concerned both for his own political career and over the possibility that Henry and his allies would arrange for a second constitutional convention, Madison ran for the U.S. House of Representatives. At Henry's behest, the Virginia legislature created congressional districts designed to deny Madison a seat, and Henry recruited a strong challenger to Madison in the person of James Monroe. Locked in a difficult race against Monroe, Madison promised to support a series of constitutional amendments to protect individual liberties. In an open letter, Madison wrote that, while he had opposed requiring alterations to the Constitution prior to ratification, he now believed that \"amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode... may serve the double purpose of", "During the 1st Congress, Madison took the lead in pressing for the passage of several constitutional amendments that would form the United States Bill of Rights. His primary goals were to fulfill his 1789 campaign pledge and to prevent the calling of a second constitutional convention, but he also hoped to protect individual liberties against the actions of the federal government and state legislatures. He believed that the enumeration of specific rights would fix those rights in the public mind and encourage judges to protect them. After studying over two hundred amendments that had been proposed at the state ratifying conventions, Madison introduced the Bill of Rights on June 8, 1789. His amendments contained numerous restrictions on the federal government and would protect, among other things, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the right", "After 1790, the Washington administration became polarized among two main factions. One faction was led by Jefferson and Madison, broadly represented Southern interests, and sought close relations with France. The other faction was led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, broadly represented Northern financial interests, and favored close relations with Britain. In 1791, Hamilton introduced a plan that called for the establishment of a national bank to provide loans to emerging industries and oversee the money supply. Madison believed that, by empowering financial interests, the bank posed a threat to the", "Washington chose to retire after serving two terms and, in advance of the 1796 presidential election, Madison helped convince Jefferson to run for the presidency. Despite Madison's efforts, Federalist candidate John Adams defeated Jefferson, taking a narrow majority of the electoral vote. Under the rules of the Electoral College then in place, Jefferson became vice president because he finished with the second-most electoral votes. Madison, meanwhile, had declined to seek re-election, and he returned to his home at Montpelier. On Jefferson's advice, President Adams", "On September 15, 1794, Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, a 26-year-old widow, previously wife of John Todd, a Quaker farmer who died during a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. Aaron Burr introduced Madison to her, at his request, after Dolley had stayed in the same boardinghouse as Burr in Philadelphia. After an arranged meeting in spring 1794, the two quickly became romantically engaged and prepared for a wedding that summer, but Dolley suffered recurring illnesses because of her exposure to yellow fever in Philadelphia. They eventually traveled to Harewood, Virginia for their wedding. Only a few close family members attended, and Winchester Reverend Alexander Balmain pronounced them a wedded couple. Madison enjoyed a strong relationship", "Despite lacking foreign policy experience, Madison was appointed as Secretary of State by Jefferson. Along with Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, Madison became one of the two major influences in Jefferson's Cabinet. As the ascent of Napoleon in France had dulled Democratic-Republican enthusiasm for the French cause, Madison sought a neutral position in the ongoing Coalition Wars between France and Britain. Domestically, the Jefferson administration and the Democratic-Republican Congress rolled back many Federalist policies; Congress quickly repealed the Alien and Sedition Act, abolished internal taxes, and reduced the size of the army and navy. Gallatin did, however, convince Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States. Though the Federalists were rapidly fading away at the national level, Chief Justice John Marshall ensured that Federalist ideology retained an important presence in the judiciary. In the case of \"Marbury v. Madison\", Marshall simultaneously ruled that Madison had unjustly refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed to federal positions by President Adams but who had not yet taken office, but that the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case. Most importantly, Marshall's opinion established the principle of judicial review. By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, though vast pockets of American land remained vacant or inhabited only by Native Americans. Jefferson believed that western expansion played an important role in furthering his vision of a republic of yeoman farmers, and he hoped to acquire the Spanish territory of Louisiana, which was located to the west of the Mississippi River. Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory. In 1802, Jefferson and Madison dispatched James Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans, which controlled access to the Mississippi River and thus was immensely important to the farmers of the American frontier. Rather than selling merely New Orleans, Napoleon's government, having already given up on plans to establish a new French empire in the Americas, offered to sell the entire Territory of Louisiana. Despite lacking explicit authorization from Jefferson, Monroe and ambassador Robert R. Livingston negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, in which France sold over of land in exchange for $15 million. Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he privately favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. Madison convinced Jefferson to refrain from proposing the amendment, and the administration ultimately submitted the Louisiana Purchase without an accompanying constitutional amendment. Unlike Jefferson, Madison was not seriously concerned with the Louisiana Purchase's constitutionality. He believed that the circumstances did not warrant a strict interpretation of the Constitution because the expansion was in the country's best interest. The Senate quickly ratified the treaty providing for the purchase, and the House, with equal alacrity, passed enabling legislation. The Jefferson administration argued that the purchase had included the Spanish territory of West Florida, but France and Spain both held that West Florida was not included in the purchase. Monroe attempted to purchase clear title to West Florida and East Florida from Spain, but the Spanish, outraged by Jefferson's claims to West Florida, refused to negotiate. Early in his tenure, Jefferson was able to maintain cordial relations with both France and Britain, but relations with Britain deteriorated after 1805. The British ended their policy of tolerance towards American shipping and began seizing American goods headed for French ports. They also impressed American sailors, some of whom had originally defected from the British navy, and some of whom had never been British subjects. In response to the attacks, Congress passed the Non-importation Act, which restricted many, but not all, British imports. Tensions with Britain heightened due to the Chesapeake–Leopard affair, a June 1807 naval confrontation between American and British naval forces, while the French also began attacking American shipping. Madison believed that economic pressure could force the British to end attacks on American shipping, and he and Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807, which totally banned all exports to foreign nations. The embargo proved ineffective, unpopular, and difficult to enforce, especially in New England. In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France.", "", "On March 4, 1809 Madison took the oath of office and was inaugurated President of the United States. Unlike Jefferson, who enjoyed political unity and support, Madison faced political opposition from his rival and friend, James Monroe, and by Vice President George Clinton. Additionally, the Federalist Party had resurged, under opposition to the embargo. Madison's Cabinet was very weak. Madison immediately faced opposition to his planned nomination of Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin as Secretary of State. Madison chose not to fight Congress for the nomination but kept Gallatin in the Treasury Department. With Gallatin's", "", "Congress had repealed the embargo shortly before Madison became president, but troubles with the British and French continued. Madison settled on a new strategy designed to pit the British and French against each other, offering to trade with whichever country would end their attacks against American shipping. The gambit almost succeeded, but negotiations with the British collapsed in mid-1809. Seeking to split the Americans and British, Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping so long as the United States punished any countries that did not similarly end restrictions on trade. Madison accepted Napoleon's proposal in the hope that it would convince the British to finally end their policy of commercial warfare, but the British refused to change their policies, and the French reneged on their promise and continued to attack American shipping. With sanctions and", "Madison and his advisers initially believed the war would be a quick American victory, while the British were occupied fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. Madison ordered an invasion of Canada at Detroit, designed to defeat British control around American held Fort Niagara and destroy the British supply lines from Montreal. These actions would give leverage for British concessions on the Atlantic high seas. Madison believed state militias would rally to the flag and invade Canada, but the governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate, and the militias either sat out the war or refused to leave their respective states. As a result, Madison's first Canadian campaign ended in dismal failure. On August 16, Major General William Hull surrendered to British and Native American forces at Detroit. On October 13, a separate U.S. force was defeated at Queenton Heights. Commanding General Henry Dearborn, hampered by mutinous New England infantry, retreated to winter quarters near Albany, after failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines. Lacking adequate revenue to fund the war, the Madison administration was forced to rely on high-interest loans furnished by bankers based in New York City and Philadelphia. In the 1812 presidential election, held during the early stages of the War of 1812, Madison faced a challenge from DeWitt Clinton, who led a coalition of Federalists and disaffected Democratic-Republicans. Clinton won most of the Northeast, but Madison won the election by sweeping the South and the West and winning the key state of Pennsylvania. After the disastrous start to the War of 1812, Madison accepted Russia's invitation to arbitrate the war, and he sent a delegation led by Gallatin and John Quincy Adams to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty. While Madison worked to end the war, the U.S. experienced some impressive naval successes, boosting American morale, by the, and other warships. With a victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, the U.S. crippled the supply and reinforcement of British military forces in the western theater of the war. In", "The postwar period of Madison's second term saw the transition into the \"Era of Good Feelings,\" as the Federalists ceased to act as an effective opposition party. During the war, delegates from the states of New England held the Hartford Convention, where the delegates asked for several amendments to the Constitution. Though the Hartford Convention did not explicitly call for the secession of New England, the Hartford Convention became a political millstone around the Federalist Party as Americans celebrated what they saw as a successful \"second war of independence\" from Britain. Madison hastened the decline of the Federalists by adopting several programs he had previously opposed, weakening the ideological divisions between the two major parties. Recognizing the difficulties of financing the war and the necessity", "Upon becoming president, Madison said the federal government's duty was to convert the American Indians by the \"participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state\". Within six months of his first term of office, on September 30, 1809, Madison, by Indiana Territory Governor William Henry Harrison, agreed to the Treaty of Fort Wayne. The treaty began with \"James Madison, President of the United States,\" on the first sentence of the first paragraph. The American Indian tribes were compensated $5,200 (\"$109,121.79 for year 2020\") in goods and $500 and $250 annual subsidies to the various tribes, for 3 million acres of land. The treaty angered Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who said, \"Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth?\" William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, responded that the Miami tribe was the owner of the land and could sell to whom the Miami tribe wished. Like Jefferson, Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers. Madison believed the adoption of European-style", "In 1810, the House investigated Commanding General James Wilkinson for misconduct over his ties with Spain. Wilkinson was a hold-over of the Jefferson Administration, who at that time in 1806, Jefferson was told Wilkinson was under a financial retainer with Spain. Wilkinson had also been rumored to have been tied with Spain during both the Washington and Adams administrations. Jefferson removed Wilkinson from his position of Governor of the Louisiana territory in 1807, for his ties with the Burr conspiracy. The 1810 House investigation was not a formal report but documents incriminating Wilkinson were given to Madison. Wilkinson's military request for a court-martial was denied by", "In the 1816 presidential election, Madison and Jefferson both favored the candidacy of Secretary of State James Monroe. With the support of Madison and Jefferson, Monroe defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford in the party's congressional", "When Madison left office in 1817 at age 65, he retired to Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Orange County, Virginia, not far from Jefferson's Monticello. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when elected. His plantation experienced a steady financial collapse, due to the continued price declines in tobacco and also due to his stepson's mismanagement. In his retirement, Madison occasionally became involved in public affairs, advising Andrew Jackson and other presidents. He remained out of the public debate over the Missouri Compromise, though he privately complained about the North's opposition to the extension of slavery. Madison had warm relations with all four of the major candidates in the 1824 presidential election, but, like Jefferson, largely stayed out of the race. During Jackson's presidency, Madison publicly disavowed the Nullification movement and argued that no state had the right to secede. Madison helped Jefferson establish the University of Virginia, though the university was primarily Jefferson's initiative. In 1826, after the death of Jefferson, Madison was appointed as the second rector of the university. He retained the position as college chancellor for ten years until his death in 1836. In 1829, at the age of 78, Madison was chosen as a representative to the Virginia Constitutional Convention for revision of the commonwealth's constitution. It was his last appearance as a statesman. The issue of greatest importance at this convention was apportionment. The western districts of Virginia complained that they were underrepresented because the state constitution apportioned voting districts by county. The increased population in the Piedmont and western parts of the", "", "During his first stint in Congress in the 1780s, Madison came to favor amending the Articles of Confederation to provide for a stronger central government. In the 1790s, he led the opposition to Hamilton's centralizing policies and the Alien and Sedition Acts. According to Chernow, Madison's support of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in the 1790s \"was a breathtaking evolution for a man who had pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a", "Although baptized as an Anglican and educated by Presbyterian clergymen, young Madison was an avid reader of English deist tracts. As an adult, Madison paid little attention to religious matters. Though most historians have found little indication of his religious leanings after he left college, some scholars indicate he leaned toward deism. Others maintain that Madison accepted Christian tenets and formed his outlook", "Madison grew up on a plantation that made use of slave labor and he viewed the institution as a necessary part of the Southern economy, though he was troubled by the instability of a society that depended on a large enslaved population. At the Philadelphia Convention, Madison favored an immediate end to the importation of slaves, though the final document barred Congress from interfering with the international slave trade until 1808. (The domestic trade in slaves was expressly permitted by the constitution.) He also proposed that apportionment in the United States Senate be", "Madison was small in stature, had bright blue eyes, a strong demeanor, and was known to be humorous at small gatherings. Madison suffered from serious illnesses,", "", "Madison is widely regarded as one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. Historian J.C.A. Stagg writes that \"in some ways—because he was on the winning side of every important issue facing the young nation from 1776 to 1816—Madison was the most successful and possibly the most influential of all the Founding Fathers.\" Though he helped found a major political party and served as the fourth president of the United States, his legacy has largely been defined by his contributions to the Constitution; even in his own life he was hailed as the \"Father of the Constitution.\" Law professor Noah Feldman writes that Madison \"invented and theorized the modern ideal of an expanded, federal constitution that combines local self-government with an overarching national order.\" Feldman adds that Madison's \"model of liberty-protecting constitutional government\" is \"the most influential American idea in global political history.\" Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Madison as an above average president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Madison as the twelfth best president. Wood commends Madison for his steady leadership during the war and resolve to avoid expanding the president's power, noting one contemporary's observation that the war was conducted \"without", "Montpelier, his family's plantation, has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The James Madison Memorial Building is a building of the United States Library of Congress and serves as the official memorial to Madison." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 527, 12536, 4939, 7, 4, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 182304, 185118, 136, 4989, 6032, 57119, 1290, 111, 70, 8753, 4, 2804, 450, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 58, 26073, 297, 44, 2347, 166693, 47002, 7, 25, 38162, 111, 32070, 27, 87, 5351, 450, 70, 4912, 509, 2060, 11522, 3501, 23937, 1836, 25, 71, 17669, 16940, 8108, 5, 581, 28271, 52528, 111, 70, 17164, 509, 2060, 37515, 56, 47, 163, 24668, 538, 1242, 103687, 56, 113417, 102617, 151552, 101275, 1419, 203314, 22758, 7, 237, 44, 11, 2773, 4488, 5922, 184, 58, 12960, 182304, 70, 7156, 4, 153161, 4743, 47, 70, 23, 12176, 26513, 18, 169424, 111, 66311, 29304, 5, 14847, 764, 6777, 7639, 1257, 99, 70, 104227, 4, 29304, 186, 528, 4126, 72, 2175, 71407, 4743, 47, 1919, 48683, 4527, 136, 88965, 44402, 5, 102617, 2804, 450, 29304, 2806, 44, 31374, 1257, 46505, 25958, 3229, 764, 509, 23, 70, 52528, 47, 11301, 4, 136, 764, 5809, 8306, 6183, 186, 28702, 297, 98, 12, 66311, 29304, 112730, 78, 867, 136, 2197, 31237, 98, 44, 294, 2921, 126, 106313, 214, 1572, 830, 122753, 101275, 98, 44, 5021, 60075, 53875, 5256, 830, 10, 12600, 28692, 101275, 98, 44, 55292, 4776, 67, 112857, 830, 22313, 408, 98, 44, 55292, 4776, 67, 112857, 830, 44, 4657, 147, 52625, 58, 136, 44, 10752, 428, 2870, 4815, 830, 136, 175725, 36867, 98, 44, 1375, 872, 7, 15519, 179277, 58, 136, 44, 97315, 53, 18826, 116611, 740, 360, 10, 113976, 33683, 2377, 1505, 189232, 297, 450, 29304, 25, 122753, 101275, 23718, 98, 44, 5021, 60075, 53875, 5256, 58, 509, 70, 4568, 1733, 764, 162466, 71, 9844, 678, 517, 5, 64511, 3501, 29304, 4, 70, 7893, 8753, 43032, 118775, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 4, 678, 22758, 7, 101904, 110518, 756, 111, 70, 37105, 136, 6, 239530, 101275, 4488, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 75169, 4950, 7, 98, 6626, 27060, 4, 23, 70, 3687, 111, 19893, 5492, 669, 4, 2750, 135179, 98, 70, 10588, 5, 131837, 1991, 71305, 130402, 7, 11301, 7, 70, 47617, 24448, 98, 756, 1284, 6626, 28560, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3789, 226097, 191, 98, 70, 28560, 7, 450, 54, 959, 60213, 10, 4393, 47617, 24448, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 63920, 3542, 112730, 390, 149186, 1419, 136, 103351, 166693, 47002, 7, 57119, 1290, 47801, 53, 230839, 136, 226097, 191, 1419, 14434, 53, 803, 4348, 4, 54940, 27060, 5, 581, 62822, 28560, 111, 44, 294, 2921, 126, 106313, 214, 1572, 58, 509, 17164, 297, 98, 142, 39395, 80314, 4611, 62809, 8, 2594, 99, 9020, 25, 7, 152150, 42413, 137869, 4, 7440, 22758, 7, 112730, 10, 92260, 1681, 19210, 14578, 91157, 10, 12600, 28692, 101275, 4, 136, 130402, 7, 112730, 98, 142, 142, 20873, 4, 168627, 41361, 47617, 24448, 5, 22758, 7, 136, 2377, 1505, 3542, 121742, 19, 538, 22299, 297, 237, 6, 70035, 7, 98, 44, 10752, 428, 2870, 4815, 830, 10, 29256, 111, 12452, 18899, 875, 7, 25, 7, 66429, 6827, 107265, 11531, 5, 129551, 47, 203314, 22758, 7, 4, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 44759, 509, 17569, 1257, 390, 56101, 4927, 117058, 114411, 92260, 16145, 5, 2161, 361, 18237, 28015, 4, 10, 16186, 105727, 100, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 70836, 42822, 4, 678, 81828, 56, 11617, 33876, 4, 509, 34658, 99, 947, 1605, 4841, 184, 4, 10, 332, 6889, 23, 10699, 254, 824, 712, 4, 9020, 5, 6422, 538, 51, 66079, 43079, 1295, 70, 106443, 3542, 80788, 3674, 99, 70, 335, 10187, 84718, 23, 9020, 23, 7582, 136, 14487, 20907, 581, 7156, 25, 7, 7311, 29256, 4927, 4, 8, 18695, 1916, 10, 157796, 58982, 127918, 678, 214104, 4, 509, 6, 34590, 89829, 390, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 17164, 14380, 4, 136, 2363, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 167956, 8, 5259, 297, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 54452, 100, 21775, 5, 581, 44, 25758, 1974, 58, 29256, 509, 14432, 60213, 71, 98, 2684, 94928, 17116, 456, 174404, 7, 5, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 58, 509, 5117, 121447, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 390, 262, 11210, 89916, 98, 305, 14487, 28015, 4, 136, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 390, 9020, 89916, 70, 25632, 5155, 5, 18852, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 96362, 7156, 4, 442, 157578, 14012, 17262, 98, 70, 56101, 7156, 7, 116287, 4, 1284, 47143, 297, 98, 70, 116287, 100, 10846, 56, 40859, 5, 581, 7156, 16320, 12225, 99, 14012, 43606, 98, 70, 15672, 116287, 5, 2161, 534, 1104, 1530, 14487, 28015, 70, 8753, 1346, 297, 10, 113976, 4173, 100781, 13037, 44759, 71, 44, 3957, 166693, 47002, 7, 14434, 136, 48615, 79512, 223, 58, 241599, 4939, 18226, 6431, 4, 51838, 313, 6324, 1507, 4, 581, 40469, 4, 845, 42294, 1371, 1181, 136, 133733, 563, 31567, 25724, 54940, 70, 24668, 138931, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 7311, 131264, 111, 70, 13452, 509, 47, 125568, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 830, 1284, 70, 1346, 509, 2412, 141, 4126, 390, 70, 166693, 47002, 7, 24189, 11891, 4, 3229, 2363, 36770, 31095, 4, 87416, 27572, 4, 26038, 442, 142, 51521, 54452, 5, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 58, 75204, 10, 103210, 1238, 141775, 2886, 57553, 1295, 19612, 35778, 7, 4, 2750, 90698, 442, 10, 30646, 47, 3173, 100, 70, 47002, 7, 5, 61804, 56174, 104125, 33022, 7, 111, 6863, 24725, 12, 44, 1065, 3957, 7156, 509, 268, 10, 189173, 44961, 1830, 111, 70, 230260, 5844, 46108, 1771, 43581, 7, 23156, 214, 8305, 70, 65925, 8999, 5, 182747, 37076, 141621, 71, 70, 156206, 7844, 52101, 111, 14713, 23, 28015, 1884, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 25, 7, 5458, 36331, 740, 58, 129551, 47, 19612, 32485, 94825, 262, 441, 474, 1814, 4, 70, 44, 170272, 289, 26785, 7432, 58, 111, 44, 294, 2921, 126, 106313, 214, 1572, 830, 106480, 70, 68944, 44, 52231, 831, 10, 70425, 25299, 54, 64, 25, 49203, 6328, 5367, 23, 10, 13950, 136, 21972, 8753, 830, 131999, 297, 108938, 29865, 23, 70, 1379, 64330, 2450, 5, 360, 70, 76811, 111, 42179, 136, 35778, 104870, 4727, 217258, 4, 92265, 14364, 16162, 9, 116742, 3430, 5861, 25, 7, 1346, 214, 111, 70, 104227, 100, 44, 294, 4650, 192592, 100, 70, 130679, 58, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 29569, 237, 44, 5267, 2480, 4932, 40814, 90, 111, 70, 28811, 106685, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 57543, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 83, 10, 12275, 7156, 390, 14941, 13950, 8753, 70, 166693, 47002, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 23, 14487, 28015, 390, 262, 11210, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 9020, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 74, 442, 83, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 59671, 927, 56101, 136, 14610, 927, 15672, 12275, 7156, 5, 581, 182304, 94419, 10, 15549, 23, 48225, 100, 70, 8753, 25632, 70, 46108, 4196, 9120, 7426, 111, 2363, 96362, 6626, 7156, 7, 4, 44, 95211, 1177, 33, 70, 144037, 7, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 481, 87918, 1771, 194322, 3387, 853, 75616, 740, 57845, 7, 6044, 237, 74855, 7, 13950, 136, 10, 30646, 47, 70, 107265, 13950, 45730, 450, 1902, 94419, 39395, 47002, 7, 182304, 7, 35462, 67, 70, 17164, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Recording and production.", "Title and packaging.", "Release and promotion.", "Critical reception.", "Reappraisal.", "Reissues.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Glyn Johns, the album's recording engineer and longtime collaborator of the band, said that \"Beggars Banquet\" signaled \"the Rolling Stones' coming of age... I think that the material was far better than anything they'd ever done before. The whole mood of the record was far stronger to me musically.\" Producer Jimmy Miller described guitarist Keith Richards as \"a real workhorse\" while recording the album, mostly due to the infrequent presence of Brian Jones. When he did show up at the sessions, Jones behaved erratically due to his drug use and emotional problems. Miller said that Jones would \"show up occasionally when he was in the mood to play, and he could never really be relied on: Brian Jones played sitar and tanpura on \"Street Fighting Man\", slide guitar on \"No Expectations\", acoustic guitar on \"Parachute Woman\", harmonica on \"Parachute Woman\", \"Dear Doctor\" and \"Prodigal Son\", and Mellotron on \"Jigsaw Puzzle\" and \"Stray Cat Blues\". In a television interview Jagger recalled that Jones' slide guitar performance on \"No Expectations\" was the last time he contributed something with care. Other than Jones, the principal band members appeared extensively, with Richards providing nearly all of the lead and rhythm guitar work, as well as playing bass on two others, in the place of Bill Wyman, who appears on the rest. Drummer Charlie Watts plays the drum kit on all but two tracks, as well as other percussion on the tracks that do not feature a full drum kit. Additional parts were played by keyboardist and frequent Rolling Stones collaborator Nicky Hopkins and percussionist Rocky Dijon, among others. The basic track of \"Street Fighting Man\" was recorded on an early Philips cassette deck at London's Olympic Sound Studios, where Richards played a Gibson Hummingbird acoustic guitar, and Watts played on an antique, portable practice drum kit. Richards and Jagger were mistakenly credited as writers on \"Prodigal Son\", a cover of Robert Wilkins's Biblical blues song.", "According to Keith Richards, the album's title was thought up by British art dealer Christopher Gibbs. On 7 June 1968, a photoshoot for the album's gatefold, with photographer Michael Joseph, was held at Sarum Chase, a mansion in Hampstead, London. Previously unseen images from the shoot were exhibited at the Blink Gallery in London in November and December 2008. The album's original cover art, depicting a bathroom wall covered with graffiti, was rejected by the band's record company, and their unsuccessful dispute delayed the album's release for months. The \"toilet\" cover was later featured on most compact disc reissues.", "\"Beggars Banquet\" was first released in the United Kingdom by Decca Records on 6 December 1968, and in the United States by London Records the following day. Like the band's previous album, it reached number three on the British albums chart, but remained on the chart for fewer weeks. The album peaked at number five on the American chart. On 11–12 December 1968 the band filmed a television extravaganza titled \"The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus\" featuring John Lennon, Eric Clapton, The Who, Jethro Tull and Marianne Faithfull among the musical guests. One of the original aims of the project was to promote \"Beggars Banquet\", but the film was shelved by the Rolling Stones until 1996, when their former manager, Allen Klein, gave it an official release.", "\"Beggars Banquet\" received a highly favourable response from music critics, who considered it a return to form for the Stones. Author Stephen Davis writes of its impact: \"[The album was] a sharp reflection of the convulsive psychic currents coursing through the Western world. Nothing else captured the youthful spirit of Europe in 1968 like \"Beggar's Banquet\".\" According to music journalist Anthony DeCurtis, the \"political correctness\" of \"Street Fighting Man\", particularly the lyrics \"What can a poor boy do/'Cept sing in a rock and roll band\", sparked intense debate in the underground media. In the description of author and critic Ian MacDonald, French director Jean-Luc Godard's filming of the sessions for \"Sympathy for the Devil\" contributed to the band's image as \"Left Bank heroes of the European Maoist underground\", with the song's \"Luciferian iconoclasm\" interpreted as a political message. \"Time\" magazine described the Stones as \"England's most subversive roisterers since Fagin's gang in \"Oliver Twist\"\" and added: \"In keeping with a widespread mood in the pop world, \"Beggars Banquet\" turns back to the raw vitality of Negro R&B and the authentic simplicity of country music.\" Jann Wenner of \"Rolling Stone\" considered that the band's regeneration marked the return of rock'n'roll, while the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" declared: \"The Stones have unleashed their rawest, rudest, most arrogant, most savage record yet. And it's beautiful.\" Less impressed, the writer of \"Melody Maker\"s initial review dismissed \"Beggars Banquet\" as \"mediocre\" and said that, since \"The Stones are Mick Jagger\", it was only the singer's \"remarkable recording presence that makes this LP\". Geoffrey Cannon of \"The Guardian\" found that the album \"demonstrates [the group's] primal power at its greatest strength\" and wrote admiringly of Jagger's ability to fully engage the listener on \"Sympathy for the Devil\", saying: \"We feel horror because, at full volume, he makes us ride his carrier wave with him, experience his sensations, and awaken us to ours.\" In his ballot for \"Jazz & Pop\" magazine's annual critics poll, Robert Christgau ranked it as the third best album of the year, and \"Salt of the Earth\" the best pop song of the year. In April 1969 for \"Esquire\", he said \"Beggars Banquet\" is \"unflawed and lacking something\".", "In a retrospective review for \"Wondering Sound\", Ben Fong-Torres called \"Beggars Banquet\" \"an album flush with masterful and growling instant classics\", and said that it \"responds more to the chaos of '68 and to themselves than to any fellow artists... the mood is one of dissolution and resignation, in the guise of a voice of an ambivalent authority.\" Colin Larkin, in his \"Encyclopedia of Popular Music\" (2006), viewed the album as \"a return to strength\" which included \"the socio-political 'Street Fighting Man' and the brilliantly macabre 'Sympathy for the Devil', in which Jagger's seductive vocal was backed by hypnotic Afro-rhythms and dervish yelps\". Writing for MusicHound in 1999, Greg Kot opined that the same two songs were the \"weakest cuts\", adding: \"Otherwise, the disc is a tour de force of acoustic-tinged savagery and slumming sexuality, particularly the gleefully flippant 'Stray Cat Blues.'\" Larry Katz from the \"Boston Herald\" called \"Beggars Banquet\" \"both a return to basics and leap forward\". In his 1997 review for \"Rolling Stone\", DeCurtis said the album was \"filled with distinctive and original touches\", and remarked on its legacy: \"For the album, the Stones had gone to great lengths to toughen their sound and banish the haze of psychedelia, and in doing so, they launched a five-year period in which they would produce their very greatest records.\" Author Martin C. Strong similarly considers \"Beggars Banquet\" to be the first album in the band's \"staggering burst of creativity\" over 1968–72 that ultimately comprised four of the best rock albums of all time. Writing in 2007, Daryl Easlea of BBC Music said that, although in places it fails to maintain the quality of its opening song, \"Beggars Banquet\" was the album where the Rolling Stones gained their enduring status as \"the Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Band in the World\". According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 33rd most celebrated album in popular music history. The album was included in the \"Basic Record Library\" of 1950s and 1960s recordings published in \"\" (1981). In 2000 it was voted number 282 in Colin Larkin's \"All Time Top 1000 Albums\". In 2003, it was ranked at number 58 on \"Rolling Stone\"s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list. In the same year, the TV network VH1 named \"Beggars Banquet\" the 67th greatest album of all time. The album is also featured in the book \"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\". In 1999, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.", "In August 2002, ABKCO Records reissued \"Beggars Banquet\" as a newly remastered LP and SACD/CD hybrid disk. This release corrected an important flaw in the original album by restoring each song to its proper, slightly faster speed. Due to an error in the mastering, \"Beggars Banquet\" was heard for over thirty years at a slower speed than it was recorded. This had the effect of altering not only the tempo of each song, but the song's key as well. These differences were subtle but important, and the remastered version is about 30 seconds shorter than the original release. Also in 2002 the Russian label CD-Maximum unofficially released the limited edition \"Beggars Banquet + 7 Bonus\", which was also bootleged on a German counterfeit-DECCA label as \"Beggars Banquet (the Mono Beggars)\". It was released once again in 2010 by Universal Music Enterprises in a Japanese-only SHM-SACDversion and on 24 November 2010 ABKCO Records released a SHM-CD version. On 28 May 2013 ABKCO Records reissued the LP on vinyl. In 2018, the album was reissued for its 50th anniversary.", "All songs written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except \"Prodigal Son\" by Robert Wilkins.", "Sources: The Rolling Stones Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 4347, 9571, 4, 180432, 129418, 7532, 4, 122446, 23, 121392, 86685, 111, 28123, 39411, 7, 136, 70, 179505, 111, 70, 5117, 2858, 271, 16, 12996, 40370, 297, 100, 70, 214706, 61404, 4, 136, 70, 8796, 9351, 44, 11679, 67177, 724, 58, 15, 143321, 1556, 126809, 70, 124850, 23, 70, 7643, 678, 121293, 297, 130370, 194, 581, 33407, 61924, 7, 10, 17311, 61404, 113054, 297, 390, 70, 14974, 2069, 111, 1909, 7, 4, 111, 3129, 12638, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 39411, 7, 99, 70, 3564, 7, 136, 621, 162711, 678, 10, 12924, 6520, 136, 99665, 238, 6, 157695, 7, 5, 3293, 45646, 142027, 7, 11192, 23718, 17368, 70, 15440, 41170, 111, 214706, 4912, 4, 3129, 83, 4552, 135587, 5, 360, 8055, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 11751, 144002, 80731, 7, 70, 86872, 47, 16839, 136, 142901, 70, 38742, 214574, 47, 70, 7374, 26050, 66, 14380, 4, 150696, 25876, 159, 5, 42, 5, 141, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 129418, 7532, 15787, 297, 70, 55556, 111, 70, 50961, 6712, 4, 22, 7, 53089, 70, 53697, 6, 97511, 14, 2749, 6, 217784, 7, 111, 70, 214706, 1909, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 39864, 1363, 111, 30152, 15429, 38742, 509, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 8272, 87420, 70, 89176, 121293, 72713, 19927, 44, 441, 217, 10552, 146, 101453, 740, 360, 18982, 136, 22482, 3576, 70, 38742, 106804, 297, 10, 58696, 36272, 23, 72713, 44075, 7, 23, 24408, 4, 10772, 195, 4969, 136, 2356, 5753, 5, 581, 6712, 69405, 194314, 71, 87420, 70, 8999, 4, 221, 5045, 221, 450, 23, 6789, 70, 5117, 97751, 1363, 1295, 10, 19336, 7082, 39933, 30957, 297, 70, 16839, 678, 38742, 181653, 23, 9098, 5, 360, 5726, 70, 97751, 5256, 124735, 23, 70, 16839, 1295, 164917, 39933, 7, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 60212, 23, 16912, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 38742, 4, 70, 76755, 17721, 129418, 7532, 136, 150696, 25876, 32497, 47, 142, 3564, 5, 3293, 75935, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 44, 10429, 31, 15429, 5377, 58, 23, 18982, 88847, 10, 140434, 14380, 678, 6863, 10336, 167565, 1314, 23, 2371, 44924, 4, 678, 70, 1144, 592, 111, 70, 106689, 17721, 129418, 7532, 136, 30152, 15429, 5377, 6, 190358, 100, 70, 36049, 111, 70, 33407, 297, 50961, 72713, 13315, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 20414, 30152, 15429, 5377, 80723, 70, 36049, 136, 7481, 80399, 7, 111, 70, 38742, 4, 26719, 70, 34754, 111, 44, 91133, 58, 15, 3996, 1463, 35975, 13651, 7, 4, 1690, 497, 6332, 4, 6, 108047, 7, 136, 5551, 6936, 52057, 36137, 9, 30145, 99547, 134855, 297, 35874, 3284, 20990, 67, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 26292, 70, 43599, 7, 111, 70, 45646, 7, 1909, 7, 4, 678, 156347, 13, 32354, 136, 8060, 16, 3129, 106804, 297, 10, 17932, 36272, 15, 107, 55247, 214, 86475, 111, 70, 7964, 16839, 16, 136, 106480, 100512, 142, 5526, 12996, 13315, 100, 30152, 15429, 237, 442, 99710, 27686, 70, 14380, 1295, 6863, 97751, 22230, 5, 3293, 34754, 83, 2843, 10, 16750, 1295, 10, 33407, 86872, 71, 1295, 129418, 7532, 5, 360, 4821, 129418, 7532, 9615, 1577, 70, 52350, 10015, 136, 33407, 62548, 47, 10, 99716, 6712, 35839, 44, 155116, 1771, 66801, 58, 678, 70, 33407, 98, 70, 30152, 15429, 1909, 7, 5, 116267, 33407, 98, 46389, 7, 1295, 10, 12996, 13315, 450, 8306, 30957, 297, 70, 16839, 3129, 10, 89829, 237, 70, 8060, 214, 182355, 191, 111, 70, 50961, 5, 360, 4078, 70, 44, 724, 9, 111753, 53, 58, 13315, 509, 181653, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 314, 7438, 136, 23552, 9, 157695, 7, 678, 214706, 2577, 7, 4, 903, 13315, 83, 30388, 297, 99, 39395, 29041, 44462, 20020, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 44, 54084, 1179, 4084, 58, 30957, 297, 70, 16839, 4, 678, 10, 21373, 12996, 47, 30152, 15429, 5, 62, 162515, 111, 903, 3525, 28813, 1290, 136, 70, 51312, 111, 214706, 47, 4778, 15, 76228, 70, 74918, 42, 6620, 111, 27998, 7, 62548, 47, 70425, 31897, 111, 76438, 7228, 38742, 16, 75935, 44402, 23, 70, 16839, 136, 16750, 297, 23, 21640, 209332, 111, 31897, 24073, 48963, 594, 4602, 58, 136, 70, 44, 183921, 63871, 18939, 47, 33946, 61261, 23, 70, 8916, 4, 136, 23, 2691, 65508, 71, 10, 79986, 48502, 151138, 450, 2174, 70, 6, 91403, 111, 70, 63920, 621, 19336, 20174, 47, 11177, 23, 70, 3034, 19932, 104532, 4, 70, 12996, 831, 4734, 186, 54324, 47, 20020, 997, 2592, 5, 3293, 3525, 15913, 1363, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 28, 10617, 2320, 111, 70, 1909, 7, 47, 9318, 2866, 154186, 47, 70, 7311, 30152, 15429, 1909, 7, 111, 1438, 2866, 5, 581, 7311, 30152, 15429, 83, 5036, 35839, 30152, 15429, 10514, 136, 1556, 10, 30388, 111, 997, 2592, 136, 83, 959, 200316, 71, 237, 10, 72713, 5, 30152, 15429, 5377, 34739, 10, 141591, 5962, 23, 70, 168296, 151994, 237, 442, 509, 85590, 538, 10, 11001, 12996, 14380, 5, 1650, 509, 195052, 390, 70, 92635, 111, 91736, 136, 70, 221419, 26794, 425, 111, 153603, 4912, 4, 136, 509, 168861, 47, 20903, 23, 7582, 44, 23753, 740, 33306, 4, 70, 16839, 7464, 168360, 37515, 38516, 15, 72992, 3674, 10932, 4082, 19879, 111, 86258, 16, 7440, 1272, 30152, 15429, 5377, 7464, 47143, 297, 70, 4734, 14380, 678, 10, 37515, 6275, 111, 91067, 23, 70, 44457, 5, 2021, 80723, 70, 1926, 18, 100, 3525, 38516, 89543, 4, 3129, 2806, 63769, 70, 21115, 47, 192026, 69405, 136, 47, 29479, 70, 12996, 50531, 7, 47, 70, 16839, 450, 1221, 23534, 47, 186, 65771, 5, 62, 21115, 111, 6, 98659, 7, 26038, 127319, 47, 10, 3525, 100510, 4, 30152, 15429, 32554, 5377, 5, 1877, 509, 70, 6602, 111, 70, 44836, 13, 456, 5720, 927, 5, 30152, 15429, 32554, 5377, 26859, 10, 9433, 111, 2878, 289, 456, 9, 121896, 141, 47691, 136, 23, 7071, 80723, 70, 36049, 111, 70, 9318, 2866, 214706, 1909, 23, 12989, 47, 9969, 538, 678, 70, 28811, 20744, 44, 11572, 15770, 740, 581, 1909, 155605, 100, 4806, 70, 44, 35953, 7, 58, 124519, 15, 11, 17704, 997, 21320, 4, 33233, 678, 44, 22796, 474, 58, 15, 1299, 7, 136, 6, 157695, 7, 16, 136, 44, 91133, 58, 15, 1299, 7, 4, 6, 157695, 7, 136, 16138, 7, 100, 19574, 50930, 674, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 30152, 15429, 83, 10, 214706, 50961, 72713, 5, 581, 7311, 72713, 48402, 297, 1909, 7, 678, 10, 39411, 98, 12638, 3564, 15, 86, 43943, 110346, 24286, 53, 16, 756, 220642, 390, 10, 214706, 76329, 15, 587, 27686, 678, 35874, 225657, 1151, 247, 136, 300, 94558, 9, 587, 27686, 12924, 6, 157695, 7, 5, 151269, 1771, 84616, 16401, 70, 1909, 7, 136, 6, 157695, 7, 25842, 4, 105233, 70, 207116, 100, 5941, 50961, 7, 5, 360, 16274, 297, 136, 33407, 297, 390, 180432, 582, 3956, 33049, 23, 4347, 9571, 4, 36049, 83, 82424, 1379, 1865, 33, 390, 30152, 15429, 32554, 5377, 99, 70, 36049, 135094, 23, 10070, 7070, 157, 4, 236386, 5, 73111, 124519, 765, 2809, 49814, 47, 70, 7311, 3299, 15, 35613, 35839, 30152, 15429, 10514, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Invention.", "Geomag worldwide.", "Crisis and rebirth.", "The magnetic toy.", "Similar toys." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In May 1998, Claudio Vicentelli, experienced in technical applications of permanent magnets and the creator of the first (1st) product deposited for the magnetic circuit, and the brand name \"GEOMAG\" (which has developed the characters in the logo with chained circles). The patent defines a particular circuit obtained by the coupling of bars, of which each consists of two magnets at the ends and are connected with a metal pin and metallic spheres. This structure guarantees high performance using the minimum amount of magnetic material, which is very expensive. In August of the same year Vincelli grants the license to market and manufacture the products worldwide to the Sardinian company, Plastwood S.r.l. During this time Vicentelli perfected the technology of the construction game, ensuring the constant centesimal tolerances of the magnetic bars.", "The first introduction of Geomag products was at the end of 1999 throughout the Italian chain toy shop \"Città del Sole\". In January and February 2000 the products demonstrated a huge success in toy fairs in Milan, Nuremberg and New York. The game quickly diffused throughout the world, so much so that in 2001 the first imitation from a small US operator entered the market with products produced in China. In 2002 the imitations increased in the market from smaller operators. In the same year, due to the difference in views in the development of the products, the relationship between Vicentelli and Plastwood comes to an end. This created the introduction of \"Geomag SA\" in January 2003, a Swiss company with its headquarters in Ticino, with the signing of the agreement between Vicentelli and Geomag SA allowing for the production of the patented construction toy line. At the end of July Geomag SA began the production and marketing campaigns of the products, including the development of \"panel\" (triangular platforms, rhombi, squares and pentagonal semi-transparent coloured polycarbonate that can be used to fill the gaps of the structures bars, with decorative function and support) which demonstrated a second success (representing 35% of the global market) and particularly became an important product line for Geomag as it differentiated the company from its imitators. This development is also a result from a patent licensed from Vicentelli. In 2004 Vicentelli settles the trademark and patent related to a strategic game called \"magnetic challenge\" with the patent on the Geomag bars. Another patent on blocks from a product line that never entered the market which acted as the supporting skeleton of the construction. In 2005 the \"G-Baby\" line was produced, consisting of cubes and half-spheres with magnetic faces, this line is targeted at early childhood children. At the end of the year \"Magnetix\" entered the market, with a similar product to Geomag. A combination of this new competitor and the increase of magnetic toys (with the occurrence of accidents related to poor quality of Chinese made products) created problems in the market and resulted in international regulations of quality (\"ASTM USA\" and the \"European Commission\") to interest themselves in the sector, and in 2007 introduced a rule specifying that if the dimension of the parts are small enough to fit in the test cylinder, the product can only be sold to children +14. This new regulation resulted in the elongation of the bars to 58 mm compared to the original Geomag bars of 27 mm. The original Geomag is now called Geomag PRO and has a target of +14 and is not advertised as a toy.", "Geomag SA took a severe hit in the competitive struggle as it was essentially a single product company. It was affected by the lack of rules and the subsequent influx of advertising material, and was forced to close in November \"2007\". However, the market still showed strong potential (estimated around 400 million of dollars) whereby Geomag SA still remained the only company with a strong point of reference in the field. 2008 began the hunt for new potential partners, which would allow the group to recover quickly and to implement the product strategies to the market that will prove to be successful. A group of entrepreneurs gave birth to a new society, Geomagworld SA. 2009 was the year of the definitive rebirth. Geomagworld SA started a process of partial re-industrialization and in April began the production of the 58 mm magnetic bar in order to comply with the European Standard \"EN71\". The bar eventually formed the \"kids\" lines (aged +3), along with \"colour\" (bars and spheres) and \"panel\" (bars, spheres and panels for reinforcement and a decorative effect ). The original bar (27 mm), of which production still continues, became the new line \"pro\" consisting of \"pro colour\", \"pro metal\" and \"pro panel\", and lost its image of being a toy and its rights to be offered to the public under 14 years of age. The line \"pro\" is still highly appreciated and consumed by the adult target market, thanks to its patented circuit and high performance as the bars are able to develop a magnetic attraction force equal to more than 200 times its own weight (4.5 grams). The \"G-Baby\" line maintained its characteristics as it is in line with all the new regulations. In 2010, a \"pink\" line targeted at girls was introduced, and in 2011 a vehicle line \"wheels\" was released. The \"roly poly\" products were added to the \"G-Baby\" line, animal characters that swing from the hemisphere platform. In 2012, new colours were introduced: luminous \"glow\", and in 2013 \"glitter\", with small sparkly metallic inserts. The \"world\" line has cardboard panels with designs (house, castle, etc.) instead of the original plain panels. The \"e-motion\" line has additional specific accessories. 2013 saw the launch of \"KOR Geomag\", similar to a three dimensional puzzle consisting of a magnetic centre with sectors that attach through the magnetic force, allowing for the rotation and sliding around the core. In 2014, the core technology platform KOR - is the heart of the spherical magnetic sectors that are attached to the central metal sphere, these are covered by plastic to form an egg - creating the \"KOR pure\". 2014 saw the birth of \"mechanics\", an extension of Geomag Classic using elements of mechanics. These new plastic elements are fully compatible and integrated with classic bars and spheres allowing the construction of larger models, more solid structures, and the use of simpler construction methods.", "In an interview with Claudio Vicentelli, he discusses how he started with a prototype of wood, and eventually developed his idea to a magnetic toy how it is known today (Geomag classic and PRO). The turning point in the evolution of the project, occurred when Vicentelli was in the finalization of the design of the object, deciding how to best achieve an optimal balance between magnetic attraction force and weight. This is when the original idea was abandoned, the original form of a \"brick\", and to move to a new system of bars and spheres instead. The choice allowed for the maintenance of the highest ratio of magnetic force and weight-cost of each unit, while also allowing for the possible development of the project and its subsequent marketing in a relatively short time. After the selection of the most efficient form, the next phase in the development of the toys was the research and the study of materials for the various components, in addition to choosing the most appropriate magnets. Complex calculations on the diameter of the bars and spheres allowed to obtain the coupling of two bars on the same sphere with angles less than 60 degrees, which is the necessary condition for the creation of triangular figures at the base of the game. The choice of using plastic to cover the bars posed as a difficult task, however it allowed to lighten the individual units (with a thickness of a few tenth of a millimeter), while ensuring a sufficient rigidity to support the three-dimensional shape of the figures once constructed. Another aspect of the project development that Vicentelli describes as being fundamentally important, is the protection of the components from oxidation and continuous rubbing. Once all of these solutions were put in place, Vicentelli concentrated on the optimization of the product. This was done by reducing the amount of plastic being used for the coatings, alongside the constant search for the increase of the ratio of strength / weight / cost while maintaining the same performance.", "There are toy systems similar to Geomag, with slight dimensional differences. Making geometric forms which are consistent and stable usually requires components from a single source, due to the different lengths. Similar toys: Some of the other toys have added features, such as bars of different or adjustable lengths, curved bars, or bars connecting to three or more spheres." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 563, 21135, 509, 70, 39457, 42, 47, 162856, 32964, 4, 2750, 165249, 17265, 1295, 873, 89845, 56, 10146, 6644, 16424, 7, 4, 121907, 121147, 10146, 54889, 4, 7224, 590, 10146, 54889, 136, 3789, 61909, 40830, 7, 5, 41272, 25755, 7328, 136, 2206, 66494, 53, 1172, 3630, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 14380, 5, 563, 21135, 165249, 3650, 1837, 19879, 23, 10, 22759, 927, 68807, 111, 163157, 12441, 390, 131438, 2481, 10146, 54889, 98, 4347, 24470, 43304, 100, 142, 25902, 3674, 3622, 111, 3650, 1197, 19879, 4, 59499, 47, 313, 17777, 5, 581, 14380, 25, 7, 96362, 40830, 7, 4, 873, 89845, 56, 10146, 6644, 16424, 7, 4, 121907, 121147, 10146, 54889, 4, 136, 7224, 590, 10146, 54889, 4, 2843, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 68807, 5, 360, 18982, 34975, 563, 21135, 8942, 5, 509, 163629, 71, 390, 99599, 7652, 5, 581, 31842, 1556, 2809, 2837, 133891, 297, 4, 678, 8060, 86658, 7071, 29620, 13999, 563, 21135, 27804, 78779, 297, 2265, 172532, 136, 2450, 11374, 26719, 2646, 141012, 4, 1431, 4, 12639, 4, 3610, 4, 166478, 4, 12577, 4, 107582, 4, 57163, 38, 25919, 4, 3021, 5, 14847, 459, 36659, 3934, 2499, 111, 70, 8060, 297, 2265, 11374, 4, 563, 21135, 5809, 28560, 114419, 1295, 23902, 12, 60641, 7, 4, 70622, 297, 20929, 4, 136, 1286, 5, 563, 21135, 25, 7, 42850, 27804, 11389, 49814, 3610, 33086, 123309, 2481, 4, 6024, 9, 55741, 214, 111, 10778, 114419, 47, 48716, 11374, 4, 136, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 34648, 115288, 9966, 1829, 1431, 18032, 23, 70, 31842, 5, 64511, 66139, 26698, 12, 360, 14487, 56434, 563, 21135, 23742, 70, 44, 53049, 127, 2886, 58, 13527, 4002, 54530, 100, 104921, 7, 136, 58302, 3794, 7, 136, 23, 11994, 43304, 563, 21135, 23742, 70, 25134, 3311, 25134, 25617, 4002, 60992, 100, 66069, 5, 44, 441, 17777, 58, 26038, 70, 4727, 11787, 1193, 11389, 111, 563, 21135, 53855, 70, 44759, 111, 44, 110601, 4727, 23752, 111, 2691, 740, 44, 12233, 6661, 25, 7, 58, 20904, 85283, 219, 11960, 8347, 297, 563, 21135, 237, 1919, 44, 46568, 120254, 13, 4002, 86976, 740, 360, 22482, 43304, 62, 22323, 171530, 450, 442, 2806, 2837, 133891, 13, 8060, 100, 70, 10086, 98224, 31842, 4, 136, 170198, 563, 21135, 136, 43568, 237, 30700, 31842, 7, 47, 6863, 38937, 37382, 111, 10086, 98224, 483, 72095, 5, 1326, 70, 10086, 98224, 382, 38937, 37382, 4, 62, 22323, 170198, 4734, 70, 563, 21135, 31842, 47, 6863, 72095, 5, 360, 11994, 43304, 563, 21135, 171530, 450, 1836, 1902, 51592, 44, 86, 147, 538, 138, 19879, 7026, 7, 58, 136, 10, 702, 13465, 51312, 23, 36457, 72095, 23, 70, 5117, 6626, 21775, 111, 20907, 10660, 2843, 171530, 44, 17678, 3501, 2358, 33297, 111, 563, 21135, 72095, 20662, 442, 2363, 114977, 31842, 111, 44126, 740, 360, 4347, 43304, 563, 21135, 23742, 70, 7142, 28997, 214, 95487, 111, 70, 4002, 1272, 54530, 5, 563, 21135, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 903, 70318, 33233, 678, 1431, 4, 873, 837, 136, 94686, 5, 14847, 563, 21135, 25, 7, 2837, 133891, 2320, 509, 171530, 23, 7071, 34975, 8347, 56, 40207, 53, 159, 109004, 191, 111, 44, 31626, 724, 38, 116890, 3890, 122399, 70, 114137, 12, 44, 1456, 1448, 3334, 903, 509, 7565, 47, 70425, 208124, 4331, 6, 90825, 15, 3630, 27117, 4734, 67233, 329, 99, 242, 122232, 76681, 25, 100, 142, 27781, 111, 10, 2265, 31842, 16940, 7108, 16, 707, 1660, 4537, 10, 192592, 98186, 19441, 110342, 7, 1295, 34776, 4, 1238, 66965, 42, 4, 10899, 4, 1466, 177, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 23, 935, 2577, 756, 111, 70, 1733, 83, 931, 818, 12, 563, 21135, 1556, 21917, 76622, 5773, 136, 100, 756, 6863, 76106, 442, 8306, 32233, 158930, 1257, 47, 6863, 10002, 2119, 1081, 1242, 345, 5416, 82230, 214, 51703, 4, 563, 21135, 23742, 10, 14012, 111, 70318, 7, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 563, 21135, 83, 10, 2837, 133891, 297, 1467, 31842, 450, 5361, 29367, 23, 101904, 2265, 172532, 136, 4002, 16655, 135094, 88303, 3934, 6863, 38937, 101758, 5, 241, 147, 56786, 11389, 7, 111, 563, 21135, 11814, 70, 527, 97682, 19097, 89159, 214, 87907, 390, 109875, 5, 40647, 787, 178121, 4, 121447, 98, 18982, 30284, 34975, 509, 70, 4568, 11389, 35509, 98, 109875, 43568, 5, 13794, 214, 678, 11389, 138, 4, 563, 21135, 509, 35509, 98, 70103, 110346, 136, 221, 11814, 70, 4002, 605, 217, 89159, 214, 87907, 5, 563, 21135, 509, 19882, 237, 10, 4092, 7026, 4, 136, 8060, 297, 7244, 3773, 4, 4727, 11787, 1193, 136, 4, 99, 1632, 1733, 4, 29908, 237, 5299, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Features.", "Reception.", "Awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Flock was the successor to Round Two, who raised money from Bessemer Venture Partners, Catamount Ventures, Shasta Ventures and other angel investors. Bart Decrem and Geoffrey Arone co-founded the company. Flock raised $15 million in a fourth round of funding led by Fidelity Ventures on May 22, 2008, for an estimated total of $30 million, according to CNET. The company's previous investors, Bessemer Venture Partners, Catamount Ventures, and Shasta Ventures, also participated in the round. In January 2011, Flock Inc. was acquired by Zynga. The browser has been discontinued, with support ending April 26, 2011.", "Flock 2.5 integrated social networking and media services including MySpace, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Flickr, Blogger, Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc. When logging into any of the supported social services, Flock could track updates from friends: profiles, uploaded photos, and more. Flock's latest 2.5 version added Twitter Search functionality, multi-casting of status updates to multiple services, and the introduction of instant messaging via Facebook Chat in the browser. Other features include:", "In December 2007, Flock won the \"Mashable\" Open Web Awards for Applications and Widgets and in March 2008, Flock won the South By Southwest Web Award for Community. \"CNET\" gave the Mac OS X version of Flock 1.0 the title of \"Best Mac Software of 2007\". \"PC World's\" Harry McCracken reviewed Flock as his \"New Favorite Web Browser\". In February 2008, AOL announced that it would discontinue support for the Netscape browser, and recommended Flock and Firefox as alternative browsers to its userbase of Netscape 9 users. For the Netscape 8 userbase, AOL recommended only the Flock browser to its users. In March 2008, Flock announced that they had seen \"nearly 3 million downloads\" and a 135% increase in active users in the first two months of 2008. They also announced \"more than 70 percent of Flock users making it their default browser of choice\". In May 2008, Flock won the Social Networking category of the Webby Awards. Flock was nominated for this award along with Facebook, Bebo and Ning. When Flock's discontinuation was announced in April 2011, reviewer Joey Sneddon of \"OMG! Ubuntu!\" offered the analysis: \"Whether this was down to poor implementation design wise (one needs only glance at 'Rockmelt' for an example of a social browser done right) or just general apathy towards having alerts from twitter, flickr, facebook, digg \"et al.\" in your face all of the time is moot: Flock has flocked off and for all its innovation it never quite lived up to its own hype.\"", "Upon exiting beta, Flock won a number of awards:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63099, 13817, 509, 103122, 98, 18982, 29620, 145081, 23, 23684, 137577, 14, 4, 10, 44, 6000, 1782, 58, 111, 70, 59444, 111, 103978, 3922, 24286, 87, 114983, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 50939, 8051, 23, 70, 203439, 10776, 4, 98848, 5, 360, 125800, 4, 764, 45443, 297, 10, 109923, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 678, 1919, 42732, 136, 1919, 82953, 38157, 47, 33284, 2363, 67373, 4, 2750, 1902, 109133, 47, 2356, 5753, 6406, 25, 7, 24453, 1950, 6153, 40368, 5369, 110680, 136, 142096, 10, 19336, 205277, 89176, 11969, 3443, 53, 4343, 5, 51404, 63099, 13817, 509, 7464, 10, 25299, 4, 1919, 82953, 65508, 71, 4049, 47, 4642, 69924, 5, 1913, 17480, 764, 1902, 24209, 10, 32786, 111, 10, 4000, 4642, 136, 26859, 17368, 70, 9351, 17819, 478, 5, 63099, 13817, 174176, 280, 15145, 138379, 136, 23409, 47, 79, 379, 100, 10, 1192, 7136, 136, 49586, 1297, 53, 23, 81139, 4, 62977, 4, 136, 38222, 5, 360, 24531, 4, 764, 139505, 239, 474, 16883, 2206, 21358, 669, 4, 10, 845, 114686, 46667, 2750, 509, 70, 114015, 111, 10, 20903, 34391, 5, 9925, 5701, 6602, 4, 63099, 13817, 149976, 1492, 21775, 23, 79, 379, 100, 85358, 214, 10, 29024, 11, 6259, 142172, 5, 51404, 20697, 100, 70, 5455, 9284, 4642, 4, 63099, 13817, 435, 71305, 44, 116742, 1002, 58, 142061, 31, 4, 70, 116047, 19, 57724, 111, 147037, 25, 7, 61187, 56, 24453, 24383, 4642, 5, 581, 6626, 89176, 7, 109312, 100512, 23902, 136, 89543, 5, 48752, 289, 114210, 43032, 111, 142061, 31, 25, 7, 14449, 6392, 254, 66187, 71, 111, 903, 105925, 165410, 5, 10660, 3542, 153161, 10332, 9, 48738, 44, 192, 61852, 172, 58, 2750, 3542, 51, 110641, 214, 47, 4488, 678, 35672, 2750, 509, 959, 89176, 4, 136, 49242, 70760, 99, 2965, 1672, 20697, 678, 351, 9, 8859, 29203, 10133, 5, 717, 142061, 31, 25, 7, 129517, 4, 1836, 1631, 14534, 4049, 26548, 20697, 678, 63099, 13817, 4, 136565, 1836, 35839, 44, 2347, 5402, 939, 203439, 19, 1242, 62, 10617, 678, 89176, 15672, 30699, 1636, 582, 188, 129885, 3132, 13, 136, 100225, 44, 20800, 107, 13, 9, 919, 21228, 40218, 58, 42041, 17007, 13, 4, 136, 845, 114686, 30699, 1636, 134816, 10082, 4922, 136, 74715, 44, 7235, 9405, 53, 58, 727, 2679, 4, 70, 4642, 100512, 75412, 23, 49586, 1297, 53, 4, 70, 2480, 4, 1119, 1290, 1363, 4, 208782, 136, 24, 42, 587, 41637, 5, 581, 142061, 31, 9, 10625, 37219, 31, 9, 2729, 19, 4922, 9, 99266, 2679, 144, 87587, 78737, 297, 3853, 53333, 678, 70, 46692, 111, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 23, 23031, 5, 581, 4642, 23409, 3934, 49935, 57749, 4, 4420, 297, 390, 49602, 44530, 126756, 44, 2347, 6163, 73, 58, 137514, 18055, 5, 581, 27150, 89176, 7, 25, 36272, 2633, 2856, 3249, 8063, 8, 16765, 678, 70, 105207, 845, 114686, 136, 120552, 49602, 7, 111, 70, 1615, 4, 26719, 174705, 27325, 9136, 4, 180, 434, 10186, 44, 2347, 104431, 56, 58, 167025, 19, 136, 25031, 44, 129933, 19893, 58, 114458, 8889, 5, 137514, 18055, 100512, 10, 52114, 47, 63099, 13817, 4, 142061, 31, 4, 10082, 4922, 136, 727, 2679, 12960, 1836, 55080, 297, 49935, 57749, 8063, 678, 42911, 425, 115393, 1909, 191, 27325, 9136, 5, 360, 63445, 4, 63099, 13817, 4, 142061, 31, 4, 136, 2363, 20903, 271, 89176, 30699, 1636, 33284, 297, 70, 116047, 19, 46824, 14449, 12441, 390, 40207, 44, 2347, 66235, 58, 128927, 1651, 4, 10, 2663, 89176, 1379, 32554, 46824, 55983, 5, 3311, 58410, 4, 63099, 13817, 1902, 24209, 10, 20903, 30699, 67, 111, 43153, 25, 7, 147405, 25, 7, 120552, 46824, 55983, 90, 114458, 8889, 136, 167025, 19, 5, 1529, 100512, 75412, 23, 2363, 7853, 9, 16428, 592, 41018, 7, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 3957, 106935, 86, 56128, 903, 13648, 765, 105876, 297, 4049, 47, 15549, 1919, 4568, 9351, 47, 70, 120552, 44, 10625, 37219, 31, 1242, 360, 60487, 4, 63099, 13817, 100512, 10, 345, 5, 294, 5, 130367, 5, 2161, 7582, 17846, 70777, 4, 63099, 13817, 136, 114458, 8889, 3542, 13830, 89829, 98, 30361, 49935, 57749, 124666, 5, 10660, 3542, 61689, 5281, 111, 14799, 23709, 6626, 345, 5, 294, 5, 106294, 135440, 7, 1055, 4, 44136, 39, 78458, 221, 450, 1836, 2806, 959, 100898, 70, 51, 63033, 214, 111, 400, 30922, 42, 1295, 139098, 7, 23, 2356, 5753, 1950, 3422, 5, 581, 142105, 139098, 23, 70, 106935, 86, 18738, 126, 5809, 85358, 6, 91578, 50218, 111, 400, 30922, 42, 5, 360, 18982, 70970, 4, 70, 115944, 103494, 21135, 297, 98, 70, 49935, 57749, 124666, 100, 114458, 8889, 136, 63099, 13817, 5, 360, 70777, 4, 114458, 8889, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 14799, 23709, 10, 106294, 135440, 51521, 136, 149357, 71, 47, 6626, 5369, 23, 79, 379, 5, 24372, 114458, 8889, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 4, 63099, 13817, 34739, 645, 70, 106935, 86, 25, 7, 41018, 7, 678, 167025, 19, 5, 3293, 143434, 5129, 10763, 17721, 167025, 19, 136, 10, 2663, 114458, 8889, 23414, 86216, 4, 28166, 44, 90948, 701, 58, 2673, 16680, 1779, 4, 2750, 18822, 71, 764, 5608, 765, 2809, 51042, 70, 106935, 86, 64457, 111, 63099, 13817, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 44, 12662, 121978, 19, 130270, 34210, 58, 80723, 17721, 2673, 16680, 1779, 98, 1632, 5609, 4, 136, 63099, 13817, 4, 167025, 19, 4, 136, 27325, 9136, 98, 70, 3789, 5, 1913, 903, 1733, 4, 27325, 9136, 509, 2843, 19441, 44402, 678, 4642, 37499, 21763, 44, 5267, 9405, 58, 69124, 136, 89811, 44, 63129, 41129, 58, 88842, 4, 2750, 1902, 186, 6967, 47, 43876, 27325, 9136, 136, 1919, 89543, 678, 2673, 16680, 1779, 25, 7, 4358, 5, 215100, 538, 4, 70, 63099, 13817, 9, 63129, 555, 9, 25452, 7136, 169, 144, 87587, 509, 163684, 297, 390, 2356, 5753, 25, 7, 1379, 32554, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 23031, 7, 4, 99051, 6653, 4726, 120592, 47, 5808, 13, 10, 5078, 184, 145970, 111, 24453, 106294, 49935, 113947, 7, 4, 70, 14195, 132556, 4, 23, 3129, 10, 14012, 111, 197097, 4642, 37499, 4, 26719, 63099, 13817, 4, 142061, 31, 4, 14407, 53, 567, 110641, 669, 4, 40207, 62, 137966, 4, 136, 134816, 10082, 4922, 112730, 10, 2831, 5, 6653, 4726, 2843, 8060, 297, 166635, 111, 10, 15889, 14361, 450, 2806, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17819, 63099, 13817, 15, 74, 103122, 108520, 32301, 75813, 74, 2819, 18982, 29620, 145081, 46, 22482, 543, 4, 29733, 16, 509, 142, 89176, 9, 127345, 46824, 55983, 111, 70, 142061, 31, 46824, 14449, 5, 360, 44321, 4, 63099, 13817, 188545, 71, 142, 110938, 2320, 81887, 12989, 297, 390, 582, 188, 129885, 3132, 13, 136, 175100, 1810, 390, 89811, 527, 123507, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 37264, 120639, 117, 37316, 48141, 63099, 13817, 47, 28702, 19, 28694, 127, 14537, 47, 129885, 3132, 13, 136, 90223, 5, 63099, 13817, 68, 71, 98, 22482, 543, 4, 29733, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Alliance with Luciano.", "Castellammarese War.", "Years as consigliere.", "Boss and prison.", "Assassination attempt and aftermath.", "Retirement and death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Costello was born on January 26, 1891 in Lauropoli, a \"frazione\" of the town of Cassano allo Ionio in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region, Italy. In 1895, he boarded a ship to the United States with his mother and his brother Edward to join their father, who had moved to New York City's East Harlem several years earlier and opened a small neighborhood Italian grocery store. While Costello was still a boy, his brother introduced him to gang activities. At 13, he had become a member of a local gang and started using the name Frankie. Costello committed petty crimes and went to jail for assault and robbery in 1908, 1912, and 1917. In 1918, he married Lauretta Geigerman, a Jewish woman who was the sister of a close friend. That same year, Costello served ten months in jail for carrying a concealed weapon.", "While working for the Morello gang, Costello met Charlie \"Lucky\" Luciano, the Sicilian leader of Manhattan's Lower East Side gang. The two Italians immediately became friends and partners. Several older members of Luciano's family disapproved of this growing partnership. They were mostly old-school \"mafiosi\" who were unwilling to work with anyone who was not Italian, and skeptical at best about working with non-Sicilians. To Luciano's shock, they warned him against working with Costello, whom they called \"the dirty Calabrian.\" Along with Italian American associates Vito Genovese and Tommy \"Three-Finger Brown\" Lucchese, and Jewish associates Meyer Lansky and Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel, the gang became involved in robbery, theft, extortion, gambling and narcotics. The Luciano-Costello-Lansky-Siegel alliance prospered even further with the passage of Prohibition in 1920. The gang went into bootlegging, backed by criminal financier Arnold \"the Brain\" Rothstein. The young Italians' success let them make business deals with the leading Jewish and Irish criminals of the era, including Dutch Schultz, Owney \"the Killer\" Madden and William \"Big Bill\" Dwyer. Rothstein became a mentor to Costello, Luciano, Lansky and Siegel while they conducted bootlegging business with Bronx beer baron Schultz. In 1922, Costello, Luciano, and their closest Italian associates joined the Sicilian crime family led by Joe \"the Boss\" Masseria, a top Italian underworld crime boss. By 1924, Costello had become a close associate of Hell's Kitchen's Irish crime bosses Dwyer and Madden. He became involved in their rum-running operations, known as \"The Combine\"; this might have prompted him to change his last name to the Irish \"Costello.\" In 1925, Costello became a U.S. citizen. On November 19, 1926, Costello and Dwyer were indicted on federal bootlegging charges. They were accused of bribing two U.S. Coast Guardsmen, presumably so that they would not disturb the unloading of liquor from boats in New York Harbor. The largest boat in the Combine fleet could carry 20,000 cases of liquor. In January 1927, the jury deadlocked on the bootlegging charges for Dwyer and Costello. In 1926, Dwyer was convicted of bribing a Coast Guard official and sentenced to two years in jail. After Dwyer was imprisoned, Costello took over the Combine's operations with Madden. This caused friction between Madden and a top Dwyer lieutenant, Charles \"Vannie\" Higgins, who believed he should have been running the Combine instead of Costello. Thus, the \"Manhattan Beer Wars\" began between Higgins on one side, and Costello, Madden, and Schultz on the other. At this time, Schultz was also having problems with gangsters Jack \"Legs\" Diamond and Vincent \"Mad Dog\" Coll, who had begun to rival Schultz and his partners with Higgins's help. Eventually, the Costello-Madden-Schultz alliance was destroyed by New York's underworld. In the late 1920s, Johnny Torrio helping to organize a loose cartel of East Coast bootleggers, the Big Seven, in which a number of prominent gangsters, including Costello, Luciano, Longy Zwillman, Joe Adonis, and Meyer Lansky played a part. Torrio also supported creation of a national body that would prevent the sort of all-out turf wars between gangs that had broken out in Chicago and New York. His idea was well received, and a conference was hosted in Atlantic City by Torrio, Lansky, Luciano and Costello in May 1929; the National Crime Syndicate was created.", "In early 1931, the Castellammarese War broke out between Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command. On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel; Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel. Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss. In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Maranzano. Luciano had received word that Maranzano was planning to kill him and Genovese, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Lansky and Siegel. Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime.", "In 1931, after the Masseria and Maranzano murders, Luciano became the leader of the new Luciano crime family, with Genovese as underboss and Costello as \"consigliere\". Costello quickly became one of the biggest earners for the Luciano family and began to carve his own niche in the underworld. He controlled the slot machine and bookmaking operations for the family with associate Philip \"Dandy Phil\" Kastel. Costello placed approximately 25,000 slot machines in bars, restaurants, cafes, drugstores, gas stations, and bus stops throughout New York. In 1934, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia confiscated thousands of Costello's slot machines, loaded them on a barge, and dumped them into the river. Costello's next move was to accept Louisiana governor Huey Long's proposal to put slot machines throughout Louisiana for 10% of the take. Costello made Kastel overseer of the Louisiana slot operation. Kastel had the assistance of New Orleans \"mafioso\" Carlos \"Little Man\" Marcello. Costello brought in millions of dollars in profit from slot machines and bookmaking to the Luciano family.", "In 1936, Luciano was convicted of running a prostitution ring and sentenced to 30 to 50 years in state prison. He attempted to rule the crime family from prison with the help of Costello and Lansky, but found it too difficult. With Luciano's imprisonment, Genovese became acting boss of the Luciano crime family. In 1937, Genovese was indicted for a 1934 murder and fled to Italy to avoid prosecution. Luciano then appointed Costello as acting boss. His underboss was his cousin Willie Moretti. From May 1950 to May 1951, the U.S. Senate conducted a large-scale investigation of organized crime, commonly known as the Kefauver Hearings, chaired by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Costello was convicted of contempt of the Senate and sentenced to 18 months in prison. Senator Kefauver concluded that politician Carmine DeSapio was assisting the activities of Costello, and that Costello had become influential in decisions made by the Tammany Hall council. DeSapio admitted to having met Costello several times, but insisted that \"politics was never discussed\". In 1952, the government began proceedings to strip Costello of his U.S. citizenship, and he was indicted for evasion of $73,417 in income taxes between 1946 and 1949. He was sentenced to five years in prison and fined $20,000. In 1954, Costello appealed the conviction and was released on $50,000 bail; from 1952 to 1961 he was in and out of half a dozen federal and local prisons and jails, his confinement interrupted by periods when he was out on bail pending determination of appeals.", "In 1956, Adonis, a powerful Costello ally, chose deportation to Italy over a long prison sentence. His departure left Costello weakened, but Genovese still had to neutralize one more powerful Costello ally, Anastasia, who had taken over the Mangano crime family after the disappearance of boss Vincent Mangano and the murder of brother Philip Mangano on April 14, 1951. In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Costello. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building. The altercation persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. Genovese then controlled what is now called the Genovese crime family. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman, but in 1958 Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted of attempted murder. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia was murdered at the barber shop of the Park Sheraton Hotel at 56th Street and 7th Avenue in Manhattan. Carlo Gambino was expected to be proclaimed boss of Anastasia's family at the November 14, 1957, Apalachin Meeting Genovese called to discuss the future of \"Cosa Nostra\" in light of his takeover. When police raided the meeting, to the detriment of Genovese's reputation, Gambino's appointment was postponed to a later meeting in New York City. In 1959, Genovese was convicted of selling a large quantity of heroin. On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia.", "During his retirement, Costello was still known as \"The Prime Minister of the Underworld.\" He still retained power and influence in New York's Mafia and remained busy throughout his final years. \"Cosa Nostra\" bosses and old associates such as Gambino and Lucchese still paid visits to Costello at his Waldorf Astoria penthouse, seeking advice on important Mafia affairs. Costello's old friend Meyer Lansky also kept in touch. Costello occupied himself with gardening and displayed some of his flowers at local horticultural shows. On February 20, 1961, the United States Supreme Court upheld a lower court order that stripped Costello of his U.S. citizenship. But on February 17, 1964, the same court set aside a deportation order for Costello, citing a legal technicality. In early February 1973, Costello suffered a heart attack at his Manhattan home and was rushed to Doctors Hospital in Manhattan, where he died on February 18. Costello's sedate memorial service at a Manhattan funeral home was attended by 50 relatives, friends, and law enforcement agents. Costello is interred in a private mausoleum in St. Michael's Cemetery in East Elmhurst, Queens. In 1974, after his enemy Carmine Galante was released from prison, he allegedly ordered the bombing of the doors to Costello's mausoleum." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 53400, 7, 831, 15190, 66139, 136, 15549, 123309, 2481, 23, 5986, 91157, 390, 20600, 214, 111938, 7, 5, 224545, 7, 621, 21373, 47, 70, 224545, 7, 100, 70, 43568, 31842, 136, 831, 186, 72546, 196, 3674, 5, 66069, 18151, 71, 111938, 7, 621, 19882, 98, 5986, 91157, 25, 7, 15190, 5245, 8060, 9191, 5, 70829, 19, 26908, 82775, 111938, 7, 621, 12, 2396, 365, 1674, 1218, 36659, 619, 33086, 4, 28, 158257, 134701, 4, 72975, 92966, 56, 4, 69891, 69182, 56, 4, 103835, 42724, 43435, 56, 4, 32134, 10382, 21359, 42108, 11205, 85789, 4, 8162, 69891, 90045, 4, 18883, 52001, 55741, 6436, 31068, 53, 4, 992, 683, 35159, 4, 3145, 81409, 8183, 4, 4837, 5612, 23550, 10135, 35863, 4, 18032, 1511, 2298, 4, 136, 49049, 53, 10752, 50878, 5, 68761, 7, 621, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 88981, 3334, 7, 58, 23, 5986, 91157, 4, 136, 8337, 72095, 136, 22104, 7, 70, 81273, 47, 15549, 70, 6713, 111, 5986, 91157, 1829, 142, 111938, 3129, 139392, 7, 10, 114977, 21722, 5, 345, 6953, 59279, 15, 2940, 35829, 25958, 1193, 11176, 247, 136, 142, 29569, 45258, 1363, 1528, 6044, 237, 78072, 707, 527, 169937, 4, 72095, 621, 7068, 19048, 47, 3249, 5986, 91157, 6713, 49903, 1836, 3444, 5, 5986, 91157, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 30520, 47443, 136, 126809, 390, 228409, 7, 111, 70, 360, 14083, 22819, 15, 76228, 43032, 2750, 198395, 126809, 100, 15044, 17686, 25133, 136, 70, 57163, 38, 13703, 90125, 194, 360, 18982, 36404, 80314, 171530, 1836, 2806, 109923, 10, 3357, 29367, 11389, 111, 5986, 91157, 678, 3060, 111, 2363, 13315, 111, 168627, 18215, 64, 10248, 92865, 5, 2161, 116, 7071, 36404, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 51521, 29908, 8060, 2806, 3564, 678, 5986, 91157, 11389, 615, 179642, 5, 436, 152770, 8942, 5, 2806, 64457, 32153, 98, 6863, 3773, 136, 4727, 11787, 1193, 11389, 7, 111, 5986, 91157, 4, 101904, 4734, 51, 161818, 8060, 100, 29908, 54452, 7, 5, 31384, 6032, 20271, 72399, 1324, 707, 39395, 24159, 5986, 91157, 25, 7, 3835, 159, 40711, 509, 39958, 7565, 4, 33233, 678, 2363, 34356, 136, 3789, 31344, 18151, 62548, 19537, 2449, 5, 62, 110297, 14432, 9325, 1810, 1829, 3610, 390, 5986, 91157, 42459, 297, 450, 436, 152770, 509, 20450, 6953, 70, 86983, 58585, 31344, 18151, 4, 58136, 47, 14432, 74703, 142, 150011, 11389, 4, 30022, 214, 5941, 216348, 54608, 7, 136, 60213, 50336, 7, 390, 72095, 2750, 1902, 2809, 124962, 71, 100, 5369, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5986, 91157, 83, 10, 2837, 133891, 297, 19612, 58585, 7311, 538, 121447, 23, 39395, 3295, 678, 70, 11341, 71, 29752, 44, 188, 23, 90351, 67, 5986, 91157, 4, 70, 5117, 4002, 58585, 4, 47, 60199, 538, 731, 136, 102995, 10, 9789, 4, 9803, 4794, 4002, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Add-ons.", "Extensions.", "Skins.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Users can add features and change functionality in Songbird by installing extensions. Extensions are similar to the Extensions for the Firefox browser and can be easily ported. Community coded extensions are available on Songbird's addons support page. Known community designed extensions are: Qloud Tagging & Search, eMusic Integration, iTunes Importer, Artist Tracker, Library File Organizer, Audioscrobbler Notifier, Wikipedia Artist Display, SHOUTcast Radio Directory, UnPlug, Adblock Plus, Taglib metadata handler, ChatZilla, and FoxyProxy.", "Skins are referred to as \"feathers\" in Songbird, and give users and artists the ability to change the look of Songbird via an extension which generates a default skin. Using CSS (and optionally XUL), and an image manipulation program such as Photoshop or GIMP, users are then able to make Songbird look however they want.", "Songbird was founded by Rob Lord and developed by Pioneers of the Inevitable (with members who previously developed for both Winamp and the Yahoo! Music Engine). In January 2010, Philips announced they would ship a personalized version of Songbird with some of their line of portable audio/video players. On 2 April 2010, it was announced that official Linux support would end with Songbird version 1.7.2. POTI Inc. would instead focus on its Windows and Mac OS X versions of Songbird, providing only unofficial support for Linux releases. Sometime during late 2012 or early 2013, Songbird's public SVN was taken down, along with their wiki and other source code related utilities. A survey later sent out via Twitter by Songbird suggested that POTI was closing the desktop player source code, planning to later sell an updated version, fixing many outstanding bugs and feature requests by users who had been ignored for years." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 1764, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 31745, 99331, 98, 6088, 106, 4, 9571, 4, 1660, 10, 10846, 21775, 7103, 27511, 2298, 5, 1478, 4, 3129, 509, 75935, 98, 22482, 24645, 9571, 4, 136, 69405, 3514, 434, 23, 5700, 2481, 5, 3370, 66187, 9035, 3542, 49814, 47, 70, 1764, 136, 442, 33662, 109133, 47, 70, 102370, 115187, 77758, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 70, 1764, 25, 7, 5201, 95771, 509, 109875, 106001, 7, 4, 15044, 10086, 98224, 93215, 136, 50782, 4295, 4, 1284, 442, 33662, 110281, 297, 60892, 160073, 7, 136, 3564, 72095, 5, 2161, 7582, 616, 4, 9571, 4, 109875, 1511, 1212, 42564, 71, 678, 64958, 571, 73, 4, 3129, 91048, 6863, 137536, 4, 85613, 7354, 31947, 4, 98, 45443, 5, 31745, 99331, 93402, 71, 1810, 1919, 83687, 674, 678, 70, 1764, 1295, 70, 86595, 111, 6789, 98, 19364, 5, 360, 4347, 5726, 4, 20984, 1843, 10534, 100512, 70, 1764, 25, 7, 50960, 32786, 111, 23082, 5, 20984, 1843, 10534, 100512, 40715, 75412, 678, 70, 1764, 23, 25499, 109875, 1511, 1212, 83, 82424, 87498, 297, 390, 85613, 7354, 31947, 5, 360, 1877, 70, 109875, 1511, 1212, 7123, 40059, 111, 70, 1764, 509, 36069, 20051, 4743, 47, 15044, 10, 92635, 111, 33946, 136, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 9803, 31344, 13452, 509, 8035, 5299, 127918, 390, 15044, 70, 4537, 136, 13909, 24234, 5, 581, 5368, 9191, 509, 98816, 47, 44961, 903, 390, 36069, 10366, 15044, 70, 1833, 136, 5061, 7, 22317, 5, 109875, 1511, 1212, 83, 5036, 102917, 538, 10, 8060, 136, 606, 965, 408, 2408, 1764, 5, 109875, 1511, 1212, 64600, 280, 56, 9, 188, 9, 1081, 56, 8060, 100, 43568, 4, 139808, 91157, 4, 27414, 46674, 19770, 4, 55948, 157, 4, 105115, 136, 19745, 5, 43568, 4, 139808, 91157, 136, 27414, 46674, 19770, 2843, 765, 17262, 1614, 9, 7, 58994, 7, 35839, 9082, 4, 11814, 100, 4537, 35107, 7, 111, 70, 12996, 4, 6, 121137, 7, 4, 11814, 100, 134234, 4, 8060, 136, 35107, 111, 117, 9, 233707, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 12996, 4, 136, 57279, 7, 4, 11814, 100, 45252, 214, 7722, 54608, 7, 23, 70, 12996, 5, 581, 57279, 7, 40059, 5608, 959, 186, 11814, 100, 13416, 214, 54608, 7, 5, 52455, 73986, 136, 111938, 106001, 7, 4527, 109875, 1511, 1212, 47, 27980, 8060, 86997, 7, 100, 2363, 10002, 77635, 5, 39527, 100, 168698, 15190, 9, 5245, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 224545, 55441, 136, 104384, 55441, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 109875, 1511, 1212, 83, 142, 51, 161818, 109875, 4165, 450, 87344, 4677, 136, 8060, 100, 38742, 1884, 70, 43568, 31842, 136, 70, 139808, 91157, 3340, 23282, 5, 581, 1764, 27980, 7, 142, 36457, 109875, 1467, 30801, 4, 136, 10, 26908, 9, 33926, 33, 51359, 3647, 111, 4677, 1672, 109875, 38742, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Support." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The site was founded by Chris Nelson on September 1, 1998, just a few months after mozilla.org, which was created on February 23, 1998, and quickly grew in popularity. Improvements were added to the site and it soon moved to the codice_1 domain. Originally, the site's main audience was Mozilla developers, both Netscape employees and outsiders, but it soon attracted interested observers and end users. On November 14, 1998, MozillaZine merged with MozBin, which brought its webmaster, Jason Kersey, on board. Chris Nelson phased out his involvement with the site from the beginning of 2001 onward. In May 2002, Alex Bishop became the site's third member of staff. Alex Bishop became less involved with the site in 2007. MozillaZine is currently administrated by Jason Kersey. In 2009 the MozillaZine news section of the site was dropped due to both a lack of interest and the fact that the open source project was being well covered by both the general and computer press. The home page was changed to reflect this by dropping both the News and Blogs links. MozillaZine is now primarily a support and advocacy site.", "MozillaZine offers peer-to-peer support for Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, Camino, Calendar and Mobile. Firefox, Thunderbird and SeaMonkey also have three sub-sections called General, used for general discussions of the product, Builds, used for testing, support and discussion of per-release versions of the product, and Bugs, used for discussing possible bugs in the product. The Bugs section should not be used for reporting bugs. Many theme and extension developers use MozillaZine to host support threads for their own projects. Help for developing add-ons can be found in Extension Development and Theme Development." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129551, 47, 112297, 241, 820, 111, 3164, 158257, 4, 70, 7156, 16750, 297, 1295, 44, 927, 107, 13, 60754, 214, 47353, 46, 70, 3871, 47, 224344, 70, 47219, 111, 8753, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 66311, 29304, 15, 434, 497, 184, 28, 28533, 11727, 4224, 5170, 70, 46132, 29256, 16, 23, 20414, 111, 31060, 74, 70, 3871, 47, 2046, 242, 11193, 29188, 35154, 92, 58373, 4, 25, 7068, 10, 58696, 5962, 11001, 4, 98, 188, 142, 82080, 74, 136, 47, 26292, 70, 1492, 9, 15477, 127, 43599, 16792, 70, 54452, 111, 44, 6766, 177, 1970, 7, 5458, 36331, 58, 136, 2046, 142, 7156, 678, 88303, 9, 73, 149528, 3934, 4343, 7, 99255, 111, 70, 47002, 7, 25, 5117, 15672, 9742, 23, 17262, 5369, 1242, 88949, 70, 47002, 7, 25, 5117, 44, 129933, 145484, 58, 98352, 1363, 1902, 2809, 121447, 23, 84797, 9384, 7, 4, 678, 70, 44, 284, 46327, 125458, 58, 9, 1704, 4912, 108975, 214, 4734, 98, 6863, 17274, 79737, 4, 70, 15672, 79737, 111, 44, 129933, 145484, 5976, 5, 116, 58, 99201, 5962, 11001, 7, 1295, 70, 44, 284, 46327, 125458, 58, 14922, 5, 581, 56101, 28560, 5303, 214, 99201, 70, 1286, 160608, 13, 44, 23562, 177154, 135828, 2161, 830, 1295, 581, 166693, 47002, 7, 25, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 38425, 34377, 26201, 136, 44, 294, 16479, 19, 25, 98, 10, 563, 6620, 830, 142, 44, 284, 46327, 125458, 58, 1810, 78219, 7311, 538, 121447, 23, 28980, 98, 70, 7082, 9, 277, 5974, 297, 44, 919, 365, 42844, 58, 7156, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 8382, 52336, 4, 5941, 28560, 7, 4, 959, 78458, 11001, 9, 191, 538, 54452, 7, 4, 3542, 43799, 297, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 98, 10, 17274, 166693, 47002, 7, 7156, 12, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 8019, 3611, 70, 36151, 717, 429, 9319, 830, 44, 26951, 1272, 97001, 830, 44, 12137, 11954, 2583, 830, 44, 397, 4431, 45486, 830, 136, 44, 11193, 29188, 35154, 92, 58373, 740, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 7156, 83, 10, 11301, 98, 10, 13315, 1295, 70, 341, 1375, 856, 153648, 111, 106, 202160, 702, 12, 44, 18537, 5036, 642, 1957, 8305, 10, 47589, 4, 43334, 538, 4, 1284, 7068, 2577, 47, 2577, 7673, 581, 82080, 509, 98169, 71, 23, 10, 136659, 9, 8752, 71, 68, 9, 19774, 70836, 42822, 91, 133, 3134, 4, 241599, 142, 28, 28533, 11727, 100, 29304, 12, 44, 194583, 903, 398, 1957, 4, 37629, 163, 136, 81148, 163, 23, 935, 7086, 5, 10842, 756, 70, 8999, 5154, 2367, 1836, 1543, 4, 70424, 111, 163, 237, 398, 7413, 1242, 152590, 71, 98, 427, 6088, 31060, 4, 15044, 11389, 7, 111, 44, 20800, 42, 72089, 70, 3805, 18, 4, 49721, 538, 15, 129933, 145484, 5976, 5, 4958, 58, 77443, 47, 186, 5700, 54452, 7, 4, 58359, 214, 64947, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 7082, 678, 28927, 214, 40575, 5, 360, 8055, 5726, 70, 7082, 79737, 111, 44, 20800, 42, 72089, 70, 3805, 18, 4, 49721, 538, 15, 129933, 145484, 5976, 5, 4958, 58, 509, 20524, 1159, 297, 23, 10, 3525, 456, 47327, 297, 7915, 136, 5377, 16069, 68345, 6683, 390, 62, 76460, 9688, 89916, 5, 581, 56101, 11389, 509, 13438, 7228, 19882, 47, 70, 3835, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 84046, 79737, 193289, 16530, 5423, 4, 44759, 71, 44, 3957, 166693, 47002, 7, 38425, 1104, 156912, 830, 23, 7582, 15431, 1650, 509, 2843, 456, 9, 233707, 71, 6338, 538, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 23, 1392, 390, 53900, 13703, 102247, 7, 23, 10, 148926, 4734, 159, 46592, 9, 6703, 16069, 11389, 5, 1326, 54877, 14934, 10013, 3640, 62, 76460, 9688, 89916, 121447, 70, 17164, 98, 1482, 13, 193289, 4, 678, 10, 70836, 42822, 29256, 23, 70, 154447, 6126, 289, 9, 2420, 1081, 111, 70, 7311, 31089, 5, 35881, 214, 100, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 23, 6088, 31060, 4, 10255, 379, 102834, 1337, 6259, 44, 20800, 42, 72089, 70, 3805, 18, 4, 49721, 538, 58, 7, 15672, 79737, 237, 44, 66, 7156, 111, 59897, 4017, 223, 24725, 58, 136, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 6782, 19085, 115923, 830, 678, 756, 70, 52336, 1207, 9, 66609, 52164, 136, 44, 365, 1674, 4, 143033, 4, 30128, 53, 13950, 136, 21972, 740, 33306, 4, 764, 21, 1183, 71, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 11001, 7, 136, 39395, 52336, 111, 70, 47002, 7, 450, 1902, 959, 14373, 118775, 98, 2499, 7082, 7156, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 43585, 111, 57346, 1363, 23, 70, 11531, 132216, 5, 12452, 46056, 75094, 28, 3089, 297, 903, 2837, 140545, 674, 23, 44, 3957, 72136, 67949, 58, 12, 44, 8912, 282, 621, 119140, 297, 100, 10, 50960, 1733, 15, 25, 26951, 1272, 97001, 4, 25, 242, 124480, 25, 7, 8019, 3611, 70, 36151, 717, 429, 9319, 25, 16, 12960, 6782, 335, 5609, 7, 15, 25, 12137, 11954, 2583, 4, 25, 242, 1456, 497, 25, 7, 1773, 14, 6496, 2646, 5586, 13, 32, 4, 25, 242, 441, 102656, 111, 70, 55583, 4, 25, 136, 242, 23562, 4171, 25, 18, 203623, 20779, 4865, 2583, 42335, 4, 25, 3129, 32316, 7, 23, 10, 300, 86, 9, 67403, 13, 11389, 16, 47143, 51, 196352, 297, 5, 3493, 124901, 193857, 83, 450, 2953, 5455, 10658, 5844, 509, 30520, 4687, 420, 28394, 4, 2750, 54397, 5369, 14432, 23, 44, 3957, 2356, 166693, 47002, 37340, 44583, 58, 105498, 450, 70, 98352, 1363, 1902, 160370, 21286, 29334, 3679, 297, 70, 47002, 7, 25, 44, 115026, 1284, 308, 8946, 58, 46108, 4196, 9120, 19612, 14922, 5, 3164, 52336, 390, 170313, 2377, 1505, 136, 203314, 22758, 7, 4, 40494, 7440, 959, 297, 5, 24383, 1632, 24383, 6626, 3164, 52336, 390, 170313, 2377, 1505, 136, 203314, 22758, 7, 5, 24383, 1632, 24383, 6626, 581, 166693, 47002, 7, 29117, 14, 43315, 19612, 72004, 37340, 43609, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 194397, 70, 3805, 18, 4, 49721, 538, 15, 129933, 145484, 5976, 5, 4958, 83, 70, 17932, 98352, 1363, 7156, 390, 70, 14941, 13950, 8753, 70, 166693, 47002, 7, 4, 121447, 23, 6088, 31060, 390, 262, 11210, 89916, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 9020, 89916, 64, 11040, 605, 9688, 89916, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Songs.", "Title and packaging.", "Release.", "Critical reception.", "Track listing.", "UK edition.", "US edition.", "Personnel.", "Charts." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "According to Bruce Eder of AllMusic, the album resulted from \"three coinciding events – the need to acknowledge the death of band co-founder Brian Jones (whose epitaph graces the inside cover) in July of 1969; the need to get 'Honky Tonk Women,' then a huge hit single, onto an LP; and to fill the ten-month gap since the release of \"Beggars Banquet\" and get an album with built-in appeal into stores ahead of the Stones' first American tour in three years.\"", "Because the Stones' first \"Big Hits\" compilation had been released in separate formats, with the \"Aftermath\"-era material appearing only on its UK edition, the American edition of \"Big Hits Vol. 2\" included hit singles from the \"Aftermath\" period. The British track listing included the more obscure \"You Better Move On\", from The Rolling Stones' self-titled 1964 debut EP and \"Sittin' on a Fence\", an \"Aftermath\" outtake originally released in 1967 on the US-compiled \"Flowers\" album. In addition to those songs, many tracks, notably single-only releases, were collected for the first time on a UK Rolling Stones album: \"Let's Spend the Night Together\", \"Ruby Tuesday\", \"We Love You\", \"Dandelion\", and \"Honky Tonk Women\".", "The name of the album is a play on a line from the KJV translation of 1 Corinthians 13: \"For now we see through a glass, darkly, but then face to face...\" The LP was packaged in a eight-sided die-cut gatefold sleeve, featuring an epitaph for Jones: \"With this you see, remember me and bear me in your mind. Let all the world say what they may, speak of me as you find.\"", "Released on 12 September 1969, both versions of \"Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)\" proved to be popular releases, reaching #2 in the UK and US with enduring sales. In August 2002 the US edition of \"Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)\" was reissued in a new remastered CD and SACD digipak by ABKCO Records. The British version was again made available to the public as part of a limited edition vinyl box set, titled \"The Rolling Stones 1964–1969\", in November 2010. It was also re-released digitally at the same time. It was released in 2011 by Universal Music Enterprises in a Japanese only SHM-SACD version. For Record Store Day 2019 ABKCO Records released the record on orange vinyl, with a gatefold cover in the octagonal-shape of the original issue.", "Reviewing for \"Rolling Stone\" in September 1969, Greil Marcus hailed \"Through the Past, Darkly\"s American edition as \"an album of tremendous impact\" and \"one of the great party records\", with all the songs fan-favorites and \"loud, tough, flashy rock and roll\". However, he lamented the absence of singles and early songs of the Stones that had not yet appeared on any US album, as well as the aspect of repetition in the song selection. Robert Christgau echoed this disappointment in \"The Village Voice\": \"Some are repeated for a third time ('Ruby Tuesday,' 'Let's Spend the Night Together') while great B sides ('We Love You,' 'Who's Driving My Plane?,' 'Child of the Moon,' and 'You Can't Always Get What You Want,' which exists in a nine-minute version) remain uncollected. And whose fault is that?\" More receptive was Rob Sheffield, who wrote years later in \"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide\" (2004) that the compilation had adequately summarised the Stones' \"brief but tasty\" psychedelic music period.", "", "All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except where noted. Side one Side two", "All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Side one Side two", "The Rolling Stones Additional musicians", "Album Singles" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6035, 42, 5713, 136, 1919, 138241, 82953, 4, 48758, 384, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 4, 3542, 103122, 136, 165249, 23, 70, 19336, 54427, 111, 24453, 5655, 105236, 4, 115532, 5, 10660, 3542, 70, 27150, 525, 111, 37195, 20020, 390, 11555, 313, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 136, 23213, 15, 5021, 63736, 16, 6035, 42, 5713, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 168360, 142, 39395, 33946, 23, 6083, 32692, 4, 43799, 214, 136, 135812, 214, 18153, 7, 4, 263, 6468, 25, 56125, 7, 4, 13950, 7, 4, 136, 23911, 7, 5, 360, 141692, 764, 30957, 297, 70, 12535, 111, 115532, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 35187, 214, 177907, 1284, 33662, 101089, 297, 47, 10, 4537, 41664, 162878, 7440, 764, 162393, 98, 70, 333, 25443, 136, 40865, 1363, 111, 86608, 4209, 18153, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 17159, 18403, 13333, 19, 111, 1919, 25975, 2320, 18507, 23, 117752, 136, 7068, 24765, 297, 98, 100, 142, 78301, 6602, 20697, 237, 142, 195644, 23, 70, 63557, 111, 24955, 28745, 5, 133698, 1919, 1733, 23, 40466, 6035, 42, 5713, 88303, 10, 12953, 2886, 84995, 16219, 111, 39555, 131554, 40140, 18241, 3129, 764, 155605, 60393, 297, 47, 70, 2356, 30715, 226129, 289, 7687, 5, 360, 122815, 6035, 42, 5713, 68186, 71, 10, 19069, 678, 70, 14098, 46684, 63557, 111, 40612, 88528, 23, 17955, 391, 5, 441, 5, 237, 142, 195644, 47, 17819, 59387, 1681, 9, 61278, 11049, 1679, 4, 142, 180210, 98, 70, 40865, 1363, 111, 27689, 5908, 136, 10, 53918, 11226, 18153, 2340, 497, 106622, 5, 1913, 70, 19052, 284, 764, 97384, 70, 24702, 1577, 111, 18153, 24643, 5831, 1176, 136, 100512, 46902, 45964, 23, 70, 34754, 136, 24365, 111, 10, 84995, 16219, 5, 18763, 23189, 509, 107506, 297, 390, 44457, 18244, 23, 38220, 497, 4, 187277, 4, 136, 5492, 306, 214, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 195374, 1104, 127345, 5550, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 1218, 2480, 63871, 170920, 70, 360, 7, 35975, 86907, 111, 40612, 88528, 23, 109047, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 47, 70, 1305, 111, 128464, 271, 23, 70, 3525, 53702, 136, 174920, 23, 115275, 23, 109047, 7440, 764, 509, 47, 4488, 100, 70, 11737, 214075, 9, 55547, 5369, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 509, 2837, 11354, 297, 47, 103882, 450, 70, 84995, 16219, 764, 509, 41206, 214, 47, 7413, 1902, 2809, 163684, 297, 20271, 70, 1631, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 128464, 6827, 35773, 1294, 136, 57456, 98154, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 72134, 678, 1660, 142, 201505, 33976, 4, 764, 5423, 1810, 47, 456, 177149, 70, 84995, 16219, 136, 35773, 1294, 5, 17106, 73, 10, 10846, 21775, 1919, 31486, 509, 71062, 297, 47, 26698, 10, 124416, 164306, 678, 70, 86907, 111, 87282, 1294, 5, 9578, 70, 5369, 6035, 42, 5713, 25, 7, 6, 240906, 136475, 47, 55993, 24189, 764, 100512, 15044, 70, 31068, 111, 70, 86907, 111, 28745, 7, 136, 10, 43552, 111, 111396, 299, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 70, 129535, 5, 1529, 43799, 297, 136, 22282, 71, 18153, 7, 959, 4734, 1295, 70, 129535, 1284, 2843, 1295, 70, 117396, 14237, 9, 683, 2263, 14486, 10776, 26719, 3799, 4, 3605, 4, 93951, 42072, 4, 9098, 4, 136, 6955, 302, 5, 215100, 538, 70, 84995, 16219, 3514, 434, 47, 645, 116, 55577, 40140, 18241, 136, 70, 128464, 6827, 35773, 1294, 509, 125296, 71, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 23, 14237, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 91376, 1286, 3501, 805, 24643, 5831, 21068, 15122, 7, 98, 175729, 99536, 136, 40368, 78301, 15122, 7, 98, 70, 99536, 111, 70, 10776, 5, 52455, 111, 1919, 15122, 7, 3542, 91376, 23, 44, 3957, 175729, 34419, 111, 28745, 830, 10, 68828, 764, 104902, 137633, 136, 27211, 297, 1295, 91234, 47, 24531, 5, 360, 62977, 764, 91376, 10, 2101, 9, 22469, 44, 171829, 11, 111, 109047, 58, 29256, 214, 3060, 75534, 114149, 5, 360, 56694, 764, 140528, 10, 44, 222077, 48461, 357, 15537, 30494, 111, 7422, 86, 66, 75628, 7, 830, 10, 21950, 111, 6, 196049, 37967, 5, 18763, 2684, 95686, 10821, 4488, 509, 70, 44, 7768, 15537, 30494, 111, 175729, 158591, 214, 75628, 7, 58, 91376, 23, 40059, 7, 17721, 61242, 136, 70777, 5, 1301, 12937, 297, 390, 1919, 44, 7768, 15537, 30494, 58, 70, 5303, 111, 51529, 175729, 114149, 1902, 2809, 65042, 297, 1295, 116, 4, 4283, 18153, 7, 111, 756, 52895, 23, 33418, 47, 382, 4, 20840, 114149, 111, 86608, 4209, 18153, 7, 4, 75534, 114149, 111, 1592, 1779, 4, 136, 6, 63009, 114149, 111, 215637, 17705, 7, 5, 360, 58410, 6035, 42, 5713, 176377, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 47, 33284, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 2076, 350, 4293, 5, 8622, 764, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 262, 66, 111, 70, 29693, 111, 40612, 88528, 136, 31068, 111, 70, 40612, 93782, 146797, 38488, 5, 1913, 2076, 350, 4293, 764, 12441, 10, 206431, 1363, 111, 70, 7808, 202, 939, 4, 15226, 5281, 70, 162878, 4, 20244, 10557, 29367, 108858, 23189, 111, 23082, 4, 49814, 33976, 7, 136, 98154, 4, 136, 11405, 297, 20531, 25188, 5, 360, 60487, 4, 6035, 42, 5713, 170920, 70, 68828, 44, 841, 379, 1970, 3390, 830, 24, 4806, 100, 79834, 13, 601, 5, 26370, 42077, 2750, 5808, 297, 70, 40612, 88528, 63557, 136, 509, 70, 14037, 214, 14364, 111, 70, 40612, 93782, 146797, 38488, 5, 133698, 1919, 69463, 1733, 4, 6035, 42, 5713, 136475, 47, 4488, 98, 242161, 337, 43013, 111, 70, 14237, 9, 683, 2263, 14486, 99536, 136, 49814, 1286, 3501, 805, 4, 9508, 40140, 18241, 1295, 450, 10776, 47, 70, 12535, 84995, 16219, 5, 360, 70777, 10, 152132, 509, 126809, 47, 137633, 70, 39897, 226129, 38666, 23, 3731, 31754, 5, 6035, 42, 5713, 34739, 2831, 9, 6032, 31358, 1295, 70, 29693, 47, 24209, 14364, 111, 70, 38666, 32807, 5, 581, 1774, 75412, 70, 59038, 111, 99, 1572, 112, 10745, 193266, 23, 70, 7789, 110234, 71175, 7, 5, 56888, 7607, 1030, 2109, 23, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 98687, 3542, 47, 186, 126809, 237, 10, 128464, 6827, 80583, 82466, 71, 390, 70, 11473, 111, 206990, 57266, 100, 148205, 289, 44556, 5, 133698, 1919, 16610, 1492, 3408, 237, 14364, 6035, 42, 5713, 88303, 86757, 23179, 7, 136, 50997, 23923, 7, 4, 26859, 10, 35773, 1294, 4, 170920, 142, 84995, 16219, 111, 106, 203770, 40140, 18241, 136, 35020, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 540, 1991, 208641, 6035, 42, 5713, 15, 158941, 46770, 423, 4, 157313, 46, 22482, 714, 4, 36327, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 128464, 271, 136, 24643, 5831, 6133, 5, 1529, 66933, 1286, 3501, 214075, 5369, 23, 70, 129535, 7440, 764, 100512, 10, 125296, 71, 180210, 98, 70, 99536, 111, 70, 14237, 9, 683, 2263, 14486, 10776, 5, 194397, 70, 15411, 111, 1919, 80997, 764, 42179, 297, 110518, 2101, 104345, 7, 4, 151552, 189275, 6, 63009, 3525, 18153, 114149, 4, 136, 10, 1510, 5281, 645, 1632, 19879, 84995, 16219, 40140, 18241, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 1919, 57456, 4488, 764, 509, 142, 163846, 297, 53294, 4, 40466, 8, 66, 4, 152363, 16030, 136, 30391, 111, 57456, 68828, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Philippines.", "University of California, Berkeley.", "New York Botanic Garden.", "Harvard.", "Recognition and honors.", "Bibliography." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Merrill and his twin brother, Dana T. Merrill, were born and raised in the small village of East Auburn, Maine. They were the youngest of six children by Daniel C. Merrill and Mary (Noyes) Merrill. Merrill showed an early interest in natural history, collecting and identifying plants, birds' eggs, rocks, and minerals. In 1894 he entered the University of Maine with the intention of studying engineering but soon switched to a general science curriculum where he focused on the biology and classification of flowering plants. He was the valedictorian of his graduation class in 1898 and then stayed on for an additional year working as an assistant in the Department of Natural Science. During his time in college Merrill built a sizable herbarium of almost 2,000 specimens which he eventually donated to the New England Botanical Club. In 1899 Merrill accepted a position with the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington D.C. as an assistant to Frank Lamson-Scribner, an authority on the classification of grasses and a pioneer plant pathologist. At the USDA he learned the principles of plant taxonomy and became proficient in the development and management of a herbarium. His training was supplemented by fieldwork in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.", "At the end of the Spanish–American War, the United States Taft Commission established the Insular Bureau of Agriculture in Manila. Merrill was appointed to the post of botanist in the new organization and arrived in 1902 in Manila where he was to work for the next twenty-two years. Merrill was dismayed to discover that the herbarium he was expecting to find had been destroyed during the war, along with the botanical library and scientific equipment. Nevertheless, starting with just an empty building, he set out to rebuild the herbarium and library. Within a few months his role was expanded to include a joint appointment with the Bureau of Forestry. Over the years Merrill's responsibilities continued to grow until he became both the Director of the Bureau of Sciences and a Professor of Botany at the University of the Philippines. He collected and studied plants not only from the Philippines but also from the greater Asia-Pacific region including Indonesia, Malaysia, Indochina, China, and Guam. Eventually the herbarium grew to over 250,000 specimens and the botanical library was recognized as one of the best in Asia. Merrill published more than 100 taxonomic papers on Philippine flora and several additional papers on the flora of the region. Many of his papers were published in \"The Philippine Journal of Science\", a journal he helped establish and edited from 1907 to 1918. In 1912 he published a 500-page \"Flora of Manila\" covering some 1,000 species. In 1921 he completed a \"Bibliographic Enumeration of Bornean Plants\", a volume of 637 pages. His most ambitious work was the \"Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants\" published in sections between 1923 and 1926. As documented by his \"Enumeration\" the list of known Philippine species had been extended from 2,500 plants of all types in 1900 to 8,120 species of flowering plants, 1,000 species of ferns, and 3,000 species of cryptogams.", "In 1924 Merrill returned to the United States to join the University of California, Berkeley. There he was appointed Dean of the College of Agriculture and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. At Berkeley he led a reorganization of the faculty, revised the curriculum, emphasized academic training of staff, added buildings and equipment, and stressed fundamental research. In 1925, Merrill established the journal \"Hilgardia\", named for Eugene W. Hilgard who organized the Agriculture Department and was the founding director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. During his spare time, Merrill continued to work on systematic botany of the Asia-Pacific flora and added more than 100,000 specimens from that region to the University herbarium. In 1926 a proposal was developed to establish the California Botanic Garden in Los Angeles. Merrill took part-time leave from the College to become director of the Garden Foundation. The plan involved the purchase of at Mandeville Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains. About 800 acres in the center of the tract were to be developed as a botanical garden financed by the sale of surrounding property for residential homes. During his short tenure as director Merrill built administrative offices and greenhouses, started a library, established an herbarium of 180,000 specimens and planted 1,200 species in the gardens. Unfortunately, not long after Merrill left, the plans collapsed when property prices plummeted as a result of the Great Depression. The herbarium was transferred to the University of California, Los Angeles and the gardens were subdivided and sold for housing.", "In 1929 Merrill accepted dual appointments as Director of the New York Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany at Columbia University. He started his new job at the onset of the Great Depression and the Garden was facing severe financial constraints. Despite these difficulties, he was able to continue many of the programs by taking advantage of personnel provided by the Works Progress Administration. Up to 300 personnel were employed building walks, roads, fences and other infrastructure in the gardens; or they worked in the herbarium as mounters, artists, secretaries, librarians, clerks and technicians. The herbarium collection was completely rearranged, operations were improved, and specimens inventoried for the first time. Once the substantial backlog of unmounted material was complete, specimens were mounted for other institutions including the Arnold Arboretum and the Gray Herbarium. In 1931 Merrill established a new journal focused on systematic botany and plant geography, named \"Brittonia\" after Nathaniel Lord Britton, a co-founder of the Garden.", "In 1935 Merrill left the Botanic Garden and took a job as Administrator of Botanical Collections at Harvard University, a new position created to consolidate the supervision of eight separate Harvard botanical units. A year after his arrival Merrill also became the Arnold Professor of Botany, and in 1937 the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. In his new roles Merrill devoted significant time to expanding the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum and to research on Asiatic plants. Over the next ten years 220,000 plant specimens were acquired from all parts of Asia and the Asia-Pacific. Meanwhile, Merrill continued to publish numerous papers on Asia flora as well as articles dealing with the cultivation and dispersion of domesticated plants. During the Second World War he consulted with the United States War Department and wrote a handbook, \"Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the Pacific\". In 1946, at the age of seventy Merrill retired from his administrative duties and became Professor Emeritus in 1948. He continued with his research at Harvard and traveled as much as his age and health would allow. One of his last major contributions was \"The Botany of Cook's Voyages and its Unexpected Significance in Relation to Anthropology, Biogeography and History\", published in 1952. Merrill died on February 25, 1956, in Forest Hills, Massachusetts. His library of 2,600 titles was donated to the New York Botanical Garden and a fund was established to award an annual medal to “that individual within the entire field of botany irrespective of race, creed or nationality who was considered worthy of such an award”.", "Merrill was widely recognized for his many accomplishments. He received honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Maine in 1926, Harvard University in 1936, the University of California in 1936, and Yale University in 1951. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1951–1952. At various times he served as President of the Botanical Society of America, Acting President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and President of the New England Botanical Club, the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, and the International Union of Biological Sciences. Seven plant genera (\"Merrillia\", \"Merrilliobryum\", \"Merrilliodendron\", \"Merrilliopeltis\", \"Merrillosphaera\", \"Sinomerrillia\", and \"Elmerrillia\") and over 200 species were named in his honor.", "A handful of his most notable publications are listed below. A more comprehensive bibliography is contained in Robbins' \"Biographical Memoir\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 509, 191722, 390, 70, 36272, 111, 70, 8455, 11, 1771, 1467, 31842, 4, 3129, 509, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 390, 34890, 22456, 37720, 4, 10, 2831, 9, 6032, 188183, 111, 70, 9907, 11588, 100, 4265, 277, 7077, 214, 104921, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 5, 24372, 22456, 37720, 150180, 71, 23, 13867, 4, 764, 109133, 47, 39897, 136, 2685, 435, 41994, 91865, 4, 70, 78684, 45807, 71, 14037, 56, 111, 161950, 189682, 7, 5, 91865, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 8455, 11, 1771, 31842, 1902, 6782, 60091, 97370, 2449, 136, 62952, 70, 40, 297, 17265, 5, 1061, 191, 8455, 11, 1771, 87398, 7, 84829, 509, 23, 8063, 23, 71175, 29805, 4, 39897, 4, 678, 22456, 37720, 237, 10, 22925, 9, 146228, 5, 66016, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 509, 51, 157976, 678, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 4527, 111, 70, 8455, 11, 1771, 9351, 4, 70, 14380, 98816, 6863, 9351, 47, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 15, 1159, 23359, 14437, 390, 12996, 31095, 119587, 13552, 7, 1388, 136, 24, 4806, 6863, 49938, 16070, 1467, 31842, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 5, 10086, 98224, 171530, 23, 6863, 5117, 24234, 54452, 15, 158941, 46770, 17480, 13211, 16, 450, 442, 2806, 3249, 65290, 4597, 19882, 15490, 25534, 47, 756, 351, 9, 277, 99932, 289, 72095, 4, 136, 51703, 11389, 7, 111, 11389, 53855, 136, 38245, 3542, 160463, 4092, 538, 7026, 2886, 23, 7582, 13211, 136, 11994, 11857, 4, 678, 70, 4393, 11389, 53855, 19882, 23, 14487, 103709, 10086, 98224, 25, 7, 61475, 145781, 44930, 118861, 65290, 4597, 63043, 297, 450, 442, 2806, 3249, 65290, 4597, 4092, 538, 19882, 100, 351, 9, 277, 99932, 289, 4527, 23, 213246, 678, 70, 110, 1363, 450, 2665, 10975, 5608, 186, 15917, 3674, 100, 4092, 5, 33306, 4, 28032, 6626, 21775, 111, 450, 24234, 54452, 4, 10086, 98224, 198371, 39531, 5281, 6863, 44930, 98, 2750, 5809, 4092, 538, 113054, 136, 4527, 11389, 53855, 390, 4734, 41392, 214, 450, 162807, 136, 351, 9, 39348, 38016, 7, 5809, 4527, 11389, 53855, 99, 110, 25534, 5, 581, 39531, 2317, 509, 28484, 678, 70, 185, 25820, 41159, 111, 11389, 38245, 51703, 98, 11994, 305, 4, 11857, 4, 23, 3129, 10, 24234, 54452, 117249, 450, 70, 2704, 38245, 54452, 2806, 186, 19882, 99, 110, 11034, 4734, 100, 108858, 136, 351, 9, 39348, 53702, 289, 4527, 5, 2016, 86, 509, 70, 110, 1363, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 5117, 24234, 54452, 450, 65290, 4597, 2806, 186, 4092, 538, 19882, 23, 70, 52101, 111, 2665, 10975, 5, 31384, 48031, 78688, 136, 215637, 41382, 1314, 14037, 1810, 450, 756, 121447, 10086, 98224, 11389, 7, 1902, 13036, 48031, 44402, 678, 150631, 214, 70, 31842, 678, 4989, 31862, 7, 136, 1112, 4785, 7, 22, 136791, 1830, 22799, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 10846, 54452, 7, 111, 70, 12996, 3542, 7228, 19882, 23, 44, 277, 99932, 289, 58, 136, 44, 159258, 1363, 58, 11389, 7, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 11389, 44, 102107, 58, 136, 11389, 44, 102107, 839, 740, 581, 44, 839, 58, 219836, 11389, 7, 3542, 64557, 31943, 6827, 47, 70, 60091, 11389, 7, 74, 70, 31330, 509, 2685, 47, 98911, 3395, 47, 8783, 100, 70, 31842, 24145, 1836, 29131, 1836, 1902, 37842, 442, 4989, 20174, 136, 3542, 214521, 678, 442, 5, 3293, 149067, 19, 509, 23113, 538, 36069, 20051, 28032, 10, 6602, 111, 70, 61475, 54452, 4, 136, 70, 4393, 11389, 111, 70, 31842, 136475, 47, 186, 7228, 19882, 100, 4092, 1118, 4, 678, 16530, 297, 11389, 7, 19882, 98, 21917, 66433, 28338, 7, 15, 2940, 14432, 7915, 7, 16, 23, 4343, 7, 33233, 678, 10, 14922, 111, 24089, 8060, 5, 133698, 903, 1615, 4, 44, 88154, 13794, 56, 23564, 58, 42840, 3542, 5700, 4, 136, 56104, 99201, 10, 21917, 66433, 28338, 707, 7915, 70541, 214, 1820, 10975, 4, 136, 903, 509, 10, 5700, 26950, 111, 113054, 214, 10086, 98224, 25, 7, 136, 3789, 31842, 7, 5, 14886, 8060, 509, 61475, 538, 4092, 4, 136, 47143, 297, 221, 100, 10, 6602, 707, 6626, 24189, 70, 21950, 111, 8060, 50336, 7, 3514, 434, 5792, 11192, 5, 133698, 34754, 4, 70, 10086, 98224, 31842, 509, 51529, 390, 70, 18151, 9351, 44, 9083, 169, 2298, 830, 3129, 100512, 70, 9351, 111, 10, 3430, 169, 2298, 9, 5062, 198394, 99784, 19, 1163, 47924, 11814, 197097, 538, 98, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 1467, 1764, 5, 581, 109875, 9351, 509, 2843, 11814, 237, 70, 53400, 9, 284, 46825, 23, 135913, 50336, 7, 390, 70, 31842, 5, 64511, 1467, 31842, 7, 63043, 297, 47, 186, 146731, 678, 10086, 98224, 25, 7, 111938, 7, 47, 19097, 4, 136, 127298, 11814, 70, 5701, 9351, 23, 2363, 53400, 9, 284, 46825, 6, 42485, 1314, 221, 450, 1467, 10723, 7, 2806, 25379, 2856, 70, 5701, 37967, 237, 3542, 9325, 47, 10086, 98224, 31842, 7, 5, 109875, 83, 5036, 10, 189534, 9351, 100, 26866, 7, 62548, 47, 70, 9803, 31344, 39457, 42, 47, 10086, 98224, 84158, 408, 1290, 136, 83, 2684, 207487, 678, 70, 31842, 43568, 5, 14847, 70, 107222, 2665, 98834, 174920, 23, 70, 4122, 70779, 7, 4, 10086, 98224, 509, 5299, 19069, 297, 47, 5646, 92940, 111, 442, 5, 17106, 10, 4127, 17664, 111, 66139, 136, 142, 225530, 400, 35481, 214, 150370, 450, 107003, 4092, 4527, 100, 351, 9, 277, 99932, 289, 60042, 7, 4, 70, 10086, 98224, 31842, 33662, 100512, 70, 8, 72563, 5570, 4, 106480, 98, 70, 3773, 13651, 5, 2665, 4516, 81450, 7, 136, 13909, 41260, 80299, 1314, 104902, 3249, 65290, 4597, 12301, 20102, 19882, 5, 893, 76106, 450, 10086, 98224, 65508, 71, 23, 13211, 509, 70, 98, 9, 2347, 9, 35121, 44116, 111, 1467, 37967, 4, 7440, 7986, 136, 6, 48461, 7, 118775, 98, 70, 49119, 237, 70, 1467, 9191, 7026, 297, 5, 241, 147, 56786, 1467, 31842, 7, 2806, 959, 44116, 10, 9191, 24189, 756, 6, 48461, 7, 98, 442, 1902, 2809, 72367, 297, 645, 70, 33120, 94878, 74, 903, 27983, 7228, 10, 38937, 19252, 99, 10, 44237, 9191, 100, 237, 4989, 237, 40368, 14633, 5, 17106, 10086, 98224, 4, 3395, 17368, 45, 289, 9, 2037, 94878, 7, 5809, 9842, 16454, 70, 7986, 111, 10, 1467, 9191, 28032, 94131, 111, 22, 33558, 10, 1467, 29823, 4, 3853, 8108, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 7986, 136, 6, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 509, 10, 180639, 53, 1467, 31842, 4, 136, 70, 7311, 31842, 111, 70, 10086, 98224, 13315, 4, 1295, 11389, 7, 106, 47, 1398, 8318, 4, 136, 3569, 425, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 49938, 16070, 12996, 111, 70, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 89499, 136, 509, 70, 73944, 1467, 31842, 23, 69407, 111, 127689, 12008, 23, 70, 11704, 7, 4, 1284, 390, 10932, 6052, 6863, 4527, 1902, 39555, 213566, 297, 5, 3293, 509, 102917, 538, 4743, 47, 70, 124735, 4527, 111, 7244, 25, 7, 2665, 56489, 1467, 31842, 10975, 4, 136, 2831, 538, 6637, 70, 10086, 98224, 84829, 15, 94068, 59038, 71, 390, 62, 22323, 16, 6777, 959, 205027, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 25, 7, 121392, 76106, 23, 70, 72399, 11704, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History and development.", "Origin.", "Rise of Netscape.", "Decline.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Netscape Navigator was inspired by the success of the Mosaic web browser, which was co-written by Marc Andreessen, a part-time employee of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois. After Andreessen graduated in 1993, he moved to California and there met Jim Clark, the recently departed founder of Silicon Graphics. Clark believed that the Mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities and provided the seed money. Soon Mosaic Communications Corporation was in business in Mountain View, California, with Andreessen as a vice-president. Since the University of Illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the Mosaic name, the company changed its name to Netscape Communications (suggested by product manager Greg Sands ) and named its flagship web browser Netscape Navigator. Netscape announced in its first press release (October 13, 1994) that it would make Navigator available without charge to all non-commercial users, and beta versions of version 1.0 and 1.1 were indeed freely downloadable in November 1994 and March 1995, with the full version 1.0 available in December 1994. Netscape's initial corporate policy regarding Navigator claimed that it would make Navigator freely available for non-commercial use in accordance with the notion that Internet software should be distributed for free. However, within two months of that press release, Netscape apparently reversed its policy on who could freely obtain and use version 1.0 by only mentioning that educational and non-profit institutions could use version 1.0 at no charge. The reversal was complete with the availability of version 1.1 beta on March 6, 1995, in which a press release states that the final 1.1 release would be available at no cost only for academic and non-profit organizational use. Gone was the notion expressed in the first press release that Navigator would be freely available in the spirit of Internet software. Some security experts and cryptographers found out that all released Netscape versions had major security problems with crashing the browser with long URLs and 40 bits encryption keys. The first few releases of the product were made available in \"commercial\" and \"evaluation\" versions; for example, version \"1.0\" and version \"1.0N\". The \"N\" evaluation versions were completely identical to the commercial versions; the letter was there to remind people to pay for the browser once they felt they had tried it long enough and were satisfied with it. This distinction was formally dropped within a year of the initial release, and the full version of the browser continued to be made available for free online, with boxed versions available on floppy disks (and later CDs) in stores along with a period of phone support. During this era, \"Internet Starter Kit\" books were popular, and usually included a floppy disk or CD containing internet software, and this was a popular means of obtaining Netscape's and other browsers. Email support was initially free, and remained so for a year or two until the volume of support requests grew too high. During development, the Netscape browser was known by the code name \"Mozilla\", which became the name of a Godzilla-like cartoon dragon mascot used prominently on the company's web site. The Mozilla name was also used as the User-Agent in HTTP requests by the browser. Other web browsers claimed to be compatible with Netscape's extensions to HTML, and therefore used the same name in their User-Agent identifiers so that web servers would send them the same pages as were sent to Netscape browsers. Mozilla is now a generic name for matters related to the open source successor to Netscape Communicator and is most identified with the browser Firefox.", "When the consumer Internet revolution arrived in the mid1990s, Netscape was well positioned to take advantage of it. With a good mix of features and an attractive licensing scheme that allowed free use for non-commercial purposes, the Netscape browser soon became the de facto standard, particularly on the Windows platform. Internet service providers and computer magazine publishers helped make Navigator readily available. An innovation that Netscape introduced in 1994 was the on-the-fly display of web pages, where text and graphics appeared on the screen as the web page downloaded. Earlier web browsers would not display a page until all graphics on it had been loaded over the network connection; this often made a user stare at a blank page for as long as several minutes. With Netscape, people using dial-up connections could begin reading the text of a web page within seconds of entering a web address, even before the rest of the text and graphics had finished downloading. This made the web much more tolerable to the average user. Through the late 1990s, Netscape made sure that Navigator remained the technical leader among web browsers. New features included cookies, frames, proxy auto-config, and JavaScript (in version 2.0). Although those and other innovations eventually became open standards of the W3C and ECMA and were emulated by other browsers, they were often viewed as controversial. Netscape, according to critics, was more interested in bending the web to its own de facto \"standards\" (bypassing standards committees and thus marginalizing the commercial competition) than it was in fixing bugs in its products. Consumer rights advocates were particularly critical of cookies and of commercial web sites using them to invade individual privacy. In the marketplace, however, these concerns made little difference. Netscape Navigator remained the market leader with more than 50% usage share. The browser software was available for a wide range of operating systems, including Windows (3.1, 95, 98, NT), Macintosh, Linux, OS/2, and many versions of Unix including OSF/1, Sun Solaris, BSD/OS, IRIX, AIX, and HP-UX, and looked and worked nearly identically on every one of them. Netscape began to experiment with prototypes of a web-based system, known internally as “Constellation”, which would allow a user to access and edit his or her files anywhere across a network no matter what computer or operating system he or she happened to be using. Industry observers forecast the dawn of a new era of connected computing. The underlying operating system, it was believed, would not be an important consideration; future applications would run within a web browser. This was seen by Netscape as a clear opportunity to entrench Navigator at the heart of the next generation of computing, and thus gain the opportunity to expand into all manner of other software and service markets.", "With the success of Netscape showing the importance of the web (more people were using the Internet due in part to the ease of using Netscape), Internet browsing began to be seen as a potentially profitable market. Following Netscape's lead, Microsoft started a campaign to enter the web browser software market. Like Netscape before them, Microsoft licensed the Mosaic source code from Spyglass, Inc. (which in turn licensed code from University of Illinois). Using this basic code, Microsoft created Internet Explorer (IE). The competition between Microsoft and Netscape dominated the Browser Wars. Internet Explorer, Version 1.0 (shipped in the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Microsoft Plus! For Windows 95) and IE, Version 2.0 (the first cross-platform version of the web browser, supporting both Windows and Mac OS) were thought by many to be inferior and primitive when compared to contemporary versions of Netscape Navigator. With the release of IE version 3.0 (1996) Microsoft was able to catch up with Netscape competitively, with IE Version 4.0 (1997) further improvement in terms of market share. IE 5.0 (1999) improved stability and took significant market share from Netscape Navigator for the first time. There were two versions of Netscape Navigator 3.0, the Standard Edition and the Gold Edition. The latter consisted of the Navigator browser with e-mail, news readers, and a WYSIWYG web page compositor; however, these extra functions enlarged and slowed the software, rendering it prone to crashing. This Gold Edition was renamed Netscape Communicator starting with version 4.0; the name change diluted its name-recognition and confused users. Netscape CEO James L. Barksdale insisted on the name change because Communicator was a general-purpose \"client\" application, which contained the Navigator \"browser\". The aging Netscape Communicator 4.x was slower than Internet Explorer 5.0. Typical web pages had become heavily illustrated, often JavaScript-intensive, and encoded with HTML features designed for specific purposes but now employed as global layout tools (HTML tables, the most obvious example of this, were especially difficult for Communicator to render). The Netscape browser, once a solid product, became crash-prone and buggy; for example, some versions re-downloaded an entire web page to re-render it when the browser window was re-sized (a nuisance to dial-up users), and the browser would usually crash when the page contained simple Cascading Style Sheets, as proper support for CSS never made it into Communicator 4.x. At the time that Communicator 4.0 was being developed, Netscape had a competing technology called JavaScript Style Sheets. Near the end of the development cycle, it became obvious that CSS would prevail, so Netscape quickly implemented a CSS to JSSS converter, which then processed CSS as JSSS (this is why turning JavaScript off also disabled CSS). Moreover, Netscape Communicator's browser interface design appeared dated in comparison to Internet Explorer and interface changes in Microsoft and Apple's operating systems. By the end of the decade, Netscape's web browser had lost dominance over the Windows platform, and the August 1997 Microsoft financial agreement to invest one hundred and fifty million dollars in Apple required that Apple make Internet Explorer the default web browser in new Mac OS distributions. The latest IE Mac release at that time was Internet Explorer version 3.0 for Macintosh, but Internet Explorer 4 was released later that year. Microsoft succeeded in having ISPs and PC vendors distribute Internet Explorer to their customers instead of Netscape Navigator, mostly due to Microsoft using its leverage from Windows OEM licenses, and partly aided by Microsoft's investment in making IE brandable, such that a customized version of IE could be offered. Also, web developers used proprietary, browser-specific extensions in web pages. Both Microsoft and Netscape did this, having added many proprietary HTML tags to their browsers, which forced users to choose between two competing and almost incompatible web browsers. In March 1998, Netscape released most of the development code base for Netscape Communicator under an open source license. Only pre-alpha versions of Netscape 5 were released before the open source community decided to scrap the Netscape Navigator codebase entirely and build a new web browser around the Gecko layout engine which Netscape had been developing but which had not yet incorporated. The community-developed open source project was named \"Mozilla\", Netscape Navigator's original code name. America Online bought Netscape; Netscape programmers took a pre-beta-quality form of the Mozilla codebase, gave it a new GUI, and released it as Netscape 6. This did nothing to win back users, who continued to migrate to Internet Explorer. After the release of Netscape 7 and a long public beta test, Mozilla 1.0 was released on June 5, 2002. The same code-base, notably the Gecko layout engine, became the basis of independent applications, including Firefox and Thunderbird. On December 28, 2007, the Netscape developers announced that AOL had canceled development of Netscape Navigator, leaving it unsupported as of March 1, 2008. Despite this, archived and unsupported versions of the browser remain available for download.", "Netscape's contributions to the web include JavaScript, which was submitted as a new standard to Ecma International. The resultant ECMAScript specification allowed JavaScript support by multiple web browsers and its use as a cross-browser scripting language, long after Netscape Navigator itself had dropped in popularity. Another example is the FRAME tag, that is widely supported today, and that has been incorporated into official web standards such as the \"HTML 4.01 Frameset\" specification. In a 2007 \"PC World\" column, the original Netscape Navigator was considered the \"best tech product of all time\" due to its impact on the Internet." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 990, 55673, 83037, 509, 26868, 297, 3229, 185118, 7, 36663, 10576, 113976, 23, 10, 22556, 9, 2940, 9, 148477, 150449, 5, 10660, 44841, 10, 26073, 179965, 55300, 450, 509, 146731, 678, 22556, 9, 2940, 9, 148477, 15, 571, 1230, 1456, 16, 1910, 12960, 8035, 19048, 47, 15190, 10576, 5, 581, 72711, 82761, 21771, 13835, 71, 237, 70, 22556, 136, 35011, 26073, 74, 1836, 49814, 70, 31812, 26073, 47, 903, 237, 10, 29806, 5, 581, 31812, 18811, 1363, 111, 17656, 306, 73, 7154, 509, 19667, 19, 645, 80560, 627, 136, 335, 26073, 7, 6637, 345, 136, 310, 621, 10576, 60212, 26073, 7, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 70, 345, 136, 310, 26073, 7, 14192, 70, 113976, 47, 122925, 70, 10576, 111, 10, 24233, 98009, 15490, 144, 33558, 6863, 124498, 7432, 5, 3347, 70, 345, 136, 310, 26073, 7, 14192, 70, 12983, 47, 3249, 1632, 10576, 124498, 56, 99, 70, 11034, 111, 70, 3789, 136, 390, 3642, 5045, 442, 5608, 186, 122925, 297, 5, 581, 77546, 15, 748, 70, 92319, 3229, 40907, 16, 70, 345, 136, 310, 142424, 621, 4, 70, 1286, 131457, 3674, 15, 46133, 7844, 16, 70, 98009, 62163, 5, 581, 20903, 42, 70, 345, 136, 310, 142424, 2046, 47, 45234, 4, 70, 199, 2189, 442, 122925, 7, 70, 10576, 91084, 450, 70, 4842, 4, 50997, 136, 57571, 22729, 7, 1221, 186, 1286, 105950, 538, 124498, 4, 27024, 214, 10, 3514, 8889, 98009, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 68073, 111, 17368, 10576, 60212, 26073, 7, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 64457, 111, 128219, 3642, 5045, 4842, 2685, 83, 47, 10, 10576, 4, 442, 14192, 7, 390, 3642, 5045, 442, 83, 1286, 4842, 3501, 50997, 707, 57571, 5, 360, 15504, 903, 131148, 450, 3229, 70, 345, 136, 310, 26073, 7, 2806, 186, 45234, 707, 146291, 4, 442, 2806, 1660, 44116, 10, 3514, 4778, 57965, 29569, 5, 4263, 627, 136, 335, 3542, 47, 765, 2809, 11814, 4, 6097, 2806, 765, 351, 9, 80510, 142424, 3853, 23, 10, 335, 1230, 1456, 28302, 4, 186607, 449, 756, 17262, 2053, 9, 3284, 1294, 214, 26073, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 5526, 23, 70, 39395, 13312, 111, 10576, 113976, 4, 6637, 10332, 22556, 136, 35011, 1910, 26073, 7, 1902, 110, 345, 136, 310, 26073, 7, 13379, 4, 91084, 70, 10576, 1910, 2806, 1660, 44116, 442, 237, 335, 1230, 1456, 1910, 1810, 111, 70, 16530, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 22556, 136, 35011, 53299, 4295, 5809, 5646, 70, 990, 55673, 26073, 136, 124962, 70, 345, 9, 136, 310, 9, 46133, 26073, 7, 4, 20662, 990, 55673, 83037, 4420, 19364, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 678, 756, 144573, 22556, 9, 2940, 9, 148477, 98154, 4, 107730, 136, 140992, 5, 4263, 70, 10576, 9, 5343, 5570, 68746, 25, 18, 765, 11814, 10576, 60212, 26073, 7, 4, 442, 5809, 29459, 10, 10576, 1910, 2806, 3249, 99864, 104988, 1810, 111, 10, 335, 1230, 1456, 226347, 707, 442, 2806, 3871, 78301, 61404, 1294, 47, 3900, 19309, 70, 335, 1230, 1456, 26073, 47, 10576, 5, 1650, 509, 63559, 47, 95486, 10, 24, 18304, 6488, 8753, 146984, 47, 70, 17656, 306, 73, 7154, 86723, 6637, 2685, 509, 110, 78301, 8753, 146984, 19882, 5, 4263, 3060, 111, 70, 50796, 7154, 4677, 174920, 1829, 70, 17656, 306, 73, 7154, 86723, 15, 162, 442, 2806, 765, 2174, 6, 45176, 26073, 7, 3542, 11814, 64457, 111, 99710, 289, 31812, 26073, 7, 247, 335, 1230, 1456, 158839, 2806, 765, 2809, 134454, 297, 5, 990, 55673, 83037, 26073, 7, 621, 205794, 75935, 1295, 171052, 15, 2822, 4, 50997, 136, 57571, 16, 31344, 5, 150533, 297, 142424, 111, 627, 4, 527, 4, 136, 335, 621, 10554, 4806, 47, 27489, 990, 55673, 4, 10, 72350, 111, 128512, 124498, 7432, 707, 50796, 7154, 5, 345, 136, 310, 621, 375, 7077, 297, 237, 105994, 71, 60212, 7, 17721, 990, 55673, 136, 70, 335, 136, 627, 142424, 5, 66145, 5, 139024, 61924, 7, 70, 25632, 53697, 7, 12, 990, 55673, 83037, 83, 375, 7077, 297, 1295, 171052, 15, 2256, 147, 171052, 4, 959, 87506, 26785, 297, 171052, 707, 91, 1052, 8359, 100, 27781, 16, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 581, 16750, 214, 37457, 7, 111, 990, 55673, 4, 345, 4, 136, 310, 107013, 538, 621, 378, 2389, 4, 106, 268, 4, 378, 51959, 58, 1062, 830, 44, 1062, 58, 268, 4, 136, 378, 51959, 58, 856, 830, 44, 856, 58, 268, 5, 148639, 1916, 70, 36917, 167201, 96760, 7, 990, 55673, 83037, 47, 171052, 12, 145666, 85540, 538, 4, 161740, 214, 142424, 100, 70, 53697, 7, 136, 36510, 214, 2856, 237, 50944, 5170, 76199, 6097, 26168, 7, 100, 66145, 5, 139024, 12, 18622, 450, 100, 19336, 142424, 111, 990, 25, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 2046, 627, 4, 527, 4, 707, 335, 142424, 450, 621, 40907, 221, 23, 41361, 642, 501, 63611, 70, 171052, 50339, 47, 70, 51514, 378, 2389, 4, 76172, 5, 1326, 4732, 5343, 70, 17672, 14495, 68872, 47, 15549, 70, 62822, 142424, 100, 601, 136, 601, 154186, 47, 70, 198395, 133291, 142424, 23, 70, 21864, 5343, 5426, 5, 1326, 4732, 5343, 6097, 142424, 621, 62952, 390, 48224, 5, 361, 26917, 3293, 51957, 53333, 24725, 297, 98, 70, 50944, 425, 100, 70, 990, 55673, 83037, 243542, 1052, 8359, 142477, 221, 450, 6863, 32786, 142424, 621, 2843, 161549, 12921, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 678, 21864, 5343, 136, 4732, 5343, 2685, 621, 137567, 6626, 117781, 990, 55673, 83037, 18811, 5256, 7722, 100, 2499, 171052, 162738, 12, 10, 21864, 5343, 9, 1723, 55673, 83037, 136, 10, 4732, 5343, 9, 1723, 55673, 83037, 1632, 5, 3293, 26950, 23, 22443, 450, 3229, 105237, 96760, 214, 17721, 21864, 5343, 136, 4732, 5343, 4, 70, 72711, 15, 1723, 55673, 16, 4677, 83, 166904, 538, 70, 5701, 1284, 70, 18811, 1363, 111, 70, 17656, 8945, 15, 1062, 619, 310, 16, 86723, 4677, 27117, 142477, 5, 50605, 23, 154271, 111, 70, 6, 112370, 66426, 10576, 32628, 70, 48224, 5, 6, 181577, 10576, 32628, 83, 39555, 31943, 6827, 47, 48224, 5, 6, 139024, 136, 29256, 7, 2273, 5, 12678, 5, 360, 69822, 47, 903, 345, 16291, 5343, 678, 48224, 5, 11075, 29256, 7, 10, 5045, 150679, 16128, 136, 2806, 53333, 1957, 6863, 4552, 10002, 50944, 425, 5423, 100, 990, 83037, 64, 1723, 55673, 83037, 5, 66145, 5, 181577, 61924, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 990, 83037, 83, 10, 10576, 22, 587, 6238, 5426, 205794, 11814, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 10576, 29569, 137158, 2256, 5, 1650, 22, 40899, 7, 10, 10576, 29569, 707, 1202, 35971, 14135, 117, 63928, 3934, 15426, 4, 6, 190358, 34390, 71, 8753, 146984, 100, 17656, 306, 73, 7154, 82761, 7, 4, 2685, 1272, 205794, 22, 11, 79298, 179965, 18499, 7, 707, 375, 48448, 17662, 114700, 7, 47, 186, 1286, 93766, 538, 7021, 297, 390, 70, 14135, 117, 63928, 3501, 17368, 10, 44, 80581, 58, 171052, 9, 205913, 1363, 5, 64511, 10576, 22, 587, 6238, 7, 765, 21373, 183871, 4, 136, 70, 5201, 31635, 47, 29479, 707, 32603, 67, 183871, 111, 990, 55673, 83037, 2806, 186, 100, 1940, 91468, 214, 678, 60223, 707, 6338, 113976, 707, 81828, 1771, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Conversion to/from RGB.", "SDTV with BT.601.", "HDTV with BT.709.", "Numerical approximations.", "Studio swing for BT.601.", "Full swing for BT.601.", "Luminance/chrominance systems in general.", "Relation with Y′CbCr.", "Types of sampling.", "Converting between Y′UV and RGB.", "Y′UV444 to RGB888 conversion.", "Y′UV422 to RGB888 conversion.", "Y′UV411 to RGB888 conversion.", "Y′UV420p (and Y′V12 or YV12) to RGB888 conversion.", "Y′UV420sp (NV21) to RGB conversion (Android)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Y′UV was invented when engineers wanted color television in a black-and-white infrastructure. They needed a signal transmission method that was compatible with black-and-white (B&W) TV while being able to add color. The luma component already existed as the black and white signal; they added the UV signal to this as a solution. The UV representation of chrominance was chosen over straight R and B signals because U and V are color difference signals. In other words, the U and V signals tell the television to shift the color of a certain pixel without altering its brightness. Or the U and V signals tell the monitor to make one color brighter at the cost of the other and by how much it should be shifted. The higher (or the lower when negative) the U and V values are, the more saturated (colorful) the pixel gets. The closer the U and V values get to zero, the lesser it shifts the color meaning that the red, green and blue lights will be more equally bright, producing a greyer pixel. This is the benefit of using color difference signals, i.e. instead of telling how much red there is to a color, it tells by how much it is more red than green or blue. In turn this meant that when the U and V signals would be zero or absent, it would just display a greyscale image. If R and B were to have been used, these would have non-zero values even in a B&W scene, requiring all three data-carrying signals. This was important in the early days of color television, because old black and white TV signals had no U and V signals present, meaning the color TV would just display it as B&W TV out of the box. In addition, black and white receivers could take the Y′ signal and ignore the U- and V-color signals, making Y′UV backward-compatible with all existing black-and-white equipment, input and output. If the color-TV standard wouldn't have used color difference signals, it could mean a color TV would make funny colors out of a B&W broadcast or it would need additional circuitry to translate the B&W signal to color. It was necessary to assign a narrower bandwidth to the chrominance channel because there was no additional bandwidth available. If some of the luminance information arrived via the chrominance channel (as it would have if RB signals were used instead of differential UV signals), B&W resolution would have been compromised.", "", "Y′UV signals are typically created from RGB (red, green and blue) source. Weighted values of R, G, and B are summed to produce Y′, a measure of overall brightness or luminance. U and V are computed as scaled differences between Y′ and the B and R values. BT.601 defines the following constants: Y′UV is computed from RGB (linear RGB, not gamma corrected RGB or sRGB for example) as follows: The resulting ranges of Y′, U, and V respectively are [0, 1], [−\"U\", \"U\"], and [−\"V\", \"V\"]. Inverting the above transformation converts Y′UV to RGB: Equivalently, substituting values for the constants and expressing them as matrices gives these formulas for BT.601: Note that for small values of Y' it is possible to get R, G, or B values that are negative so in practice we clamp the RGB results to the interval [0,1].", "For HDTV the ATSC decided to change the basic values for W and W compared to the previously selected values in the SDTV system. For HDTV these values are provided by Rec. 709. This decision further impacted on the matrix for the Y′UV↔RGB conversion so that its member values are also slightly different. As a result, with SDTV and HDTV there are generally two distinct Y′UV representations possible for any RGB triple: a SDTV-Y′UV and a HDTV-Y′UV one. This means in detail that when directly converting between SDTV and HDTV, the luma (Y′) information is roughly the same but the representation of the chroma (U & V) channel information needs conversion. Still in coverage of the CIE 1931 color space the Rec. 709 color space is almost identical to Rec. 601 and covers 35.9%. In contrast to this UHDTV with Rec. 2020 covers a much larger area and would further see its very own matrix set for YUV/Y′UV. BT.709 defines these weight values: The conversion matrices & formulas for BT.709 are these:", "Prior to the development of fast SIMD floating-point processors, most digital implementations of RGB → Y′UV used integer math, in particular fixed-point approximations. Approximation means that the precision of the used numbers (input data, output data and constant values) is limited, and thus a precision loss of typically about the last binary digit is accepted by whoever makes use of that option in typically a trade-off to improved computation speeds. In the following examples, the operator \"formula_7\" denotes a right shift of \"a\" by \"b\" binary positions. For clarification the variables are using two suffix characters: \"u\" is used for the unsigned final representation, and \"t\" is used for the scaled-down intermediate value. The examples below are given for BT.601 only. The same principle can be used for doing functionally equivalent operations using values that do an acceptable match for data that follows the BT.709 or any other comparable standard. Y′ values are conventionally shifted and scaled to the range [16, 235] (referred to as studio swing or \"TV levels\") rather than using the full range of [0, 255] (referred to as full swing or \"PC levels\"). This practice was standardized in SMPTE-125M in order to accommodate signal overshoots (\"ringing\") due to filtering. The value 235 accommodates a maximal black-to-white overshoot of 255 − 235 = 20, or 20 / (235 − 16) = 9.1%, which is slightly larger than the theoretical maximal overshoot (Gibbs phenomenon) of about 8.9% of the maximal step. The toe-room is smaller, allowing only 16 / 219 = 7.3% overshoot, which is less than the theoretical maximal overshoot of 8.9%. This is why 16 is added to Y′ and why the Y′ coefficients in the basic transform sum to 220 instead of 255. U and V values, which may be positive or negative, are summed with 128 to make them always positive, giving a studio range of 16–240 for U and V. (These ranges are important in video editing and production, since using the wrong range will result either in an image with \"clipped\" blacks and whites, or a low-contrast image.)", "For getting the traditional \"studio-swing\" 8-bit representation of Y′UV for SDTV/BT.601 the following operations can be used: 1. Basic transform from 8-bit RGB to 16-bit values (Y′: unsigned, U/V: signed, matrix values got rounded so that the later-on desired Y′ range of [16..235] and U/V range of [16..240] is reached): 2. Scale down (\"»8\") to 8 bits with rounding (\"+128\") (Y′: unsigned, U/V: signed): 3. Add an offset to the values to eliminate any negative values (all results are 8-bit unsigned):", "For getting a \"full-swing\" 8-bit representation of Y′UV for SDTV/BT.601 the following operations can be used: 1. Basic transform from 8-bit RGB to 16-bit values (Y′: unsigned, U/V: signed, matrix values got rounded so that the later-on desired Y′UV range of each [0..255] is reached whilst no overflow can happen): 2. Scale down (\"»8\") to 8-bit values with rounding (\"+128\") (Y′: unsigned, U/V: signed): 3. Add an offset to the values to eliminate any negative values (all results are 8-bit unsigned):", "The primary advantage of luma/chroma systems such as Y′UV, and its relatives Y′IQ and YDbDr, is that they remain compatible with black and white analog television (largely due to the work of Georges Valensi). The Y′ channel saves all the data recorded by black and white cameras, so it produces a signal suitable for reception on old monochrome displays. In this case, the U and V are simply discarded. If displaying color, all three channels are used, and the original RGB information can be decoded. Another advantage of Y′UV is that some of the information can be discarded in order to reduce bandwidth. The human eye has fairly little spatial sensitivity to color: the accuracy of the brightness information of the luminance channel has far more impact on the image detail discerned than that of the other two. Understanding this human shortcoming, standards such as NTSC and PAL reduce the bandwidth of the chrominance channels considerably. (Bandwidth is in the temporal domain, but this translates into the spatial domain as the image is scanned out.) Therefore, the resulting U and V signals can be substantially \"compressed\". In the NTSC (Y′IQ) and PAL systems, the chrominance signals had significantly narrower bandwidth than that for the luminance. Early versions of NTSC rapidly alternated between particular colors in identical image areas to make them appear adding up to each other to the human eye, while all modern analogue and even most digital video standards use chroma subsampling by recording a picture's color information at reduced resolution. Only half the horizontal resolution compared to the brightness information is kept (termed 4:2:2 chroma subsampling), and often the vertical resolution is also halved (giving 4:2:0). The 4:x:x standard was adopted due to the very earliest color NTSC standard which used a chroma subsampling of 4:1:1 (where the horizontal color resolution is quartered while the vertical is full resolution) so that the picture carried only a quarter as much color resolution compared to brightness resolution. Today, only high-end equipment processing uncompressed signals uses a chroma subsampling of 4:4:4 with identical resolution for both brightness and color information. The I and Q axes were chosen according to bandwidth needed by human vision, one axis being that requiring the most bandwidth, and the other (fortuitously at 90 degrees) the minimum. However, true I and Q demodulation was relatively more complex, requiring two analog delay lines, and NTSC receivers rarely used it. However, this color space conversion is lossy, particularly obvious in crosstalk from the luma to the chroma-carrying wire, and vice versa, in analogue equipment (including RCA connectors to transfer a digital signal, as all they carry is analogue composite video, which is either YUV, YIQ, or even CVBS). Furthermore, NTSC and PAL encoded color signals in a manner that causes high bandwidth chroma and luma signals to mix with each other in a bid to maintain backward compatibility with black and white television equipment, which results in dot crawl and cross color artifacts. When the NTSC standard was created in the 1950s, this was not a real concern since the quality of the image was limited by the monitor equipment, not the limited-bandwidth signal being received. However today′s modern television is capable of displaying more information than is contained in these lossy signals. To keep pace with the abilities of new display technologies, attempts were made since the late 1970s to preserve more of the Y′UV signal while transferring images, such as SCART (1977) and S-Video (1987) connectors. Instead of Y′UV, Y′CbCr was used as the standard format for (digital) common video compression algorithms such as MPEG-2. Digital television and DVDs preserve their compressed video streams in the MPEG-2 format, which uses a full Y′CbCr color space, although retaining the established process of chroma subsampling. The professional CCIR 601 digital video format also uses Y′CbCr at the common chroma subsampling rate of 4:2:2, primarily for compatibility with previous analog video standards. This stream can be easily mixed into any output format needed. Y′UV is not an absolute color space. It is a way of encoding RGB information, and the actual color displayed depends on the actual RGB colorants used to display the signal. Therefore, a value expressed as Y′UV is only predictable if standard RGB colorants are used (i.e. a fixed set of primary chromaticities, or particular set of red, green, and blue). Furthermore, the range of colors and brightnesses (known as the color gamut) of RGB (whether it be BT.601 or Rec.709) is far smaller than the range of colors and brightnesses allowed by Y′UV. This can be very important when converting from Y′UV (or Y′CbCr) to RGB, since the formulas above can produce \"invalid\" RGB values – i.e., values below 0% or very far above 100% of the range (e.g., outside the standard 16–235 luma range (and 16–240 chroma range) for TVs and HD content, or outside 0–255 for standard definition on PCs). Unless these values are dealt with they will usually be \"clipped\" (i.e., limited) to the valid range of the channel affected. This changes the hue of the color, which is very undesirable, so it is therefore often considered better to desaturate the offending colors such that they fall within the RGB gamut. Likewise, when RGB at a given bit depth is converted to YUV at the same bit depth, several RGB colors can become the same Y′UV color, resulting in information loss.", "Y′UV is often used as a term for YCbCr. However, while related, they are different formats with different scale factors. U and V are bipolar signals which can be positive or negative, and are zero for greys, whereas YCbCr usually scales all channels to either the 16–235 range or the 0–255 range, which makes Cb and Cr unsigned quantities which are 128 for greys. Nevertheless, the relationship between them in the standard case is simple. In particular, the Y' channels of both are linearly related to each other, both Cb and U are related linearly to (B-Y), and both Cr and V are related linearly to (R-Y).", "To get a digital signal, Y′UV images can be sampled in several different ways; see chroma subsampling.", "RGB files are typically encoded in 8, 12, 16 or 24 bits per pixel. In these examples, we will assume 24 bits per pixel, which is written as RGB888. The standard byte format is: Y′UV files can be encoded in 12, 16 or 24 bits per pixel. The common formats are Y′UV444 (or YUV444), YUV411, Y′UV422 (or YUV422) and Y′UV420p (or YUV420). The apostrophe after the Y is often omitted, as is the \"p\" after YUV420p. In terms of actual file formats, YUV420 is the most common, as the data is more easily compressed, and the file extension is usually \".YUV\". The relation between data rate and sampling (A:B:C) is defined by the ratio between Y to U and V channel. To convert from RGB to YUV or back, it is simplest to use RGB888 and YUV444. For YUV411, YUV422 and YUV420, the bytes need to be converted to YUV444 first.", "The function [R, G, B] = Y′UV444toRGB888(Y′, U, V) converts Y′UV format to simple RGB format. The RGB conversion formulae used for Y′UV444 format are also applicable to the standard NTSC TV transmission format of YUV420 (or YUV422 for that matter). For YUV420, since each U or V sample is used to represent 4 Y samples that form a square, a proper sampling method can allow the utilization of the exact conversion formulae shown below. For more details, please see the 4:2:0 format demonstration in the bottom section of this article. These formulae are based on the NTSC standard: On older, non-SIMD architectures, floating point arithmetic is much slower than using fixed-point arithmetic, so an alternative formulation is: For the conversion from Y'UV to RGB, using the coefficients c, d and e, and noting that formula_16 denotes clamping a value to the 8-bit range of 0 to 255, the following formulae provide the conversion from Y′UV to RGB (NTSC version): Note: The above formulae are actually implied for YCbCr. Though the term YUV is used here, YUV and YCbCr are not exactly the same in a strict manner. The ITU-R version of the formula is different, with formula_19, whereas formula_20 and formula_21 above: Integer operation of ITU-R standard for YCbCr(8 bits per channel) to RGB888:", "u = yuv[0]; Using this information it could be parsed as regular Y′UV444 format to get 2 RGB pixels info: Y′UV422 can also be expressed with the values in an alternative order, e.g. for the FourCC format code YUY2.", "// Extract YUV components So the result is we are getting 4 RGB pixels values (4*3 bytes) from 6 bytes. This means reducing the size of transferred data to half, with a loss of quality.", "Y′UV420p is a planar format, meaning that the Y′, U, and V values are grouped together instead of interspersed. The reason for this is that by grouping the U and V values together, the image becomes much more compressible. When given an array of an image in the Y′UV420p format, all the Y′ values come first, followed by all the U values, followed finally by all the V values. The Y′V12 format is essentially the same as Y′UV420p, but it has the U and V data switched: the Y′ values are followed by the V values, with the U values last. As long as care is taken to extract U and V values from the proper locations, both Y′UV420p and Y′V12 can be processed using the same algorithm. As with most Y′UV formats, there are as many Y′ values as there are pixels. Where X equals the height multiplied by the width, the first X indices in the array are Y′ values that correspond to each individual pixel. However, there are only one fourth as many U and V values. The U and V values correspond to each 2 by 2 block of the image, meaning each U and V entry applies to four pixels. After the Y′ values, the next X/4 indices are the U values for each 2 by 2 block, and the next X/4 indices after that are the V values that also apply to each 2 by 2 block. As shown in the above image, the Y′, U and V components in Y′UV420 are encoded separately in sequential blocks. A Y′ value is stored for every pixel, followed by a U value for each 2×2 square block of pixels, and finally a V value for each 2×2 block. Corresponding Y′, U and V values are shown using the same color in the diagram above. Read line-by-line as a byte stream from a device, the Y′ block would be found at position 0, the U block at position x×y (6×4 = 24 in this example) and the V block at position x×y + (x×y)/4 (here, 6×4 + (6×4)/4 = 30).", "This format (NV21) is the standard picture format on Android camera preview. YUV 4:2:0 planar image, with 8 bit Y samples, followed by interleaved V/U plane with 8bit 2x2 subsampled chroma samples. C++ code used on Android to convert pixels of YUVImage: void YUVImage::yuv2rgb(uint8_t yValue, uint8_t uValue, uint8_t vValue," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 11192, 375, 48448, 70460, 83, 224, 481, 2886, 6637, 442, 114864, 142, 87907, 47, 125663, 1286, 135969, 289, 48302, 1295, 10, 34475, 46889, 111, 1831, 1104, 3125, 583, 17664, 6644, 4743, 47, 6863, 77546, 70, 42, 2749, 227066, 5, 3293, 74918, 7, 6637, 70796, 375, 4223, 1363, 87907, 7, 621, 80097, 87907, 7, 4, 136, 77546, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 28897, 70, 5701, 375, 4223, 1363, 52768, 47, 186, 157578, 678, 40715, 160692, 4, 12960, 68772, 10, 51713, 14700, 66, 6889, 105823, 4, 105233, 1286, 135969, 289, 14537, 140992, 136, 92319, 214, 70, 146353, 52768, 5, 360, 36049, 9060, 31, 2256, 15, 5408, 12722, 16, 87907, 7, 1295, 70, 11015, 387, 5369, 4, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 621, 205794, 17721, 382, 244791, 418, 136, 427, 244791, 418, 5, 48752, 289, 36049, 87907, 7, 765, 11814, 77546, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 4, 26719, 12, 14847, 168861, 23, 77391, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 10, 94779, 69674, 42, 707, 1601, 69674, 42, 16, 83, 11814, 4, 70, 375, 48448, 70460, 83, 27983, 92319, 3501, 6083, 538, 44654, 3674, 87907, 7, 5, 3293, 83, 4743, 47, 70, 94779, 69674, 42, 64, 59104, 69674, 42, 21771, 19441, 375, 11856, 297, 70, 1831, 8108, 442, 30957, 7, 70, 19932, 104532, 7, 5, 90125, 7, 17368, 11469, 160692, 9, 73, 236, 10763, 205794, 11675, 92319, 97551, 81147, 7, 136, 64, 748, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 3501, 8951, 115049, 297, 87907, 7, 6637, 11469, 160692, 115049, 1830, 113660, 70, 1831, 64, 3125, 583, 17664, 6644, 47, 186, 764, 27686, 25842, 4, 105207, 47, 8, 1507, 2320, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 105237, 115049, 297, 87907, 7, 831, 11675, 77546, 97551, 6637, 764, 27686, 1831, 1221, 959, 149, 127634, 15490, 10, 160692, 8035, 13379, 5, 19694, 56, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 831, 3249, 9060, 31, 2256, 15, 5408, 12722, 16, 87907, 7, 28368, 47, 87907, 186015, 214, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 44, 112, 1507, 2320, 830, 44, 4692, 9, 872, 93, 1363, 58, 707, 44, 10366, 214, 18939, 2174, 92319, 154447, 86, 9, 2175, 297, 160692, 83, 11814, 5, 3293, 831, 34390, 227066, 707, 82649, 70, 87907, 2174, 186015, 43111, 7, 621, 959, 13379, 47, 2811, 40383, 70, 17, 13866, 1363, 5527, 214, 5, 101114, 87907, 7, 4527, 77546, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 3501, 42628, 87907, 7, 4, 6637, 70, 92635, 111, 10, 131999, 76329, 26950, 450, 70, 375, 48448, 70460, 8110, 51312, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 1831, 23, 70, 19932, 104532, 6, 129980, 538, 47, 17, 13866, 67, 70, 65676, 5, 3288, 48448, 70460, 7, 621, 27983, 17721, 616, 244791, 418, 136, 1105, 244791, 418, 100, 8951, 115049, 1830, 65676, 87907, 7, 4, 136, 17721, 543, 244791, 418, 136, 1105, 244791, 418, 100, 116361, 115049, 1830, 65676, 87907, 7, 5, 66016, 65676, 87907, 7, 160404, 98, 70, 24702, 133, 111, 375, 48448, 17, 13866, 1363, 4, 10, 160692, 3129, 39746, 7, 1809, 872, 93, 1363, 1221, 22304, 72399, 17, 13866, 1363, 4, 3129, 831, 37105, 47, 87907, 186015, 5, 101114, 87907, 7, 765, 10, 77546, 280, 344, 375, 4223, 1363, 52768, 3501, 42628, 87907, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 117396, 14700, 66, 6889, 26950, 1836, 28, 75161, 40715, 80097, 23, 2363, 21185, 56, 146353, 5, 581, 375, 48448, 70460, 1543, 186, 77546, 23, 87907, 7, 51042, 97629, 538, 98, 191138, 15, 8913, 3923, 16, 707, 375, 11856, 297, 6083, 9060, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 77546, 154447, 86, 66038, 111, 6097, 160692, 7, 5, 7354, 232, 1151, 87907, 7, 205794, 4527, 10, 375, 48448, 70460, 111, 116126, 707, 92319, 5, 581, 42628, 9, 6276, 58871, 87907, 11389, 111, 70, 194824, 13018, 1549, 1152, 18770, 1902, 10, 375, 48448, 70460, 111, 60061, 244791, 418, 100, 41018, 98, 1152, 18770, 101319, 72219, 29700, 678, 142, 154447, 86, 66038, 17721, 4859, 136, 2358, 5, 217708, 87907, 7, 27983, 11675, 98, 11192, 154447, 86, 42628, 136, 831, 127298, 4527, 77546, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2926, 75457, 28779, 214, 87907, 7, 831, 4527, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 237, 11192, 237, 6370, 966, 244791, 418, 4, 136, 442, 83, 39210, 47, 7413, 2926, 75457, 7, 678, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 36917, 106, 73011, 244791, 418, 82775, 100, 17281, 707, 18825, 154447, 86, 160692, 5, 563, 418, 87907, 7, 1380, 20903, 42, 47, 729, 244791, 418, 4, 3129, 83, 130306, 100, 39771, 84382, 21950, 62233, 64, 3125, 583, 227066, 99, 10932, 106, 112694, 627, 20266, 5, 1775, 1121, 929, 136, 435, 1121, 929, 831, 5646, 207583, 77546, 375, 48448, 70460, 7, 3501, 9060, 31, 2256, 5, 102145, 87907, 7, 6818, 592, 435, 1121, 929, 136, 82, 1121, 929, 160692, 27983, 765, 10, 375, 48448, 70460, 111, 616, 244791, 418, 47, 611, 244791, 418, 5, 360, 10, 6244, 1507, 87907, 4, 70, 6, 201939, 375, 48448, 70460, 15, 2472, 19908, 115187, 16, 83, 70, 70460, 17721, 70, 21950, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 136, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 3229, 70, 6244, 1507, 83, 99, 70, 103136, 111, 6863, 120472, 4, 136, 70, 21950, 111, 70, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 3229, 70, 6244, 1507, 83, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 6863, 120472, 5, 1650, 83, 127298, 74481, 3674, 390, 70, 26168, 78662, 12, 26168, 454, 363, 831, 186, 25902, 3674, 390, 70, 19932, 104532, 21950, 26168, 78662, 12, 88949, 111, 70, 27140, 115700, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 442, 83, 56104, 72350, 71, 105237, 5, 3293, 83, 27983, 16940, 390, 26292, 214, 70, 19932, 104532, 678, 41931, 136, 7068, 163, 162, 53089, 70, 21950, 111, 70, 11814, 41931, 5, 84572, 2886, 375, 48448, 70460, 83, 10, 55556, 47, 126596, 70, 375, 48448, 70460, 111, 142, 70796, 375, 4223, 1363, 87907, 12960, 70, 87907, 83, 23, 41018, 5, 3293, 83, 16940, 47, 51312, 160692, 227066, 12960, 1379, 285, 38543, 72367, 7, 5, 84572, 2886, 375, 48448, 87907, 7, 63769, 70, 21950, 36917, 70, 6244, 1507, 99, 2663, 103494, 11698, 47, 186, 98816, 5, 19694, 56, 72367, 7, 64209, 92319, 70460, 7, 47, 51312, 14537, 4, 12960, 92319, 72367, 7, 3871, 77546, 70460, 7, 47, 51312, 227066, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 47, 92319, 160692, 18588, 254, 1363, 5, 1326, 1809, 31494, 13, 4527, 903, 27117, 47, 186, 16940, 237, 70, 87907, 83, 51042, 23, 57553, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 10, 375, 4223, 1363, 87907, 4, 70, 6, 201939, 375, 48448, 70460, 83, 74481, 3674, 35509, 98, 70, 35845, 21950, 7, 111, 70, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 136, 70, 19932, 104532, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 20531, 29458, 2320, 100, 375, 4223, 1363, 87907, 7, 5, 581, 84079, 375, 48448, 70460, 83, 10, 1286, 175961, 74481, 1363, 3129, 2843, 51776, 3934, 15426, 914, 43576, 22, 33558, 136, 82230, 214, 70, 19932, 104532, 20271, 70, 375, 48448, 93402, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Effect and typical ratios.", "Gasoline (petrol) engines.", "Diesel engines.", "Other fuels.", "Motorsport engines.", "Mathematical formula.", "Variable compression ratio engines.", "Relationship with the pressure ratio.", "Dynamic compression ratio." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air–fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency. This occurs because internal combustion engines are heat engines, and higher compression ratios permit the same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature.", "In production gasoline (petrol) engines from the past 20 years, compression ratios are typically between 8∶1 and 12∶1. Several production engines have used higher compression ratios, including: When forced induction (e.g. a turbocharger or supercharger) is used, the compression ratio is often lower than naturally aspirated engines. This is due to the turbocharger/supercharger already having compressed the air before it enters the cylinders. Engines using port fuel-injection typically run lower boost pressures and/or compression ratios than direct injected engines because port fuel injection causes the air/fuel mixture to be heated together, leading to detonation. Conversely, directly injected engines can run higher boost because heated air will not detonate without a fuel being present. Higher compression ratios can make gasoline (petrol) engines subject to engine knocking (also known as \"detonation\", \"pre-ignition\" or \"pinging\") if lower octane-rated fuel is used. This can reduce efficiency or damage the engine if knock sensors are not present to modify the ignition timing.", "Diesel engines use higher compression ratios than petrol engines, because the lack of a spark plug means that the compression ratio must increase the temperature of the air in the cylinder sufficiently to ignite the diesel. Compression ratios are often between 14∶1 and 23∶1 for direct injection diesel engines, and between 18∶1 and 23∶1 for indirect injection diesel engines. Since diesel engines operate on the principle of compression ignition, a fuel which resists autoignition will cause late ignition, which can lead to engine knock. Diesel engines have a higher peak combustion temperature than petrol engines, but the greater expansion means they eject less heat in their cooler exhaust.", "The compression ratio may be higher in engines running exclusively on LPG (autogas) or compressed natural gas, due to the higher octane rating of these fuels. Kerosene engines typically use a compression ratio of 6.5 or lower. The petrol-paraffin engine version of the Ferguson TE20 tractor had a compression ratio of 4.5∶1 for operation on tractor vaporising oil with an octane rating between 55 and 70.", "Motorsport engines often run on high octane petrol and can therefore use higher compression ratios. For example, motorcycle racing engines can use compression ratios as high as 14.7∶1, and it is common to find motorcycles with compression ratios above 12.0∶1 designed for 86 or 87 octane fuel. F1 engines come closer to 17∶1, which is critical for maximizing volumetric/fuel efficiency at around 18,000 RPM. Ethanol and methanol can take significantly higher compression ratios than gasoline. Racing engines burning methanol and ethanol fuel often have a compression ratio of 14∶1 to 16∶1.", "In a piston engine, the static compression ratio (formula_1) is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke. It is therefore calculated by the formula Where: formula_3 can be estimated by the cylinder volume formula Where: Because of the complex shape of formula_4 it is usually measured directly. This is often done by filling the cylinder with liquid and then measuring the volume of the used liquid.", "Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads. Variable compression engines allow the volume above the piston at top dead centre to be changed. Higher loads require lower ratios to increase power, while lower loads need higher ratios to increase efficiency, i.e. to lower fuel consumption. For automotive use this needs to be done as the engine is running in response to the load and driving demands. The 2019 Infiniti QX50 is the first commercially available car that uses a variable compression ratio engine.", "Based on the assumptions that adiabatic compression is carried out (i.e. that no heat energy is supplied to the gas being compressed, and that any temperature rise is solely due to the compression) and that air is a perfect gas, the relationship between the compression ratio and overall pressure ratio is as follows: This relationship is derived from the following equation: However, in most real-life internal combustion engines, the ratio of specific heats changes with temperature and that significant deviations from adiabatic behavior will occur.", "The static compression ratio discussed above — calculated solely based on the cylinder and combustion chamber volumes — do not take into account any gasses entering or exiting the cylinder during the compression phase. In most automotive engines, the intake valve closure (which seals the cylinder) takes place during the compression phase (i.e. after bottom dead centre, BDC), which can cause some of the gasses to be pushed back out through the intake valve. On the other hand, intake port tuning and scavenging can cause a greater amount of gas to be trapped in the cylinder than the static volume would suggest. The dynamic compression ratio accounts for these factors. The dynamic compression ratio is higher with more conservative intake camshaft timing (i.e. soon after BDC), and lower with more radical intake camshaft timing (i.e. later after BDC). Regardless, the dynamic compression ratio is always lower than the static compression ratio. The absolute cylinder pressure is used to calculate the dynamic compression ratio, using the following formula: Under ideal (adiabatic) conditions, the ratio of specific heats would be 1.4, but a lower value, generally between 1.2 and 1.3 is used, since the amount of heat lost will vary among engines based on design, size and materials used. For example, if the static compression ratio is 10∶1, and the dynamic compression ratio is 7.5∶1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 × atmospheric pressure, or 13.7 bar (relative to atmospheric pressure). The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength. An engine with high static compression ratio and late intake valve closure will have a dynamic compression ratio similar to an engine with lower compression but earlier intake valve closure." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5919, 92, 9384, 509, 11814, 23, 2684, 109875, 9, 77007, 77635, 4, 26719, 70, 109875, 31842, 14947, 4, 27414, 46674, 19770, 4, 43568, 4, 136, 139808, 91157, 5, 360, 43568, 4, 442, 509, 11814, 100, 231602, 32692, 2053, 136, 3173, 32692, 2053, 5, 360, 139808, 91157, 4, 442, 83, 7464, 11814, 100, 5941, 8966, 4, 6044, 237, 29823, 12877, 2053, 15, 5, 192, 275, 102158, 16, 136, 70, 6648, 78303, 29334, 10484, 15, 5, 4432, 420, 102158, 194, 5919, 92, 1556, 5941, 1614, 191244, 183871, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 10, 464, 111, 227066, 4, 3082, 214, 219778, 7986, 51776, 17262, 707, 37195, 390, 1636, 117, 62816, 5, 581, 11435, 9384, 1556, 2809, 141591, 538, 35778, 29367, 390, 143083, 825, 9494, 1336, 4, 10, 36770, 10086, 98224, 185118, 5, 1529, 1556, 105277, 14437, 70, 362, 41745, 38526, 44, 22829, 20605, 58, 9384, 98, 70, 61585, 7, 450, 442, 83, 44, 10869, 14135, 9, 39116, 2886, 830, 5289, 80499, 71, 70, 566, 171702, 939, 111, 32562, 10, 26785, 366, 2189, 100, 70, 9384, 4, 136, 15005, 2822, 47, 442, 237, 44, 27, 2347, 11001, 2684, 78574, 18898, 17704, 11435, 9384, 450, 87, 765, 17669, 51592, 23, 759, 300, 26534, 33, 6602, 80997, 740, 360, 57553, 4, 85283, 223, 1728, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 44402, 678, 5919, 92, 16750, 297, 1295, 44, 2271, 134225, 214, 96679, 58, 136, 450, 764, 2563, 538, 188347, 117906, 41159, 37348, 23, 6494, 18151, 764, 44, 73, 86151, 3674, 740, 44, 3957, 131423, 58, 105277, 14437, 70, 5919, 92, 63399, 678, 2363, 5582, 44, 168754, 1556, 139808, 91157, 69347, 3934, 10, 2130, 19770, 2953, 581, 91995, 674, 5426, 4, 11814, 100, 3082, 214, 756, 38937, 180346, 2053, 4, 83, 35839, 64958, 294, 188, 29838, 5, 64958, 294, 188, 29838, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 80866, 1486, 63399, 5, 67053, 214, 678, 43568, 17596, 4, 43568, 4527, 7, 442, 100, 6863, 32692, 4, 3173, 32692, 136, 137081, 2053, 5, 581, 132096, 87907, 509, 2843, 99201, 23, 43568, 16655, 4, 1284, 4734, 100, 4527, 678, 111938, 7, 5, 5919, 92, 509, 64557, 184750, 1295, 43568, 23, 13999, 5586, 7, 13835, 71, 100, 5919, 92, 47, 186, 91995, 71, 678, 64958, 294, 188, 29838, 23, 139808, 91157, 17596, 5, 4, 1284, 237, 111, 1392, 7464, 11814, 70, 5919, 92, 11435, 9384, 5, 1301, 111, 27997, 27414, 46674, 19770, 11814, 5919, 92, 100, 99, 19713, 6863, 84029, 136, 87, 105748, 6648, 78303, 7, 63262, 90, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5919, 92, 83, 10, 13909, 11435, 9384, 11814, 390, 40368, 3340, 19802, 136, 1467, 31842, 7, 181653, 390, 10086, 98224, 4, 136, 14432, 4, 109875, 32807, 5, 1650, 509, 126809, 390, 6765, 85283, 223, 1728, 678, 70, 10, 464, 111, 105233, 10, 20187, 63399, 91995, 674, 450, 2806, 186, 215543, 4, 110677, 4, 136, 93766, 4, 136, 4527, 10, 11435, 9384, 20903, 47, 111719, 7986, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Usage.", "Criticisms.", "Obsolescence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Mork format was used in most Mozilla-based projects, including the Mozilla browser suite, SeaMonkey, Firefox, and Thunderbird. In Firefox, it was used for browsing history data and form history data. In Thunderbird, it is still used for many things, such as address book data (.mab files) and the mail folder summaries (.msf files).", "Mork has many suboptimal properties. For example, despite the aim of efficiency, storing Unicode text takes three or six bytes per character. The file format has been severely criticized by Jamie Zawinski, a former Netscape engineer. He has lambasted the ostensibly \"textual\" format on the grounds that it is \"not human-readable\", bemoaned the impossibility of writing a correct parser for the format, and referred to it as \"...the single most braindamaged file format that I have ever seen in my nineteen year career\". In response, McCusker stated that the problems with Mork resulted from \"conflicting requirements\" and that he merely fixed scalability issues in bad code he \"inherited\". \"The Register\" lambasted the Mork database with their article \"Why has Thunderbird turned into a turkey?\"", "The replacement system, used for storing all user configuration data, is called MozStorage. MozStorage is based on the SQLite database. Beginning with Firefox 3.0, Firefox uses it for its history, form history and bookmark data. The storage engine was also included in Firefox 2.0, but only for use with extensions. Mork was completely removed from Firefox in 2011. Plans existed for Mork to be replaced with MozStorage in Thunderbird 3.0., but as of 2011 still used the Mork file format. As of 2012, SeaMonkey used Mork for at least its POP and IMAP mail folders indexes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 461, 2980, 58, 32497, 1295, 25074, 92265, 23, 1672, 65964, 74, 442, 126809, 1295, 70, 25074, 92265, 34153, 44, 58, 13121, 4, 1129, 164, 4, 2219, 164, 58, 830, 3129, 29459, 44, 150, 94385, 113054, 297, 390, 337, 49725, 604, 16145, 740, 581, 44, 53774, 71, 92265, 44, 13121, 58, 44, 461, 2980, 4, 14331, 4, 41931, 58, 24462, 238, 5, 16, 56842, 408, 282, 268, 1295, 42845, 44, 3834, 58, 378, 143321, 26950, 268, 44, 6369, 927, 4, 139910, 4, 130090, 4, 101084, 4, 58, 1295, 6, 137463, 74855, 661, 58, 1033, 13388, 58, 9, 44, 188, 171759, 4, 17664, 15381, 58, 15, 587, 7456, 1636, 12, 1735, 7, 31434, 44, 53, 223, 58, 9, 44, 6369, 927, 4, 58, 160600, 44, 3285, 282, 58, 44, 11, 31358, 19, 830, 25074, 84084, 139903, 1771, 44, 461, 1436, 58, 44, 6369, 927, 4, 101084, 4, 58, 44, 58, 34, 11395, 58, 830, 44, 84433, 101084, 51029, 58, 581, 4527, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 461, 2980, 58, 47, 29459, 44, 2347, 7401, 53, 2831, 111, 93151, 707, 231718, 58, 509, 5117, 17164, 297, 23, 70, 39395, 616, 927, 142642, 5, 66016, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 461, 2980, 58, 1556, 2843, 2809, 11814, 23, 10, 15636, 4935, 10422, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 47, 29459, 57913, 707, 39108, 2481, 194, 38396, 4, 44, 58, 916, 62129, 58, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 163, 257, 149976, 33233, 678, 6863, 10002, 130090, 4, 39210, 538, 237, 10, 25952, 53, 5, 3314, 2980, 83, 133888, 390, 135969, 25958, 6, 30590, 1255, 214, 707, 168813, 1916, 15, 43452, 70141, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 91097, 30501, 71, 16, 41896, 707, 55670, 2661, 18738, 1495, 15490, 70, 38415, 111, 80097, 707, 86869, 16037, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 1482, 13, 130090, 83, 70, 41931, 125663, 111, 70, 41896, 111, 70, 1482, 13, 53201, 4, 136, 168390, 130090, 83, 70, 41931, 450, 50339, 1295, 24234, 214, 70, 41896, 111, 70, 168390, 18153, 5, 3314, 2980, 1543, 186, 133888, 23, 70, 5368, 1295, 63335, 41896, 136, 231718, 17368, 10, 96551, 111, 3535, 707, 39108, 130090, 4295, 5, 52455, 60091, 130090, 7, 621, 46312, 297, 47, 87388, 109197, 707, 5452, 254, 4, 1284, 11192, 9, 6645, 254, 63335, 1482, 13, 130090, 83, 10, 5700, 186, 814, 4588, 5, 29117, 14, 42991, 621, 3884, 23, 3060, 130090, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 101087, 136, 66733, 12564, 141775, 7, 15, 73, 3060, 41896, 130090, 9, 77007, 186, 814, 52467, 3142, 3727, 44616, 34003, 5180, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 23, 33198, 39499, 707, 64914, 168390, 130090, 23417, 7, 194, 151301, 150624, 100, 122785, 1363, 136, 9433, 214, 111, 41896, 130090, 7, 26698, 831, 592, 4, 452, 11685, 47691, 4, 142156, 214, 4, 4092, 35401, 4, 70890, 4680, 2320, 136, 91718, 36898, 214, 5, 106073, 9433, 214, 150624, 285, 53, 17721, 130090, 7, 4, 70, 4537, 9433, 214, 55300, 111, 130090, 7, 96853, 12, 24372, 70, 93151, 621, 171739, 136, 509, 5252, 4, 70, 130090, 83, 125663, 297, 390, 1632, 111, 6626, 11408, 297, 150624, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 55300, 4, 6626, 12924, 45364, 7, 678, 189173, 12924, 43333, 7, 98, 70, 103136, 45364, 1380, 25842, 4, 49146, 6496, 70, 280, 583, 136, 100, 21896, 70, 18738, 1495, 111, 70, 41896, 8305, 70, 12924, 43333, 5, 581, 130090, 111, 70, 41896, 4, 7068, 144281, 7, 8305, 19336, 108564, 7, 23, 70, 43333, 5, 581, 280, 14794, 831, 7068, 186, 11814, 53333, 4, 136, 621, 509, 5252, 47, 87388, 29700, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 456, 164779, 297, 14432, 100, 127689, 5, 581, 17932, 55300, 144570, 70, 93151, 47, 186, 59226, 23, 23552, 8108, 8035, 28368, 297, 47, 22867, 31648, 4, 3129, 125663, 70, 130090, 5, 24372, 70, 130090, 83, 46312, 297, 4, 442, 1543, 186, 142156, 297, 23, 70890, 33069, 22230, 4, 3129, 34390, 70, 13267, 111, 130090, 390, 10, 31461, 111, 190, 4, 20662, 442, 99156, 47, 6181, 136, 118055, 6863, 203286, 1363, 5622, 5, 3314, 2980, 7, 621, 142156, 297, 390, 80097, 214, 1379, 10, 241433, 47, 87388, 7401, 4, 136, 7068, 21185, 214, 47, 10932, 702, 79385, 7, 166793, 5, 56888, 6626, 50960, 7, 111, 70, 7401, 23, 10, 130090, 83, 184750, 5, 581, 130090, 83, 7068, 14432, 44188, 13480, 3674, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 142156, 13, 83, 17664, 297, 678, 7401, 136, 3789, 120103, 47, 30646, 2499, 72856, 196634, 1295, 70, 142156, 214, 9433, 5, 3314, 2980, 7, 831, 2843, 186, 54324, 23, 10, 142156, 297, 11341, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 107222, 15190, 7, 7401, 47, 70, 142156, 297, 130090, 237, 212485, 5, 3314, 2980, 7, 621, 7068, 452, 11685, 29367, 136, 152382, 3934, 116419, 7, 4, 27983, 12960, 7464, 8010, 5, 4263, 70, 130090, 83, 578, 297, 3934, 10, 116419, 12960, 8010, 4, 442, 83, 21185, 297, 237, 69405, 237, 7722, 5, 56607, 52467, 450, 53418, 9157, 80097, 64209, 122175, 13, 27289, 100, 26292, 214, 5, 83230, 6827, 7, 6044, 237, 64707, 1409, 117, 61942, 13, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 214748, 13, 116419, 7, 5, 75628, 7, 831, 3249, 151107, 1295, 106, 47, 387, 80175, 90, 10, 5155, 5, 19694, 20753, 2481, 55111, 297, 39108, 44457, 7, 621, 8035, 11814, 237, 142, 30700, 47, 80097, 452, 11685, 47691, 23, 41896, 130090, 7, 5, 1529, 257, 39734, 7, 68018, 35782, 47, 3249, 10, 31897, 4, 11948, 964, 109622, 144142, 12996, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 509, 14037, 450, 9433, 214, 678, 11192, 20753, 2481, 55111, 297, 39108, 44457, 7, 15, 683, 28482, 16, 831, 186, 190659, 47, 41896, 130090, 7, 47, 22691, 10, 2412, 17463, 9, 7, 22819, 136, 46002, 12996, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 442, 509, 14037, 450, 55111, 297, 39108, 44457, 7, 22691, 10, 63335, 9, 5062, 136, 11192, 150017, 34292, 12996, 5, 21694, 5281, 39108, 44457, 9433, 214, 83, 10, 10644, 111, 351, 9319, 2749, 55300, 100, 15381, 122785, 1363, 5, 21694, 5281, 39108, 44457, 7, 4527, 16610, 55111, 90, 111, 39108, 2481, 47, 23, 111438, 67, 11948, 7438, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 436, 28482, 50339, 23, 20187, 226886, 289, 93425, 98, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 15381, 5, 21694, 184, 39108, 44457, 7, 67153, 11948, 43425, 8780, 7, 136, 22691, 11522, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3314, 2980, 83, 10, 23417, 7228, 1295, 70, 4173, 10763, 707, 24234, 214, 111, 70, 6083, 41931, 70541, 297, 23, 41896, 136, 231718, 5, 1650, 831, 2843, 15005, 47, 41931, 7, 450, 621, 196634, 297, 678, 142156, 13, 707, 3789, 333, 109622, 15381, 97264, 4, 6044, 237, 163, 257, 707, 15520, 49558, 4, 6044, 237, 6, 60397, 130090, 5, 3314, 2980, 83, 39210, 538, 18588, 297, 237, 10, 186, 814, 4588, 707, 11814, 237, 142, 186227, 707, 196634, 214, 23, 15381, 7, 707, 3789, 186, 814, 52467, 4, 237, 100, 140535, 7, 5, 3314, 2980, 74216, 71, 237, 10, 5700, 186, 814, 4588, 44126, 7103, 70, 34754, 111, 452, 11685, 47691, 150624, 225081, 6863, 122785, 1363, 15490, 17368, 88487, 2320, 15, 143321, 83, 11814, 23, 108069, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Preparation.", "Processing.", "Terminology.", "Health effects.", "100% fruit juice.", "Cranberry juice.", "Negative effects.", "Amount consumed.", "Juice bars.", "History.", "Figurative uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word \"juice\" comes from Old French in about 1300; it developed from the Old French words \"\"jus, juis, jouis\"\", which mean \"liquid obtained by boiling herbs\". The \"Old French \"jus\" \"juice, sap, liquid\" (13c.)...[came] from Latin \"ius\" [which means] \"broth, sauce, juice, soup,\" from PIE root *\"yeue\"- \"to blend, mix food\" (cognates: Sanskrit \"yus\"- \"broth,\" Greek \"zyme\" \"a leaven\", Old Church Slavonic \"jucha\" \"broth, soup,\" \"\"ukha\"\", \"fish soup\").\" The use of the word \"juice\" to mean \"the watery part of fruits or vegetables\" was first recorded in the early 14th century. Since the 19th century, the term \"juice\" has also been used in a figurative sense (e.g., to mean alcohol or electricity). Today, \"\"au jus\"\" refers to meat served along with its own juice, commonly as a gravy.", "Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating (sometimes referred to as cold pressed) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers. Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavours (in some fruit juice-based beverages); savoury seasonings (e.g., in Clamato or Caesar tomato juice drinks). Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, concentrating, freezing, evaporation and spray drying. Although processing methods vary between juices, the general processing method of juices includes: After the fruits are picked and washed, the juice is extracted by one of two automated methods. In the first method, two metal cups with sharp metal tubes on the bottom cup come together, removing the peel and forcing the flesh of the fruit through the metal tube. The juice of the fruit, then escapes through small holes in the tube. The peels can then be used further, and are washed to remove oils, which are reclaimed later for usage. The second method requires the fruits to be cut in half before being subjected to reamers, which extract the juice. After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in evaporators, which reduce the size of juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its expiration date. Juices are concentrated by heating under a vacuum to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two thirds of the water in a juice is removed. The juice is then later reconstituted, in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to return any lost flavor from the concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation. Juices are then pasteurized and filled into containers, often while still hot. If the juice is poured into a container while hot, it is cooled as quickly as possible. Packages that cannot stand heat require sterile conditions for filling. Chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilize containers. Plants can make anywhere from 1 to 20 tonnes a day.", "High intensity pulsed electric fields are being used as an alternative to heat pasteurization in fruit juices. Heat treatments sometimes fail to make a quality, microbiological stable product. However, it was found that processing with high intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) can be applied to fruit juices to provide a shelf-stable and safe product. In addition, it was found that pulsed electric fields provide a fresh-like and high nutrition value product. Pulsed electric field processing is a type of nonthermal method for food preservation. Pulsed electric fields use short pulses of electricity to inactivate microbes. In addition, the use of PEF results in minimal detrimental effects on the quality of the food. Pulse electric fields kill microorganisms and provide better maintenance of the original colour, flavour, and nutritional value of the food as compared to heat treatments. This method of preservation works by placing two electrodes between liquid juices then applying high voltage pulses for microseconds to milliseconds. The high voltage pulses are of intensity in the range of 10 to 80 kV/cm. Processing time of the juice is calculated by multiplying the number of pulses with the effective pulse duration. The high voltage of the pulses produce an electric field that results in microbial inactivation that may be present in the juice. The PEF temperatures are below that of the temperatures used in thermal processing. After the high voltage treatment, the juice is aseptically packaged and refrigerated. Juice is also able to transfer electricity due to the presence of several ions from the processing. When the electric field is applied to the juice, electric currents are then able to flow into the liquid juice and transferred around due to the charged molecules in the juice. Therefore, pulsed electric fields are able to inactivate microorganisms, extend shelf life, and reduce enzymatic activity of the juice while maintaining similar quality as the original, fresh pressed juice.", "In the United Kingdom, the name or names of the fruit followed by \"juice\" can only legally be used to describe a product which is 100% fruit juice, as required by the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations and the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (Scotland) Regulations 2003. However, a juice made by reconstituting concentrate can be called juice. A product described as fruit \"nectar\" must contain at least 25% to 50% juice, depending on the fruit. A juice or nectar including concentrate must state that it does. The term \"juice drink\" is not defined in the Regulations and can be used to describe any drink which includes juice, whatever the amount. Comparable rules apply in all EU member states in their respective languages. In the US, \"fruit juice\" can only legally be used to describe a product which is 100% fruit juice. A blend of fruit juice(s) with other ingredients, such as high-fructose corn syrup, is called a \"juice cocktail\" or \"juice drink\". According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the term \"nectar\" is generally accepted in the US and in international trade for a diluted juice to denote a beverage that contains fruit juice or puree, water, and artificial sweeteners. \"No added sugar\" is commonly printed on labels of juice containers, but the products may contain large amounts of naturally occurring sugars; however, sugar content is listed with other carbohydrates on labels in many countries. Depending on trends and regulations, beverages listed as \"100% juice\" may actually contain unlisted additives. For example, most orange juice contains added ethyl butyrate (to enhance flavor), vitamin C (as ascorbic acid), and water (if from concentrate). When fruit juice is too sour, acidic, or rich to consume, it may be diluted with water and sugar to create an \"-ade\" (such as lemonade, limeade, cherryade, and orangeade). The 'ade' suffix may also refer to any sweetened, fruit-flavored drink, whether or not it actually contains any juice.", "Juices are often consumed for their perceived health benefits. For example, orange juice with natural or added vitamin C, folic acid, and potassium. Juice provides nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamin C that offer health benefits. High consumption of fruit juice with added sugar may be linked to weight gain, but not all studies have shown this effect. If 100% from fruit, juice can help meet daily intake recommendations for some nutrients.", "Research suggests that 100% fruit juice is not associated with increased risk of diabetes. A 2018 review concluded that 100% fruit juice increases the risk of tooth decay in children but there is \"no conclusive evidence that consumption of 100% fruit juice has adverse health effects.\"", "Although preliminary research indicated that cranberry (juice or capsules) may decrease the number of urinary tract infections in women with frequent infections, a more substantial Cochrane review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to indicate that cranberry juice consumption has any effect on urinary tract infections. Long-term tolerance is also an issue with gastrointestinal upset occurring in more than 30% of people.", "The American Academy of Pediatrics as of 2017 says that fruit juice should not be given to children under age one due to the lack of nutritional benefit. For children ages one to six, intake of fruit juice should be limited to less than per day (about a half to three-quarters of a cup) due to its high sugar and low fiber content compared to fruit. Overconsumption of fruit juices may reduce nutrient intake compared to eating whole fruits, and may produce diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, bloating, or tooth decay. Overconsumption of fruits and fruit juice may contribute to dental decay and cavities via the effect of fruit acids on tooth enamel. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies showed a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes when juices with added sugars were consumed compared to eating whole fruits. A 2014 review found that higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Overconsumption of fruit juice with added sugars has also been linked to childhood obesity. The \"American Journal of Public Health\" proposed that the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 in the United States eliminate 100% fruit juices and substitute instead with whole fruits.", "The largest fruit juice consumers are New Zealand (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and Colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption on average increased with country income level. In 2007, a report stated that fruit juice consumption overall in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and the US has increased in recent years. In 2015, people in the United States consumed approximately 6.6 US gallons of juices per capita with more than half of preschool-age children being regular drinkers.", "A juice bar is an establishment that primarily serves prepared juice beverages such as freshly squeezed or extracted fruit juices, juice blends, fruit smoothies (a thick fruit drink, often iced), or other juices such as fresh wheatgrass juice. Sometimes other solid ingredients or nutritional supplements may be added as boosters, such as fresh bananas, nuts or nut butter, bodybuilding supplements, soy protein powder or others such as whey or hemp protein powders, wheat germ, or spirulina or chlorella. Also if less juice is used with these same ingredients drinks called health shakes may be produced. Juice bars share some of the characteristics of a coffeehouse, a soda fountain, a café, and a snack bar, such as providing blended drinks and food, such as sandwiches. Juice bars may be standalone businesses in cities, or located at gyms, along commuter areas, near lunch time areas, at beaches, and at tourist attractions. In Mexico, juice bars have become more popular in the 2000s. Mexican juice bars often also sell healthy beverages and snacks.", "Groups of grape pits dated to 8000 BCE show early evidence of juice production; although it is thought that the grapes may have been alternatively used to produce wine. One of the first regularly produced juices was lemonade, appearing in 16th-century Italy, as an import, after its conception in the Middle East. Orange juice originated in the 17th century. In the 18th century, James Lind linked citrus fruits to the prevention of scurvy, which, a century later, led to the implementation of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1867, requiring all Ocean-bound British ships to carry citrus-based juice on board. In 1869, a dentist by the name Thomas B. Welch developed a pasteurization method that allowed for the storage of juice, without the juice fermenting into alcohol. His method involved filtering squeezed grape juice into bottles, sealing them with cork and wax, and then placing them in boiling water. This method kills the yeast responsible for fermentation. He then sold his new product as \"Dr Welch's Unfermented Wine\". In the late 18th-century United States, circulation of foreign fruit juices were heavily regulated by tariffs. The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 increased import taxes from 38 to 49.5 percent, and set taxes on fruit juices based on the alcohol content of the drink. Juices with 18% or less alcohol were taxed 60 cents per gallon, while anything above 18% was taxed US$2.50 per proof gallon.", "The use of the word \"juice\" to mean \"liquor\" (alcohol) is from 1828. The use of the term \"juice\" to mean \"electricity\" dates from 1896. As a verb, the word \"juice\" was first recorded as meaning \"to enliven\" in 1964. The adjective \"juiced\" is recorded as meaning \"drunk\" in 1946 and in 2003 \"enhanced or as if enhanced by steroids\". The adjective \"juicy\" has meant \"succulent\" since the 15th century (e.g., a juicy roast beef). The figurative meaning \"wealthy, full of some desired quality\" dates from the 1620s (e.g., a pirate calling a heavily laden ship he aims to plunder a \"juicy catch\"). The meaning \"lively, suggestive, racy, sensational\" (e.g., a juicy scandal) is from 1883." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69407, 44, 11, 24392, 456, 223, 58, 136, 44, 18241, 22867, 58, 126809, 23, 14941, 36293, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 24702, 133, 11341, 71, 390, 38157, 1311, 350, 4, 24, 110987, 4, 44, 11, 24392, 351, 113096, 456, 316, 7975, 5101, 1661, 22867, 830, 3129, 26950, 12, 44, 66, 27992, 14602, 959, 3249, 10, 3445, 221859, 117934, 15, 2347, 481, 16, 7086, 83, 2843, 221859, 56128, 8311, 329, 4, 70, 4537, 3034, 111, 2497, 24908, 83, 1632, 450, 144570, 6, 98869, 111, 193857, 4, 28488, 83259, 707, 9932, 282, 93017, 12741, 7, 15044, 23, 17569, 136, 22631, 5, 360, 12989, 100, 142, 44, 11, 24392, 456, 223, 58, 47, 186, 174176, 2685, 1556, 47, 765, 2809, 142, 27992, 5, 179117, 223, 39210, 27165, 100491, 18403, 5256, 61924, 27992, 12921, 538, 1284, 137567, 4, 142, 27992, 83, 10, 44, 19290, 20102, 112664, 36766, 87093, 6635, 707, 23, 23232, 23516, 53, 1242, 360, 44, 12724, 7568, 1681, 81, 5, 39897, 830, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 174620, 52341, 79986, 71, 450, 10, 39897, 27165, 20662, 442, 85325, 47, 186, 10, 48683, 6, 181050, 509, 51, 2271, 13480, 43315, 6637, 70, 2563, 10778, 111, 8035, 10, 48683, 6, 181050, 509, 959, 142, 44, 47013, 58, 136, 4911, 7, 959, 49602, 5, 16277, 4597, 124748, 133840, 237, 33657, 7, 12, 44, 6210, 197271, 183093, 7, 7413, 70, 125195, 10, 24392, 456, 223, 142267, 4, 442, 83, 1239, 14507, 6238, 23, 1632, 15072, 5, 1650, 26950, 959, 1660, 70, 49602, 27992, 1284, 756, 70, 173591, 80854, 111, 142, 29114, 329, 5, 204526, 538, 4, 2685, 83, 10, 49602, 27992, 4, 3129, 83, 2367, 30482, 70, 13579, 10, 24392, 456, 223, 137567, 213850, 5, 4966, 2685, 621, 138379, 15490, 142, 27992, 4, 136, 127298, 15490, 142, 10, 24392, 456, 223, 23, 70, 162520, 91084, 111, 450, 13579, 5, 581, 125195, 52, 2271, 77193, 63, 83, 1286, 64561, 31667, 4, 6637, 91257, 74, 442, 29256, 7, 959, 4734, 142, 27992, 1284, 142, 36, 21150, 4, 136, 15, 1272, 10, 115851, 16, 10, 4486, 20102, 19069, 5, 581, 55080, 8110, 68018, 5646, 3687, 23, 8437, 538, 29191, 170420, 5, 581, 29191, 170420, 13648, 26698, 149707, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 29892, 13, 5, 581, 27992, 111, 14135, 17688, 1940, 100599, 13, 24209, 7, 10, 44691, 7844, 27992, 2174, 442, 83, 174176, 23, 170420, 7440, 1632, 19085, 14602, 959, 149707, 136, 64, 748, 1632, 707, 1286, 68036, 142837, 621, 35064, 70, 32070, 111, 149707, 5, 64511, 138379, 64209, 70, 27992, 47, 27489, 10, 8437, 538, 69871, 57415, 179804, 6620, 5, 62771, 138379, 621, 35839, 16750, 138379, 5, 27, 3164, 450, 831, 87607, 186, 2804, 4, 15490, 131527, 4, 83, 450, 10, 46824, 144570, 3060, 173591, 11341, 111, 103086, 7, 450, 831, 186, 149133, 64807, 237, 49602, 5, 4865, 60899, 98, 46132, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 10336, 83, 8306, 20174, 23, 68034, 47, 11764, 67, 10, 46824, 4, 3853, 21208, 442, 13648, 186, 60449, 390, 10, 204702, 450, 83, 89554, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 111937, 13, 1242, 893, 27992, 831, 58055, 111, 62458, 4, 36, 21150, 707, 139355, 5, 180, 21150, 83687, 7, 10, 137578, 47, 81810, 23, 10, 63559, 44, 19290, 20102, 112664, 58, 16750, 214, 23, 182260, 5, 1301, 678, 62458, 27992, 7, 4, 36, 21150, 27992, 7, 831, 186, 31635, 297, 63044, 538, 17368, 70, 44, 8789, 100, 58, 51515, 5, 44, 82212, 100, 58, 959, 19441, 10, 89829, 4, 70, 182260, 2806, 959, 765, 74918, 2822, 5, 581, 13293, 106914, 28864, 183037, 1810, 59801, 71679, 5256, 100, 49602, 36, 54916, 12, 1061, 2174, 27047, 1363, 183037, 49602, 20650, 7, 142, 36, 21150, 8305, 44830, 13, 74, 707, 10, 115, 939, 450, 2806, 3638, 538, 186, 84751, 509, 171, 217, 3674, 136, 143434, 182260, 4, 142, 44, 11, 24392, 456, 223, 58, 1556, 74918, 2822, 5, 360, 14941, 27165, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 18621, 121283, 17840, 79986, 127298, 1632, 53418, 186, 49602, 538, 400, 2886, 100, 142, 36, 21150, 117934, 10, 115, 939, 111, 517, 83, 36, 24243, 5, 893, 36, 21150, 831, 186, 49602, 2174, 2685, 83, 10, 44830, 13, 450, 144570, 1632, 47, 27992, 5, 53577, 7, 450, 6, 178451, 10, 115, 939, 111, 517, 136, 64209, 1632, 47, 27992, 26698, 3229, 1632, 83, 12, 1379, 10, 18264, 15, 1052, 81, 159917, 25876, 247, 1556, 41591, 71, 517, 15, 294, 40491, 136, 37968, 73, 1681, 247, 1556, 75935, 10, 169907, 16648, 15, 196684, 56, 16, 707, 16401, 7, 142, 51521, 19069, 28032, 100510, 15, 397, 53, 55101, 194, 13498, 169234, 16401, 7, 10, 5361, 3687, 23, 450, 442, 1556, 2809, 49602, 29367, 1284, 1379, 39210, 27165, 14602, 959, 11764, 67, 142, 27992, 5, 31384, 76726, 1884, 70, 14098, 46684, 765, 71864, 297, 70, 39210, 27165, 93192, 23, 44, 54601, 885, 81, 5, 786, 177, 46542, 58, 390, 8437, 538, 13204, 449, 139355, 237, 10, 44, 23232, 23516, 53, 58, 27992, 5, 1301, 10, 87093, 6635, 27992, 4, 442, 211394, 7, 70, 96679, 47, 137633, 44, 11, 24392, 456, 223, 740, 1326, 55080, 47, 11764, 67, 142, 44, 11, 24392, 456, 223, 830, 442, 8110, 186, 81810, 71, 23, 48136, 538, 5, 4221, 434, 97264, 189085, 67, 70, 64194, 939, 111, 2367, 11764, 1636, 87093, 6635, 136, 23, 23232, 23516, 53, 55080, 5, 70189, 64676, 112035, 146288, 4, 23, 1919, 151258, 12877, 44, 3957, 151301, 36293, 830, 167956, 71, 36766, 6044, 10, 13580, 237, 142, 23, 23232, 23516, 53, 27992, 32316, 7, 12, 44, 1065, 11, 268, 131580, 39, 83, 959, 142, 27992, 5, 581, 158, 117474, 111, 70, 123635, 7, 8110, 186, 1221, 297, 1242, 62, 10846, 97264, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 13293, 106914, 28864, 4, 22691, 10, 1286, 209183, 39734, 111, 23, 23232, 23516, 53, 55080, 12, 9082, 538, 4, 2174, 4, 20271, 142, 51, 81988, 143, 2661, 6, 13034, 49725, 143434, 390, 10, 8932, 555, 366, 76634, 7, 2749, 50094, 4, 6044, 237, 450, 181653, 390, 142, 25277, 133, 112569, 40, 1418, 3408, 4, 10, 3445, 153350, 7, 15700, 4, 450, 3445, 1221, 959, 186, 49602, 538, 400, 2886, 100, 70, 232796, 205027, 297, 390, 70, 3789, 3445, 5, 33306, 4, 2174, 41928, 47, 70, 10, 1192, 7136, 98, 15700, 4, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 24392, 456, 223, 15, 247, 68018, 35839, 70, 173591, 12830, 707, 70, 151814, 12830, 111, 10, 46824, 4, 83, 70, 42845, 13579, 100, 70, 44, 1234, 379, 939, 27992, 58, 3129, 4, 3229, 77443, 107314, 10, 169022, 92814, 23, 162515, 678, 70, 44, 18241, 22867, 830, 44, 1234, 379, 939, 7086, 830, 27489, 7, 49602, 400, 41159, 23, 70, 39210, 27165, 51959, 77007, 49602, 27165, 100491, 18403, 5256, 111, 30715, 136, 82588, 4, 25730, 4, 28173, 4, 5596, 4, 23357, 4, 15000, 4, 129535, 4, 25134, 36941, 4, 2356, 138059, 4, 176637, 4, 72620, 4, 156013, 4, 122963, 4, 8254, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 111, 21629, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 111, 21629, 4, 3060, 138379, 2843, 64209, 6, 98869, 111, 142, 160675, 75723, 116071, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definitions.", "Omission.", "Possession.", "Voluntariness.", "Reflex or convulsion.", "Unconsciousness or sleep.", "Hypnosis.", "Omission." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The terms \"actus reus\" and \"mens rea\" developed in English Law are derived from the principle stated by Edward Coke, namely, \"actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea\", which means: \"an act does not make a person guilty unless (their) mind is also guilty\"; hence, the general test of guilt is one that requires proof of fault, culpability or blameworthiness both in thought and action. In order for an \"actus reus\" to be committed there has to have been an act. Various common law jurisdictions define act differently but generally, an act is a \"bodily movement whether voluntary or involuntary.\" In \"Robinson v. California\",, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a California law making it illegal to be a drug addict was unconstitutional because the mere status of being a drug addict was not an \"act\" and thus not criminal. Commentator Dennis Baker asserts: \"Although lawyers find the expression actus reus convenient, it is misleading in one respect. It means not just the criminal act but all the external elements of an offence. Ordinarily, there is a criminal act, which is what makes the term actus reus generally acceptable. But there are crimes without an act, and therefore without an actus reus in the obvious meaning of that term. The expression “conduct” is more satisfactory, because wider; it covers not only an act but an omission, and (by a stretch) a bodily position. The conduct must sometimes take place in legally relevant circumstances. The relevant circumstances might include consent in the case of rape. The act of human sexual intercourse becomes a wrongful act if it is committed in circumstances where one party does not consent and/or one or more parties concerned are below the age of consent. Other crimes require the act to produce a legally forbidden consequence. Such crimes are called result crimes.... All that can truly be said, without exception, is that a crime requires some external state of affairs that can be categorized as criminal. What goes on inside a person's head is never enough in itself to constitute a crime, even though it might be proven by a confession that is fully believed to be genuine.\" An act can consist of commission, omission or possession.", "Omission involves a failure to engage in a necessary \"bodily movement\" resulting in injury. As with commission acts, omission acts can be reasoned casually using the \"but for\" approach. \"But for\" not having acted, the injury would not have occurred. The Model Penal Code specifically outlines specifications for criminal omissions: So if legislation specifically criminalizes an omission through statute; or a duty that would normally be expected was omitted and caused injury, an \"actus reus\" has occurred. In English law, there is no Good Samaritan rule therefore one cannot be criminally liable for an omission unless a duty of care is owed. An omission can be criminal if there is a statute that requires one to act. Situations that impose a duty of care and require one to act include when one is: under a contract (R v Pittwood), has assumed care (Stone and Dobinson), has created a dangerous situation (Miller) or holds an official position within society (Dytham).", "Possession holds a special place in that it has been criminalized but under common law does not constitute an act. Some countries like the United States have avoided the common law conclusion in \"Regina v. Dugdale\" by legally defining possession as a \"voluntary\" act. As a voluntary act, it fulfills the requirements to establish \"actus reus\".", "For conduct to constitute an \"actus reus\", it must be engaged in voluntarily. Few sources enumerate the entirety of what constitutes voluntary and involuntary conduct. Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his 1881 book \"The Common Law\", disputed whether such a thing as an involuntary act exists: \"[a] spasm is not an act. The contraction of the muscles must be willed.\" A few sources, such as the Model Penal Code, provide a more thorough treatment of involuntary conduct:", "Generally, if, during an uncontrollable flailing caused by a sudden paroxysmal episode, such as that produced by an epileptic seizure, a person strikes another, that person will not be criminally liable for the injuries sustained by the other person. However, if prior to the assault on another, the seized individual was engaging in conduct that he knew to be dangerous given a previous history of seizures, then he is culpable for any injuries resulting from the seizure. For example, in \"People v. Decina\", 2 N.Y.2d 133 (1956), the defendant, Emil Decina, appealed a conviction under § 1053-a of the New York Penal Law. On March 14, 1955, Decina suffered a serious seizure while operating a motor vehicle. He swerved wildly through the streets and struck a group of school girls, killing four of them. On direct examination, Decina's physician testified that Decina informed him that prior to the accident \"he noticed a jerking of his right hand\" and recounted his extensive history of seizures, a consequence of brain damage from an automobile accident at age seven. Decina argued, \"inter alia\", that he had not engaged in criminal conduct because he did not voluntarily strike the school girls. The New York Court of Appeals disagreed and held that since the defendant knew he was susceptible to a seizure at any time without warning and decided to operate a motor vehicle on a public highway anyway, he was guilty of the offense. \"To hold otherwise,\" wrote Froessel, J, \"would be to say that a man may freely indulge himself in liquor in the same hope that it will not affect his driving, and if it later develops that ensuing intoxication causes dangerous and reckless driving resulting in death, his unconsciousness or involuntariness at that time would relieve him from prosecution[.]\"", "In \"Hill v Baxter\", Kilmuir, LC, articulated the necessity of eliminating automatism, defined as \"the existence in any person of behaviour of which he is unaware and over which he has no conscious control,\" in proving the voluntariness of the \"actus reus\": Thus, a person suffering from somnambulism, a fugue, a metabolic disorder, epilepsy, or other convulsive or reflexive disorder, who kills another, steals another's property, or engages in other facially criminal conduct, may not have committed an \"actus reus\", for such conduct may have been elicited unconsciously, and \"one who engages in what would otherwise be criminal conduct is not guilty of a crime if he does so in a state of unconsciousness[.]\" Depending on jurisdiction, automatism may be a defense distinct from insanity or a species of it.", "While the general scientific consensus is that hypnosis cannot induce individuals to engage in conduct in which they would not otherwise engage, the Model Penal Code, as well as the criminal codes of Montana, New York, and Kentucky do provide hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion as negating volition, and consequently, \"actus reus\". Perhaps the earliest case of hypnotism as negating voluntary conduct is \"California v. Ebanks\",. In \"Ebanks\", the court categorically rejected Ebanks' argument that the trial court committed reversible err in denying him leave to present expert testimony concerning the effects of hypnotism on the will. The lower court bluntly remarked that \"[t]he law of the United States does not recognize hypnotism. It would be an illegal defense, and I cannot admit it.\" Nearly sixty years later, however, the California Court of Appeals ruled that the trial court did not err in allowing expert testimony on hypnosis, though it did not rule on whether hypnotism negates volition. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled confessions made under hypnosis inadmissible because they are involuntarily given; Germany and Denmark provide a hypnotist defense.", "Voluntariness includes omission, for implicit in omission is that the actor voluntarily chose to not perform a \"bodily movement\" and, consequently, caused an injury. The purposeful, reckless, or negligent absence of an action is considered a voluntary action and fulfills the voluntary requirement of \"actus reus\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 70535, 76328, 13, 46876, 9351, 100, 70535, 76328, 13, 3395, 83, 32340, 35432, 2452, 395, 245427, 14, 15, 247, 3900, 143, 1916, 237, 44, 112079, 318, 5007, 41021, 740, 44, 618, 20088, 735, 58, 15, 16, 83, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 2565, 100, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 46876, 5, 52455, 3790, 10484, 4, 21208, 351, 13, 60449, 4, 10, 99091, 1672, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 9351, 44, 441, 90865, 50453, 740, 1650, 1543, 765, 7311, 538, 2809, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 4960, 37966, 434, 2565, 44, 62467, 9, 143, 9, 50453, 830, 3129, 26950, 893, 42294, 771, 106622, 7, 136, 4816, 1779, 765, 6626, 5201, 3790, 10484, 111, 70535, 76328, 13, 59665, 7, 5, 6561, 83, 450, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 4, 142, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 3395, 4, 621, 35845, 72399, 277, 1314, 47, 174715, 5659, 83111, 399, 4, 2750, 1543, 765, 39666, 3674, 23, 72399, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 1295, 144477, 9022, 58555, 10932, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 4, 70, 89160, 181991, 53, 111, 70, 44, 6495, 28280, 4244, 1811, 13, 58, 24, 5256, 136, 3789, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 3395, 7, 5, 116267, 154453, 83, 450, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 1902, 2809, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 100, 137107, 111, 5369, 5, 42477, 1314, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 17164, 297, 77104, 7, 678, 88, 14202, 2750, 456, 71013, 297, 142, 30202, 40250, 111, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 3395, 39666, 1916, 127067, 1295, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 10776, 23, 142, 45964, 20028, 5, 10660, 1543, 765, 109133, 127067, 3934, 19314, 587, 85217, 153840, 181991, 53, 136, 9615, 6259, 99, 70, 15271, 111, 931, 7030, 7, 88303, 390, 70, 225260, 66, 29394, 136, 110680, 931, 7030, 177149, 1314, 5, 360, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 28811, 9, 127345, 9615, 603, 7, 121742, 19, 538, 150380, 297, 40368, 225260, 66, 29394, 15271, 23, 69919, 47, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 4, 26719, 2501, 7030, 10745, 136, 241, 188, 16571, 2501, 7030, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 3789, 77950, 45831, 79616, 111, 2367, 83, 51529, 1672, 479, 9444, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 353, 4935, 15672, 29394, 7, 1556, 1380, 1295, 115923, 111, 195374, 55812, 5256, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 64333, 111, 70, 4122, 13528, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 190647, 297, 3395, 111, 70, 225260, 66, 29394, 4, 70, 6, 60502, 22230, 47, 14432, 109120, 90, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 6044, 237, 70, 19314, 587, 85217, 136, 121907, 434, 402, 5, 209052, 25958, 23, 423, 2839, 9, 8894, 4, 10, 195374, 55812, 1363, 12441, 390, 1840, 76, 557, 8, 1061, 188, 115081, 8305, 2367, 509, 14432, 62816, 29367, 237, 70535, 76328, 13, 23295, 390, 14941, 46512, 64370, 35509, 98, 2363, 186768, 190647, 5, 262, 1061, 188, 25, 7, 55812, 1363, 36997, 71, 54427, 7, 23, 13379, 9, 5636, 171827, 69919, 136, 8394, 48850, 230328, 4, 182304, 2856, 237, 79986, 71, 390, 70, 1311, 4244, 185256, 3815, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 90698, 47, 186, 10, 185256, 3815, 242447, 47, 70, 19314, 587, 85217, 153840, 3395, 4, 2750, 621, 1295, 10, 12921, 46876, 136, 15380, 21115, 5, 581, 195374, 17164, 297, 10, 56645, 11, 944, 64857, 237, 38043, 10932, 70, 1345, 2600, 13, 32547, 7440, 23924, 96220, 4, 25134, 96220, 4, 136, 69919, 23356, 5, 1301, 3060, 111, 903, 4488, 509, 959, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 14941, 24189, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 30700, 16912, 1902, 126809, 54940, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 4816, 1779, 4, 62548, 47, 70, 84046, 100094, 390, 14941, 46512, 64370, 111, 105719, 353, 4935, 15672, 29394, 7, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 139887, 329, 111, 14941, 46512, 64370, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 12441, 47, 10, 124218, 214, 111, 195374, 97264, 100, 3060, 1733, 23, 2363, 50961, 111, 32692, 111, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 15672, 6, 70035, 4939, 131211, 17166, 86, 54397, 1672, 479, 8363, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 70535, 76328, 13, 29394, 136, 100510, 5, 581, 17166, 86, 15122, 7, 98363, 70, 15426, 390, 70535, 76328, 13, 88, 14202, 111, 10, 89160, 6626, 9, 17365, 19633, 13, 1803, 45646, 5, 62, 44, 148477, 58, 53702, 111, 88, 14202, 33636, 297, 70, 59671, 118820, 7, 5, 1301, 17166, 86, 456, 71013, 297, 4, 903, 21115, 4, 3129, 509, 200729, 1294, 136, 494, 525, 538, 4, 509, 102778, 100, 167821, 69924, 4, 6044, 237, 17305, 2069, 4, 7398, 41274, 4, 136, 177966, 5, 62, 17932, 21115, 111, 27150, 56, 453, 4, 70, 44, 2822, 58, 53702, 4, 509, 102778, 100, 1631, 44937, 5, 581, 70535, 76328, 13, 90698, 1631, 44937, 10, 160, 16591, 1916, 103488, 5, 24372, 1631, 44937, 4, 70, 1631, 416, 25251, 56065, 7398, 41274, 390, 70, 494, 525, 538, 18507, 360, 611, 12243, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 100898, 7154, 23, 118623, 156637, 53, 237, 70, 44, 4332, 1436, 1106, 33692, 10133, 58, 707, 44, 23267, 11387, 497, 11387, 1779, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 602, 796, 66, 44, 12662, 11, 497, 2263, 58, 136, 44, 4645, 3038, 7, 1462, 830, 7155, 350, 8305, 70, 12912, 6815, 136, 9615, 6259, 43573, 70, 69944, 111, 70, 14631, 4, 43573, 13379, 9, 5636, 217605, 4, 118623, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 10, 70163, 71, 37772, 111, 14941, 136, 26475, 309, 19770, 16810, 272, 70, 3525, 277, 1314, 16065, 5, 581, 182324, 111, 70, 44, 4332, 1436, 1106, 33692, 10133, 58, 1556, 2809, 5045, 29865, 71, 5, 28107, 1779, 959, 297, 70, 9351, 20903, 538, 102337, 40099, 71, 450, 17164, 297, 100, 70, 44, 647, 5056, 101966, 191, 58, 707, 44, 647, 159053, 9482, 66, 830, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 1004, 478, 1927, 372, 4, 15700, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 3395, 35509, 43573, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 5, 3293, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 581, 70535, 76328, 13, 26038, 65678, 10363, 53, 47, 10, 8753, 111, 150207, 86, 13, 23, 70, 611, 4598, 7, 4, 1284, 1295, 729, 963, 47, 729, 1837, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 136, 120151, 64036, 434, 144, 71516, 678, 70, 56101, 4, 136, 5775, 46526, 70, 150207, 86, 13, 4, 2750, 3542, 144, 71516, 678, 70, 92265, 4, 136, 168861, 2856, 47, 25813, 144477, 19364, 5, 581, 70535, 76328, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 70535, 76328, 13, 15, 74, 4, 707, 1388, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 111, 70, 25134, 13, 11, 48850, 39076, 15534, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 1836, 3542, 142156, 297, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 127067, 1177, 48850, 23924, 96220, 4, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 230328, 4, 121303, 7, 111, 171827, 25134, 96220, 4, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 69919, 136, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 223660, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Origins.", "Early cultures.", "History.", "17th century: English contact.", "18th century.", "19th century.", "Acculturation.", "Removal era.", "Civil War.", "Reconstruction and late 19th century.", "Culture.", "Cultural institutions.", "Marriage.", "Ethnobotany.", "Gender roles.", "Language and writing system.", "Treaties and government.", "Treaties.", "Government.", "Modern Cherokee tribes.", "Cherokee Nation.", "Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.", "United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.", "Relations among the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes.", "Contemporary settlement.", "Membership controversies.", "Tribal recognition and membership.", "Cherokee Freedmen.", "Notable historical Cherokee people." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "A Cherokee language name for Cherokee people is Aniyvwiyaʔi (), translating as \"Principal People\". \"Tsalagi\" () is the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language. Many theories, though none proven, abound about the origin of the name \"Cherokee\". It may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word \"Cha-la-kee\", which means", "Anthropologists and historians have two main theories of Cherokee origins. One is that the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking people, are relative latecomers to Southern Appalachia, who may have migrated in late prehistoric times from northern areas around the Great Lakes, the traditional territory of the \"Haudenosaunee\" nations and other Iroquoian-speaking peoples. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years. Researchers in the 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee people migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. They may have moved south into Muscogee Creek territory and settled at the sites of mounds built by the Mississippian culture and earlier moundbuilders. In the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly attributed several Mississippian culture sites in Georgia to the Cherokee, including Moundville and Etowah Mounds. However, other evidence shows", "Much of what is known about pre-18th-century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions. The earliest ones of the mid-16th-century encountered people of the Mississippian culture, the ancestors to later tribes in the Southeast such as the Muscogee and Catawba. Specifically in 1540-41, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto passed through what was later characterized as Cherokee country by English colonists based on their historical encounter. De Soto's expedition visited villages in present-day western Georgia and eastern Tennessee, recording them as ruled by the Coosa chiefdom. It is now considered to be a chiefdom ancestral to the Muscogee Creek people, who are from a different language and cultural group. The Spanish recorded a Chalaque nation as living around the Keowee River where North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia meet. As some of this work was not translated into English until the 20th century, alternative views had developed among English-speaking historians, related to the limited understanding by English colonists of historic Native American cultures in the Southeast. In addition, the dominance of English colonists in the Southeast led to a discounting of Spanish sources for some time in their construction of history of the area. The American writer John Howard Payne wrote about pre-19th-century Cherokee culture and society. The Payne papers describe the account by Cherokee elders of a traditional two-part societal structure. A \"white\" organization of elders represented the seven clans. As Payne recounted, this group, which was hereditary and priestly, was responsible for religious activities, such as healing, purification, and prayer. A second group of younger men, the \"red\" organization, was responsible for warfare. The Cherokee considered warfare a polluting activity. After warfare, the warriors required purification by the priestly class", "", "In 1657, there was a disturbance in Virginia Colony as the \"Rechahecrians\" or \"Rickahockans\", as well as the Siouan \"Manahoac\" and \"Nahyssan\", broke through the frontier and settled near the Falls of the James, near present-day Richmond, Virginia. The following year, a combined force of English and Pamunkey drove the newcomers away. The identity of the \"Rechahecrians\" has been much debated. Historians noted the name closely resembled that recorded for the \"Eriechronon\" or \"Erielhonan\", commonly known as the Erie tribe, another Iroquoian-speaking people based near the Great Lakes. This Iroquoian", "The Cherokee gave sanctuary to a band of Shawnee in the 1660s, but from 1710 to 1715 the Cherokee and Chickasaw allied with the British, and fought the Shawnee, who were allied with the French, and forced them to move northward. The Cherokee fought with the Yamasee, Catawba, and British in late 1712 and early 1713 against the Tuscarora in the Second Tuscarora War. The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of a British-Cherokee relationship that, despite breaking down on occasion, remained strong for much of the 18th century. With the growth of the deerskin trade, the Cherokee were considered valuable trading partners, since deer-skins from the cooler country of their mountain hunting-grounds were of a better quality than those supplied by the lowland tribes who were neighbors of the English colonists. In January 1716, Cherokee murdered a delegation of Muscogee Creek leaders at the town of Tugaloo, marking their entry into the Yamasee War. It ended in 1717 with peace treaties between the colony of South Carolina and the Creek. Hostility and sporadic raids between the Cherokee and Creek continued for decades. These raids came to a head at the Battle of Taliwa in 1755, present-day Ball Ground, Georgia, with the defeat of the Muscogee. In 1721, the Cherokee ceded lands in South Carolina. In 1730, at Nikwasi, a former Mississippian culture site, a Scots adventurer, Sir Alexander Cuming, crowned Moytoy of Tellico as \"Emperor\" of the Cherokee. Moytoy agreed to recognize King George II of Great Britain as the Cherokee protector. Cuming arranged to take seven prominent Cherokee, including \"Attakullakulla\", to London, England. There the Cherokee delegation signed the Treaty of Whitehall with the British. Moytoy's son, Amo-sgasite (Dreadful Water), attempted to succeed him as \"Emperor\" in 1741, but the Cherokee elected their own leader, Conocotocko (Old Hop) of Chota. Political power among the Cherokee remained decentralized, and towns acted autonomously. In 1735 the Cherokee were", "", "The Cherokee lands between the Tennessee and Chattahoochee rivers were remote enough from white settlers to remain independent after the Cherokee–American wars. The deerskin trade was no longer feasible on their greatly reduced lands, and over the next several decades, the people of the fledgling Cherokee Nation began to build a new society modeled on the white Southern United States. George Washington sought to 'civilize' Southeastern American Indians, through programs overseen by the Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. He encouraged the Cherokee to abandon their communal land-tenure and settle on individual farmsteads, which was facilitated by the destruction of many American Indian towns during the American Revolutionary War. The deerskin trade brought white-tailed deer to the brink of extinction, and as pigs and cattle were introduced, they became the", "Before the final removal to present-day Oklahoma, many Cherokees relocated to present-day Arkansas, Missouri and Texas. Between 1775 and 1786 the Cherokee, along with people of other nations such as the Choctaw and Chickasaw, began voluntarily settling along the Arkansas and Red Rivers. In 1802, the federal government promised to extinguish Indian titles to lands claimed by Georgia in return for Georgia's cession of the western lands that became Alabama and Mississippi. To convince the Cherokee to move voluntarily in 1815, the US government established a Cherokee Reservation in Arkansas. The reservation boundaries extended from north of the Arkansas River to the southern bank of the White River. Di'wali (The Bowl), Sequoyah, Spring Frog and Tatsi (Dutch) and their bands settled there. These Cherokees became known as \"Old Settlers.\" The Cherokee, eventually, migrated as far north as the Missouri", "The American Civil War was devastating for both East and Western Cherokee. The Eastern Band, aided by William Thomas, became the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders, fighting for the Confederacy in the American Civil War. Cherokee in Indian Territory divided into Union and Confederate factions, with most supporting the Confederacy. Stand Watie, the leader of the Ridge Party, raised a regiment for Confederate service in 1861. John Ross, who had reluctantly agreed to ally with the Confederacy, was captured by Federal troops in 1862. He lived in self-imposed exile in Philadelphia, supporting the Union. In Indian", "After the Civil War, the U.S. government required the Cherokee Nation to sign a new treaty, because of its alliance with the Confederacy. The U.S. required the 1866 Treaty to provide for the emancipation of all Cherokee slaves, and full citizenship to all Cherokee freedmen and all African Americans who chose to continue to reside within tribal lands, so that they \"shall have all the rights of native Cherokees.\" Both before and after the Civil War, some Cherokee intermarried or had relationships with African Americans, just as they had with whites. Many Cherokee Freedmen have been active politically within the tribe. The US government also acquired easement rights to the western part of the territory, which became the Oklahoma Territory, for the construction of railroads. Development and settlers followed the railroads. By the late 19th century, the government believed that Native Americans would be better off if each family owned its own land. The Dawes Act of 1887 provided for the breakup of commonly held tribal land into individual household allotments. Native Americans were registered on the Dawes Rolls and allotted land", "", "The Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc., of Cherokee, North Carolina is the oldest continuing Native American art co-operative. They were founded in 1946 to provide a venue for traditional Eastern Band Cherokee artists. The Museum of the Cherokee Indian, also in Cherokee, displays permanent and changing exhibits, houses archives and collections important to Cherokee history, and sponsors cultural groups, such as the Warriors of the AniKituhwa dance group. In 2007, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians entered into a partnership with Southwestern Community College and Western Carolina University to create the Oconaluftee Institute for Cultural Arts (OICA), to", "Before the 19th century, polygamy was common among the Cherokee, especially by elite men. The matrilineal culture meant that women controlled property, such as their dwellings, and their children were considered born into their mother's clan, where they gained hereditary status. Advancement to leadership positions was generally subject to approval by the women elders. In addition, the society was matrifocal; customarily, a married couple lived with or near the woman's family, so she could be aided by her female relatives. Her oldest brother was a more important mentor to her sons than was their father, who belonged to another clan. Traditionally, couples, particularly women, can divorce freely. It was unusual for a Cherokee man to marry a European-American woman. The children of such a union were disadvantaged, as they would not belong to the nation. They would be born outside the clans and traditionally were not considered Cherokee citizens. This is because of the", "See", "Men and women have historically played important yet, at times different, roles in Cherokee society. Historically, these roles have tended to support the idea of a balanced gender binary, with gender determining social and ceremonial roles. Historically, women have primarily been the heads of households, owning the home and the land, farmers of the family's land, and \"mothers\" of the clans. As in many Native American cultures, Cherokee women are honored as life-givers. As givers and nurturers of life via childbirth and the growing of plants, and community leaders as clan mothers, women are traditionally community leaders in Cherokee communities. Some have served as warriors, both historically and in contemporary culture in military service. Cherokee women are regarded as tradition-keepers and responsible for cultural preservation. As a matrilineal society, Cherokee women are expected to be strong members of their communities. While there is a record of a non-Native traveler in 1825 noticing what he considered to", "The Cherokee speak a Southern Iroquoian language, which is polysynthetic and is written in a syllabary invented by Sequoyah () in the 1810s. For years, many people wrote transliterated Cherokee or used poorly intercompatible fonts to type out the syllabary. However, since the fairly recent addition of the Cherokee syllables to Unicode, the Cherokee language is experiencing a renaissance in its use on the Internet. Because of the polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language, new and descriptive words in Cherokee are easily constructed to reflect or express modern concepts. Examples include \"ditiyohihi\" (), which means \"he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose,\" meaning \"attorney.\" Another example is \"didaniyisgi\" ()", "", "The Cherokee have participated in at", "After being ravaged by smallpox, and feeling pressure from European settlers, the Cherokee adopted a European-American Representative democracy form of government in an effort to retain their lands. They established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, senate, and house of representatives. On April 10, 1810 the seven Cherokee clans met and began the abolition of blood vengeance by giving the sacred duty to the new Cherokee National government. Clans", "", "During 1898–1906 the federal government dissolved the former Cherokee Nation, to make way for the incorporation of Indian Territory into the new state of Oklahoma. From 1906 to 1975, the structure and function of the tribal government were defunct, except for the purposes of DoI management. In 1975 the tribe drafted a constitution, which they ratified on June 26, 1976, and the tribe received federal recognition. In 1999, the CN changed or added several provisions to its constitution, among them the designation of the tribe to be \"Cherokee Nation,\" dropping \"of Oklahoma.\" According to a statement by BIA head Larry Echo Hawk the Cherokee Nation is not the historical Cherokee tribe but instead a \"successor in interest.\" The attorney of the Cherokee Nation has stated that they intend to appeal this decision. The modern Cherokee Nation, in recent", "The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, led by Chief Richard Sneed, hosts over a million visitors a year to cultural attractions of the sovereign nation. The reservation, the \"Qualla Boundary\", has a population of over 8,000 Cherokee, primarily direct descendants of Indians who managed to avoid \"The Trail of", "The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians formed their government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and gained federal recognition in 1946. Enrollment into the tribe is limited to people with a quarter or more of Cherokee blood. Many members of the UKB are", "The Cherokee Nation participates in numerous joint programs with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. It also participates in cultural exchange programs and joint Tribal Council meetings involving councilors from both Cherokee Tribes. These are held to address issues affecting all of the Cherokee People. The administrations of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians and the Cherokee Nation have a somewhat adversarial relationship. The Eastern Band of Cherokee", "Cherokees are most concentrated in Oklahoma and North Carolina, but some reside in the US West Coast, due to economic migrations caused by the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression, job availability during the Second World War, and the Federal Indian Relocation", "", "The three Cherokee tribes have differing requirements for enrollment. The Cherokee Nation determines enrollment by lineal descent from Cherokees listed on the Dawes Rolls and has no minimum blood quantum requirement. Currently, descendants of the Dawes Cherokee Freedman rolls are members of the tribe, pending court decisions. The Cherokee Nation includes numerous members who have African-American, Latino American, Asian American, European-American, and other ancestry. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum one-sixteenth Cherokee blood quantum (genealogical descent, equivalent to one great-great-grandparent) and an ancestor on the Baker Roll. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum one-quarter Keetoowah Cherokee blood quantum (equivalent to one grandparent), and the UKB does not allow members", "The Cherokee freedmen, descendants of African American slaves owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the Antebellum Period, were first guaranteed Cherokee citizenship under a treaty with the United States in 1866. This was in the wake of the American Civil War, when the U.S. emancipated slaves and passed US constitutional amendments granting freedmen citizenship in the United States. In 1988, the federal court in the Freedmen case of \"Nero v. Cherokee Nation\" held that Cherokees could decide citizenship requirements and exclude freedmen. On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeal Tribunal ruled that the Cherokee Freedmen were eligible for Cherokee citizenship. This ruling proved controversial; while the Cherokee Freedman had historically been recorded as \"citizens\" of the Cherokee Nation at least since 1866 and the", "This includes only Cherokee documented in history. Contemporary notable Cherokee people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 26328, 509, 103122, 98, 18374, 17480, 24644, 4, 23, 2356, 66874, 4, 2356, 101033, 4, 47, 112465, 66, 9, 11670, 114686, 27863, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 37405, 5173, 2485, 74668, 108035, 4, 509, 10, 40466, 16030, 4, 41929, 9, 5918, 7, 58585, 4, 136, 82393, 8753, 133, 38970, 2750, 51339, 297, 1379, 70, 9351, 44, 5267, 13, 13207, 7, 740, 18763, 42732, 4, 77616, 5173, 963, 1104, 23753, 247, 509, 142, 131830, 53, 10696, 117914, 5, 360, 18608, 4, 1919, 14449, 109133, 47, 70, 1345, 434, 38666, 7, 117889, 40059, 111, 36157, 54700, 4, 44109, 7, 4, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 581, 19612, 3378, 16692, 71470, 33, 151552, 26328, 25, 7, 29041, 44462, 237, 450, 111, 44, 11, 24233, 8562, 111, 2356, 5753, 845, 434, 4, 39555, 10, 174326, 13, 4, 6183, 4, 47, 136565, 19612, 136, 178663, 621, 4552, 5526, 5, 87, 5351, 442, 1556, 47, 54, 678, 70, 27863, 5, 581, 27863, 621, 40101, 177705, 7, 707, 5117, 9, 48281, 1363, 15672, 7, 2750, 29131, 1884, 50782, 4295, 4, 136, 12479, 14, 57860, 509, 70, 22799, 17569, 2451, 2347, 53, 137352, 3674, 47, 22556, 19612, 136, 178663, 16487, 100, 142, 30700, 29394, 1242, 26328, 4, 54799, 129271, 71470, 33, 25, 7, 76811, 4, 2804, 442, 44, 164, 19, 25, 18, 2060, 1295, 70, 85027, 1242, 26328, 2804, 1672, 1919, 29041, 44462, 4, 44, 568, 509, 10, 16446, 139570, 5, 87, 25, 71, 738, 98, 759, 15528, 4, 136, 87, 25, 71, 8675, 17991, 34376, 23, 47593, 12126, 1242, 1529, 49814, 6300, 1177, 33, 44321, 136, 38425, 4, 26328, 54397, 4, 17164, 297, 136, 121447, 1286, 3501, 496, 52336, 4, 46505, 25958, 41186, 1916, 678, 6389, 54881, 583, 237, 8352, 619, 138171, 100, 3060, 11001, 7, 4, 26719, 44, 670, 474, 5986, 58, 136, 44, 115743, 25, 7, 2646, 30575, 740, 17006, 111, 70, 52336, 26328, 17164, 297, 20271, 450, 1733, 3542, 51339, 297, 75447, 707, 678, 19612, 72004, 3789, 3501, 6389, 54881, 583, 5, 10660, 3542, 121447, 98, 43967, 17164, 67967, 7, 26719, 117277, 4, 14195, 4, 136392, 4, 18813, 4, 174804, 13, 4, 136, 201897, 5, 1529, 11814, 40368, 74189, 5264, 7, 100, 6097, 182304, 7, 4, 56104, 44, 11670, 56216, 6557, 164, 830, 1284, 2843, 360, 39395, 38425, 4, 26328, 136, 6389, 54881, 583, 4163, 142, 20461, 1363, 678, 121328, 89916, 4, 124901, 159354, 313, 24056, 104125, 181141, 2856, 47, 27489, 142, 7156, 5, 121328, 68872, 450, 70, 6626, 2806, 186, 35839, 44, 133620, 191, 619, 6389, 54881, 583, 58, 64457, 111, 44, 108340, 619, 138171, 740, 129551, 47, 26328, 4, 903, 509, 70, 5117, 1733, 22104, 7, 25, 613, 11627, 7, 1902, 2809, 11814, 23, 7426, 19612, 15490, 2363, 5117, 123055, 5, 26328, 136, 6389, 54881, 583, 25, 7, 5117, 82080, 4, 44, 1456, 297, 1444, 5636, 163710, 4, 138, 62, 5, 594, 5, 830, 509, 121447, 98, 18374, 17846, 38425, 4, 678, 427, 7262, 52336, 4, 43606, 111, 3129, 3542, 59121, 390, 26328, 5, 581, 7156, 61475, 538, 21917, 48398, 5, 51404, 23, 70, 17274, 4, 26328, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 40368, 52336, 678, 112297, 39076, 4293, 111, 70, 133836, 7426, 21115, 70, 6872, 25306, 4, 26719, 44, 568, 174837, 24372, 26328, 136, 6389, 54881, 583, 65450, 23, 19340, 4, 26328, 80723, 32562, 136, 182304, 2639, 4912, 13438, 5, 18763, 7156, 44, 115043, 26328, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 18982, 29172, 4, 107671, 297, 390, 1919, 5117, 28007, 678, 8999, 19612, 4, 70, 80362, 2063, 19, 9, 73, 93685, 71, 44, 594, 126340, 136, 123829, 161802, 191, 740, 581, 11001, 509, 10, 5962, 4, 58359, 214, 15044, 70, 15672, 136, 56101, 4792, 1892, 581, 7156, 75204, 32813, 1030, 164779, 4, 678, 35778, 7, 1645, 72219, 70, 96551, 111, 20623, 7, 136, 70, 204702, 289, 68944, 4, 58359, 214, 438, 5, 201, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 438, 5, 106, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 15758, 5, 1650, 14432, 5623, 7710, 297, 15700, 4792, 496, 5962, 678, 44, 6696, 136, 112937, 49472, 390, 70, 19188, 119300, 740, 26328, 25, 7, 11737, 13452, 509, 70, 7426, 9, 33850, 7156, 4, 44, 116959, 2016, 90, 79959, 1249, 25, 26328, 830, 121447, 23, 4347, 29733, 5, 1650, 70541, 297, 3060, 111, 1919, 2684, 5700, 136, 13492, 5252, 182304, 7, 5, 581, 37105, 11001, 4, 44, 12110, 58235, 7761, 13, 830, 509, 10, 438, 5, 116, 5962, 23, 21629, 4, 136, 70, 28960, 9, 2037, 4, 70, 738, 11337, 9, 13034, 3104, 297, 44, 104711, 7, 1215, 18852, 10, 14434, 58, 509, 3853, 167785, 4, 47, 26783, 70, 44, 441, 19346, 11728, 58, 116287, 7, 5, 64511, 52336, 1884, 70, 642, 6635, 44, 127345, 1371, 86, 58, 707, 70, 54159, 3089, 9120, 44, 8912, 282, 64113, 1061, 90911, 58, 292, 10, 6, 191145, 47, 26328, 25, 7, 5117, 58386, 4, 1460, 67192, 4, 3129, 75204, 10, 189857, 60992, 110, 91407, 100, 11345, 5986, 111, 70, 42552, 46, 100512, 5570, 7, 23, 70, 24372, 17262, 65771, 12275, 7156, 7, 4, 26328, 100512, 40715, 12996, 5844, 20271, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 1529, 48, 73163, 71, 23, 67842, 77635, 4, 26719, 32562, 19612, 100, 70, 1346, 44, 40798, 36624, 31, 830, 3129, 100512, 70, 19612, 100, 70, 11531, 44, 8859, 22042, 65386, 7, 58, 98, 70, 44, 294, 30394, 170500, 58, 7156, 4, 136, 1030, 1916, 15, 1106, 509, 37702, 237, 59689, 239, 329, 53, 23, 39076, 53, 87416, 25, 7, 1346, 44, 7251, 701, 19449, 51029, 1529, 69307, 71, 15700, 5962, 23, 903, 8, 23662, 4, 678, 70, 37105, 11001, 111, 1919, 27193, 98352, 1363, 4, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 4, 1775, 238, 5, 830, 44, 294, 21392, 103216, 3035, 25, 62, 7514, 4, 58, 58359, 214, 438, 5, 190, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 360, 15643, 4, 26328, 121447, 44, 62068, 9, 618, 41537, 663, 299, 830, 1919, 34377, 7156, 678, 161388, 126449, 5, 89916, 136, 1919, 5117, 23, 39555, 43606, 5369, 5, 1650, 509, 80836, 297, 678, 70, 78112, 49726, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 4, 3129, 26328, 54397, 136, 6057, 2822, 23, 5, 106073, 442, 181653, 1919, 4568, 4792, 209, 5962, 678, 70, 1257, 101448, 44, 2729, 67, 23, 1301, 764, 6868, 297, 5369, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10208, 120025, 26328, 15, 57332, 18374, 17480, 24644, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 19612, 3378, 4, 5367, 56, 4, 11531, 70035, 136, 39329, 5, 26328, 25, 7, 24668, 80997, 1556, 27734, 14534, 645, 37195, 8, 23662, 7, 5, 1529, 157578, 65536, 136, 60091, 36272, 237, 23552, 111, 70, 34965, 26328, 619, 6389, 54881, 583, 4, 100, 4806, 23, 36327, 678, 4713, 6389, 54881, 583, 5, 26328, 54397, 110518, 756, 111, 2363, 52336, 4, 26719, 7082, 14012, 9, 3630, 11001, 7, 44, 3957, 42413, 111, 15432, 6620, 830, 44, 594, 4295, 5, 153671, 830, 136, 44, 571, 91854, 645, 119671, 2661, 71, 27646, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Early career.", "Simon and Garfunkel.", "1971–1976.", "1977–1985.", "1986–1992.", "1993–1998.", "1999–2007.", "2008–2013.", "2014–present.", "Songwriting.", "Projects.", "Music for Broadway.", "Film and television.", "\"Saturday Night Live\".", "Awards and honors.", "Personal life.", "Philanthropy.", "Discography." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Simon was born on October 13, 1941, in Newark, New Jersey, to Hungarian-Jewish parents. His father, Louis (1916–1995), was a college professor, double-bass player, and dance bandleader who performed under the name \"Lee Sims\". His mother, Belle (1910–2007), was an elementary school teacher. In 1945, his family moved to the Kew Gardens Hills section of Flushing, Queens, in New York City. The musician Donald Fagen described Simon's childhood as that of \"a certain kind of New York Jew, almost a stereotype, really, to whom music and baseball are very important. I think it has to do with the parents. The parents are either immigrants or first-generation Americans who felt like outsiders, and assimilation was the key thought—they gravitated to black music and baseball looking for an alternative culture.\" Simon, upon hearing Fagen's description, said it \"isn't far from the truth.\" Simon said about his childhood, \"I was a ballplayer. I'd go on my bike, and I'd hustle kids in stickball.\" He added", "Between 1957 and 1964, Simon wrote, recorded and released more than 30 songs, occasionally reuniting with Garfunkel as Tom & Jerry for some singles, including \"Our Song\" and \"That's My Story\". Most of the songs Simon recorded during that time were performed alone or with musicians other than Garfunkel. They were released on minor record labels including Amy, Big, Hunt, King, Tribute, and Madison. He used several pseudonyms for these recordings, usually \"Jerry Landis\", but also", "In early 1964, Simon and Garfunkel got an audition with Columbia Records, whose executive Clive Davis signed them to produce an album. Columbia decided that the two would be called \"Simon & Garfunkel\" instead of \"Tom & Jerry\". According to Simon, this was the first time artists' surnames had been used in pop music without their first names. Simon and Garfunkel's first LP, \"Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.\", was released on October 19, 1964, with 12 folk songs, five of which were written by Simon. The album initially flopped. While in the UK, Simon co-wrote several songs with Bruce Woodley of the Australian pop group the Seekers, including \"I Wish", "After Simon and Garfunkel split in 1970, Simon began writing and recording solo material again. His album \"Paul Simon\" was released in January 1972, preceded by his first experiment with world music, the Jamaican-inspired \"Mother and Child Reunion\". The single was a hit, reaching both the American and British Top 5. The album received universal acclaim, with critics praising the variety of styles and the confessional lyrics, reaching No. 4 in the U.S. and No. 1 in the UK and Japan. It later spawned another Top 30 hit with \"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard\". Simon's next project was the pop-folk album, \"There Goes Rhymin' Simon\", released in May 1973. It contained some of his most popular and polished recordings. The lead single, \"Kodachrome\", was a No. 2 hit in America, and the follow-up, the gospel-flavored \"Loves Me Like a Rock\" was even bigger, topping the \"Cashbox\" charts. Other songs like the weary \"American Tune\" or the melancholic \"Something So Right\" — a tribute to Simon's first wife, Peggy, which received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Song of the Year – became standards in the", "After three successful studio albums, Simon became less productive during the second half of the 1970s. He dabbled in various projects, including writing music for the film \"Shampoo\", which became the music for the song \"Silent Eyes\" on the \"Still Crazy\" album, and acting (he was cast as Tony Lacey in Woody Allen's film \"Annie Hall\"). He achieved another hit in this decade, with the lead single of his 1977 compilation, \"Greatest Hits, Etc.\", \"Slip Slidin' Away,\" reaching No. 5 in the United States. In 1980, Simon released \"One-Trick Pony\", his debut album with Warner Bros. Records and his first in almost five years. It was paired with the motion picture of the same name, which Simon wrote and starred in. Although it produced his last Top 10 hit with the upbeat \"Late in", "As he commented years later, after the disappointing commercial performance of \"Hearts and Bones,\" Simon felt he had lost his inspiration to a point of no return, and that his commercial fortunes were unlikely to change. While driving his car in late 1984 in this state of frustration, Simon listened to a cassette of the Boyoyo Boys' instrumental \"Gumboots: Accordion Jive Volume II\" which had been lent to him by Heidi Berg, a singer-songwriter he was working with at the time. Lorne Michaels had introduced Simon to Berg when Berg was working as the bandleader for Michael's \"The New Show\". Interested by the unusual sound, he wrote lyrics to the number, which he sang over a re-recording of the song. It was the first composition of a new musical project that became the Grammy-award-winning album \"Graceland\", a mixture of musical styles including pop, a cappella, isicathamiya, rock, zydeco and mbaqanga. Simon travelled to South Africa to embark on further recording", "After \"Unplugged\", Simon's place in the forefront of popular music dropped notably. A Simon & Garfunkel reunion took place in September 1993, and in another attempt to capitalize on the occasion, Columbia released \"Paul Simon 1964/1993\" in September, a three-disc compilation that received a reduced version on the two-disc album \"The Paul Simon Anthology\" one month later. In 1995 he made news for appearing on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", where he performed the song \"Ten Years\", which he composed specially for the tenth anniversary of the show. Also that year, he was featured on the Annie Lennox version of his 1973 song \"Something So Right\", which appeared briefly on the UK Top 50 once it was released as a single in November. Since the early stages of the nineties, Simon was fully", "After the disaster of \"The Capeman\", Simon's career was again in an unexpected crisis. However, entering the new millennium, he maintained a respectable reputation, offering critically acclaimed new material and receiving commercial attention. In 1999, Simon embarked on a North American tour with Bob Dylan, where each alternated as headline act with a \"middle\" section where they performed together, starting on the first of June and ending September 18. The collaboration was generally well-received, with just one critic, Seth Rogovoy from the \"Berkshire", "After living in Montauk, New York, for many years, Simon relocated to New Canaan, Connecticut. Simon is one of a small number of performers who are named as the copyright owner on their recordings (most records have the recording company as the named owner of the recording). This noteworthy development was spearheaded by the Bee Gees after their successful $200 million lawsuit against RSO Records, which remains the largest successful lawsuit against a record company by an artist or group. All of Simon's solo recordings, including those originally issued by Columbia Records, are currently distributed by Sony Records' Legacy Recordings unit. His albums were issued by Warner Music Group until mid-2010. In mid-2010, Simon", "In February 2014, Simon embarked on a joint concert tour titled On Stage Together with English musician Sting, playing 21 concerts in North America. The tour continued in early 2015, with ten shows in Australia and New Zealand, and 23 concerts in Europe, ending on April 18, 2015. On August 4, 2015, Simon performed \"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard\", \"Homeward Bound\", and \"Late in the Evening\" alongside Billy Joel at the final concert of Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, New York. On September 11, 2015, Simon appeared during the premiere week of \"The", "In an in-depth interview reprinted in \"American Songwriter\", Simon discusses the craft of songwriting with music journalist Tom Moon. In the interview, Simon explains the basic themes in his songwriting: love, family, and social commentary; as well as the overarching messages of religion, spirituality, and God in", "", "In the late 1990s, Simon wrote and produced a Broadway musical called \"The Capeman\", which lost $11 million during its 1998 run. In April 2008, the Brooklyn Academy of Music celebrated Paul Simon's works, and dedicated a week to \"Songs From the Capeman\" with", "Simon has also dabbled in acting. He played music producer Tony Lacey, a supporting character, in the 1977 Woody Allen feature film \"Annie Hall\". He wrote and starred in 1980's \"One Trick Pony\" as Jonah Levin, a journeyman rock and roller. Simon also wrote all the songs in the film. Paul Simon also appeared on \"The Muppet Show\" (the only episode to use only the songs of one songwriter, Simon). In 1990, he played the character of—appropriately enough—Simple Simon on the Disney Channel TV", "Simon has appeared on \"Saturday Night Live\" (\"SNL\"), either as host or musical guest, 14 times. On one appearance in the late 1980s, he worked with the politician who shared his name, Illinois Senator Paul Simon. Simon's most recent \"SNL\" appearance on a Saturday night was on the October 13, 2018 episode hosted by Seth Myers. Prior to that, he appeared in the March 9, 2013 episode hosted by Justin Timberlake as a member of the Five-Timers Club. In one \"SNL\" skit from 1986 (when he was promoting \"Graceland\"), Simon plays himself, waiting in line with a friend to get into a movie. He amazes his friend by remembering intricate details about prior meetings with passers-by, but draws a complete blank when approached by Art Garfunkel, despite the latter's numerous memory prompts. Simon appeared alongside George Harrison as musical guest on the Thanksgiving Day episode of \"SNL\" (November 20, 1976). The two performed \"Here Comes the Sun\" and \"Homeward Bound\" together, while Simon performed \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\" solo earlier in the show. On that episode, Simon opened the show performing \"Still Crazy After All These Years\" in a turkey outfit, since Thanksgiving was", "Simon has won 12 Grammy Awards (one of them a Lifetime Achievement Award) and five Album of the Year Grammy nominations, the most recent for \"You're the One\" in 2001. He is one of only six artists to have won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year more than once as the main credited artist. In 1998 he was entered in the Grammy Hall of Fame for the Simon & Garfunkel album \"Bridge over Troubled Water\". He received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song for the song \"Father and Daughter\" in 2002. He is also a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; as a solo artist in 2001, and in 1990 as half of Simon & Garfunkel. | 1977 | rowspan=\"5\" | 1969 In 2001, Simon was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year. The following year, he was one of the five recipients of the annual Kennedy Center Honors, the nation's highest tribute to performing and cultural artists. In 2005, Simon was saluted as a BMI Icon at the 53rd Annual BMI Pop Awards. Simon's", "When Simon moved to England in 1964, he met Kathleen Mary \"Kathy\" Chitty (born 1947) on April 12 at the first English folk club he played, the Railway Inn Folk Club in Brentwood, Essex, where Chitty worked part-time selling tickets. She was 16 and he was 22 when they began a relationship. Later that year they visited the U.S. together, touring around mainly by bus. Kathy returned to England on her own, with Simon returning to her some weeks later. When Simon returned to the U.S. with the growing success of \"The Sound of Silence\", Kathy, who was quite shy, wanted no part of the success and fame that awaited Simon and they ended their relationship. She is mentioned by name in at least two of his songs: \"Kathy's Song\" and \"America\", and is referred to in \"Homeward Bound\" and \"The Late Great Johnny Ace\". There is a photo of Simon and Kathy on the cover of his 1965 album \"The Paul Simon Songbook\". Simon has been married three times, first to Peggy Harper in 1969. They had a son, Harper Simon in 1972, and divorced in 1975. The song \"Train in the Distance\" from Simon's", "Simon is a proponent of music education for children. In 1970, after recording his \"Bridge Over Troubled Water\", at the invitation of the NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, Simon held auditions for a young songwriter's workshop. Advertised in \"The Village Voice\", the auditions brought hundreds of hopefuls to perform for Simon. Among the six teenage songwriters Simon selected for tutelage were Melissa Manchester, Tommy Mandel and rock/beat poet Joe Linus, with Maggie and Terre Roche (the Roche Sisters), who later sang back-up for Simon, joining the workshop in progress through an impromptu appearance. Simon invited the six teens to experience recording at Columbia studios with engineer Roy Halee. During these sessions, Bob Dylan was downstairs recording the album \"Self-Portrait\", which included a version of Simon's \"The Boxer\". Violinist Isaac Stern also visited the group with a CBS film crew, speaking to the young musicians about lyrics and music after Joe Linus performed his song \"Circus Lion\" for Stern. Manchester later", "This discography does not include compilation albums, concert albums, or work with Simon and Garfunkel. Simon's solo concert albums often have songs he originally recorded with Simon and Garfunkel, and many Simon and Garfunkel concert albums contain songs Simon first recorded on solo albums. Finally, Paul Simon has a few songs that appear on compilation albums and nowhere else. For example, \"Slip Slidin' Away\" appears only on the compilation albums \"Negotiations and Love Songs\" (1988) and \"Greatest Hits, Etc.\" (1977). Studio solo albums" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 102374, 14361, 100, 116338, 6, 130687, 607, 297, 1295, 543, 963, 12, 70, 5550, 33744, 11617, 57263, 3253, 18347, 53, 8, 717, 12097, 42459, 297, 47, 70, 31678, 56, 748, 42814, 87, 111, 49002, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 10, 28123, 14361, 100, 99716, 116338, 6, 130687, 5, 360, 18982, 543, 963, 4, 70, 138489, 1363, 100, 39008, 184593, 1379, 70, 5550, 185236, 15, 16, 509, 100, 4806, 5, 32964, 5369, 14432, 4, 442, 509, 120514, 4806, 70, 25132, 86907, 15, 194, 360, 543, 1837, 4, 70, 86907, 100512, 70, 23972, 63557, 1379, 70, 9082, 127873, 111, 112006, 5, 360, 543, 8659, 4, 70, 6, 130687, 32354, 7, 3542, 12302, 2822, 47, 70, 77648, 63557, 1379, 70, 9082, 127873, 111, 112006, 5, 24372, 5941, 9351, 9, 152028, 7, 8305, 70, 5369, 4, 23, 7071, 96903, 4, 70, 67485, 53, 6, 130687, 509, 175100, 1810, 390, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 63557, 1379, 70, 9082, 127873, 111, 112006, 111, 70, 5550, 185236, 5, 581, 527, 17759, 25, 7, 5117, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 23, 134349, 49002, 509, 170920, 390, 70, 23410, 12989, 181141, 98, 190, 7582, 24531, 390, 97031, 10321, 310, 54800, 106317, 4, 70, 5117, 47749, 42, 9, 73, 9, 206, 29469, 111, 70, 6096, 126140, 15, 31875, 9425, 247, 136, 390, 241, 179665, 464, 11770, 538, 66, 4922, 4, 8, 7077, 53, 47, 31746, 129099, 1002, 15, 104140, 18, 4922, 509, 7068, 70, 117907, 66, 57724, 111, 70, 6096, 126140, 194, 66016, 65942, 70, 102374, 200602, 1556, 51521, 538, 139999, 71, 70, 5622, 111, 190, 7582, 237, 70, 23182, 65006, 111, 116338, 6, 130687, 15, 16, 23, 49002, 5, 581, 116338, 14135, 6, 130687, 4516, 4911, 7, 170920, 509, 7311, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 19685, 2320, 103310, 24073, 54601, 14, 10058, 7707, 55978, 830, 707, 44, 54601, 14, 49035, 42, 56128, 1388, 111, 70, 117657, 44816, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 135555, 6635, 67485, 53, 70615, 111, 70, 47806, 5, 26328, 10463, 7182, 509, 6863, 5117, 10336, 5, 360, 1919, 32692, 111, 70, 39395, 5369, 111, 70, 527, 17759, 4, 161597, 601, 5, 141186, 33022, 7, 12, 1301, 7311, 538, 170920, 4, 70, 19685, 2320, 63557, 509, 959, 105237, 163888, 2182, 47, 70, 9082, 112006, 15, 257, 70, 1733, 35839, 70, 6096, 126140, 117657, 112006, 46, 44, 73209, 13, 26789, 7525, 9843, 51029, 141598, 21286, 4, 442, 509, 70, 198387, 63557, 111, 70, 117657, 112006, 25, 7, 102203, 7, 31068, 2182, 5, 360, 20414, 23031, 4, 70, 46845, 509, 7228, 70, 17932, 111, 22759, 5201, 130625, 7, 23, 70, 102203, 7, 31068, 2182, 5, 992, 3675, 56694, 4, 442, 509, 56104, 35839, 70, 44, 54601, 14, 49035, 42, 58, 15, 54601, 1419, 30494, 63557, 194, 9925, 6602, 4, 25632, 70, 134349, 1104, 7192, 15227, 5550, 4, 442, 509, 57849, 3674, 23, 10778, 47, 24209, 70, 77648, 15, 185200, 22019, 329, 16, 31068, 2182, 111, 70, 6096, 126140, 112006, 4, 136, 509, 2685, 11, 46327, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 190912, 4126, 2037, 42, 740, 3293, 31895, 16750, 297, 1295, 6863, 3525, 158978, 88669, 6032, 6, 240906, 237, 70, 5201, 31344, 111, 110613, 6, 130687, 100, 70, 134349, 133465, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 10, 13036, 456, 9, 40098, 111, 70, 6096, 126140, 4, 3060, 6032, 23, 60487, 707, 70777, 70, 46845, 15, 92733, 12905, 4126, 53, 48662, 157, 13, 345, 7707, 133, 13838, 16, 100512, 70, 65056, 927, 15, 185200, 22019, 329, 16, 31068, 2182, 111, 70, 6096, 126140, 112006, 4, 136, 509, 2685, 11, 46327, 2843, 51529, 42856, 237, 70, 44, 27591, 474, 927, 63557, 740, 194397, 6056, 2684, 111, 70, 1940, 4205, 14922, 4, 70, 453, 136, 24793, 2750, 79786, 100, 6096, 126140, 157075, 35839, 442, 40101, 70, 65056, 927, 63557, 4, 70, 157075, 12349, 4, 70, 44, 190912, 4126, 2037, 42, 830, 707, 70, 46845, 5, 1449, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 456, 9, 40098, 378, 73, 70777, 268, 4, 175100, 1810, 23, 2831, 47, 36356, 1257, 129099, 1002, 25, 7, 16401, 98, 70, 187, 1176, 4, 70, 65056, 927, 63557, 37202, 47, 765, 2809, 158012, 105237, 1379, 70, 6226, 111, 70, 22836, 207068, 70615, 15, 17903, 1159, 1506, 58064, 11089, 399, 298, 86811, 399, 36, 91243, 299, 4, 707, 527, 13937, 247, 70, 39457, 42, 111, 70, 6, 61293, 38891, 5, 8622, 11, 46327, 6863, 114137, 136, 117729, 23409, 105237, 47, 70, 527, 13937, 136, 70, 10827, 18, 5992, 31, 4, 198371, 3853, 390, 13409, 214, 70, 6096, 126140, 112006, 5, 581, 5117, 10336, 111, 70, 201, 927, 31068, 2182, 509, 25970, 85869, 5548, 2076, 7299, 4, 2750, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 1305, 1295, 11994, 58410, 24189, 7071, 61540, 15, 22144, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 23, 41933, 4, 764, 509, 34784, 297, 136, 71924, 297, 237, 10, 129099, 1002, 1486, 194, 581, 116338, 6, 130687, 509, 51529, 23, 70, 134349, 27759, 100, 6863, 38781, 329, 23, 215131, 1295, 70, 43876, 44, 10433, 6236, 6, 130687, 53702, 7, 830, 6044, 237, 70, 541, 64831, 397, 4, 14432, 70, 341, 8359, 5, 581, 116338, 6, 130687, 10336, 167565, 1314, 3542, 105866, 99, 4, 65272, 111, 70, 110956, 73, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 541, 64831, 397, 509, 23, 70, 4552, 11698, 111, 124338, 4, 11737, 47, 70, 33976, 450, 18276, 71, 41021, 25, 7, 1311, 147869, 114738, 100, 184293, 184593, 99, 70, 103136, 111, 1461, 169, 1179, 4922, 17006, 5, 786, 13, 47, 903, 15824, 4, 70, 134349, 116338, 6, 130687, 21449, 47, 186, 51529, 23, 134349, 61634, 7, 25, 45767, 237, 44, 56883, 18, 108, 6958, 38648, 7, 58, 15, 16, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 44, 86, 147, 108, 6958, 38648, 7, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 541, 64831, 397, 64, 605, 8359, 6, 130687, 93324, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 3835, 63805, 7, 111, 134349, 116338, 6, 130687, 52129, 7, 4, 70, 527, 17759, 1902, 11343, 2809, 41018, 25958, 163888, 2182, 47, 70, 341, 8359, 5, 581, 527, 17759, 44, 1264, 40, 58, 15, 24658, 903, 9351, 16, 509, 170920, 390, 33876, 79062, 25, 7, 12989, 111, 611, 22482, 37719, 5, 28090, 7071, 40464, 4, 70, 527, 17759, 34831, 71, 14135, 6, 130687, 97629, 538, 50782, 70, 345, 108371, 5, 581, 527, 17759, 160404, 71, 44, 7817, 6382, 65658, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 12321, 31068, 2182, 111, 70, 9082, 112006, 111, 70, 1172, 4806, 59591, 7, 111, 70, 102374, 200602, 15, 247, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 527, 5, 1062, 5, 4, 36770, 538, 70, 12321, 157075, 31068, 2182, 15, 16, 136, 7464, 39210, 538, 51529, 390, 6863, 96362, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 527, 17759, 15, 247, 83, 70, 110613, 116338, 9, 130687, 122921, 111, 70, 9082, 112006, 111, 70, 1172, 4806, 59591, 7, 111, 70, 102374, 200602, 15, 82772, 538, 70, 345, 108371, 55673, 7, 9082, 112006, 194, 992, 5062, 49002, 25, 7, 3789, 48031, 136, 6, 130687, 184641, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 159, 35930, 4, 70, 563, 36474, 4, 136, 70, 563, 13055, 4, 124901, 10336, 7, 13416, 105237, 47, 70, 13918, 111, 49002, 4, 70, 14364, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Organizational structure.", "SATCOM.", "GRU illegals.", "Special Forces of the Main Directorate.", "Education.", "Activities by country.", "Austria.", "Bulgaria.", "Canada.", "Estonia.", "Finland.", "France.", "Georgia.", "Japan.", "Moldova.", "Montenegro.", "The Netherlands and Switzerland.", "Qatar.", "Russia.", "Spain.", "Syria.", "Turkey.", "Ukraine.", "United Kingdom.", "United States.", "Electoral interference.", "Directors." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "The first Russian body for military intelligence dated from 1810: the War Minister Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly suggested to the Emperor Alexander I of Russia the establishment of a permanent body for strategic military intelligence. In January 1810, the Expedition for Secret Affairs under the War Ministry () was formed. Two years later, it was renamed the Special Bureau (). In 1815, the Bureau became the First Department under the General Chief of Staff. In 1836, the intelligence functions were transferred to the Second Department under the General Chief of Staff. After many name-changes through the years, in April 1906, the Military intelligence was carried out by the Fifth Department under the General Chief of Staff of the War Ministry. The GRU's first predecessor in Soviet Russia was established by the secret order signed on 5 November 1918 by Jukums Vācietis, the first commander-in-chief of the Red Army (RKKA), and by Ephraim Sklyansky, deputy to Leon Trotsky (Trotsky was then the civilian leader of the Red Army). Since 2006, the Russian Federation has officially observed the date of 5 November as the professional holiday of military intelligence () in Russia. The military human intelligence service thus established was originally known as the Registration Agency (\"Registrupravlenie\", or \"Registrupr\"; ) of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Simon Aralov was its first head. In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes: As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff (at the time called the Red Army Field Staff – \"Polevoi Shtab\"). Administratively, it was the Third Department of the Field Staff's Operations Directorate. In July 1920, the RU was made the second of four main departments in the Operations Directorate. Until 1921, it was usually called the \"Registrupr\" (Registration Department). That year, following the Soviet–Polish War, it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter known as the \"Razvedupr\". This probably resulted from its new primary peacetime responsibilities as the main source of foreign intelligence for the Soviet leadership. As part of a major re-organisation of the Red Army, sometime in 1925 or 1926 the RU (then Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenye) became the Fourth (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter also known simply as the \"Fourth Department\". Throughout most of the interwar period, the men and women who worked for Red Army Intelligence called it either the Fourth Department, the Intelligence Service, the \"Razvedupr\", or the RU. [...] As a result of the re-organisation [in 1926], carried out in part to break up Trotsky's hold on the army, the Fourth Department seems to have been placed directly under the control of the State Defense Council (Gosudarstvennaia komissiia oborony, or GKO), the successor of the RVSR. Thereafter its analysis and reports went directly to the GKO and the Politburo, apparently even bypassing the Red Army Staff. The first head of the 4th Directorate was Yan Karlovich Berzin, who remained in the post from March 1924 until April 1935 (subsequently, in 1938, he was arrested and executed as a Trotskyite). The military intelligence was known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival \"internal intelligence organizations\", such as the NKVD, later the KGB. The military intelligence headquarters were located at, west of the Kremlin, whereas the NKVD was in the very centre of Moscow, next to the building that housed People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs at the bottom of Kuznetsky Most. Due to this fact, the Soviet military intelligence came to be known in Soviet diplomats' cant as \"distant neighbours\" () as opposed to \"near neighbours\", i.e. the NKVD/KGB intelligence officers. According to public statements of Soviet military intelligence veterans, the GRU had always been operationally subordinate to the KGB. The GRU \"per se\" (under this name) was established by Joseph Stalin's order of 16 February 1942. From April 1943, the GRU handled human intelligence exclusively outside the USSR. The GRU operated \"rezidenturas\", both \"legal\" (based at Soviet embassies) and \"illegal\", all over the world, along with the SIGINT (signals intelligence) station in Lourdes, Cuba, and throughout the former Soviet-bloc countries. The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era, but documents concerning it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, Georges Agabekov, and described in detail in the 1939 autobiography (\"I Was Stalin's Agent\") by Walter Krivitsky, the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect. It became widely known in Russia, and in the West outside the narrow confines of the intelligence community, during perestroika, in part thanks to the writings of \"Viktor Suvorov\" (Vladimir Rezun), a GRU officer who defected to Great Britain in 1978 and wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services. According to Suvorov, even the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to enter GRU headquarters, needed to go through a security screening. Following the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991, the GRU continued as an important part of Russia's intelligence services, especially since it was never split up (unlike the KGB). The KGB was dissolved after aiding a failed coup in 1991 against the then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. It has since been divided into the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and the Federal Security Service (FSB). In 2006, the GRU moved to a new Headquarters complex at, which cost 9.5 billion rubles to build and incorporates 70,000 square meters. In April 2009, President Dmitry Medvedev fired then-GRU head Valentin Korabelnikov, who had headed the GRU since 1997, reportedly over Korabelnikov's objections to proposed reforms. In 2010, the official name of the unit was changed from \"GRU\" to the \"Main Directorate of the Russian General Chief of Staff\", or \"G.U.\", but \"GRU\" continued to be commonly used in media. The GRU chief Igor Sergun's death in early January 2016 caused speculations of foul play. At the helm of the GRU since late 2011, Igor Sergun was reported to have taken charge of the agency in the wake of the drastic cuts to the service implemented in the course of radical reorganization of the military at the hands of Defence Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov, and was credited with the GRU having recovered some of its former influence, most notably by playing a prominent role in the capture of Crimea in 2014 and in the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine after an FSB-orchestrated pro-Russian unrest largely fizzled out. The tenure of Sergun's successor, Igor Korobov, was marked by what news media construed as multiple high-profile failures such as the thwarted 2016 coup d'état attempt in Montenegro and the failed 2018 Salisbury poisoning, as well as an unprecedented number of disclosed GRU agents. Korobov died on 21 November 2018, \"after a serious and prolonged illness\", according to the official Defence Ministry statement. His death provoked speculations and unverified reports of him having fallen ill in October that year following a harsh dressing-down from President Vladimir Putin. However, former CIA station-chief Daniel Hoffman cautioned in 2017 that some of the Russian intelligence's recent operations that appeared to be botched might have been \"discoverable influence operations\", i.e. operations that were meant to be discovered. Similarly, in 2019, Eerik-Niiles Kross, a former Intelligence Coordinator of the Government of Estonia (1995–2000) opined on the GRU's apparent sloppiness: \"That kind of intelligence operation has become part of the psychological warfare. It's not that they have become that much more aggressive. They want to be felt. It's part of the game.\" On 2 November 2018 President Putin proposed restoring the GU's former name: Главное разведывательное управление (GRU).", "The GRU is organized into numerous directorates. According to the data available in open sources, the structure of the Main Directorate consists of 12 directorates and several auxiliary departments. The First Directorate is responsible for intelligence in Europe. The Second Directorate is geographically responsible for the Western Hemisphere. The Third Directorate is geographically responsibility for Asia. The Fourth Directorate is geographically responsible for Africa and the Middle East. The Fifth Directorate is responsible for military operations intelligence, including naval and air force intelligence. The Sixth Directorate is responsible for signals intelligence (SIGINT). The Seventh Directorate is responsible specifically for NATO. The Eighth Directorate deals with special purpose administration. The Ninth Directorate is responsible for military technology. The Tenth Directorate is the department of war economics. The Eleventh Directorate is the department of strategic doctrines and arms. The Twelfth Directorate is responsible for Information warfare. Unit 54777, alternately called the 72nd Special Service Center, is one of the GRU's primary psychological warfare capabilities. Unit 54777 retains several front organizations, including InfoRos and the Institute of the Russian Diaspora.", "Since the mid-1970s, the GRU has maintained a satellite communications interception post near Andreyevka, located approximately fifty miles from Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai.", "According to a Western assessment of the GRU seen by Reuters in the autumn of 2018, the GRU had a long-running program to run ‘illegal’ spies, i.e. those who work without diplomatic cover and who live under an assumed identity in foreign countries for years. The assessment said: “It plays an increasingly important role in Russia’s development of Information Warfare (both defensive and offensive). It is an aggressive and well-funded organization which has the direct support of – and access to – [Russian President Vladimir] Putin, allowing freedom in its activities and leniency with regards to diplomatic and legislative scrutiny.\"", "Commonly known as the \"Spetsnaz GRU\", it was formed in 1949. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Spetsnaz GRU remained intact as part of the Russian GRU until 2010, when it was reassigned to other agencies. In 2013, however, the decision was reversed and Spetsnaz GRU units were reassigned to GRU divisions and placed under GRU authority again.", "GRU officers train at a Ministry of Defence military academy at 50 Narodnoe Opolchenie Street, with intelligence agents receiving additional training at the Cherepovets Higher Military School of Radio Electronics. The A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy has also been used to train GRU officers.", "According to the Federation of American Scientists: \"Though sometimes compared to the US Defense Intelligence Agency, [the GRU's] activities encompass those performed by nearly all joint US military intelligence agencies as well as other national US organizations. The GRU gathers human intelligence through military attaches and foreign agents. It also maintains significant signals intelligence (SIGINT) and imagery reconnaissance (IMINT) and satellite imagery capabilities.\" Soviet GRU Space Intelligence Directorate had put more than 130 SIGINT satellites into orbit. GRU and KGB SIGINT network employed about 350,000 specialists.", "On 9 November 2018, Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz said that a 70-year-old retired army colonel, identified only as \"Martin M.\" was believed to have spied for Russia for years. The officer in question, whose name was not disclosed and who might have been approached under a false flag, was reported to have been engaged in selling official secrets to his GRU handlers from 1992 until September 2018. In July 2019, Austria's Ministry of the Interior confirmed that the colonel's handler was a Moscow-born GRU officer Igor Egorovich Zaytsev, a Russian national, for whom an international arrest warrant had been issued.", "An investigation by Bellingcat and \"Capital\" identified GRU officer Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev (using the alias Sergey Vyacheslavovich Fedotov) as a suspect in the 2015 poisoning of Bulgarian businessman Emilian Gebrev in Sofia, following an attack that mirrored the techniques used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. That attack has been specifically tied to Unit 29155.", "The GRU received intelligence from Jeffrey Delisle of the Royal Canadian Navy, leading to the expulsion of several Russian Embassy staffers, including the defence attaché to Ottawa.", "A Russian citizen named Artem Zinchenko was convicted of spying on Estonia for GRU in May 2017. In 2007 Deniss Metsavas, a Lasnamäe-born member of the Estonian Land Forces, was targeted with a honey trapping operation while visiting Smolensk. He was subsequently blackmailed into providing information to GRU handlers. His father, Pjotr Volin, was also recruited by GRU agents as leverage against Deniss, and would serve as a courier for classified information. On 5 September 2018, Major Deniss Metsavas and Pjotr Volin were charged with giving classified information to the GRU The two were convicted in February 2019.", "In September 2018, Finnish police ran a large scale operation against numerous sites owned by Airiston Helmi Oy company that over years accumulated land plots and buildings close to nationally significant key straits, ports, oil refineries and other strategic locations as well as two Finnish Navy vessels. The security operation was run in parallel in multiple locations, involving Finnish National Bureau of Investigation, local police, Tax Administration, Border Guard, and Finnish Defence Forces. During the operation, a no-fly zone was declared over Turku Archipelago where key objects were located. While official cause given for the raid was multi-million euro money laundering and tax fraud, media speculated that the company might have been a cover for GRU preparing infrastructure for a surprise attack on Finnish locations in case of a conflict situation.", "Viktor Ilyushin, a GRU operative working as an Air Force deputy attaché, was expelled from France in 2014 for attempted espionage of the staff of François Hollande. In August 2015, a GRU unit posing as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant supporters called CyberCaliphate took TV5Monde offline for approximately 18 hours. GRU operatives belonging to Fancy Bear/APT 28 used fake Facebook accounts to pose as associates of Emmanuel Macron's campaign staff, with the goal of interfering with the 2017 French presidential election. Georgy Petrovich Roshka, a member of the GRU's Unit 26165 was involved in the theft of Macron's emails, and subsequent distribution via WikiLeaks. In December 2019, Le Monde reported that the joint effort by British, Swiss, French and U.S. intelligence agencies had discovered an apparent \"rear base\" of GRU in southeastern France, which was presumably used by GRU for the clandestine operations carried out throughout Europe. Investigators had identified 15 agents — all of them members of GRU's Unit 29155 — who visited Haute-Savoie in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, region of France from 2014 to 2018, including Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov, who are believed to be behind the poisoning of the former GRU colonel and British double agent Sergei Skripal in Salisbury in 2018.", "During the 2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy, four officers working for the GRU Alexander Savva, Dmitry Kazantsev, Aleksey Zavgorodny and Alexander Baranov were arrested by the Counter-Intelligence Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia and were accused of espionage and sabotage. This spy network was managed from Armenia by GRU Colonel Anatoly Sinitsin. A few days later the arrested officers were handed over to Russia through the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Spetsnaz GRU unit No. 48427, an airborne unit, participated in the Russo-Georgian War.", "In September 2000, Japan expelled Captain Viktor Bogatenkov, a military attaché at the Russian Embassy in Tokyo, on allegations of espionage. Bogatenkov was a GRU agent who received classified information from Shigehiro Hagisaki (萩嵜 繁博), a researcher at the National Institute for Defense Studies.", "In June 2017, Moldova expelled five Russian GRU operatives with diplomatic cover from the Russian Embassy in Chisinau, as they were believed to be attempting to recruit fighters from Gagauzia to fight in the ongoing conflict with Ukraine. Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Grigory Karasin rejected the allegations.", "The two Russian nationals indicted by Montenegrin prosecution as the organisers of the attempted coup d'état in Montenegro in October 2016 are believed to be GRU officers. One of them, Eduard Vadimovich Shishmakov (\"Shirokov\") had been officially identified as GRU in October 2014, when Shishmakov, who then held the position of a deputy military attaché at the Russian embassy in Poland, was declared persona non grata by the Polish government.", "In mid-September 2018, the Swiss press reported that two men allegedly working for the GRU had been arrested in The Hague, the Netherlands in the spring that year, after the Salisbury poisoning incident, for planning to hack the computer systems of the Spiez Laboratory, a Swiss institute analyzing chemical weapon attacks for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In early October 2018, the government of the Netherlands announced they had arrested four GRU operatives on 13 April: Aleksei Morenets, Evgenii Serebriakov, Oleg Sotnikov, and Aleksey Minin. The Russians allegedly attempted to launch a major \"close access\" cyberattack against the headquarters of the OPCW in the Hague and also intended to travel onwards to the Spiez laboratory in Switzerland, which was testing Novichok samples from Salisbury at the time. Investigation conducted by open-source intelligence outlets in the aftermath of the Dutch government's revelations that used Russian road police databases led to identification of further 305 GRU officers whose private cars were registered at GRU headquarters in Moscow. GRU officer Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev has also been documented as operating in Geneva and Lausanne.", "On 13 February 2004, in Doha, two Russian men assassinated Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, an exiled leader of Chechen rebels. Anatoly V. Belashkov and Vasily A. Bogachyov, thought to be GRU members, were found guilty of the murder by a Qatari criminal court, which said the men had acted under direct orders from the Russian leadership.", "Dmitry Kozak and Vladislav Surkov, members of the Vladimir Putin administration, reportedly served in GRU. Two Chechens, Said-Magomed Kakiev and former warlord Sulim Yamadayev were commanders of Special Battalions Vostok and Zapad (\"East\" and \"West\") that were controlled by the GRU. The battalions each included close to a thousand fighters until their disbandment in 2008. Approximately 300 commandos, intelligence officers and other GRU personnel died during the fighting in Chechnya. GRU detachments from Chechnya were transferred to Lebanon independently of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon after the 2006 Lebanon War. Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev was assassinated by two GRU officers. GRU officers have also been accused of creating criminal death squads.", "According to reporting by Bellingcat, \"El País\" and the Civica Media Foundation, the Audiencia Nacional is investigating a GRU group known as Unit 29155 and its operations in Spain. GRU members Denis Sergeev, Alexey Kalinin and Mikhail Opryshko are reported to have been operating in Barcelona, around the time of the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.", "The Sixth Directorate was responsible for maintaining the Center S covert listening post in Syria prior to its loss to the Free Syrian Army in 2014. The Sixth Directorate also operates a signals intelligence listening post at Hmeimim Air Base near Latakia. In 2015, GRU special forces soldiers have reportedly appeared in Aleppo and Homs. GRU officials have also visited Qamishli, near the border with Turkey.", "In 2018, Turkish government published CCTV videos from assassination of a Chechen commander Abdulvahid Edelgiriev, who was killed in 2015 in Istanbul, claiming the perpetrator was the same person as Anatoliy Chepiga (\"Ruslan Boshirov\") from Skripal assassination in UK.", "The GRU Spetsnaz were involved in the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and in the War in Donbass. During the November 2018, Kerch Strait incident, the GRU's Unit 54777 sent text messages to Ukrainian men in the border region calling on them to report for military service.", "In September 2018, the Crown Prosecution Service formally named two Russian nationals, Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov (the names used by the men when entering the UK), as suspected perpetrators of the assassination attempt of the former GRU officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter in March 2018. As part of the charge announcement Scotland Yard released a detailed track of the individuals' 48 hours in the UK. This covered their arrival in the UK at Gatwick Airport, trip to Salisbury the day before the attack, trip to Salisbury on the day of the attack and return to Moscow via Heathrow Airport. The two men stayed both nights in the City Stay Hotel on Bow Road, East London and Novichok was found in their room after police sealed it off on 4 May 2018. British Prime Minister Theresa May told the Commons the same day that the suspects were part of the G.U. intelligence service (formerly known as GRU) and the assassination attempt was not a rogue operation and was \"almost certainly\" approved at a senior level of the Russian state. As a side effect of the Skripal poisoning investigation, Russian and Western media reported conclusions made by open-source intelligence outlets that claimed that GRU operatives were issued Russian foreign travel passports with certain characteristics that would allow their tentative identification. Through further research, in the autumn of 2018, \"Boshirov\" was publicly exposed as Anatoliy Chepiga, a decorated GRU officer, and \"Petrov\" as Alexander Mishkin.", "GRU officer Stanislav Lunev, who defected to the U.S. in 1992 while he was posted in Washington under the cover of a TASS news agency correspondent, in the 1990s publicized his claims that small nuclear weapons that could be fit into a knapsack or a briefcase or suitcase had been secretly pre-positioned in the U.S. and other countries around the world to be used for sabotage by Russia′s agents in the event of war. U.S. Congressman, Curt Weldon, pursued these claims publicly while admitting that they had been found largely spurious by the FBI. Searches of the areas identified by Lunev – who admitted he had never planted any weapons in the US – have been conducted, \"but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons\".", "On 29 December 2016, the White House sanctioned the nine entities and individuals, including the GRU as well as the FSB, for their alleged activities to disrupt and spread disinformation during the 2016 US presidential election. In addition, the United States State Department also declared 35 Russian diplomats and officials \"persona non grata\" and denied Russian government officials access to two Russian-owned installations in Maryland and New York. On July 13, 2018, an indictment to several GRU Staffers was issued. GRU Unit 26165 and Unit 74455 are alleged to be behind the DCLeaks website, and were indicted for obtaining access and distributing information from data about 500,000 voters from a state election board website as well as the email accounts of John Podesta, Hillary Clinton, and volunteers and employees of the Unites States Presidential Campaign of Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). According to information leaked by Reality Winner, the GRU attempted to hack the voting machine manufacturer VR Systems, as well as local election officials. In July 2018, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein released an indictment returned by a grand jury charging twelve GRU officers with conspiring to interfere in the 2016 elections. According to Microsoft VP Tom Burt, a GRU-run group dubbed Strontium (alternatively known as APT28, Sofacy, and Pawn Strorm, and Fancy Bear) has been engaged in spear phishing attacks against at least three campaigns in the 2018 midterm elections.", "The Head of the Russian Military Intelligence is a military officer. He is the primary military intelligence adviser to the Russian Minister of Defense and to the Russian Chief of Staff and to a certain extent also answers to the President of Russia if ordered so." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 29927, 686, 223, 174127, 223, 81421, 223, 509, 103122, 99, 73138, 31, 8705, 23, 138, 5016, 4, 70, 775, 111, 109112, 148416, 3834, 4, 37377, 23, 138, 5843, 136, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 111, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 73138, 13, 4, 390, 1919, 17932, 58386, 4, 148021, 885, 4, 10, 46667, 111, 160600, 59665, 5, 149766, 111, 1919, 27863, 3542, 14949, 7, 5, 81421, 25, 7, 78840, 6236, 9963, 99547, 7, 3542, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 148416, 3834, 3751, 1484, 223, 136, 1919, 17932, 58386, 4, 29927, 3459, 46540, 16686, 140819, 11, 5, 18763, 57988, 289, 9963, 1021, 9319, 509, 109112, 81421, 223, 4, 78894, 13333, 19, 15853, 93660, 111, 70, 24453, 1379, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 1261, 238, 28552, 1295, 130663, 47, 138, 2357, 4, 136, 37377, 44, 1159, 16670, 24392, 58, 23, 112467, 5, 581, 9351, 111, 81421, 25, 7, 57988, 289, 9963, 432, 9319, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 360, 70, 2130, 432, 379, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 73138, 13, 23, 6, 129176, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 137633, 66570, 136, 1919, 82953, 7, 4, 81421, 25, 7, 932, 7779, 223, 120524, 193429, 148416, 3834, 1995, 135179, 47, 765, 12441, 10, 6627, 7612, 111, 2684, 111, 81421, 25, 7, 20903, 35845, 7, 5, 148416, 3834, 1995, 747, 17704, 538, 12989, 297, 24372, 184017, 678, 70, 214267, 17514, 111, 5695, 2415, 26766, 136, 43712, 7851, 4, 148416, 3834, 29131, 764, 44841, 10, 28123, 99638, 13, 23, 2902, 202, 5, 360, 6, 104043, 4, 81421, 509, 193421, 14534, 47, 108975, 8108, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 23, 52759, 143, 2606, 136, 98, 305, 7582, 509, 7228, 377, 90, 147, 111, 70, 10542, 4, 71500, 38543, 148416, 3834, 25, 114015, 4, 89408, 5, 148416, 3834, 4, 7103, 1919, 16981, 678, 21713, 223, 4, 179140, 1919, 99638, 13, 47, 186, 1286, 10, 26366, 31251, 3501, 142, 36457, 95274, 23, 47353, 4, 221, 764, 43824, 297, 81421, 5773, 47, 2902, 202, 678, 10, 19336, 119256, 13388, 4, 10, 66596, 214, 1919, 4083, 93660, 7, 23, 2902, 202, 2806, 13695, 81421, 23, 12765, 5, 1913, 5117, 456, 52081, 18211, 47, 52350, 1919, 191225, 538, 6897, 100, 1631, 136, 44951, 7, 4, 81421, 155605, 34739, 11907, 54591, 47, 83687, 66570, 23, 70, 103086, 7, 111, 2902, 202, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 5369, 764, 97384, 3642, 47, 37105, 136, 7068, 11675, 142, 187, 1176, 4, 8305, 10, 36549, 111, 80399, 7, 26548, 70, 30839, 1771, 109120, 90, 450, 1902, 9615, 6259, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 627, 82625, 5, 360, 6, 129971, 20271, 1919, 5117, 80399, 764, 12441, 142, 187, 1176, 47, 70, 627, 82625, 4, 81810, 71, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 2685, 136, 23742, 4420, 40368, 59444, 7, 450, 1902, 91148, 3934, 17819, 4745, 44540, 4, 26719, 192568, 40612, 7520, 76, 15, 441, 14071, 86, 194, 17106, 36272, 1379, 1919, 6, 75696, 764, 678, 7090, 434, 100, 70, 41710, 47, 2902, 202, 4, 15917, 1916, 1919, 84616, 47, 59959, 67842, 59444, 7, 4, 136, 218873, 70, 19336, 59444, 111, 4311, 191, 43573, 1446, 20380, 47, 10, 634, 217, 70, 31576, 5, 3293, 69347, 1810, 47, 186, 10, 36322, 70760, 18499, 4, 100, 764, 509, 25737, 678, 23, 129980, 84616, 47, 65922, 66570, 3229, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 6, 115021, 81421, 4, 678, 70, 479, 71478, 111, 1919, 91375, 53, 645, 70, 22756, 47141, 47, 8337, 4049, 159454, 4, 56282, 297, 10, 24643, 51312, 390, 70, 96952, 238, 11913, 13333, 19, 4083, 93660, 49506, 33, 26766, 136, 165197, 34739, 25534, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 44, 80172, 65995, 215967, 740, 3293, 509, 81421, 25, 7, 5117, 16981, 678, 9782, 86052, 4, 7440, 1919, 16912, 3542, 79507, 71, 390, 1919, 26697, 53019, 23, 200955, 5, 1250, 1264, 538, 442, 509, 10, 31486, 450, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 11913, 13333, 19, 4083, 93660, 5, 33306, 4, 49506, 33, 26766, 136, 81421, 27983, 26580, 67175, 645, 70, 86052, 111, 2902, 202, 5, 81421, 25, 7, 5117, 25343, 53, 4, 237, 377, 90, 147, 136, 109650, 360, 70, 22759, 927, 6602, 111, 81421, 25, 7, 24765, 23, 2902, 202, 4, 70, 199876, 66, 532, 31678, 56, 748, 4, 7224, 4717, 1995, 4, 205491, 71, 12021, 36400, 102, 7605, 136, 34739, 70, 26349, 111, 25472, 85, 7103, 10, 14929, 9, 5636, 1329, 429, 5, 360, 22482, 18139, 4, 148416, 3834, 1995, 12989, 297, 1286, 3501, 23552, 111, 81421, 25, 7, 96952, 238, 3428, 68818, 47, 33284, 1919, 8394, 48850, 187, 1176, 4, 70, 12989, 390, 9, 13409, 214, 81421, 136, 7730, 105237, 47, 70, 116338, 75101, 1314, 5, 106073, 81421, 99, 5117, 81887, 297, 47, 55812, 67, 70, 12989, 4, 442, 80675, 297, 142, 23, 7, 33724, 10763, 390, 3428, 68818, 111, 70, 44, 18144, 3766, 13917, 830, 2750, 1902, 110, 104851, 47, 31358, 2902, 202, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 4816, 19, 5880, 7, 8611, 4, 70, 187, 1176, 93324, 7, 2161, 14487, 534, 4, 6, 135765, 4, 81421, 30957, 297, 73138, 31, 8705, 237, 31247, 6, 88940, 748, 136, 4, 8, 61518, 1919, 6, 34590, 10763, 111, 14949, 2481, 4, 1919, 5117, 68894, 27992, 509, 47, 479, 8752, 645, 148416, 3834, 25, 14949, 373, 51626, 4, 8453, 214, 70, 14361, 47, 70, 84084, 111, 70, 62, 4594, 1577, 4, 7440, 442, 509, 158012, 33233, 8752, 450, 111, 73138, 13, 5, 3293, 27992, 509, 10, 32837, 1363, 111, 1919, 27165, 7844, 7108, 47, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 5036, 17569, 47, 765, 2809, 102778, 100, 70, 33976, 111, 7789, 23047, 8433, 98, 10, 14949, 1764, 1660, 50782, 51651, 237, 10, 6222, 40777, 316, 100, 1919, 58386, 89408, 136, 114015, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 73138, 11, 5, 581, 3525, 31678, 56, 748, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 20623, 111, 86052, 111, 1919, 168894, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 5, 1529, 9932, 4806, 73138, 13, 100, 70, 11341, 111, 70, 86052, 24372, 43606, 21775, 111, 184017, 7, 99, 70, 10323, 4, 81421, 25737, 73138, 31, 8705, 23, 4347, 136, 109133, 47, 8332, 3581, 4, 24387, 6496, 23, 4122, 9, 105214, 53, 136, 24765, 214, 2685, 100, 300, 86, 21775, 8108, 83184, 214, 1919, 87714, 7844, 80399, 26548, 57309, 11, 23, 11994, 6, 127968, 5, 8332, 3581, 509, 10, 26349, 10862, 297, 390, 85453, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 81421, 15, 74, 138, 5016, 46, 1381, 18237, 138, 82036, 509, 12610, 6, 88940, 748, 1295, 6, 135765, 47, 6, 127968, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 135818, 6, 119598, 56, 136, 42179, 23, 160600, 5, 18763, 6, 34590, 10763, 111, 14949, 2481, 4, 136, 1919, 82641, 111, 54311, 9189, 31, 6402, 43153, 33, 8780, 23, 6863, 3687, 4, 143434, 4049, 47, 186, 37629, 297, 237, 81421, 70, 51204, 61340, 390, 70, 14949, 106820, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Early life.", "Caesar in Gaul.", "Campaigns against Germanic kingdoms.", "Taxation and administration.", "Rebellion in Paris.", "Empire and administration.", "Clash with the Antiochenes.", "Persian campaign.", "Into enemy territory.", "Ctesiphon.", "Death.", "Tomb.", "Religious issues.", "Beliefs.", "Restoration of state Paganism.", "Attempt to rebuild the Jewish Temple.", "Works.", "Problems regarding authenticity." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Flavius Claudius Julianus was born at Constantinople in 331, the son of Julius Constantius, consul in 335 and half-brother of the emperor Constantine, by his second wife, Basilina, a woman of Greek origin. Both of his parents were Christians. Julian's paternal grandparents were the emperor Constantius Chlorus and his second wife, Flavia Maximiana Theodora. His maternal grandfather was Julius Julianus, Praetorian Prefect of the East under the emperor Licinius from 315 to 324, and consul \"suffectus\" in 325. The name of Julian's maternal grandmother is unknown. In the turmoil after the death of Constantine in 337, in order to establish himself and his brothers, Julian's zealous Arian cousin Constantius II appears to have led a massacre of most of Julian's close relatives. Constantius II allegedly ordered", "After dealing with the rebellions of Magnentius and Silvanus, Constantius felt he needed a permanent representative in Gaul. In 355, Julian was summoned to appear before the emperor in Mediolanum and on 6 November was made caesar of the West, marrying Constantius' sister, Helena. Constantius, after his experience with Gallus, intended his representative to be more a figurehead than an active participant in events, so he packed Julian off to Gaul with a small retinue, assuming his prefects in Gaul would keep Julian in check. At first reluctant to trade his scholarly life for war and politics, Julian eventually took every opportunity to involve himself in the affairs of Gaul. In the following years he learned how to lead and then run an army, through a series of campaigns against the Germanic tribes that had settled on both sides of the Rhine.", "In 356 during his first campaign he led an army to the Rhine, engaged the inhabitants there and won back several towns that had fallen into Frankish hands, including Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). With success under his belt he withdrew for the winter to Gaul, distributing his forces to protect various towns, and choosing the small town of Senon near Verdun to await the spring. This turned out to be a tactical error, for he was left with insufficient forces to defend himself when", "At the end of 357 Julian, with the prestige of his victory over the Alamanni to give him confidence, prevented a tax increase by the Gallic praetorian prefect Florentius and personally took charge of the province of \"Belgica Secunda\". This was Julian's first experience with civil administration, where his views were influenced by his liberal education in Greece. Properly it was a role that belonged to the praetorian prefect. However, Florentius and Julian often clashed over the administration of Gaul. Julian's first priority, as caesar and nominal", "In the fourth year of Julian's stay in Gaul, the Sassanid Emperor, Shapur II, invaded Mesopotamia and took the city of Amida after a 73-day siege. In February 360, Constantius II ordered more than half of Julian's Gallic troops to join his eastern army, the order by-passing Julian and going directly to the military commanders. Although Julian at first attempted to expedite the order, it provoked an insurrection by troops of the \"Petulantes\", who had no desire to leave Gaul. According to the historian Zosimus, the army officers", "On December 11, 361, Julian entered Constantinople as sole emperor and, despite his rejection of Christianity, his first political act was to preside over Constantius' Christian burial, escorting the body to the Church of the Apostles, where it was placed alongside that of Constantine. This act was a demonstration of his lawful right to the throne. He is also now thought to have been responsible for the building of Santa Costanza on a Christian site just outside Rome as a mausoleum for his wife Helena and sister-in-law Constantina. The new Emperor rejected the style of administration of his immediate predecessors. He blamed Constantine for the state of the administration", "After five months of dealings at the capital, Julian left Constantinople in May and moved to Antioch, arriving in mid-July and staying there for nine months before launching his fateful campaign against Persia in March 363. Antioch was a city favored by splendid temples along with a famous oracle of Apollo in nearby Daphne, which may have been one reason for his choosing to reside there. It had also been used in the past as a staging place for amassing troops, a purpose which Julian intended to follow. His arrival on 18 July was well", "Julian's rise to Augustus was the result of military insurrection eased by Constantius's sudden death. This meant that, while he could count on the wholehearted support of the Western army which had aided his rise, the Eastern army was an unknown quantity originally loyal to the Emperor he had risen against, and he had tried to woo it through the Chalcedon tribunal. However, to solidify his position in the eyes of the eastern army, he needed to lead its soldiers to victory and a campaign against the Sassanid Persians offered such an opportunity. An audacious plan was formulated whose goal was to lay siege on the Sassanid capital city of Ctesiphon and definitively secure the eastern border. Yet the full motivation for this ambitious operation is, at best, unclear. There was no direct necessity for an invasion, as the Sassanids sent envoys in the hope of settling matters peacefully. Julian rejected this offer. Ammianus states that Julian longed for revenge on the Persians and that a certain desire for combat and glory also played a role in his decision to go to war.", "On 5 March 363, despite a series of omens against the campaign, Julian departed from Antioch with about 65,000–83,000, or 80,000–90,000 men (the traditional number accepted by Gibbon is 95,000 effectives total), and headed north toward the Euphrates. En route he was met by embassies from various small powers offering assistance, none of which he accepted. He did order the Armenian King Arsaces to muster an army and await instructions. He crossed the Euphrates near Hierapolis and moved eastward to Carrhae, giving the impression that his chosen route into Persian territory was down the Tigris. For this reason it seems he sent a force of 30,000 soldiers under Procopius and Sebastianus further eastward to devastate Media in conjunction with Armenian forces. This was where two", "By mid-May, the army had reached the vicinity of the heavily fortified Persian capital, Ctesiphon, where Julian partially unloaded some of the fleet and had his troops ferried across the Tigris by night. The Romans gained a tactical victory over the Persians before the gates of the city, driving them back into the city. However, the Persian capital was not taken, the main Persian army was still at large and approaching, while the Romans lacked a clear strategic objective. In the council of war which followed, Julian's generals persuaded him not to mount a siege against the city, given the impregnability of its defenses", "During the withdrawal, Julian's forces suffered several attacks from Sassanid forces. In one such engagement on 26 June 363, the indecisive Battle of Samarra near Maranga, Julian was wounded when the Sassanid army raided his column. In the haste of pursuing the retreating enemy, Julian chose speed rather than caution, taking only his sword and leaving his coat of mail. He received a wound from a spear that reportedly pierced the lower lobe of his liver, the peritoneum and intestines. The wound was not immediately deadly. Julian was treated by his personal physician, Oribasius of Pergamum, who seems to have made every attempt to treat the wound. This probably included the irrigation of the wound with a dark wine, and a procedure known as \"gastrorrhaphy\", the suturing of the damaged intestine. On the third day a major hemorrhage occurred and the emperor died during the night. As Julian wished, his body was buried outside Tarsus, though it was later removed to Constantinople. In 364, Libanius stated that Julian was assassinated by a Christian who was one of his own soldiers; this", "As he had requested, Julian's body was buried in Tarsus. It lay in a tomb outside the city, across a road from that of Maximinus Daia. However, chronicler Zonaras says that at some \"later\" date his body was exhumed and reburied in", "", "Julian's personal religion was both pagan and philosophical; he viewed the traditional myths as allegories, in which the ancient gods were aspects of a philosophical divinity. The chief surviving sources are his works \"To King Helios\" and \"To the Mother of the Gods\", which were written as panegyrics, not theological treatises. As the last pagan ruler of the Roman Empire, Julian's beliefs are of great interest for historians, but they are not in complete agreement. He learned theurgy from Maximus of Ephesus, a student of Iamblichus; his system bears some resemblance to the Neoplatonism of Plotinus; Polymnia Athanassiadi has brought new attention to his relations with Mithraism, although whether he was initiated into it remains debatable; and certain aspects of his thought (such as his reorganization of paganism under High Priests, and his fundamental monotheism) may show Christian influence. Some of these potential sources have not come down to us, and all of them influenced each other, which adds to the difficulties. According to one theory", "After gaining the purple, Julian started a religious reformation of the empire, which was intended to restore the lost strength of the Roman state. He supported the restoration of Hellenistic polytheism as the state religion. His laws tended to target wealthy and educated Christians, and his aim was not to destroy Christianity but to drive the religion out of \"the governing classes of the empire — much as Chinese Buddhism was driven back into the lower classes by a revived Confucian mandarinate in 13th century China.\" He restored pagan temples which had been confiscated since Constantine's time, or simply appropriated by wealthy citizens; he repealed the stipends that Constantine had awarded to Christian bishops, and removed their other privileges, including a right to be consulted on appointments and to act as private courts. He also reversed some favors that had previously been given to Christians. For example, he reversed Constantine's declaration that Majuma, the port of Gaza, was a separate city. Majuma had a large Christian congregation while Gaza was still predominantly pagan. On 4 February 362, Julian promulgated an edict to guarantee freedom of religion. This edict proclaimed that all the religions were equal before the law, and that the Roman Empire had to return to its original religious eclecticism, according to which the Roman state did not impose any religion on its provinces. The edict was seen as an act of favor toward the Jews, in order to upset the Christians. Since", "In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Persia, in keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, he ordered the Temple rebuilt. Fires breaking out stopped this. A personal friend of his, Ammianus Marcellinus, wrote this about the effort:", "Julian wrote several works in Greek, some of which have come down to us. The religious works contain involved philosophical speculations, and the panegyrics to Constantius are formulaic and elaborate in style. The \"Misopogon\" (or \"Beard Hater\") is a light-hearted account of his clash with the inhabitants of Antioch after he was mocked for his beard and generally scruffy appearance for an Emperor. \"The Caesars\" is a humorous tale of a contest among some of the most notable Roman Emperors: Julius Caesar, Augustus, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Constantine, and also Alexander the Great. This was a satiric attack upon the recent Constantine, whose worth, both as a Christian and as the leader of the Roman Empire, Julian severely questions. One of the most important of his lost works is his \"Against the Galileans\", intended to refute the Christian religion. The only parts of this work which survive are those excerpted by Cyril of Alexandria, who gives extracts from the three first books in his refutation of Julian, \"Contra Julianum\". These extracts do not give an adequate idea of the work: Cyril confesses that he had not ventured to copy several of the weightiest arguments.", "Julian's works have been edited and translated several times since the Renaissance, most often separately; but many are translated in the Loeb Classical Library edition of 1913, edited by Wilmer Cave Wright. Wright mentions, however, that there are many problems surrounding Julian's vast collection of works, mainly the letters ascribed to Julian. The collections of letters we have today are the result of many smaller collections which contained varying numbers of Julian's works in various combinations. For example, in Laurentianus 58.16 the largest collection of letters ascribed to Julian was found, containing 43 manuscripts. it is unclear what the origins of many letters in these collections are. The problems surrounding Julian's collection of works are exacerbated by the fact that Julian was a very motivated writer, which means it" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31384, 8562, 111, 205969, 98, 70, 52350, 23, 57913, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 70, 28864, 111, 10699, 54184, 964, 15, 408, 5, 2489, 12825, 335, 10854, 16, 183037, 4599, 592, 70, 143092, 111, 115393, 100, 17265, 5, 1650, 5809, 4734, 186, 1909, 720, 297, 100, 1909, 4293, 12, 44, 91306, 10, 115393, 7666, 42, 54, 959, 53299, 1909, 4293, 237, 70, 27167, 100, 115393, 4, 1284, 2174, 2412, 53299, 17265, 707, 3249, 70, 115393, 10, 72350, 164917, 3501, 70, 1909, 4293, 72350, 75204, 4, 1836, 35299, 104250, 604, 3934, 70, 7401, 1242, 360, 70, 39395, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 4, 5045, 111, 70, 180770, 223, 100, 70, 63323, 1363, 112664, 23, 70, 98340, 76726, 136, 23924, 21629, 21449, 1295, 14392, 48242, 158, 21605, 5256, 111, 2158, 18, 48242, 75198, 10840, 5, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 112664, 7, 23, 70, 10542, 60754, 297, 678, 70, 68451, 111, 24793, 25, 7, 166, 420, 102863, 4, 678, 3525, 538, 352, 62783, 297, 24793, 237, 360, 70, 56101, 46512, 53, 111, 72620, 4, 29752, 6635, 84616, 19676, 71, 63323, 1363, 111, 400, 30922, 42, 4, 3129, 77443, 103210, 51, 114366, 5, 149766, 133698, 70, 109728, 76912, 1810, 70751, 111, 11075, 57913, 40575, 4, 136, 3853, 70, 6181, 2320, 111, 57913, 50782, 111, 1632, 25, 7, 5368, 4, 509, 7228, 85325, 5, 3293, 12989, 21449, 3934, 21543, 20271, 70, 64857, 9, 113458, 56776, 34695, 98, 1438, 11994, 83489, 581, 60042, 111, 70, 4599, 509, 179140, 47, 56282, 104, 79099, 33, 78431, 7, 4, 34390, 85727, 33965, 111, 57913, 360, 43501, 4, 57913, 83, 208806, 63323, 3674, 4743, 47, 6863, 502, 59478, 23, 70, 116625, 109208, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 59038, 136, 360, 5596, 57913, 83, 10, 11341, 28368, 136, 11651, 117249, 831, 27047, 67, 63323, 1363, 4, 1284, 82424, 2684, 117249, 54, 959, 765, 63323, 1363, 136, 11473, 64, 2271, 71836, 1363, 83, 4092, 538, 19882, 23, 714, 1810, 111, 1702, 117249, 5, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 83, 23, 37772, 23, 70, 117249, 111, 161454, 4, 142064, 136, 117436, 1760, 4, 63920, 581, 3658, 428, 3132, 4599, 70, 24927, 111, 57913, 4, 1022, 9, 7092, 214, 756, 6157, 208, 429, 98, 30780, 141, 5, 15000, 107003, 70, 4092, 11473, 136, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 57913, 100, 17262, 8, 23662, 7, 1295, 40191, 4, 1284, 185190, 7, 3542, 65508, 71, 390, 98545, 26058, 42, 2132, 61899, 10628, 1660, 40859, 8108, 764, 509, 184750, 237, 20809, 24284, 23, 27193, 5, 66016, 7068, 4, 4734, 43032, 111, 351, 9, 55668, 3141, 66320, 2449, 6044, 237, 83009, 7, 4, 14949, 7, 136, 58562, 31, 4438, 9893, 7, 621, 107003, 47, 59911, 100, 57913, 28897, 7, 5, 581, 176735, 81732, 83, 108750, 360, 47114, 9292, 38148, 115081, 10, 27165, 63323, 1916, 25171, 24793, 1295, 129004, 57913, 5, 360, 18982, 267, 4, 81163, 33744, 109958, 143, 121283, 11, 66103, 11, 66016, 70, 24849, 116625, 135555, 4, 70, 11473, 136, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 57913, 83, 581, 18588, 254, 1363, 4, 25441, 1363, 136, 12562, 14775, 111, 4, 581, 11473, 4, 18588, 254, 1363, 4, 25441, 1363, 136, 12562, 14775, 884, 587, 6846, 83, 360, 32173, 1399, 4, 57913, 18588, 254, 1363, 136, 11473, 83, 4599, 14534, 23, 3835, 5, 3775, 9, 55668, 3141, 7, 621, 107003, 47, 59038, 10, 84046, 41170, 111, 57913, 1295, 2363, 6275, 111, 135702, 1363, 645, 184, 162, 884, 587, 6846, 40575, 621, 4599, 14534, 884, 587, 6846, 83, 4599, 14534, 4734, 100, 22458, 7, 23, 3605, 4743, 47, 6863, 116625, 109208, 136, 152093, 11, 27165, 5, 8622, 621, 4734, 185190, 7, 20271, 81843, 7, 23, 70, 129535, 5, 884, 587, 6846, 83, 63323, 3674, 1295, 59038, 6626, 13312, 41928, 47, 142, 81843, 5, 581, 175729, 63871, 98, 183187, 7, 1543, 43922, 47, 65042, 70, 400, 30922, 42, 4599, 5, 360, 884, 587, 6846, 83, 63323, 3674, 1295, 8035, 54324, 20271, 81843, 1733, 4, 1295, 305, 3592, 70, 5155, 41928, 47, 20875, 214, 4, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 5155, 111, 20875, 214, 68034, 5, 884, 587, 6846, 83, 2843, 63323, 3674, 98, 13036, 131007, 49063, 739, 538, 13312, 4, 136, 68018, 98, 25674, 30964, 432, 30494, 13312, 4, 6044, 237, 101207, 7, 5, 33020, 2843, 22, 50930, 7, 1733, 9, 93343, 297, 4599, 7, 98, 57913, 98, 10, 31815, 18231, 5, 884, 587, 6846, 831, 4734, 186, 8437, 538, 59038, 71, 23, 4343, 7, 707, 74812, 17721, 534, 444, 1104, 304, 3592, 136, 190, 3592, 1104, 22000, 54350, 5, 3293, 27165, 83, 22, 50930, 71, 390, 756, 13036, 101597, 1314, 15, 840, 18, 2161, 616, 6088, 27997, 70, 27759, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 4599, 14534, 756, 40575, 111, 400, 30922, 42, 678, 1286, 3501, 12719, 57913, 5, 28090, 903, 5622, 98, 442, 509, 85325, 47, 74703, 6044, 57913, 1771, 186, 814, 52467, 23, 19927, 7, 4, 128584, 7, 4, 1909, 7, 4, 74812, 4, 9060, 29398, 7, 4, 28, 9, 10534, 7, 3021, 5, 3293, 72350, 509, 39958, 23, 57553, 47, 70, 259, 272, 111, 581, 98340, 76726, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 146864, 4, 765, 1902, 10, 37515, 79197, 7154, 112664, 16792, 70, 72399, 51374, 7, 4, 20903, 538, 3126, 297, 47, 70, 14949, 15226, 1405, 112664, 111, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 1284, 2843, 47, 40368, 4488, 56, 139240, 5, 1301, 142, 27781, 4, 23, 64972, 70, 79197, 7154, 139240, 23, 71006, 1902, 3060, 138, 133446, 43032, 4, 3129, 509, 1672, 91739, 111, 10, 43904, 111, 82858, 19879, 5, 3293, 17305, 5115, 53, 79507, 71, 70, 115299, 111, 98340, 39624, 10133, 23, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 91234, 4, 70, 138281, 13, 18481, 7, 115081, 10, 27165, 63323, 1916, 756, 11473, 111, 57913, 4, 3129, 509, 23, 37772, 24189, 86591, 99342, 173072, 297, 14375, 25441, 1363, 1295, 146864, 509, 107003, 1295, 61786, 98, 5, 360, 41310, 4, 71006, 3884, 23, 3687, 10, 70460, 592, 5426, 4, 70, 119794, 18, 12353, 4, 23, 37772, 24189, 47114, 5, 62, 37503, 23, 63445, 6, 34590, 89829, 142, 81887, 47, 22, 50930, 3622, 63323, 1363, 5, 360, 64911, 4, 114749, 32872, 297, 3622, 63323, 1363, 5, 581, 4599, 100, 108069, 509, 60520, 297, 23, 63445, 136, 52101, 7, 23, 61540, 4, 1284, 115393, 47143, 297, 63323, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 83, 70, 27992, 707, 41361, 111, 69871, 59725, 9844, 390, 27165, 74, 1286, 106480, 70, 13579, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 4599, 592, 111, 70, 142901, 4, 132096, 15, 434, 1448, 3334, 23, 35781, 8080, 707, 23, 144521, 7, 247, 6181, 2320, 4, 11473, 4, 139355, 4, 136, 18588, 254, 1363, 111, 57913, 1771, 186, 814, 52467, 5, 581, 2565, 83, 2843, 11814, 47, 15005, 47, 10, 14922, 111, 1733, 20271, 3129, 6044, 4599, 7, 621, 22, 50930, 71, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Africa.", "Nigeria.", "South Africa.", "South Asia.", "Afghanistan.", "Bangladesh.", "India.", "Maldives.", "Pakistan.", "Sri Lanka.", "West Asia.", "Iran.", "Kuwait.", "Saudi Arabia.", "Yemen.", "Southeast Asia.", "Brunei.", "Indonesia.", "Malaysia.", "Philippines.", "Thailand.", "Europe.", "Czech Republic.", "Nordic countries.", "Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.", "United Kingdom.", "North America.", "Canada.", "Mexico.", "United States.", "Temperance movement.", "18th Amendment to the Constitution.", "Repeal.", "Aftermath.", "South America.", "Venezuela.", "Oceania.", "Australia.", "New Zealand.", "Elections." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Some kind of limitation on the trade in alcohol can be seen in the Code of Hammurabi (ca.1772 BCE) specifically banning the selling of beer for money. It could only be bartered for barley: \"If a beer seller do not receive barley as the price for beer, but if she receive money or make the beer a measure smaller than the barley measure received, they shall throw her into the water.\" In the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Prohibition movements in the West coincided with the advent of women's suffrage, with newly empowered women as", "", "In the British colony of Nigeria, missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both", "During the coronavirus outbreak of 2020 alcohol sales, and even the transportation of alcohol outside of one's home, was made illegal. This order came into effect during the nation-wide lockdown on 27 March 2020. The purpose of the ban was intended to prevent drunken fights, reduce domestic", "", "Sale of alcohol", "In Bangladesh, alcohol is somewhat prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and", "In India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition and sale/consumption is freely available in 25 out of 29 states. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts", "The Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival.", "Pakistan allowed the free sale and consumption of alcohol for three decades from 1947, but restrictions were introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto just weeks before he was removed as prime minister in 1977. Since then, only members of non-Muslim minorities such as Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians are allowed to apply for alcohol permits. The monthly quota is dependent", "In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol. In January 2018, Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera", "", "Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is", "The consumption, importation and brewing of,", "The sale, consumption, importation and brewing", "Alcohol is", "", "In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public. Non-Muslims are allowed to purchase a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarcation overseas", "Alcohol sales are banned", "Alcohol is banned only for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith and sharia law.", "There are only restrictions during elections in the Philippines. Alcohol is prohibited from purchase two days prior to an election. The Philippine Commission on Elections may opt to extend the liquor ban. In", "Alcohol is prohibited from being sold during election time, from 6 pm the day prior to voting, until the end of the day of voting itself. Alcohol is also prohibited on major Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on Royal Commemoration days, such as birthdays. Thailand also enforces time-limited bans on alcohol on a daily basis. Alcohol can only be legally purchased in stores or restaurants between 11 am–2 pm and 5 pm–midnight. This law is enforced by all major retailers (most", "", "On 14 September 2012, the government of the Czech Republic banned all sales of liquor with more than 20% alcohol. From this date on it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, bars, restaurants, gas stations, e-shops etc. This measure was taken in response to the wave of", "The Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, have had a strong temperance movement since the late 1800s, closely linked to the Christian revival movement of the late 19th century, but also to several worker organisations. As an example, in 1910 the temperance organisations in Sweden had some 330,000 members, which was about 6% of a population of 5.5 million. This heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early 20th century. In 1907, the Faroe Islands passed a law prohibiting all sale of alcohol, which was in force until 1992. Very restricted private importation from Denmark was allowed from 1928 on. In 1914, Sweden put in place a rationing system, the Bratt System, in force until 1955. A referendum in 1922 rejected an attempt to enforce total prohibition. In 1915, Iceland instituted total prohibition. The ban for wine was lifted in 1922 and spirits in 1935, but beer remained prohibited until 1989 (circumvented by mixing light", "In the Russian Empire, a limited version of a Dry Law was introduced in 1914. It continued", "Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by law in the United Kingdom, historically, various groups in the UK have campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol; including the Society of Friends (Quakers), The Methodist Church and other non-conformists, as well as temperance movements such as Band of Hope and temperance Chartist movements of the nineteenth century. Formed in 1853 and inspired by the Maine law in the United States, the United Kingdom Alliance aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the Sale of Beer Act 1854 which restricted Sunday opening", "", "Indigenous peoples in Canada were subject to prohibitory alcohol laws under the \"Indian Act\" of 1876. Sections of the \"Indian Act\" regarding liquor were not repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985. An official, but non-binding, federal referendum on prohibition was held in 1898. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier's government chose not to introduce", "Some communities in the Chiapas state of southern Mexico are under the control of the radical leftist Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and often ban alcohol as part of what was described as \"a collective decision\". This prohibition has been used by many villages as a way to decrease domestic violence and has", "Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; however, exceptions were made for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal law. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United States until January 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect. The 18th amendment was ratified in 1919, and was repealed in December 1933 with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment.", "Concern over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken behavior and for selling liquor without a license. In the eighteenth century, when drinking was a part of everyday American life, Protestant religious groups, especially the Methodists, and health reformers, including Benjamin Rush and others, urged Americans to curb their drinking habits for moral and health reasons. In particular, Benjamin Rush believed Americans were drinking hard spirits in excess, so he created \"A Moral and Physical Thermometer,\" displaying the progression of behaviors caused by the consumption of various alcohols. By the 1840s the temperance movement was actively encouraging individuals to immediately stop drinking. Music (a completely new genre) was composed and performed in support of the efforts, both in social contexts and in", "In December 1917, Congress submitted a constitutional amendment on nationwide prohibition to the states for ratification. The new constitutional amendment prohibited \"the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes\". It was ratified and became law on January 16, 1919, assuring its passage into law. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, which provided enabling legislation to implement the Eighteenth Amendment. When the National Prohibition Act was passed on October 28, 1919, thirty-three of the forty-eight states were already dry. After a year's required delay, national prohibition began on January 16, 1920. During the first years of Prohibition, the new law was enforced in regions such as the rural", "Prohibition lost support during the Great Depression, which started in 1929. So-called \"wets\" – people in favor of repeal – argued that legal sales would reduce violent gang crime, increase employment and raise tax revenues. The repeal movement was initiated and financed by the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, who worked to elect Congressmen who agreed to support repeal. The group's wealthy supporters included John D. Rockefeller, Jr., S. S. Kresge, and the Du Pont family, among others, who had abandoned the dry cause. Pauline Sabin, a wealthy Republican who founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR),", "Following repeal, public interest in an organized prohibition movement dwindled. However, it survived for a while in a few southern and border states. To this day, there are still counties and parishes within the US known as \"dry,\" where the sale of alcohol – liquor, and sometimes wine and beer – is prohibited. Some such counties/parishes/municipalities have adopted \"Moist county\" policies, however, in order to expand tax revenue. Some municipalities regulate when alcohol can be sold; an example is restricting or banning sales on Sunday, under the so-called \"blue laws.\" Between 1832 and 1953, federal legislation prohibited the sale of alcohol to aboriginal Americans, with very limited success. After 1953, aboriginal American communities and reservations were permitted to pass their own local ordinances governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.", "", "In Venezuela, twenty-four hours before every election, the government prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealers,", "", "The Australian Capital Territory (then the Federal Capital Territory) was the first jurisdiction in Australia to have prohibition laws. In 1911, King O'Malley, then Minister of Home Affairs, shepherded laws through Parliament preventing new issue or transfer of licences to sell alcohol, to address unruly behaviour among workers building the new capital city. Prohibition was partial, since possession of alcohol purchased outside of the Territory remained legal and the few pubs that had existing licences could continue to operate. The Federal Parliament repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Capital", "In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League. It assumed that individual virtue was all that was needed to carry the colony forward from a pioneering society to a more mature one, but it never achieved its goal of national prohibition. However, both the Church of England and the largely Irish Catholic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church's domain, while the growing labor movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy. Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organized as in other countries. Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911, but needed a 60% vote to pass. The movement kept trying in the 1920s, losing three more referenda by close votes; it managed to keep in place a 6", "In many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and several US states, the sale but not the consumption of alcohol is prohibited before and during elections." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 227876, 86425, 2408, 18860, 6102, 509, 103122, 98, 2356, 42552, 25, 7, 70077, 111, 543, 13683, 1660, 8108, 4122, 54350, 4, 12960, 1919, 138241, 82953, 4, 227145, 18860, 6102, 4, 1660, 7103, 4, 98, 106, 18982, 169943, 4, 23, 7270, 5, 581, 14449, 155605, 25737, 9942, 5, 18763, 86991, 9351, 509, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 1919, 2355, 1021, 9319, 4, 92265, 249, 10433, 86425, 329, 1446, 1179, 5, 18860, 6102, 80723, 1919, 53019, 54799, 1919, 14449, 25, 7, 30646, 47, 164111, 5, 1529, 23409, 47, 86991, 10696, 99, 129335, 47832, 90, 68305, 23, 34210, 15519, 136, 14432, 29966, 297, 11192, 10696, 4, 70, 92150, 76, 169, 11052, 58790, 5, 893, 299, 4, 23, 171983, 5, 1529, 134477, 13, 79850, 22282, 71, 178829, 678, 1919, 67373, 109112, 169, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 159983, 132869, 13574, 4, 227876, 22282, 71, 99, 70, 19188, 111, 18186, 14775, 136, 147854, 214, 20, 14432, 70, 19188, 111, 67455, 64624, 20, 1379, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 64102, 25995, 1863, 130778, 4, 134629, 390, 10, 13629, 660, 24189, 168707, 4, 99, 70, 186806, 62903, 111, 67455, 64624, 4, 678, 16030, 7, 185460, 23351, 18623, 34, 1297, 136, 42814, 142092, 5, 18860, 6102, 509, 10, 4552, 7941, 9, 174796, 136, 113200, 14486, 249, 10433, 5, 1650, 83, 69201, 47, 41392, 756, 111, 1919, 178829, 7, 4, 136, 764, 112518, 297, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 1919, 6897, 136, 7228, 38627, 100, 3525, 200569, 7, 24189, 70, 4568, 53189, 5, 147854, 5180, 1295, 903, 14922, 26698, 12, 1784, 1651, 429, 111, 164111, 678, 70, 27414, 4, 1818, 87929, 111, 38157, 137708, 14, 44275, 4, 115016, 98, 70, 73986, 111, 28820, 127, 132442, 4, 135440, 214, 70, 28820, 127, 15520, 4, 1818, 87929, 111, 181021, 572, 4759, 71, 4, 1818, 87929, 111, 9082, 238996, 1061, 7, 19, 71256, 5, 18860, 6102, 66933, 70, 51065, 111, 34578, 23, 111528, 102, 4, 1295, 7440, 764, 176377, 47, 171983, 23, 70, 4568, 13312, 111, 8055, 4, 7440, 1836, 192509, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 30839, 7, 5, 581, 6088, 8, 88981, 509, 10, 129517, 100, 18860, 6102, 4, 1284, 764, 7464, 18822, 71, 23, 70, 28820, 127, 79063, 56, 12, 1529, 54397, 47, 10, 34391, 12, 44, 194583, 70, 3095, 111, 2446, 8, 88981, 7, 136, 70, 2837, 5739, 329, 111, 903, 70425, 12563, 8243, 4, 2750, 509, 221, 6, 67144, 3408, 23, 1919, 31486, 4, 87, 72856, 759, 26498, 959, 141956, 450, 2367, 509, 759, 66165, 4126, 28451, 4, 959, 4734, 8360, 5281, 47, 186, 70, 2684, 5700, 4, 1284, 18925, 70, 2684, 135587, 613, 11832, 160959, 1556, 73659, 740, 1529, 6777, 959, 7279, 178829, 20271, 70, 6, 167618, 5, 1818, 87929, 7, 136, 30773, 28302, 7, 3542, 75935, 4, 6044, 237, 81141, 7, 707, 1926, 1916, 4, 1284, 2843, 63926, 17007, 100, 70, 58408, 111, 14854, 206, 865, 5, 1529, 128120, 71, 47, 4488, 100, 70, 30839, 7, 5, 1529, 128120, 71, 4, 54940, 27060, 178829, 70, 196, 87929, 111, 15745, 17819, 63043, 214, 70, 10332, 32070, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 12275, 4, 7440, 764, 22120, 297, 47, 70, 30839, 93324, 4, 509, 4393, 111, 4173, 330, 71216, 136, 140528, 178829, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 1919, 4568, 43240, 83, 1818, 87929, 111, 5880, 32041, 823, 1861, 282, 11387, 4, 241, 75616, 9893, 1818, 87929, 111, 227145, 15521, 18, 71256, 4, 36947, 159, 39960, 44275, 4, 1218, 867, 57600, 12271, 4, 70514, 7, 4227, 136, 169713, 136, 7325, 4778, 5, 2161, 70, 5155, 111, 1919, 47219, 20, 20414, 30777, 37719, 20, 764, 37170, 450, 112518, 186, 3884, 98, 70, 58436, 67, 4, 1284, 764, 5809, 959, 2046, 1257, 13438, 5, 1529, 6777, 959, 92154, 450, 47219, 509, 38162, 5, 360, 70, 105216, 4, 24189, 70, 4568, 3095, 4, 47143, 214, 6, 144729, 4, 764, 68, 71, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 14449, 5, 227876, 18860, 6102, 25, 7, 186768, 178829, 509, 12921, 23, 20623, 1295, 450, 111, 1919, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 3342, 195015, 265, 5, 1529, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 10, 3525, 58093, 111, 28820, 127, 133868, 9, 31146, 13, 22104, 7, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 4488, 111, 1919, 67373, 109112, 169, 5, 33306, 4, 1884, 195015, 265, 4, 764, 83, 51529, 100, 8, 18695, 1916, 70, 32692, 111, 28820, 127, 187, 4806, 151994, 136, 135818, 28820, 127, 133868, 7, 111, 15881, 136, 24453, 9022, 14713, 26548, 110613, 233, 11856, 25251, 5, 2022, 4021, 1919, 2684, 170277, 178829, 7, 83, 44, 3957, 81585, 1684, 2452, 329, 143213, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 227876, 86425, 2408, 18860, 6102, 15, 28636, 164, 4, 9942, 4, 1936, 14487, 543, 13683, 46, 1702, 20414, 37719, 4, 171983, 4, 164111, 16, 509, 10, 959, 297, 28820, 127, 249, 10433, 136, 32786, 111, 70, 176016, 71, 18860, 6102, 14449, 111, 22104, 7, 136, 6, 70035, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 775, 111, 249, 10433, 109112, 169, 18860, 6102, 4, 136, 138241, 82953, 111, 147452, 6, 202523, 227145, 18860, 6102, 4, 136, 70, 67373, 111, 6626, 103210, 12348, 297, 82575, 53, 76849, 7, 4, 5379, 138413, 597, 108075, 9, 6979, 7, 157, 107960, 937, 136, 155507, 20890, 12781, 133110, 136, 111, 10, 249, 10433, 775, 4, 845, 7912, 18860, 6102, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Last years.", "Work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Wojciech Horacy Kossak was born on New Year's Eve of 1856 just before midnight, while his twin brother, Tadeusz Kossak, just after, on 1 January 1857, in Paris. The family eventually left France. His middle name was in honour of his godfather, French painter Horace Vernet. Kossak began his education upon his family's return to Poland. He went to middle school at Three Crosses Square in Warsaw and later attended high school, the Gimnazjum św. Anny, in Kraków. He simultaneously studied painting with his father Juliusz. Between 1871–1873, Wojciech studied at the School of Drawing and Painting - later the School of Fine Arts - under Władysław Łuszczkiewicz, followed by a stint until 1875, at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, with professors Aleksander Strähuber and Alexander Wagner.", "Kossak was a very hard-working and prolific painter. It is impossible to mention all of his paintings, and he painted until the end of his life and made plans for new ventures until the last moments. Paintings from this period include: Marriage of Poland with the Sea, Portrait of Edward Krasiński, Fantasy on the theme of Polish driving, Guarding the Polish sea, Portrait of Cardinal Hlond, Portrait of General Kazimierz Sosnkowski. Kossak spent the summer of 1939 in Jurata, from where he returned to Kraków in the last days of August, where they watched the invasion of Germans. The September defeat was a shock for Kossak, but he still believed in the Polish soldier: He wrote to a friend: \"With the moment of our defeats and the disgrace of this poor Rydz, who was so immature in his role, I lost my heart not knowing that what was my beloved topic, not only ceased to be the most popular, but today the most expensive sursum corda has happened\". He did not stop painting during the occupation. Portraits and genre scenes were created, such as weddings or hunting, but also sketches for the panorama of Grochów. He refused to work for the Germans. He refused, among others painting the portrait of Hans Frank claiming the old age, despite the fact that the studio, where he talked to the German officer, was full of extravagant and completed paintings. One of his last works is Portrait of Zofia Jachimecka, Equestrian Portrait of Tadeusz Chutkowski, Stefan Skrzyński, Tatar Jasyr, Kirasjer and girlfriend and Farys. On the day of his death - July 29, 1942 - he asked that paint be put on the palette, but he could not get up again. He did not realize that death was coming. In the evening, until the last moment, remaining conscious, he died surrounded by family.", "Wojciech Kossak's historical painting was different in style from that of his predecessor Jan Matejko. He belonged to a new generation of Polish battle-scene artists influenced by the work of his father Juliusz. However, like Matejko, he is known for depicting the history of Polish armed struggle and notable Polish battles of Central and Eastern Europe against foreign oppressors. Among his most famous paintings is \"The Racławice Panorama\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 194397, 70, 23936, 7, 70, 7082, 126140, 136, 30839, 126140, 1902, 57119, 3674, 98, 10, 11001, 4331, 450, 2806, 91995, 15044, 70, 276, 4598, 9876, 1507, 136, 70, 232425, 615, 581, 128512, 69236, 509, 47, 765, 10, 11001, 3525, 4331, 678, 52295, 71, 11476, 62783, 47, 34831, 3525, 134349, 32216, 7, 1884, 70, 384, 9, 10837, 4, 12960, 101904, 52295, 71, 48431, 26548, 70, 384, 9, 10837, 25, 7, 3525, 29187, 2866, 156100, 90444, 17863, 136, 41866, 11192, 24649, 29888, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 15, 841, 145688, 16, 68807, 7, 5, 581, 16750, 214, 4331, 4, 70, 12918, 618, 80598, 4, 49504, 3674, 3525, 118299, 36880, 70, 45443, 5, 62, 64707, 75031, 34, 47148, 72179, 1830, 62952, 40881, 41421, 9, 71013, 1294, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 44402, 678, 70, 12918, 618, 80598, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 65508, 71, 70, 1193, 594, 4836, 363, 4, 17368, 3060, 118299, 1295, 70, 12918, 618, 80598, 1284, 49146, 6496, 3060, 111, 70, 1286, 63134, 43452, 66139, 5, 3293, 214493, 297, 4734, 23, 27024, 214, 142, 135587, 5426, 678, 130732, 31075, 21373, 47, 70, 276, 4598, 5, 77699, 53017, 297, 70, 12918, 618, 80598, 23, 7582, 136, 1193, 594, 4836, 363, 14487, 32158, 4, 136, 242564, 3674, 70, 9458, 7, 47, 70, 1193, 594, 418, 168044, 7, 24, 4806, 7103, 9082, 15678, 22553, 191, 168044, 7, 5, 581, 62980, 9, 8913, 31494, 13, 136, 45200, 9035, 123573, 15, 7783, 16113, 16, 80723, 42276, 14653, 29458, 109458, 5, 24372, 40368, 68807, 7, 111, 107730, 4, 70, 51957, 509, 7228, 47, 18645, 38132, 187, 4514, 47, 8, 88981, 70, 44, 82463, 3033, 120332, 740, 200975, 23, 903, 43701, 90698, 70, 29187, 2866, 17863, 111, 70, 384, 9, 10837, 17368, 30378, 71, 136912, 7, 111, 2363, 16885, 36381, 13526, 127385, 93, 1363, 8305, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 707, 70, 3525, 15732, 2866, 17863, 111, 70, 384, 9, 13307, 136, 384, 9, 12825, 809, 2852, 11192, 9, 111118, 29888, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 15, 841, 145688, 16, 68807, 7, 5, 717, 903, 3564, 4, 10, 3525, 4331, 18231, 74216, 71, 23, 22482, 29733, 4, 6, 43238, 209, 108265, 5, 1650, 1902, 47, 8, 88981, 2499, 5962, 1295, 10, 134349, 17863, 28032, 194397, 70, 14922, 12960, 70, 61475, 160469, 90, 3542, 8035, 88303, 4, 10, 29865, 7155, 350, 1810, 17721, 102126, 136, 7082, 1672, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 21213, 2866, 17863, 5, 581, 126140, 509, 58136, 98, 39864, 214, 40368, 3525, 52895, 111, 127385, 93, 1363, 100, 70, 21213, 450, 2806, 6782, 538, 52295, 6863, 23718, 4, 959, 78458, 4, 70, 1193, 594, 9, 170665, 17368, 8, 131801, 71, 26919, 53208, 5, 32255, 68807, 7, 2806, 8337, 442, 70, 23718, 44841, 47, 8, 88981, 2499, 134349, 32216, 678, 28, 6991, 5, 8622, 509, 3060, 50509, 450, 8, 131801, 71, 26919, 53208, 2806, 959, 186, 107003, 23, 102126, 4, 95134, 1660, 23, 88669, 6032, 4, 221, 136912, 7, 47, 70, 26180, 2581, 552, 2822, 276, 183908, 3542, 2843, 90698, 5, 194397, 903, 5701, 14922, 4, 2685, 67241, 50986, 7, 3542, 75060, 297, 23, 28506, 390, 237562, 207068, 136, 9082, 15366, 7, 15, 56948, 16, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 86872, 9, 978, 24908, 276, 16028, 647, 418, 11389, 111, 70, 21213, 2866, 25674, 35379, 19, 7154, 339, 966, 5, 10660, 30957, 297, 10336, 9, 188, 9, 31251, 134234, 99, 8592, 112, 33, 1250, 6496, 205540, 4, 33233, 678, 10, 232425, 116, 44, 304, 605, 58, 160469, 13, 100, 225490, 5, 581, 134234, 168360, 450, 70, 77670, 4331, 509, 137567, 14597, 4, 126416, 11522, 187, 4514, 48431, 4, 136, 11522, 11476, 6226, 136, 2130, 2264, 9260, 47691, 76519, 5, 32255, 39395, 479, 57877, 1830, 160469, 90, 3542, 187454, 538, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 276, 16028, 647, 418, 21213, 2276, 5201, 17863, 12960, 10, 12601, 2822, 2161, 387, 20414, 4, 14098, 46684, 196212, 111, 70, 126140, 6470, 201670, 136, 10, 21115, 111, 4537, 7, 36997, 71, 76677, 53, 207068, 196212, 19893, 151196, 7, 136, 31068, 111, 207068, 42477, 136, 123470, 233870, 17065, 5056, 98, 2363, 51957, 5, 10660, 3542, 144285, 3229, 151196, 7, 136, 17065, 5056, 35778, 29367, 2363, 51957, 136, 19676, 71, 70, 164552, 13, 186, 133291, 5, 16692, 27976, 7, 22341, 49782, 10750, 7, 1295, 15044, 23, 70, 157109, 136, 37170, 100, 214075, 9, 160018, 21974, 47, 8347, 70, 37348, 5, 581, 126140, 7175, 66933, 70, 17431, 32562, 59335, 7, 136, 8121, 71, 2856, 47, 27976, 7, 22341, 70, 11737, 42141, 4, 2750, 7068, 171530, 10, 22759, 9, 15477, 127, 8, 5259, 5, 17106, 73, 13312, 4, 77670, 509, 37170, 47, 13379, 10, 3525, 4331, 678, 10, 164552, 13, 87907, 5, 129551, 47, 181595, 196212, 100, 42477, 136, 55441, 10462, 61187, 61475, 34515, 36049, 15, 10927, 38796, 16, 111, 70, 80939, 509, 190238, 98, 361, 4347, 24849, 5, 360, 22482, 24427, 4, 9082, 193592, 6557, 84837, 127152, 15, 88668, 19759, 16, 59038, 71, 237562, 207068, 4, 7103, 237562, 88303, 645, 75534, 276, 418, 7, 5, 581, 276, 418, 168044, 7, 509, 70, 5117, 80939, 47, 30666, 4960, 14832, 39, 187, 4514, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 133130, 13574, 276, 418, 168044, 7, 32216, 7, 3542, 181653, 20271, 24849, 1104, 125237, 136, 5117, 30957, 297, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 4516, 23, 15643, 5, 118479, 99, 70, 27759, 9, 157272, 4, 96158, 19759, 9, 21473, 3674, 50733, 126140, 62980, 75628, 23, 50733, 4, 157997, 4, 509, 33284, 297, 390, 117001, 88303, 99, 70, 166504, 49220, 62980, 75628, 23, 171458, 4, 158115, 1295, 24427, 47, 98543, 581, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 54593, 4597, 53, 123573, 15, 89549, 16113, 247, 1379, 70, 1601, 25826, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 126140, 42477, 54593, 4597, 53, 15, 284, 30121, 247, 509, 2843, 17305, 5115, 53, 75412, 678, 4331, 214, 70, 32216, 678, 276, 418, 284, 418, 187, 4514, 39746, 1236, 6, 128019, 7, 4, 276, 1019, 4235, 284, 304, 187, 4514, 9, 215242, 26518, 68807, 7, 4, 136, 52295, 71, 142172, 37457, 5, 581, 276, 418, 509, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 86872, 9, 978, 24908, 276, 16028, 284, 418, 11389, 111, 70, 21213, 2866, 25674, 35379, 19, 7154, 339, 966, 17863, 5, 581, 32216, 60213, 71, 70, 5117, 111, 6863, 8562, 4960, 14832, 39, 187, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 276, 418, 168044, 7, 83, 10, 50960, 9, 48281, 1363, 15672, 5201, 133868, 32216, 82775, 390, 237562, 207068, 15, 35613, 9082, 193592, 6557, 84837, 194, 77590, 14, 4126, 100, 5744, 187, 432, 2822, 61585, 1631, 44937, 136, 5036, 1632, 111, 70, 764, 14677, 525, 32216, 7, 23, 4516, 99, 110518, 12045, 16610, 124062, 15, 289, 840, 18, 10031, 6, 186518, 124062, 247, 442, 65508, 71, 40368, 80343, 66139, 4, 26719, 10, 6024, 3125, 583, 164552, 13, 87907, 4, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 4960, 14832, 39, 375, 77087, 13, 187, 4514, 4, 10, 13909, 11476, 6226, 5426, 4, 84797, 127385, 93, 1363, 132096, 23, 10, 102310, 9, 6056, 37397, 18, 674, 4, 136, 189227, 48431, 100, 172040, 81900, 5, 360, 1890, 289, 115774, 111, 70, 276, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Previous developments.", "Starting afresh.", "More changes.", "Prototypes.", "Chrysler is chosen.", "Production starts.", "Gulf War.", "Upgrades.", "Iraq War.", "Iraqi Army service.", "War in Afghanistan.", "2015 Yemen Civil War.", "Production.", "Production shutdown.", "Future plans.", "Design.", "Countermeasures.", "Camouflage.", "Concealment.", "Armor.", "Damage control.", "Tank Urban Survival Kit.", "Active Protection System (APS).", "Armament.", "Primary.", "Secondary.", "Aiming.", "Mobility.", "Tactical.", "Strategic." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "", "Through the 1960s the US Army and German Army had collaborated on a single design that would replace both the M60 Patton and the Leopard 1. The overall goal was to have a single new design with improved firepower to handle new Soviet tanks like the T-62, while providing improved protection against the T-62's new 115 mm smoothbore gun and especially high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds. The resulting design, the MBT-70, incorporated new technologies across the board. A hydropneumatic suspension provided excellent cross-country", "As a result of the problems with the MBT-70, the U.S. Army introduced the XM803, using some technologies from the MBT-70 but removing some of the more troublesome features. This succeeded only in producing an expensive system with capabilities similar to the M60. Congress canceled the MBT-70 in November and XM803 December 1971, and redistributed the funds to the XM1 Abrams named after General Creighton Abrams. The Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) began examining specific goals. After several rounds of input, the decision was made to offer maximum armor to defeat the \"heavy threat\". Heavy in this context considered the 115 mm gun of the T-62 using projected improvements of their APFSDS ammunition through the 1980s, or the new 125 mm gun of the T-64 and T-72 firing high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds. To this end, a new design basis emerged in February 1973, LK 10372. It had to defeat any hit from a Soviet gun within", "Through the period while the initial prototypes were being built, a debate broke out between Germany and US about the use of the 105 mm gun. The Army was planning on introducing several new types of ammunition for the 105 that would greatly improve its performance, notably, the XM-774 using depleted uranium. These rounds would give it the performance needed to defeat any Soviet tank with ease. There was some concern that depleted uranium would not be allowed in Germany, perhaps just in peacetime, so improvements to the tungsten cored M735 were also considered. Through this same period, there", "Prototypes were delivered in 1976 by Chrysler Defense and General Motors (GM) armed with the license-built M68E1 version of the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7. They entered head-to-head testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, along with a Leopard 2 \"2K\" prototype for comparison. The testing showed that the GM design was generally superior, offering better armor protection, and better fire control and turret stabilization systems. These early preproduction prototypes were provisionally armed with the M68E1 105mm main gun while a preferred", "On 20 July, United States Secretary of the Army Martin Hoffman and a group of generals visited Deputy Defense Secretary Bill Clements and Director of Defense Research and Engineering Malcolm Currie on their decision. They were surprised when Clements and Currie criticized their decision and demanded the turbine be selected. Donald Rumsfeld heard arguments from both in the afternoon and asked for twenty-four hours to review the issues. The Army team spent the night writing briefs and presented them to Rumsfeld the next morning, who then announced a four-month delay. Within days, GM was asked to present a new design with a turbine engine. According to Assistant Secretary for Research and Development Ed", "Low initial rate production (LIRP) of the vehicle was approved on 7 May 1979. In February 1982, General Dynamics Land Systems Division (GDLS) purchased Chrysler Defense, after Chrysler built over 1,000 M1s. The M1 Abrams was the first vehicle to adopt Chobham armor. A total of 3,273 M1 Abrams tanks were produced during 1979–1985 and first entered U.S. Army service in 1980. Production at the government-owned, GDLS-operated Lima Army Tank Plant in Lima, Ohio, was joined by vehicles built at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant in Warren, Michigan from 1982 to 1996. The U.S. Army Laboratory Command (LABCOM), under the supervision of the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL), was also heavily involved with designing the tank with M1A1 armor resistant shells, M829A2 armor-penetrating rounds, and improved weapon range. The M1 was armed with the license-built M68A1 version of the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 gun. The tank featured the first of its kind Chobham armor. The M1 Abrams was the first to use this advanced armor. It", "The Abrams remained untested in combat until the Persian Gulf War in 1991, during Operation Desert Storm. A total of 1,848 M1A1s were deployed to Saudi Arabia to participate in the liberation of Kuwait. The M1A1 was superior to Iraq's Soviet-era T-55 and T-62 tanks, as well as T-72 versions imported from the Soviet Union and Poland. Polish officials state no license-produced T-72 (nicknamed Lion of Babylon) tanks were finished prior to the Iraqi Taji tank plant being destroyed in 1991. The T-72s, like most Soviet export designs, lacked night vision systems and then-modern rangefinders, though they did have some night-fighting tanks with older active infrared systems or floodlights. A total of 23 M1A1s were damaged or destroyed during the war. Of the nine Abrams tanks destroyed, seven were destroyed by friendly fire, and two were purposely destroyed to prevent capture after being damaged. Some others took minor combat damage,", "The M1A2 was a further improvement of the M1A1 with a commander's independent thermal viewer, weapon station, position navigation equipment, and a full set of controls and displays linked by a digital data bus. These upgrades also provided the M1A2 with an improved fire control system. The M1A2 System Enhancement Package (SEP) added digital maps, Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2) Linux communications system capabilities for commanders, and an improved cooling system to compensate for", "Further combat was seen during 2003 when U.S. forces invaded Iraq and deposed Ba'athist Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom. During the invasion, at least nine Abrams tanks were put out of action by fire from rocket propelled grenades. By March 2005, approximately 80 Abrams tanks were forced out of action by enemy attacks; 63 tanks were restored, while 17 were damaged beyond repair with 3 of them at the beginning of 2003. From August 2005 to April 2008, at", "Between 2010 and 2012 the U.S. supplied 140 refurbished M1A1 Abrams tanks to Iraq. In mid-2014, they saw action when the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launched the June 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. During three months, about one-third of the Iraqi Army's M1 tanks had been damaged or destroyed by ISIL and some were captured by opposing forces. By December 2014, the Iraqi Army only had about 40 operational Abrams left. That month, the U.S. Department of State approved the sale of another 175 Abrams to Iraq.", "Tanks may have limited utility in Afghanistan due to the mountainous terrain, although Canada and Denmark have deployed Leopard 1 and 2 MBTs that have been specially modified to operate in the relatively flat", "After the start of the Saudi Arabian intervention in Yemen during the 2015 Yemeni Civil War, Saudi Arabian M1A2 MBTs were deployed near the Saudi Arabian/Yemeni border.", "", "The U.S. Army planned to end production at the Lima Army Tank Plant from 2013 to 2016 in an effort to save over $1 billion; it would be restarted in 2017 to upgrade existing tanks. General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), which operates the factory, opposed the move, arguing that suspension of operations would increase long-term costs and reduce flexibility. Specifically, GDLS estimated that closing the plant would cost $380 million and restarting production would cost $1.3 billion. By August 2013, Congress had allocated $181 million for buying parts and upgrading Abrams systems to mitigate industrial base risks and sustain development and production capability. Congress and General Dynamics were criticized for redirecting money to keep production", "The tracked M8 Armored Gun System was conceived as a possible supplement for the Abrams in U.S. service for low-intensity conflict in the early 1990s. Prototypes were made but the program was canceled. The eight-wheeled M1128 Mobile Gun System was designed to supplement the Abrams in U.S. service for low-intensity conflicts. It has been introduced into service and serves with Stryker brigades. The U.S. Army's Future Combat Systems XM1202 Mounted Combat System was to replace the Abrams in U.S. service and was in development when funding for the program was cut from the DoD's budget. Engineering Change Proposal 1 is a two-part upgrade process. ECP1A adds space, weight, and power improvements and active protection against improvised explosive devices. Nine ECP1A prototypes have been produced as of October 2014. ECP1B, which will begin development in 2015, may include sensor", "", "", "Earlier U.S. military vehicles, used from World War I through the Vietnam War, used a scheme of \"olive drab\", often with large white stars. Prototypes, early production M1 (105 mm gun) and M1-IP models switched to a flat forest green paint scheme. The large white insignia stars have also transitioned to much smaller black markings. Some units painted their M1s with the older Mobility Equipment Research and Design Command (MERDC) 4-color paint scheme but the turn-in requirements for these tanks required repainting them to overall forest green. Therefore, even though a large number of the base model M1s were camouflaged in the field, few or none", "The turret is fitted with two six-barreled M250 smoke grenade launchers (USMC M1A1s use an eight-barreled version), with one on each side. When deployed, the grenades airburst, creating a thick smoke that blocks both visual and thermal imaging. The engine is also", "In July 1973, representatives from Chrysler and General Motors traveled to the United Kingdom, and were escorted by personnel from the Ballistic Research Laboratory and XM1 Project Manager Major General Robert J. Baer to witness the progress of British developed Chobham armor. They observed the manufacturing processes required for the production of Chobham armor, which was an arrangement of metal plates, ceramic blocks and open space; and saw a proposed design for a new British vehicle utilizing it. HEAT and sabot rounds enter the beginning layers of armor but are unable to penetrate the crew compartment. Ceramics have the ability to absorb a great deal of heat, and can blunt physical blows by cracking and deflecting the force. The remaining hot gasses and metal shrapnel spread out or settle in empty air pockets. Both contractors reevaluated their", "The tank has a halon firefighting system to automatically extinguish fires in the crew compartment. The engine compartment has a firefighting system that is engaged by pulling a T-handle located on the left side of the hull. The Halon gas can be dangerous to the crew. However, the toxicity of Halon 1301 gas at 7% concentration is much less than the combustion products produced by fire", "The Tank Urban Survival Kit (TUSK) is a series of improvements to the M1 Abrams intended to improve fighting ability in urban environments. Historically, urban and other close battlefields have been poor places for tanks to fight. A tank's front armor is much stronger than that on the sides, top, or rear. In an urban environment, attacks can come from any direction, and attackers can get close enough to reliably hit weak points in the tank's armor or gain sufficient elevation to hit the top armor. Armor upgrades include reactive armor on the sides of the tank and slat armor (similar to that on the Stryker) on the rear to protect against rocket-propelled grenades and other shaped charge warheads. A Transparent Armor Gun Shield and a thermal sight system are added to the loader's top-mounted M240B 7.62 mm machine gun, and a Kongsberg Gruppen Remote Weapon Turret carrying a 12.7 mm (.50 in) caliber machine gun (again similar to that used on the Stryker) is in place of the tank commander's original 12.7 mm (.50 in) caliber machine gun mount, wherein the", "In addition to the armor, some USMC Abrams tanks are equipped with a Softkill Active protection system, the AN/VLQ-6 Missile Countermeasure Device (MCD) that can impede the function of guidance systems of some semi-active control line-of-sight (SACLOS) wire- and radio guided anti-tank missiles (such as the Russian 9K114 Shturm) and infrared homing missiles. The MCD works by emitting a massive, condensed infrared signal to confuse the infrared homing seeker of an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM). However, the drawback to the system is that the ATGM is not destroyed, it is merely directed away from its intended target, leaving the missile to detonate elsewhere. This device is mounted on the turret", "", "", "The Abrams tank has", "The Abrams is equipped with a ballistic fire-control computer that uses user and system-supplied data from a variety of sources to compute, display, and incorporate the three components of a ballistic solution—lead angle, ammunition type, and range to the target—to accurately fire the main gun. These three components are determined using a laser rangefinder, crosswind sensor, a pendulum static cant sensor, data concerning performance and flight characteristics of each specific type of round, tank-specific boresight alignment data, ammunition temperature, air temperature, barometric pressure, a muzzle reference system (MRS) that determines and compensates for barrel drop at the muzzle due to gravitational pull and barrel heating due to firing or sunlight, and target speed determined by tracking rate tachometers in the Gunner's or Commander's Controls Handles. All of these factors are computed into a ballistic solution and updated 30 times per second. The updated solution is displayed in the Gunner's or Tank Commander's field of view in the form of a reticle in both day and Thermal modes. The ballistic computer manipulates the turret and a complex arrangement of mirrors so that all one has to do is keep the reticle on the target and fire to achieve a hit. Proper lead and gun tube elevation are applied to the turret by the computer, greatly simplifying the job of the gunner. The fire-control", "", "The M1 Abrams's powertrain consists of a Honeywell AGT 1500 (originally made by Lycoming) multifuel gas turbine capable of at 3,000 rpm and at 1,000 rpm, and a six-speed (four forward, two reverse) Allison X-1100-3B Hydro-Kinetic automatic transmission, giving it a governed top speed of on paved roads, and cross-country. With the engine governor removed, speeds of around are possible on an improved surface; however, damage to the drivetrain (especially to the tracks) and an increased risk of injuries to the crew can occur at speeds above. The tank was built around this engine and it is multifuel–capable, including diesel, kerosene, any grade of motor gasoline, and jet fuel (such as JP-4 or JP-8). For logistical reasons, JP-8", "Strategic mobility is the ability of the tanks of an armed force to arrive in a timely, cost effective, and synchronized fashion. The Abrams can be carried by a C-5 Galaxy or a C-17 Globemaster III. The limited capacity (two combat-ready tanks in a C-5, one combat-ready tank in a C-17) caused serious logistical problems when deploying the tanks for the first Persian Gulf War, though there was enough time for 1,848 tanks to be transported by ship. Marines transport their Marine" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 18186, 14775, 98, 70, 24702, 1577, 176506, 99, 70, 63500, 114732, 23, 47114, 4, 70, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 209410, 237, 142, 53702, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 70, 15640, 461, 93, 90695, 7, 23, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 23, 36327, 136, 509, 23113, 29367, 390, 1144, 592, 70, 98501, 1363, 111, 15640, 461, 93, 98, 953, 20414, 36327, 5, 581, 98501, 1363, 509, 181141, 390, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 25, 7, 13918, 4, 90711, 13177, 169, 78459, 4, 5596, 25, 7, 5117, 20809, 24284, 16035, 3467, 16578, 799, 127, 882, 136, 61527, 25, 7, 17932, 13918, 4, 21413, 289, 3157, 1743, 353, 16865, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 81732, 5256, 28032, 70, 98501, 1363, 83, 44, 18144, 8509, 831, 959, 186, 69307, 71, 678, 37451, 1363, 4, 1284, 678, 70, 44654, 1363, 98186, 143849, 48031, 23, 7964, 69407, 136, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 147452, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 121011, 214, 70, 54, 91407, 111, 1632, 23295, 645, 15700, 740, 129551, 47, 853, 145, 202, 147901, 239, 16342, 4, 142, 5415, 179554, 111, 70, 77699, 19085, 3129, 79986, 71, 5596, 100, 2684, 2831, 111, 70, 146185, 5550, 5369, 4, 70, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 209410, 10, 75287, 1295, 70, 104851, 111, 16035, 3467, 16578, 799, 127, 882, 136, 3789, 119893, 111, 70, 3525, 538, 41371, 76726, 111, 70, 50960, 8999, 47, 56050, 2363, 23, 215131, 44, 73, 2577, 111, 27140, 21640, 16648, 35968, 214, 747, 735, 7154, 47, 40101, 6626, 1631, 2852, 1601, 62783, 7, 740, 581, 209410, 204797, 7, 10, 86991, 15411, 100, 117249, 23, 70, 168698, 8999, 17721, 70, 65925, 136, 24453, 9022, 178109, 7, 20271, 70, 146185, 5550, 5, 581, 113860, 68034, 509, 5117, 11814, 47, 33636, 70, 51584, 3996, 86, 390, 42878, 61634, 310, 5, 341, 5, 55420, 1111, 191, 23, 49795, 4, 99, 70, 14098, 145704, 5, 4966, 442, 33662, 7103, 100512, 70, 9351, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 56480, 111, 70, 44, 11935, 69988, 13, 111, 44816, 7, 111, 22836, 707, 92416, 111, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 6, 108210, 10484, 58, 5117, 34658, 23, 40418, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 6431, 9, 143420, 674, 58, 509, 170920, 23, 49795, 99, 70, 14098, 145704, 5, 799, 127, 882, 11814, 70, 113860, 23, 10, 47765, 116483, 23, 37822, 7567, 4, 9292, 38148, 5, 360, 903, 116483, 4, 567, 13885, 357, 11032, 136, 799, 127, 882, 151552, 70, 156615, 79680, 1577, 111, 126609, 7844, 1311, 116311, 47, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 17997, 100, 92249, 9, 90278, 19, 91582, 35839, 44, 55956, 206, 7, 144009, 58, 15, 1029, 272, 10588, 50256, 933, 3142, 6097, 24702, 1577, 2806, 14432, 21265, 237, 70, 18231, 111, 70, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 209410, 5, 581, 43606, 24702, 1577, 3542, 12, 62, 88551, 43222, 40491, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 209410, 509, 70, 47114, 63500, 114732, 4, 10, 108870, 111, 67009, 136, 101334, 117249, 27980, 297, 390, 3799, 19, 13918, 65944, 37599, 4, 2750, 26038, 10, 88551, 127752, 47, 125568, 903, 112664, 5, 166980, 214, 25842, 65944, 37599, 4, 345, 1429, 4, 353, 16865, 4, 799, 127, 882, 4, 78459, 4, 541, 92, 107391, 136, 1111, 191, 678, 70, 1884, 7, 111, 2291, 5585, 13985, 4, 567, 13885, 357, 11032, 4, 136, 438, 5914, 306, 602, 1121, 31, 2247, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 345, 72820, 18, 136, 10, 27150, 22420, 219, 139274, 4, 70, 108870, 30666, 297, 10, 44, 50718, 320, 2320, 98, 82641, 111, 8999, 88669, 136, 57476, 1363, 830, 3129, 99201, 567, 13885, 357, 11032, 136, 799, 127, 882, 25, 7, 43606, 24702, 1577, 4, 136, 10, 143849, 915, 181606, 47, 47143, 62276, 23, 70, 146185, 5550, 5, 84247, 5369, 7103, 63500, 4, 142, 99082, 111, 15127, 519, 29505, 13918, 90711, 13177, 169, 78459, 12441, 47, 70, 5117, 44, 11935, 69988, 13, 111, 44816, 7, 111, 22836, 707, 92416, 111, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 6, 108210, 10484, 830, 3129, 509, 34658, 23, 6088, 40418, 23, 217339, 13, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 6431, 9, 143420, 297, 112664, 58, 135179, 5117, 23, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 108870, 23, 28506, 4, 7440, 42938, 214, 76726, 621, 8, 157, 3674, 237, 44, 39, 27417, 7, 111, 70, 112664, 740, 1913, 70, 3350, 35565, 114732, 23, 6088, 19340, 4, 70, 32786, 24, 5256, 49814, 237, 131264, 111, 70, 112664, 70, 88669, 7844, 158839, 111, 167956, 7, 136, 70, 43719, 62500, 1295, 70, 6957, 14537, 116338, 144, 87587, 7, 136, 38595, 933, 5, 116267, 49814, 10, 464, 509, 177986, 47, 29398, 214, 111, 116338, 51039, 23, 110613, 76726, 5, 31384, 43032, 3542, 75412, 23, 85583, 79612, 7, 678, 3789, 43032, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 5596, 136, 15000, 4, 18721, 136, 69496, 194, 360, 70, 19340, 7, 4, 39485, 7228, 10, 13036, 71834, 47, 41591, 10, 133465, 31486, 23, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 351, 143420, 674, 112664, 4, 3129, 33636, 297, 645, 2510, 198387, 6661, 24, 5256, 5, 39485, 19, 30641, 3428, 68818, 23, 202468, 6782, 538, 204971, 145042, 351, 9, 143420, 297, 24, 5256, 5, 39485, 2843, 170920, 116338, 606, 51858, 53, 6, 54916, 136, 25313, 136, 2265, 17690, 103391, 5, 581, 28506, 8999, 108870, 111, 70, 3775, 143420, 297, 209410, 4027, 107948, 297, 39485, 19, 21640, 8780, 4, 44, 143321, 30793, 297, 70, 3395, 111, 202468, 23, 57357, 1916, 70, 14700, 66, 202988, 136, 190070, 1419, 113857, 111, 25134, 36941, 25, 7, 208984, 63647, 136, 6863, 756, 3387, 1242, 581, 11737, 351, 143420, 297, 108870, 509, 80889, 71, 100, 32148, 76, 23, 24849, 4, 47, 186, 80923, 297, 390, 131438, 35917, 4, 678, 1919, 141753, 70, 8, 72563, 113091, 45211, 100, 70, 209410, 5, 581, 108870, 23, 6088, 24849, 94419, 70, 4752, 8962, 111, 39485, 19, 479, 71478, 5, 17006, 4, 1284, 959, 756, 4, 29966, 13, 90, 18822, 71, 450, 39485, 509, 959, 90795, 14534, 678, 70, 134349, 11491, 23, 70, 146185, 5550, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 14487, 24849, 4, 70, 134349, 32528, 23632, 297, 23, 61408, 25, 7, 9782, 1631, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 61408, 509, 2843, 142, 36457, 32786, 111, 70, 3775, 143420, 297, 209410, 5, 1913, 70, 14098, 145704, 4, 3775, 143420, 297, 43032, 43374, 71, 9103, 47, 483, 4, 678, 1381, 1563, 590, 14653, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 3775, 9, 284, 1746, 14534, 209410, 15, 124236, 16, 83, 10, 4738, 111, 5390, 168698, 8999, 117249, 450, 621, 959, 23113, 538, 90795, 14534, 678, 707, 26548, 2499, 13036, 14537, 21230, 5, 24372, 70, 14098, 145704, 4, 442, 83, 70, 142105, 21115, 214, 111, 117249, 214574, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Origins and the Cold War.", "Cuba's role.", "Post-Cold War.", "Organizational structure and membership.", "Policies and ideology.", "Current activities and positions.", "Criticism of US policy.", "Self-determination of Puerto Rico.", "Self-determination of Western Sahara.", "Sustainable development.", "Reforms of the UN.", "South-South cooperation.", "Cultural diversity and human rights.", "Summits.", "Chairperson.", "Members, observers and guests.", "Current members.", "Africa.", "Observers.", "Guests." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is \"Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another\". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence \"in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers\". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the \"Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries\" first held in 1961. The term \"non-alignment\" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Zhou Enlai and Nehru described the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called \"Panchsheel\" (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were: A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a \"declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation\", which included Zhou Enlai and Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first \"Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries\", which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade. The term \"non-aligned movement\" appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as \"members of the movement\". At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq).", "In the 1970s, Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world's nonalignment movement, which represented over 90 Third World nations. Cuban combat troops in Angola greatly impressed fellow non-aligned nations. Cuba also established military advisory missions and economic and social reform programs. The 1976 world conference of the Nonaligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism, \"which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa's racist regime and its allies.\" The next nonaligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979, to be chaired by Fidel Castro, with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement. The conference in September 1979 marked the zenith of Cuban prestige. Most, but not all, attendees believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War. However, in December 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan's civil war. At the time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Nonaligned Movement. At the United Nations, Nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba in fact was deeply in debt financially and politically to Moscow and voted against the resolution. It lost its reputation as nonaligned in the Cold War. Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the Movement, remained quiet and inactive, and in 1983 leadership passed to India, which had abstained on the UN vote. Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council and its ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. Although Moscow's allies supported the Soviet intervention, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.", "Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thaw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively. Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether any of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be used to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states, but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions. The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes the foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, two kings and emirs, seven prime ministers, nine vice presidents, two parliament spokesmen and five special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015. and latest one held in Venezuela 2016. In 2019 Colombia and Peru suspended their participation in the Movement under the presidency of Venezuela because their governments did not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolás Maduro's regime.", "The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure. Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 \"Cartagena Document on Methodology\" The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is \"the highest decision making authority\". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit. Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten \"Bandung principles\" of 1955:", "Chairpersons of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, militaristic anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as \"history's biggest peace movement\". The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005. The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN. African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.", "", "In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated, \"The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities.\"", "Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.", "Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations. The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.", "The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.", "The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been used by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of \"non-aligned\" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.", "The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world primarily the Group of 77 forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.", "The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region. Working groups, task forces, committees", "The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on \"Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace\", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014. The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011. An online summit titled \"United Against Covid-19\" conducted on May 4, 2020 on the initiative of the chairman of the NAM for the 2019-2022 period, addressed mainly the global struggle to fight the Covid-19 pandemics and supporting NAM to increase its role in dealing with and mitigating the outcomes caused by this disease in NAM, as well as other countries.", "A chairperson is elected at each summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.", "", "The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:", "Currently every African country (except South Sudan and Western Sahara) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The following countries and organizations have observer status:", "There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 70, 13909, 6712, 44, 4613, 38459, 62764, 70, 54041, 830, 14355, 48242, 11724, 68872, 47, 54, 9844, 3525, 20, 10, 32628, 113857, 13909, 6712, 4, 3129, 2806, 155605, 24209, 44, 134332, 56, 748, 111, 70, 69996, 214, 7550, 7, 58, 188078, 5, 14355, 48242, 91048, 98, 6626, 122446, 8999, 51517, 7, 4, 60701, 15497, 4969, 136, 19893, 59132, 7, 4, 47, 28282, 10, 552, 1106, 29888, 136, 49041, 14997, 13, 100, 70, 6712, 4, 3129, 2806, 2843, 186, 11814, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 10, 9961, 2146, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 6712, 47, 186, 121447, 134477, 13, 79850, 5, 15497, 4969, 136, 59132, 7, 1902, 104902, 61924, 70, 20623, 111, 22392, 45492, 207025, 25, 7, 6661, 111, 49721, 7432, 136, 4, 59499, 47, 41115, 6431, 62, 36737, 238, 2256, 4, 3395, 156672, 903, 6712, 25, 7, 21373, 2481, 47, 70, 44, 173473, 45492, 20623, 740, 62, 36737, 238, 2256, 24626, 53333, 12, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 83, 36998, 5201, 538, 100, 6863, 117781, 5844, 53550, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 7941, 41664, 9, 1029, 10763, 6712, 4, 1284, 5045, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 1556, 91148, 4420, 47, 11214, 13, 1405, 55556, 12, 110, 2661, 18276, 7, 4, 2497, 38472, 7, 136, 10, 22460, 4353, 75708, 106820, 6226, 2684, 111, 70, 14537, 23, 70, 14997, 13, 5, 52455, 3395, 69101, 70, 14997, 13, 47, 450, 111, 17819, 177592, 25, 7, 44, 397, 1811, 830, 21208, 59132, 7, 26847, 47, 46980, 45492, 13, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 27432, 111, 70, 2356, 7550, 830, 114636, 37933, 30464, 25, 7, 44, 27591, 6990, 1363, 58, 136, 27060, 237, 1919, 46517, 1242, 156673, 70, 11737, 10846, 5369, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 509, 8060, 297, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 678, 107506, 7, 136, 100, 10, 1733, 70, 13315, 6777, 5299, 5, 14355, 48242, 121447, 70, 23180, 9, 13784, 139686, 90, 6712, 44, 5021, 2661, 184960, 58, 153314, 46, 552, 9, 34198, 297, 390, 19825, 30948, 1679, 136, 31745, 4887, 184, 46, 10, 32628, 16070, 30641, 6712, 146731, 678, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 740, 44, 139117, 1830, 11356, 58, 146783, 509, 10, 3358, 38796, 100, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 740, 14355, 48242, 28412, 297, 10, 104, 1549, 11389, 111, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 133206, 4, 136, 7068, 87758, 9, 101653, 297, 14432, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 107506, 7, 47, 4527, 15044, 104, 1549, 136, 2363, 10002, 44, 6609, 18770, 53, 41097, 12353, 740, 9578, 70, 11737, 10846, 5369, 14355, 48242, 171530, 10, 50960, 79737, 111, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 237, 5299, 237, 3525, 27528, 35839, 67842, 538, 44, 72838, 11946, 11, 830, 44, 397, 4778, 186617, 4, 8942, 4, 58, 136, 44, 5464, 118919, 1179, 830, 3129, 2806, 765, 2809, 82775, 17368, 104, 1549, 18799, 136, 2806, 765, 54811, 3934, 12921, 14922, 7, 23, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 25, 44, 32692, 5, 33306, 4, 351, 13, 111, 6097, 38742, 3542, 121447, 5, 360, 2691, 14355, 48242, 11724, 86872, 71, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 47, 6096, 571, 41537, 4, 136, 23, 1324, 70, 86872, 115081, 47, 563, 30106, 34242, 4, 8942, 4, 3129, 121447, 10, 15226, 5281, 79737, 111, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 14432, 450, 6602, 5, 360, 1049, 563, 30106, 34242, 171530, 1836, 2806, 186, 47130, 162, 214, 10, 3525, 11389, 111, 44, 5021, 2661, 184960, 740, 360, 780, 14355, 48242, 11724, 86872, 71, 70, 80299, 214, 38109, 100, 44, 17647, 6238, 7550, 7, 58, 47, 345, 140624, 7, 89804, 4, 2750, 171530, 1836, 3542, 58136, 10, 3525, 79737, 4, 678, 38742, 91376, 23, 15044, 14941, 136, 30839, 5, 563, 30106, 34242, 10267, 122009, 70, 86872, 100, 44, 5021, 2661, 184960, 58, 38742, 136, 139686, 90, 5, 581, 22631, 83, 5423, 23, 70, 70829, 19, 6661, 7, 4, 10, 22690, 92264, 9, 1500, 365, 6261, 352, 95972, 88303, 98, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 10, 96362, 4, 1286, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 14135, 32628, 9, 3814, 214, 91944, 1363, 7228, 7722, 390, 142, 45964, 44, 461, 2676, 42118, 7, 740, 581, 88203, 42118, 7, 621, 28702, 4439, 25737, 390, 70, 759, 824, 93905, 32877, 11089, 301, 4, 142, 142, 45964, 91944, 1363, 15, 748, 91944, 5256, 16, 3129, 48903, 47, 765, 79507, 71, 70, 28, 137089, 111, 199, 2189, 114149, 4, 6044, 237, 118103, 4, 100, 2363, 10002, 3564, 4, 136, 259, 17704, 10, 222973, 214, 1631, 5941, 212010, 11, 6650, 17368, 2856, 237, 72977, 136, 142172, 7, 5, 581, 225748, 83, 37515, 538, 456, 65015, 16797, 111, 17819, 177592, 25, 7, 44, 397, 1811, 58, 136, 111, 70, 44, 60977, 1264, 1830, 58, 43515, 390, 2290, 13207, 96303, 4, 1284, 83, 79507, 71, 390, 5941, 3789, 41664, 127663, 136, 92973, 42840, 136, 72304, 237, 5299, 4, 26719, 70, 313, 927, 202, 1132, 172555, 232, 5, 581, 70829, 19, 6661, 7, 621, 10, 4552, 1601, 52501, 10821, 136, 169907, 3687, 5, 17170, 83, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 43606, 13036, 438, 2661, 13038, 7, 4, 43606, 13036, 2497, 38472, 7, 28032, 70, 6035, 62956, 7, 19175, 4, 136, 37195, 13036, 19216, 933, 111, 70, 53900, 84084, 111, 70, 24445, 1084, 289, 7550, 5, 51404, 2684, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 113949, 10, 58944, 1295, 70, 81113, 18151, 7, 15913, 1916, 70, 190704, 6897, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 25, 7, 130367, 7, 4, 70, 163628, 72944, 83, 66360, 13, 678, 107893, 100, 156578, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 6817, 111, 70, 10332, 63647, 4, 136, 202032, 90, 111, 43334, 7432, 136, 1631, 44937, 4, 2684, 8999, 7, 765, 146614, 71, 4420, 19364, 47, 10, 55556, 17366, 959, 5045, 1286, 175961, 3501, 952, 271, 142642, 64883, 4, 136, 10, 14012, 111, 66961, 120332, 7, 70927, 92, 23, 70, 208429, 7, 5, 114405, 214, 99, 70, 132988, 7, 111, 70, 70829, 19, 6661, 7, 70927, 92, 70, 21144, 51459, 6402, 92973, 111, 70, 4843, 6332, 30591, 4, 70, 142, 45964, 136, 54178, 47148, 142672, 4, 136, 70, 95974, 3378, 20244, 50964, 111, 70, 5375, 1972, 136, 70, 48138, 5814, 92, 4, 756, 89289, 100, 2363, 18227, 47, 104250, 80267, 53, 3934, 43334, 7432, 136, 156059, 5, 60560, 7, 831, 5646, 70, 31486, 111, 40101, 10, 32786, 111, 10, 438, 2661, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 69996, 214, 7550, 7, 83, 10, 41664, 127663, 32628, 6264, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 6712, 91376, 390, 14355, 48242, 11724, 5, 581, 53550, 509, 2843, 11814, 100, 10, 6107, 6712, 24073, 134332, 56, 748, 111, 70, 69996, 214, 7550, 7, 74054, 10, 6867, 22631, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 6712, 24073, 139117, 1830, 11356, 74054, 136, 100, 10, 32628, 30641, 139686, 13, 6712, 24073, 5021, 2661, 184960, 51029, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Game setting.", "Game system.", "Authors.", "Sourcebooks.", "Reception." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After the computer game \"Machiavelli the Prince\", Holistic Design decided to do something new - a space strategy computer game, which would eventually become \"Emperor of the Fading Suns\" (1996). Holistic brought on two experienced world designers, Andrew Greenberg and Bill Bridges, to create a cohesive and interesting universe for the game, which would also be used as the basis for a tabletop role-playing game to be released simultaneously. Greenberg and Bridges had helped define the style of White Wolf Publishing's World of Darkness and, according to Shannon Appelcline, people noticed this game's similarity to the \"White Wolf style\". Appelcline comments further: \"Fading Suns is unique mainly for its distinctive setting. It is a hard science-fiction game, but much of the universe has fallen back to Medieval technology: noble houses, guilds and a monolithic church control most of the power in the universe. Many people compare the universe to that of Frank Herbert's \"Dune\", though Bridges points to Gene Wolfe's \"The Book of the New Sun\", Isaac Asimov's \"Foundation\" and others as his inspiration.\"Over the next few years \"Fading Suns\" was supported extensively with supplements and for a time the line did well. Holistic released the table-top miniatures game \"Noble Armada\" (1998) – co-designed by Ken Lightner and Chris Wiese – a spaceship combat game compatible with \"Fading Suns\". \"Passion Play\" (1999) was a LARP for \"Fading Suns\". Holistic printed a d20 version of \"Fading Suns\" (2001), and then dual-statted later \"Fading Suns\" supplements to use both d20 and their own \"Victory Point System\". Over the next few years Holistic announced a third edition of \"Fading Suns\" as well as new games called variously \"Diaspora\", \"Dystopia, Inc,\" and \"Sathranet\", which would have been designed using d20 Modern and would have looked into different periods in \"Fading Suns' \" history. However, none of these products were released. In 2007 Holistic Design licensed \"Fading Suns\" to RedBrick, and in 2012 the license passed to FASA Games, Inc, which released a revised edition of \"Fading Suns\" later that year. In 2014 FASA Games announced they would be releasing a new version of \"Noble Armada\". In 2016 Holistic Design licensed the publishing rights for \"Fading Suns\" to Ulisses Spiele, who announced they were planning a new edition, with products published in both English and German. FASA Games retained the license for \"Noble Armada\" products and miniatures.", "The action is set in the Known Worlds, a future medieval-analogue empire built on the remains of a previous, more sophisticated human space-faring civilization made possible by ancient \"jumpgates\". The jumpgates are relics left by the mysterious Anunnaki, an ancient civilization (or civilizations) which seem to have influenced the evolution of lesser species, such as humans, for their own end, and waged a devastating war many millennia ago using them as tools and weapons. The atmosphere is strongly reminiscent of Frank Herbert's \"Dune\" and of the \"Hyperion\" stories by Dan Simmons, but is influenced by many other science fiction and horror books and movies as well, including the Cthulhu Mythos. The Known Worlds are a very superstitious and dangerous place. Power is administered by five major Noble Houses, five major guilds within the Merchants League, and six major sects of the Universal Church of the Celestial Sun. While most role-playing situations arise from the strict codes regulating the everyday life of the empire's citizens, the Imperial Age is rife with opportunities for adventure. Following the fall of the old regime, and centuries of darkness and warfare, most worlds have slipped backward to a technology level not much more advanced than 21st century Earth, and a number of alien threats lurk in the shadows. Pushing at the borders of the Known Worlds lurk the mutangenic horror of the Symbiots, the ancient and enigmatic Vau, and the barbarian empires of the Kurgan and the Vuldrok, all waiting for their chance to throw humanity into darkness and chaos. Players can take the role of either a member of a Noble House, of one the various merchant guilds, or a member of one of the numerous religious sects. A number of alien species, most notably the human-like 'psychic' Ukar and Obun, and the six-limbed, bestial Vorox, are also available as player characters. Two separate types of occult abilities exist within the game universe: psychic powers and Theurgy. Psychic powers manifest, generally, from the practitioners' own mental abilities. Psionicists, castigated as 'demon worshippers' and heretics, are often hunted down and killed by the Church, or enrolled in the Church's ranks (after a good bit of're-training'). Theurgy is a kind of ordained divine sorcery practiced by the Church through various approved rites and is capable of producing miracles, often by calling on the assistance of various saints and angels. A large library of supplements provides descriptions of locales (planets, space stations, whole sections of space), alien societies, minor houses, guilds and sects, monsters and secret conspiracies, thus expanding the thematic possibilities offered by the setting.", "The \"Fading Suns\" engine uses a simple attribute and skill, level and classless, single d20-powered system, called the Victory Point System (VPS). The second edition of the game's rules solved many issues raised by the earlier rule book, while increasing the amount of data available. The current Revised Edition further updated and streamlined the VPS mechanics. While generally stereotypical in their template-like form, characters are easily personalized through either life path or points-buy systems. In 2000, an adaptation of the setting to the popular 3 edition OGL system was also published - \"D20 Fading Suns\". For several years, supplements carried rules for both systems. Holistic Design has released a LARP version of \"Fading Suns\" entitled \"Passion Play\". A fourth edition of Fading Suns is in development, helmed by original writer Bill Bridges.", "\"Fading Suns\" was written by Andrew Greenberg and Bill Bridges, known for their involvement with the original \"\" and \"\" role-playing games both published by White Wolf Publishing.", "Victory Point System: Collections: d20 System: Passion Play: Fiction:", "In the August 1997 edition of \"Dragon\" (Issue 238), Rick Swan liked the sombre setting, but criticized the task resolution system: \"Inexplicably, the designers pile on the numbers, adding stuff like effect dice, effect numbers, and complementary actions, all of which are intended to make task resolution more realistic, but just make it more confusing.\" But Swan liked the rest of the game, and gave it a rating of 5 out of 6, saying, \"Although \"Fading Suns\" fails to scale the heights of \"Traveller\" — the setting isn’t as rich, and the rules, though solid, aren’t nearly as elegant — it succeeds on its own terms, evoking a vividly imagined future where street smarts count more than computer literacy, where betrayal and despair are more common than sunshine. With nearly 50 pages of background to digest, it’s not the easiest game to get into. But for players who like a little anguish with their space opera, it’s worth the effort.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 56901, 86, 509, 103122, 23, 48928, 15959, 4, 176637, 4, 14098, 117604, 4, 98, 729, 18237, 543, 10945, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 17846, 764, 23409, 47, 23924, 21629, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 54411, 99, 18813, 25, 7, 29693, 15, 35613, 70, 12535, 111, 90915, 247, 7068, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 158115, 4, 136, 77681, 99, 70, 14407, 18481, 29693, 27123, 15, 35613, 70, 22836, 12535, 111, 2356, 5753, 49472, 61340, 69292, 11588, 16, 23, 170852, 25975, 26518, 23, 141745, 5, 28090, 20414, 141745, 24189, 18237, 159992, 4, 764, 509, 1030, 1916, 195644, 105806, 191, 23, 70, 345, 5, 159, 5, 126140, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 30957, 297, 14375, 41361, 23, 170852, 136, 175961, 47, 24209, 43552, 111, 229200, 111, 58373, 99, 14407, 18481, 29693, 27123, 5, 1529, 509, 16030, 111, 28202, 11, 3240, 25443, 23, 70, 1305, 9, 88610, 2182, 69292, 19188, 111, 2356, 5753, 23, 166555, 4, 136, 509, 13918, 111, 70, 15672, 11998, 76, 3240, 109622, 67081, 5, 56901, 86, 54397, 645, 805, 29874, 38440, 136, 40368, 7986, 81415, 5, 1529, 162466, 71, 5941, 613, 177, 21533, 13984, 7, 136, 52295, 71, 98, 613, 177, 21533, 53088, 5, 1529, 51339, 297, 70, 5117, 65771, 41018, 111, 83647, 9, 21286, 2955, 188, 1176, 450, 83, 17164, 297, 4, 136, 2843, 450, 111, 501, 26372, 15894, 1176, 4, 17368, 13207, 7, 25, 7, 13986, 68510, 5, 19012, 416, 538, 4, 764, 83, 37629, 297, 100, 1919, 76811, 111, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 99, 70, 74912, 111, 70, 34699, 118919, 5, 1529, 2843, 151552, 2363, 159634, 2451, 58, 7, 1098, 23240, 740, 56901, 86, 57119, 3674, 678, 821, 5, 30883, 19, 13207, 7, 4, 2750, 51339, 297, 28202, 3240, 60920, 42276, 7, 136, 105806, 10484, 98, 22, 29505, 297, 101334, 9, 127345, 24793, 15490, 142, 90, 2347, 3478, 4, 1284, 56901, 86, 14602, 959, 108975, 47, 186, 2831, 111, 6097, 28007, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 152319, 748, 4, 56901, 86, 75935, 10, 373, 271, 111, 13207, 7, 3129, 83, 98, 44116, 23, 70, 120806, 111, 70, 87703, 47064, 69292, 67081, 5, 62, 373, 271, 20338, 214, 56901, 86, 83, 105866, 23, 1250, 16711, 18, 5227, 42834, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 12801, 126140, 42834, 194, 3293, 33908, 13, 509, 109133, 23, 1392, 47, 211196, 67, 10, 33908, 13, 111, 36770, 345, 5, 294, 5, 13918, 58480, 138319, 5, 56901, 86, 68, 71, 23, 1919, 51065, 23923, 23, 70, 18826, 1336, 42458, 4, 2356, 5753, 4, 98, 201, 20414, 33418, 5, 1529, 25737, 50155, 10, 775, 4, 86452, 2460, 42844, 5, 1529, 83, 373, 46572, 99, 14434, 1760, 1845, 29089, 53, 23, 152810, 5713, 4, 22056, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 42814, 59520, 56645, 31648, 56901, 86, 15, 74, 729, 18237, 543, 10945, 46, 201, 20414, 33418, 16, 509, 10, 56101, 9, 127345, 28202, 11, 15595, 106622, 1295, 176637, 2750, 151552, 2367, 100512, 51529, 237, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Skene was born in Fyvie, Scotland, United Kingdom, on 17 June 1837. At the age of 19, he went to North America. He studied medicine at King's College (now the University of Toronto), then at the University of Michigan, and finally at the Long Island College Hospital (now the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center) in Brooklyn graduating in 1863. From July 1863 until June 1864, he was acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army, after which he entered private practice in Brooklyn and advanced to become Professor of Disease of Women at Long Island College Hospital. He was professor of gynaecology in the post-graduate Medical School of New York in 1884, and was president of the American Gynaecological Society. Skene wrote over 100 medical articles and several textbooks. He contributed many surgical instruments and improved on surgical techniques. He performed the first successful operation of gastro-elytrotomy that is recorded, and also that of craniotomy, using Sims's speculum. Primarily, he is remembered for his description of the Skene's glands at the floor of the urethra. He also described their infection—\"skenitis\". Skene collaborated with J. Marion Sims, who performed gynecologic exams and surgeries on enslaved African-American women without anesthesia, but Skene does not appear to be part of these experiments. As a sculptor, Skene created a bust of Sims which is on display in the lobby of the Kings County Medical Society. A bust honoring Skene is located in Prospect Park Plaza (also known as Grand Army Plaza). This statue was moved in 2011 to accommodate a statue of former U.S. president Abraham Lincoln. Skene died in his summerhouse in the Catskills, New York, on 4 July 1900. He left behind a son, Jonathan Bowers. He is buried at Rockland Cemetery in Sparkill, NY." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 9655, 76070, 110297, 7, 4, 2273, 1104, 47501, 111, 24793, 13416, 450, 1836, 765, 99, 3060, 1733, 122446, 70, 2497, 54700, 111, 79552, 20271, 73895, 5, 64511, 96335, 7413, 151107, 1295, 209, 1104, 14212, 29094, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 80934, 7, 136, 150624, 11814, 5, 1326, 110527, 190787, 3581, 3231, 141, 186780, 110297, 297, 1781, 24793, 136, 14037, 450, 91739, 113771, 28, 145, 16735, 1916, 4, 142, 78301, 144530, 1902, 3060, 16981, 136, 1672, 30584, 113771, 54452, 111, 79552, 15490, 8561, 2497, 54700, 5, 34798, 7, 98, 70, 21950, 111, 79552, 14700, 2118, 71, 285, 53, 15286, 38526, 4, 72134, 1295, 41170, 7, 450, 2806, 186, 56646, 19462, 28236, 47, 10, 46667, 4, 47, 29459, 142424, 111, 106, 1104, 758, 7115, 5, 581, 199015, 450, 24793, 831, 1119, 5310, 79552, 1295, 2363, 117719, 16128, 237, 2831, 111, 17688, 187, 796, 2317, 1556, 2809, 151552, 390, 24793, 25, 7, 16227, 6, 70035, 180908, 56645, 1728, 237, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 2684, 8010, 538, 29865, 71, 17582, 23, 5744, 1100, 25443, 740, 213342, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 1556, 2809, 45252, 297, 23, 126687, 6827, 4, 29874, 4, 136, 333, 109622, 163136, 87420, 17164, 297, 32692, 5, 581, 89397, 100, 70, 33946, 23, 117776, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 765, 2809, 9655, 297, 390, 105595, 6, 70035, 7, 5, 360, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 174705, 219600, 239, 4854, 28552, 62612, 27446, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 3642, 10, 46667, 44, 86905, 7, 100, 927, 70, 332, 25, 7, 40, 297, 136, 37702, 7, 604, 10002, 678, 442, 740, 360, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 115065, 204990, 916, 151552, 706, 15534, 99, 70, 117776, 34699, 927, 7263, 163, 19481, 450, 44, 122061, 1810, 6782, 102134, 2449, 111, 57, 2256, 400, 30922, 42, 20271, 31789, 1363, 4, 3129, 51312, 7, 70, 80097, 136, 25225, 674, 111, 24793, 740, 3293, 142642, 24124, 142, 118055, 100094, 111, 117776, 17688, 10, 35931, 1176, 136, 32354, 4, 23, 17311, 70, 4488, 111, 70, 41272, 6846, 73, 14449, 23, 146864, 5, 360, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 174705, 126687, 271, 51661, 6815, 8, 6524, 2407, 54397, 142, 26794, 80973, 85689, 3075, 98, 70, 42238, 4935, 7484, 7, 44, 11935, 3443, 592, 70, 155370, 4935, 49515, 7, 111, 58373, 58, 3129, 83, 5045, 1059, 3674, 23, 70, 163136, 98, 903, 28451, 5, 262, 6524, 2407, 45252, 297, 70, 7311, 17340, 7864, 53, 1284, 8060, 297, 70, 126562, 17954, 66, 21455, 5, 1529, 207487, 70, 31344, 237, 70, 67233, 693, 320, 45646, 7, 136, 6, 77193, 7, 206990, 70, 34699, 118919, 5, 1529, 207487, 378, 188283, 25619, 90173, 70, 67842, 17340, 39799, 90, 118861, 70, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 136, 6863, 59665, 4, 1284, 11341, 71, 764, 18822, 71, 450, 903, 79552, 44, 143321, 7793, 35412, 1810, 678, 6044, 180770, 223, 20271, 29326, 30544, 30641, 707, 25474, 65480, 10821, 86898, 214, 58, 509, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 14012, 111, 97264, 4, 26719, 70, 64331, 4, 55400, 6635, 98687, 4, 6641, 686, 425, 136, 75, 155352, 5, 1529, 135179, 47, 135812, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 6, 77193, 7, 4, 3229, 764, 33022, 7, 378, 188283, 12, 112486, 268, 44, 24948, 184, 378, 77193, 7, 268, 3129, 621, 75693, 10932, 70, 9490, 56284, 111, 70, 108, 2594, 111, 70, 64331, 136, 70, 148053, 111, 70, 55400, 6635, 46692, 53299, 2363, 79552, 1295, 70, 117776, 242, 6276, 590, 102, 13, 25, 4, 707, 43257, 70, 6117, 2594, 107834, 10821, 14361, 10932, 70, 55400, 6635, 46692, 1242, 33306, 764, 135179, 959, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 70, 3100, 12056, 1363, 111, 70, 117, 1212, 316, 20271, 187, 796, 2317, 136, 142, 73895, 1771, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 3229, 764, 15005, 7, 47, 41931, 44, 143321, 23, 25474, 65480, 10821, 24793, 27983, 7793, 35412, 1810, 99, 70, 2563, 143839, 111, 10, 3535, 43452, 332, 1242, 27766, 9319, 98, 378, 188283, 25619, 617, 268, 764, 15005, 7, 47, 44, 150, 94385, 237, 56104, 32497, 1295, 70, 75599, 1127, 23, 1632, 2497, 1495, 1242, 33306, 4, 1919, 20809, 60042, 509, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 12663, 4935, 79552, 136, 6221, 162, 474, 2886, 79552, 4, 23, 1919, 9157, 98, 70, 126562, 17954, 66, 484, 33, 17340, 7864, 53, 5, 21028, 125927, 9, 647, 23709, 25, 7, 35187, 111, 17688, 117, 46354, 4, 44, 683, 4861, 3089, 86132, 11, 169801, 164, 58, 7435, 112916, 4, 98363, 7, 117776, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 1379, 70, 10336, 214, 44, 11935, 33781, 1803, 169801, 360, 46354, 23, 58373, 58, 237, 10, 117, 46354, 62548, 47, 108, 85106, 927, 2787, 136, 161211, 2481, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 151552, 390, 142523, 23, 60875, 109622, 69407, 23, 1919, 35187, 111, 115014, 5173, 117930, 4, 7440, 764, 33444, 90, 442, 47, 2119, 7, 26206, 5, 33306, 4, 24793, 25, 7, 32562, 111, 450, 1733, 11469, 7092, 297, 903, 23, 1286, 24491, 69407, 5, 12613, 7, 642, 7413, 884, 282, 85, 43891, 1294, 32562, 47, 51627, 18217, 669, 23, 24531, 4, 1672, 70, 44, 239530, 1771, 131827, 111, 935, 5161, 130090, 7, 740, 5710, 5928, 21533, 51359, 509, 2843, 175961, 390, 42814, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 76811, 111, 121, 9, 3408, 927, 7263, 707, 117, 14, 3408, 927, 7263, 706, 15534, 15, 177, 15534, 10932, 70, 34699, 118919, 16, 23, 109969, 4, 3129, 765, 2809, 67842, 538, 63043, 297, 47, 186, 1632, 31344, 111, 70, 79552, 7, 23, 70, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 4, 136, 5036, 39210, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 5, 213342, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 83, 119056, 237, 3638, 23, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 25, 1727, 1651, 429, 23009, 7, 25, 4, 6044, 237, 12232, 3000, 8, 9539, 112, 25, 7, 44, 58, 5173, 85416, 5, 8759, 25500, 538, 131, 8, 9539, 112, 509, 5299, 107419, 111, 70, 10861, 297, 134858, 111, 24793, 5, 360, 31100, 4, 572, 21493, 669, 4, 142, 15672, 28202, 11, 15595, 106622, 4, 91376, 1919, 96335, 111, 70, 72725, 1771, 108055, 13, 23, 24793, 25842, 678, 10, 186768, 15426, 136, 185688, 188304, 7, 5, 32255, 123019, 168360, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 7311, 706, 15534, 207487, 390, 56901, 86, 99, 70, 55400, 6635, 163, 19481, 4, 136, 70, 1286, 235511, 141, 42486, 7, 111, 67233, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 213342, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 83, 62816, 29367, 237, 142, 14700, 202, 6889, 111, 79552, 1295, 707, 43573, 70, 64331, 20271, 707, 8108, 142, 73895, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 51529, 216810, 25958, 237, 238699, 214, 707, 2497, 54700, 4, 102971, 6097, 621, 90698, 47, 186, 12921, 11521, 21004, 12470, 23, 3060, 25188, 104345, 7, 5, 213342, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 83, 240877, 4867, 71407, 117781, 1295, 31789, 1803, 23, 2271, 31847, 329, 4, 678, 3129, 442, 83, 68018, 55681, 5281, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Reports.", "Western literature.", "16th to 18th century.", "De Graaf.", "19th century.", "20th century.", "Early 20th century understanding.", "Late 20th century awareness.", "Anthropological accounts.", "Research.", "General.", "Female ejaculation vs. squirting or gushing.", "Relation to urinary incontinence.", "Nature of fluid.", "Source of fluid.", "Social significance.", "Controversy and feminist criticism.", "Debate on the existence of ejaculation.", "Debate on women's pleasure in their sexuality.", "Debate on the terminology.", "Health implications.", "Legal implications.", "In pornography.", "Censorship." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In questionnaire surveys, 35–50% of women report that they have at some time experienced the gushing of fluid during orgasm. Other studies find anywhere from 10–69%, depending on the definitions and methods used. For instance Kratochvíl (1994) surveyed 200 women and found that 6% reported ejaculating, an additional 13% had some experience and about 60% reported release of fluid without actual gushing. Reports on the volume of fluid expelled vary considerably, starting from amounts that would be imperceptible to a woman, to mean values of 1–5 ml. The suggestion that women can expel fluid from their genital area as part of sexual arousal has been described by women's health writer Rebecca Chalker as \"one of the most hotly debated questions in modern sexology\". Female ejaculation has been discussed in anatomical, medical, and biological literature throughout recorded history. The reasons for the interest in female ejaculation have been questioned by feminist writers.", "", "In the 16th century, the Dutch physician Laevinius Lemnius, referred to how a woman \"draws forth the man's seed and casts her own with it\". In the 17th century, François Mauriceau described glands at the female urethral meatus that \"pour out great quantities of saline liquor during coition, which increases the heat and enjoyment of women\". This century saw an increasing understanding of female sexual anatomy and function, in particular the work of the Bartholin family in Denmark.", "In the 17th century, the Dutch anatomist Reinier de Graaf wrote an influential treatise on the reproductive organs \"Concerning the Generative Organs of Women\" which is much cited in the literature on this topic. De Graaf discussed the original controversy but supported the Aristotelian view. He identified the source as the glandular structures and ducts surrounding the urethra. He identified [XIII:212] the various controversies regarding the ejaculate and its origin, but stated he believed that this fluid \"which rushes out with such impetus during venereal combat or libidinous imagining\" was derived from a number of sources, including the vagina, urinary tract, cervix and uterus. He appears to identify Skene's ducts, when he writes [XIII: 213] \"those [ducts] which are visible around the orifice of the neck of the vagina and the outlet of the urinary passage receive their fluid from the female 'parastatae', or rather the thick membranous body around the urinary passage.\" However he appears not to distinguish between the lubrication of the perineum during arousal and an orgasmic ejaculate when he refers to liquid \"which in libidinous women often rushes out at the mere sight of a handsome man.\" Further on [XIII:214] he refers to \"liquid as usually comes from the pudenda in one gush.\" However, his prime purpose was to distinguish between generative fluid and pleasurable fluid, in his stand on the Aristotelian semen controversy.", "Krafft-Ebing's study of sexual perversion, \"Psychopathia Sexualis\" (1886), describes female ejaculation under the heading \"Congenital Sexual Inversion in Women\" as a perversion related to neurasthenia and homosexuality. It is also described by Freud in pathological terms in his study of Dora (1905), where he relates it to hysteria. However, women's writing of that time portrayed this in more positive terms. Thus we find Almeda Sperry writing to Emma Goldman in 1918, about the \"rhythmic spurt of your love juices\". Anatomical knowledge was also advanced by Alexander Skene's description of para-urethral or periurethral glands (glands around the urethra) in 1880, which have been variously claimed to be one source of the fluids in the ejaculate, and now commonly referred to as the Skene's glands.", "", "Female ejaculation is mentioned as normal in early 20th century'marriage manuals', such as TH Van de Velde's \"\" (1926). Certainly van de Velde was well aware of the varied experiences of women. In 1948, Huffman, an American gynaecologist, published his studies of the prostatic tissue in women together with a historical account and detailed drawings. These clearly showed the difference between the original glands identified by Skene at the urinary meatus, and the more proximal collections of glandular tissue emptying directly into the urethra. Most of the interest had focused on the substance and structure rather than function of the glands. A more definitive contemporary account of ejaculation appeared shortly after, in 1950, with the publication of an essay by Gräfenberg based on his observations of women during orgasm. However this paper made little impact, and was dismissed in the major sexological writings of that time, such as Kinsey (1953) and Masters and Johnson (1966), equating this \"erroneous belief\" with urinary stress incontinence. Although clearly Kinsey was familiar with the phenomenon, commenting that (p. 612); as were Masters and Johnson ten years later, who observed (pp 79–80): (emphasis in original) yet dismissed it (p. 135) – \"female ejaculation is an erroneous but widespread concept\", and even twenty years later in 1982, they repeated the statement that it was erroneous (p. 69–70) and the result of \"urinary stress incontinence\".", "The topic did not receive serious attention again until a review by Josephine Lowndes Sevely and JW Bennett appeared in 1978. This latter paper, which traces the history of the controversies to that point, and a series of three papers in 1981 by Beverly Whipple and colleagues in the \"Journal of Sex Research\", became the focal point of the current debate. Whipple became aware of the phenomenon when studying urinary incontinence, with which it is often confused. As Sevely and Bennett point out, this is \"not new knowledge, but a rediscovery of lost awareness that should contribute towards reshaping our view of female sexuality\". Nevertheless, the theory advanced by these authors was immediately dismissed by many other authors, such as physiologist Joseph Bohlen, for not being based on rigorous scientific procedures, and psychiatrist Helen Singer Kaplan (1983) stated: Some radical feminist writers, such as Sheila Jeffreys (1985) were also dismissive, claiming it as a figment of male fantasy: It required the detailed anatomical work of Helen O'Connell from 1998 onwards to more properly elucidate the relationships between the different anatomical structures involved. As she observes, the female perineal urethra is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall and is surrounded by erectile tissue in all directions except posteriorly where it relates to the vaginal wall. \"The distal vagina, clitoris, and urethra form an integrated entity covered superficially by the vulval skin and its epithelial features. These parts have a shared vasculature and nerve supply and during sexual stimulation respond as a unit\".", "Female ejaculation appears in 20th-century anthropological works, such as Malinowski's Melanesian study, \"The Sexual Life of Savages\" (1929), and Gladwin and Sarason's \"Truk: Man in Paradise\" (1956). Malinowski states that in the language of the Trobriand Island people, a single word is used to describe ejaculation in both male and female. In describing sexual relations amongst the Trukese Micronesians, Gladwin and Sarason state that \"Female orgasm is commonly signalled by urination\". Catherine Blackledge (p. 205) provides a number of examples from other cultures, including the Ugandan Batoro, Mohave Indians, Mangaians, and Ponapese. (See also Chalker 2002 pp. 531–2, Ladas et al. 1983 pp. 74–5) Historically in Rwanda, the kunyaza sexual technique has the reputation of triggering female ejaculation (kunyara). The ancient sexual practice has been exercised for over 150 years in east and central Africa. Amongst the Buganda tribe of Uganda, the sexual practice is called kachabali (spraying the wall).", "", "There have been few studies on female ejaculation. Much of the problem in arriving at a consensus relates to a failure to adopt generally agreed-on definitions or research methodology. Research has used highly selected individuals, case studies, or very small numbers of subjects, making generalization difficult. For instance, much of the research into the nature of the fluid focuses on determining whether it is or contains urine. There are also problems involved in the collection of specimens and issues of contamination. Since the area of interest is para-urethral glands, it is impossible to completely separate the secretions from urine, especially considering that there may be retrograde ejaculation into the urethra towards the bladder. Research has attempted to use chemicals that are excreted in the urine so that any urinary contamination can be detected. Further methodological issues include the fact that the composition of the fluid appears to vary with the menstrual cycle, and that the biochemical profile of the para-urethral tissues varies with age. Other issues relate to the sensitivity and specificity of the markers chosen. The key questions are the source of the fluid produced, and its composition.", "Some aspects of the research community distinguish between female ejaculation and what is colloquially known as squirting or gushing. These terms are used by the public interchangeably, which often leads to confusion. In these research publications, it is suggested that \"real\" female ejaculation is the release of a very scanty, thick, and whitish fluid from the female prostate, while the \"squirting\" or \"gushing\" (shown frequently in pornography) is a different phenomenon: the expulsion of clear and abundant fluid, which has been shown to be a diluted fluid from the urinary bladder.", "Towards the later part of the 20th century, there was significant confusion between female ejaculation and coital incontinence. In 1982, Bohlen explained the accepted wisdom: Scientific studies from the 1980s and later have demonstrated that the substance produced is distinct from urine, though it does show similarities such as alkalinity with urine. A recent study of women who report ejaculation found no evidence of any urological problems, suggesting these two conditions (ejaculation and coital incontinence) are quite distinct physiologically, although perhaps not always distinguishable in a particular individual's mind. Davidson's study of 1,289 women found that the sensation of ejaculation was very similar to that of urination. One study by Gary Schubach used urethral catheterization in order to separate urine from orgasmic expulsions from elsewhere in the body. Seven women claiming to have ejaculations expelled large volumes of urine through the catheter at orgasm, and little to no other fluid. It may be important for physicians to establish whether there is in fact any incontinence in women who report ejaculation, to avoid unnecessary interventions. It is also important for physicians to distinguish orgasmic ejaculation from vaginal discharges which may require further investigation and treatment. In individual cases, the exact source of any reported discharge may not be obvious without further investigation.", "Critics have maintained that ejaculation is either stress incontinence or vaginal lubrication. Research in this area has concentrated almost exclusively on attempts to prove that the ejaculate is not urine, measuring substances such as urea, creatinine, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), glucose and fructose levels. Early work was contradictory; the initial study on one woman by Addiego and colleagues, reported in 1981, could not be confirmed in a subsequent study on 11 women in 1983, but was confirmed in another 7 women in 1984. In 1985, a different group studied 27 women and found only urine, suggesting that results depend critically on the methods used. A 2007 study on two women involved ultrasound, endoscopy, and biochemical analysis of fluid. The ejaculate was compared to pre-orgasmic urine from the same woman, and also to published data on male ejaculate. In both women, higher levels of PSA, PAP, and glucose but lower levels of creatinine were found in the ejaculate than the urine. PSA levels were comparable to those in males. Ultrasounds from a 2014 study, involving seven women who reported recurring massive fluid emission during sexual arousal, confirmed thorough bladder emptiness before stimulation, noticeable bladder filling before squirting and demonstrated that the bladder had again been emptied after squirting. Although small amounts of prostatic secretions are present in the emitted fluid, the study suggests that squirting is essentially the involuntary emission of urine during sexual activity.", "One very practical objection relates to the reported volumes ejaculated, since this fluid must be stored somewhere in the pelvis, of which the urinary bladder is the largest source. The actual volume of the para-urethral tissue is quite small. By comparison, male ejaculate varies from (95% confidence interval), with a maximum of. Therefore, claims of larger amounts of ejaculate are likely to contain at least some amount of urine. The eleven specimens analyzed by Goldberg in 1983, ranged from. One source states that Skene's glands are capable of excreting in 30–50 seconds, but it is unclear how this was measured and has not been confirmed. One approach is to use a chemical like methylene blue so that any urinary component can be detected. Belzer showed that in one woman he studied, the dye was found in her urine, but not her orgasmic expulsion. PAP and PSA have been identified in the para-urethral tissues, using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, suggesting that the ejaculate is likely to arise from the ducts in these tissues, in a manner homologous to that in the male. Another marker common to the prostate/para-urethral tissue in both sexes is Human protein 1. PSA occurs in urine, and is elevated in post-orgasmic samples compared to pre-orgasmic. Simultaneous collection of ejaculate also showed PSA in both urine and ejaculate in all cases, but in higher concentration in the ejaculate than in the urine.", "Sexual functions, and orgasm in particular, remain poorly understood scientifically, as opposed to politically and philosophically. Regardless of the facts relating to the details of female ejaculation, the social significance of the popular accounts through the feminist health care movement has been considerable.", "The debate in the current literature focuses on three threads: the existence of female ejaculation, its source(s) and composition, and its relationship to theories of female sexuality. This debate has been influenced by popular culture, pornography, and physio-chemical and behavioral studies. There is some resistance from feminists to what has been perceived as a male lens in interpreting the data and construct. Often the debate is also tied to the existence of the G-spot; stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall involves simultaneous stimulation of the para-urethral tissue, the site of the Skene's glands and ducts and presumed source of the ejaculated fluid, and therefore it has been variously stated that stimulation of this spot results in ejaculation. These tissues, surrounding the distal urethra, and anterior to the vagina, have a common embryological origin to the prostatic tissue in the male.", "In an extensive survey, Darling and colleagues claim support for the existence of ejaculation, while in a sharply critical response, Alzate states that direct experimentation fails to provide any evidence. Alzate states: Shannon Bell argues that the debate is confused by the discussion of two separate phenomena. She comments that Alzate simply dismisses women's subjective experiences in favour of rigorous scientific proof, and is typical of male sexologists withholding the validity of experience from women. Bell's critique lies at the heart of feminist concerns about this debate, namely a tendency to \"disregard, reinterpret, and overwrite women's subjective descriptions.\" For some, she states, it is more a matter of belief than of physiology. Bell further questions why feminists have not been more outspoken in defense of women's control over female ejaculation, pointing out that the literature frames the discussion in only five separate ways; procreation, sexual pleasure, deviance, pathology, and a scientific mystery. The discussion entered popular culture in 1982 with the publication of the best-selling book \"The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality,\" by Ladas, Whipple, and Perry. The book discussed female ejaculation and brought the issue back into discussions of women's sexuality both in the medical community and among the general public. This was a popular account of three papers by the authors, the previous year, at the suggestion of Alice Khan Ladas. Rebecca Chalker notes that this book was largely met with scorn, skepticism and disbelief. The chapter on 'Female Ejaculation' is largely based on anecdotal testimony, and illustrates another issue in the debate, the weight placed on anecdotes and small numbers of observations rather than biomedical investigation or clinical trials. Importantly, a number of the women stated that they had been diagnosed with urinary incontinence.", "The book by Ladas, Whipple, and Perry. advances another feminist theory: that because women's pleasure in their sexuality has been historically excluded, the pleasure of ejaculation has been either discounted or appropriated by health professionals as a physiological phenomenon. Whipple continued to publicise her discoveries, including a 9 min video made in 1981 \"Orgasmic Expulsions of Fluid in the Sexually Stimulated Female\". In 1984, the \"Journal of Sex Research\" described the debate surrounding female ejaculation as 'heated'. Josephine Sevely then followed up her 1978 study by publishing \"Eve's Secrets: A new theory of female sexuality\" in 1987, emphasising an integrated rather than fragmented approach to understanding female sexuality, with the clitoris, vagina and urethra depicted as a single sexual organ. This not only challenged the traditional fragmentation of female sexuality into clitoral vs. vaginal sensation, but also sexualised the urethra. The continuing debate is further illustrated in the angry exchange of letters between the author and researchers in the \"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology\" in 2002 following the publication of 'The G-spot: A modern gynecological myth' by Terrence Hines., articles and book chapters continue to appear with subtitles such as \"Fact or Fantasy\" (2002). As of 2007, and 2008 the existence of a female prostate and of ejaculation are a matter of debate.", "The terminology (such as female prostate and female ejaculation) invoke images of the female as merely an imitation of the male, mapping the female body onto the male, as if, like the Galenic view, it was incomplete. Furthermore, overemphasis of ejaculation may induce performance anxiety. For the reason that'sameness' has been construed as a male perspective, some feminists reject the term ejaculation. Others argue it should be retained as a distinctive feminine characteristic distinguishable from the male, and imbued with different properties and purpose. A third concern is that of the increasing'medicalisation' of women's sexuality, as expressed by Leonore Tiefer which finds its most extreme manifestation in the concept of female sexual dysfunction. Tiefer has expressed concern that overemphasising ejaculation will drive women who might feel inadequate to seek medical attention (see Health implications below), as has the Boston Women's Health Collective. Other criticism comes from Barbara Ehrenreich and colleagues who see this new sexuality as one that privileges the male in control, penile retention and body position, but this is denied by others.", "Many women, before learning about ejaculation, experienced shame or avoided sexual intimacy under the belief that they had wet the bed. Others suppressed sexual climax, and sought medical advice for this \"problem\", and even underwent surgery. Contemporary women's health literature summarises what is considered factual as being that the amount of fluid varies greatly and may be unnoticeable, occurs with or without vaginal stimulation, and may accompany orgasm or merely intense sexual pleasure, and orgasm may occur without ejaculation. Whether it can be learned or not, women report that they can induce it by enhancing their sexual response. Regardless, countless workshops now exist to teach women that learning how to ejaculate is an important form of feminine sexual expression. Sundahl describes it as a birthright and essential part of female creativity.", "The presence of chemical markers such as PSA or PAP in the female genital tract has been considered evidence in rape trials, but Sensabaugh and Kahane demonstrated in four specimens that PAP was an order of magnitude greater in a woman's ejaculate than in her urine. Recently, knowledge that these markers can be of female origin has led to acquittal based on forensic evidence.", "Female pornographic performers who are alleged to ejaculate on film include Hotaru Akane, Charley Chase, Annie Cruz, Cytherea, Jamie Lynn, Jiz Lee, Missy Monroe, Jenna Presley, and Flower Tucci. Fallon is known as the first pornographic actress to allegedly ejaculate on film. Tiana Lynn can allegedly ejaculate as well, and she claims to have discovered her ability during a scene with Mark Ashley. Sarah Jane Hamilton became known as one of the first alleged female ejaculators from Britain, though this was later dismissed by porn reviewer Pat Riley as urination in his review of \"The British are Coming\" (1993). However, she has commented that she could not ejaculate on cue even though producers expect her to like a male performer.", "In the United Kingdom, the British Board of Film Classification has requested cuts to pornographic films alleged to show female ejaculation, claiming that the expert medical advice it received was that there is no such thing as female ejaculation, and therefore the films showed urolagnia. Urination during sex is considered obscene under the Obscene Publications Acts. The Board later stated instead that it does not take any view on whether female ejaculation exists and explained that all apparent examples presented to the Board were of simple urination masquerading as female ejaculation. Easy on the Eye Productions released a press announcement on October 6, 2010 stating that the BBFC passed the DVD \"Women Love Porn\" (containing a scene including female ejaculation in the scene \"Top Milf\") on advice of legal counsel when the director, Anna Span, pushed for a hearing with the Video Appeals Committee. Easy on the Eye Productions considered it a \"historic victory\" although the BBFC maintains that its \"position remains fundamentally unchanged for future releases\". According to the Carnal Nation site, the issue was first raised by the group Feminists Against Censorship (FAC) in 2001. In Australia, a similar view has been taken with regard to Internet censorship proposals, which ban pornographic websites featuring female ejaculation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 12535, 111, 52888, 144851, 7, 6863, 59665, 7, 47, 543, 14226, 4, 3229, 70, 24453, 52888, 42923, 53, 4, 70, 10332, 525, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 25, 7, 22759, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 38016, 7, 4, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 180, 62309, 4, 52888, 5, 2161, 18982, 305, 4, 543, 14226, 4, 62493, 42, 14978, 40218, 181141, 10, 54727, 450, 62952, 3835, 8060, 100, 77546, 53019, 23, 52888, 5, 159011, 87703, 87180, 509, 70, 5117, 3445, 47, 5646, 92940, 111, 70, 27047, 1363, 4, 136, 170920, 70, 24453, 52888, 42923, 53, 4, 3129, 160404, 71, 24189, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 18543, 5550, 23, 153774, 5, 581, 24453, 52888, 42923, 53, 509, 52888, 25, 7, 5117, 11341, 9, 105363, 297, 38016, 111, 77546, 52080, 5, 14631, 45233, 2777, 1264, 4, 142, 29574, 1290, 1295, 23924, 96220, 136, 10, 11341, 104263, 1295, 21664, 4776, 11, 47064, 4, 1902, 142096, 10, 10696, 23, 2902, 12741, 10745, 4, 70, 2902, 12741, 10745, 62903, 4, 23, 543, 10057, 5, 360, 176284, 4, 2777, 1264, 122399, 1919, 3551, 136, 10696, 47, 70, 22836, 111, 52888, 23, 121122, 100, 70, 24453, 52888, 42923, 53, 25, 7, 456, 87632, 47, 2902, 12741, 10745, 5, 581, 17932, 13036, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 509, 70, 52888, 40612, 93782, 29693, 4, 170920, 99, 43157, 6406, 390, 44532, 1250, 275, 271, 23, 166555, 5, 52888, 40612, 93782, 29693, 100512, 70, 11341, 25, 7, 5117, 3551, 9, 30962, 18, 40466, 1379, 70, 5919, 42, 5713, 25515, 5, 360, 106355, 4, 70, 52888, 122257, 6644, 4, 8, 172, 2852, 47, 71062, 70, 10696, 25, 7, 6, 206468, 136, 162878, 107314, 6863, 120767, 141, 136, 177907, 59665, 7, 4, 98816, 70, 9351, 111, 52888, 40612, 93782, 29693, 47, 70, 44, 65305, 2481, 111, 52888, 4, 58, 10, 9351, 70, 10696, 2806, 16401, 100, 4734, 6626, 5369, 5, 360, 66007, 4, 70, 52888, 122257, 6644, 115081, 70, 162715, 669, 25515, 4, 3129, 51371, 3674, 70, 11341, 25, 7, 3835, 538, 8060, 297, 77546, 53019, 38016, 7, 5, 581, 32786, 111, 70, 27047, 6644, 2750, 54397, 70, 27992, 4, 45233, 29217, 162715, 669, 4, 14432, 100512, 70, 123055, 28088, 111, 162715, 669, 19449, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 33976, 7, 64549, 297, 98, 70, 3525, 152363, 25, 7, 78132, 5, 581, 162715, 669, 25515, 5808, 297, 70, 22836, 12535, 12353, 111, 52888, 136, 75935, 70, 52888, 62554, 111, 27131, 47, 23131, 70, 5426, 5, 1650, 2843, 10, 40285, 67175, 70, 37195, 479, 9, 54376, 214, 11341, 9, 105363, 297, 38016, 7, 111, 77546, 53019, 4, 136, 51371, 3674, 70, 181079, 136, 108858, 103391, 111, 22759, 111, 2856, 47, 3173, 70, 3525, 44, 65305, 2481, 111, 70, 22836, 111, 52888, 1242, 581, 22759, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 38016, 7, 51371, 3674, 47, 3173, 70, 3525, 152363, 99201, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 99, 43157, 6406, 15, 82772, 538, 52888, 40612, 93782, 29693, 16, 23, 43157, 6406, 4, 70, 24453, 52888, 42923, 53, 23, 2902, 12741, 10745, 4, 70, 2907, 5, 72673, 28723, 136, 81207, 19188, 23, 2907, 5, 72673, 4, 136, 70, 25134, 52888, 67485, 53, 29693, 23, 41272, 8770, 5, 581, 162715, 669, 25515, 2843, 51371, 3674, 70, 40466, 7, 136, 115215, 3934, 17262, 38016, 7, 190407, 3674, 390, 45712, 136, 127501, 2451, 2347, 12535, 111, 70, 22836, 111, 52888, 100, 35011, 453, 4, 70, 52888, 213342, 29693, 100, 35011, 360, 95007, 4, 24748, 10934, 11727, 107, 13, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 70, 152363, 25, 7, 17932, 13918, 5, 1529, 5808, 297, 70, 152363, 3934, 40368, 40466, 7, 4, 124735, 22, 27722, 674, 1295, 1379, 1781, 47, 645, 131554, 4, 136, 509, 150222, 23, 70, 14037, 214, 111, 70, 52888, 22928, 26824, 133465, 100510, 5, 10934, 11727, 107, 13, 83, 70, 4734, 12535, 111, 52888, 13918, 20338, 297, 678, 10, 33908, 13, 98, 78132, 5, 360, 58410, 4, 70, 52888, 122257, 6644, 20777, 297, 24793, 111, 10, 44, 192, 6644, 32070, 58, 15, 257, 19713, 214075, 9, 3630, 5369, 10332, 16, 2750, 1902, 140528, 37195, 939, 49345, 21974, 1295, 10, 44, 107, 7077, 2886, 162807, 67053, 214, 23, 41906, 4, 2685, 509, 155034, 25958, 124735, 33946, 54940, 11280, 41816, 16037, 2750, 36663, 47, 29966, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 4, 153161, 30646, 214, 6661, 5550, 1995, 52129, 7, 2750, 5809, 29966, 40466, 1379, 70, 42887, 19893, 111, 38927, 15, 121979, 1055, 25, 7, 4764, 20314, 674, 25515, 194, 992, 2886, 47, 109312, 211196, 67, 903, 124735, 35968, 4, 70, 52888, 62554, 111, 27131, 142096, 70, 384, 40077, 35055, 13, 21110, 206, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 98, 70, 78132, 111, 52888, 22836, 29693, 100, 58373, 23, 384, 40077, 35055, 13, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 41906, 1104, 13330, 10696, 6602, 4, 9199, 617, 453, 3542, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 70, 384, 40077, 35055, 13, 21110, 206, 5, 581, 25632, 49345, 4, 70, 52888, 122257, 6644, 176377, 70, 52888, 22836, 360, 20231, 4, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 509, 77049, 71, 47, 33284, 70, 56187, 111, 15672, 66821, 90, 15, 284, 20000, 247, 142, 53702, 111, 37195, 939, 9, 55547, 108858, 25958, 197097, 3835, 136, 14375, 25188, 141626, 90, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 25730, 5, 52888, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 59671, 8927, 3835, 4, 3551, 9, 30962, 18, 141626, 90, 450, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 62, 20000, 5, 360, 37771, 34202, 2076, 701, 60154, 33, 136, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 62554, 111, 87343, 13, 90, 171530, 10, 13036, 44930, 149307, 100, 70, 152363, 5, 581, 62554, 111, 87343, 13, 90, 8060, 297, 70, 456, 77391, 23, 70, 14012, 1326, 70, 267, 1104, 32196, 108858, 6602, 74278, 1363, 136, 108112, 3542, 3650, 910, 4, 132746, 100, 23, 9, 61340, 1379, 88610, 2182, 360, 6817, 267, 4, 70, 12535, 111, 52888, 1902, 190, 188636, 22377, 25921, 23, 3622, 4, 138, 109631, 3768, 16156, 14427, 16, 8035, 1379, 88610, 2182, 25921, 4, 534, 4, 11835, 363, 4700, 145116, 8035, 150180, 25921, 4, 138, 4, 61158, 15, 14427, 16, 8035, 23182, 25921, 4, 116, 4, 171701, 15, 13465, 16, 8035, 51, 67413, 47314, 4, 136, 78600, 15, 170179, 26244, 8035, 42518, 6620, 25921, 5, 13538, 111, 756, 190, 188636, 22377, 25921, 4, 27398, 19308, 3542, 22, 27722, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 12535, 111, 52888, 15, 171829, 1683, 707, 6, 38209, 16, 83, 10, 3835, 3551, 9, 30962, 18, 4, 15520, 9, 30962, 18, 4, 136, 32628, 9, 30962, 18, 25188, 152363, 23, 2902, 12741, 10745, 4, 52888, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 22962, 32786, 111, 70, 22836, 12535, 12353, 111, 52888, 136, 144851, 7, 6863, 59665, 7, 47, 543, 14226, 136, 1556, 160404, 71, 19686, 79850, 98, 6863, 2902, 12741, 10745, 78132, 16792, 6088, 96903, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "\"University of the State of Florida\".", "College reorganization.", "Post World War II.", "National and international prominence.", "Academics.", "Tuition.", "Demographics.", "Rankings.", "Colleges and academic divisions.", "Admissions.", "Ending early decision.", "Honors program.", "Scholarships.", "Sustainability.", "Satellite facilities.", "Research.", "Libraries.", "George A. Smathers Libraries.", "Lawton Chiles Legal Information Center.", "Campus.", "The Reitz Union.", "Historic sites.", "Student life.", "PaCE.", "Innovation Academy.", "Fraternities and sororities.", "Dance Marathon at UF.", "Reserve Officer Training Corps.", "Housing.", "Recreation and Fitness on Campus.", "Student government.", "Alma mater.", "Campus and area transportation.", "Student media.", "Career placement.", "Museums.", "Performing arts and music.", "In popular culture.", "Athletics.", "Football.", "Basketball.", "Olympics.", "Notable people.", "Notable alumni.", "Notable faculty." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The University of Florida traces its origins to 1853, when the East Florida Seminary, the oldest of the University of Florida's four predecessor institutions, was founded in Ocala, Florida. On January 6, 1853, Governor Thomas Brown signed a bill that provided public support for higher education in Florida. Gilbert Kingsbury was the first person to take advantage of the legislation, and established the East Florida Seminary, which operated until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. The East Florida Seminary was Florida's first state-supported institution of higher learning. James Henry Roper, an educator from North Carolina and a state senator from Alachua County, had opened a school in Gainesville, the Gainesville Academy, in 1858. In 1866, Roper offered his land and school to the State of Florida in exchange for the East Florida Seminary's relocation to Gainesville. The second major precursor to the University of Florida was the Florida Agricultural College, established at Lake City by Jordan Probst in 1884. Florida Agricultural College became the state's first land-grant college under the Morrill Act. In 1903, the Florida Legislature, desiring to expand the school's outlook and curriculum beyond its agricultural and engineering origins, changed the name of Florida Agricultural College to the \"University of Florida,\" a name the school would hold for only two years.", "In 1905, the Florida Legislature passed the Buckman Act, which consolidated the state's publicly supported higher education institutions. The member of the legislature who wrote the act, Henry Holland Buckman, later became the namesake of Buckman Hall, one of the first buildings constructed on the new university's campus. The Buckman Act organized the State University System of Florida and created the Florida Board of Control to govern the system. It also abolished the six pre-existing state-supported institutions of higher education, and consolidated the assets and academic programs of four of them to form the new \"University of the State of Florida.\" The four predecessor institutions consolidated to form the new university included the University of Florida at Lake City (formerly Florida Agricultural College) in Lake City, the East Florida Seminary in Gainesville, the St. Petersburg Normal and Industrial School in St. Petersburg, and the South Florida Military College in Bartow. The Buckman Act also consolidated the colleges and schools into three institutions segregated by race and gender—the University of the State of Florida for white men, the Florida Female College for white", "In 1909, Albert Murphree was appointed the university's second president. He organized the university into several colleges, increased enrollment from under 200 to over 2,000, and was instrumental in the founding of the Florida Blue Key leadership society. Murphree is the only University of Florida president honored with a statue on campus. In 1924, the Florida Legislature mandated women of a \"mature age\" (at least twenty-one years old) who had completed sixty semester hours from a \"reputable educational", "Beginning in 1946, there was dramatically increased interest among male applicants who wanted to attend the University of Florida, mostly returning World War II veterans who could attend college under the GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen's Readjustment Act). Unable to immediately accommodate this increased demand, the Florida Board of Control opened the Tallahassee Branch of the University of Florida on the campus of Florida State College for Women in Tallahassee. By the end of the 1946–47 school year, 954 men were enrolled at the Tallahassee Branch. The following semester, the Florida Legislature returned the Florida State", "In 1985, the University of Florida was invited to join the Association of American Universities (AAU), an organization of sixty-two academically prominent public and private research universities in the United States and Canada. Florida is one of the seventeen public, land-grant universities that belong to the AAU. In 2009, President Bernie Machen and the University of Florida Board of Trustees announced a major policy transition for the university. The Board of Trustees supported the reduction in the number", "", "For the 2018–2019 academic year tuition and fees were $6,381 for in-state undergraduate", "In fall 2018, the University of Florida had 56,079 students in total, 37,527 (67%) being undergraduate students, 11,763 (21%) being graduate students, 3,990 (7%) being professional students, 2,642 (5%) being unclassified, and 157 (0.3%) being correspondence students. Out of all 56,079 students, 3,587 were enrolled through UF Online. The ratio of women to men was 56:44 and 28 percent were graduate or professional students. Professional degree programs include architecture, dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy and veterinary medicine. According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, UF has \"the largest Jewish student body in the US.\" It is estimated that 18% of UF undergraduate and graduate students identify as Jewish compared to around 2% of the United States population. A social mobility report conducted by the New York Times in 2014 found that 48% of UF undergraduate students came from families with incomes above the 80th percentile (>$110,000), while", "In its 2020 edition, \"U.S. News & World Report\" \"(USN&WR)\" ranked the University of Florida as tied for the 7th-best public university in the United States, and tied for 34th overall among all national universities, public and private. Many of the University of Florida's graduate schools have received top-50 national rankings from \"U.S. News & World Report\" with the school of education 25th, Florida's Hough School of Business 25th, Florida's Medical School (research) tied for 43rd, the Engineering School tied for 45th, the Levin College of Law tied for 31st, and the Nursing School tied for 24th in the 2020 rankings. Florida's graduate programs ranked for 2020 by \"USN&WR\" in the nation's top 50 were audiology tied for 26th, analytical chemistry 11th, clinical psychology tied for 31st, computer science tied for 49th, criminology 19th, health care management tied for 33rd, nursing-midwifery tied for 35th, occupational therapy tied for 17th, pharmacy tied for 9th, physical therapy tied for 10th, physician assistant tied for 21st, physics tied for 37th, psychology tied for 39th, public health tied for", "The University of Florida is the flagship university of the state with 16 different colleges. UF", "For the class of 2024, there were 49,401 applicants and 14,561 were accepted for summer and fall. The average GPA, SAT, and ACT of the newly admitted class have not been disclosed at this time.", "In 2007, the University of Florida joined the University of Virginia, Harvard University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Princeton University in announcing the discontinuation of early decision admissions to foster economic diversity in their student bodies. These universities assert early decision admissions forces students to accept an offer of admission before evaluating the financial aid offers from multiple universities. The university's single application deadline is November 1.", "The University of Florida has an honors program; after they are accepted to the university, students must apply separately to the Honors Program and show significant academic achievement to be accepted. There are over 100 courses offered exclusively to students in this program. In 2011, more than 1900 students applied for 700 available seats. The Honors Program also offers housing for freshman in the Honors Residential College at Hume Hall. The program also offers special scholarships, internships, research, and study abroad opportunities.", "The Lombardi Scholars Program, created in 2002 and named in honor of the university's ninth president John V. Lombardi, is a merit scholarship for Florida students. The scholarship offers $2,700 a semester for eight to ten semesters. The J. Wayne Reitz Scholars Program, created in 1997 and named in honor of the university's fifth president J. Wayne Reitz, is a leadership and merit-based scholarship for Florida students. Its yearly $2,500 stipend may be renewed for up to three years. The Machen Florida Opportunity Scholars Program was created in 2005. This is a full grant and scholarship financial aid package designed to help new, low-income UF students that are the first to attend college in their families. Every year, 300 scholarships are awarded to incoming freshmen with an average family income of $18,408.", "In 2005, the University of Florida became a Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary for environmental and wildlife management, resource conservation, environmental education, waste management, and outreach. Through long-term environmental initiatives, the University of Florida created an Office of Sustainability in 2006. Their mission is to", "The university maintains a number of facilities apart from its main campus. The J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center also has a teaching hospital at UF Health at Jacksonville, which serves as the Jacksonville campus for the University's College of Medicine, College of Nursing, and College of Pharmacy. A number of residencies are also offered at this facility. The University's College of Pharmacy", "The University of Florida is one of the nation's largest research universities. According to a 2019 study by the university's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, the university contributed $16.9 billion to Florida's economy and was responsible for over 130,000 jobs in the 2017–18 fiscal year. The Milken Institute named Florida one of the top-five U.S. institutions in the transfer of biotechnology research to the marketplace (2006). Some 50 biotechnology companies have resulted from faculty research programs. Florida consistently ranks among the top 10 universities in licensing. Royalty and licensing income includes the glaucoma drug Trusopt, the sports drink Gatorade, and the Sentricon termite elimination system. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is ranked No. 1 by the NSF in Research and Development. Florida ranked seventh among all private and public universities for the number of patents awarded for 2005. The University of Florida was awarded $837.6 million in annual research expenditures in sponsored research in 2018. Research includes diverse areas such as health-care and citrus production (the world's largest citrus research center). In 2002, Florida began leading six other universities under a $15 million NASA grant to work on space-related research during a five-year period. The university's partnership with Spain helped to create the world's largest single-aperture optical telescope in the Canary Islands (the cost was $93 million). Plans are also under way for the University of Florida to construct a research facility in", "", "The George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida is one of the largest university library systems in the United States. The George A. Smathers Libraries has a collection of over 6 million+ print volumes, 1.5 million digital books, 1,000+ databases, approximately 150 thousand print/digital journals, and over 14 million digital pages Collections cover virtually all disciplines and include a wide array of formats—from books and journals to manuscripts, maps, and recorded music. An increasing number of the collections are digital and are accessible on the Internet from the library web page or the library catalog. The George A. Smathers Libraries support all academic programs except those served by the Levin College of Law.", "The Levin College of Law's students, faculty, and guests are served by Lawton Chiles Legal Information Center.", "The University of Florida campus encompasses over. The campus is home to many notable structures, such as Century Tower, a carillon tower in the center of the historic district. Other notable facilities include the Health Science Center, Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, Smathers Library, Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Harn Museum, University Auditorium, O'Connell Center, and The Hub.", "The Reitz is the campus union at the University of Florida. On February 1, 2016, it was reopened after an", "A number of the University of Florida's buildings are historically significant. The University of Florida Campus Historic District comprises 19 buildings and encompasses approximately. Two buildings outside the", "", "UF launched a new program in the fall of 2015 called PaCE, or Pathway to Campus Enrollment. PaCE was designed to provide an alternative way to enroll students who would have been accepted through regular admissions, but there is not enough space in dorms or classrooms.", "The Innovation Academy at UF is a program designed for students that want to focus on innovation, creativity, leadership, and entrepreneurship along with their intended major. Students that", "Approximately 5,200 undergraduate students (or approximately 15%) are members of either a sorority or fraternity. Sorority and Fraternity Affairs (formerly known as Greek Life) at the University of Florida is separated into four divisions: Interfraternity Council (IFC), National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), Multicultural Greek Council (MGC), and the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC). The Order of Omega has a chapter at the university. The Interfraternity Council (IFC) comprises 25 fraternities, and the Panhellenic Council is made up of 17 sororities. Some of the fraternity chapters on campus are older than the university itself, with the first chapters being chartered", "Dance Marathon at UF is an annual 26.2-hour event benefiting the patients of University of Florida Health Shands Children's Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Each year, more than 800 students stay awake and on their feet to raise money and awareness", "The University of Florida Reserve Officer Training Corps is the official officer training and commissioning program at the University of Florida. Officially founded in 1905, it is one of the oldest such programs in the nation. The Reserve Officer Training Corps offers commissions for the United States Army, United States Navy, United", "The University of Florida provides over 9,200 students with housing in residence halls and complexes on the eastern and western sides of campus. Facilities vary in the cost of rent", "The University of Florida's Department of Recreational Sports (RecSports) includes operation of two lake-front parks at Lake Wauburg, group fitness, personal and small group training, massage therapy, intramural sports, 51 competitive sports clubs, two world-class indoor fitness and recreation facilities, four campus pools, outdoor rock climbing, an adventure travel recreation program, campus fields and facilities, a skate park and staff development services for over 700 students who are employed by the department's programs. RecSports manages the University of Florida", "The University of Florida Student Government is the governing body of students who attend the University of Florida, representing the university's nearly 50,000 undergraduate, graduate and professional students. The university's student government operates", "The alma mater for the University", "The university campus is served by nine bus routes of the Gainesville Regional Transit System (RTS). Students, faculty, and staff with university-issued ID cards are able to use the system for no", "The University of Florida community includes six major student-run media outlets and companion Web", "The University of Florida Career Resource Center is in the Reitz Student Union. Its mission is to assist students and alumni who are seeking career development, career experiences, and employment opportunities. These services involve on and off-campus job interviews, career planning, assistance in applying to graduate and professional schools, and internship and", "The Florida Museum of Natural History, established in 1891, is one of the country's oldest natural history museums and was officially chartered by the state of Florida. This facility is dedicated to understanding, preserving and interpreting biological diversity and cultural heritage. In over 100 years of operations the Florida Museum of Natural History has been housed in several buildings, from the Seagle Building to facilities at Dickinson Hall, Powell Hall, and the Randell Research Center. In 2000 the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity was opened after a generous donation from University of Florida benefactors. The McGuire Center houses a collection of more than", "Performing arts venues at the University of Florida include the Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, the University Auditorium, Constans Theatre, the Baughman Center, and performances at the O'Connell Center. The mission is to provide an unparalleled experience where performing artists create and share knowledge to serve the student body, faculty, and staff at the university; Gainesville residents; and visitors to North Central Florida. The University Auditorium was founded in the mid-1920s and is home to the Anderson Memorial Organ. The auditorium has a concert stage and can seat up to 843 patrons. The venue is suitable for musical concerts, special lectures, convocations, dance concerts, and pageants. The Phillips Center for the", "The University of Florida has been portrayed in several books, movies and television shows. In addition, the University of Florida campus has been the backdrop for a number", "The University of Florida's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the \"Florida Gators,\" compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Gators compete in nine men's sports and twelve women's sports. For the 2014–15 school year, the University Athletic Association budgeted more $100 million for its sports teams and facilities. Since 1987–88, the Gators have won twenty-three of the last twenty-six SEC All-Sports Trophies, recognizing Florida as the best overall athletics program in the SEC. Florida is the only program in the nation to finish among the nation's top ten in each of the last thirty national all-sports standings and is the only SEC school to place 100 or more student-athletes on the Academic Honor Roll each of the last fifteen years. The Florida Gators have won a total of thirty-five national team championships, thirty of which are NCAA championships. Florida Gators athletes have also won 267 NCAA championships in individual sports events. Florida is one of only two Division I FBS universities to win multiple national championships in each of the two most popular NCAA sports: football (1996, 2006, 2008) and men's basketball (2006, 2007).", "The University of Florida fielded its first official varsity football team in the fall of 1906, when the university held its first classes on its new Gainesville campus. Since then, the Florida Gators football team has played in 40 bowl games, won three consensus national championships and eight Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships, produced 89 first-team All-Americans, 45 National Football League (NFL) first-round draft choices, and three Heisman Trophy winners. The Gators won their first post-season game on January 1, 1953, beating Tulsa 14–13 in Jacksonville, Florida. The Gators' first major bowl win was the 1967 Orange Bowl in which coach Ray Graves and Heisman", "Center Neal Walk is the only Gator to have had his number retired by the basketball team. The Florida Gators men's basketball team has also gained national recognition over the past 20 years. The Gators went to the Final Four of the 1994 NCAA tournament under coach Lon Kruger, and coach Billy Donovan led the Gators back to the NCAA Final Four in 2000, losing to the Michigan State Spartans in the final. Under Donovan, the Gators won", "Since 1968, 163 Gator athletes and 13 Florida coaches have represented 37 countries in the Olympic Games, winning 50 Olympic gold medals, 28 silver medals and 30 bronze medals through the 2012 Summer Olympics. The list of University of Florida alumni who are", "", "As of August 2018 the University of Florida has 545,165 total alumni. Over 57,000 are dues-paying members of the University of Florida Alumni Association. Florida alumni live in every state and more than 100 foreign countries. Florida", "Awards won by University of Florida faculty members include a Fields Medal, numerous Pulitzer Prizes, and NASA's top award for research, and the Smithsonian Institution's conservation award. There are more than sixty eminent scholar endowed faculty" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 13468, 432, 27331, 509, 75935, 47, 3034, 70, 3820, 1544, 83259, 111, 196, 1916, 10, 4393, 9, 137175, 86983, 31842, 87907, 47, 175961, 14288, 128779, 5, 717, 881, 77651, 70, 4527, 111, 5426, 65514, 13468, 432, 61475, 538, 6777, 959, 26698, 3060, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 123309, 2481, 4, 6044, 237, 8060, 100, 159, 79855, 4, 102971, 19686, 214, 28007, 7, 221, 46526, 47, 26698, 756, 70, 66139, 111, 70, 109875, 18151, 37382, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 31842, 11814, 19336, 49119, 89159, 214, 55556, 47, 23491, 18, 4002, 37967, 100, 151002, 9, 7, 29367, 44116, 7, 136, 107003, 10, 13651, 100, 111481, 28007, 7, 98, 14288, 128779, 5, 581, 38937, 101758, 509, 82775, 47, 5646, 1257, 20187, 49119, 32628, 4, 678, 10, 11001, 382, 88684, 11192, 55516, 1299, 136, 10, 204105, 9, 1272, 9, 214810, 29823, 1909, 5, 64511, 38937, 101758, 123309, 2481, 4, 6044, 237, 137081, 7, 4, 32692, 4, 136, 33938, 4, 509, 39666, 3674, 3934, 10, 5361, 5368, 22469, 35839, 70, 2005, 37382, 5, 88949, 13468, 432, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 527, 97682, 150449, 4, 106001, 7, 831, 28288, 47, 45367, 29458, 11389, 7, 136, 151575, 13, 3789, 66139, 6044, 237, 70, 831, 4079, 4, 159, 79855, 8060, 4, 136, 1286, 5, 31745, 62850, 5761, 75935, 70, 13468, 432, 13452, 16610, 538, 7103, 137802, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 23, 88847, 1379, 163157, 1295, 26014, 25, 7, 2945, 432, 7175, 5, 1529, 11001, 9, 12336, 297, 538, 57, 4126, 70, 13452, 1295, 8035, 53017, 297, 5941, 20028, 5, 114063, 538, 31745, 43240, 100, 70, 109875, 84829, 5, 31745, 509, 2843, 102778, 100, 3060, 111, 70, 13468, 432, 22799, 66139, 6044, 237, 70, 2005, 37382, 1909, 4, 10, 9384, 100, 44116, 214, 137081, 7, 1286, 37938, 2886, 47, 14288, 128779, 5, 241, 147, 538, 13468, 432, 34754, 27585, 297, 98, 126139, 128779, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 243308, 9, 234414, 25, 7, 17, 12236, 2737, 16, 678, 10932, 7911, 12689, 111, 26959, 4, 51042, 72981, 42, 29908, 136, 70, 527, 21907, 39287, 13784, 357, 686, 1900, 674, 15, 136913, 442, 509, 70, 114977, 31842, 194, 13468, 432, 107754, 509, 121447, 100, 903, 13651, 23, 44211, 581, 37105, 13468, 432, 106001, 4, 40641, 177, 41961, 56, 4, 10336, 297, 903, 136, 78301, 109875, 14288, 77635, 6044, 237, 70, 109875, 117224, 13452, 24, 4806, 40207, 53, 5, 581, 109875, 32807, 1274, 2822, 41961, 56, 23, 14487, 4821, 47, 4488, 4393, 9, 6032, 98, 19745, 77635, 5, 13468, 432, 509, 9458, 297, 390, 26014, 136, 27060, 5, 26014, 25, 7, 83687, 674, 100512, 3835, 23, 4122, 9, 30416, 5, 31745, 136, 40641, 177, 7175, 297, 1257, 678, 1467, 106001, 1784, 3521, 96952, 237, 764, 162393, 23, 38937, 101758, 128746, 136, 153161, 105233, 88303, 23, 86685, 100, 13468, 432, 17368, 19097, 64457, 111, 1193, 11176, 292, 6097, 3542, 107832, 297, 23, 70, 31344, 18151, 237, 111938, 7, 1284, 149976, 237, 23755, 100, 1467, 9, 77007, 14288, 49966, 241599, 166478, 4, 1815, 103033, 4, 136, 1286, 5, 62, 3773, 18471, 11389, 111, 13468, 432, 509, 75935, 100, 158226, 6107, 6052, 10975, 34754, 24448, 5, 581, 5117, 3835, 45367, 111, 13468, 432, 100, 3773, 18471, 509, 7228, 19882, 23, 22482, 35652, 360, 18237, 65942, 70, 107754, 910, 54452, 111, 104630, 99201, 20928, 7, 4, 10, 44, 29552, 37382, 1909, 58, 100, 4271, 134470, 47, 195409, 11814, 1467, 15271, 4, 136, 60213, 71, 8060, 100, 5941, 175961, 1467, 34754, 130732, 31075, 450, 7228, 70, 14288, 31842, 99156, 47, 4527, 5, 2161, 14487, 21567, 65942, 41961, 56, 4, 23, 1919, 1415, 4, 224344, 71, 70, 72803, 42632, 111, 34754, 4, 136, 122273, 297, 450, 109875, 106001, 7, 3542, 24649, 2852, 30700, 7, 100, 527, 97682, 9, 77007, 1467, 231602, 98, 14288, 44540, 7831, 5, 41961, 56, 31089, 71, 142, 194134, 100, 27060, 47, 44, 95528, 1257, 58, 237, 1919, 10002, 34754, 25343, 3387, 122925, 5, 40647, 126175, 21449, 1810, 23, 11994, 2691, 136, 33636, 297, 10, 12996, 30388, 297, 100, 14288, 106001, 7, 5, 13468, 432, 126175, 99201, 136, 116086, 71, 101758, 4, 136, 8060, 100, 3773, 19745, 1892, 2161, 7582, 30284, 56434, 13452, 10336, 40641, 177, 41961, 56, 171530, 450, 70, 13452, 509, 110, 51713, 8060, 297, 5, 3311, 2021, 40641, 177, 41961, 56, 1902, 186, 6967, 98, 14373, 15700, 14288, 1467, 31842, 4, 903, 1733, 51529, 237, 43568, 19745, 707, 48040, 21986, 5, 1250, 17105, 538, 6637, 442, 509, 23, 70, 39395, 36541, 7, 111, 34754, 4, 70, 3773, 19745, 11389, 111, 13468, 432, 51339, 297, 207583, 72803, 56, 3501, 84751, 5, 581, 31897, 111, 79516, 71, 37967, 83, 158, 38242, 2517, 678, 70, 5299, 9, 177981, 297, 108802, 87907, 442, 29479, 297, 15, 724, 97682, 247, 1284, 70, 1528, 1902, 4552, 11192, 98323, 136, 76407, 96679, 154186, 47, 2367, 509, 205794, 19882, 98, 2684, 3535, 100038, 13651, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 7911, 31534, 61028, 7, 111, 26959, 4, 101912, 1104, 910, 2357, 129890, 126139, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 86039, 194, 40647, 126175, 509, 170198, 100, 106001, 7, 30388, 214, 14288, 128779, 707, 60892, 23, 61179, 72850, 9, 136, 4002, 40583, 9, 33926, 33, 4002, 38415, 100, 70, 14288, 32628, 5, 13468, 432, 509, 146731, 678, 5941, 4002, 16655, 86685, 4, 6044, 237, 107582, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 13468, 432, 15, 161063, 44, 114986, 109875, 18939, 509, 10, 13452, 47, 28282, 10, 11389, 111, 70, 109875, 1467, 31842, 100, 19336, 128779, 1884, 30490, 19659, 136, 14288, 24089, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Criticism." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Minimo Project was created to test the feasibility of porting a full-function desktop browser engine to advanced mobile devices. To minimize the use of system resources Minimo initially did not include some of Mozilla's functionality, such as support for SVG, although continuing experiments sought to include all the features of the Mozilla codebase. In addition, the browser used small screen rendering technology to reformat Web pages for pocket-sized displays and allowed a platform for UI experiments on mobile devices. The user interface was designed to take up minimal screen space, with a single 8px high toolbar and a hidden-by-default address bar. Other user interface functionality, such as bookmarks, history, and search, was migrated into a special homepage called the Homebase. Because Minimo is based on the Gecko infrastructure, developers can decide to build specific versions and evaluate other features such as the canvas, SVG support, and more. Chris Hofmann created the Minimo project shortly after leaving Netscape Communications in 2003, under funding from Nokia's Maemo team. He single-handedly saved the project from being canceled many times. Currently Chris works for the Mozilla Corporation. Chris was also responsible for some of the Minimo key features such as the Homebase bar, a format for displaying bookmarks more amenable to mobile devices. Early Minimo development centered on ARM devices (such as Hewlett-Packard's iPAQ) with around 64MB of RAM, running Familiar Linux and the GPE Palmtop Environment (where it was the default browser). Minimo 0.1 was released for this platform in 2004. The lead Minimo developer, Doug Turner, headed this and additional Mozilla mobile projects such as the Mozilla labs project named Joey. The Mozilla Foundation hired Turner in December 2004 to work full-time on Mobile projects. Minimo was funded by Nokia and others. Nokia's involvement became public in mid-2004. Chris and Doug teamed up with web developer Marcio Galli as he focused in user interface aspects and mostly creating built in applications for Minimo using HTML instead of XUL — these were refereed in the source code as extensions but served as concept for web-based mobile apps featuring Flickr, Google Maps, and more. A Windows CE version of Minimo was created for Pocket PC 2003 software development kit. The first public build of Minimo for Windows CE was made available in February 2005. In June 2006, the 0.16 release of minimo included tabs, a \"homebase bar\" for fast navigation to frequently used web sites, and featured support for many advanced web development capabilities that made the mobile browser easier to use. On December 17, 2006, Turner, in his blog, acknowledged the slow pace of development, and revealed that Mozilla developers were exploring alternatives for Gecko-based web browsing on mobile handsets. Turner issued an invitation for others to \"step up\" as his own development priorities shift. Version 0.2 came out in March 2007 and represented a product targeted for mobile developers. Minimo 0.2 included and upgraded interface, and support for Windows Mobile 5. On November 27, 2007, project head Doug Turner announced that the project was no longer supported. By 2008 Doug Turner had begun on yet another mobile web browser, this time known as Firefox Mobile or Fennec.", "Probably because it was in the early stages of development, the Windows Mobile version of Minimo performed significantly slower than expected. The quality of rendered pages is congruent with the well-respected layout engine it implemented (Gecko), but the program had very high memory and hardware requirements compared to what was typically available on most handheld platforms (e.g. 64 megabytes of RAM, 206–624 MHz ARM-compatible CPU). Version 0.2 was recommended for developers targeting mobile devices or interested in AJAX- and Web Services-driven Web application for the mobile space. Minimo was compatible with many Web 2.0 applications, such as Gmail." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1326, 40368, 75281, 5369, 4, 70, 37814, 11230, 158930, 237, 10, 36137, 9, 31079, 18403, 3395, 98, 70, 32774, 8950, 5425, 23, 13379, 9, 5636, 14098, 46684, 111, 21629, 5, 10660, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 84797, 71, 237, 10, 3395, 1295, 70, 138413, 86, 13, 23, 1672, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 1172, 169, 107818, 20897, 43573, 13379, 9, 5636, 58807, 4, 25134, 930, 38898, 4, 4331, 27686, 237, 10, 9907, 165837, 6557, 10015, 4, 83, 142, 145917, 6827, 1764, 1295, 903, 14922, 4, 70541, 214, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 10, 10204, 47314, 54427, 678, 1286, 3501, 5896, 45314, 4188, 5, 133698, 70, 40, 37379, 6635, 34003, 7, 4, 70, 37814, 11230, 158930, 102917, 538, 23, 54427, 7, 111, 109270, 45314, 4188, 5, 51404, 26983, 214, 707, 20271, 70, 34003, 289, 2464, 191, 1926, 933, 4, 1836, 3657, 89829, 168627, 44, 118, 4994, 58, 237, 142458, 53, 2412, 1277, 56, 5, 10660, 3542, 102917, 538, 142, 120767, 141, 100510, 4, 124901, 24793, 98174, 3674, 285, 68794, 111, 126041, 15, 748, 409, 731, 194, 581, 13081, 254, 509, 6044, 142, 5526, 41147, 133, 111, 2363, 100510, 450, 442, 509, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 594, 126340, 5631, 19, 740, 97299, 25958, 142, 37814, 11230, 14449, 6, 157272, 496, 1104, 2839, 10269, 7, 5, 581, 3395, 11814, 2856, 100, 1926, 1916, 136, 237, 9325, 10484, 4, 1284, 2684, 5526, 538, 100, 6181, 2320, 23, 70, 202032, 90, 8108, 70, 8950, 5425, 109120, 90, 30666, 297, 70, 4527, 111, 111649, 7, 23, 70, 48463, 7, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 8950, 5425, 109120, 90, 1902, 11814, 70, 44, 1517, 965, 164, 4, 58, 10, 22729, 165598, 6181, 2320, 75186, 198932, 390, 10269, 7, 5, 1650, 35060, 71, 111, 6626, 4989, 5664, 7, 220642, 390, 10, 182, 7432, 99, 70, 10269, 25, 7, 5608, 1314, 4, 678, 70, 1284, 18, 3564, 7, 24911, 9966, 50155, 70, 26249, 74, 4122, 7514, 4, 10, 21, 70764, 9, 5062, 123789, 4, 707, 10, 32558, 7228, 111, 3412, 14, 3674, 14461, 449, 7, 4, 509, 115851, 297, 17721, 70, 5664, 7, 74, 442, 34658, 72367, 7, 450, 13648, 204839, 1496, 194973, 5, 58373, 2843, 11814, 10269, 7, 47, 50065, 40592, 31, 164, 47, 256, 202, 11476, 25876, 707, 145048, 5, 581, 40592, 31, 164, 3542, 11814, 47, 85358, 163, 257, 182, 272, 14437, 20271, 70, 34003, 289, 1926, 933, 74, 10, 11001, 10269, 5809, 50065, 10, 128274, 111, 10, 2464, 191, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 1927, 372, 134729, 297, 10, 11192, 34515, 111, 85235, 31075, 1295, 19336, 771, 425, 83063, 4439, 4, 3129, 221, 34390, 71, 2363, 43904, 237, 47, 226586, 2363, 2265, 45646, 5, 786, 13, 47, 2363, 34390, 71, 101935, 4, 70, 37814, 11230, 26859, 47, 6867, 20903, 42, 47, 70, 1572, 549, 136, 2673, 85, 19122, 109120, 90, 23, 70, 5701, 16128, 100, 199849, 48431, 5, 10660, 39666, 3674, 128839, 538, 1295, 13379, 9, 5636, 799, 2844, 937, 136, 25134, 930, 38898, 3934, 23924, 930, 38898, 23, 57553, 47, 81147, 1295, 3789, 109120, 90, 4, 41866, 70, 602, 31, 6077, 4, 136, 28811, 9, 127345, 9615, 603, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 10074, 117889, 5550, 4, 23, 157313, 3060, 37814, 11230, 149976, 237, 14753, 49534, 100, 339, 18, 5, 11554, 5, 14787, 191011, 3003, 1515, 23, 70, 59784, 14195, 51716, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 5, 581, 17262, 109120, 90, 621, 9615, 6259, 98, 70, 19953, 53598, 16200, 18433, 1363, 23, 23924, 930, 38898, 5, 37814, 11230, 1556, 70, 25632, 158, 1681, 1236, 24089, 3716, 12, 37814, 11230, 157167, 114942, 17721, 70, 261, 72428, 67, 378, 268, 136, 70, 158, 1681, 1236, 234737, 248, 18, 1328, 64, 12, 67949, 71, 158, 1681, 10840, 23, 37814, 11230, 765, 54479, 9393, 24286, 26551, 7, 5, 14847, 30441, 10, 1389, 15212, 107671, 90, 10, 8, 26789, 37534, 2244, 8420, 4, 450, 1389, 15212, 30396, 2980, 7, 237, 5299, 5, 37814, 11230, 2843, 1556, 70, 25632, 2244, 8420, 24089, 3716, 12, 37814, 11230, 83, 5036, 113091, 19, 23, 23924, 930, 38898, 390, 10, 4552, 10846, 88, 14202, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 4568, 6, 155283, 119578, 7, 4, 23788, 112, 4612, 42, 4, 68, 71, 98, 18982, 387, 4, 15431, 4687, 509, 10, 35649, 47314, 46876, 117914, 2750, 42938, 297, 23, 37814, 11230, 46876, 53019, 103391, 5, 83658, 233582, 1363, 79825, 621, 19686, 214, 5, 1301, 111, 27580, 119578, 7, 621, 27585, 297, 98, 22392, 216801, 4, 23924, 930, 38898, 5, 581, 46876, 83, 189924, 99, 19953, 53598, 16200, 66069, 29693, 4, 22392, 216801, 19188, 4, 136, 99, 70, 37814, 11230, 38128, 11588, 5, 37814, 11230, 83, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 12937, 297, 4, 678, 40368, 21950, 7, 111, 1940, 2256, 147, 7986, 7, 111, 37814, 11230, 43515, 4, 10, 30698, 56, 25, 7, 39864, 31667, 7986, 4, 136, 147158, 9523, 96335, 5, 1301, 111, 27580, 4289, 136, 17987, 37814, 11230, 46876, 49966, 621, 19882, 5, 581, 46876, 83, 11814, 23, 70, 918, 1346, 44, 3957, 853, 127922, 58, 6057, 2852, 89655, 803, 87926, 4726, 237, 198952, 95384, 4, 10, 101120, 332, 2750, 78974, 297, 678, 37814, 11230, 3395, 136, 97384, 70, 46876, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 37814, 11230, 83, 10, 36958, 246, 66, 46876, 113091, 19, 390, 70, 37814, 11230, 353, 4935, 15672, 7, 2750, 157176, 102917, 538, 99, 19953, 53598, 16200, 128487, 1363, 23, 23924, 930, 38898, 5, 37814, 11230, 83, 20903, 47, 70, 138413, 86, 13, 46876, 4, 1284, 1836, 621, 959, 199849, 538, 62449, 7883, 2661, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Phonology.", "Consonants.", "Vowels.", "Current status." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "For several hundred years, the Arikara lived as a semi-nomadic people on the Great Plains in present-day United States of America. They are believed to have separated as a people from the Pawnee in about the 15th century. The Arzberger Site near present-day Pierre, South Dakota, designated as a National Historic Landmark, is an archeological site from this period, containing the remains of a fortified village with more than 44 lodges. During the sedentary seasons, the Arikara lived primarily in villages of earth lodges. While traveling or during the seasonal bison hunts, they erected portable \"tipis\" as temporary shelter. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as \"Mother Corn\". Traditionally an Arikara family owned 30–40 dogs. The people used them for hunting and as sentries, but most importantly for transportation in the centuries before the Plains tribes adopted the use of horses in the 1600s. Many of the Plains tribes had used the \"travois,\" a lightweight transportation device pulled by dogs. It consisted of two long poles attached by a harness at the dog's shoulders, with the butt ends dragging behind the animal; midway, a ladder-like frame, or a hoop made of plaited thongs, was stretched between the poles; it held loads that might exceed 60 pounds. Women also used dogs to pull travois to haul firewood or infants. The travois were used to carry meat harvested during the seasonal hunts; a single dog could pull a quarter of a bison. In the late 18th century, the tribe suffered a high rate of fatalities from smallpox epidemics, which so reduced their population as to disrupt their social structure. Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes in the same area for mutual protection. They migrated gradually from present-day Nebraska and South Dakota into North Dakota in response to pressure from other tribes, especially the Sioux, and European-American settlers. During the Black Hills War, in 1876 some Arikara served as scouts for Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign. The three tribes are settled on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota.", "", "Arikara has the following consonant phonemes: Arikara distinguishes between the affricate [] and the consonant cluster /t+/: Voiced consonants in Arikara have voiceless allophones. Whenever a sonorant precedes a devoiced vowel, that sonorant devoices as well.", "Arikara also has the following vowel phonemes:", "Arikara is now spoken in North Dakota by a very few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, Maude Starr, died on January 20, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs. Language revitalization efforts are continuing. As of 2014, speakers are centered on White Shield, North Dakota. The language is taught at Fort Berthold Community College, White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center. Arikara is extensively documented, with several volumes of interlinear texts of Arikara stories, a learner's introductory text, and linguistic studies. As of 2014, iPhone and iPad Arikara language apps are available. The language is used in the 2015 film \"The Revenant\" starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass, a mountain man who interacted with Arikara people and learned the language in the 19th century." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 108302, 83, 111, 70, 44, 216118, 289, 58, 10644, 4, 56104, 58055, 214, 111, 179967, 21972, 7, 678, 40101, 3643, 707, 91097, 163, 9821, 136, 96967, 4, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 79497, 4, 26156, 707, 130090, 5, 581, 4122, 5636, 109911, 509, 89160, 538, 70, 5201, 109911, 111, 70, 5155, 4, 1284, 23, 5744, 20028, 237, 66724, 1779, 4488, 51713, 21974, 53333, 1295, 5368, 903, 83, 110, 51713, 70, 7225, 5, 581, 5201, 109911, 83, 5036, 27983, 39958, 23, 70, 105216, 5, 62, 4122, 9, 4514, 592, 707, 4122, 9, 11, 46327, 157, 191, 69881, 111, 10, 91, 13348, 111, 179967, 47, 48398, 678, 96967, 707, 2057, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 44, 6979, 4032, 56128, 10, 1286, 193984, 11389, 27255, 47, 10, 56101, 44, 2424, 72089, 669, 25, 7, 40781, 58, 83, 35839, 10, 44, 571, 20574, 5043, 4032, 58, 7103, 70, 109412, 33, 45443, 98, 3129, 442, 83, 89160, 538, 149976, 5, 581, 2684, 5700, 163, 9821, 23, 66724, 621, 186, 4240, 4, 196, 92, 4, 143896, 4, 2130, 19770, 136, 738, 8364, 5, 581, 197097, 62357, 56, 8643, 6773, 5076, 83, 89160, 538, 7228, 111, 173, 289, 5, 1818, 92, 23, 17311, 83, 11814, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 4, 678, 5941, 45, 114942, 17368, 111, 8710, 136, 63920, 6044, 237, 70, 91, 30198, 136, 3428, 3055, 7, 5, 66724, 19, 1284, 5372, 7, 4527, 10, 14012, 111, 5361, 314, 933, 111, 163, 257, 4, 26719, 44, 9874, 7510, 7008, 24374, 58, 15, 372, 4240, 247, 136, 44, 919, 25389, 192, 223, 58, 15, 4680, 92, 194, 563, 25389, 192, 223, 15, 191697, 100, 44, 2848, 18939, 83, 10, 59226, 111, 196, 92, 1295, 70, 2057, 32881, 450, 3332, 195, 13566, 70, 19916, 17704, 26249, 5, 1650, 83, 151552, 237, 44, 104643, 1129, 14, 2408, 4, 208806, 1071, 15145, 4, 136, 41421, 297, 390, 42728, 1779, 56128, 70, 21, 3055, 15824, 30482, 442, 202319, 100, 67788, 14578, 4, 1620, 72219, 707, 99539, 214, 7103, 98521, 47691, 23, 10, 64244, 112, 5, 66724, 19, 57409, 1556, 5941, 12921, 57, 147152, 7, 4, 1884, 44, 156427, 11443, 720, 830, 44, 605, 50256, 56, 51438, 30541, 58, 1295, 3980, 93, 5330, 15, 605, 50256, 247, 44, 4657, 169208, 20037, 58, 15, 3929, 14985, 1916, 1295, 132669, 23, 175055, 247, 707, 44, 87336, 33, 72069, 271, 830, 44, 571, 12328, 169, 19, 58, 7228, 1810, 111, 53408, 9, 275, 91841, 136, 44, 724, 18687, 86, 601, 7859, 271, 141, 58, 2451, 99433, 57, 147152, 7, 5, 15497, 26950, 49649, 23, 903, 43701, 2451, 2347, 57, 147152, 7, 621, 1831, 19014, 71, 136, 621, 18588, 297, 337, 14, 6259, 5, 1853, 2271, 23, 66724, 83, 35839, 44, 31923, 60113, 830, 154310, 831, 186, 2614, 12225, 4, 49649, 4, 1552, 3674, 4, 16195, 37534, 4, 3021, 5, 1853, 2271, 83, 11814, 23, 5941, 89160, 48564, 7, 237, 10, 1552, 939, 6, 170926, 5, 44, 5267, 1297, 68735, 13, 58, 83, 10, 459, 2407, 111, 126041, 297, 186, 4240, 4, 196, 92, 136, 154310, 2451, 217, 70541, 7, 2725, 9319, 6, 134148, 12488, 96967, 8, 61518, 70, 9351, 5, 44, 90948, 2186, 52978, 2844, 510, 58, 83, 10, 186, 4240, 45, 1495, 133888, 678, 71358, 111, 3671, 9120, 5, 66724, 1556, 142, 10332, 1926, 1916, 40250, 16792, 2685, 621, 5941, 109412, 7, 36880, 70, 23295, 5, 360, 70, 10, 89583, 19, 34003, 5941, 74812, 23, 66724, 89160, 538, 18645, 6712, 98, 2363, 8026, 33233, 678, 34003, 289, 231718, 136, 93151, 1884, 42874, 875, 7, 1295, 84752, 399, 5, 62544, 289, 6712, 621, 12, 581, 30839, 123055, 111, 6712, 85825, 134629, 390, 44, 9, 2844, 510, 58, 101717, 90, 10, 45, 1495, 111, 2062, 4438, 6712, 12, 44, 841, 481, 3232, 2844, 510, 58, 83, 2062, 4438, 91601, 191, 5, 66724, 19, 86963, 7, 136, 11015, 10484, 621, 10, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 60213, 111, 6863, 57409, 5, 181799, 70, 2684, 170277, 83, 70, 74053, 42, 1290, 67, 4, 10, 64507, 86963, 678, 62752, 47924, 3643, 26292, 214, 4, 89160, 538, 73203, 33, 678, 148, 979, 48398, 24709, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 86963, 7, 678, 70, 4989, 525, 40250, 83, 70, 25497, 4383, 43807, 13, 5, 64511, 185839, 7, 26698, 70, 182427, 9, 15991, 141775, 297, 37968, 43363, 15492, 136, 70, 71110, 21286, 135355, 297, 3224, 42, 528, 3285, 6653, 67, 4, 24, 4806, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 54041, 3224, 42, 17233, 53, 15, 837, 927, 62038, 1916, 1295, 175055, 20271, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 352, 95972, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 14012, 111, 86963, 7, 7228, 678, 63335, 41896, 136, 24709, 5, 34403, 3232, 6070, 39557, 33, 83, 10, 54704, 289, 66724, 19, 452, 15123, 4, 10, 86963, 152382, 678, 86963, 22684, 6492, 7, 4, 3603, 8554, 64507, 4, 62752, 47924, 3643, 136, 7068, 221, 344, 297, 678, 7853, 5, 194496, 56, 319, 4834, 83, 10, 256, 5076, 3609, 136, 64507, 79497, 86963, 5, 32255, 86963, 7, 621, 205794, 27140, 136, 34844, 47, 3249, 5, 10660, 831, 186, 73203, 33, 99, 10, 26216, 707, 123997, 390, 70, 91, 13348, 1295, 10, 3472, 26976, 5, 62, 44, 29543, 55035, 9569, 58, 83, 10, 17496, 86963, 9, 55474, 4, 136, 70, 4331, 21094, 44, 20370, 30913, 9, 29543, 55035, 9569, 58, 136, 44, 571, 20274, 68608, 9, 29543, 55035, 9569, 58, 621, 39210, 172075, 7, 450, 70, 26216, 707, 3472, 26976, 23, 9655, 26341, 5908, 23, 903, 44457, 5, 66724, 19, 99015, 7, 621, 56104, 161549, 40715, 96704, 297, 3501, 70, 121151, 13, 86963, 7, 151552, 36917, 5, 581, 2684, 170277, 111, 6097, 83, 70, 44, 47677, 7510, 10058, 1743, 58, 15, 9007, 133, 29686, 1743, 247, 135355, 7, 111, 6117, 19, 452, 15123, 206990, 10, 26292, 214, 111, 108787, 4, 56104, 678, 64383, 80361, 136, 40129, 5425, 5, 64511, 29686, 59040, 621, 2843, 5700, 4, 6044, 237, 8382, 152382, 678, 53673, 33, 297, 9709, 71, 96967, 35839, 44, 77888, 6211, 830, 221, 474, 290, 56216, 24073, 12137, 5548, 1428, 10058, 1743, 74054, 53673, 290, 56216, 136, 160, 66433, 40, 297, 29686, 1743, 24073, 9083, 127, 19, 10058, 1743, 51029, 116267, 185839, 83, 44, 8139, 20995, 3232, 1727, 42, 25, 19, 830, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 66724, 19, 57409, 83, 10, 20623, 111, 57409, 24, 4935, 47, 66724, 136, 150350, 71, 111, 79507, 7, 1295, 15881, 14713, 136, 87420, 70, 36770, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 145359, 5, 66724, 19, 57409, 83, 2684, 27983, 137272, 678, 31937, 24366, 57409, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 88551, 18150, 143834, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mealtimes.", "Meat.", "Game.", "Sweets.", "Cakes.", "Desserts.", "Drinks.", "Coffee.", "Hot chocolate.", "Soft drinks.", "Beer.", "Wine.", "Other alcoholic drinks.", "Snack food.", "Regional cuisine.", "Lower Austria.", "Burgenland.", "Styria.", "Carinthia.", "Upper Austria.", "Salzburg.", "Tyrol.", "Vorarlberg." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Breakfast is of the \"continental\" type, usually consisting of bread rolls with either jam or cold meats and cheese, accompanied by coffee, tea or juice. The midday meal was traditionally the main meal of the day, but in modern times as Austrians work longer hours further from home this is no longer the case. The main meal is now often taken in the evening. A mid-morning or mid-afternoon snack of a slice of bread topped with cheese or ham is referred to as a \"Jause\"; a more substantial version akin to a British \"ploughman's lunch\" is called a \"Brettljause\" after the wooden board on which it is traditionally served.", "The most popular meats in Austria are beef, pork, chicken, turkey and goose. The prominent Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally made of veal. Pork in particular is used extensively, with many dishes using offal and parts such as the snout and trotters. Austrian butchers use a number of special cuts of meat, including \"Tafelspitz\" (beef), and \"Fledermaus\" (pork). Fledermaus (German for \"bat\") is a cut of pork from the ham bone that resembles the winged animal. It is described as \"very juicy, somewhat fatty, and crossed by tendons\"; the latter fact makes it suitable for steaming, braising or frying after tenderization in a marinade. Austrian cuisine has many different sausages, like \"Frankfurter\", \"Krainer Wurst\" from Carniola (Krain), \"Debreziner\" (originating from Debrecen in Hungary), or \"Burenwurst\", \"Blunzn\" made out of pig-blood and \"Grüne Würstl\"—green sausages. Green means raw in this context—the sausages are air dried and are consumed boiled. Bacon in Austria is called \"Speck\", bacon can be smoked, raw, salted, spiced, etc. Bacon is used in many traditional recipes as a salty spice. \"Leberkäse\" is a loaf of corned beef, pork and bacon—it contains neither liver nor cheese despite the name. \"Vanillerostbraten\" is a beef dish prepared with lots of garlic.", "Austria has an old hunting tradition since there are many woods across the country. In the autumn season many restaurants in Austria traditionally offer game on their menu along with seasonal vegetables and fruits like pumpkins from Styria. Usual game are: The German names of game animals followed by \"-braten\" signifies a dish of roast game: \"Hirschbraten\" is roast venison.", "", "Austrian cakes and pastries are a well-known feature of its cuisine. Perhaps the most famous is the Sachertorte, a chocolate cake with apricot jam filling, traditionally eaten with whipped cream. Among the cakes with the longest tradition is the Linzer torte. Other favourites include the caramel-flavoured Dobostorte and the delicately layered Esterhazy Torte, named in honour of Prince Esterházy (both originating from Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian empire), as well as a number of cakes made with fresh fruit and cream. Punschkrapfen is a classical Austrian pastry, a cake filled with cake crumbs, nougat chocolate, apricot jam and then soaked with rum. Tirolerkuchen is a hazelnut and chocolate coffee cake. These cakes are typically complex and difficult to make. They can be eaten at a café or bought by the slice from a bakery. A \"Konditorei\" is a specialist cake-maker, and the designations \"Café-Konditorei\" and \"Bäckerei-Konditorei\" are common indicators that the café or bakery in question specialises in this field.", "Austrian desserts are usually slightly less complicated than the elaborate cakes described above. The most famous of these is the \"Apfelstrudel\" (apple strudel), layers of thin pastry surrounding a filling of apple, usually with cinnamon and raisins. Other strudels are also popular, such as those filled with sweetened curd cheese called \"Topfen\", sour cherry (\"Weichselstrudel\"), sweet cherry and poppy seed strudel (\"Mohnstrudel\"). Another favourite is \"Kaiserschmarr'n\", a rich fluffy sweet thick pancake made with raisins and other fruits, broken into pieces and served with a fruit compote (traditionally made of plums called \"Zwetschkenröster\") for dipping, while a speciality of Salzburg is the meringue-like \"Salzburger Nocken\". The Danish pastry is said to originate from Vienna and in Denmark is called \"wienerbrød\" (Viennese bread). The Danish pastry uses a dough in the classic cuisine referred to as \"Viennese Dough\", made of thin layers of butter and flour dough, imported to Denmark by Austrian bakers hired during a strike among the workers in Danish bakeries in 1850.", "", "Austria is credited in popular legend with introducing coffee to Europe after bags of coffee beans were left behind by the retreating Turkish army after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Although the first coffeehouses had appeared in Europe some years earlier, the Viennese café tradition became an important part of the city's identity. Coffee is served in a variety of styles, particularly in the Viennese cafés. An Austrian \"Mokka\" or \"kleiner Schwarzer\" is similar to espresso, but is extracted more slowly. Other styles are prepared from the \"Mokka\": Italian styles such as cappuccino, espresso and caffè latte are also commonly served. Traditionally, coffee is served with a glass of still water. Drinking coffee together is an important social activity in Austrian culture. It is quite common for Austrians to invite friends or neighbours over for coffee and cake. This routine activity can be compared to the British afternoon tea tradition. It is also very common to go to a coffeehouse while dating.", "Viennese hot chocolate is very rich, containing heavy cream in addition to chocolate, and sometimes thickened further with egg yolk.", "Almdudler is an Austrian soft drink based on mountain herbs and with a flavour reminiscent of elderflower beverages. It is considered the \"national drink of Austria\", and is popularly used as a mixer with white wine or water. While Red Bull is popular all across the West, the energy drink company started in Austria. The headquarters of the Red Bull company are located at Fuschl near Salzburg.", "Beer is generally sold in the following sizes: 0.2 litre (a \"Pfiff\"), 0.33 litre (a \"Seidel\", \"kleines Bier\" or \"Glas Bier\") and 0.5 litre (a \"Krügerl\" or \"großes Bier\" or \"Hoibe\"). At festivals one litre \"Maß\" and two litre \"Doppelmaß\" in the Bavarian style are also sometimes dispensed. The most popular types of beer are pale lager (known as \"Märzen\" in Austria), naturally cloudy \"Zwicklbier\", and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available. Austrian beers are typically in the pale lager style, with the exceptions noted above. A dark amber \"Vienna Style\" lager was pioneered in the city during the 19th century but is no longer common there.", "Wine is principally cultivated in the east of Austria. The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria, and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines; Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished yet and is not separated yet from his yeast) is called \"Heuriger\" and gives its name to inns in Vienna and its surroundings, which serve \"Heuriger\" wine along with food. In Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland, the \"Heuriger\" inns are known as \"Buschenschanken\".", "In Upper Austria, Burgenland, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, \"Most\", the fresh juice of grapes or apples is produced, while \"Sturm\" (\"storm\"), a semi-fermented grape juice is drunk after the grape harvest. \"Most\" and \"Sturm\" are pre-stages of wine. At the close of a meal, sometimes schnaps (fruit brandy), typically of up to 60% alcohol, is drunk. In Austria schnaps is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots, rowanberries, gentian roots, various herbs and even flowers. The produce of small private schnaps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as \"Selberbrennter\" or \"Hausbrand\".", "For food consumed in between meals there are many types of open sandwiches called \"belegte Brote\", or different kinds of sausage with mustard, ketchup and bread, as well as sliced sausage, \"Leberkäse\" rolls or \"Schnitzelsemmeln\" (rolls filled with schnitzel). Traditionally you can get a \"Wurstsemmel\" (a roll filled, usually, with Extrawurst, a special kind of thinly sliced sausage, often with a slice of cheese and a pickle or cornichon) at a butcher or at the delicatessen counter in a supermarket. There are also other common yet informal delicacies that are typical of Austrian food. For example, the \"Bosna\" or Bosner (a spiced bratwurst in a hot dog roll), which is an integral part of the menu at Austria's typical fast-food joint, the sausage stand (Würstelstand). Most Austrian sausages contain pork.", "", "In Lower Austria, local delicacies such as Waldviertel poppies, Marchfeld asparagus and Wachau apricots are cultivated. Famous are the \"Marillenknödel\": small dumplings filled with apricots and warm butter-fried breadcrumbs on it. Their influence can be felt in the local cuisine, for example in poppy seed noodles \"Mohnnudeln\". Game dishes are very common. Lower Austria is striking for the differences within its regional cuisine due to its size and the variety of its landscape.", "Burgenland's cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian cuisine owing to its former position within the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Dishes consist mainly of fish, chicken or pork. Potatoes are the most common side dish, for example, crushed potatoes with onions called \"Greste Krumpian\" (= Geröstete Kartoffeln, which comes from \"geröstet\", meaning \"roasted\", and the Hungarian term \"krumpli\" for potatoes). Because of Hungarian influence, Burgenlandish dishes are often spicier than elsewhere in Austria, often indicated with the terms \"Zigeuner...\" (\"Gypsy\") or \"Serbisch...\" (\"Serbian\"). Polenta is a popular side-dish within Burgenland's Croatian minority. On St Martin's Day (November 11) a \"Martinigans\" (St Martin's goose) is often prepared, and carp is a typical Christmas dish.", "In Styrian \"Buschenschanken\" (seasonal wine taverns), \"Verhackertes\" (a spread made from finely chopped raw bacon) is served. Schilcher, a very dry rosé, is the regional style of wine in West Styria. A typically Styrian delicacy is pumpkin seed oil, which lends itself particularly to salads on account of its nutty taste. Many varieties of pumpkin dish are also very popular. \"Heidensterz\", resembling a dry, almost crumbly version of grits made from buckwheat flour, is a local dish enjoyed in cold weather. Especially in autumn, game dishes are very common.", "Carinthia's many lakes mean that fish is a popular main course. Grain, dairy produce and meat are important ingredients in Carinthian cuisine. Carinthian \"Kasnudeln\" (noodle dough pockets filled with quark and mint) and smaller \"Schlickkrapfen\" (mainly with a meat filling) are well-known local delicacies. \"Klachlsuppe\" (pig's trotter soup) and \"Reindling\" (yeast-dough pastry/cake filled with a mix of cinnamon, sugar, walnuts and raisins) are also produced locally.", "Various types of dumplings are an important part of Upper Austrian cuisine, as they are in neighbouring Bavaria and Bohemia. \"Linzer Torte\", a cake that includes ground almonds or nuts and redcurrant jam, is a popular dessert from the city of Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. \"Linzeraugen\" are fine, soft biscuits filled with redcurrant jam called \"Ribiselmarmelade\", which has a sharp flavour.", "\"Kasnocken\" (cheese dumplings) are a popular meal, as are freshwater fish, particularly trout, served in various ways. Salzburger Nockerl (a meringue-like dish) is a well-known local dessert.", "Tyrolean bacon and all sorts of dumplings including \"Speckknödel\" (dumplings with pieces of bacon) and \"Spinatknödel\" (made of spinach) are an important part of the local cuisine. Tyrolean cuisine is very simple because in earlier times Tyroleans were not very rich, farming on mountains and in valleys in the middle of the Alpine Region. Tyrolean food often contains milk, cheese, flour and lard.", "The cuisine of Vorarlberg has been influenced by the Alemannic cuisine of neighbouring Switzerland and Swabia. Cheese and cheese products play a major role in the cuisine, with \"Käsknöpfle\" and \"Kässpätzle\" (egg noodles prepared with cheese) being popular dishes. Other delicacies include \"Krutspätzle\" (sauerkraut noodles), \"Käsdönnala\" (similar to a quiche), \"Schupfnudla\" (made from a dough mixing potato and flour), \"Frittatensuppe\" (pancake soup), \"Öpfelküachle\" (apple cake) and \"Funkaküachle\" (cake traditionally eaten on the first Sunday of Lent)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 621, 105866, 23, 70, 4537, 16128, 111, 70, 32336, 330, 4, 98, 70, 14798, 58982, 111, 70, 64331, 10932, 70, 92319, 3564, 111, 70, 34699, 118919, 5, 581, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 621, 12840, 26989, 223, 678, 70, 72725, 13, 706, 1760, 23, 11280, 7, 4, 70541, 214, 183851, 11948, 1500, 5928, 21533, 45646, 7, 23, 39210, 678, 70, 72725, 13, 706, 1760, 4, 6044, 237, 137558, 1294, 38750, 7, 5, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 621, 959, 4, 49903, 4, 143726, 72725, 13, 706, 15534, 61261, 5, 581, 6626, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 6, 77193, 7, 37105, 1295, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 47, 15271, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 32336, 330, 4, 47, 70, 25737, 136, 7108, 111, 70, 34699, 927, 7263, 73432, 4, 1295, 3129, 1836, 621, 118990, 12097, 87709, 111, 23410, 214, 79552, 5, 106073, 2685, 47143, 7, 29865, 1672, 70, 32354, 111, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 4, 1632, 60042, 83, 47, 23410, 13, 10, 79552, 450, 112397, 3100, 12056, 67, 70, 34699, 927, 7263, 73432, 4, 144681, 22231, 1916, 2874, 187840, 964, 289, 120103, 47, 59959, 70, 55400, 6635, 98687, 1295, 159634, 7, 5, 581, 59665, 136, 36049, 1764, 111, 117776, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 1556, 959, 2809, 60449, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 49489, 27686, 450, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 621, 70, 31344, 111, 117776, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 5, 88949, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 1760, 136, 11280, 72725, 13, 27992, 21373, 538, 23, 69407, 111, 72725, 13, 9, 159975, 2874, 1409, 15, 9059, 284, 247, 3129, 83, 142, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 21308, 60460, 71407, 181653, 23, 11280, 7, 4, 136, 23, 69407, 111, 72725, 13, 9, 159975, 43840, 6, 134208, 14612, 81708, 4, 903, 12441, 47, 10, 12768, 111, 159029, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 70, 117776, 72725, 13, 5, 213342, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 4, 3129, 1543, 74216, 20271, 17688, 103488, 100, 3060, 24793, 4, 41866, 20271, 117776, 73895, 4, 70541, 7, 3530, 34610, 21533, 71323, 7, 111, 17688, 32354, 1884, 14135, 55400, 6635, 21308, 106, 136, 70, 193807, 13, 436, 8399, 758, 4, 7440, 162, 24793, 15490, 70, 706, 1760, 1902, 92319, 202104, 7, 111, 6097, 21308, 7, 5, 14847, 160477, 71, 678, 77556, 19, 11948, 7, 137366, 4, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 136, 72725, 13, 706, 15534, 7639, 21373, 137558, 1294, 45646, 7, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 106804, 297, 450, 10, 21334, 41170, 111, 79552, 831, 186, 23410, 297, 1295, 6097, 706, 15534, 3229, 142405, 3674, 1295, 46132, 70, 64331, 5, 31384, 117729, 117414, 450, 352, 88500, 7, 7, 674, 118861, 117776, 28, 145, 238, 72403, 4, 136, 70, 29865, 71, 110, 1363, 450, 70, 161451, 83, 55400, 13, 4, 831, 37105, 47, 60042, 7844, 15811, 48448, 111, 17688, 48018, 425, 4, 136, 37105, 24793, 47, 40, 343, 29874, 67660, 136, 3853, 1379, 519, 1239, 712, 1824, 297, 54053, 47, 44, 19111, 70, 55400, 13, 740, 6206, 80596, 7, 111, 707, 62548, 47, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 1760, 26698, 12, 360, 170180, 39, 2320, 111, 70, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 136, 41272, 6846, 73, 706, 15534, 1543, 108975, 21373, 47, 171863, 31, 46873, 5, 51404, 70, 706, 15534, 3542, 5117, 151552, 390, 70, 92265, 105806, 191, 884, 75189, 184, 6955, 4757, 73, 7435, 2485, 132869, 108035, 4, 136, 23, 170612, 390, 11678, 50216, 8, 6524, 2407, 4, 1836, 3542, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 50695, 4745, 28202, 11, 15595, 106622, 42814, 56901, 86, 4, 2750, 54397, 1672, 442, 23, 65925, 29874, 163136, 23, 109969, 5, 360, 5726, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 2242, 49100, 72725, 13, 58, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 44, 35484, 1249, 14108, 18763, 18, 130224, 58, 390, 70, 38986, 4935, 8357, 148855, 98, 5710, 5928, 21533, 27366, 25443, 5, 581, 2021, 79737, 73048, 450, 70, 13579, 509, 65508, 71, 44, 372, 408, 4032, 111, 70, 6, 178851, 109622, 136, 43766, 109622, 12330, 3956, 111, 70, 45646, 830, 678, 10, 91067, 47, 100, 53333, 41653, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 117776, 14135, 10, 35931, 1176, 4, 56901, 86, 25, 7, 706, 15534, 707, 70, 56901, 86, 706, 15534, 15, 2819, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 199, 2189, 32804, 978, 320, 706, 15534, 4, 121, 3408, 927, 7263, 706, 15534, 4, 707, 117776, 7622, 179554, 111, 70, 72725, 13, 16, 621, 706, 15534, 105866, 98, 70, 14798, 58982, 111, 70, 64331, 4, 10932, 70, 92319, 3564, 111, 70, 34699, 118919, 5, 10660, 23410, 13, 10, 79552, 450, 112397, 3100, 12056, 67, 70, 34699, 927, 7263, 73432, 136, 621, 613, 42, 167457, 678, 108055, 13, 450, 91, 19256, 7, 678, 59714, 20271, 17688, 187, 796, 2317, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure and function.", "Clinical significance.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Skene's glands are located in the general area of the vulva, on the anterior wall of the vagina around the lower end of the urethra. The Skene's glands are homologous with the prostate gland in males, containing numerous microanatomical structures in common with the prostate gland, such as secretory cells. Skene's glands are not, however, explicit prostate glands themselves. The two Skene's ducts lead from the Skene's glands to sites on the surface of the vulva, to the left and right of the urethral opening, from which they are structurally capable of secreting fluid. Although there remains debate about the function of the Skene's glands, one purpose is to secrete a fluid that helps lubricate the urethral opening, possibly contributing antimicrobial factors to protect the urinary tract from infections. The origin and production site of female ejaculation has not been proven. It has been postulated that the Skene's glands are the source of female ejaculation. Because the Skene's gland and male prostate act similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is an ejaculate protein identically produced in males, and in terms of prostate-specific acid phosphatase, this led to a trend of calling the Skene's glands the female prostate. Female ejaculate, which may emerge during sexual activity for some women, especially during female orgasm, contains biochemical markers of sexual function like human urinary protein 1 and the enzyme PDE5, whereas women without the gland had lower concentrations of these proteins. When examined with electron microscopy, the Skene's and prostate glands show similar secretory structures. It has been demonstrated that a large amount of fluid can be secreted from these glands when stimulated from inside the vagina. Some reports indicate that embarrassment regarding female ejaculation, and the debated notion that the substance is urine, can lead to purposeful suppression of sexual climax, and lead women to seek medical advice and even undergo misadvised surgery to \"stop the urine\".", "Disorders of or related to the Skene's gland include: Inflammation of the Skene's glands and Bartholin glands may appear similar to cystocele.", "While the glands were first described by the French surgeon Alphonse Guérin (1816–1895), and in 1872 by Regnier de Graaf, they were named after the Scottish gynaecologist Alexander Skene, who wrote about it in Western medical literature in 1880. In 2002, the term \"female prostate\" was introduced in \"Terminologia Histologica\" by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. The 2008 edition notes that the term was introduced \"because of the morphological and immunological significance of the structure\", with a reference to for further details." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 5406, 837, 9, 441, 516, 1888, 66, 4, 3129, 11814, 15044, 70, 42845, 136, 70, 107790, 379, 9120, 6, 229231, 7, 4, 70, 44759, 44, 841, 1334, 4, 69125, 4300, 58, 509, 59121, 12, 360, 217891, 19, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 44759, 83, 44, 647, 170, 4, 35061, 14, 58, 15, 441, 53, 15601, 9120, 12, 2578, 1664, 4, 195308, 247, 136, 23, 35061, 13, 4, 442, 83, 44, 841, 1334, 4, 132702, 93, 740, 581, 7311, 44759, 23, 154350, 509, 44, 841, 1334, 4, 64738, 46938, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 59121, 390, 70, 154350, 90205, 66, 65604, 4, 30260, 136, 4816, 19, 59176, 103832, 783, 12960, 764, 509, 150080, 210721, 23, 543, 10289, 5, 1529, 509, 4027, 13474, 71, 450, 30839, 509, 1286, 39210, 538, 49782, 23, 70, 48800, 7, 111, 210721, 3501, 103655, 5, 1529, 54397, 23, 1919, 45, 6635, 12, 1529, 33662, 37264, 297, 70, 68944, 47, 26698, 756, 69125, 7, 136, 44, 133747, 4, 69125, 7, 58, 100512, 10, 38134, 538, 51529, 143107, 214, 11531, 100, 69125, 15889, 8780, 136, 4378, 9, 294, 143, 21605, 37022, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 10542, 187414, 238, 33532, 23131, 297, 390, 66724, 5, 1650, 509, 28412, 297, 23, 183851, 41260, 7, 136, 87939, 7, 136, 44028, 99, 68894, 914, 927, 27699, 4, 141753, 142, 51, 161818, 12936, 7701, 111, 70, 4378, 9, 294, 143, 21605, 112664, 5, 1650, 7, 5700, 2481, 136475, 47, 51312, 3229, 442, 509, 30666, 297, 237, 70, 53702, 289, 12936, 7701, 111, 70, 131133, 24073, 8710, 2271, 18939, 72761, 53019, 112664, 4, 3129, 509, 35509, 98, 4378, 9, 294, 143, 21605, 6397, 7, 136, 36457, 36880, 66724, 9, 841, 1619, 6635, 5, 360, 66007, 4, 70, 72, 58994, 111, 10, 42762, 47, 70, 35061, 13, 30260, 9942, 1914, 794, 3683, 23, 47771, 509, 176016, 71, 390, 10, 21334, 914, 9319, 214, 111, 3395, 5367, 214, 44, 133747, 4, 69125, 7, 740, 133698, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 27983, 11814, 390, 187414, 238, 79063, 1314, 1295, 198274, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 12912, 13315, 47, 6, 127219, 67, 39210, 15889, 1419, 37022, 136, 56282, 59714, 67175, 5, 360, 192049, 4, 70, 11531, 44, 133747, 4, 154350, 7, 58, 1556, 2809, 90698, 70, 51, 161818, 82, 127, 6402, 12936, 7701, 111, 70, 154350, 7, 87420, 6863, 5744, 32692, 4, 41866, 99, 20028, 111, 98834, 5, 106073, 7103, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 70, 11531, 44, 4645, 71, 1218, 96765, 57, 876, 17988, 937, 58, 100512, 70, 51521, 154350, 2831, 23, 70, 15889, 12936, 7701, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 136, 7068, 13438, 23, 13867, 23, 12936, 7701, 111, 41371, 192049, 4, 44, 133747, 4, 154350, 7, 58, 83, 7464, 90698, 10, 44, 191633, 58, 15889, 12936, 7701, 390, 5941, 15, 16345, 25958, 1286, 15889, 48242, 16, 3395, 5, 45380, 1294, 47, 5700, 237259, 4, 2685, 509, 110, 51521, 11341, 12936, 7701, 111, 70, 81993, 516, 235143, 154350, 47806, 15, 169874, 1104, 129507, 4, 21208, 44, 841, 1334, 4, 64738, 46938, 58, 509, 11814, 390, 70, 3114, 2069, 19085, 5, 154350, 20117, 4426, 771, 195, 2740, 841, 1334, 4, 64738, 46938, 4, 13132, 49828, 64359, 5872, 456, 2024, 116929, 4, 984, 106958, 9130, 493, 733, 121108, 80, 52524, 49994, 1582, 13, 5, 21270, 236, 4, 116929, 4, 115, 206, 169104, 4, 2847, 6, 85651, 50808, 1002, 4, 572, 7761, 10, 280, 17591, 4, 2916, 86, 14295, 5926, 6291, 2425, 10682, 67, 1002, 38, 68467, 69177, 1011, 43320, 15601, 6291, 56352, 4, 56352, 52524, 6, 48362, 432, 169131, 53, 4, 24673, 6224, 6291, 739, 16094, 1154, 42, 65738, 24, 3627, 51091, 160575, 74, 87, 32090, 1948, 55, 164972, 26559, 4, 188447, 6, 50860, 15743, 81, 51091, 74, 56352, 55, 91, 25056, 12, 18030, 5926, 6291, 4, 7597, 2392, 306, 97, 40458, 13, 5, 62, 32090, 1948, 57, 17, 1932, 25056, 124442, 709, 21248, 9544, 10682, 86, 3629, 4, 37357, 11, 2638, 4731, 4, 38913, 57, 5648, 282, 10, 27870, 32090, 57, 5848, 478, 74, 2646, 58908, 282, 19530, 280, 21518, 4, 922, 23296, 1294, 96592, 733, 5, 28132, 4688, 27870, 160, 8266, 5233, 7597, 4, 18030, 75109, 12307, 1434, 97, 5589, 86, 38, 42946, 771, 195, 2740, 14941, 153648, 4426, 771, 195, 2740, 133747, 4, 154350, 7, 4, 2685, 7464, 60742, 70, 154350, 46876, 1301, 4989, 237, 2446, 109208, 7844, 26498, 42659, 7, 100, 2446, 64857, 38, 8622, 60742, 4, 60742, 4, 60742, 70, 154350, 52101, 4, 442, 1221, 6867, 100, 10, 4188, 38, 139808, 136, 43153, 4, 23, 6811, 621, 935, 27470, 90, 26548, 1821, 38, 3430, 22, 182825, 297, 47, 1821, 2446, 46876, 2446, 4911, 7944, 87240, 6238, 2355, 5, 228072, 4, 442, 8110, 959, 186, 1427, 48398, 1295, 1821, 4, 390, 35672, 23, 70, 8999, 38, 10842, 2685, 186, 237, 5941, 8, 5115, 7, 4, 237, 2685, 621, 3395, 23, 70, 8999, 3430, 83, 678, 1821, 12, 2750, 25, 7, 26548, 1821, 4, 1221, 390, 908, 309, 186, 52113, 6328, 31267, 2174, 10, 59897, 4017, 223, 77076, 9588, 90, 36917, 1821, 4, 581, 6, 34165, 116546, 7, 4, 70, 36, 344, 36356, 7, 4, 136, 70, 109270, 2799, 9248, 38, 1401, 1221, 9157, 11343, 11037, 1884, 70, 37702, 133, 58982, 7, 4, 717, 13380, 7, 111, 70, 22556, 109270, 186, 121584, 297, 136565, 139647, 4778, 1360, 934, 56, 79850, 38, 42946, 771, 195, 2740, 581, 5117, 170894, 111, 44, 133747, 4, 69125, 7, 58, 23, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 509, 20271, 70, 891, 538, 9893, 112664, 5, 41974, 48635, 21010, 106483, 3900, 143, 3674, 70, 11531, 4, 147453, 442, 44, 133747, 4, 891, 538, 9893, 7, 58, 15, 194, 992, 3675, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 4, 70, 153648, 6777, 959, 1379, 519, 5941, 65572, 4, 40494, 450, 70, 891, 538, 9893, 7, 100512, 69125, 7, 5, 360, 24644, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 22, 14306, 44571, 70, 117604, 111, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 5, 581, 62, 33102, 14537, 7, 205491, 71, 23, 39395, 7071, 4, 136, 70, 15127, 519, 29505, 121678, 187, 1176, 2837, 100743, 3674, 136, 65226, 202, 27686, 23, 1660, 6626, 136, 10, 23552, 40859, 5, 66016, 70, 10332, 15127, 519, 29505, 12936, 7701, 99201, 91067, 7, 47, 60097, 136, 60097, 3815, 4, 70, 2874, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 133747, 4, 69125, 7, 58, 83, 10, 65842, 1771, 11531, 171332, 47, 70, 187414, 238, 3395, 7, 3129, 509, 11814, 237, 70, 15889, 12936, 7701, 111, 67842, 76726, 20271, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Slovakia.", "Yugoslavia.", "Serbia and Montenegro.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In Serbo-Croatian, which used both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets, the title \"Hej, Slaveni\" was written: In Macedonian the song's title is \"Ej, Sloveni\" (Cyrillic: Еј, Словени), and in Slovene, it is \"Hej, Slovani\". The original title in Slovak was \"Hej, Slováci\".", "The song was written by the Slovak Lutheran pastor, poet and historian Samuel Tomášik while he was visiting Prague in 1834. He was appalled that German was more commonly heard in the streets of Prague than Czech. He wrote in his diary: He soon altered the lyrics to include all Slavs and \"Hey, Slavs\" became a widely known rallying song for Slav nationalism and Pan-Slavic sentiment, especially in the West Slavic lands governed by Austria. It was printed in numerous magazines and calendars and sung at political gatherings, becoming an unofficial anthem of the Pan-Slavic movement. Its popularity continued to increase when it was adopted as the organizational anthem of the Sokol (\"falcon\") physical education movement, which was based on Pan-Slavic ideals and active across Austria-Hungary. In 1905, the erection of a monument to the Slovene poet France Prešeren in Ljubljana was celebrated by a large gathering of people singing \"Hey, Slavs\". During the First World War, the song was often used by Slavic soldiers from opposite sides of the front line to communicate common nationalist sentiment and prevent bloodshed. In Slovakia, the song \"Hey, Slovaks\" has been considered the unofficial ethnic anthem of the Slovaks throughout its modern history, especially at times of revolution. Although after the First World War the song \"Nad Tatrou sa blýska\" became the official Slovak part in the national anthem of Czechoslovakia and then again in 1993 in anthem of independent Slovakia, \"Hey, Slovaks\" is still considered a \"second\" national anthem by many (usually more nationalistic) people. Contrary to popular assumption, there was no official state anthem of the clerofascist Slovak Republic (1939–45), though \"Hej, Slováci\" was used by the ruling party. Slovak variant <poem>Hej, Slováci, ešte naša slovenská reč žije, Dokiaľ naše verné srdce za náš národ bije. Žije, žije, duch slovenský, bude žiť naveky, Hrom a peklo, márne vaše proti nám sú vzteky! Jazyka dar zveril nám Boh, Boh náš hromovládny, Nesmie nám ho teda vyrvať na tom svete žiadny; I nechže je koľko ľudí, toľko čertov v svete; Boh je s nami: kto proti nám, toho Parom zmetie. A nechže sa i nad nami hrozná búrka vznesie, Skala puká, dub sa láme a zem nech sa trasie; My stojíme stále pevne, ako múry hradné. Čierna zem pohltí toho, kto odstúpi zradne!</poem> English translation <poem>Hey, Slovaks, there still lives the Slovak language As long as our faithful heart beats for our nation! There lives, lives, lives the Slovak spirit, it will live for ages! Thunder and Hell, in vain are your rages against us! God entrusted to us our language our thunderwielding god. Therefore, it must not be ripped from us, by anyone in the world! Let there be as many devils, as there are people in the world God is with us: who's against us, will by Perun be swept Even if a tremendous storm rises above us, The stone cracks, the oak breaks, and the earth quakes! We will stand always firm like the castle walls, To pits of the black earth be damned whom betrays treacherously!</poem>", "The first appearance of \"Hey, Slavs\" in Yugoslavia was during the Illyrian movement. Dragutin Rakovac translated the song, naming it \"Hey, Illyrians\" (). Until the Second World War, the translation did not undergo many changes, except that the Illyrians became Slavs. In 1941 the Second World War engulfed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Axis powers invaded in early April, and the Yugoslav royal army disintegrated and capitulated in just two and a half weeks. Since the old Yugoslav anthem included references to king and kingdom, the anti-royalist Partisan resistance led by Josip Broz Tito and his Communist party decided to avoid it and opted for \"Hey, Slavs\" instead. The song was sung at both the first and second sessions of AVNOJ, the legislative body of the resistance, and it gradually became the \"de facto\" national anthem of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (new Yugoslavia). The old state anthem was officially abandoned after liberation in 1945, but no new national anthem to replace it was officially adopted. There were several attempts to promote other, more specifically Yugoslav songs as the national anthem, but none gained much public support and \"Hey, Slavs\" continued to be used unofficially. The search for a better candidate continued up to 1988, while in 1977 the law only named the national anthem as \"Hey, Slavs\" as a temporary state anthem until a new one was adopted. \"Hey, Slavs\", under its Serbo-Croatian title \"\", was the national anthem of Yugoslavia for 48 years, from 1943 to 1992. With the formal adoption (inauguration) of Amendment IX to the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the song \"Hey, Slavs\" gained constitutional sanction as the national anthem on November 25, 1988. After the 43 years of continued use as the \"de facto\" national anthem, the delegates simply brought the law in line with custom. Serbo-Croatian <poem>Hej Slaveni, jošte živi Riječ (duh) naših djedova Dok za narod srce bije Njihovih sinova Živi, živi duh slavenski Živjet će vjekov'ma 𝄆 Zalud prijeti ponor pakla Zalud vatra groma 𝄇 Nek se sada i nad nama Burom sve raznese Stjena puca, dub se lama Zemlja nek se trese Mi stojimo postojano Kano klisurine 𝄆 Proklet bio izdajica Svoje domovine! 𝄇</poem> Cyrillic script <poem lang=\"sr\"> Хеј Словени, јоште живи Реч (Дух) наших дедова Док за народ срце бије Њихових синова Живи, живи дух словенски Живеће веков'ма 𝄆 Залуд прети понор пакла, Залуд ватра грома 𝄇 Нек' се сада и над нама Буром све разнесе Стена пуца, дуб се лама, Земља нек' се тресе Ми стојимо постојано Кано клисурине, 𝄆 Проклет био издајица Своје домовине! 𝄇</poem> English translation <poem>Hey, Slavs, there still lives the word (spirit) of our grandfathers While for the nations beats the heart of their sons! There lives, there lives the Slavic spirit, It will live for ages! 𝄆 In vain threatens the abyss of Hell In vain the fire of thunder! 𝄇 Let now everything above us be blown away by the bora. The stone cracks, the oak breaks, Let the earth quake! We stand firm like the big cliffs, 𝄆 May he be damned, the traitor of his homeland! 𝄇</poem> Macedonian <poem lang=\"mk\">Еј, Словени, жив е тука зборот свет на родот штом за народ срце чука преку син во внукот! Жив е вечно, жив е духот словенски во слога. 𝄆 Не нѐ плашат адски бездни ниту громов оган! 𝄇 Пустошејќи, нека бура и над нас се втурне! Пука даб и карпа сура, тлото ќе се урне: Стоиме на стамен-прагот - клисури и бедем! 𝄆 Проклет да е тој што предал Родина на врагот! 𝄇</poem> Transliteration <poem>Ej, Sloveni, živ e tuka zborot svet na rodot štom za narod srce čuka preku sin vo vnukot! Živ e večno, živ e duhot slovenski vo sloga. 𝄆 Ne nè plašat adski bezdni nitu gromov ogan! 𝄇 Pustošejḱi, neka bura i nad nas se vturne! Puka dab i karpa sura, tloto ḱe se urne: Stoime na stamen-pragot - klisuri i bedem! 𝄆 Proklet da e toj što predal Rodina na vragot! 𝄇</poem> Translation <poem>Hey, Slavs, herein lives on the sacred word of our lineage as long as the heart beats for our nation from son to grandson! The Slavic spirit lives on forever in unity. 𝄆 Infernal abysses do not frighten us, nor the blazes of thunder. 𝄇 May a bora devastate and rage above us! Oak trees and ashen rocks will crack, the earth will cave in: For we stand at the doorstep of gorges and bulwarks! 𝄆 Cursed is he who betrays his homeland to the enemy! 𝄇</poem> Slovene <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, 𝄆 grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 𝄇 Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, 𝄆 črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada! 𝄇</poem>", "After the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, when only Serbia and Montenegro remained in the federation, \"Hey, Slavs\" continued to be used, as the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Slobodan Milošević wanted to adopt “Hey, Slavs” as the Serbian anthem, but the Main Board of the Socialist Party of Serbia overruled it, feeling that it was inappropriate to reuse it after having assigned it to Yugoslavia, thus they assigned Serbia “March on the Drina” instead. The FRY was renamed to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 and was expected to adopt a new national anthem, but since no agreement over state symbols could be reached, \"Hey, Slavs\" remained the national anthem of the state union. Some Serbians disliked the song and booed it whenever it was played at sporting events, like soccer games. A hybrid of the Montenegrin folk song (now national anthem) \"Oj, svijetla majska zoro\" with the former (now current) Serbian national anthem, \"Bože Pravde\" in alternating verses was proposed (similarly to Czechoslovakia, whose anthem consisted of the Czech part \"Kde domov můj\" and the Slovak part \"Nad Tatrou sa blýska\"). However, this attempt was struck down after objections by the People's Party of Montenegro and the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro. Also proposed was the former Montenegrin national anthem and patriotic song \"Onamo, 'namo\", however this also fell through and \"Hey, Slavs\" remained the national anthem. Since Montenegro and Serbia dissolved their union and split to become sovereign states in 2006, this issue is moot, as \"Hey, Slavs\" is no longer used as an official national anthem by any sovereign state. In a way, \"Hey, Slavs\" ended up outliving the countries that used it, as the last instance of it being officially played as part of an event was at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, where the Serbia and Montenegro national soccer team participated despite the country they were playing for no longer existing (having disbanded a few days before the tournament began). Even after the end of the federation, \"Hey, Slavs\" is sometimes still mistakenly played by organizers of sports events that involve Serbian teams as a guest side. Notable recent performances, some of which were intentional, include the 2013 UEFA U-19 Championship semi-final football match between Serbia and Portugal as well as the Olympiacos–Partizan ULEB Champions league basketball game in 2010. In 2015, French organizers of 2015 European Touring Car Cup season erroneously played \"Hey, Slavs\" when Serbian racing driver Dušan Borković won 1st place at Circuit Paul Ricard.", "The Yugoslav band Bijelo Dugme recorded a version of the song for their 1984 self-titled album. The Yugoslav and Slovenian band Laibach recorded an electronic version of the song, with lyrics in both English and Slovene, for their 2006 album \"Volk\". The song is also featured in the 2002 Slovenian film \"Headnoise\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 109875, 173101, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 109875, 104921, 74899, 509, 4734, 100, 106001, 7, 136, 134234, 60042, 7, 136, 509, 959, 131148, 100, 3564, 72095, 5, 2161, 190, 18982, 6789, 873, 191, 3355, 509, 99201, 23, 70, 29908, 113068, 1785, 150040, 11389, 159, 9, 121254, 4, 1284, 509, 184750, 23, 11389, 159, 9, 93645, 121447, 98, 1105, 11994, 55197, 873, 191, 3355, 6, 132208, 509, 121447, 23, 18237, 5726, 75204, 24491, 98865, 1672, 6863, 38352, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 171326, 56, 15, 6766, 22323, 4, 113091, 19, 335, 9, 670, 9, 866, 247, 509, 142, 78301, 1257, 277, 214, 12996, 450, 8306, 25737, 144, 14612, 10778, 74, 442, 509, 10, 43613, 20051, 9, 34695, 11389, 111, 873, 191, 3355, 84158, 408, 1290, 12, 10, 4002, 31842, 70163, 71, 678, 142, 3340, 23282, 136, 10, 3245, 23282, 5, 17106, 10, 10846, 479, 22751, 54452, 7, 111, 11389, 6, 143161, 23, 4122, 9, 41632, 4, 162715, 3232, 168360, 3060, 3525, 66139, 764, 36663, 47, 78779, 13, 4, 1284, 8108, 903, 11389, 21647, 297, 10, 144142, 10778, 4, 764, 171530, 98, 116, 11994, 4821, 450, 110, 3525, 54452, 7, 3542, 203251, 24189, 70, 109875, 32807, 68872, 6863, 22690, 44930, 5, 360, 73584, 70, 109875, 32807, 51521, 538, 98816, 6863, 102880, 136, 75935, 70, 109875, 84829, 47, 22691, 3564, 9, 65918, 8060, 5, 44, 6766, 191, 3355, 84158, 408, 1290, 757, 5, 128423, 9, 7, 22819, 58, 1556, 40368, 51529, 48031, 37348, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 8306, 75204, 5045, 16839, 12008, 5, 581, 31842, 14602, 959, 71872, 15005, 7966, 7, 390, 114977, 136, 1556, 70, 207116, 47, 28282, 10, 106287, 15005, 7966, 7, 5, 581, 31842, 8, 74635, 756, 4136, 54799, 82230, 214, 136, 2837, 19736, 40368, 17925, 32354, 7, 3129, 5809, 765, 149976, 237, 52875, 22834, 22230, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 2843, 114864, 151134, 70, 38937, 23882, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 225490, 23180, 959, 756, 54452, 7, 111, 10086, 98224, 136, 34994, 621, 99201, 5, 1326, 10, 1286, 28484, 23180, 1957, 527, 97682, 15, 5259, 6056, 87907, 194, 360, 69822, 678, 10086, 98224, 4, 873, 191, 3355, 1556, 99201, 110518, 70, 5701, 66139, 40494, 70, 180639, 53, 63920, 1884, 70, 78779, 297, 10086, 304, 163147, 4, 136, 70, 62, 22323, 166945, 38799, 5, 1326, 1118, 6, 73885, 4, 18032, 1511, 2298, 509, 78779, 297, 136, 70, 5609, 1299, 136, 70, 33938, 87907, 7, 621, 2843, 479, 9, 153837, 34, 2822, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 83, 40715, 177953, 9, 29272, 29888, 3501, 10086, 98224, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 96853, 10, 212416, 55516, 47, 24927, 10332, 60641, 7, 1295, 10086, 98224, 84158, 408, 1290, 5, 873, 191, 3355, 84158, 408, 1290, 509, 959, 10, 100, 92, 111, 34994, 74, 43257, 4, 442, 509, 10, 84797, 32845, 206, 4, 221, 110, 88551, 65572, 3542, 7228, 5, 19097, 3340, 136, 17925, 621, 69347, 5773, 390, 114977, 136, 4911, 7, 4, 442, 44116, 7, 3340, 4734, 23, 111719, 7986, 678, 6, 65665, 136, 22074, 5844, 66044, 7, 3129, 3542, 49814, 14432, 23, 34994, 61747, 581, 33938, 87907, 7, 83, 146731, 678, 70, 2646, 15322, 2480, 13452, 136, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 5609, 1299, 101904, 1286, 66139, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 873, 191, 3355, 84158, 408, 1290, 83, 10, 2837, 133891, 297, 9803, 9, 60427, 2665, 14947, 35509, 98, 70, 109875, 104921, 74899, 15, 40639, 16, 390, 3419, 162715, 3232, 4, 10, 30839, 109875, 106001, 5, 1650, 509, 179140, 47, 765, 10, 77546, 48031, 136, 57137, 17366, 3501, 3789, 60091, 38742, 5, 581, 2665, 14947, 70541, 7, 10, 4002, 31842, 4, 142, 3340, 136, 7123, 23282, 4, 142, 19097, 30391, 15, 77007, 98, 109875, 3288, 100587, 16, 136, 142, 87, 25740, 23282, 15, 77007, 98, 18032, 1511, 2298, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Comparison with Netscape and MAS.", "Differences from Netscape.", "Differences from MAS." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Mozilla Organization stated that the Mozilla Application Suite was only for developers and testing purposes and was not meant for end users. On 5 January 2001 Beonex was included in the Linux distribution kmLinux version S-0.4, but was removed in version S-0.5 released on 23 March 2001. Beonex 0.8 was released in June 2002 received positive reviews about its speed. Beonex Launcher (BeOL, spoken B-O-L), was an additional upcoming product that never left alpha status; it was a stripped-down version of Beonex Communicator: a Web browser combined with an email client and a chat client. With a few preview releases of version 0.9 in mid-2002, Bucksch showed some new features he wanted to integrate, but before this version gained a stable status, he announced on 2 March 2004 that no new releases were planned until the Mozilla Foundation decided its future policy. In 2005, the Mozilla Foundation officially changed its policies and created the Mozilla Corporation to provide end-user support. \"Beonex Communicator 0.8.2-stable\" has several known security issues. Beonex never received much market share.", "The browser does not transmit referrers by default and has the possibility to create a fake referrers. The browser deletes all cookies upon exiting and disables several JavaScript functions which could have served as attack vectors. Beonex also allows changing the user agent. In the following comparison table not all releases of Netscape and MAS are included. For a more complete table see Gecko (layout engine).", "In contrast with Netscape, Beonex has included nearly the same features except the proprietary parts like the integrated Net2Phone, and the AOL Instant Messenger. For online chatting, ChatZilla was integrated and the sidebar and the search engines are also pre-configured. Beonex is less resource-intensive than Netscape. Beonex includes a migration tool to import old profiles from Netscape Communicator.", "Beonex Communicator was not a fork of MAS; rather, it was a separate branch, so no significant changes were made. HTML email and JavaScript are turned off by default and thus, it displays email only in plain text with bold and cursive additions which were added later in MAS 1.1. The search engines is compatible with the Mycroft project and is located in the sidebar providing more features." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 61527, 3378, 3173, 4, 44, 28725, 170, 830, 83, 39958, 1295, 70, 4252, 73, 136, 36169, 1140, 18813, 32036, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 607, 297, 47, 70, 1520, 26534, 33, 927, 73327, 8946, 4, 124901, 92217, 1363, 1556, 2809, 122905, 89829, 237, 5, 3311, 70, 39395, 2356, 117604, 4, 65572, 23, 70, 61527, 3378, 46876, 131148, 1919, 9351, 509, 21771, 97160, 309, 37534, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 28725, 170, 58, 26950, 44, 13025, 2750, 28927, 90, 830, 3129, 4, 87, 5, 647, 5, 294, 5, 38157, 7, 5173, 87905, 42459, 7, 4, 1543, 765, 2809, 43780, 297, 237, 44, 11, 2563, 8, 32032, 5844, 28, 6295, 1448, 8, 157, 1916, 10, 36137, 9, 33863, 110313, 40814, 1449, 124901, 9351, 1902, 2809, 72856, 740, 152201, 56, 3501, 10, 17311, 3445, 4, 70, 9351, 1543, 29024, 289, 143849, 538, 70, 353, 114661, 4830, 79986, 4295, 12, 1136, 4, 159, 86590, 1830, 1995, 136, 19291, 1991, 5, 581, 39210, 538, 9, 33740, 9351, 44, 29638, 90, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 1572, 126, 497, 4, 142, 61527, 3378, 4816, 19, 136, 494, 525, 2750, 158930, 20271, 70, 479, 9, 10625, 112569, 14922, 111, 70, 436, 188, 41092, 1771, 117604, 5, 1572, 126, 497, 959, 297, 70, 9351, 23, 160600, 237, 7691, 1313, 66179, 15, 44, 594, 1732, 691, 7, 51029, 893, 30700, 160600, 3173, 4, 7691, 11661, 15, 44, 59076, 74054, 509, 1059, 3674, 390, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 9, 16797, 44616, 9, 24318, 4816, 19, 56889, 246, 2143, 4, 1284, 83, 10, 20117, 110, 51713, 68186, 71, 74, 442, 135179, 47, 765, 2809, 70, 16750, 111, 80252, 1363, 1295, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 2355, 4211, 5, 581, 39555, 28484, 6, 112199, 111, 2499, 41392, 111, 1111, 90, 23, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 17164, 136, 70, 151878, 13, 180187, 111, 77950, 111, 19291, 1991, 4, 10, 22664, 1459, 76, 28692, 26366, 22299, 297, 390, 40908, 2481, 136, 23, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 17164, 678, 10, 11037, 63043, 47, 70, 51, 41274, 111, 26655, 56, 136, 61187, 56, 61527, 4, 1556, 34475, 6, 58944, 47, 10, 154453, 135812, 214, 1111, 90, 678, 19291, 1991, 5, 581, 185256, 6, 227780, 109622, 91067, 47, 1111, 90, 83, 142, 17, 3104, 53, 67967, 1295, 353, 16531, 3129, 45831, 70, 121678, 7974, 223, 9, 11627, 44, 284, 528, 58, 15, 2347, 189258, 11, 10597, 7974, 9, 284, 528, 16, 11737, 47, 10, 33976, 4, 28032, 3129, 83, 70, 121678, 44, 24317, 939, 58, 9, 11627, 44, 28725, 830, 137567, 39958, 47, 186, 1111, 90, 5, 28090, 903, 4, 67842, 3790, 10484, 98, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 33976, 15, 11, 7477, 56, 6635, 49935, 127, 707, 10, 90978, 1212, 247, 70, 91084, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 28725, 58, 15, 11, 9351, 707, 70, 42792, 44, 38555, 90, 18939, 136, 70, 76755, 17721, 7974, 9, 284, 528, 136, 1111, 90, 15, 162, 1632, 3445, 707, 237, 208479, 189258, 11, 10597, 7, 16, 765, 187, 5824, 5, 581, 4252, 73, 136, 36169, 1140, 60097, 5303, 7, 4, 137567, 68186, 71, 47, 186, 26785, 4, 5303, 70, 44, 1444, 34, 9, 3137, 58, 9, 11627, 7, 111, 70, 189258, 11, 10597, 7, 4, 959, 2363, 7974, 223, 9, 11627, 7, 4, 136, 621, 30306, 47, 70, 38516, 235424, 1363, 111, 70, 67842, 115923, 12, 70, 44, 1444, 34, 9, 3137, 58, 9, 11627, 7, 111, 70, 60097, 5303, 7, 4, 70, 7974, 223, 9, 11627, 7, 111, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 17164, 136, 70, 14012, 111, 189258, 11, 10597, 7, 23, 73327, 8946, 87, 59499, 47, 1572, 126, 497, 136, 3789, 186768, 97264, 5, 563, 104532, 7, 73016, 13, 5117, 81887, 297, 903, 66211, 4, 30699, 1916, 44, 568, 118, 58, 678, 391, 4227, 237, 70, 50960, 189258, 11, 10597, 111, 73327, 8946, 87, 4, 44, 10476, 118, 58, 15, 42671, 73, 16, 15, 748, 15700, 44, 568, 118, 58, 15, 284, 1272, 1140, 16, 16, 678, 7974, 9, 284, 528, 237, 17932, 189258, 11, 10597, 4, 136, 1111, 90, 15, 11, 44, 24317, 939, 58, 9, 11627, 16, 678, 19291, 1991, 15, 11, 7974, 223, 9, 11627, 16, 237, 5117, 189258, 11, 10597, 111, 73327, 8946, 87, 5, 144973, 186780, 7413, 7, 903, 206846, 44, 180898, 21286, 101421, 830, 136, 8759, 2601, 4380, 9, 284, 11956, 3929, 119845, 149133, 6827, 538, 117249, 450, 44, 29638, 90, 83, 19291, 1991, 136, 70, 23972, 73327, 8946, 9842, 7, 678, 4049, 740, 33306, 4, 503, 532, 23076, 8889, 105498, 117249, 450, 442, 83, 44, 11, 180663, 46002, 53498, 6620, 58, 450, 1111, 90, 509, 7974, 9, 284, 528, 5, 61527, 14071, 64370, 4, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 4, 136, 191225, 7, 1295, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 765, 26171, 71, 12921, 112474, 100, 70, 1615, 111, 1111, 90, 4, 707, 70, 5622, 111, 70, 5117, 68728, 8946, 12, 18799, 133238, 7, 112474, 70, 1615, 111, 1111, 90, 707, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 5117, 68728, 8946, 17721, 501, 5, 138, 5955, 1104, 1197, 1197, 77269, 74, 3060, 108858, 163136, 4527, 7, 501, 5, 17287, 77269, 5, 3311, 2101, 77269, 4, 759, 927, 21533, 136, 1119, 11, 21407, 27686, 140526, 1902, 7228, 1111, 90, 10, 29394, 40814, 4, 136, 2684, 111, 2367, 83, 51529, 111, 4049, 32497, 1295, 10, 5045, 14432, 1733, 5, 893, 45964, 40250, 10, 34601, 71, 47, 1111, 90, 70, 3486, 34639, 111, 19441, 25072, 297, 26655, 56, 136, 61187, 56, 61527, 3934, 10, 11001, 60097, 3815, 136, 141753, 70, 5117, 189258, 11, 10597, 111, 70, 23972, 73327, 8946, 5, 33306, 4, 1919, 9351, 14602, 959, 108975, 98, 1119, 18211, 126371, 111, 70, 25674, 7714, 8080, 15, 20370, 8699, 47002, 136, 142925, 47002, 247, 3129, 83, 10, 5036, 9, 6000, 177, 53470, 53, 60097, 25, 7, 5303, 450, 509, 2258, 4126, 98, 188, 10, 29486, 11, 20271, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 73327, 8946, 5, 1529, 205794, 135179, 23, 14432, 97264, 237, 70, 5117, 14135, 3114, 603, 111, 61527, 4, 105237, 23, 86151, 1916, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 1295, 70, 2355, 7974, 223, 5, 1529, 2843, 135179, 23, 3789, 4, 5045, 14432, 4, 60097, 25, 7, 5303, 7, 4, 11343, 237, 70, 5117, 14135, 189258, 11, 10597, 111, 61527, 5, 1111, 90, 2843, 135179, 23, 53397, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1111, 90, 15, 15991, 5, 501, 5, 138, 5955, 1104, 36605, 77269, 74, 2819, 4, 31895, 97160, 309, 37534, 661, 74, 1388, 509, 10, 189258, 11, 10597, 111, 70, 241, 147, 538, 73327, 28692, 92329, 111, 142, 45964, 61527, 22299, 297, 390, 54704, 289, 40250, 678, 19441, 25072, 297, 26655, 56, 136, 61187, 56, 61527, 136, 237, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 70, 23972, 73327, 8946, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name and identity.", "Narmer and Menes.", "Dates.", "History.", "Capital.", "Cultural influence.", "Crocodile episode.", "Death.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Egyptian form, \"mnj\", is taken from the Turin and Abydos King Lists, which are dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty, whose pronunciation has been reconstructed as. By the early New Kingdom, changes in the Egyptian language meant his name was already pronounced. The name \"mnj\" means \"He who endures\", which, I.E.S. Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as \"a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost\". Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the Naqada III rulers: Ka, Scorpion II and Narmer. The commonly-used name \"Menes\" derives from Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the pre-Coptic period of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης ( \"Mênês\"). An alternative Greek form, Μιν ( \"Min\"), was cited by the fifth-century-BC historian Herodotus, but is a variant no longer accepted; it appears to have been the result of contamination from the name of the god Min.", "The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record and the comparative wealth of evidence of Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer. The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an ivory label from Nagada which shows the royal Horus-name \"Aha\" (the pharaoh Hor-Aha) next to a building, within which is the royal \"nebty\"-name \"mn\", generally taken to be Menes. From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word \"mn\" (a name or the verb \"endures\") and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen. The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct, list the \"nesu-bit\"-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names, and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the \"nesu-bit\"-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources. Flinders Petrie first attempted this task, associating \"Iti\" with Djer as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, \"Teti\" (Turin) (or another \"Iti\" (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a \"nebty\"-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I. Lloyd (1994) finds this succession \"extremely probable\", and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that \"Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him\". However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is \"a fairly safe inference\" that Menes was Hor-Aha.", "Egyptologists, archaeologists, and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty: Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3200–3030 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.", "By 500 BC, mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a culture hero, and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time. Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty. However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth Dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus. He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Hellenistic period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as an important figure. Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in ancient Rome. Manetho records that Menes \"led the army across the frontier and won great glory\".", "Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the Early Dynastic Period and, in particular, Menes, a \"Thinite\" or native of Thinis. Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital after diverting the course of the Nile through the construction of a levee. Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis, and calls no pharaohs earlier than Third Dynasty \"Memphite\". Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit to Memphis by Iry-Hor—a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Narmer—was discovered in the Sinai Peninsula, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early 32nd century BC.", "Diodorus Siculus stated that Menes had introduced the worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living. For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the Twenty-fourth Dynasty pharaoh Tefnakht and Plutarch mentions a pillar at Thebes on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury. In Pliny's account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt.", "Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes related by the priests of the crocodile god Sobek at Crocodilopolis, in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting, fled across Lake Moeris on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis. George Stanley Faber (1816), taking the word \"campsa\" to mean either \"crocodile\" or \"ark\" and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with Noah and the entire story as a flood myth. Gaston Maspero (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators that the story should be transferred to the Twelfth Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat III and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes. Later, Edwards (1974) states that \"the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value\".", "According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.", "Alexander Dow (1735/6–79), a Scottish orientalist and playwright, wrote the tragedy \"Sethona\", set in ancient Egypt. The lead part of Menes is described in the \"dramatis personæ\" as \"next male-heir to the crown\" now worn by Seraphis, and was played by Samuel Reddish in a 1774 production by David Garrick at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 98875, 2512, 509, 70, 775, 111, 6003, 37214, 34, 379, 4, 18813, 111, 70, 39076, 1760, 5120, 39, 111, 182688, 12969, 92, 25876, 4, 2750, 118775, 237, 44, 2347, 540, 1353, 6048, 58, 23, 44, 3957, 2291, 22155, 18, 740, 6003, 37214, 34, 379, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 39981, 147, 707, 44, 91127, 53, 540, 3132, 830, 79986, 71, 645, 70, 43712, 19, 540, 3132, 707, 44, 1456, 26995, 9, 76456, 7, 58, 111, 12969, 92, 25876, 5, 98875, 2512, 83, 65508, 71, 99, 70, 70615, 111, 540, 1900, 71, 23, 2975, 51080, 1181, 4, 7440, 764, 21449, 237, 10, 235446, 1295, 1919, 67373, 47, 45252, 2016, 53071, 25, 7, 144281, 1295, 2363, 56050, 5, 98875, 2512, 509, 19667, 19, 47, 186, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 9593, 17336, 16070, 111, 70, 21434, 4, 25534, 71, 678, 163684, 214, 70, 6561, 21434, 5, 1529, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 70, 3789, 43032, 23, 2363, 26983, 7, 1295, 2975, 51080, 1181, 47, 62, 3796, 19963, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 187, 5372, 5, 14847, 70, 145042, 16070, 509, 87631, 297, 390, 10, 108203, 129857, 12960, 41421, 214, 70, 7950, 939, 71175, 7, 4, 98875, 2512, 14753, 34, 3674, 99255, 4, 51042, 22729, 538, 645, 70, 108203, 4, 136, 30745, 10463, 6504, 19, 136, 133939, 4326, 450, 70, 6117, 2594, 108203, 1836, 3542, 31577, 47, 25944, 8305, 509, 4734, 10, 653, 118201, 58982, 5, 26828, 23, 70, 27226, 15534, 111, 109383, 73, 4, 98875, 2512, 104902, 32668, 71, 5773, 142, 52875, 390, 7374, 38782, 25, 7, 1631, 9405, 5, 90410, 289, 420, 7068, 12441, 70, 145042, 16070, 98, 10, 120696, 1379, 64330, 8305, 5919, 399, 5, 360, 5919, 399, 4, 98875, 2512, 104902, 78431, 5773, 3347, 4439, 136, 125296, 71, 44, 17726, 2677, 25, 7, 5458, 13, 58, 237, 10, 7345, 29299, 5, 24372, 90410, 289, 420, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 10463, 6504, 19, 12441, 70, 9593, 17336, 16070, 47, 70, 540, 1353, 2773, 39, 111, 2091, 927, 4380, 21347, 5, 98875, 2512, 113091, 47, 70, 540, 420, 9, 12832, 10484, 2685, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 9593, 17336, 16070, 5, 8622, 509, 61475, 538, 5129, 10763, 17721, 98875, 2512, 136, 70, 391, 4205, 420, 92150, 150, 4, 6637, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 2799, 42, 7962, 17721, 540, 3132, 136, 391, 4205, 3132, 4, 6, 20131, 136709, 390, 6003, 37214, 34, 379, 25, 7, 39734, 111, 92150, 150, 25, 7, 67373, 5, 98875, 2512, 136, 92150, 150, 100512, 23902, 3229, 92150, 150, 3514, 126, 297, 30733, 14152, 583, 15072, 126351, 5, 14847, 70, 145042, 16070, 25737, 2091, 927, 4380, 21347, 4, 30733, 14152, 583, 26038, 70, 43032, 18466, 7, 74, 98875, 2512, 75204, 10, 4989, 84201, 4, 3129, 764, 11814, 47, 19095, 7565, 10, 63654, 14306, 25, 7, 12403, 214, 2288, 297, 23, 70, 43334, 678, 1632, 51876, 5, 24372, 133939, 4326, 25, 7, 47219, 136, 70, 141621, 111, 6035, 1294, 23243, 53, 187470, 136, 93128, 5128, 717, 685, 390, 707, 4439, 4, 98875, 2512, 4, 10463, 6504, 19, 4, 136, 92150, 150, 5423, 1810, 36880, 34110, 66, 23, 7398, 68879, 111, 70, 6626, 141621, 71, 739, 22155, 933, 5, 360, 70, 100, 525, 111, 11213, 6504, 19, 98875, 2512, 136, 1919, 226792, 7, 435, 90410, 289, 420, 4, 3332, 33724, 89829, 237, 44, 724, 8054, 17463, 70, 22392, 4, 58, 2750, 75060, 297, 10, 26008, 47, 98875, 2512, 1295, 30733, 14152, 583, 5, 98875, 2512, 29481, 297, 903, 237, 100, 13, 113965, 70, 3564, 111, 1919, 24765, 23, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 12, 581, 17262, 435, 678, 70, 2975, 14202, 111, 34110, 66, 4, 5775, 46526, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 107005, 25, 7, 62723, 4, 136, 195812, 297, 7374, 38782, 25, 7, 7565, 9146, 99, 2071, 33, 42077, 4, 7440, 1836, 3542, 41186, 3674, 678, 6035, 1294, 136, 93128, 5128, 5, 98875, 2512, 136, 92150, 150, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 10463, 6504, 19, 136, 70, 95996, 33734, 98, 70, 108421, 7, 111, 70, 51952, 5, 24372, 10463, 6504, 19, 193421, 14534, 70, 51952, 111, 27859, 127, 118201, 47, 78431, 100, 4049, 4, 98875, 2512, 24124, 2856, 704, 18108, 53, 70, 5631, 7, 7341, 7, 111, 2793, 1299, 1295, 2363, 109923, 7, 99, 1460, 320, 6920, 5, 30733, 14152, 583, 25, 7, 502, 20133, 2408, 509, 211394, 297, 12, 237, 98875, 2512, 49782, 70, 13625, 90, 111, 15520, 146638, 7, 4, 764, 122446, 70, 27414, 9, 10617, 214, 292, 70, 104851, 47, 57, 379, 65272, 47, 25447, 13665, 4, 70, 44, 571, 9393, 297, 5120, 39, 830, 19161, 18, 54940, 1919, 3395, 5, 1529, 5775, 46526, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 19460, 33, 13665, 117657, 7, 136, 99, 70, 10074, 132936, 4, 136, 192509, 237, 6987, 1900, 509, 8, 88981, 297, 136, 22411, 71, 9, 71, 31285, 3365, 127966, 71, 5, 24372, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 6561, 21434, 4, 98875, 2512, 47143, 297, 23, 118125, 38139, 8962, 100, 10463, 6504, 19, 25, 7, 109728, 1363, 136, 129570, 47, 1172, 11697, 5, 147466, 4, 98875, 2512, 136, 92150, 150, 26983, 6259, 25842, 8305, 11213, 6504, 19, 100, 525, 136, 47, 70, 19059, 18, 33558, 2041, 3132, 111, 12342, 320, 191, 71, 4, 237, 98875, 2512, 1902, 103036, 71, 92150, 150, 5, 215100, 538, 98875, 2512, 19095, 7, 127067, 5941, 43712, 19, 540, 3132, 4, 136, 1836, 104, 79080, 23, 87, 4450, 150, 33, 4, 136, 442, 100512, 24145, 13438, 70, 44, 116988, 271, 23295, 23, 756, 70, 65272, 15534, 1242, 10660, 24765, 297, 23, 87, 4450, 150, 33, 100, 44, 11, 75281, 5369, 111, 1111, 1242, 24372, 10463, 6504, 19, 14792, 4, 98875, 2512, 88303, 10, 19336, 109923, 136, 5630, 6259, 10542, 4, 113771, 538, 35971, 92150, 150, 678, 4049, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 5267, 98197, 7, 15497, 133, 2407, 58, 5117, 118775, 23, 70, 12877, 44, 3957, 12676, 111, 164743, 73, 830, 1632, 111, 70, 44, 100604, 18, 59144, 7, 830, 13656, 38222, 5, 581, 62816, 4, 2750, 17997, 7, 613, 33328, 25251, 111, 70, 57, 2594, 111, 70, 26349, 47, 81900, 4, 83, 119056, 4734, 24145, 5, 581, 92264, 64370, 211524, 19824, 136, 72542, 32553, 771, 330, 20537, 450, 98875, 2512, 25, 7, 21, 674, 645, 70, 3474, 1444, 111, 70, 152215, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 98875, 2512, 15, 101322, 85018, 71, 1388, 83, 10, 127663, 289, 62816, 23, 821, 5, 627, 5, 627, 5, 212754, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 740, 1529, 83, 10, 39981, 41066, 540, 420, 111, 70, 39076, 1760, 5120, 39, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 300, 86, 43032, 111, 70, 9593, 17336, 16070, 2750, 5423, 1810, 47, 163684, 70, 6561, 21434, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Fictional history.", "Concept and creation.", "Adaptations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appeared as \"the Elvenking\" in \"The Hobbit\". Thranduil, one of the Sindar or \"Grey Elves\", ruled over the Silvan Elves or \"Wood-elves\" of Mirkwood. Legolas is introduced at the Council of Elrond in Rivendell, where he came as a messenger from his father to discuss Gollum's escape from their guard. Legolas was chosen to be a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, charged with destroying the One Ring. He accompanied the other members in their travels from Rivendell to Amon Hen, serving as the company's archer. When the fellowship was trapped by a snowstorm while crossing the Misty Mountains, Legolas scouted ahead, running lightly over the snow, and told Aragorn and Boromir that the thick snow they were trying to push through was only a narrow wall. Back in the lowlands of Hollin, Legolas helped fend off an attack by Saruman's wargs. Gandalf then led the fellowship on a journey underground through Moria. In Moria, Legolas helped fight off Orcs and recognized \"Durin's Bane\" as a Balrog. After Gandalf's death, Aragorn led the Fellowship to the Elven realm of Lothlórien. Legolas spoke to the Elf-sentries there on behalf of the Fellowship. There was initially friction between Legolas and the Dwarf Gimli, because of the ancient quarrel between Elves and Dwarves, rekindled by Thranduil's treatment of Gimli's father. Legolas and Gimli became friends when Gimli greeted Galadriel respectfully. When the fellowship left Lothlórien, Galadriel gave the members gifts; Legolas received a longbow, which he used to bring down a Nazgul's flying steed in the dark with one shot. After Boromir's death and the capture of Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took by orcs, Legolas, Aragorn, and Gimli set out across Rohan in pursuit of the two captured hobbits. In the forest of Fangorn Legolas and his companions met Gandalf, resurrected as \"Gandalf the White,\" who delivered a message to Legolas from Galadriel. Legolas interpreted this as foretelling the end of his stay in Middle-earth: The three met with the Riders of Rohan, fought in the Battle of Helm's Deep, and witnessed Saruman's downfall at Isengard, where they were reunited with Merry and Pippin. Legolas and Gimli accompanied Aragorn and the Grey Company on the Paths of the Dead. After Aragorn summoned the Dead of Dunharrow to fight for him, Legolas saw them terrify the Corsairs of Umbar from their ships at Pelargir. Galadriel's prophecy was fulfilled: as Legolas heard the cries of seagulls, he experienced the Sea-longing — the desire to sail west to Valinor, the \"Blessed Realm\", latent among his people. He fought in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and at the Black Gate, and watched as Sauron was defeated and Barad-dûr collapsed. After the destruction of the One Ring, Legolas remained in Minas Tirith for Aragorn's coronation and marriage to Arwen. Later, Legolas and Gimli travelled together through Fangorn forest and to the Glittering Caves of Aglarond, as Legolas had promised Gimli. Eventually Legolas brings south many Silvan Elves, and they dwelt in Ithilien, and it became once again the \"fairest country in all the westlands.\" They stayed in Ithilien for \"a hundred years of Men.\" After Aragorn dies, Legolas built a small ship and sailed West, reportedly taking Gimli with him.", "The name \"Legolas Greenleaf\" first appeared in the book \"The Fall of Gondolin\", one of the \"Lost Tales\", circa 1917. The character, who guides survivors of the sack of the city to safety, is mentioned only once. The medievalists Stuart Lee and Elizabeth Solopova note that Legolas's lament over the stones of the Elvish land of Hollin: \"Only I hear the stones lament them: \"deep they delved us, fair they wrought us, high they builded us; but they are gone,\"\" recalls the Old English poem \"The Ruin\". The Tolkien critic Paul Kocher writes of the same passage that it shows how Elves such as Legolas have senses keener than mortal Men: he can see further and can even hear the stones lamenting the passing of the Elves. In Kocher's view, Legolas is an \"emissary for the Elves\", as Gimli is for the dwarves; he suggests that the point Tolkien was making was that Legolas was a typical young elf. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey observes that Legolas, describing the great hall of Meduseld in the capital of Rohan, too far off for any but an Elf to make out clearly, speaks a line which is a direct translation of one from \"Beowulf\": \"The light of it shines far over the land\", \"líxte se léoma ofer landa fela\".", "Legolas was voiced by Anthony Daniels in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of \"The Lord of the Rings\". In the film, he takes Glorfindel's place in the \"Flight to the Ford\"; he meets Aragorn and the hobbits on their way to Rivendell and sets Frodo on his horse before Frodo is chased by the Nazgûl to the ford of Bruinen. Legolas was voiced by David Collings in the 1981 BBC Radio 4 adaptation. In the 1993 Finnish miniseries \"Hobitit\" he was portrayed by Ville Virtanen. In Peter Jackson's \"Lord of the Rings\" movie trilogy (2001–2003), Legolas was portrayed by Orlando Bloom. He was presented as an unstoppable fighter, performing dramatic feats of battle. Bloom reprised his role as Legolas in Jackson's 2013 release \"\". He displays Legolas's superhuman agility as an elf. He is attracted to the elf-woman Tauriel, a character created for the film trilogy. In a departure from the book, Legolas uses Thorin's Elven-forged sword Orcrist in \"\" to kill the chief goblin Bolg. In the West End musical, \"The Lord of the Rings: The Musical\", Legolas was portrayed by Michael Rouse. Legolas appeared as a playable character in Lego Dimensions as an expansion character, bundled with an arrow launcher." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 57456, 9351, 111, 10, 114149, 83, 10, 333, 1687, 15403, 707, 333, 1687, 33, 4, 136, 48402, 90, 6626, 42845, 34153, 4, 70, 5117, 8, 157, 1916, 70, 107396, 136, 70, 17932, 8, 157, 1916, 70, 114149, 5, 581, 57456, 9351, 111, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 83, 100, 4806, 161549, 12921, 538, 23, 70, 12921, 50372, 18347, 6644, 18151, 7, 5, 360, 1602, 25443, 4, 1379, 70, 44, 130196, 28864, 111, 5880, 109622, 438, 1055, 18347, 6644, 58, 24073, 16259, 67295, 74054, 70, 57456, 9351, 111, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 83, 24117, 71, 10, 1927, 1687, 33, 4, 136, 48402, 90, 17262, 34153, 4, 24, 110987, 70, 333, 1687, 33, 134629, 390, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 1614, 16711, 3387, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 333, 1687, 33, 100, 70, 224593, 83, 44, 55956, 9319, 11, 366, 6862, 740, 581, 1927, 1687, 33, 44, 55956, 9319, 11, 366, 6862, 57574, 408, 58, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 70, 42878, 224593, 5, 360, 337, 43013, 4, 1614, 16711, 3387, 83, 1632, 111, 5941, 30648, 7, 35064, 450, 111, 114149, 4, 6044, 237, 96551, 4, 1614, 21690, 36743, 4, 3173, 4, 136, 1614, 5037, 5, 717, 135812, 70, 30648, 4, 70, 1614, 159975, 9351, 8110, 186, 107671, 297, 390, 44, 22144, 16711, 3387, 58, 15, 143321, 831, 186, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 47, 44, 22144, 7008, 1242, 707, 44, 7, 7008, 5, 74054, 237, 23, 44, 25452, 31, 21004, 8705, 24392, 72941, 2472, 35723, 7, 58, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 102, 29619, 740, 360, 174855, 25443, 4, 70, 4734, 30648, 35064, 114149, 450, 83, 15913, 3674, 143726, 538, 390, 70, 18151, 111, 50372, 18347, 6644, 83, 44, 22144, 16711, 3387, 830, 1284, 20100, 22144, 159975, 36235, 621, 111531, 5526, 23, 174855, 25443, 74, 5659, 17215, 425, 209, 111, 70, 18151, 21, 4778, 1810, 3060, 209236, 450, 621, 179140, 47, 65524, 61514, 2481, 23, 28852, 23709, 6044, 36235, 5, 15757, 7, 91376, 8108, 12839, 23, 70, 30648, 111, 44, 21690, 36743, 58, 621, 39958, 47, 186, 123055, 111, 1614, 16711, 3387, 15, 21231, 44, 130196, 28864, 111, 438, 1055, 18347, 6644, 111, 1250, 1153, 1410, 1636, 51029, 1301, 23, 337, 43013, 4, 44, 22144, 16711, 3387, 58, 83, 101805, 25958, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 237, 44, 22144, 7008, 5, 830, 136, 83, 11814, 23, 70, 57456, 9351, 12, 44, 8023, 318, 72994, 109002, 164, 58, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 44689, 708, 79769, 14, 740, 360, 1602, 109622, 50372, 18347, 6644, 4, 3229, 10, 114149, 83, 65450, 3934, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 70, 7311, 538, 151552, 43904, 83, 10267, 122009, 237, 70, 44, 1687, 4043, 46280, 21533, 1614, 16711, 3387, 58, 707, 44, 175574, 67, 1614, 16711, 3387, 830, 3129, 119140, 7, 70, 5701, 9351, 237, 70, 114149, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 44, 9083, 102, 121226, 45491, 45491, 58, 15, 31, 60441, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 44, 594, 5, 10, 5, 45491, 18939, 83, 70, 110, 68537, 46280, 21533, 1614, 16711, 3387, 111, 70, 35011, 41203, 46741, 24073, 9083, 102, 121226, 45491, 51029, 581, 1614, 16711, 3387, 9351, 450, 119140, 7, 70, 114149, 9351, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 128464, 6827, 50372, 18347, 6644, 237, 70, 1614, 16711, 3387, 44, 8913, 5264, 830, 136, 70, 1614, 159975, 24643, 191, 237, 70, 44, 8913, 5264, 10821, 1614, 16711, 3387, 740, 14847, 71321, 106622, 7, 217573, 645, 36766, 10, 24233, 43904, 83, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 707, 10, 4393, 114149, 4, 70, 114149, 9351, 1543, 186, 59121, 23, 49129, 35412, 90, 5, 12613, 7, 44, 2729, 6563, 15, 72020, 19481, 16, 6, 153144, 1681, 3378, 223, 58, 26950, 70, 15672, 604, 2852, 91454, 74, 70, 110, 22062, 28032, 70, 49129, 35412, 90, 26950, 450, 3060, 16916, 442, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 111, 10, 150679, 604, 2852, 91454, 114149, 136, 127298, 11782, 442, 44, 2729, 6563, 82685, 19481, 6, 153144, 1681, 3378, 223, 830, 12960, 27060, 16916, 442, 10, 4393, 114149, 136, 127298, 11782, 442, 44, 2729, 6563, 6, 153144, 1681, 3378, 223, 58, 15, 2940, 70, 38937, 111, 70, 110, 22062, 83, 959, 35971, 10, 19069, 194, 62, 1614, 16711, 3387, 83, 10, 24643, 5831, 21068, 30648, 35064, 114149, 46, 70, 4734, 125296, 71, 30648, 23, 70, 1602, 109622, 18151, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 17262, 5201, 30648, 7, 35064, 114149, 23, 70, 128464, 6827, 18151, 5, 14847, 20787, 48461, 25958, 84797, 43904, 7, 111, 10, 114149, 80788, 18, 75530, 16523, 2886, 6, 88322, 72057, 18695, 60212, 7, 4, 28387, 271, 7, 1543, 135812, 6097, 237, 84797, 1614, 16711, 3387, 74, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 83, 10, 125296, 71, 4000, 20117, 111, 10, 114149, 5, 111396, 42729, 7, 136, 759, 587, 106622, 7, 765, 70, 44126, 111, 30648, 7, 92319, 3501, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 6044, 237, 96551, 15, 21690, 53349, 16, 707, 3173, 15, 27352, 247, 47, 125296, 164917, 60212, 7, 17721, 43904, 7, 5, 360, 333, 109622, 69407, 4, 43257, 3501, 23, 41911, 47, 50372, 18347, 6644, 4, 10, 35874, 939, 18695, 114149, 1556, 6626, 707, 1286, 101412, 25958, 136, 11521, 21004, 46280, 71407, 45, 814, 46825, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 45712, 7, 4, 707, 1286, 137567, 142146, 4, 43904, 7, 450, 129927, 1295, 12638, 3789, 221, 450, 10, 84797, 76811, 83, 183594, 297, 5, 32255, 117781, 94407, 54, 959, 1940, 4134, 297, 237, 1836, 621, 54015, 3674, 1295, 15700, 4, 1284, 1836, 831, 1940, 4134, 297, 136, 765, 92895, 13, 5773, 79832, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 23, 157364, 2481, 5, 32255, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 45712, 7, 4, 707, 43904, 7, 4, 621, 56104, 151552, 136, 24, 4806, 390, 71321, 106622, 7, 4, 128464, 271, 7, 136, 11948, 152351, 271, 7, 5, 360, 10, 22460, 939, 18695, 114149, 4, 756, 43904, 7, 80788, 18, 70, 5701, 101412, 136, 11521, 21004, 46280, 21533, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 77879, 939, 18695, 114149, 831, 74918, 23, 40368, 48322, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 333, 109622, 40865, 1363, 4, 70, 13579, 1614, 16711, 3387, 15005, 7, 47, 1632, 111, 6626, 707, 1286, 43904, 7, 111, 10, 114149, 38043, 23, 12921, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 111, 70, 114149, 25, 37457, 136, 285, 38543, 1295, 1632, 15700, 390, 6, 178851, 109622, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 62, 11001, 1614, 16711, 3387, 53418, 186, 125296, 71, 41371, 538, 12, 10, 114149, 83, 40101, 125296, 71, 237, 19441, 110, 1614, 16711, 3387, 99, 756, 707, 99, 19713, 6626, 4, 26719, 2499, 450, 621, 1119, 2311, 15390, 5, 581, 13579, 1543, 186, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 47, 1614, 7008, 5, 707, 91, 7008, 5, 581, 97308, 83, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 67824, 12, 44, 22144, 16711, 3387, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Nomenclature.", "Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms.", "Doubtful cases.", "Criteria.", "Monotypic and polytypic species." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The scientific name of a species is a binomial or binomen, and comprises two Latin words, the first denoting the genus and the second denoting the species. The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the \"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature\" (\"ICZN\"), the scientific name of a subspecies is termed a trinomen, and comprises three words, namely the binomen followed by the name of the subspecies. For example, the binomen for the leopard is \"Panthera pardus\". The trinomen \"Panthera pardus fusca\" denotes a subspecies, the Indian leopard. In botany, subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as variety, subvariety, form, and subform. To identify the rank, the subspecific name must be preceded by \"subspecies\" (which can be abbreviated to \"subsp.\" or \"ssp.\"), as in \"Schoenoplectus californicus\" subsp. \"tatora\". In bacteriology, the only rank below species that is regulated explicitly by the code of nomenclature is \"subspecies\", but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of \"variety\" are taken to be names of subspecies (see \"International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes\"). As in botany, \"subspecies\" is conventionally abbreviated as \"subsp.\", and is used in the scientific name: \"Bacillus subtilis\" subsp. \"spizizenii\".", "In zoological nomenclature, when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the \"nominotypical subspecies\" or \"nominate subspecies\", which repeats the same name as the species. For example, \"Motacilla alba alba\" (often abbreviated \"M. a. alba\") is the nominotypical subspecies of the white wagtail (\"Motacilla alba\"). The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in botanical nomenclature as the subspecies \"autonym\", and the subspecific taxon as the \"autonymous subspecies\".", "When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus \"Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus\" means the American herring gull; the notation within the parentheses means that some consider it a subspecies of a larger herring gull species and therefore call it \"Larus argentatus smithsonianus\", while others consider it a full species and therefore call it \"Larus smithsonianus\" (and the user of the notation is not taking a position).", "A subspecies is a taxonomic rank below species – the only recognized rank in the zoological code, and one of three main ranks below species in the botanical code. When geographically separate populations of a species exhibit recognizable phenotypic differences, biologists may identify these as separate subspecies; a subspecies is a recognized local variant of a species. Botanists and mycologists have the choice of ranks lower than subspecies, such as variety (varietas) or form (forma), to recognize smaller differences between populations.", "In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a polytypic species has two or more genetically and phenotypically divergent subspecies, races, or more generally speaking, populations that differ from each other so that a separate description is warranted. These distinct groups do not interbreed as they are isolated from another, but they can interbreed and have fertile offspring, e.g. in captivity. These subspecies, races, or populations, are usually described and named by zoologists, botanists and microbiologists. In a monotypic species, all populations exhibit the same genetic and phenotypical characteristics. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 115066, 64370, 765, 42459, 297, 450, 2773, 707, 8137, 60744, 22, 3033, 5608, 186, 157167, 67175, 1295, 44, 776, 872, 19, 22, 3033, 58, 2451, 31523, 60744, 22, 3033, 8035, 26171, 71, 237, 142, 51, 8705, 162, 1236, 112019, 450, 113660, 70, 22, 10023, 223, 3445, 47, 3444, 19095, 7565, 70, 11522, 9, 16713, 3853, 99, 2363, 10002, 11034, 4, 12960, 202019, 22, 3033, 83687, 7, 230466, 111, 3789, 25, 7, 8035, 11522, 9, 16713, 4, 1284, 113660, 70, 3445, 47, 10, 93685, 47, 186, 237, 4127, 5, 33306, 4, 53257, 1294, 47891, 133, 16916, 7, 450, 70, 68451, 111, 2265, 2450, 136, 98025, 29394, 83, 105233, 142, 66961, 26518, 10422, 111, 52, 39379, 9, 33, 3033, 63, 46108, 13, 23, 72095, 4, 136, 29691, 933, 903, 53333, 52490, 7, 2967, 58555, 220642, 47, 6, 235923, 7, 5, 357, 3033, 136, 16712, 26518, 765, 95103, 45646, 7, 237, 112019, 7, 5, 581, 4734, 10644, 111, 22, 3033, 450, 831, 765, 24491, 93425, 2843, 83, 202019, 22, 3033, 5, 129551, 47, 25188, 1314, 4, 202019, 22, 3033, 831, 22691, 352, 72403, 4, 136912, 98365, 4, 24491, 38514, 1672, 70, 3789, 3445, 4, 136, 61113, 1363, 5, 3293, 10644, 111, 22, 3033, 4, 2174, 8, 7010, 678, 26785, 538, 4, 831, 24491, 538, 52490, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 22690, 390, 167729, 214, 2856, 47, 186, 10, 11522, 3445, 136, 47, 214493, 5, 22929, 14135, 218024, 83, 47, 71864, 40907, 128746, 23, 6897, 6044, 237, 70, 40907, 112019, 4, 22, 3033, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 15504, 903, 40907, 88965, 11341, 3934, 10, 98365, 289, 55516, 450, 831, 4358, 10, 3445, 47, 24209, 65771, 23, 70, 22690, 5, 6561, 154453, 450, 112397, 73342, 22, 3033, 136, 6863, 93425, 98, 14135, 123166, 83, 70, 30355, 13, 137089, 6635, 154453, 5, 44978, 71, 54799, 28166, 131455, 25, 7, 192888, 154453, 111, 28, 137089, 390, 6083, 132216, 4, 5744, 30355, 9, 13, 137089, 6635, 154453, 92054, 7, 450, 118103, 186, 68991, 23, 48322, 450, 156856, 70, 42238, 1363, 111, 2363, 22293, 7, 5, 39215, 6892, 18, 678, 22, 3033, 8035, 10, 98365, 4, 442, 1543, 97551, 35743, 136, 98323, 5, 44978, 71, 98, 10, 3299, 111, 216479, 71, 57553, 7, 47, 8382, 2750, 621, 11522, 5773, 4, 6438, 299, 3443, 1556, 106926, 297, 450, 22, 3033, 51312, 7, 8060, 100, 25313, 242564, 1363, 5, 44, 25452, 11, 555, 12176, 9233, 58, 26950, 35971, 147643, 23, 70, 1239, 17883, 1811, 111, 27060, 136, 831, 186, 217064, 237, 142, 1810, 177, 15555, 927, 111, 22, 3033, 23, 24233, 113949, 5, 357, 3033, 136, 44, 163771, 19, 12176, 9233, 58, 621, 4552, 21373, 136, 621, 3126, 297, 88965, 117249, 5, 149766, 112019, 7, 621, 90698, 4552, 27140, 136, 27983, 70141, 54811, 7565, 54799, 4, 3129, 83, 28219, 2886, 179635, 1836, 621, 15044, 2874, 57801, 123166, 7, 5, 77878, 19, 70, 226886, 289, 117249, 111, 6097, 112019, 7, 4, 442, 83, 4552, 5526, 47, 28219, 2363, 34754, 23, 70, 39395, 36541, 7, 111, 29041, 44462, 5, 581, 6626, 2265, 112019, 7, 4, 22, 3033, 136, 44, 163771, 19, 12176, 9233, 830, 27992, 25842, 237, 114015, 112019, 7, 20271, 70, 34754, 289, 36541, 7, 23, 191208, 5, 149766, 112019, 7, 765, 10, 37515, 169424, 20271, 6097, 39395, 36541, 7, 23, 10, 29041, 25, 7, 6897, 5, 360, 96362, 96335, 4, 442, 1556, 2809, 127887, 450, 22, 3033, 24209, 7, 40715, 479, 85540, 237, 10, 29041, 62163, 114210, 5, 42477, 1314, 18822, 450, 903, 50339, 1295, 142, 51312, 23, 70, 15913, 1363, 111, 22, 10023, 223, 10644, 112019, 7, 237, 10, 3445, 10, 4188, 136, 21647, 7, 1286, 218963, 1672, 6897, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 32070, 4, 70, 16106, 57860, 111, 22, 3033, 136, 44, 163771, 19, 12176, 9233, 58, 51312, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 27150, 56, 29041, 83, 1286, 47041, 47, 3249, 6, 61518, 7844, 115299, 3229, 1836, 12319, 22, 10023, 223, 98186, 10, 3445, 5, 101153, 19, 4, 22, 3033, 83687, 7, 10, 53250, 47, 44, 6056, 246, 707, 165, 31, 70, 43876, 25, 7, 92940, 7, 740, 360, 2831, 4, 903, 10644, 111, 22, 3033, 1543, 186, 35509, 98, 4912, 48242, 139355, 7, 43257, 3501, 55182, 21533, 117249, 5, 12506, 71407, 4, 3395, 7413, 61261, 136303, 33, 21896, 142, 645, 434, 6865, 14578, 112019, 4743, 47, 22008, 37076, 10002, 214, 707, 158566, 214, 224, 481, 2886, 55769, 450, 1836, 54, 959, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 935, 11737, 1911, 208244, 1660, 123997, 10, 8796, 3525, 36, 23762, 76, 2451, 11, 24668, 13984, 398, 25, 272, 2809, 34128, 7945, 27686, 678, 100, 21775, 5036, 1284, 831, 25, 18, 180863, 5, 133903, 5180, 111, 22, 3033, 23, 903, 16648, 2806, 74918, 23, 70, 3173, 7, 111, 88965, 24503, 4, 10, 92635, 111, 15970, 9, 93017, 4, 136, 10, 92319, 297, 15970, 9, 4896, 195, 136, 5299, 9, 372, 214, 5, 360, 99331, 180834, 206, 25, 7, 44, 53774, 71, 81669, 830, 764, 117249, 450, 44, 33, 3033, 83, 221, 28970, 136, 24503, 7844, 10, 2831, 111, 2367, 10127, 1636, 14135, 123166, 23, 16839, 38887, 68794, 450, 5941, 3395, 765, 240764, 70, 4393, 91084, 111, 70, 2565, 4, 112892, 18929, 214, 442, 3934, 1632, 111, 70, 153698, 111, 104851, 5, 1650, 83, 450, 15, 11, 128668, 111, 104851, 247, 3129, 83, 15400, 442, 21917, 1162, 114942, 23, 16839, 38887, 68794, 12, 53397, 15182, 58732, 111, 104851, 4, 1836, 13648, 186, 35839, 4, 678, 17265, 100, 16446, 30591, 4, 41884, 214, 28897, 3674, 5, 4966, 22, 3033, 83, 1286, 707, 40715, 3501, 104851, 5, 1650, 9842, 7, 678, 70, 39555, 27333, 9523, 10422, 111, 20244, 118, 7432, 46132, 1632, 39379, 4, 237, 2174, 70, 42874, 111, 1632, 25, 7, 26498, 3542, 166, 41324, 98, 1831, 5, 6561, 1556, 47, 186, 44948, 47, 117, 329, 5844, 70, 20244, 118, 7432, 4, 111, 15411, 4, 1284, 450, 25, 7, 2367, 22, 3033, 83, 4, 10, 36849, 5844, 44948, 7432, 5, 44, 4153, 40800, 11, 830, 42845, 100, 22, 3033, 4, 3900, 19309, 7, 237, 44, 6431, 7, 22553, 4, 58, 136, 2290, 67, 1902, 70, 22, 10023, 223, 97217, 6238, 33233, 1379, 20450, 24251, 111, 37105, 4, 2363, 46223, 40, 7710, 8633, 18, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 357, 3033, 15, 161063, 42845, 44, 73, 40800, 11, 18939, 83, 142, 112019, 3129, 44, 6652, 48650, 3229, 10, 3445, 21, 22824, 15700, 25, 7, 14597, 31897, 4, 69307, 674, 4, 707, 139355, 136, 40101, 104851, 7, 442, 707, 32599, 90, 450, 70, 3789, 21, 76622, 442, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Types of envy.", "Socioevolutionary view.", "Schadenfreude.", "Regarding possessions or status.", "Overcoming.", "Benefits.", "In adolescence.", "In adulthood.", "Narcissists.", "In philosophy.", "Religious views.", "In Buddhism.", "In Christianity.", "In Hinduism.", "In Islam.", "In Judaism.", "Cultural references." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Psychologists have suggested that real or malicious envy should be distinguished from \"benign envy\"—malicious envy being proposed as an unpleasant emotion that causes the envious person to want bring down the better-off even at their own cost, while benign envy involves recognition of other's being better-off, but causes the person to aspire to be as good. However, Sherry Turkle considers that the advent of social media and selfie culture is creating an alienating sense of “self-envy” psyche in users, and posits this further affects problem areas attached to attachments. Envy and gloating have parallel structures as emotions. The only type of envy that can have positive effects also is benign envy. According to researchers, benign envy can provide emulation, improvement motivation, positive thoughts about the other person, and admiration. This type of envy, if dealt with correctly, can positively affect a person's future by motivating them to be a better person and to succeed. Our human instinct is to avoid negative aspects in life such as the negative emotion, envy. However, it is possible to turn this negative emotional state into a motivational tool that can help a person to become successful in the future.", "One theory that helps explain envy and its effects on human behavior is the socioevolutionary theory. Based upon Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution by natural selection, modern socio-evolutionary theory predicts that humans behave in ways that enhance the reproduction of their genes. Consistent with envy being a motivation, it may boost attention and memory. Based on a model of evolved responses to those who are better off, Sznycer has argued that envy increases support for economic redistribution.", "\"Schadenfreude\" means taking pleasure in the misfortune of others and can be understood as an outgrowth of envy in certain situations. Envy and \"schadenfreude\" are very similar and are linked emotional states. Both emotions are considered very complex and oftentimes looked down upon, which is understandable considering they are both antisocial behaviors. Given the detrimental states of these emotions, it is very important to understand their development in the early stages of childhood. The two social emotions, envy and \"schadenfreude\", act together as sister emotions during the developmental stages in adolescents. Both emotions have a strong presence during these early stages in a child's life. In previous studies, it has been shown that envy becomes less prevalent as a child gets older. Researchers believe that this results from an increase in the regulation of envious type emotions as a person ages and gains more wisdom about life. Depending on age, the correlation of envy and \"schadenfreude\" increases. For example, a younger child is more likely to make spiteful decisions when they feel envious towards a person.", "Often, envy involves a motive to \"outdo or undo the rival's advantages\". In part, this type of envy may be based on materialistic possessions rather than psychological states. Basically, people find themselves experiencing an overwhelming emotion due to someone else owning or possessing desirable items that they do not. For example, your next door neighbor just bought a brand new ocarina—a musical instrument you've been infatuated with for months now but can't afford. Feelings of envy in this situation would occur in the forms of emotional pain, a lack of self-worth, and a lowered self-esteem and well-being. In Nelson Aldrich's \"Old Money\", he states that \"envy is so integral and painful a part of what animates human behavior in market societies that many people have forgotten the full meaning of the word, simplifying it into one of the symptoms of desire. It is that (a symptom of desire), which is why it flourishes in market societies: democracies of desire, they might be called, with money for ballots, stuffing permitted. But envy is more or less than desire. It begins with the almost frantic sense of emptiness inside oneself, as if the pump of one's heart were sucking on air. One has to be blind to perceive the emptiness, of course, but that's what envy is, a selective blindness. \"Invidia\", Latin for envy, translates as \"nonsight,\" and Dante had the envious plodding along under cloaks of lead, their eyes sewn shut with leaden wire. What they are blind to is what they have, God-given and humanly nurtured, in themselves\".", "Envy may negatively affect the closeness and satisfaction of relationships. Overcoming envy might be similar to dealing with other negative emotions (anger, resentment, etc.). Individuals experiencing anger often seek professional treatment (anger management) to help understand why they feel the way they do and how to cope. Subjects experiencing envy often have a skewed perception on how to achieve true happiness. By helping people to change these perceptions, they will be more able to understand the real meaning of fortune and satisfaction with what they do have. According to Lazarus \"coping is an integral feature of the emotion process\". There are very few theories that emphasize the coping process for emotions as compared to the information available concerning the emotion itself. There are numerous styles of coping, of which there has been a significant amount of research done; for example, avoidant versus approach. Coping with envy can be similar to coping with anger. The issue must be addressed cognitively in order to work through the emotion. According to the research done by Salovey and Rodin (1988), \"more effective strategies for reducing initial envy appear to be stimulus-focused rather than self-focused\". Salovey and Rodin (1988) also suggest \"self-bolstering (e.g., \"thinking about my good qualities\") may be an effective strategy for moderating these self-deprecating thoughts and muting negative affective reactions\". Further research needs to be done in order to better understand envy, as well as to help people cope with this emotion.", "Russell believed that envy may be driving force behind the movement of economies and must be endured to achieve the \"keep up with the Joneses\" system. He believed this is what helps to maintain \"democracy\" as a system in which no one can achieve more than anyone else. Attended too, envy may inform a person about who they admire and what they want. Benign envy may lead a person to work harder to achieve more success.", "Children show evidence of envy at an early age. Adults can be just as envious; however, they tend to be better at concealing the emotion. Envy plays a significant role in the development of adolescents. Comparing oneself is a universal aspect of human nature. No matter the age or culture, social comparison happens all over the globe. Comparison can range from physical attributes, material possessions, and intelligence. However, children are more likely to envy over material objects such as shoes, video games, iPhones, etc. Kids believe these material objects are correlated to their status. Social status has been found to have a strong connection with self-esteem. An adolescent's self-esteem is very fragile during early years and is heavily impacted by peer opinion. If a child is comfortable with who they are and self-confident they are less likely to become envious of others' material objects, because they do not self-identify with materials. Material objects are not the only things that adolescents become envious over; however, it is the most prevalent. As children get older they develop stronger non-materialistic envy such as romantic relationships, physical appearance, achievement, and popularity. Sometimes envious feelings are internalized in children, having a negative impact on their self-esteem. Envy comes from comparing; these comparisons can serve as a reminder that they have failed social norms and do not fit in with their peers. A feeling of inadequacy can arise and become destructive to a child’s happiness and cause further internal damage. A child's identity is formed during their early years. Identity development is considered the central task during adolescence. When children grow up understanding who they are, they are able to better define what their strengths and weaknesses are while comparing themselves to others. Comparison can have two outcomes: it can be healthy in aiding in self-improvement or it can be unhealthy and result in envy/jealousy which can develop into depression. This is why self-exploration and identity development are critical in adolescent years. It is important to identify healthy and unhealthy envy in a child at an early age. If a child is showing signs of unhealthy envy, it is best to teach the child productive ways to handle these emotions. It is much easier to teach a child how to control their emotions while they are young rather than allowing them to develop a habit that is hard to break when they are older.", "The things that drive people mad with envy change throughout their lifetime. Studies have shown that the younger the person, the more likely they are to be envious of others. Adults under the age of 30 are more likely to experience envy compared to those 30 years and older. However, what people become envious over differs across adulthood. Younger adults, under the age of 30, have been found to envy others social status, relationships, and attractiveness. This starts to fade when a person hits their 30s. Typically, at this point in life, the person begins to accept who they are as an individual and compare themselves to others less often. However, they still envy others, just over different aspects in life, such as career or salary. Studies have shown a decrease in envy as a person ages; however, envious feelings over money was the only thing that consistently increased as a person got older. As a person ages, they begin to accept their social status. Nonetheless, envious feelings will be present throughout a person’s life. It is up to the individual whether they will let these envious feelings motivate or destroy them.", "Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder are often envious of others or believe others are envious of them. A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person.", "Aristotle, in \"Rhetoric,\" defined envy (φθόνος \"phthonos\") as \"the pain caused by the good fortune of others\", while Kant, in Metaphysics of Morals, defined it as \"a reluctance to see our own well-being overshadowed by another's because the standard we use to see how well off we are is not the intrinsic worth of our own well-being but how it compares with that of others\".", "", "In Buddhism, the term irshya is commonly translated as either envy or jealousy. \"Irshya\" is defined as a state of mind in which one is highly agitated to obtain wealth and honor for oneself, but unable to bear the excellence of others. The term \"mudita\" (sympathetic joy) is defined as taking joy in the good fortune of others. This virtue is considered the antidote to envy and the opposite of schadenfreude.", "Both in the Old and New Testament there are various descriptions of envy and events related to it, mostly with a dramatic outcome. Envy is one of the Seven deadly sins in Roman Catholicism. In the \"Book of Genesis\" envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother, Abel, as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel's sacrifice over Cain's. Envy is among the things that comes from the heart, defiling a person. The whole body is full of darkness when the eye, the lamp of body, is bad. He who is glad at calamity will not go unpunished, said Solomon. Envy ruins the body's health, making bones rot and prohibiting the inheritance of the kingdom of God. Sometimes, as a punishment, people are left in their sins, falling prey to envy and other heavy sins. Envy is credited as the basis of all toil and skills of people. For example, mankind will choose occupations to gain wealth, fame and pleasures to equal or exceed their neighbours. Envy is, therefore, a sin deeply ingrained in human nature. It comes into being when man lacks certain things, a circumstance that exists when God is not approached for provision or when the provision is used for one's own selfish passions and pleasures. Envy may be caused by wealth (Isaac, envied by the Philistines), by the brightness of wealth, power and beauty (Assyria kingdom envied of other kingdoms), by political and military rising (Saul eyed David from the moment he heard the women song of joy), fertility (Leah, envied of Rachel), social ascent (Joseph whom his brothers were jealous of), countless miracles and healings (the apostles envied of high priest and the Sadducees), popularity (Paul and Barnabas, envied of unfaithful Jewish from Antioch), the success of Christianization of many Thessalonians (Paul and Silas, envied of unfaithful Jews from Thessalonica), virtues and true power to heal, to make miracles and to teach people (Jesus envied of the chief priests). In the NT, Jewish Christians are admonished to not look with evil eye at the last converts (\"Gentiles\" or Pagan Christians) to avoid therefore becoming the last ones, missing the kingdom of God. They should be happy for anyone saved, like Christ, who came to save the lost, as the shepherd seeking the lost sheep. Zacchaeus, the chief tax collector, was among the lost ones and he succeeded in bringing salvation to him and to his house. Sometimes arisen out of sophistry, envy cannot coexist with true and spiritual wisdom, but with false, earthly, unspiritual, demonic wisdom. Throwing away envy is a crucial condition in our path to salvation. Envy was seen by the Apostle Paul as a real danger even within the first Christian communities. Envy should remain a sin of the past, defeated by God's teaching, which, as in the tenth commandment, forbids us from coveting our neighbour's things, woman, and servants, and urges us to rejoice with those who rejoice and weep with those who weep, as Apostle Paul said, and to love our neighbours as ourselves. Because brotherly, Christian love banishes definitively envy from our hearts.", "\"One who does not envy but is a compassionate friend to all... such a devotee is very dear to Me.\" - Lord Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 12, Verse 15. In Hinduism, envy is considered a disastrous emotion. Hinduism maintains that anything which causes the mind to lose balance with itself leads to misery. This concept is put forth in the epic Mahabharata, wherein Duryodhana launches the Kurukshetra war out of envy of the perceived prosperity of his cousins. He is known to have remarked: \"Father! The prosperity of the Pandavas (cousins) is burning me deeply! I cannot eat, sleep or live in the knowledge that they are better off than me!\" Thus, Hinduism teaches that envy can be overcome simply by recognizing that the man or woman who is the object of one's envy is merely enjoying the fruits of their past karmic actions and that one should not allow such devious emotions to take control of their mind, lest they suffer the same fate as the antagonists of the Mahabharata.", "In Islam, envy (\"ḥasad\" حسد in Arabic) is an impurity of the heart and can destroy one's good deeds. One must be content with what God has willed and believe in the justice of the creator. A Muslim should not allow his envy to inflict harm upon the envied person. Muhammad said, \"Do not envy each other, do not hate each other, do not oppose each other, and do not cut relations, rather be servants of Allah as brothers. It is not permissible for a Muslim to disassociate from his brother for more than three days such that they meet and one ignores the other, and the best of them is the one who initiates the salaam.\" Sahih al-Bukhari [Eng. Trans. 8/58 no. 91], Sahih Muslim [Eng. Trans. 4/1360 no. 6205, 6210] A Muslim may wish for himself a blessing like that which someone else has, without wanting it to be taken away from the other person. This is permissible and is not called \"ḥasad\". Rather, it is called \"ghibṭa\". \"There is to be no envy except in two cases: (towards) a person to whom Allah has granted wisdom, and who rules by this and teaches it to the people, and (towards) a person to whom Allah has granted wealth and property along with the power to spend it in the cause of the Truth.\" [Al-Bukhaari & Muslim]", "In Judaism (in the Hebrew Bible 'jealousy', is a key feature of God's personality – He is furious in jealousy (for His own people's undivided worship). YeHoVaH is jealous for His own. The God of Israel is, \"slow to anger and great in compassion\" (Exodus 34:6) but when His jealousy and anger had accumulated there was an outburst of punishment. (Exodus 34:6; Numbers 14:18; Psalm 103:8; Ps 86:15; Ps 145:8; Jonah 4:2; Nahum 1:3; Nehemiah 9:17; Joel 2:13 etc.) While jealousy is branded as a negative and unwanted emotion generally in society today and also in Christianity, which had developed out of Judaism, in the Biblical (so-called Old Testament) context it is a strong aspect of God's character and therefore not a flawed characteristic – unlike envy, which God does denounce. (Exodus 20:14; Deuteronomy 5:9 and verse 18) We envy people when we want what they have. We are jealous when we want to keep for ourselves what belongs exclusively to us. Therefore we see the frightening permission God gave husbands who became jealous of their wives, to make them take a curse upon themselves, in case they had slept with another man while they belonged to their husband. (Numbers 5:11 – 31) This points to the intimacy and exclusivity He is interested in, from His own people. Ephraim 'committed harlotry' against YHVH and thereby defiled the nation of Israel. Therefore He withdrew Himself from them, to their detriment: \"Woe to those when I depart from them!\" (Hosea 9:12), He warns. \"They will cry to YHVH, but he will hide His face from them\". (Micah 3:4) A wounded Lover speaking. \"You paid, but were not paid; for your harlotry. Therefore, oh harlot, hear the Word of YHVH: I shall set My jealousy against you and they will deal furiously with you.\" (Ezekiel 23:25) YHVH showed Ezekiel how the people in Jerusalem set up 'an image that provokes jealousy'. (Ezekiel 8:11, 12, 1 Kings 14:22, 2 Chronicles 14:2) God also loves like a jealous lover: He told Moses to make a breastplate for Aaron the priest, to wear when he goes into the Most Holy Place. On the breastplate he had to display the names of all the tribes of Israel, so He could see it whenever Aaron went in to work where YHVH's Presence was (Exodus 28:29). Somewhere else He says, I have your name engraved in the palm of My hand. (Isaiah 49:16) The God of Israel wants with His people a marriage of faithfulness, fairness, kindness and compassion – and that they should know Him. (Hosea 2:21,22) He is even jealous for the land itself, the land of Israel. (Joel 2:18) \"I am jealous for Jerusalem and for Zion with a great jealousy.. YHVH will yet comfort Zion and will yet choose Jerusalem.. For I will be to her a wall of fire all around; and the glory in her midst.\" (Zechariah 1:14, 17, Zechariah 2:9) The Hebrew Bible says Judah provoked YHVH to jealousy with all their sins and their false gods. (1 Kings 14:22) There is a notable difference in meaning between jealousy (of something that is one's own) and envy (which is covetousness of another one's possessions). (Exodus 20: 14; Proverbs 27:4)", "In English-speaking cultures, envy is often associated with the color green, as in \"green with envy\", and yellow. Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; a color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy. The phrase \"green-eyed monster\" refers to an individual whose current actions appear motivated by jealousy, not envy. This is based on a line from Shakespeare's \"Othello\". Shakespeare mentions it also in \"The Merchant of Venice\" when Portia states: \"How all the other passions fleet to air, as doubtful thoughts and rash embraced despair and shuddering fear and green-eyed jealousy!\" The character Envy from Fullmetal Alchemist series is one of the seven homunculi named after the seven deadly sins. The character of Zelena on ABC's \"Once Upon a Time\" takes on the title \"The Wicked Witch of the West\" after envy itself dyes her skin in the episode \"It's Not Easy Being Green\". In the parable \"Garden of Statues\", a character goes mad with envy because of all the attention his sculptor neighbor is getting. In Nelson W. Aldrich Jr.'s \"Old Money\", he states that people who suffer from a case of malicious envy are blind to what good things they already have, thinking they have nothing, causing them to feel emptiness and despair." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 55441, 111, 70, 108802, 87907, 5036, 51529, 237, 527, 97682, 80723, 99, 10086, 98224, 23, 10586, 4, 25632, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 59038, 111, 16284, 209480, 5, 581, 144573, 10086, 98224, 89159, 214, 87907, 4, 7311, 538, 59121, 100, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 53855, 136, 116086, 71, 8305, 70, 5369, 4, 509, 72803, 4, 6777, 959, 9969, 538, 5299, 678, 601, 363, 441, 5570, 7, 4, 1902, 84046, 8060, 100, 84079, 19097, 136, 21, 76622, 66139, 6044, 237, 145322, 141, 456, 118664, 15, 434, 3220, 70, 108802, 87907, 456, 147, 5445, 90, 80854, 98, 70, 49119, 237, 3525, 2053, 83, 7026, 297, 136, 49814, 47, 70, 9191, 194, 581, 3525, 108802, 87907, 509, 126809, 23, 95103, 678, 70, 10332, 4, 678, 70, 91177, 8035, 47, 78779, 13, 442, 3934, 10086, 98224, 84158, 408, 1290, 3229, 442, 509, 90638, 136, 144142, 5, 1913, 19713, 1632, 1286, 13036, 111666, 111, 10086, 98224, 509, 84751, 47, 186, 121447, 678, 70, 10332, 108802, 87907, 8108, 70, 101089, 5, 24372, 70, 83184, 111, 70, 109875, 13452, 23, 39395, 9571, 4, 70, 3525, 108802, 87907, 18151, 509, 121447, 1379, 142, 9803, 9, 60427, 86872, 5, 34525, 538, 51, 24461, 6259, 237, 44, 12248, 254, 1290, 830, 70, 9351, 1902, 47, 186, 98816, 47, 44, 8066, 2729, 53, 6056, 58, 15, 86, 29062, 58093, 108802, 16, 4743, 47, 52350, 10015, 44402, 5, 10086, 98224, 14432, 456, 43264, 297, 22499, 2729, 53, 6056, 237, 44, 724, 97682, 740, 51404, 109875, 173101, 15, 2347, 100, 13, 142117, 111, 70, 109875, 32807, 16, 61475, 538, 136475, 47, 4527, 70, 22499, 2729, 53, 6056, 9351, 15, 724, 97682, 509, 10, 10086, 98224, 52350, 10015, 247, 155605, 70, 527, 97682, 8796, 214, 23742, 1810, 5, 360, 18374, 9571, 4, 10086, 98224, 171530, 450, 6863, 11737, 31842, 2806, 4527, 527, 97682, 15, 143321, 509, 7464, 35839, 22499, 2729, 53, 6056, 99, 70, 1733, 16, 43257, 3501, 70, 10332, 108802, 87907, 4, 186607, 449, 21334, 63920, 111, 70, 38415, 47, 186, 456, 5429, 75639, 5, 51404, 903, 51957, 509, 5700, 678, 1467, 5570, 7, 204797, 7, 4, 442, 509, 21334, 538, 51, 114366, 678, 10086, 98224, 106001, 7, 4, 2750, 3542, 51, 157976, 678, 70, 37195, 21775, 34475, 100, 70, 456, 434, 18781, 5, 1650, 2843, 131148, 450, 2684, 111, 70, 4488, 16940, 100, 10086, 98224, 84158, 408, 1290, 103932, 15, 216561, 34754, 98, 70, 82485, 42, 136912, 7, 47, 70, 10332, 108802, 87907, 16, 1902, 47, 186, 32997, 297, 5, 10086, 98224, 305, 4, 70, 5117, 10086, 98224, 54452, 47, 49504, 67, 527, 97682, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 7582, 3576, 15, 2347, 9351, 10086, 98224, 190, 509, 8306, 11814, 194, 1301, 527, 97682, 34754, 136475, 4, 3789, 86685, 136, 352, 13482, 14202, 80723, 47, 3249, 4527, 111, 442, 5, 21629, 2823, 4, 390, 903, 1733, 10086, 98224, 25, 7, 49129, 14380, 4, 155605, 30666, 297, 442, 100, 4527, 23, 15612, 34, 63771, 272, 6, 129884, 136, 62, 22323, 100, 4727, 11787, 1193, 15, 2347, 184, 38742, 1902, 198395, 6, 55720, 69819, 2665, 56489, 194, 33306, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 10, 10846, 186, 1073, 4, 527, 97682, 509, 8306, 11814, 23, 70, 5201, 7244, 3773, 62, 22323, 23282, 5, 2161, 20414, 423, 4, 88847, 62, 22323, 21, 532, 5773, 70, 47143, 214, 527, 97682, 106001, 7, 136, 70, 109875, 32807, 15, 5037, 297, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 16, 100512, 70, 5201, 2288, 19364, 111, 527, 97682, 34754, 5, 38396, 4, 527, 97682, 83, 126809, 390, 93215, 111, 70, 109875, 84829, 4, 93215, 111, 53095, 450, 162466, 47, 70, 109875, 13452, 4, 136, 149849, 7, 5, 360, 18374, 20400, 109875, 171530, 75344, 316, 4, 142, 221560, 13452, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 40368, 10975, 34754, 79825, 47, 44, 177149, 70, 11737, 9, 48281, 1363, 1467, 87907, 100, 43568, 72095, 740, 1650, 96853, 183851, 136912, 7, 47, 527, 97682, 4, 39958, 1295, 70, 195935, 5406, 965, 13452, 5, 43568, 10149, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 6159, 107, 147797, 75344, 316, 830, 5117, 200513, 23, 7582, 505, 4, 83, 70, 61475, 11389, 678, 13036, 82761, 7, 1295, 70, 75344, 316, 64, 63771, 965, 77635, 225081, 5, 32255, 26698, 124735, 23718, 23, 70, 59279, 136, 162808, 89159, 214, 82761, 7, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 82761, 7, 1221, 186, 42564, 71, 1295, 5406, 965, 47, 527, 97682, 145322, 12097, 23, 22690, 11389, 7, 5, 360, 6088, 267, 4, 109875, 171530, 527, 97682, 100474, 4, 70, 137374, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 11737, 58093, 111, 14288, 38742, 35509, 98, 10, 10975, 35773, 1294, 450, 30482, 527, 97682, 456, 223, 2886, 100, 3952, 4, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 3525, 56, 10975, 34754, 79825, 47, 44, 112, 12600, 8705, 70, 87907, 68034, 1295, 6863, 38937, 101758, 4, 136, 7228, 442, 23468, 47, 352, 13482, 23, 3789, 86685, 740, 43568, 102489, 6, 129884, 4, 6544, 48398, 23, 70, 5701, 31150, 4, 83, 70, 61475, 11389, 65508, 71, 527, 97682, 100474, 4, 678, 124735, 23718, 23, 2450, 19, 9191, 72367, 214, 5, 43568, 109352, 509, 2843, 88303, 678, 527, 97682, 100474, 5, 360, 18237, 3640, 4, 109875, 171530, 43568, 1914, 22751, 237, 142, 221560, 13452, 450, 32153, 90, 98, 33976, 3952, 1467, 31842, 678, 527, 97682, 100474, 5, 28090, 70, 1810, 3509, 4, 527, 97682, 509, 82775, 47, 8060, 9803, 2665, 5570, 7, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 5570, 7, 527, 97682, 8060, 7, 26698, 12, 527, 97682, 2843, 2878, 25958, 8060, 7, 159, 79855, 61747, 581, 159, 79855, 12401, 4, 10576, 60641, 4, 6, 114205, 4, 21455, 4, 136, 13810, 42, 88996, 7, 621, 14373, 47, 186, 29479, 297, 136, 70, 46312, 136, 7986, 88996, 7, 621, 4734, 2878, 25958, 29479, 297, 5, 581, 1119, 41745, 83259, 88996, 83, 2843, 29479, 297, 1284, 83, 82424, 238335, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 8060, 1467, 37967, 82775, 100, 6, 3257, 2408, 11389, 7, 111, 10086, 98224, 136, 2665, 56489, 4, 527, 97682, 8060, 7, 120959, 27143, 21907, 101089, 214, 5, 43101, 7, 678, 10, 5744, 120959, 27143, 21907, 621, 79516, 71, 23, 5570, 7, 225932, 13736, 4, 3129, 28960, 7, 70, 601, 363, 441, 5570, 7, 81113, 538, 5, 43101, 7, 450, 765, 110, 120959, 27143, 21907, 707, 142, 114210, 120959, 27143, 21907, 621, 79516, 71, 23, 569, 7190, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 527, 97682, 83, 10, 31842, 87907, 126809, 390, 109875, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 23, 70, 43568, 31842, 4, 70, 139808, 91157, 3340, 23282, 4, 136, 5941, 3789, 77635, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Standards support.", "Usage.", "Past users.", "Proprietary dependency.", "Bloat.", "Quantum.", "Background.", "Component.", "Azure." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Development of the layout engine now known as Gecko began at Netscape in 1997, following the company's purchase of DigitalStyle. The existing Netscape rendering engine, originally written for Netscape Navigator 1.0 and upgraded through the years, was slow, did not comply well with W3C standards, had limited support for dynamic HTML and lacked features such as incremental reflow (when the layout engine rearranges elements on the screen as new data is downloaded and added to the page). The new layout engine was developed in parallel with the old, with the intention being to integrate it into Netscape Communicator when it was mature and stable. At least one more major revision of Netscape was expected to be released with the old layout engine before the switch. After the launch of the Mozilla project in early 1998, the new layout engine code was released under an open-source license. Originally unveiled as \"Raptor\", the name had to be changed to \"NGLayout\" (next generation layout) due to trademark problems. Netscape later rebranded NGLayout as \"Gecko\". While Mozilla Organization (the forerunner of the Mozilla Foundation) initially continued to use the NGLayout name (Gecko was a Netscape trademark), eventually the Gecko branding won out. In October 1998, Netscape announced that its next browser would use Gecko (which was still called NGLayout at the time) rather than the old layout engine, requiring large parts of the application to be rewritten. While this decision was popular with web standards advocates, it was largely unpopular with Netscape developers, who were unhappy with the six months given for the rewrite. It also meant that most of the work done for Netscape Communicator 5.0 (including development on the Mariner improvements to the old layout engine) had to be abandoned. Netscape 6, the first Netscape release to incorporate Gecko, was released in November 2000 (the name Netscape 5 was never used). As Gecko development continued, other applications and embedders began to make use of it. America Online, by this time Netscape's parent company, eventually adopted it for use in CompuServe 7.0 and AOL for Mac OS X (these products had previously embedded Internet Explorer). However, with the exception of a few betas, Gecko was never used in the main Microsoft Windows AOL client. On July 15, 2003, AOL laid off the remaining Gecko developers and the Mozilla Foundation (formed on the same day) became the main steward of Gecko development. Today, Gecko is developed by employees of the Mozilla Corporation, employees of companies that contribute to the Mozilla project, and volunteers. In October 2016, Mozilla announced Quantum, an ongoing project encompassing several software development efforts to \"build the next-generation web engine for Firefox users\". It includes numerous improvements to Gecko, taken from the experimental Servo project. Firefox 57, also known as \"Firefox Quantum\", first shipping in November 2017, is the initial version with major components from the Quantum/Servo projects enabled. These include increased performance in the CSS and GPU rendering components. Additional components will be merged from Servo to Gecko incrementally in future versions. In September 2018, Mozilla announced GeckoView, the foundation of Mozilla's next generation of mobile products based on a software library that makes Gecko reusable for Android, encompassing newer software development efforts to \"decouple the engine itself from its user interface, and made it easy to embed in other applications\". Firefox Focus 7.0, shipped in the same month, is the initial version introduced GeckoView, with increased performance in median page loading. Firefox Reality was also built with GeckoView. In June 2019, Mozilla announced Firefox Preview as an ongoing project that focuses on building Android web browser with GeckoView.", "From the outset, Gecko was designed to support open Internet standards. Some of the standards Gecko supports include: Gecko also partially supports SVG 1.1. The SVG font, color profile, animation, view, and cursor modules are yet to be implemented and the filter and text modules are only partially implemented. The extensibility module is also implemented but is currently disabled. In order to support web pages designed for legacy versions of Netscape and Internet Explorer, Gecko supports DOCTYPE switching. Documents with a modern DOCTYPE are rendered in standards compliance mode, which follows the W3C standards strictly. Documents that have no DOCTYPE or an older DOCTYPE are rendered in quirks mode, which emulates some of the non-standard oddities of Netscape Communicator 4.x; however, some of the 4.x features (such as layers) are not supported. Gecko also has limited support for some non-standard Internet Explorer features, such as the marquee element and the codice_1 property (though pages explicitly testing for codice_1 will be told it is not supported).", "Gecko is primarily used in web browsers, the earliest being Netscape 6 and Mozilla Suite (later renamed SeaMonkey). It is also used in other Mozilla web browser derivatives such as Firefox and Firefox for mobile and the implementation of the Internet Explorer-clone that is part of Wine. Mozilla also uses it in their Thunderbird email-client. Other web browsers using Gecko include GNU IceCat, Waterfox, K-Meleon, Lunascape, Portable Firefox, Conkeror, Classilla, TenFourFox. Other products using Gecko include Nightingale, Instantbird and Google's picture-organization software Picasa (for Linux). Gecko is also used by Sugar for the OLPC XO-1 computer. Gecko is used as a complete implementation of the XUL (XML User Interface Language). Gecko currently defines the XUL specification.", "Products that have historically used Gecko include Pale Moon (now currently using Goanna), Songbird, Epiphany (now known as GNOME Web) and GNOME DevHelp both have replaced Gecko with WebKitGTK, Sunbird (calendar), and other web browsers including Swiftfox, Flock, Galeon, Camino, Minimo, Beonex Communicator, Kazehakase, and MicroB.", "On Windows and other platforms, Gecko depends on proprietary compilers. Thus, FOSS distributions of Linux can not include the Gecko package used in the Windows compatibility layer Wine. After Gecko 2.0, the version number was bumped to 5.0 to match Firefox 5, and from then on has been kept in sync with the major version number for both Firefox and Thunderbird, to reflect the fact that it is no longer a separate component.", "In the Netscape era, a combination of poor technical and management decisions resulted in Gecko software bloat. Thus in 2001 Apple chose to fork KHTML, not Gecko, to create the WebKit engine for its Safari browser. However, by 2008 Mozilla had addressed some of the bloat problems, resulting in big performance improvements for Gecko.", "Quantum is a Mozilla project encompassing several software development efforts to \"build the next-generation web engine for Firefox users\". It includes numerous improvements to Gecko, largely incorporated from the experimental Servo project. Quantum also includes refinements to the user interface and interactions. Firefox 57, released in November 2017, is the initial version with a Servo component enabled. Mozilla dubs this and several planned future releases \"Firefox Quantum\".", "In 2013, Mozilla began the experimental Servo project, which is an engine designed from scratch with the goals of improving concurrency and parallelism while also reducing memory safety vulnerabilities. An important factor is writing Servo in the Rust programming language, also created by Mozilla, which is designed to generate compiled code with better memory safety, concurrency, and parallelism than compiled C++ code. As of April 2016, Servo needed at least several years of development to become a full-featured browser engine. Thus the decision to start the Quantum project to bring stable portions of Servo into Firefox.", "The Quantum project is composed of several sub-projects.", "The Mozilla Azure project is a stateless low-level graphics abstraction API used in Firefox. The project has several objectives including more accurate Direct2D compatibility, optimized state interoperability, and improved control over performance characteristics and bugs. Azure will provide 2D hardware acceleration on top of 3D graphics backends. Firefox began using Azure instead of Cairo in 2012. It is written in C++ and used by Servo. The Azure name is an ode to the early Netscape founder James H. Clark and his earlier work at SGI. Jim Clark invented Geometry Engine at Stanford University in 1979 which was the first GPU. Silicon Graphics were also the original inventors of OpenGL." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 6712, 83, 89554, 6226, 6259, 390, 70, 60223, 47593, 7, 5, 581, 25737, 60223, 47593, 83, 23996, 9, 176302, 13, 74, 8305, 67842, 79385, 7, 111, 104064, 4, 308, 26783, 707, 24234, 214, 33233, 678, 3789, 77679, 7, 114864, 70, 58585, 62816, 50030, 40478, 47, 35691, 4, 11675, 707, 70890, 112, 5, 581, 7108, 60223, 47593, 83, 11814, 100, 162333, 13, 25813, 7, 5, 581, 6712, 25, 7, 2684, 456, 10015, 2886, 60213, 83, 70, 81273, 47, 63769, 50030, 47, 4527, 604, 70116, 289, 81693, 59376, 47, 36356, 70, 32881, 7, 111, 604, 22, 13, 32747, 8305, 4527, 111, 197918, 1300, 4806, 52875, 7, 5, 32255, 52875, 7, 54, 1286, 82649, 47, 70, 22, 195, 53, 136, 7639, 70, 58585, 70, 82649, 8035, 23, 134225, 297, 98, 70, 233, 54137, 25, 7, 182355, 289, 45646, 5, 187791, 538, 4, 903, 14602, 10176, 47, 20653, 2837, 2886, 233, 54137, 7, 4, 237, 1836, 27983, 21342, 47, 4527, 32060, 16145, 450, 765, 2809, 218500, 9638, 3055, 297, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 188545, 102310, 7, 47, 70, 10336, 450, 2806, 22304, 70, 169569, 47, 138155, 538, 24649, 112, 4, 15490, 3853, 388, 214, 6, 144729, 7432, 5, 76556, 70, 6712, 83, 140528, 4, 44, 139701, 36024, 58, 1221, 186, 51, 21135, 297, 4, 126416, 70, 58585, 70, 81273, 47, 11301, 237, 50030, 25, 7, 27150, 56, 78, 79298, 136, 43876, 4, 7714, 40478, 5, 179117, 223, 59982, 7, 831, 186, 51, 21135, 297, 87420, 70, 6712, 4, 3129, 26698, 10, 104683, 4, 101732, 40989, 4, 7398, 8705, 88203, 68879, 4, 22556, 136, 115392, 2288, 289, 927, 60813, 5, 11356, 214, 70, 6712, 10, 17932, 1733, 113660, 33244, 6, 187906, 87420, 70, 6712, 47, 70541, 54241, 13, 120384, 90, 111, 24233, 142172, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 54241, 13, 3441, 76, 136, 54241, 13, 6, 68823, 9, 6967, 5, 24372, 21721, 214, 70, 6712, 186351, 4, 70, 148, 56644, 2069, 84659, 237, 51592, 23, 70, 73432, 21855, 856, 83, 2843, 51, 21135, 297, 5, 62, 50960, 34735, 6712, 11435, 78301, 538, 51, 21135, 7, 44, 10476, 11439, 116, 50030, 830, 3129, 64457, 111, 142, 59982, 83, 20653, 10, 12921, 40911, 136, 4486, 20102, 50961, 4, 66161, 237, 2412, 135179, 23, 70, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 44759, 4, 23, 27226, 158839, 5, 50030, 40478, 4, 8999, 9, 982, 157272, 110938, 4, 1556, 2809, 1274, 2822, 390, 70, 64930, 136, 13763, 910, 47, 33284, 10, 7175, 450, 83, 81887, 214, 47, 210751, 67, 44, 38882, 4241, 4, 58, 10, 92702, 93905, 49602, 53702, 5, 581, 7175, 25, 7, 113857, 83687, 7, 21647, 214, 17203, 47, 70, 30388, 8305, 10, 181952, 233547, 8035, 34658, 98, 70, 44, 23135, 19379, 3996, 67, 4, 58, 10, 44752, 44616, 149509, 109923, 6, 157272, 136, 160404, 71, 390, 4440, 4241, 5, 62, 95, 344, 297, 1202, 98, 70, 2665, 168360, 10, 4440, 4241, 109923, 24649, 6238, 28032, 70, 2076, 561, 85, 4699, 109217, 4, 136, 442, 83, 30783, 297, 450, 1836, 621, 20697, 98, 3060, 8562, 111, 1601, 1177, 11, 5416, 23, 70, 7103, 125458, 111, 70, 6817, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 5, 50030, 25, 7, 51521, 29256, 83687, 7, 210751, 1363, 237, 10, 28813, 1290, 23, 70, 233547, 5, 33306, 4, 50030, 83, 2843, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 44, 7, 1177, 13, 1264, 56128, 5608, 604, 89543, 35782, 4, 2412, 8110, 67229, 70, 12447, 5, 50030, 30957, 7, 70, 130412, 1284, 83, 69405, 134053, 136, 141621, 71, 5, 4687, 33662, 53299, 7, 10, 36398, 8180, 214, 604, 111, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 137578, 136, 70, 47219, 111, 1632, 111, 70, 97957, 24, 4806, 4939, 984, 13, 15, 91699, 71, 390, 4440, 4241, 159354, 111954, 110427, 247, 136, 450, 2412, 8110, 5036, 55080, 70, 41018, 164055, 5, 50030, 8110, 78431, 604, 3917, 8305, 4440, 4241, 25, 7, 84616, 136, 172554, 70, 85027, 50155, 6863, 49602, 69924, 5, 1301, 2412, 42658, 90, 23, 604, 29752, 4, 50030, 78431, 7, 70, 4440, 4241, 25, 7, 2663, 159354, 7, 4, 72134, 678, 70, 3357, 14361, 32116, 136, 100306, 111, 239, 76, 9335, 4, 53008, 329, 111558, 5, 4687, 7068, 25813, 7, 98, 47, 81828, 10, 41714, 111, 70, 14364, 7, 4, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 13763, 910, 23882, 44576, 37700, 7039, 5, 50030, 3059, 538, 144281, 7, 70, 149509, 109923, 678, 604, 6897, 136, 83, 39958, 47, 10, 4440, 4241, 18481, 25188, 178290, 5, 11853, 4, 2412, 190647, 7, 151433, 9627, 90, 4, 10, 172647, 2750, 8180, 7, 604, 1672, 4440, 4241, 25, 7, 1774, 47, 4527, 99675, 90, 47, 80097, 136, 34704, 67, 435, 34414, 138765, 13, 98, 70, 77904, 74912, 5, 581, 16750, 83, 373, 5125, 2069, 4, 3129, 113660, 109923, 7, 47, 388, 13, 2363, 373, 32135, 27771, 5, 581, 142172, 4911, 7, 1556, 70, 14537, 47, 163684, 24, 1405, 117001, 1295, 114625, 4, 880, 6048, 2856, 47, 70, 103136, 111, 70, 15520, 5, 9627, 90, 25, 1774, 509, 47, 7413, 10, 3525, 48302, 31344, 136, 30700, 47, 165082, 160692, 7, 4, 1284, 1919, 25188, 509, 165292, 297, 3934, 10, 3173, 111, 1631, 44937, 5, 581, 13452, 83, 13294, 1883, 4, 70, 759, 824, 93905, 41018, 64930, 136, 13763, 910, 765, 49782, 107282, 7, 111, 5, 50030, 92154, 7, 450, 2412, 8110, 7279, 70, 13452, 4, 136, 51776, 98, 70, 17932, 4440, 4241, 159354, 4, 146239, 12426, 2765, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 83, 33284, 297, 390, 7714, 40478, 15, 839, 885, 25, 7, 114015, 247, 1274, 2822, 33233, 678, 70, 12502, 1098, 59591, 237, 14361, 32116, 7, 5, 24372, 59335, 538, 44173, 9966, 23, 30641, 678, 7714, 4, 50030, 136622, 98, 604, 29752, 136, 7103, 146239, 25, 7, 77104, 98, 1202, 3126, 678, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 276, 12787, 192, 825, 18437, 17750, 4, 19614, 528, 1861, 276, 12787, 192, 4, 50030, 111240, 7, 47, 67153, 146239, 5, 151433, 9627, 90, 4, 49903, 4, 83, 2843, 152388, 237, 239, 76, 9335, 54410, 7, 136, 192026, 7, 10, 7225, 3129, 18276, 7, 70, 65133, 7, 47, 160404, 13294, 1883, 25, 7, 99675, 90, 5, 17106, 44576, 25, 7, 4358, 4, 50030, 144281, 7, 70, 3647, 390, 764, 9120, 78478, 4, 1608, 6953, 239, 76, 9335, 4420, 47, 70, 44752, 44616, 149509, 109923, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12502, 1098, 25, 7, 50030, 40478, 23, 12, 96719, 390, 262, 7134, 90, 4, 51529, 23, 15758, 237, 4, 83, 142, 22631, 9, 712, 43210, 13, 6712, 390, 2096, 587, 5, 1650, 83, 61475, 538, 10, 25927, 9, 16713, 1295, 70, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 36549, 111, 181952, 27528, 5, 34525, 538, 171530, 678, 70, 44759, 44, 839, 885, 830, 70, 6712, 509, 121447, 100, 70, 75041, 116, 23, 35652, 1650, 83, 70, 5117, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 6712, 47, 186, 21109, 297, 276, 15, 4613, 6644, 16, 390, 9764, 45176, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "Plot.", "Reception.", "See also." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The game is fully controlled by the analog sticks. The left analog stick is touch-sensitive; through various degrees of holding, tapping or pressing along with other buttons allows the player character Nina Williams to walk, run or evade. The right analog stick is used for offensive moves. The game's most remarkable feature is the ability to allow Nina to use her martial arts skills to break the bones of her enemies through use of carefully aimed attacks. These attacks do more damage to the enemy and show the player the damage being inflicted on the opponent's skeletal structure. Strangely, this does little to actually disable opponents, as they often continue to use limbs that have been literally shattered, as well as survive blows to the head that would cause the skull to practically explode, without even losing consciousness. Once the game is completed, \"Anna Mode\" will be unlocked, offering the player the ability to play as Nina's younger sibling and rival, Anna Williams. Various outfits can be unlocked throughout the game, which include a bikini, cocktail dress, purple jumpsuit, black and silver stealth suit. Playing the game a second time causes LCD crates throughout the game to contain infinite supplies of certain weapons, such as infinite katana and infinite rail-gun. After completing the game twice, the wrestling costume as seen in the opening FMV is also unlocked. A third clear game file additionally unlocks \"Tekken 2 Nina\", which instead of an outfit is actually a different facial and bodily construction, exactly as she appears in the \"Tekken\" title, in low resolution.", "Nina Williams, world-renowned assassin, has been hired by the CIA and MI6 to join a team that is attempting to infiltrate \"Kometa,\" a notorious criminal organization. The team's strategy involves gaining access to the target through a fighting tournament being held on the \"Amphitrite,\" a luxury cruise ship owned and operated by Kometa. A leaked video on the Internet showed a Kometa ship exploding within the Bermuda Triangle, and it is feared that they are working on some kind of superweapon in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union. Nina's official cover involves infiltration as a competitor in the tournament. However, Nina is also the team's \"sweeper\"; should her partners fail, she must finish the job. Nina enters the competition but is quickly discovered and captured. She soon receives a communication informing her of the team's failure and the death of one of the agents named John Doe (killed by Kometa executive Edgar Grant), and that she must now conduct the operation herself. Nina must fight her way through Kometa's forces and expose the truth behind its criminal activities. As she progresses in her mission, Nina fights the Kometa's top executives, starting with the personal bodyguard and lover of Lana Lei, Bryce Adams. She then moves on to photograph a meeting of the directors, with the help of MI6 agent Alan Smithee. Nina barely escapes the cruise ship with her life and is taken to a Kometa Island research facility. Here, she encounters Lukas Hayes, a scientist who informs her about Kometa's plan to use satellites to heat and activate methane hydrate on the ocean floor. The result is bubbling, which causes ships to lose their buoyancy. The weapon thus has the power to destroy naval vehicles from afar, sinking them to the bottom of the sea. Hayes' plan was to find a new energy source and alternative to fossil fuels, but his research was twisted into a form of warfare. The project is Salacia, the mysterious operation CIA and MI6 have heard rumors of. Nina realizes that she must stop the project, and takes on the second Kometa executive, Enrique Ortega. However, he is joined by Anna Williams (Nina's sister), hired along with the Tekken Force as bodyguards. After briefly engaging in combat with Anna, Nina continues on her mission and after Enrique's conversation on video link with the head of the Mishima Zaibatsu, Heihachi Mishima, Nina manages to kill Enrique. Lukas Hayes, however, is also killed as Lana Lei arrives and recovers a case which houses the electronics to operate Salacia's satellites. With Alan's help, Nina escapes the base by helicopter, chasing Lana Lei back to the luxury cruise ship. For a second time, Nina must fight her way through the Kometa boat, only this time against advanced cyborg soldiers, another of Lei's weapons projects. After recovering the keys to her quarters, Nina finds Salacia and engages with Lana. After her defeat, they are interrupted by Alan, who is revealed as Kometa executive Edgar Grant. Shooting Lana, he acknowledges that he is also a sweeper, there to destroy all evidence of his part in the atrocities. Before he can kill Nina, however, Lana shoots him dead and escapes to a secret room. There, Nina witnesses her powering Salacia, targeting methane hydrate pockets all around the United States coastline. Nina finishes Lana off before she can continue with her insane plan, and makes her way to an escape pod as a self-destruct mode is activated on the boat. Her pod, however, explodes, and Nina lands on the ship's edge. As a rescue helicopter comes for her, she is knocked down by none other than Anna Williams. The two sisters face off as the ship nears destruction and almost both fall to their deaths. However, the two grudgingly work together to escape and grab the helicopter rope line, with Nina having a flashback to the events before her father's death, in particular, the moments following when the two sisters comforted one another. Anna drops Nina into the ocean after saying that they are now even. Nina watches on as rescue boats approach from behind her, the Kometa ship exploding and sinking, as Anna leaves on the helicopter.", "\"Death by Degrees\" received mixed reviews from critics. While the cutscenes and depth of story were praised, critics generally found fault with difficult camera angles, extensive loading times, and system control, which limited all fighting sequences to use of the analog stick. In Japan, \"Famitsu\" gave it a score of 29 out of 40.", "\"\" - A spin off of the \"Mortal Kombat\" series with a similar premise." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 333, 109622, 43240, 4, 106480, 8382, 184017, 678, 24643, 5831, 1176, 136, 50372, 18347, 6644, 1284, 2843, 23, 162145, 289, 110297, 7, 4, 442, 1556, 4989, 2809, 70, 114122, 450, 4393, 15869, 5256, 47, 70, 3687, 7440, 10, 57456, 9351, 509, 91376, 621, 171, 217, 3674, 4, 1284, 10, 16610, 9, 12336, 83, 11814, 47, 113721, 70, 42179, 111, 70, 9351, 4, 99, 19713, 70, 5117, 1733, 903, 83, 119056, 5, 581, 42179, 9351, 83, 195409, 959, 6, 129980, 4677, 4, 1284, 831, 4358, 47, 103608, 3060, 34844, 3387, 5, 15649, 7, 26698, 12, 139118, 7, 136, 209236, 100, 42179, 15869, 5256, 23, 337, 43013, 621, 127918, 390, 24241, 7, 7621, 1104, 2525, 111, 70, 44, 130196, 28864, 111, 438, 1055, 18347, 6644, 58, 24073, 16259, 839, 51029, 1301, 11341, 71, 23, 24241, 7621, 111, 70, 128464, 6827, 28864, 4, 23, 337, 43013, 442, 83, 3638, 47, 113721, 4734, 70, 42179, 111, 70, 24643, 191, 9351, 237, 117414, 71, 23, 70, 91376, 4488, 4, 3853, 21208, 903, 1543, 129927, 1295, 70, 11341, 71, 42179, 16070, 111, 70, 104345, 68034, 5, 581, 30362, 18, 3173, 111, 42179, 15869, 1363, 23, 337, 43013, 4027, 25720, 3229, 70, 9351, 83, 1059, 3674, 23, 6863, 7311, 30648, 136, 6863, 7311, 107396, 3687, 674, 15, 2472, 333, 1687, 15403, 123055, 136, 35064, 247, 7440, 70, 7311, 42179, 15, 748, 42179, 7, 16, 621, 70, 4734, 9351, 64, 7, 1059, 3674, 4, 136, 110, 49129, 35412, 90, 621, 99201, 5, 581, 42845, 13579, 44, 126, 58, 707, 70, 151095, 43882, 26582, 44, 1230, 58, 831, 186, 11814, 3229, 6626, 42179, 7, 124416, 538, 80299, 10, 9351, 5, 360, 5941, 50218, 70, 42179, 15869, 1363, 1221, 58055, 111, 6626, 63920, 4, 70, 5117, 23, 49129, 35412, 90, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 12, 3293, 3173, 111, 42179, 15869, 1363, 117414, 7, 450, 70, 28, 6295, 1448, 509, 7311, 538, 91376, 23, 15700, 107396, 15, 73, 903, 7225, 237, 44, 441, 35751, 8231, 10955, 3584, 20330, 18939, 390, 70, 5117, 42179, 4, 26977, 944, 166167, 7, 15, 69442, 3674, 390, 70, 22, 63499, 6953, 49129, 35412, 90, 247, 1284, 109133, 47, 70, 13379, 107396, 44, 60785, 26865, 7701, 316, 58, 390, 70, 17932, 15, 107, 1824, 214, 16, 42179, 15, 7251, 5627, 5305, 118759, 158014, 1311, 34, 109757, 194, 103905, 538, 4, 70, 15226, 6953, 42179, 98816, 70, 30648, 111, 70, 24643, 191, 4, 100, 27781, 40129, 214, 442, 1295, 1614, 16711, 3387, 47, 114149, 15, 748, 22925, 105274, 247, 1295, 1614, 1409, 223, 47, 140978, 4, 3021, 5, 15, 284, 208, 73, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 83, 23, 69822, 47, 70, 16648, 23, 1602, 25443, 4, 7440, 110, 42179, 16070, 15549, 83, 125296, 71, 28032, 14449, 9, 51588, 4, 107396, 9, 51588, 4, 136, 114149, 9, 51588, 123055, 4, 4911, 7, 10, 15549, 1295, 1614, 16711, 3387, 47, 114149, 4, 707, 1614, 1409, 223, 47, 107396, 4, 83, 959, 137272, 678, 2499, 15549, 23, 1059, 3674, 42179, 16070, 194, 14847, 1059, 1916, 10, 128464, 6827, 9351, 26719, 6863, 42179, 4, 70, 42179, 25, 7, 9351, 83, 27983, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 5, 717, 65524, 35060, 27771, 4, 70, 44, 130196, 28864, 111, 438, 1055, 18347, 6644, 100, 98220, 13, 4, 162434, 4, 136, 18153, 7, 58, 44, 16259, 839, 58, 67330, 7, 70, 4527, 111, 335, 1605, 4007, 18, 619, 663, 19256, 25, 7, 44, 284, 1003, 5922, 7, 111, 75628, 15757, 7, 58, 186348, 4, 7440, 12638, 42179, 111, 10, 128464, 6827, 9351, 1556, 2809, 95486, 297, 10, 36998, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 5, 32255, 5570, 1563, 105160, 14, 21094, 831, 186, 14037, 99, 70, 8357, 75628, 15757, 7, 31471, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 12, 70, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 44, 866, 1242, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 170277, 128464, 271, 25075, 94920, 19005, 2750, 151552, 903, 107396, 98, 915, 5, 6, 174841, 111, 1919, 44, 294, 1081, 58732, 75628, 25759, 58, 23, 729, 14226, 5, 70, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 44, 441, 3915, 1242, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 128464, 271, 125016, 16466, 542, 4841, 45188, 31, 136, 44, 25452, 7344, 141, 1242, 47, 70, 128464, 271, 622, 112, 26932, 86914, 31746, 25612, 542, 135519, 16918, 2465, 74, 6097, 42179, 7, 124416, 538, 151552, 903, 114149, 15, 2940, 158012, 442, 23, 70, 107396, 44, 26951, 4223, 18939, 23, 543, 3768, 5, 14847, 44, 3355, 58, 83, 10, 82761, 111, 70, 42179, 15869, 1363, 4, 442, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 15824, 450, 142, 61475, 76811, 6777, 959, 40407, 53, 70, 91736, 100, 35604, 104345, 4, 1284, 450, 70, 5701, 9351, 509, 221419, 538, 35604, 538, 91376, 390, 10, 17932, 42179, 707, 42179, 7, 15, 748, 390, 70, 5701, 42179, 23, 10, 221419, 104345, 194, 33306, 4, 2174, 70, 221419, 42179, 30482, 34735, 450, 70, 76811, 509, 4743, 47, 70, 110680, 42179, 15, 2940, 450, 70, 110680, 42179, 68186, 71, 70, 9351, 247, 7068, 110, 44, 3355, 58, 83, 11814, 4, 136, 70, 110680, 42179, 83, 145870, 75447, 5, 1326, 27781, 12, 117414, 7, 450, 57995, 27325, 1636, 35604, 538, 91376, 903, 9351, 15, 73, 543, 2357, 23, 903, 110527, 247, 1284, 1919, 76811, 509, 35509, 98, 142, 110680, 76811, 390, 86914, 727, 1297, 5, 15, 110361, 450, 23, 337, 43013, 4, 70, 42179, 111, 70, 110680, 9351, 107671, 90, 70, 14432, 4, 35604, 1632, 74, 23, 1602, 25443, 4, 903, 40, 944, 3956, 15, 136913, 13379, 16, 83, 39531, 5281, 5, 16, 581, 25632, 3173, 7, 111, 15869, 1363, 621, 756, 105950, 538, 26785, 12, 1301, 117414, 71, 36917, 4, 40101, 70, 7311, 707, 70, 15226, 6953, 42179, 1543, 83687, 48716, 34153, 4, 237, 117, 70, 25632, 27781, 7, 1295, 70, 5701, 107396, 12, 581, 142, 121226, 1294, 13579, 44, 73, 58, 83, 68018, 6, 212423, 47, 117414, 450, 70, 42179, 16070, 111, 70, 91376, 4488, 83, 12921, 1295, 450, 111, 70, 9351, 68034, 4, 100, 27781, 12, 24241, 201, 178121, 18622, 106, 111, 70, 226129, 289, 28864, 117414, 7, 450, 23, 6044, 50218, 4, 70, 126826, 3739, 60636, 44, 73, 58, 83, 23, 15824, 10, 75422, 48461, 15869, 1363, 136, 5608, 959, 186, 11814, 15490, 70, 3687, 111, 104345, 8035, 99201, 4, 4911, 7, 70, 12601, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 128464, 6827, 50372, 18347, 6644, 4, 42179, 15869, 1363, 15005, 7, 47, 1059, 1916, 70, 3445, 707, 21115, 111, 3395, 2750, 35604, 538, 91376, 10, 128464, 6827, 9351, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 2750, 5117, 91376, 70, 9351, 12960, 211394, 214, 70, 23113, 96679, 237, 58735, 297, 390, 70, 44, 130196, 28864, 111, 438, 1055, 18347, 6644, 100, 98220, 13, 4, 162434, 4, 136, 18153, 7, 58, 24073, 16259, 839, 51029, 360, 50218, 7440, 10, 114149, 83, 110, 51713, 23, 6863, 7311, 189534, 3687, 674, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 10, 3525, 162515, 111, 107396, 136, 29458, 28, 6295, 1448, 247, 15044, 70, 180210, 100, 70, 7311, 107396, 3687, 674, 136, 450, 100, 70, 3525, 162515, 621, 34475, 15, 2347, 36770, 23, 49129, 35412, 90, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Introduction.", "Basic citation.", "Abbreviation.", "Usage of the term \"ex\".", "Examples.", "Usage of the ancillary term \"in\".", "Authorship of subsidiary ranks.", "Emending authors.", "Other indications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In biological works, particularly those dealing with taxonomy and nomenclature but also in ecological surveys, it has long been the custom that full citations to the place where a scientific name was published are omitted, but a short-hand is used to cite the author of the name, at least the first time this is mentioned. The author name is frequently not sufficient information, but can help to resolve some difficulties. Problems include: Rules and recommendations for author citations in botany are covered by Articles 46–50 of the \"International Code of Nomenclature\" (\"ICN\"). As stated in Article 46 of the botanical Code, in botany it is normal to cite only the author of the taxon name as indicated in the published work, even though this may differ from the stated authorship of the publication itself.", "The simplest form of author citation in botany applies when the name is cited in its original rank and its original genus placement (for binomial names and below), where the original author (or authors) are the only name/s cited, and no parentheses are included. The Latin term \"et\" or the ampersand symbol \"&\" can be used when two authors jointly publish a name. In many cases the author citation will consist of two parts, the first in parentheses, e.g.: This form of author citation indicates that the epithet was originally published in another genus (in this case as \"Cistus coridifolius\") by the first author, Dominique Villars (indicated by the enclosing parentheses), but moved to the present genus \"Helianthemum\" by the second (revising) author (António Xavier Pereira Coutinho). Alternatively, the revising author changed the rank of the taxon, for example raising it from subspecies to species (or vice versa), from subgenus to Section, etc. (Again, the latter is in contrast to the situation in zoology, where no authorship change is recognized within family-group, genus-group, and species-group names, thus a change from subspecies to species, or subgenus to genus, is not associated with any change in cited authorship).", "When citing a botanical name including its author, the author's name is often abbreviated. To encourage consistency, the \"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants\" \"ICN\" recommends the use of Brummitt & Powell's \"Authors of Plant Names\" (1992), where each author of a botanical name has been assigned a unique abbreviation. These standard abbreviations can be found at the International Plant Names Index. For example, in: the abbreviation \"L.\" refers to the famous botanist Carl Linnaeus who described this genus on p. 492 of his \"Species Plantarum\" in 1753. the abbreviation \"Cham.\" refers to the botanist Adelbert von Chamisso and \"Schldl.\" to the botanist Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal; these authors jointly described this species (and placed it in the genus \"Rubus\") in 1827.", "When \"ex\" is a component of the author citation, it denotes the fact that an initial description did not satisfy the rules for valid publication, but that the same name was subsequently validly published by a second author or authors (or by the same author in a subsequent publication). However, if the subsequent author makes clear that the description was due to the earlier author (and that the earlier author accepted the name), then no \"ex\" is used, and the earlier author is listed alone. For example: indicates that Josef Schultes validly published this name (in 1824 in this instance), but his description was based on an earlier description by Franz Sieber. (Note that in botany, the author of the earlier name precedes the later, valid one; in zoology, this sequence (where present) is reversed.)", "The following forms of citation are all equally correct: As indicated above, either the original or the revising author may involve multiple words, as per the following examples from the same genus:", "The ancillary term \"in\" is sometimes employed to indicate that the authorship of the published work is different from that of the name itself, for example: Article 46.2 Note 1 of the Botanical Code indicates that in such cases, the portion commencing \"in\" is in fact a bibliographic citation and should not be used without the place of publication being included, thus the preferred form of the name+author alone in this example would be \"Verrucaria aethiobola\" Wahlenb., not \"Verrucaria aethiobola\" Wahlenb. in Acharius. (This is in contrast to the situation in zoology, where either form is permissible, and in addition a date would normally be appended.)", "According to the botanical Code it is only necessary to cite the author for the lowest rank of the taxon in question, i.e. for the example subspecies given above (\"Helianthemum apenninum\" subsp. \"rothmaleri\") it is not necessary (or even recommended) to cite the authority of the species (\"Mill.\") as well as that of the subspecies, though this is found in some sources. The only exception to this rule is where the nominate variety or subspecies of a species is cited, which automatically will inherit the same authorship of its parent taxon, thus:", "As described in Article 47 of the botanical code, on occasion either the diagnostic characters or the circumscription of a taxon may be altered (\"emended\") sufficiently that the attribution of the name to the original taxonomic concept as named is insufficient. The original authorship attribution is not altered in these cases, but a \"taxonomic\" statement can be appended to the original authorship using the abbreviation \"emend.\" (for \"emendavit\"), as per these examples given in the Code: (In the second example, \"excl. var.\", abbr. for \"exclusis varietatibus\", indicates that this taxonomic concept excludes varieties which other workers have subsequently included).", "Other indications which may be encountered appended to scientific name authorship include indications of nomenclatural or taxonomic status (e.g. \"nom. illeg.\", \"sensu Smith\", etc.), prior taxonomic status for taxa transferred between hybrid and non-hybrid status (\"(pro sp.)\" and \"(pro hybr.)\", see Article 50 of the botanical Code), and more. Technically these do not form part of the author citation but represent supplementary text, however they are sometimes included in \"authority\" fields in less well constructed taxonomic databases. Some specific examples given in Recommendations 50A–F of the botanical Code include: for a taxon name published without an acceptable description or diagnosis for a homonym—indicating in this instance that Carl Peter Thunberg's \"\"Lindera\"\" is not the same taxon as that named previously by Michel Adanson, the correspondence of the two names being coincidental as above, but two prior (and quite possibly unrelated) homonyms noted, the first by Ludwig Reichenbach, the second by Ferdinand von Mueller for a taxon name rejected (normally in favour of a later usage) and placed on the list of rejected names forming an appendix to the botanical Code (the alternative name conserved over the rejected name would be cited as \"nom. cons.\") this is the preferred syntax for a name that has been misapplied by a subsequent author or authors (\"auct.\" or \"auctt.\") such that it actually represents a different taxon from the one to which Vahl's name correctly applies indicating that the epithet as originally published was spelled \"solomonensis\", but the spelling here is in an altered form, presumably for Code compliance or some other legitimate reason." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4565, 206, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 234517, 74, 30006, 9319, 47446, 4, 23213, 1760, 74, 136, 90202, 96280, 4, 136, 764, 29966, 297, 540, 141, 25876, 436, 5, 3003, 102459, 4293, 19694, 19188, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 70, 18507, 111, 24849, 5, 1529, 75204, 1919, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 13909, 41664, 99, 7789, 99442, 12535, 4, 136, 764, 75204, 1919, 31347, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 20231, 1295, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 99, 34469, 11, 9, 62467, 15293, 872, 19, 5, 1529, 80723, 1919, 80997, 99, 161950, 189682, 7, 4, 20697, 100, 59671, 5369, 98, 172852, 5426, 136, 33120, 18151, 5, 1529, 7068, 79786, 100, 17262, 5369, 99, 37992, 14256, 2481, 84837, 123470, 32562, 11948, 72083, 141, 136, 391, 9434, 18151, 4, 136, 20594, 70, 5117, 13763, 9059, 627, 68037, 11469, 111, 527, 13709, 5, 4565, 206, 26859, 4488, 99, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 84829, 23, 7071, 98147, 4565, 206, 7311, 538, 33284, 297, 892, 33770, 47, 3884, 34702, 282, 44, 73, 70, 31842, 830, 1284, 1919, 10086, 98224, 14597, 7, 51636, 297, 450, 70, 46876, 26, 7, 6002, 86531, 102337, 40099, 450, 111, 41925, 5, 581, 16750, 509, 10, 46876, 450, 1902, 5045, 111, 70, 123309, 2481, 111, 34702, 282, 4, 70, 36746, 9, 180324, 111, 55347, 4, 136, 70, 6002, 86531, 111, 41925, 5, 581, 5117, 11389, 509, 140528, 23, 1492, 13312, 23, 12989, 47, 211196, 67, 70, 65290, 4597, 16655, 48941, 54452, 80889, 4, 136, 509, 35839, 2501, 1436, 4, 1284, 120514, 4806, 9251, 147845, 23, 6088, 11857, 136, 14432, 17925, 23, 14487, 5, 4565, 206, 136475, 47, 645, 21231, 70, 34754, 111, 103336, 46674, 19770, 4, 70, 29458, 208124, 111, 17925, 23, 65290, 4597, 5, 360, 39395, 9571, 4, 4565, 206, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 109875, 13452, 678, 143083, 825, 9494, 1336, 136, 27060, 4, 105233, 70, 27511, 2298, 5, 1478, 4165, 4, 3129, 509, 131148, 47, 111240, 9803, 9, 60427, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 10086, 98224, 31344, 18151, 5, 1529, 149976, 237, 109875, 25, 7, 185256, 107653, 5, 62, 22323, 123997, 10086, 98224, 23, 55482, 24372, 62, 22323, 8633, 18, 7565, 70, 10086, 98224, 31842, 25072, 23, 20414, 88847, 4565, 206, 104902, 25927, 1810, 70, 109875, 32807, 5, 360, 8055, 73584, 7103, 520, 6496, 237, 37105, 39713, 1419, 136, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 45443, 111, 14364, 7, 111, 70, 109875, 32807, 4, 4565, 206, 100512, 185256, 121392, 93324, 111, 70, 3525, 538, 14037, 297, 109875, 84829, 4, 131148, 47, 186, 70, 109875, 32807, 25, 7, 100, 9, 39348, 16294, 5, 4565, 206, 136475, 47, 44, 8770, 19, 58, 70, 109875, 103336, 46674, 19770, 88996, 4, 6863, 17925, 87907, 4, 24189, 764, 115081, 98, 70, 101785, 16070, 111, 442, 23, 13999, 2161, 11994, 744, 4, 27580, 109875, 7228, 70, 189353, 141, 51957, 47, 6, 140545, 4565, 206, 237, 45733, 111, 109875, 84829, 5, 44, 3957, 23706, 15130, 34419, 58, 61475, 538, 113771, 450, 4, 23, 18782, 26548, 1919, 38162, 164306, 4, 23552, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 45443, 15, 82166, 53, 98359, 4439, 4, 4939, 1261, 12097, 4, 136, 78196, 602, 1249, 16713, 16, 2288, 48398, 7565, 4, 137802, 181798, 133840, 4, 853, 532, 201670, 4, 136, 70500, 17325, 7422, 5372, 18, 5, 313, 17777, 14432, 113771, 450, 111, 70, 17262, 45443, 43032, 2750, 1902, 25737, 4, 4734, 1261, 12097, 25737, 4743, 47, 4565, 206, 25, 7, 164306, 5, 1261, 12097, 30745, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 19114, 830, 44, 568, 25737, 43257, 3501, 6, 140545, 4049, 830, 136, 206398, 71, 47, 121151, 13, 53333, 5, 581, 164306, 185553, 297, 38134, 21329, 712, 35778, 8780, 4743, 47, 4565, 206, 25, 7, 11015, 68894, 163117, 7, 46, 183037, 4, 10, 2021, 163117, 111, 3650, 93712, 47, 39897, 1250, 40322, 382, 4, 3129, 35839, 100, 70, 4599, 592, 111, 5701, 9, 13802, 129570, 23, 39897, 4, 136, 163117, 7, 23, 70, 41170, 111, 78790, 4, 3559, 47, 1250, 40322, 382, 132756, 8352, 85283, 2397, 188, 2594, 17721, 2021, 136, 15431, 2161, 11994, 29620, 27580, 4565, 206, 36510, 297, 44, 4970, 15555, 100, 216806, 24503, 58, 136, 6221, 71, 17704, 47, 44, 18244, 678, 91695, 142080, 136, 756, 3387, 58, 99, 109875, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 177500, 7, 75935, 142, 1118, 80399, 26548, 4565, 206, 4, 678, 1118, 1740, 1764, 9972, 33177, 45226, 191082, 44116, 214, 10, 26008, 47, 43568, 72095, 678, 4677, 1672, 4565, 206, 25, 7, 163117, 4, 136, 42459, 214, 450, 72095, 101089, 47, 10, 12921, 31842, 15, 289, 197271, 68772, 2856, 10, 3126, 47, 21342, 678, 43568, 194, 25109, 170386, 19745, 43799, 297, 1286, 3501, 6, 55577, 138256, 7, 35968, 214, 450, 4565, 206, 199747, 5, 24372, 534, 13312, 237, 45733, 4, 4565, 206, 199747, 297, 98, 7071, 138, 4, 27580, 136, 25737, 109875, 645, 1919, 177986, 47, 5701, 9, 13802, 129570, 5, 360, 1919, 3357, 1415, 4, 764, 44183, 4, 44, 24658, 70, 13379, 170420, 4, 87, 53418, 186, 142, 60266, 57724, 740, 109875, 7228, 10, 24234, 54452, 54433, 450, 45443, 43032, 37842, 47, 2046, 4565, 206, 47, 24765, 23, 70, 14380, 23, 10, 12921, 31486, 4, 1284, 450, 764, 1902, 19667, 19, 47, 27708, 21941, 100, 70, 1733, 8035, 5, 4565, 206, 83, 70, 45733, 111, 6163, 272, 23752, 4, 142, 2665, 31842, 13651, 14380, 450, 165249, 3650, 48413, 19879, 23, 39395, 163157, 1295, 61909, 40830, 7, 5, 2161, 18982, 20400, 70, 14380, 121447, 106001, 11389, 7, 111, 6863, 9803, 9, 60427, 4, 70103, 110346, 9, 77007, 6163, 272, 1467, 31842, 4, 3129, 46389, 7, 606, 7, 136, 28560, 1314, 5, 1913, 6163, 272, 23752, 4, 4565, 206, 552, 9, 7612, 27686, 70, 91692, 172713, 717, 1098, 15, 75999, 247, 10, 185837, 82775, 100, 4527, 23, 70, 6163, 272, 31842, 5, 111233, 83184, 297, 6863, 6, 33028, 98, 4347, 48877, 505, 4, 136, 165249, 3650, 5843, 19879, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 174762, 19, 4565, 206, 15, 74, 103122, 20414, 201, 4, 40418, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 39713, 1419, 136, 179505, 111, 70, 17925, 56037, 449, 46876, 5, 1529, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 109875, 13452, 4, 70, 109875, 32807, 136, 70, 109875, 84829, 4, 136, 149976, 237, 70, 109875, 84829, 25, 7, 185256, 121392, 93324, 136, 59335, 538, 4, 237, 6863, 185256, 159354, 93324, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 45733, 111, 6163, 272, 23752, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Netscape and JavaScript.", "Mozilla.", "Appointment to CEO, Proposition 8 Controversy, and Resignation.", "Brave Software." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Eich grew up in Pittsburgh; Gaithersburg, Maryland; and Palo Alto, and he attended Ellwood P. Cubberley High School, graduating in the class of 1979. He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics and computer science at Santa Clara University, and he received his master's degree in 1985 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He began his career at Silicon Graphics, working for seven years on operating system and network code. He then worked for three years at MicroUnity Systems Engineering writing microkernel and DSP code, and doing the first MIPS R4000 port of GCC.", "Eich started work at Netscape Communications Corporation in April 1995. Eich originally joined intending to put Scheme \"in the browser\", but his Netscape superiors insisted that the language’s syntax resemble that of Java. The result was a language that had much of the functionality of Scheme, the object-orientation of Self, and the syntax of Java. The first version was completed in ten days in order to accommodate the Navigator 2.0 Beta release schedule, and was called Mocha, but renamed LiveScript in September 1995 and later JavaScript in December. Eich continued to oversee the development of SpiderMonkey, the specific implementation of JavaScript in Navigator.", "In early 1998, Eich co-founded the Mozilla project with Jamie Zawinski and others, creating the mozilla.org website, which was meant to manage open-source contributions to the Netscape source code. He served as Mozilla's chief architect. AOL bought Netscape in 1999. After AOL shut down the Netscape browser unit in July 2003, Eich helped spin out the Mozilla Foundation. In August 2005, after serving as lead technologist and as a member of the board of directors of the Mozilla Foundation, Eich became chief technical officer of the newly founded Mozilla Corporation, meant to be the Mozilla Foundation's for-profit arm. Eich continued to \"own\" the Mozilla SpiderMonkey module, its JavaScript engine, until he passed on the ownership of it in 2011.", "On March 24, 2014, Mozilla made the controversial decision to appoint Eich as CEO of Mozilla Corporation. \"The Wall Street Journal\" initially reported that, in protest against his coming appointment, half of Mozilla's board (Gary Kovacs, John Lilly, and Ellen Siminoff) stepped down, leaving Mitchell Baker, Reid Hoffman, and Katharina Borchert. CNET later reported that of the three board members who had left, only Lilly left due to Eich's appointment. Lilly told \"The New York Times\", \"I left rather than appoint him\", and declined to elaborate further. The appointment triggered widespread criticism due to Eich's past political donations – specifically, a 2008 donation of $1,000 to California Proposition 8, which called for the banning of same-sex marriage in California, and donations in the amount of $2,100 to Proposition 8 supporter Tom McClintock between 2008 and 2010. On March 26, 2014, Eich expressed \"sorrow for causing pain\" and pledged to \"work with LGBT communities and allies\" at Mozilla. Some of the activists created an online campaign against Eich, with online dating site OkCupid automatically displaying a message to Firefox users with information about Eich's donation, and suggesting that users switch to a different browser (although giving them a link to continue with Firefox). CREDO Mobile collected more than 50,000 signatures demanding that Eich resign. After 11 days as CEO, Eich resigned on April 3, 2014, and left Mozilla over his opposition to same-sex marriage. In his personal blog, he posted, \"under the present circumstances, I cannot be an effective leader\". Mozilla made a press release saying that board members tried to get Eich to stay in the company in a different role, but that he had chosen to sever ties for the time being.", "Eich is the CEO of Brave Software, an Internet browser platform company that raised $2.5 million in early funding from angel investors. On January 2016, the company released developer versions of its open-source, Chromium-based Brave web browser, which blocks ads and trackers. At Brave Software, Eich co-created the Basic Attention Token (BAT), a cryptocurrency designed for use in the Brave browser. BAT launched its ICO on May 31, 2017, and raised $35 million." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 224672, 943, 509, 103122, 3934, 10, 110, 2661, 14449, 111, 111930, 4, 70, 50960, 111, 43606, 20020, 111, 206414, 31, 224672, 943, 136, 128270, 13, 5320, 119160, 93, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 1919, 127319, 4, 111930, 509, 70, 17932, 142105, 26349, 23, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 5, 18763, 67896, 150, 525, 96335, 3542, 678, 121314, 7, 4, 136, 7068, 764, 509, 9325, 47, 70, 1657, 3760, 188, 146, 24952, 4, 23082, 297, 390, 70, 4961, 162, 1861, 160960, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 6, 95037, 8927, 4, 764, 80723, 29966, 214, 70, 92737, 9702, 151196, 4043, 23, 51651, 4, 7440, 764, 22282, 71, 60971, 3826, 238, 4, 42845, 4, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 136, 70, 25443, 23175, 18949, 1104, 2485, 129524, 5, 133698, 1919, 96335, 237, 10, 27150, 332, 4, 764, 27983, 22282, 71, 70, 43240, 111, 2907, 5, 14978, 55382, 2658, 4, 2750, 509, 1919, 40304, 42179, 136, 57, 4288, 5, 51404, 764, 105945, 35187, 214, 99, 92737, 9702, 151196, 4043, 4, 1919, 35743, 69347, 154732, 9782, 136, 74413, 27165, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 4, 23, 611, 14889, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 300, 26534, 33, 4, 764, 75204, 70, 79385, 111, 52625, 111, 947, 89921, 581, 25443, 136, 52625, 3994, 25385, 944, 167365, 15, 837, 927, 230907, 141, 136, 9782, 27165, 194, 224672, 943, 100512, 142, 195644, 47, 70802, 3964, 5, 171147, 14304, 3701, 11, 4, 70, 148656, 111, 70, 146283, 5, 24372, 70, 81843, 111, 11584, 13, 151196, 39073, 23, 7582, 71792, 4, 764, 509, 7228, 10, 58055, 3929, 289, 204797, 23, 729, 6746, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 4, 764, 509, 75935, 10, 226589, 111, 70, 174620, 947, 89921, 237626, 19, 111, 70, 12610, 136, 53900, 360, 227788, 4, 136, 7068, 23, 729, 8318, 23490, 720, 111, 70, 563, 31567, 5, 1301, 23490, 720, 111, 70, 563, 31567, 4, 764, 69307, 71, 6626, 13036, 36272, 90, 5, 581, 5117, 509, 70, 74413, 47691, 111, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 310, 5, 581, 17932, 509, 70, 166577, 111, 1919, 85689, 3075, 98, 70, 9433, 111, 70, 42659, 41274, 136, 74413, 47691, 111, 29721, 933, 5, 360, 729, 1530, 224672, 943, 509, 24, 4806, 45286, 581, 14071, 223, 111, 70, 117615, 111, 70, 103302, 219371, 136, 32786, 111, 70, 947, 89921, 237626, 19, 111, 52927, 90, 74, 23, 729, 2681, 764, 509, 24, 4806, 2667, 7, 167790, 74, 136, 23, 729, 1819, 104463, 53, 111, 70, 947, 89921, 237626, 19, 111, 70, 70615, 5, 2161, 427, 18237, 729, 2357, 4, 4734, 6626, 40859, 7103, 1919, 81843, 4, 11584, 13, 125829, 49430, 6, 140545, 297, 224672, 943, 39976, 333, 10534, 111, 19635, 1140, 399, 5, 224672, 943, 509, 231321, 3674, 10, 333, 10534, 23, 51651, 4, 23, 70, 74111, 86, 213912, 111, 70, 103302, 73416, 4, 98, 611, 20414, 729, 2357, 4, 390, 11584, 13, 125829, 49430, 5, 581, 552, 9, 25553, 13, 15182, 22230, 3542, 84996, 108520, 78905, 14, 4, 39976, 63590, 964, 10534, 111, 2646, 219, 15, 6609, 3284, 111, 70, 103302, 219371, 247, 136, 78905, 5379, 339, 56, 23762, 4, 39976, 63590, 964, 10534, 111, 83572, 66, 1667, 7, 15, 8335, 5007, 182362, 45, 44813, 194, 360, 729, 2588, 4, 764, 149976, 237, 70, 45286, 1419, 99, 70, 12610, 19010, 2199, 111, 11584, 13, 125829, 49430, 5, 360, 729, 1819, 4, 70, 6, 147996, 1864, 13047, 27790, 2223, 38420, 91441, 14, 23, 111930, 1902, 186, 6967, 50961, 111, 10, 1608, 5310, 100, 190704, 50080, 6620, 171332, 47, 70, 121129, 3296, 1363, 111, 70, 89253, 23213, 5, 360, 729, 2588, 4, 1843, 10534, 1250, 7, 42815, 224672, 943, 111, 19635, 1140, 399, 4, 2750, 509, 20697, 23, 70, 12610, 3003, 1651, 1284, 509, 7086, 7844, 111, 1919, 59665, 7, 4, 12989, 297, 70, 1608, 5310, 47, 186, 112518, 297, 5, 1529, 3535, 297, 645, 70, 4488, 47, 83551, 947, 320, 7537, 4, 2750, 1902, 70, 58982, 7, 111, 70, 1608, 5310, 69979, 14534, 5, 224672, 943, 2843, 12989, 297, 136, 72090, 100, 70, 178829, 36917, 70, 5201, 144, 867, 4, 142, 29569, 111, 70, 89253, 8035, 3514, 126, 297, 390, 70, 61909, 4, 70, 4488, 111, 34890, 12806, 5305, 107197, 74667, 5, 1529, 509, 7228, 1843, 10534, 111, 893, 2271, 11, 98, 1438, 18982, 729, 3768, 4, 136, 509, 28897, 3674, 47, 112033, 73, 70, 44759, 111, 63590, 964, 10534, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 756, 70, 23179, 7, 3129, 764, 1902, 21771, 2809, 2855, 3674, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 107003, 47, 21342, 237, 3157, 9190, 30964, 1127, 31667, 111, 70, 10071, 289, 5876, 7717, 6, 124722, 53, 111, 159, 5, 158466, 45, 40914, 20179, 15, 49203, 29089, 846, 16, 23, 70, 45, 45407, 184, 111, 94546, 5, 360, 729, 5016, 4, 70, 3525, 333, 10534, 1902, 70, 5201, 144, 867, 136, 70, 681, 481, 111, 70, 7515, 5252, 7263, 14359, 2822, 136, 40964, 3674, 5, 76556, 764, 100512, 7426, 13, 4, 224672, 943, 37629, 297, 1919, 36770, 45, 45407, 184, 4, 135834, 142, 77253, 18466, 47, 70, 84084, 111, 893, 2271, 11, 4, 111, 57, 89921, 53678, 41204, 111, 86761, 707, 115392, 4, 144, 867, 164306, 7, 4, 16420, 9035, 4, 136, 3789, 55769, 5, 1843, 10534, 224672, 943, 509, 75935, 10, 181021, 98, 483, 14487, 729, 4046, 4, 21208, 70, 3835, 3398, 85018, 674, 111, 1919, 82641, 509, 1305, 5416, 297, 24189, 496, 7071, 729, 3882, 5, 1529, 509, 95486, 297, 70, 39976, 106820, 111, 44, 294, 4119, 164098, 13, 23, 8022, 11684, 117140, 58, 98, 209, 4347, 729, 3882, 5, 1529, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 729, 1197, 158, 180637, 5, 2161, 496, 7071, 729, 5016, 181021, 224672, 943, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 63590, 964, 10534, 111, 111930, 390, 11584, 13, 151196, 39198, 5, 133698, 1919, 1733, 237, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 4, 764, 150350, 71, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 85689, 3075, 23, 17262, 21950, 7, 4, 44, 4657, 6002, 25166, 8314, 32405, 12948, 830, 98, 70, 28368, 111, 70, 45, 45407, 1462, 6002, 2199, 4, 13379, 214, 10, 142518, 90, 164, 111, 70, 32692, 4, 45286, 36293, 4, 41361, 7, 4, 136, 50491, 7, 100, 70, 104064, 111, 8382, 5526, 41714, 7, 111, 70, 501, 603, 3432, 111, 12638, 45, 45407, 184, 5, 1529, 509, 23, 15824, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11584, 13, 125829, 53655, 15, 74, 1936, 11994, 611, 6873, 46, 138, 4347, 729, 71716, 4, 103122, 1250, 7, 42815, 103145, 224672, 943, 4, 509, 10336, 111, 70, 129574, 84084, 1295, 729, 8055, 729, 2839, 47, 1919, 47219, 23, 729, 10057, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Birth and studies.", "Ecclesiastical career.", "Cardinal.", "Election to the papacy.", "Pontificate.", "\"Pastoralis Romani Pontificis\".", "Finances.", "Other activities.", "Oriental rites.", "Chinese rites and Malabar rites.", "Consistories.", "Canonizations and beatifications.", "Death and burial." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Lambertini was born into a noble family of Bologna, the third of five children of Marcello Lambertini and Lucrezia Bulgarini. At the time of his birth, Bologna was the second largest city in the Papal States. His earliest studies were with tutors, and then he was sent to the Convitto del Porto, staffed by the Somaschi Fathers. At the age of thirteen, he began attending the Collegio Clementino in Rome, where he studied rhetoric, Latin, philosophy, and theology (1689–1692). During his studies as a young man, he often studied the works of St. Thomas Aquinas, who was his favorite author and saint. While he enjoyed studying at Collegio Clementino, his attention turned toward civil and canon law. Soon after, in 1694 at the age of nineteen, he received the degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology and Doctor Utriusque Juris (both ecclesiastical and civil law).", "Lambertini became an assistant to Msgr. Alessandro Caprara, the Auditor of the Rota. After the election of Pope Clement XI in November 1700, he was made a consistorial advocate in 1701. Shortly after, he was created a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, and then in 1708 Promoter of the Faith. As Promoter of the Faith, he achieved two major successes. The first was the canonization of Pope Pius V. The second was the composition of his treatise on the process of the beatification and canonization of saints. In 1712 Lambertini was named Canon Theologus of the Chapter of the Vatican Basilica and member of the Sacred Congregation of Rites; in 1713 he was named monsignor; and in 1718 secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council. On 12 June 1724, only two weeks after his election, Pope Benedict XIII appointed Lambertini titular bishop of Theodosia. Lambertini was consecrated a bishop in Rome, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican Palace, on 16 July 1724, by Pope Benedict XIII. The co-consecrators were Giovanni Francesco Nicolai, titular Archbishop of Myra (Vicar of the Vatican Basilica), and Nicola Maria Lercari, titular Archbishop of Nazianzus (Papal Maestro di Camera). In 1725, he served as the Canonist at the Roman Synod of Pope Benedict XIII. In 1718, the Istituto delle scienze ed Arti Liberali in Bologna had begun construction of a chapel for everyday convenience dedicated to the Annunication of the Virgin Mary. In 1725, Bishop Prospero Lambertini of Theodosia, who was working in the Roman Curia but was mindful of his origins, ordered the chapel to be painted. He handed over the work to Carlo Salarolo, who had the walls of the chapel adorned. Lambertini also ordered and paid for the painting above the main altar, an image of the Virgin being greeted by the angel, the work of Marcantonio Franceschini. He was made Bishop of Ancona on 27 January 1727, and was permitted to retain the title of Archbishop, as well as all the offices which he had already been granted. He was also allowed to continue as Abbot Commendatory of the Camaldolese monastery of S. Stefano di Cintorio (Cemeterio) in the diocese of Pisa. In 1731, the new bishop had the main altar and the choir of the cathedral restored and renovated. Once he became pope, Lambertini remembered his former diocese, sending an annual gift to the Church of Ancona, of sacred vessels of gold or silver, altar appointments, vestments, and other items.", "Bishop Lambertini was created a Cardinal on 9 December 1726, though the public announcement of his promotion was postponed until 30 April 1728. He was assigned the titular church of \"Santa Croce in Gerusalemme\" on 10 May 1728. He participated in the 1730 conclave. On 30 April 1731 Cardinal Lambertini was appointed Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Clement XII. During his time as archbishop, he composed an extensive treatise in three volumes, \"De synodo dioecesana\", on the subject of the diocesan synod, presenting a synthesis of the history, Canon Law, practices, and procedures for the holding of those important meetings of the clergy of each diocese. He was in fact preparing the ground for the holding of a synod of his own for the diocese of Bologna, an expectation he first announced in a \"Notificazione\" of 14 October 1732. When the first edition of the \"De Synodo\" was published in 1748, however, the synod still had not taken place. He continued in the office of Archbishop of Bologna even after he became Pope, not finally resigning until 14 January 1754.", "After the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, Cardinal Lambertini attended the papal conclave to choose a successor. The Conclave opened on 18 February, but Lambertini did not arrive until 5 March. He was not one of the 'papabili', not being one of the favorites of any of the factions (Imperialists, Spanish, French, Zelanti). The Conclave lasted for six months. At first Cardinal Ottoboni, the Dean of the Sacred College, was favored to be elected, but a number of cardinals were opposed to him because he was the protector of France in the Papal Curia. His death on 29 February 1740 eliminated him from consideration. Cardinal Domenico Riviera of Urbino received a respectable number of votes for a while, and then, in July, Cardinal Pompeio Aldrovandi of Bologna. He had enemies, however, who assembled enough votes to ensure that he would never get the two-thirds needed to be elected. His greatest enemy, the Camerlengo Cardinal Annibale Albani, chose instead to support Cardinal Giacomo de Lanfredini of Florence, who worked in Rome in the Curia. In mid-August, Albani asked the leader of the Imperialist faction, Cardinal Niccolò del Giudice, to give a thought to Lambertini. After long deliberations, Lambertini was put forth to the cardinal electors as a compromise candidate, and it is reported that he said to the members of the College of Cardinals \"If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me.\"Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti (1664–1742) was professor of philosophy at the College of Saint Thomas, and perhaps the leading Thomist of his time. Cardinal Aldrovandi was a canon lawyer. This witticism appears to have assisted his cause, which also benefited from his reputation for deep learning, gentleness, wisdom, and conciliation in policy. On the evening of 17 August 1740, on the 255th ballot, he was elected pope and took the throne name of Benedict XIV in honour of Pope Benedict XIII. He was crowned on 21 August 1740. By 30 August 1740 the famous ephemeral baroque structures of the Festival of the Chinea and the triumphal arch of Benedict XIV were erected by Charles III of Spain, who was then King of Naples and a papal vassal.", "Benedict XIV's papacy began in a time of great difficulties, fueled by anticlericalism and chiefly caused by the disputes between Catholic rulers and the papacy about governmental demands to nominate bishops rather than leaving the appointment to the Church. He managed to overcome most of these problems — the Holy See's disputes with the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, Spain, Venice, and Austria were settled.", "The apostolic constitution \"Pastoralis Romani Pontificis\", which was Benedict's revision of the traditional \"Coena Domini\" anathematization, was promulgated on 30 March 1741. In it Benedict again excommunicated all members of Protestant sects, including Lutherans, Calvinists, Zwinglians, and Huguenots. It ordered that ecumenical councils not be resorted to by opponents of papal decisions. Its most offensive clause was §20: We excommunicate all those who shall by themselves or others, directly or indirectly, under whatever title or pretext, presume to invade, destroy, occupy and detain, wholly or in part, the City of Rome, the Kingdom of Sicily, the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, the territories on this side of Lesina, the patrimony of St. Peter in Tuscany, the Duchy of Spoleto, the Counties of Venaissin, and Sabina, the March of Ancona, Massa Trebaria, Romagna, Campagna, and the maritime provinces and their territories and places, and the territories under special commission of the Arnulfi, and our cities of Bologna, Cesena, Rimini, Benevento, Perugia, Avignon, Citta di Castello, Todi, Ferrara, Comachio, and other cities, territories and places, or rights, belonging to the Roman Church, and mediately or immediately subject to the said Roman Church; and likewise those who presume to usurp de facto, to disturb, to retain, or in various ways to trouble, the supreme jurisdiction, belonging in them to Us and to the said Roman Church; and likewise their adherents, patrons, and protectors, or those who aid, counsel or abet them in any way whatsoever. This clause, if applied, excommunicated the governments of Spain, France, and the Empire, in addition to lesser princes who held, without papal grant or investiture, territory claimed by the Papacy. The bull was smiled at even by Pope Benedict XIV who once said, \"I like to leave the Vatican lightnings asleep.\" Its application to the Duchy of Parma by Pope Clement XIII in 1768 had major consequences, including the beginning of expulsions of Jesuits from European states.", "At the beginning of his reign, the papal government was heavily in debt, to the amount of 56,000,000 scudi, and was running an annual deficit of more than 200,000 scudi. Benedict attempted to improve the finances of the Papal States, but even at his death the administration was still running a deficit. His greatest economy was the reduction in the size of the papal army, which had become ineffectual in terms of contemporary military practice, even in keeping order inside the Papal States; and he severely reduced the pay of both officers and soldiers. He instituted economies in his own household and in the bureaucracy, but these were insignificant in terms of the debt and deficit. In 1741, on the advice of Cardinal Aldovrandini (who had nearly been elected pope instead of Benedict), he instituted a new tax, a duty on stamped paper on legal documents; it did not produce the revenue expected, and it was abolished in 1743. He reduced taxes on imported cattle, oil, and raw silk, but imposed new taxes on lime, china clay, salt, wine, straw, and hay. In 1744 he raised taxes on land, house rents, feudal grants to barons, and pensions derived from prebends. Despite these fiscal problems, the Papacy was able to buy two frigates in England, and in April 1745 Benedict personally christened a galley, named the Benedetta, which he had ordered constructed. He also ordered the modernization of the harbor of Anzio, but the work was so expensive that it had to be abandoned in 1752. He encouraged agriculture and free trade and drastically cut the military budget, but was unable to completely reform the administration, still corrupt from previous papacies. At the University of Bologna he revived the practice of anatomical studies and established a chair of surgery. He had a clear view of ecclesiastical problems, had respect for differing opinions and an ability to distinguish between dogma and theory.", "On 22 December 1741, Benedict XIV issued the Bull \"Immensa Pastorum Principis\" and sent an Apostolic Brief to the Bishops of Brazil and King John of Portugal, against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other countries. It excommunicated any person who, for whatever motive, enslaved a native Brazilian. It did not address the case of black Africans. The Bull ordered the Jesuits to cease engaging in commerce, which was strictly forbidden by their own statutes, and meddling in politics. The bull went unenforced in Brazil. The Apostolic Constitution \"Sacramentum Poenitentiae\" of 1741 assigned to the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition the responsibility of safeguarding the sanctity of the sacrament of penance. On 18 May 1743, Benedict XIV signed a document addressed to the Archbishops and Bishops of the Kingdom of Poland regarding marriage, communicating his dissatisfaction with the dissolution of Christian marriages, even long-stable ones, by the Ecclesiastical Courts of Poland without due cause or in violation of canon law. Troubles arouse from what are called \"clandestine marriages', a secret arrangement between partners, usually for the purpose of marrying a person of choice rather than entering into an \"arranged marriage\". Benedict XIV was also responsible, along with Cardinal Passionei, for beginning the catalogue of the oriental manuscripts in the Vatican Library. The Pope added some 3,300 of his own books to the collection. In 1741 the collection of manuscripts relating to Chinese religion and history were left to the Vatican Library by bequest of Msgr. Fouchet, a one-time missionary. During his reign the library of Marchese Alessandro Capponi was acquired through bequest. The collection of the antiquarian Filippo Stosch of Florence also came to the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana after his death, including a large collection of manuscripts that went back as far as the twelfth century. In 1747 Benedict promulgated the bull \"Postremo mense superioris anni\", which summarised and restated certain aspects of Catholic teaching on infant baptism, in particular that 1) it is generally not licit to baptise a child of a Jewish family without parental consent, 2) it is licit to baptise a Jewish child in danger of death without parental consent, 3) once such a baptism had occurred (whether licit or not), the ecclesiastical authorities have a duty to remove the child from its parents' custody in order to provide it with a Christian education. On 5 May 1749, Pope Benedict XIV declared a Holy Year, to begin on Christmas Eve, 1749 and to extend throughout the next year until Christmas 1750. During the month of April 1750, 43,000 meals were served to the poor at the Trinita Hospital. Later that year, the Pope banned card games.", "Since his days as a Consultor at the Holy Office (Inquisition), Benedict had been involved in issues pertaining to the missions, both those seeking to convert non-Christians, and those seeking to reconcile heretics and schismatics to the Roman Church. One concern was the Coptic Christians in upper Egypt, where efforts to seek union with the Coptic Patriarch had not been successful. Numbers of Coptic priests and laity had entered into union with Rome, but had no bishop to serve their needs. In the Bull \"Quemadmodum ingenti\" of 4 August 1741, Benedict entrusted their care to the one Coptic bishop who was in union with Rome, the Patriarch Athanasius of Jerusalem, who was given extensive powers to supervise uniate Copts in Egypt. In his encyclical, \"Allatae Sunt\", promulgated on 26 July 1755, and sent to missionaries working under the direction of the Congregation \"de propaganda fide\", Pope Benedict addressed the numerous problems arising in dealing with the clergy and laity belonging to various eastern rites, particularly the Armenian and Syriac rites. He reminded the missionaries that they were converting people from schism and heresy: We also wanted to make clear to all the good will which the Apostolic See feels for Oriental Catholics in commanding them to observe fully their ancient rites which are not at variance with the Catholic religion or with propriety. The Church does not require schismatics to abandon their rites when they return to Catholic unity, but only that they forswear and detest heresy. Its great desire is for the preservation, not the destruction of different peoples—in short, that all may be Catholic rather than all become Latin. Benedict XIV, however, echoing the words of Pope Gelasius I, universally banned the practice of females serving the priest at the altar, noting that the practice had spread to certain Oriental Rites.", "He had a very active papacy, reforming the education of priests, the calendar of feasts of the Church, and many papal institutions. Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, \"Ex quo singulari\" (11 July 1742), and \"Omnium sollicitudinum\" (12 September 1744). In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating non-Christian words and usages to express Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions. An example of this is the statues of ancestors – there had long been uncertainty whether honour paid to one's ancestors was unacceptable 'ancestor worship,' or if it was something more like the Catholic veneration of the saints. This question was especially pressing in the case of an ancestor known not to have been a Christian. The choice of a Chinese translation for the name of God had also been debated since the early 17th century. Benedict XIV denounced these practices in these two bulls. The consequence of this was that many of these converts left the Church. During his papacy, Benedict XIV commissioned a team of architects, led by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli, to design a large palace that was to be'more complex and with greater baroque style than the box of a palace Vanvitelli designed in Caserta'. The palace was to be built south of St. Peter's Basilica, but was never built, as the plans were quietly ignored by Benedict's successor, Clement XIII. They were brought up once more by Pius VI late in his papacy, but had to stop due to the possibility of invasion. On 15 December 1744, Benedict XIV blessed the baroque chapel (Chapel of St. John the Baptist) in Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi in Rome, which featured mosaics on the sides, floor, and wall behind the altar made of semi-precious stones. The chapel, which had been commissioned by King John V of Portugal in 1740, was designed by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli. When complete, it was then shipped to Portugal to be placed in the Igreja de Sāo Roque, the Jesuit church in Lisbon.", "Benedict XIV created 64 cardinals in seven consistories; among the new cardinals he elevated into the cardinalate was the Henry Benedict Stuart (1747). The pope also reserved one cardinal \"in pectore\" and revealed that name at a later time, therefore validating the creation.", "The pope canonized seven saints during his pontificate including Camillus de Lellis and Fidelis of Sigmaringen. He also beatified several individuals such as Charlemagne and Niccolò Albergati.", "Benedict XIV had suffered from kidney problems for years. His health worsened in 1758 and, after a battle with gout, he died on 3 May 1758 at the age of 83. His final words to those surrounding him on his deathbed were, \"I leave you in the hands of God.\" Following his funeral, he was interred in Saint Peter's Basilica and a large catafalque was erected in his honour." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 103145, 5631, 5234, 509, 103122, 23, 171230, 23, 611, 12744, 237, 70, 775, 111, 3253, 58940, 282, 31, 5631, 5234, 4, 1784, 28694, 111, 32221, 75813, 157, 136, 1919, 58386, 215279, 102, 46992, 32929, 4, 70, 114015, 111, 70, 51978, 111, 19413, 539, 7537, 5, 149766, 111, 1919, 27863, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 10332, 237705, 13, 110, 83259, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 95534, 35845, 111, 12190, 48176, 5631, 5234, 5, 5631, 5234, 22282, 71, 99, 70, 49659, 217, 92737, 9702, 89016, 23, 51651, 136, 2843, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 94546, 7440, 764, 85168, 297, 10, 22072, 2182, 23, 15044, 9782, 27165, 136, 74413, 27165, 5, 5631, 5234, 41361, 71, 27165, 1379, 70, 19048, 48225, 111, 1919, 51, 11030, 4, 181021, 799, 416, 5631, 5234, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 51, 11030, 136, 1919, 67373, 4, 23, 611, 12951, 4, 5631, 5234, 4, 5036, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 927, 107, 13, 4, 2806, 765, 24209, 10336, 111, 70, 5631, 5234, 5, 175399, 764, 199747, 297, 1919, 7108, 111, 10014, 33781, 6644, 136, 1295, 11584, 13, 360, 157, 16797, 39073, 23175, 11835, 1104, 2485, 122705, 764, 59038, 71, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 114122, 111, 70, 1733, 4, 100, 6, 133446, 9023, 9198, 4, 10, 19069, 111, 479, 43602, 289, 30648, 136, 30396, 3674, 1919, 180187, 136, 5637, 3408, 47, 70, 22, 320, 429, 674, 111, 70, 35773, 1294, 186, 944, 257, 5252, 47, 4049, 390, 1919, 51, 11030, 5, 5631, 5234, 25, 7, 5368, 98, 70, 114278, 22695, 76, 509, 70, 27585, 111, 51651, 25, 7, 191225, 538, 136, 84172, 6897, 5, 360, 611, 5039, 764, 509, 7228, 39976, 63590, 964, 10534, 111, 86653, 12333, 136, 19667, 19, 11282, 846, 47, 181103, 5, 1529, 6777, 959, 172337, 47, 70, 109343, 29685, 4, 6637, 151992, 87, 4, 70, 152239, 12610, 31678, 56, 748, 4, 76104, 297, 450, 764, 1902, 70, 7108, 47, 36849, 70, 11282, 846, 1295, 10, 5303, 111, 17262, 123055, 16387, 93, 67175, 390, 70, 7426, 13, 5, 360, 611, 11648, 4, 5631, 5234, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 241437, 42, 9, 180300, 136, 23607, 42, 111, 70, 66812, 5906, 25, 159064, 31, 5, 18763, 4127, 100, 45091, 124735, 20271, 70, 12795, 65256, 13, 111, 11584, 13, 151196, 39073, 2858, 15128, 1104, 2489, 69072, 4, 2750, 6, 212423, 1919, 12348, 7, 237, 10, 29685, 6815, 136, 24, 4806, 4049, 181021, 9, 33163, 525, 111, 44, 294, 4119, 67243, 76, 58, 98, 729, 4347, 729, 9016, 4, 112033, 14653, 1919, 11374, 237, 249, 5007, 241437, 42, 5, 1529, 175961, 7464, 53333, 1379, 11584, 13, 125829, 49430, 21067, 2357, 1104, 2489, 62946, 4, 2750, 7228, 4049, 15853, 93660, 111, 70, 82259, 1771, 48838, 26690, 4, 10, 80209, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 12610, 3003, 1651, 5, 1529, 509, 208479, 538, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 70, 181021, 9, 33163, 525, 111, 1735, 142163, 23, 11751, 27443, 136, 181021, 9, 16882, 10534, 111, 7868, 7, 34853, 5, 9626, 125829, 49430, 4, 70, 82466, 7, 111, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 1902, 2809, 75060, 297, 3934, 70, 44540, 111, 181021, 38855, 8447, 2516, 50939, 1883, 136, 3789, 43032, 111, 70, 314, 1651, 4, 2750, 1902, 3568, 122009, 70, 53477, 65514, 111, 70, 1957, 5, 125829, 68, 71, 23, 729, 1197, 4, 136, 23, 70, 158, 180637, 450, 134629, 1919, 47219, 4, 7103, 91755, 1916, 100, 22759, 21775, 4, 70, 29693, 111, 181021, 7, 133291, 5631, 5234, 4, 15111, 5369, 10332, 136, 678, 35782, 214, 46223, 22553, 4, 2750, 1902, 34658, 756, 70, 5526, 23179, 7, 111, 70, 12610, 3003, 1651, 5, 151196, 39198, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 453, 47, 186, 3163, 89829, 7426, 13, 5, 1301, 10, 5631, 5234, 4, 678, 1919, 42732, 10, 46992, 32929, 4, 70, 3525, 7426, 13, 33636, 297, 10, 14449, 23, 70, 167375, 17366, 111, 237705, 13, 100510, 4, 678, 10, 200103, 23, 11907, 58093, 100, 70, 96362, 75281, 5369, 5, 18763, 5117, 25813, 7, 237, 11584, 13, 151196, 39198, 3542, 47, 14359, 107, 70, 249, 5007, 82466, 7, 5, 1529, 19676, 71, 61460, 1363, 1295, 70, 24284, 7, 2750, 1902, 128431, 71, 70, 159454, 111, 1919, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 5, 581, 185256, 57940, 5293, 18, 4, 181021, 38855, 8447, 2516, 50939, 1883, 4, 509, 17305, 5115, 53, 5885, 71, 136, 149357, 71, 47, 1492, 5369, 25, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 5, 17523, 141, 82466, 7, 3542, 2843, 52295, 71, 8305, 15226, 6496, 70, 3835, 5915, 81423, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 15811, 11856, 297, 390, 70, 141591, 14392, 2481, 111, 125829, 49430, 5, 1061, 191, 442, 578, 297, 3934, 151196, 39198, 25, 7, 1360, 162, 44616, 142, 77253, 10554, 41170, 214, 47, 110518, 10, 23552, 19879, 44, 10382, 9198, 830, 22, 11, 79298, 4049, 47, 1379, 78219, 70, 1119, 41745, 272, 33976, 103391, 100, 3129, 764, 83, 185256, 538, 37629, 297, 4, 1284, 3129, 764, 509, 8306, 19048, 47, 1957, 5, 62, 130412, 100, 70, 291, 236, 28692, 65335, 112, 111, 70, 1735, 84996, 23, 147466, 3922, 509, 23742, 390, 107653, 171147, 30888, 12365, 5, 581, 65335, 112, 764, 82775, 83, 95134, 1286, 5381, 118, 289, 3501, 47200, 28692, 4, 136, 509, 122799, 390, 729, 5843, 5, 151196, 39198, 3657, 89829, 23, 450, 142, 45964, 25526, 11048, 10, 118208, 2517, 1608, 5310, 171332, 47, 1919, 616, 927, 142642, 29842, 45211, 4, 2907, 5, 60701, 5631, 5234, 5, 1529, 14359, 2822, 70, 63590, 111, 73138, 13, 136, 88303, 70, 27759, 289, 5381, 329, 111, 70, 44, 239550, 11, 58, 98, 70, 7644, 2677, 289, 5, 1529, 59038, 71, 1295, 181021, 171147, 132081, 100, 6, 198077, 9023, 9198, 10, 170277, 42486, 111, 33908, 90, 4, 6, 101287, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 4, 136, 49814, 442, 47, 70, 6, 151570, 111, 70, 156350, 5, 1529, 249, 4126, 70, 48800, 7, 111, 51651, 136, 70, 33816, 7, 105207, 1295, 70, 26349, 4, 136, 38134, 14534, 70, 160821, 5, 1529, 80723, 70, 231296, 1236, 120865, 944, 40788, 1500, 45, 4804, 686, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 959, 297, 122360, 7, 111, 51651, 5, 9626, 1919, 1690, 38529, 10, 11469, 509, 88303, 99, 893, 2271, 11, 4, 678, 10, 11192, 7514, 450, 26038, 23468, 17203, 47, 70, 14566, 5, 1529, 3568, 122009, 70, 6034, 51626, 1108, 114942, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11584, 13, 151196, 39198, 15, 74, 361, 7071, 51497, 4046, 22482, 729, 125136, 4, 103122, 103145, 5631, 5234, 4, 509, 10336, 111, 70, 129574, 84084, 136, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 1295, 427, 20414, 729, 1197, 47, 1919, 47219, 23, 729, 2839, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Pontificate.", "Papal election.", "Finances.", "Art and architecture.", "Foreign policy.", "Ecclesial activities.", "Consistories.", "Canonizations and beatifications.", "Death and burial." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Lorenzo Corsini was born in Florence in 1652 as the son of Bartolomeo Corsini, Marquis of Casigliano and his wife Elisabetta Strozzi, the sister of the Duke of Bagnuolo. Both of his parents belonged to the old Florentine nobility. He was a distant relative of Saint Andrea Corsini. Corsini studied at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in Rome and also at the University of Pisa where he earned a doctorate in both civil law and canon law.", "Corsini practiced law under the able direction of his uncle, Cardinal Neri Corsini. After the death of his uncle and his father, in 1685, Corsini, now thirty-three, would have become head of the Corsini. Instead he resigned his right of primogeniture and from Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) he purchased, according to the custom of the time, for 30,000 scudi, a position of prelatial rank and devoted his wealth and leisure to the enlargement of the library bequeathed to him by his uncle. Corsini's home on the Piazza Novona was the center of Rome's scholarly and artistic life. In 1690 he was made titular Archbishop of Nicomedia and chosen nuncio to Vienna. He did not proceed to the imperial court, because Leopold I, the Holy Roman Emperor, maintained that he had the right to select the nuncio from a list of three names furnished by the pope. In 1696, Corsini was appointed treasurer-general and governor of the Castel Sant'Angelo. His good fortune increased during the pontificate of Pope Clement XI (1700–1721), who employed his talents as a courtier and named him Cardinal-Priest of \"Santa Susanna\" on 17 May 1706, retaining his services as papal treasurer. He advanced still further under Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730), who made him Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura, a judicial branch of the Roman Curia. He was successively appointed as the Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli and Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati.", "", "Under Benedict XIII, the finances of the Papal States had been delivered into the hands of Cardinal Niccolò Coscia and other members of the curia, who had drained the financial resources of the see. Benedict died in 1730, and in the conclave that followed his death, after deliberating for four months, the College of Cardinals selected Corsini, 78 years old and with failing eyesight, who had held all the important offices of the Roman Curia. Clement XII was one of the oldest men to be elected pope. As a Corsini, with his mother a Strozzi, the new pope represented a family in the highest level of Florentine society, with a cardinal in every generation for the previous hundred years.", "His first moves as Pope Clement XII were to restore the papal finances. He demanded restitution from the ministers who had abused the confidence of his predecessor. The chief culprit, Cardinal Niccolò Coscia, was heavily fined and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. Papal finances were also improved through reviving the public lottery, which had been suppressed by the severe morality of Benedict XIII. Soon it poured into Clement XII's treasury an annual sum amounting to nearly a half million \"scudi\", enabling him to undertake the extensive building programs for which he is chiefly remembered, but which he was never able to see.", "A competition for the majestic façade of the San Giovanni in Laterano was won by architect Alessandro Galilei. The façade he designed is perhaps more palatial than ecclesiastic, and was finished by 1735. Clement XII erected in that ancient basilica a magnificent chapel dedicated to his 14th century kinsman, St. Andrew Corsini. He restored the Arch of Constantine and built the governmental palace of the \"Consulta\" on the Quirinal. He purchased from Cardinal Alessandro Albani for 60,000 scudi a famous collection of statues, inscriptions, etc., and added it to the gallery of the Capitol. He paved the streets of Rome and the roads leading from the city, and widened the Corso. He began the triumphant Baroque Fontana di Trevi, one of the noted ornaments of Rome. Under his reign a port was built at Ancona, with a highway that gave easy access to the interior. He drained the malarial marshes of the Chiana near Lake Trasimeno.", "Politically, however, this was not a successful papacy among the secular powers of Europe. When the attempt of papal forces to take over the ancient independent Republic of San Marino failed, Clement XII disavowed the arbitrary action of his legate, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, in seizing San Marino, and restored its independence. He was also rebuffed in Papal claims over the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. In August 1730 he gave permission for Victor Amadeus II of Savoy to carry out a morganatic marriage to Anna Canalis di Cumiana. Victor Amadeus II subsequently abdicated his throne causing great unrest in Savoy.", "In ecclesiastic affairs he issued \"In eminenti apostolatus\", the first papal decree against the Freemasons on 28 April 1738. He canonized Saint Vincent de Paul and proceeded with vigour against the French Jansenists. He campaigned for the reunion of the Roman and Orthodox churches, received the Patriarch of the Coptic Church and persuaded the Armenian Patriarch to remove the anathema against the Council of Chalcedon and Pope Leo I (440–461). He dispatched Joseph Simeon Assemani to the East for the twofold purpose of continuing his search for manuscripts and presiding as legate over a national council of Maronites. He created the youngest Cardinal ever when on 19 December 1735, he named Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio, Royal Infant of Spain, age 8, to the Sacred College. Though he was blind and compelled to keep to his bed, from which he gave audiences and transacted affairs of state, he surrounded himself with capable officials, many of them his Corsini relatives, but he did little for his family except to purchase and enlarge the palace built in Trastevere for the Riarii, and now known as the Palazzo Corsini (the seat of the Regia Accademia dei Lincei). In 1754, his nephew, Cardinal Neri Corsini, founded there the famous Corsini Library.", "Clement XII created 35 cardinals in fifteen consistories held throughout his pontificate. The first individual he raised into the cardinalate was his nephew Neri Maria Corsini while he also raised his future successor Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico (Pope Clement XIII) to the cardinalate.", "The pope named five new saints during his reign with the most notable being Vincent de Paul. He also beatified eight others including his predecessor Pope Benedict XI.", "Clement XII died on 6 February 1740 at 9:30am due to complications from gout. His remains were transferred to his tomb in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 20 July 1742. Pope Clement XII's tomb is in the Capella Corsini of the Basilica of St. John Lateran and was completed by the sculptors Maini and Monaldi. His bust was completed by Filippo della Valle." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 127067, 9022, 2360, 14, 157695, 4, 70, 82224, 111, 146185, 83, 82424, 105866, 23, 149397, 49086, 11, 4, 99, 70, 102374, 15, 82772, 538, 134349, 16, 149397, 49086, 29398, 72476, 6448, 99, 5, 2161, 20414, 21416, 26819, 4, 903, 29398, 17164, 297, 10, 52768, 111, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 459, 25617, 6083, 538, 74918, 2852, 52768, 17669, 17164, 297, 98, 64883, 5, 72476, 6448, 29398, 83, 105866, 99, 70, 57849, 1363, 111, 36917, 15520, 17366, 4, 2060, 184750, 1295, 70, 71644, 214, 79507, 111, 77904, 7, 15, 17678, 3501, 1295, 70, 43573, 525, 15520, 184085, 247, 136, 11192, 21, 35810, 450, 50339, 23, 39555, 17262, 21775, 111, 9782, 160, 320, 17431, 11907, 6602, 15, 28575, 538, 4347, 47, 3564, 111, 20414, 247, 756, 70163, 47, 27489, 142, 65998, 7440, 52768, 7, 41207, 538, 6, 58944, 36917, 20271, 51065, 136, 195409, 6817, 35064, 23, 41710, 5, 3311, 225490, 4, 70, 25134, 82224, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 92319, 57849, 1363, 4, 83, 4, 98, 83080, 4, 24814, 56, 3501, 72476, 6448, 4, 136, 70, 459, 25617, 52768, 17669, 17164, 297, 99, 70, 25134, 82224, 83, 5, 1650, 83, 137567, 17569, 450, 72476, 6448, 83, 959, 70, 91097, 525, 3687, 23, 149397, 49086, 11, 4, 136, 2685, 621, 31913, 7, 15, 10869, 78458, 4, 96270, 62, 16, 450, 621, 90097, 538, 3365, 820, 98, 83080, 5, 581, 5036, 23, 71232, 22387, 8918, 38488, 4, 105866, 98, 70, 9879, 149397, 49086, 37385, 916, 4, 17164, 297, 142, 83080, 6602, 538, 52768, 450, 509, 74729, 538, 92319, 3501, 450, 111, 72476, 6448, 38488, 20271, 70, 4669, 9, 15477, 127, 14922, 450, 442, 509, 36457, 23, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 4, 678, 6863, 83080, 100, 70, 91097, 525, 31150, 8035, 40368, 79385, 7, 92319, 3501, 70, 5701, 80835, 100, 72476, 6448, 5, 22387, 8918, 38488, 8306, 17164, 297, 10, 52768, 450, 613, 13409, 297, 70, 17164, 27226, 5423, 99, 72476, 6448, 5, 33306, 4, 52768, 7, 99, 22387, 8918, 38488, 3542, 4734, 17164, 297, 20271, 70, 4669, 21775, 450, 442, 509, 36457, 5, 28129, 10, 92319, 52768, 3501, 70, 72476, 6448, 17164, 74918, 2822, 2685, 99, 10, 14432, 5622, 4, 442, 2806, 8306, 765, 2809, 17164, 297, 5, 49570, 214, 29398, 7, 23, 149397, 49086, 11, 621, 10846, 136, 2060, 17721, 74, 41928, 47, 11857, 4, 72476, 6448, 509, 70, 4734, 25188, 29398, 98, 70, 149397, 49086, 22387, 8918, 36917, 70, 57849, 1363, 111, 6, 63009, 347, 15, 76228, 70, 131527, 111, 22387, 8918, 38488, 20271, 70, 59335, 14922, 450, 442, 509, 36457, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 247, 678, 110, 3789, 29398, 7, 100, 40368, 75281, 39063, 7, 23, 2499, 48225, 5, 61727, 90, 35064, 4, 2174, 1836, 6777, 74918, 234311, 4, 2806, 959, 765, 2809, 17164, 297, 5, 581, 101038, 92949, 29398, 99, 96270, 62, 509, 4734, 20600, 297, 23, 73584, 136, 1556, 17164, 297, 237, 70, 91097, 525, 221, 2060, 71189, 5, 33306, 10, 8347, 111, 99675, 13, 72350, 9035, 39958, 17721, 1532, 1104, 7735, 14037, 40368, 44677, 105866, 33233, 10, 6, 91854, 17721, 96270, 62, 136, 96270, 563, 3129, 17164, 297, 3853, 92319, 52768, 7, 111, 4, 678, 70, 459, 25617, 215543, 52768, 8035, 17164, 297, 23, 36404, 99, 4, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 5, 581, 120069, 27226, 52768, 7, 621, 14037, 23, 739, 41566, 7, 161549, 35064, 70, 280, 344, 111, 70, 6, 2980, 6, 91854, 4, 7440, 91097, 1831, 62163, 87631, 297, 237, 442, 86608, 7, 7565, 78280, 4, 136, 16792, 70, 5701, 27226, 52768, 37457, 7, 3542, 96391, 297, 99, 40368, 12921, 15271, 33233, 70, 6, 91854, 36880, 48716, 5369, 4, 442, 83, 17569, 903, 1543, 186, 70, 459, 25617, 52768, 10, 1861, 4854, 2886, 1379, 4000, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 27289, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 9022, 2360, 14, 157695, 4, 2685, 621, 6626, 44677, 23, 70, 2369, 319, 4526, 4, 49002, 450, 4004, 100, 70, 3486, 34639, 111, 8035, 90698, 70, 44, 73209, 13, 111, 146185, 58, 23, 41710, 5, 32255, 621, 1446, 13473, 1643, 1042, 15, 116292, 297, 99, 1388, 136, 19281, 1176, 11, 1716, 15, 116292, 297, 99, 6, 194, 360, 14487, 166304, 136, 7068, 23, 22482, 184007, 7228, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 70, 182688, 82224, 111, 146185, 390, 163, 162, 53089, 10, 17164, 52768, 111, 23, 1446, 13473, 1643, 1042, 5, 147466, 4, 98, 18982, 423, 4, 143359, 4, 10, 52768, 111, 509, 189893, 2685, 390, 5, 3293, 72350, 674, 509, 91376, 23, 70, 44, 139701, 8080, 111, 70, 9082, 165712, 289, 87652, 31667, 58, 23, 151278, 74, 390, 121742, 442, 509, 59121, 237, 4, 3129, 509, 14432, 26785, 297, 5, 6561, 831, 7464, 7413, 903, 214552, 34292, 23, 3060, 163136, 5, 581, 91097, 525, 28702, 78458, 72350, 71, 52768, 23, 1446, 13473, 1643, 1042, 509, 98, 22482, 190, 136, 361, 111, 151278, 5, 2161, 22482, 305, 4, 55591, 4, 10, 52768, 111, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 19281, 1176, 11, 1716, 25, 7, 92949, 29398, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 91097, 525, 28702, 78458, 72350, 71, 52768, 100, 70, 182688, 14313, 14, 157695, 5, 581, 92949, 29398, 83, 23, 10, 118666, 53, 17721, 19281, 1176, 11, 1716, 136, 8352, 1290, 5, 581, 29398, 83, 99, 136, 70, 206990, 101120, 7, 99, 4, 216806, 91097, 1831, 47, 19361, 23, 70, 118666, 53, 12, 17309, 96335, 7639, 450, 41710, 52768, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 44, 73, 7612, 6991, 58, 678, 57849, 1363, 390, 237, 5045, 237, 5, 581, 83080, 52768, 23, 19281, 1176, 11, 1716, 1556, 9588, 33, 1672, 787, 966, 79385, 7, 166793, 16792, 479, 121896, 141, 20028, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 82224, 7, 111, 146185, 621, 70, 44677, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 136, 144477, 9022, 2360, 14, 157695, 7, 7440, 70, 459, 25617, 1831, 52768, 7, 765, 2809, 17164, 297, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Southern hemisphere.", "Northern hemisphere." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in Antarctica, at the Russian (formerly Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok at. On July 21, 1983, this station recorded a temperature of. This is the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded on Earth. Vostok station is located at the elevation of above sea level, far removed from the moderating influence of oceans (more than from the nearest sea coast), and high latitude that results in almost three months of civil polar night every year (early May to end of July), all combine to produce an environment where temperatures rarely rise above during summer and frequently fall below in winter. By comparison, the South Pole, due to its lower elevation, is, on average, warmer than Vostok, and the lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole is. It is generally thought that Vostok is not the coldest place in Antarctica, and there are locations (notably, Dome A) that are modestly colder on average. The now inactive Plateau Station, located on the central Antarctic plateau, recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s, with its average for the coldest month being several degrees lower than the same statistic for Vostok. Plateau Station never recorded a temperature that surpassed the record low set at Vostok. However, temperatures at Plateau Station were only recorded during the 37 months that it was active. Had a lower temperature than the Vostok record occurred there at a later date, it would never have been recorded. Monitoring stations in Antarctica are few and far between; prior to 1995, Vostok was the only research station on the Antarctic Plateau above the elevation of 3,000 m (with the exception of Plateau Station during the brief period that it was active in the 1960s), with no other stations for several hundred kilometers in any direction. Temperatures below, if they did occur elsewhere, would not have been recorded. The automatic weather station at Dome A was only installed in 2005, and has recorded as the coldest so far (2010). However a review of satellite measurements taken between 2010–2013 found several places located along a ridge between Dome A and Dome F which recorded even lower temperatures of, with the lowest reliable temperature being recorded in 2010, at, at an elevation of. The extreme low temperatures are found in hollows slightly below the peak of the ice ridge, where cold air gets trapped as it flows downhill, and since the same low temperature ranges were detected at several different sites along the ridge across multiple years, it is thought this may be the lowest temperature achievable under local atmospheric conditions.", "In the northern hemisphere, there are two places in the Yakutia, Russia that vie for the honour of being considered the \"Pole of Cold\" in winter. These are Verkhoyansk (located at ) and Oymyakon (located at ). In December 1868 and then in February 1869 made the discovery of the Northern Pole of Cold by measuring a record temperature of in Verkhoyansk. Later, on January 15, 1885, a temperature of was registered there by. This measurement was published in the \"Annals of the General Physical Observatory\" in 1892; by mistake it was written as, which was later corrected. One can still find this incorrect value in some literature. The coldest reliably measured temperature in Verkhoyansk was on February 5 and 7 of 1892. On February 6, 1933, a temperature of was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station. This is the coldest reliably measured temperature for the Northern Hemisphere. The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at and the surrounding mountains at, causing cold air to pool in the valley: recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area \"increase\" with elevation by as much as. The average temperature in Oymyakon has risen about 2.7 degrees Celsius since preindustrial times." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 14098, 46684, 30957, 297, 10, 14922, 111, 57217, 708, 297, 103488, 20271, 70, 52028, 225748, 111, 70, 133915, 5550, 4, 3229, 21629, 115058, 47, 8475, 50155, 70, 134349, 32528, 23, 69407, 111, 32216, 31897, 136, 102134, 939, 5, 8647, 214, 136, 34754, 105823, 7, 74918, 2822, 134477, 13, 79850, 678, 36049, 47, 63284, 38352, 53, 117989, 111, 3525, 32216, 7, 5, 62771, 25545, 36049, 143434, 44402, 1284, 70, 131011, 34475, 47, 25545, 538, 46979, 10366, 30641, 25072, 7, 678, 3525, 32216, 7, 479, 29786, 48141, 185688, 134234, 136, 219836, 41928, 47, 102134, 939, 36049, 5, 581, 276, 13330, 9876, 1507, 30957, 297, 36049, 23, 59782, 136, 509, 11814, 390, 70, 14098, 46684, 126140, 136, 82485, 89499, 7, 1284, 221560, 121392, 136, 36049, 44402, 93544, 442, 1295, 520, 6496, 23, 70, 133915, 5550, 5, 581, 276, 9285, 9876, 1507, 32216, 30957, 297, 7082, 4516, 23, 50940, 1284, 6863, 39395, 4331, 7, 3542, 8, 195, 297, 2234, 50958, 144810, 53, 390, 126140, 117657, 59591, 7, 15, 284, 30110, 194, 581, 136912, 7, 47, 70, 276, 9285, 162393, 98, 224588, 70, 2510, 2276, 5201, 17863, 136, 11476, 6226, 76519, 12960, 134477, 13, 79850, 24649, 2852, 70, 34754, 111, 5795, 46430, 47589, 375, 77087, 13, 187, 4514, 136, 1809, 63033, 56, 76519, 5, 581, 32216, 136475, 53333, 34754, 8305, 47114, 581, 5201, 17863, 509, 19667, 19, 7103, 10, 151878, 13, 809, 2852, 3034, 111, 37195, 12921, 17863, 7, 175100, 1810, 98, 70, 8592, 112, 33, 1250, 6496, 205540, 7, 23, 42610, 5, 581, 120103, 151575, 297, 3542, 61689, 219, 2408, 4, 95, 927, 134393, 111, 10, 5962, 4, 34515, 111, 11476, 136, 75076, 1363, 23718, 5, 893, 276, 9285, 284, 304, 441, 509, 11177, 678, 70, 2510, 2866, 276, 8894, 136, 3034, 297, 678, 70, 3525, 384, 7739, 647, 14226, 572, 145688, 68807, 5, 62, 156100, 90444, 11389, 111, 70, 2510, 2866, 4, 70, 384, 154782, 647, 1126, 4, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 98, 70, 384, 8821, 647, 418, 32216, 136, 3034, 297, 70, 384, 76531, 647, 10837, 16885, 13526, 68807, 5, 893, 15672, 11389, 111, 70, 56101, 21213, 2866, 17863, 70, 25674, 35379, 19, 7154, 339, 966, 4, 1379, 70, 3288, 77087, 13, 6, 115285, 187, 4514, 16138, 7, 7228, 678, 57574, 297, 78, 11048, 47589, 509, 179140, 47, 186, 112031, 71, 47, 70, 6, 63758, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 10, 456, 34198, 111, 70, 12912, 111, 70, 6, 63758, 3934, 70, 115700, 111, 10, 49878, 642, 61007, 4, 64457, 111, 70, 276, 9285, 25, 7, 88, 21392, 70760, 12912, 4, 237, 442, 112892, 1029, 297, 70, 59720, 111, 903, 187, 4514, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 22, 25826, 297, 450, 70, 384, 8821, 647, 966, 2130, 2264, 15, 90141, 34, 25958, 11814, 98, 70, 276, 4598, 284, 17727, 509, 47, 186, 64549, 297, 31247, 538, 678, 903, 5361, 187, 4514, 5, 581, 7082, 126140, 35379, 19, 7154, 62980, 4396, 31494, 13, 123573, 15, 54496, 441, 16, 136, 70, 107281, 16857, 43975, 111, 46473, 80723, 34754, 111, 70, 187, 4514, 62, 456, 34198, 297, 4393, 37831, 314, 69990, 509, 22, 25826, 297, 100, 70, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 29398, 5, 1650, 1902, 361, 139, 22819, 37831, 46389, 7, 137356, 71, 47, 8337, 70, 47749, 42, 10, 18139, 79385, 44457, 111, 21455, 678, 645, 143, 26783, 37831, 17721, 123594, 16797, 37831, 46389, 7, 5, 581, 12912, 37831, 46389, 5809, 186, 91995, 71, 678, 10, 87758, 14537, 276, 10289, 361, 425, 2525, 333, 157, 25667, 5155, 143839, 707, 142, 276, 2947, 647, 418, 32863, 117, 14, 70820, 5, 62, 5361, 60213, 509, 450, 70, 314, 69990, 14361, 5809, 186, 165249, 1257, 47, 138, 22128, 23, 17007, 101904, 70, 47749, 42, 10, 8951, 44457, 111, 37831, 12960, 47143, 214, 1379, 581, 23755, 111, 70, 57646, 32216, 128839, 538, 216479, 71, 3934, 70, 12321, 99381, 62980, 15, 12689, 618, 16, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 5, 581, 12918, 618, 509, 47, 70163, 70, 11476, 62783, 136, 48431, 6, 129980, 100, 70, 10, 1192, 7136, 31486, 678, 70, 3268, 2481, 47, 51339, 237, 10, 57646, 32216, 5, 581, 5201, 133868, 32216, 4911, 7, 34739, 98, 70, 31486, 70, 56101, 1902, 24145, 35839, 70, 44, 49545, 289, 32216, 830, 218094, 1029, 297, 390, 70, 56101, 81366, 1162, 191, 4, 26292, 214, 39555, 756, 133868, 28394, 31486, 7, 5, 33417, 21533, 5201, 133868, 32216, 7, 3542, 237, 5299, 187, 4806, 237, 2499, 3789, 80939, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 4, 103210, 14288, 4, 136, 5299, 187, 432, 2822, 5, 63519, 1836, 3542, 64720, 20174, 47, 186, 88303, 23, 21334, 101935, 5, 581, 5117, 58093, 58055, 7, 111, 70, 57646, 32216, 7, 82775, 136, 181653, 105237, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 450, 3542, 14432, 15265, 5983, 297, 237, 5201, 133868, 32216, 7, 5, 32255, 3542, 218094, 1029, 297, 390, 70, 276, 13330, 136, 276, 9285, 9876, 67772, 187, 4806, 678, 10, 3311, 4347, 44321, 442, 100512, 34735, 450, 70, 384, 8821, 174413, 62980, 2806, 959, 765, 10, 88551, 92940, 645, 70, 276, 9285, 284, 5442, 581, 1193, 9, 2420, 20051, 2926, 136, 77556, 9, 2146, 70760, 37457, 168719, 3542, 15044, 17116, 5861, 297, 4743, 47, 23718, 4, 136, 70, 61689, 219, 2408, 111, 70, 156100, 90444, 17863, 136475, 47, 186, 2234, 50958, 144810, 53, 5, 3164, 903, 12441, 47, 70, 6, 170224, 111, 70, 384, 8821, 13452, 98, 20414, 361, 4, 23936, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 4488, 98, 70, 384, 8821, 647, 966, 2130, 2264, 509, 136475, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 180663, 65771, 276, 4598, 284, 418, 2130, 2264, 5, 581, 15411, 111, 70, 276, 9285, 9876, 1507, 25, 7, 32216, 36049, 509, 70, 31344, 581, 84023, 36498, 15, 143045, 19, 7154, 101044, 289, 148855, 136043, 7, 16, 468, 71025, 9550, 51521, 538, 5570, 29367, 70, 10644, 237, 70, 62980, 4, 202945, 4, 9312, 69182, 297, 12, 21213, 9, 2276, 25706, 4, 276, 4598, 98, 611, 11994, 41722, 5, 581, 36049, 18264, 509, 190238, 7071, 41722, 678, 70, 27226, 34515, 61475, 36049, 72134, 23, 18237, 99, 70, 237562, 84829, 64997, 15876, 207068, 75628, 23, 2356, 66874, 64997, 15876, 5, 118479, 20279, 106, 509, 140528, 99, 237562, 207068, 123470, 98, 116, 20414, 136, 9325, 47, 70, 8592, 112, 33, 1250, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 276, 4598, 4, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 276, 4598, 9876, 1507, 4, 83, 142, 15672, 17932, 58093, 5201, 133868, 32216, 15, 12689, 618, 194, 1650, 509, 51521, 538, 5570, 29367, 237, 70, 62980, 4, 202945, 4, 9312, 69182, 297, 12, 21213, 9, 2276, 25706, 4, 276, 4598, 23, 11994, 41722, 5, 106073, 126809, 1295, 70, 276, 9285, 9876, 1507, 4, 70, 276, 4598, 36549, 509, 8306, 44, 161818, 538, 58, 18507, 47314, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 9876, 1507, 32216, 14449, 4, 1284, 237, 10, 44, 57877, 9, 128659, 297, 60887, 1236, 58, 111, 70, 9876, 1507, 32216, 25, 7, 4331, 5, 581, 14098, 46684, 89554, 174176, 47, 70, 12918, 618, 51584, 3996, 86, 23, 36102, 3229, 70, 82485, 89499, 7, 90223, 71, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development.", "Impetus.", "Choice of components.", "M68 105 mm Main Gun.", "Armor.", "M19 Commander's Cupola.", "Main Battle Tank designation.", "XM60 development.", "M60.", "M60A1 series.", "M60A2.", "M60A3 series.", "E60 series.", "Foreign upgrades.", "Super M60/AX.", "M60-2000 Main Battle Tank.", "M60A3 Phoenix.", "M60A3 SLEP.", "Leonardo M60A3.", "US service history." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The United States entered a period of frenzied activity during the crisis atmosphere of the Korean War, when America seemed to lag behind the Soviet Union in terms of tank quality and quantity. Testing and development cycles occurred simultaneously with production to ensure speedy delivery of new tanks. Such rapid production caused problems but the importance given to rapidly equipping combat units with new tanks precluded detailed testing and evaluation prior to quantity production. The M47 Patton entered production in 1951 and was used by the United States Army and Marine Corps but ongoing technical and production problems kept it from serving in the Korean War. The M48 Patton tank entered US service in 1952 but its early designs were deemed unsatisfactory by Army Field Forces (AFF). The improvements to the M48 focused on improving the 90mm main gun and fire control systems while simultaneously exploring the development of silicas glass composite armor and autoloader systems. The tank continued further development through 1955", "", "The main gun was chosen after a comparative firing test of six different guns carried out on the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in 1958. The factors evaluated were accuracy, lethality of a hit, rate of fire and penetration performance. An M48A2C was fit with the 90 mm M41 and tested with the new T300E53 HEAT round. A smoothbore version of the 90 mm, the T208E9, was mounted on the T95E1 tank and tested the T320E62 APDS round. An American version of the British 105 mm gun the Royal Ordnance L7, under the", "Composite applique armor panels made with fused silica glass was intended to be fitted to the hull. This led to a redesign of the front of the hull into the shape of a flat wedge, instead of the M48's elliptical front, as it simplified the installation of this armor. It was also envisioned that the T95E7 turret (eventually used on the M60A1) was to be constructed solely with this special armor. The US Army Ordnance Tank Automotive Command (OTAC) and the Carnegie Institute of Technology began development of the armor", "A redesigned full vision cupola was envisioned for the commander's station. It had 7 tiltable vision blocks arranged to give the commander a 360 degree field of view with overlapping vision between adjacent vision blocks. The front vision block could be replaced with a dual power M34 7x50 binocular day sight or an M19E1 IR periscope. A special feature was that the cupola body could be raised up to 3 1/2 inches providing the commander a direct field of vision while remaining under", "The concept of the medium tank gradually evolved into the Main Battle Tank (MBT) in the 1960s. The MBT was to combine the firepower and protection sufficient for the assault role with the mobility to perform as a medium tank. The main battle tank thus took on the role the British had once called the \"universal tank\", exemplified by the British Centurion, filling almost all battlefield roles. Typical main battle tanks were as well armed as any other vehicle on the battlefield, highly mobile, and well armored. Yet they were cheap enough to be built in large numbers. The first generation consists of the medium tanks designed and produced directly after World War II that were later redefined as main battle tanks. These were exemplified by the M47 and M48 Pattons armed with a", "By May 1957 it became clear that the T95 Medium Tank would not have a significant advantage over the M48A2. The X-shaped motor and electro-optical rangefinder were both discarded due to performance, and the accuracy of the smoothbore gun continued to be unsatisfactory. All this led to the closure of the T95 project on July 7, 1960. At the same time, work on the T95E7 turret was continued, which led to the creation of the fairly successful M60A1 turret. The course of the M48 Patton's tank production was the source", "The OTCM (Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes) #37002 officially standardized the type as the Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 105-mm Gun, M60 on 16 March 1959. The production contract was approved April 1959 with the low rate initial production starting in June at the Chrysler Corporation Delaware Defense Plant in Newark Delaware. Production pilot 1 was completed at Chrysler Defense Engineering on 2 July and sent to the Aberdeen Proving Ground with a initial production total of 45 tanks in July 1959. Production pilot 2 was finished on 4 August and used to develop technical publications and an additional 47 tanks produced to complete the first low rate production buy. In August 1959, an engineering bid package was awarded for the second low rate production buy of M60s to be built at the Delaware Plant. Production pilot 3 was completed 2 September and went to the Detroit Arsenal Test Center for maintenance evaluations, it was then sent to Fort Knox for user trials. The fourth pilot was completed on 26 October and was used as the master hull to verify production standards at the Detroit Tank Plant with a low-rate initial production total of 180 M60s built in 1959. Subsequent production, starting with the October 1960 batch were built at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant, in Warren Michigan. It reached operational capability with fielding", "Improvements to the electronics package for this version included an improved electro-mechanical traverse assembly and a AN/VSS-1(V)1 IR searchlight above the gun shield. The M19 FCS consisted of the M17A1 coincidence rangefinder, M10A1 ballistic drive and the mechanical M19E1 ballistic computer for the gunner. The M60A1 tank uses the M68E1 variant of the gun carried in the M140 mount. The M68E1 gun shares the same firing characteristics as the M68. It featured several design improvements including an updated gun hydraulic configuration, a stabilization upgrade for the gun, a gun elevation kill switch for the loader, improved ballistic drive and other component refinements. As the development of a new main battle tank stalled with problems and cost escalating quickly, the M60A1 was forced to serve longer than originally intended with production lasting almost 20 years. In that time span, numerous product improvement programs were put forward. As the major changes were incorporated", "During the early 1960s there was some debate regarding the future of main tank weaponry, largely focusing on conventional kinetic energy rounds versus missiles. In the early 1960s it was generally accepted that the maximum effective range of the M68 gun was between 1800 and 2000 meters. The XM-13 missile system had proven itself viable, obtaining over 90% first round accuracy up to 4000 meters. But the development of a main-battle tank variant was bogged down by having too many design proposals. In response, studies were made in August 1961 to retrofit existing M60 tanks with a weapon capable of firing both conventional HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank) rounds and launching ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided-Missiles). Three M60E1 tanks with T95 turrets were modified to permit the installation of the 152mm XM81 gun-launcher. Mounted on former M60 hulls, they were to provide test beds for the evaluation of the Shillelagh weapon system. Although this system was the preferred armament for the MBT-70, by late 1961 problems with the XM13 missile required that the program be reorganized. The missile was reclassified as an applied research project and it was obvious that there would be some delay before it would be available for service. On 10 January 1962, representatives from various ordnance organizations met at the Ordnance Tank-Automotive Center (OTAC) to review armament systems that might be suitable replacements, if the Shillelagh missile could not be developed in a timely manner. Time was particularly critical for the AR/AAV (the XM551 Sheridan) which required a decision on the armament by April 1962. The possible delay was not as serious for the MBT-70 since the program was limited to conceptual design and component development. The requirements also differed for the tank because of its ability to carry a much heavier weapon system. Several backup weapons were also under consideration and concept studies were prepared showing their application to the MBT-70 concepts. The 152mm gun-launcher XM81 also was considered", "The M60A3 version of the M60-series had the same mobility, performance, and weapons systems as the M60A1 RISE and RISE Passive tanks and incorporated all of their engineering upgrades, improvements and capabilities. In addition, the armor protection for the turret was increased to 330 mm on the gun mantle and to 276 mm on the turret face. The electronics and fire control systems were greatly improved. The hydraulic fluid was replaced with a non-flammable one. This updated turret configuration was mated to the M60A1 RISE hull using the AVDS-1790-2D RISE engine and CD-850-6A transmission along with a Halon fire suppression system. It was designated as the Tank, Combat, Full Tracked:", "M60s for use in foreign military service were designated as the E60 series by the US Foreign Military Sales (FMS). These were essentially M60s with minor modifications requested by approved foreign purchasers. Some of the modifications", "A US Congressional Report in November 1993 stated that there were 5,522 serviceable M60A1 and M60A3 tanks in the US Army's inventory available for sale or transfer to US allies or foreign nations. Of these 111 were in Korea, 1,435 were in Europe, and 3,976 located in the continental US (CONUS). The average age of these tanks was 16 years and an expected peacetime service life of 20 years. The average price was US$212,898 per tank without radios or machine guns and they were not overhauled. Tanks located in Korea were inspected and sold to Bahrain and Taiwan. Of the 1,435 tanks in Europe, 1,311 have been cascaded to other NATO countries under the terms of the Conventional Forces Europe Agreement (CFE), 18 reserved for non-combat use and 106 returned to CONUS. Egypt inspected 411 tanks at Fort Hood and 91 at Fort Knox and tentatively selected 299 of those. An additional inventory of tanks from", "The Super M60/AX, also called \"Super 60\", was a comprehensive update package for the M60A1 and A3 tanks, first offered in 1985 by General Dynamics. The vehicle was developed as a private venture for the export market and was never evaluated for US military service. The upgrade offered to increase the protection, firepower and mobility for the M60A1 and A3 tanks. Although the US Army chose not to pursue the installation of a new power pack or suspension system in the M60 series, General Dynamics formed a co-operative private venture with Teledyne Continental to develop", "The General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) M60-2000 or 120S was an upgrade of the M60A1 tank. The development of the M60-2000 was primarily due to the large number of M60 Main Battle Tanks in service with many Middle Eastern nations unable to afford a sufficient force of more modern main battle tanks. The upgrade was marketed at those M60 users with the industrial capability to convert the tanks themselves. The M60-2000/120S was a GDLS supplied conversion kit that married the M1A1 turret of the M1 Abrams to the M60A1 RISE hull, offering many features of the M1A1 Abrams to existing M60 users at a reduced cost. It was first referred to the M60-2000 Program and design work began in late 1999 by General Dynamics Land Systems as a private venture for the export market and was never", "The M60 Phoenix Project was Jordan's modular upgrade of the M60A3TTS to better address both immediate and emerging threats to the M60MBT. The tank is armed with a RUAG Land Systems L50 120 mm smoothbore Compact Tank Gun (CTG) with a firing rate of 6-10 rounds per minute. 20 ready rounds are stored in the turret bustle. The M21 FCS is replaced with Raytheon's Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS). The system consists of an eye safe laser rangefinder, second generation night sight, digital ballistic computer, cant sensors and a MIL-STD 1553 data bus. The M10 ballistic drive is upgraded with a fully electrical superelevation resolver. The maneuverability and acceleration of the Phoenix is improved with the use of the General Dynamics AVCR-1790-2C engine producing 950 hp increasing available power by 20%, an upgraded CD-850-B1 transmission, new", "Raytheon in conjunction with other partners offered the M60 Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) for the M60A3 in May 2016. It has been marketed for export to nations that need the performance improvements to take on modern armor threats. The SLEP is offered as a collection of modular upgrades for the tank's firepower, mobility, and protection. This allows for SLEP customization to each user's needs. Its firepower improvements features the 120-mm M256/L44 smoothbore main gun as used on the M1A1 Abrams. It is fitted with a load assist system allowing for a firing rate of 6 to 10 rounds per minute and 20 ready-rounds in the turret bustle. The Raytheon", "The Leonardo M60A3 is an upgraded variant of the M60A3 offered in 2017 by the defense company Leonardo DRS. The upgrade is intended to offer nations already operating the M60 an upgrade to their vehicles to offer capabilities more in line with third-generation main battle tanks. It was unveiled 17 October 2017 at the Bahrain International Defense Exhibition and Conference (BIDEC). It has been marketed as an alternative upgrade to the Raytheon SLEP upgrade for M60MBT modernization. Upgrades offered in this package include a new 120/45 gun from the Centauro II that offers a weight saving of 500 kg over the older 120/44 gun due to a redesigned light alloy cradle and muzzle brake. The old commander's cupola is completely removed and replaced instead with an armored circular ballistic plate protected with slat armor. This also offers a weight reduction compared to the original M19 cupola as used on the M60A3. For close defense, the turret is also fitted with the HITROLE-L 12.7mm remotely operated weapons system. The turret has been refitted with", "Fifteen of the early examples of the M60 produced had insufficient hull armor thickness, and were therefore used by the Armor School at Fort Knox to train tank crewmembers and maintenance personnel. The M60 AVLB and M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle were the only variants of the M60 series deployed to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The M728 was used in fire support, base security, counter ambush fire, direct assault of fortified positions, and limited reconnaissance by fire. The AVLB provided gap crossing capabilities when required to support armored forces. M60s were deployed at this time to West Germany during the Cold War to support US Army operations and participated in annual REFORGER exercises as well as Allied Forces Day parades in West Berlin until 1991. The M60 was also deployed to Korea to support US Forces Korea and participated in bi-annual Exercise Team Spirit maneuvers with South Korea notably with the US 2nd Infantry Division until 1991. On 21 August 1976, President Ford conferred with Henry Kissinger and green lighted Operation Paul Bunyan with a platoon of M60A1s reinforcing elements of the US 9th Infantry Regiment (Task Force VIERRA) at the south end of the Bridge of No Return in response to the Korean axe murder incident. M60 tanks participated in Operation Urgent Fury in 1983. Marines from G Company of the US 22nd Marine Assault Unit equipped with Amphibious Assault Vehicles and four M60A1 tanks landed at Grand Mal Bay on October 25 and relieved the Navy SEALs the following morning, allowing Governor Scoon, his wife, and nine aides to be safely evacuated. The Marine tank crews faced sporadic resistance, knocking out a BRDM-2 armored car. G Company subsequently overwhelmed the Grenadian defenders at Fort Frederick. The 1st Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment deployed with M60A1s to Beirut and were present during the subsequent October 23 Beirut barracks bombing near the Beirut International Airport during the ongoing Lebanese Civil War. M60A1s have been historically used for ground force adversarial work during Exercise Red Flag at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada as well as in close air support trials with the F-16 in the 1980s. During Operation Desert Storm in the Gulf War of 1991, at least one US Air Force unit was equipped with M60 tanks. The 401st TFW (P), deployed to Doha, Qatar had two M60A3s for use by explosives ordnance disposal personnel. It was planned that using the tanks would allow the EOD crews to remove unexploded ordnance from tarmac runway and taxiway surfaces with increased safety. M60A1s of the 1st Marine Division Task Force Ripper led the drive to the Kuwait International Airport on 27 February 1991, Task Force Ripper's M60A1 tanks destroyed about 100 Iraqi tanks and armored personnel carriers, including about 50 locally produced T-72M tanks. The division commander Maj. Gen. J.M. Myatt said, \"During the first day of combat operations 1st Platoon, D Company, 3rd Tank Battalion destroyed 15 Iraqi tanks\". The Marines also destroyed 25 APCs and took 300 POWs. The 1st Marine Division lost 1 M60A1 tank clearing a path through a minefield. The 1st Marine Division encountered more Iraqi opposition as it proceeded north the next day coming into contact with the Iraqi 15th Mechanized Brigade, 3rd Armored Division. During this engagement the Marines destroyed an additional 46 enemy vehicles and took approximately 929 POWs. Once the 1st Marine Division reached Kuwait International Airport they found what remained of the Iraqi 12th Armored Brigade, 3rd Armored Division defending it. The Marines destroyed 30 to 40 Iraqi T-72 tanks which had taken up defensive positions around the airport. The Marines also encountered T-62 tanks in dispersed and understrength platoon and company units. They were knocked out by TOWs at long range. By the end of the day the Iraqi 3rd Armored Division was totally destroyed. The Iraqi 3rd Armored Division losses included more than 250 T-55/62s and 70 T-72 tanks. The US Marine Corps' M60A1s were fitted with add-on explosive reactive armor (ERA) packages. Following the end of both the Cold War and Operation Desert Storm, FORSCOM withdrew the M60 tank series from combat use and superseded it with the M1A1 Abrams for both the Army and Marine Corps and it was relegated to NG-CONUS use with the Army National Guard through most of the 1990s. In May 1997, at Fort Riley, 1st Battalion, 635th Armor, Kansas Army National Guard, retired the last M60 series tanks in the US military. The 58 M60A3 tanks of the Kansas Guard's only armor battalion were unceremoniously parked in a holding pen at the Camp Funston Mobilization and Training Equipment Site (MATES), in the Kansas River Valley, down the hill from Fort Riley's main post. They were later transferred to the Jordanian Army. They were replaced in National Guard service by the M1IP version of the Abrams MBT. Due to the end of the Cold War, surplus US Army M1A1s were absorbed by the US Marines replacing their M60A1s on a one for one basis, allowing the Marine Corps to quickly become an all-M1 tank force at reduced cost. Except for a small number in TRADOC service for the combat training of units in Europe, most M60s were placed in reserve. Some 1,400 were transferred to NATO allies from 1991 to 1993 under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and some were sold, mainly to Middle Eastern countries. They were finally declared as excess to US needs in 1994. They were given to a few nations under governmental grants. After being retired from combat use in 1991, 18 M60A3s, with the M19 cupola removed, continued in active Army service to provide tactical combat training to US and NATO forces in Europe. They were fitted with the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES), given the mission to provide tactical engagement simulation for direct fire force-on-force training and were maintained at the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC) near Hohenfels, Germany. They were used in the OPFOR Surrogate (OPFOR(S)) role by D Company 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment (Team Dragon) until May 2005. After their service as training aids, these examples were demilitarized and placed as target hulks on various firing ranges at the Grafenwoehr Training Area. They were replaced in this role by the TONKA tank (unofficial name) – an M113 OSV-T with a mock turret. The large number of M60 series tanks still in the Army's CONUS inventory in 1994 were declared as excess to requirements and disposal of them began through grant programs or demilitarization at additional costs to the US government. As of 2015, the US Army and Air Force continue to use QM60s on a limited basis as targets for the testing of radar and weapons systems. They are also salvaged for parts to maintain other vehicles still in service. One M60A1 hull was leased to General Dynamics for development of the M60-2000/120S during 2000–2001. The M68 105 mm Gun has been used for the M1128 Stryker MGS. Many are on public display in parks and museums or veteran service organizations as well as gate guards at military bases. Some 100 M60s are to be placed as artificial reefs off New Jersey and the Gulf coasts of Florida and Alabama accessible to scuba divers. The United States Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM-LCMC) has directed that the M728, M60AVLB and QM60-series target vehicles are to be withdrawn from use by 2024 and any units remaining are to be demilitarized and sold for scrapping through the DLA Disposition Services Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office (DLADS-DRMO)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 69563, 4, 52888, 4, 53434, 509, 165249, 23, 26824, 14851, 408, 53, 86, 4, 52888, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 62, 60060, 4, 83, 10, 55182, 1419, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 6765, 83, 10, 183093, 5, 1529, 1556, 142, 114210, 82953, 136, 114015, 5, 53434, 75935, 1919, 5117, 4165, 1829, 21629, 2823, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 4068, 3311, 86991, 10696, 4, 142, 33946, 23, 44, 133620, 6406, 58, 12441, 4049, 47, 63847, 25842, 10, 24941, 111, 6, 44720, 53470, 53, 1202, 129675, 5, 1529, 29966, 297, 11192, 10696, 23, 69563, 99, 16965, 134148, 116548, 31667, 19188, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 6052, 12960, 134477, 13, 79850, 20697, 100, 109875, 4, 35509, 23, 39897, 5, 53434, 83, 2684, 5299, 51529, 100, 552, 9, 151645, 214, 70, 109875, 43568, 13452, 678, 103383, 3905, 27639, 5, 53434, 134053, 10086, 98224, 4552, 33662, 7103, 442, 9803, 9, 60427, 71, 136, 80723, 22231, 1916, 4, 1919, 42732, 25, 7, 57357, 3674, 38937, 16981, 678, 2665, 56489, 8035, 70, 5201, 27941, 5, 1529, 79786, 237, 142, 38478, 99, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 84829, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 6849, 360, 88847, 764, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 221107, 12535, 5, 51404, 1940, 592, 99, 10086, 98224, 4, 53434, 100512, 45, 1015, 62956, 297, 678, 70, 31842, 764, 509, 20697, 98, 136, 70, 48225, 34475, 47, 442, 390, 21629, 2823, 4, 3129, 1902, 78684, 59038, 71, 10086, 98224, 5, 53434, 136, 3905, 27639, 22, 25826, 297, 10, 164917, 4, 23468, 9, 188, 9, 4032, 31842, 450, 5809, 765, 46889, 149528, 4, 136, 43568, 509, 103122, 1295, 450, 6528, 5, 581, 9803, 31344, 13452, 21647, 297, 3095, 316, 136, 5700, 2481, 4, 136, 23, 6052, 756, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 65514, 3542, 30396, 3674, 47, 70, 43568, 136, 139808, 91157, 77635, 5, 152590, 71, 23, 7582, 86097, 3229, 53434, 509, 17846, 43568, 69405, 59102, 13482, 16839, 12008, 15, 44526, 416, 538, 1295, 7244, 25, 7, 2665, 56489, 247, 678, 805, 19879, 7026, 7, 23, 40715, 3501, 10, 6602, 5, 53434, 83, 70, 42179, 111, 44, 6159, 107, 147797, 1326, 27919, 32747, 58, 15, 74, 91376, 18982, 534, 4, 3295, 194, 53434, 14037, 297, 10, 3525, 73882, 678, 15700, 1119, 9, 24447, 98224, 188183, 4, 40207, 1529, 14817, 18, 15, 2347, 179505, 111, 31143, 85779, 2750, 509, 2843, 21334, 538, 102778, 100, 43568, 25, 7, 101758, 136, 18151, 194, 53434, 136, 1529, 14817, 18, 79786, 98, 105233, 1720, 19770, 4, 10, 3525, 38937, 101758, 82775, 47, 6, 80728, 70, 43599, 17721, 70, 86983, 136, 70, 1467, 5, 53434, 122273, 297, 40368, 121392, 41653, 1672, 70, 1528, 136, 1919, 3525, 14380, 3229, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 29256, 111, 44, 568, 129969, 24990, 35665, 58, 23, 7582, 30739, 2161, 20414, 387, 4, 56434, 70, 4831, 113771, 450, 1431, 1902, 59038, 71, 1720, 19770, 5, 360, 39395, 24159, 53434, 25737, 1431, 47, 237360, 3789, 33946, 7, 5, 360, 24635, 53434, 54397, 10, 48502, 49119, 20706, 100, 140676, 25, 7, 161950, 70237, 5, 360, 20400, 53434, 14037, 1810, 450, 764, 1556, 10, 35431, 51529, 237, 1747, 111001, 19920, 4, 10, 35845, 538, 41207, 23, 41159, 47, 21176, 20650, 23937, 5, 1529, 54397, 12, 568, 765, 8306, 21176, 29367, 23937, 23, 759, 64194, 6897, 5, 87, 831, 26, 18, 44, 21231, 58, 759, 67373, 25, 7, 2577, 707, 10, 20802, 60636, 57571, 16446, 4, 759, 29041, 44462, 171335, 707, 70, 11675, 87, 23409, 98, 1492, 14633, 6650, 5, 87, 17569, 44, 71013, 214, 2412, 4517, 58, 509, 10, 23550, 139006, 5, 87, 26, 39, 496, 5369, 10332, 136, 87, 8306, 55950, 10, 14135, 5809, 54, 2499, 111, 903, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 195501, 124188, 53434, 15, 57332, 18237, 427, 4, 20231, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 10975, 185118, 2750, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 4488, 237, 70, 552, 9, 7612, 4597, 111, 70, 109875, 43568, 1820, 31842, 678, 103383, 3905, 27639, 5, 360, 73584, 764, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 44, 57124, 297, 58, 41260, 25, 7, 2663, 2552, 272, 60992, 4, 130238, 25183, 111, 70, 42552, 4, 198274, 174821, 14231, 4, 184865, 129091, 136, 21240, 171618, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 10, 2831, 111, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 41260, 25, 7, 4078, 8010, 5303, 5, 28090, 56434, 764, 79786, 100, 1431, 237, 31068, 111, 73111, 24189, 199747, 214, 23, 39395, 10520, 360, 24635, 764, 54397, 10, 1207, 127663, 7311, 49119, 20706, 100, 70, 140676, 113976, 180327, 36549, 44, 294, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Mozilla and Firefox.", "Career.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Miami, Florida, Ross was raised in Key Biscayne, Florida. His mother, Abby, is a psychologist, and his father David is a lawyer. He has an older brother and sister. Ross created his first website via America Online at the age of 10. By middle school, an interest in \"Sim City\" led him to piece together a couple of rudimentary videogames. He attended high school in Miami at Gulliver Preparatory School, graduating in 2003 while simultaneously working for Mozilla, based in California.", "Ross is most well known for co-founding the Mozilla Firefox project with Dave Hyatt. Ross discovered Netscape very soon after it open-sourced and began contributing, his mother's frustrated user experience with Internet Explorer being the main driver. He worked as an intern at Netscape Communications Corporation at the age of 16. In 2003, he enrolled at Stanford University. While interning at Netscape, Ross became disenchanted with the browser he was working on and the direction given to it by America Online, which had recently purchased Netscape. Ross and Hyatt envisioned a smaller, easy-to-use browser that could have mass appeal, and Firefox was born from that idea. The open source project gained momentum and popularity, and in 2003 all of Mozilla's resources were devoted to the Firefox and Thunderbird projects. Released in November 2004, when Ross was 19, Firefox quickly grabbed market share (primarily from Microsoft's Internet Explorer), with 100 million downloads in less than a year. Ross is the author of \"Firefox For Dummies\" (; published January 11, 2006).", "Ross founded a new startup with another ex-Netscape employee, Joe Hewitt (the creator of Firebug who was also largely responsible for Firefox's interface and code). Ross and Hewitt worked on creating Parakey, a new user interface designed to bridge the gap between the desktop and the web. Ross revealed several technical details about the program and his new company when featured on the cover of \"IEEE Spectrum\" in November 2006. On July 20, 2007, the BBC reported that Facebook had purchased Parakey. In early 2013, Ross left Facebook to pursue other interests. In 2015, Ross wrote a spec screenplay for HBO's Silicon Valley.", "In 2016, Ross found out that he has a condition known as aphantasia, a relatively rare inability to visualize anything. He wrote:I have never visualized anything in my entire life. I can’t \"see\" my father's face or a bouncing blue ball, my childhood bedroom or the run I went on ten minutes ago. I thought \"counting sheep\" was a metaphor. I’m 30 years old and I never knew a human could do any of this." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7224, 814, 29966, 297, 11192, 10696, 99, 1261, 7, 1970, 92737, 7366, 67, 43975, 23, 45152, 7978, 4, 7440, 764, 80723, 20697, 678, 23625, 399, 87398, 7, 84829, 4, 142, 45152, 7978, 9, 3464, 13909, 20492, 27771, 450, 14432, 26725, 141, 4126, 5, 18763, 79825, 24124, 4049, 6, 58944, 1295, 10, 51065, 9836, 2750, 79786, 237, 10, 5426, 53294, 136, 10975, 106001, 47, 185256, 76519, 107653, 136, 155605, 127873, 121392, 93324, 15, 441, 8727, 194, 7224, 814, 155605, 25737, 47, 4488, 99, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 136, 14432, 932, 19611, 69723, 181606, 4, 140077, 1515, 42724, 84837, 4, 136, 70, 146785, 84829, 5, 67053, 214, 237, 10, 150080, 106001, 4, 764, 69405, 49175, 8305, 70, 30648, 7, 136, 155605, 21647, 297, 2665, 65536, 390, 141753, 10, 14037, 214, 32786, 111, 70, 109875, 173101, 23, 82490, 1529, 149976, 237, 6, 41195, 111, 123470, 136, 6, 41195, 111, 101044, 289, 7832, 67, 3432, 100, 70, 109875, 84829, 7440, 764, 104902, 3395, 28219, 4, 45367, 4, 136, 68073, 1295, 142, 9803, 4002, 5, 1529, 100512, 137272, 28032, 70, 35107, 7, 111, 1467, 5570, 47691, 136, 2843, 51339, 297, 70836, 184308, 31486, 5, 1913, 109875, 4, 7224, 814, 79786, 678, 41576, 8643, 53823, 2875, 4, 2750, 2843, 14432, 80723, 20697, 99, 1431, 5, 7224, 814, 509, 2843, 99, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 44, 510, 120976, 13312, 58, 17, 27726, 24571, 7440, 73, 764, 54397, 98, 1919, 8063, 20596, 44, 510, 120976, 13312, 58, 142447, 214, 10, 17309, 1492, 9, 5636, 15504, 11, 67688, 100, 10, 48031, 1238, 19729, 1295, 185325, 47, 47130, 162, 214, 10, 188347, 11389, 111, 43568, 5, 18763, 78091, 509, 47, 7639, 159454, 23, 109875, 25, 7, 81273, 47, 69405, 29823, 48031, 37348, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 1239, 24658, 271, 26995, 237, 10, 4537, 707, 51521, 109875, 44930, 5, 7224, 814, 24765, 297, 99, 109875, 100, 37195, 5369, 8108, 764, 12302, 2822, 47, 1431, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 70, 14364, 111, 177907, 1295, 1392, 47, 6360, 360, 20400, 7224, 814, 176377, 47, 25730, 136, 33284, 297, 5120, 10146, 54889, 5, 18763, 5117, 77021, 509, 70, 73882, 35839, 44, 100743, 67, 5, 508, 830, 7440, 764, 2843, 21265, 7, 237, 313, 8727, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 41576, 7224, 814, 15, 57332, 22482, 21567, 27193, 16, 83, 10, 36770, 123470, 31068, 99, 1431, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 51529, 100, 1919, 4488, 98, 40368, 9803, 31344, 77635, 5, 1529, 1556, 2809, 75412, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 5941, 111, 70, 118299, 450, 22, 2886, 212398, 1467, 37967, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 17925, 46876, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Shaver attended high school at Lisgar Collegiate Institute in Ottawa, where he began working with Ingenia Communications Corporation, an Ottawa-area computer consultancy that later dissolved. His efforts saw him rise from a summer student who worked as a system administrator and software developer to chief systems architect and eventually Chief technical officer (CTO).", "Shaver eventually left to work at Netscape Communications and later zerøknowledge, Cluster File Systems, and the Oracle Corporation. Beginning as a visiting developer, he quickly rose through the ranks and eventually gained Internet fame by becoming a founding member of the Mozilla Organization in 1998. He served as VP of Engineering and VP of Technical Strategy for the Mozilla Corporation where he helped people understand, build, and benefit from an open Web. He became associated within the discussions of web standardization and also performed gatekeeper role. At Mozilla, Shaver worked with Mike Schroepfer, who also later began working at Facebook. Shaver was also at the center of the \"ten fucking days\" imbroglio wherein he wrote on his business card \"ten fucking days\" referencing a recent ten-day turnaround for a security flaw from notification to releasing a fixed version of Firefox. His intent was to show confidence in Mozilla's ability to quickly address security issues, but it was misunderstood as a general or official Mozilla policy. Shaver stayed at Mozilla for six years before he transferred to Facebook, where he became the director of engineering from 2011 to 2016. In 2016, Shaver returned to Canada and joined Real Ventures. His first investment was the startup called \"integrate.ai\", where he also serves as CTO." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 88669, 85689, 53, 111, 133243, 67, 10164, 23, 702, 3742, 4, 678, 3129, 70, 106913, 590, 15, 206, 474, 206, 366, 4745, 16, 111, 61279, 1566, 118, 509, 12302, 2822, 1295, 70, 6226, 111, 239254, 47, 71006, 4, 83, 70, 10332, 525, 59121, 17164, 111, 70, 9615, 19929, 23, 70, 13379, 10776, 111, 132994, 14, 5, 581, 4000, 2481, 75204, 6863, 13379, 9351, 132994, 14, 7103, 63590, 64859, 11617, 390, 70, 39395, 611, 927, 142642, 99, 70, 42850, 5, 2161, 1105, 18982, 423, 14773, 1286, 3501, 1781, 16320, 36800, 77142, 7, 3542, 152388, 23, 70, 366, 1681, 4588, 111, 19825, 9029, 51856, 23, 2831, 111, 70, 150679, 3003, 71, 2679, 5550, 5, 360, 70, 1631, 259, 17704, 390, 18813, 63691, 4830, 111, 71006, 26548, 49002, 729, 12772, 104279, 123048, 4, 10, 133868, 34739, 3687, 99, 95708, 11124, 48591, 7832, 217, 4, 10, 10846, 43222, 127067, 111, 132994, 14, 4, 98, 702, 18237, 196208, 5, 360, 70, 133868, 70, 74412, 988, 15, 2347, 107721, 16, 91375, 14, 79850, 123823, 71, 2363, 19069, 7, 26548, 14597, 101935, 111, 102374, 7, 5, 132994, 14, 509, 2855, 3674, 59444, 38109, 23, 543, 10991, 5, 581, 84773, 27759, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 132994, 14, 450, 1902, 2809, 170920, 23, 543, 5016, 4, 109133, 1295, 65528, 5330, 47, 132994, 14, 23, 543, 11548, 5, 360, 24531, 20271, 70, 18543, 5550, 4, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 22392, 126140, 3542, 170920, 23, 132994, 14, 5, 132994, 14, 509, 105866, 23, 10, 17467, 4935, 40617, 214, 16128, 136, 442, 509, 10, 22392, 37515, 16200, 5, 4966, 80854, 111, 70, 102374, 187, 1176, 6, 29031, 1681, 23, 70, 16128, 8060, 297, 70, 6096, 7, 5, 62, 13036, 90364, 509, 5775, 46526, 10932, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 99, 1572, 939, 3467, 461, 4, 1672, 47, 70, 127067, 111, 132994, 14, 4, 3229, 70, 22392, 7, 46389, 297, 10, 6096, 5675, 43245, 38162, 144477, 1810, 111, 67218, 31987, 5, 133698, 70, 30870, 5550, 136, 50343, 1363, 5550, 4, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 21079, 4745, 126140, 509, 105866, 23, 132994, 14, 5, 581, 126140, 23082, 7228, 2363, 3647, 23, 10, 4000, 37526, 1294, 10696, 5, 1913, 70, 1764, 111, 450, 10696, 83, 70, 19336, 44816, 167565, 1314, 25946, 15, 683, 11695, 53854, 48824, 31, 16, 70541, 214, 81828, 7, 136, 40765, 27519, 11, 111, 70, 1615, 5, 88949, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 187, 1176, 509, 35509, 2685, 4, 132994, 14, 509, 62825, 71, 17305, 5115, 53, 5, 4966, 16792, 2685, 509, 39555, 110, 44, 84396, 9, 58944, 58, 34754, 99, 450, 1733, 4, 70, 82649, 509, 69405, 121461, 297, 5, 136422, 474, 25958, 2684, 111, 479, 4205, 132994, 14, 22027, 25, 18, 32316, 176683, 5, 5550, 6032, 132994, 14, 83, 207487, 678, 23342, 4200, 14912, 56, 9491, 4, 70, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 21079, 4745, 187, 1176, 136, 14432, 34202, 111, 29774, 5, 18763, 3357, 6, 68823, 7514, 2258, 1651, 429, 4, 3129, 764, 11814, 237, 10, 75101, 1305, 20271, 70, 1631, 4, 83, 9201, 297, 23, 10, 78, 6238, 99, 132994, 14, 29398, 5, 1650, 83, 7722, 47, 6713, 46132, 70, 2258, 1651, 429, 8305, 6863, 54825, 99, 2499, 1733, 5, 4966, 3835, 42805, 47, 70, 2258, 1651, 429, 83, 4734, 28897, 3674, 24145, 10, 6602, 4, 98, 14912, 56, 9491, 25, 7, 101207, 9451, 18237, 194, 581, 2258, 1651, 429, 509, 70, 130731, 111, 14912, 56, 9491, 25, 7, 170277, 37719, 41714, 15, 86, 147, 3370, 432, 143, 16, 678, 41555, 4, 98, 3129, 46505, 10, 14375, 77104, 17721, 70, 6626, 453, 509, 23410, 538, 17164, 297, 5, 143965, 7, 111, 903, 41714, 621, 98, 44116, 23, 70, 2258, 1651, 429, 5, 14912, 56, 9491, 509, 10, 20324, 321, 56, 99, 70, 132994, 73, 23512, 14, 4, 7440, 1919, 185839, 23417, 509, 5094, 19, 9007, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 5201, 59052, 7, 23, 70, 59444, 83, 70, 360, 57463, 1294, 25946, 15, 1375, 18829, 5163, 301, 48824, 31, 16, 105866, 23, 1632, 111, 70, 36770, 187, 1176, 56197, 22824, 4, 20903, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 5659, 71516, 28745, 7, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 80788, 933, 1295, 70, 22759, 1631, 7, 23, 29774, 25, 7, 5744, 32692, 46, 70, 18543, 4, 30870, 4, 50343, 1363, 136, 51366, 1760, 34210, 5, 581, 59052, 2843, 70541, 7, 142, 80788, 18, 171332, 47, 21079, 4745, 1631, 40814, 103012, 77012, 93, 5, 360, 21735, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 3080, 16852, 52028, 23, 132994, 14, 4, 3229, 10, 4620, 49586, 1297, 16810, 272, 1295, 37626, 47, 132994, 14, 678, 17262, 3080, 92674, 136, 9201, 297, 2685, 5, 14847, 70, 35206, 51876, 99, 70, 3080, 16852, 466, 56, 25, 7, 2258, 4, 764, 24649, 48141, 70, 2258, 4, 200, 30319, 66570, 136, 1632, 3080, 16852, 5, 360, 10586, 2685, 509, 10, 140280, 17690, 4, 3129, 7228, 132994, 14, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 3525, 140280, 111, 24453, 9022, 29774, 5, 360, 10, 84797, 17690, 4, 70, 28720, 14834, 2481, 111, 132994, 14, 3129, 1902, 613, 42, 167457, 70, 59444, 136, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 19897, 33228, 3542, 51371, 3674, 47, 132994, 14, 23, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 6602, 55197, 581, 14834, 2481, 111, 203755, 14, 198843, 509, 51371, 3674, 678, 132994, 14, 98, 106, 18982, 25499, 581, 11698, 111, 132994, 14, 83, 105866, 98, 10, 27226, 6, 58944, 4, 43573, 70, 6, 134369, 111, 10, 9118, 111, 43157, 19319, 6174, 5, 8622, 621, 40368, 19336, 21, 9248, 23, 136, 10932, 70, 59444, 5, 581, 21, 9248, 111, 70, 8394, 48850, 63920, 111, 70, 59444, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 7401, 5426, 111, 32547, 90647, 3043, 5, 360, 70, 65272, 70, 59444, 58359, 90, 43157, 105558, 143, 450, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 7401, 5426, 111, 32547, 8667, 266, 513, 301, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 15, 16, 15, 11, 67688, 138, 92498, 23, 70, 59444, 68034, 16, 136, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 111, 3129, 83, 7401, 5, 581, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 83, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 83, 19844, 65279, 25958, 21079, 4745, 15, 191, 538, 111, 132994, 72004, 70424, 187951, 237, 2363, 5117, 46876, 194, 62, 9879, 78132, 111, 25134, 9, 647, 11, 48850, 29774, 12535, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 132994, 14, 15, 16, 83, 10, 59444, 136, 14834, 2481, 23, 29774, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 23, 2367, 11814, 47, 186, 70, 140280, 111, 24453, 9022, 29774, 136, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 103670, 9, 294, 14426, 10776, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 15, 16, 15, 11, 67688, 138, 92498, 23, 70, 59444, 68034, 16, 136, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 111, 3129, 83, 7401, 5, 581, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 83, 581, 59444, 83, 105866, 98, 85437, 19319, 6174, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Demographics.", "Education.", "Culture.", "Tourist places.", "Sport.", "International relations.", "Twin towns – Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The peace treaty of Nöteborg in 1323, with which the Pogosta (church parish) of Savilahti was transferred from the control of Novgorod to Sweden, is the oldest written record of the settlement in the present region of Mikkeli. The locality received its present name Mikkeli after Archangel Michael by the early 16th century at the latest. On 23 January 1597 more than 200 peasant rebels were killed in the parsonage of Kenkävero in part of the larger Cudgel War. In the war waged by King Gustav III of Sweden against Russia 1788–1790, a battle took place at Porrassalmi Strait, a few miles south of Mikkeli, on 13 June 1789. In the battle the Swedes (the Finns) victoriously defended their positions against superior numbers of Russians. Mikkeli was granted town rights in 1838. The provincial government of the province of Mikkeli that had been established in 1831, moved from Heinola to Mikkeli in 1843. In 1918 during the Civil War, the headquarters of the White Army were established in Mikkeli. Mikkeli was located in a conservative farming area and it was a White stronghold. But elements of the Russian army garrison in the area supported the Reds. A major engagement was fought around the railway station at Mantyharju, about to the south of Mikkeli, when the Whites blocked a Red thrust coming north out of Kouvola. During the Winter War and Continuation War, the headquarters of the Finnish Army was located in Mikkeli. The Army staff made their base in a local secondary school. At the site of that school is the small Headquarters Museum (Päämajamuseo) containing photographs and memorabilia of the era. Because the headquarters of the army was based there, Mikkeli was bombed heavily. But since there was almost no \"high-rise\" development at that time, the damage was quickly repaired. Architecturally most of prewar Mikkeli doesn't exist anymore. Wartime Mikkeli is identified with Marshal Mannerheim, the commander of the Finnish army and later President of Finland. His personal railway carriage, which he used as a command post during the war, is parked in a siding at Mikkeli station. It is possible to look inside the carriage through its windows at any time. But public entry to the carriage is only permitted once a year, on Mannerheim's birthday (4 June). The carriage was the venue of Mannerheim's famous 1942 meeting (near Immola) with Hitler, on which occasion a private conversation between the two men was secretly recorded. Photographs of this meeting are on display in the carriage. Mannerheim was a regular diner at the Mikkelin Klubi, where his favourite drink was schnapps. One of the main museums in the town is the Infantry Museum (Jalkaväkimuseo) located in one of the former army barracks, close to the University of Applied Sciences. It contains exhibits from the four wars in Finland's modern history – the Civil, Winter, Continuation and Lapland Wars. The museum also contains an exhibit dedicated to Finnish war hero Lauri Törni. In 1986, there was a hostage crisis in Mikkeli, when a bank robber drove from Helsinki to Mikkeli with three hostages and parked there. When the police shot at the hostage taker's car, he exploded the car, killing himself and one hostage. In 1997 there was a province reform, which made Mikkeli the capital of the new province of Eastern Finland. In a separate reform, the rural municipality of Mikkeli which had surrounded the town and the municipality of Anttola were consolidated to Mikkeli in the beginning of the year 2001. The municipality of Haukivuori was consolidated with Mikkeli on 1 January 2007.", "The centre of Mikkeli is located on a low rise, near the shore of a bay of Lake Saimaa. There are several small lakes in and around the town. The lakes of the eastern parts of the town belong to the water system of River Vuoksi. In the west the town reaches Lake Puula that belongs to the water system of River Kymijoki.", "The municipality has a population of () (around 34,000 in the town itself) and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is. The municipality is unilingually Finnish (only of Mikkelians speak Swedish as their first language).", "A central campus of South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (XAMK) is located in Mikkeli. Its history goes back to 1965, when Mikkeli was selected as the site for a new higher education college specializing in professional, engineering and vocational studies. The new polytechnic received its first intake of students in 1969. It was originally housed in an old Russian army barracks on the outskirts of town. Purpose built accommodation has since been added, but the old buildings are still in use. For example, the student union is located in the \"Officers' Club\" building. The Polytechnic changed its name to Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences in 2006 and merged in the beginning of 2017 with Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences to constitute a new university: South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (XAMK). Several other universities also have operations in Mikkeli. The Mikkeli University Consortium includes units from University of Helsinki, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki School of Economics), University of Eastern Finland and Lappeenranta University of Technology. Aalto offers a highly ranked Bachelor of Science degree in international business, taught in English, which draws students and faculty from around the world.", "Mikkeli has its own airport (domestic flights only), railway station (five trains to and from Helsinki, daily) and a concert hall. The latter is a genuinely world class facility, built in 1988 to commemorate Mikkeli's 150th anniversary as a town. The concert hall is the home of St. Michel Strings chamber orchestra, and also provides the main venue for the annual Mikkeli International Music Festival, which attracts musicians and audiences from across Europe. For example, Mariinsky Opera led by Valery Gergiev performs there regularly. The University of Applied Sciences is now the largest single employer in the town. It employs around 400 full-time teaching staff plus around 900 support and services staff. Other local employers operate in the forestry, paper, printing, farming and light manufacturing sectors. The Mikpoli complex houses many local companies. Mikkeli is also a major holiday resort within the Finnish lakeland area.", "A well-known and popular travel centre and theme park \"Visulahti\" is in Mikkeli, located in the shores of Lake Saimaa.", "Jukurit is an ice hockey team from Mikkeli, which competes in the Finnish premier league, Liiga. The team has won six Mestis (second highest league) championships (2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2013 and 2015). Mikkelin Kampparit, or just Kampparit, plays in the highest bandy division. In 2012, they became Finnish champions for the first time. The local football team is the Mikkelin Palloilijat (MP), which used to play in the Finnish premier league, but is now playing on the second highest level. Olli Rehn used to play there for 13 years (youth teams 1968–78, first team 1979–82).", "", "Mikkeli is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5174, 21684, 509, 103122, 18982, 305, 4, 163055, 4, 23, 70, 54427, 111, 335, 2420, 12713, 23, 70, 101057, 241439, 118756, 4100, 18108, 2182, 4, 180, 139891, 145359, 15, 49748, 9, 5636, 241439, 194, 18763, 27863, 4, 138266, 379, 947, 25, 71, 5174, 21684, 136, 8322, 143, 31373, 81097, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 10, 494, 525, 4, 3542, 48529, 17094, 14949, 7, 5, 8322, 143, 509, 6, 95037, 939, 3229, 5174, 21684, 509, 103122, 4, 136, 5174, 21684, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 138266, 379, 4, 509, 604, 50960, 71390, 5, 5174, 21684, 1902, 6626, 27150, 56, 114015, 7, 4, 71718, 76, 136, 26672, 11, 4, 136, 142, 114210, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 4, 31649, 49042, 4, 1295, 1632, 111, 8322, 143, 25, 7, 96362, 129570, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 1919, 14449, 25, 7, 234694, 4, 5174, 21684, 75204, 110, 23113, 10696, 214, 100, 1919, 5117, 77488, 76456, 5369, 23, 241439, 12, 23, 142399, 4, 5174, 21684, 30957, 297, 335, 2420, 12713, 25, 7, 1632, 9, 67413, 10696, 4, 3129, 509, 11675, 390, 10, 494, 525, 4, 136, 2685, 764, 30698, 18, 70, 6, 44720, 9035, 111, 197212, 4, 51712, 238, 4, 136, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 5, 5174, 21684, 25, 7, 67373, 138266, 379, 61475, 538, 79786, 23, 142, 6885, 2347, 3284, 53, 4, 1284, 764, 1902, 208782, 130815, 7, 764, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 8783, 5, 1529, 23409, 47, 4488, 100, 10, 4000, 180, 139891, 9, 140545, 297, 53294, 5, 360, 145081, 4, 12960, 1030, 1916, 237, 10, 24643, 43799, 748, 4, 764, 509, 184750, 136, 1919, 23082, 509, 32603, 3674, 5, 138266, 379, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 100, 6, 55720, 13894, 19929, 4, 136, 1919, 14449, 25, 7, 57266, 509, 230249, 3674, 390, 70, 207048, 5, 8322, 143, 68872, 47, 28960, 604, 82953, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 106073, 138266, 379, 509, 121447, 23, 141692, 4, 8322, 143, 47143, 297, 103608, 71, 136, 25737, 100, 2356, 5753, 98, 18237, 714, 4, 125800, 4, 35971, 31649, 49042, 4, 5174, 21684, 4, 71718, 76, 136, 26672, 11, 678, 604, 5, 8322, 143, 136, 604, 20020, 9615, 6259, 23, 62704, 25, 7, 25134, 18878, 4, 99, 70, 1733, 70, 17932, 9, 320, 177, 525, 51712, 19, 9, 5267, 761, 7717, 9, 127345, 26908, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 5174, 21684, 30957, 297, 70, 9265, 31655, 57418, 2408, 19188, 98, 6088, 496, 4, 125800, 5, 19188, 51521, 7, 158012, 4049, 23, 10, 5361, 18507, 100, 177705, 7, 47, 30698, 14941, 5, 18763, 9351, 509, 189893, 17368, 70, 348, 9120, 29367, 10010, 2069, 242, 8139, 58, 127, 58, 35360, 5174, 21684, 25, 5, 18763, 42732, 80723, 20697, 237, 10, 40, 302, 95650, 280, 4028, 603, 4, 143092, 21, 329, 136, 11508, 1755, 450, 2412, 175100, 1295, 1911, 47, 1911, 5, 18763, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 31649, 49042, 142096, 10, 19927, 5, 5174, 21684, 2843, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 142, 4927, 10696, 99, 87319, 191, 13038, 4, 10, 43573, 1272, 9615, 19929, 18276, 5, 194397, 1919, 148729, 2685, 4, 764, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 70, 9600, 9, 137267, 62704, 22104, 4, 81828, 56, 136, 80299, 56, 563, 5, 29217, 10013, 4, 2750, 65524, 71, 136, 8060, 297, 5174, 21684, 23, 1919, 85403, 28117, 11, 3104, 7, 5, 360, 11994, 117752, 4, 5174, 21684, 435, 33876, 1212, 20703, 1507, 92931, 37873, 4, 136659, 5369, 114210, 3501, 4049, 4, 99, 142, 80788, 1363, 111, 10013, 25, 7, 81828, 7, 44, 73, 3129, 5174, 21684, 25, 7, 2577, 509, 10, 13036, 28368, 1242, 5174, 21684, 2806, 85493, 10, 79880, 6, 235923, 47, 604, 5, 581, 5701, 6602, 4, 10, 80299, 56, 11814, 3060, 111, 5174, 21684, 25, 7, 188304, 7, 100, 12877, 29256, 7, 5, 8322, 143, 136, 31649, 49042, 36663, 5174, 21684, 47, 57622, 1286, 111, 1919, 10002, 604, 14, 16852, 43257, 3501, 1660, 70, 65925, 10, 13, 237398, 29394, 764, 509, 110281, 297, 47, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 423, 4, 5174, 21684, 176377, 47, 1919, 5368, 1760, 47, 35187, 100, 17262, 5369, 99, 70, 88842, 111451, 8, 21, 51078, 15650, 4, 10, 48529, 17094, 9, 16428, 32872, 13, 23, 7473, 16014, 5, 360, 1919, 2704, 6602, 99, 70, 10696, 4, 764, 75935, 10, 9836, 41260, 678, 3789, 25921, 4, 26719, 2583, 2619, 420, 11249, 11, 21998, 15, 434, 497, 2806, 47143, 10, 6897, 10617, 34391, 111, 1919, 247, 136, 764, 509, 7228, 70, 44, 8447, 32784, 30260, 1242, 5174, 21684, 150180, 71, 1295, 70, 10696, 99, 136659, 5997, 678, 11192, 20338, 7, 4, 7068, 23409, 47, 7270, 47, 30698, 178829, 4, 150080, 200955, 4, 98848, 4, 136, 84740, 98, 1919, 3917, 2685, 1295, 7473, 16014, 5, 2161, 7071, 116, 4, 115275, 4, 26672, 11, 68, 71, 4, 10, 17704, 616, 4, 1295, 2367, 37202, 47, 765, 2809, 230916, 84125, 5, 345, 5416, 52080, 1672, 442, 4, 5174, 21684, 176377, 47, 62704, 4, 24387, 6496, 6626, 40859, 7103, 26672, 11, 25, 7, 47219, 5, 581, 6602, 7103, 4, 98, 11994, 427, 4, 31649, 49042, 68, 71, 111, 70, 5701, 70997, 136, 1919, 42732, 68, 71, 111, 27968, 98, 18237, 12511, 32964, 13312, 14432, 4, 92931, 37873, 44, 133, 2480, 4049, 15490, 187136, 1242, 71718, 76, 8060, 297, 5174, 21684, 136, 164055, 390, 20697, 99, 10, 40989, 55474, 25, 7, 19927, 5, 5174, 21684, 34658, 1919, 5117, 4927, 80788, 1363, 111, 1919, 188304, 7, 23, 18982, 96929, 23, 62704, 99, 10013, 25, 7, 12275, 5, 133698, 903, 80788, 1363, 4, 5174, 21684, 435, 23213, 20625, 142508, 4, 70, 10336, 266, 95650, 111, 10, 29526, 25, 10696, 23, 70, 26349, 4, 300, 86, 5369, 1919, 22962, 5, 581, 6626, 100, 4806, 10, 222002, 450, 21, 14437, 70, 10588, 111, 5174, 21684, 25, 7, 6897, 5, 20625, 142508, 2806, 47445, 21334, 10554, 7, 111, 17265, 47, 8060, 5174, 21684, 136, 2806, 2843, 27211, 756, 111, 1919, 14941, 32562, 7, 5, 581, 31425, 111, 2363, 79880, 76755, 47143, 7, 160608, 13, 74, 12960, 3060, 3530, 41382, 1314, 237, 33657, 70, 6626, 3542, 100306, 7, 1284, 8306, 139505, 6637, 20625, 142508, 25, 7, 14449, 36746, 297, 4, 3789, 77950, 42459, 7, 450, 2363, 76755, 509, 8306, 72761, 538, 18588, 2227, 297, 5, 5174, 21684, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5174, 21684, 138266, 379, 5174, 21684, 15, 4, 4, 4, 707, 4, 2819, 18982, 305, 4, 163055, 46, 7071, 209, 4, 66426, 247, 56104, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 14941, 237, 22513, 35360, 5174, 21684, 15, 6, 247, 509, 10, 636, 761, 7717, 9, 127345, 6, 70035, 4, 30260, 136, 21176, 22104, 4, 2843, 90698, 10, 6, 119598, 56, 102971, 764, 66570, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 44759, 5, 1529, 83, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 42179, 111, 44, 3957, 187003, 830, 3129, 509, 5117, 91376, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 23, 61242, 136, 1556, 16792, 24209, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 9, 1428, 2069, 42840, 111, 756, 1733, 4, 19441, 2809, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 1286, 3501, 805, 46876, 7, 5, 7422, 19, 23, 10, 54427, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Childhood.", "Debuts, Mary Haskell, and second stay in Paris.", "Return to the United States and growing reputation.", "\"The Madman\", the Pen League, and \"The Prophet\".", "Later years and death.", "Works.", "Writings.", "Forms, themes, and style.", "Antecedents and influences.", "Critics.", "Visual art.", "Religious views.", "Political thought.", "Memorials and honors.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Gibran was born January 6, 1883, in the village of Bsharri in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Lebanon). His parents, Khalil Sa'd Gibran and Kamila Rahmeh, the daughter of a priest, were Maronite Christians. Kamila was thirty when Gibran was born, and Gibran's father, Khalil, was her third husband. Gibran had two younger sisters, Marianna and Sultana, and an older half-brother, Boutros, from one of Kamila's previous marriages. As a result of his family's poverty, Gibran received no formal schooling for his first twelve years in Lebanon: in 1888, Gibran entered Bsharri's one-class school, which was run by a priest, and there he learnt the rudiments of Arabic, Syriac, and arithmetic. Gibran's father Khalil initially worked in an apothecary, but he had gambling debts he was unable to pay. He went to work for a local Ottoman-appointed administrator. In 1891, while acting as a tax collector, he was removed and his staff was investigated. Khalil was imprisoned for embezzlement, and his family's property was confiscated by the authorities. Kamila decided to follow her brother to the United States. Although Khalil was released in 1894, Kamila remained resolved and left for New York on June 25, 1895, taking Boutros, Gibran, Marianna and Sultana with her. Kamila and her children settled in Boston's South End, at the time the second-largest Syrian-Lebanese-American community in the United States. Gibran entered the Josiah Quincy School on September 30, 1895. School officials placed him in a special class for immigrants to learn English. His name was registered using the anglicized spelling 'Ka\"h\"lil Gibran'. His mother began working as a seamstress peddler, selling lace and linens that she carried from door to door. His half-brother Boutros opened a shop. Gibran also enrolled in an art school at Denison House, a nearby settlement house. Through his teachers there, he was introduced to the avant-garde Boston artist, photographer and publisher F. Holland Day, who encouraged and supported Gibran in his creative endeavors. In March 1898, Gibran met Josephine Preston Peabody, eight years older than him, at an exhibition of Day's photographs \"in which Gibran's face was a major subject.\" Gibran would develop a romantic attachment to her. The same year, a publisher used some of Gibran's drawings for book covers. Kamila and Boutros wanted Gibran to absorb more of his own heritage rather than just the Western aesthetic culture he was attracted to. Thus, at the age of 15, Gibran returned to his homeland to study for three years at the Collège de la Sagesse, a Maronite-run institute in Beirut. In his final year at the school, he created a student magazine with other students, including Youssef Howayek (who would remain a lifelong friend of his), and he was made the \"college poet.\" Gibran graduated from the school at eighteen with high honors, then went to Paris to learn painting, visiting Greece, Italy, and Spain on his way there from Beirut. On April 2, 1902, Sultana died, aged 14, from what seems to have been tuberculosis. Upon learning about it, Gibran returned to Boston, arriving two weeks after Sultana's death. The year after, on March 12, Boutros died of the same disease and his mother died of cancer on June 28. Two days later, Peabody \"left him without explanation.\" Marianna supported Gibran and herself by working at a dressmaker's shop.", "Gibran held his first art exhibition of his drawings in January 1904 in Boston at Day's studio. During this exhibition, Gibran met Mary Haskell, the headmistress of a girls' school in the city, nine years his senior. The two formed a friendship that lasted the rest of Gibran's life. Haskell would spend large sums of money to support Gibran and would also edit all of his English writings. The nature of their romantic relationship remains obscure; while some biographers assert the two were lovers but never married because Haskell's family objected, other evidence suggests that their relationship was never physically consummated. Gibran and Haskell were engaged briefly between 1910 and 1911. According to Joseph P. Ghougassian, Gibran had proposed to her \"not knowing how to repay back in gratitude to Miss Haskell,\" but Haskell called it off, making it \"clear to him that she preferred his friendship to any burdensome tie of marriage.\" Haskell would later marry Jacob Florance Minis in 1926, while remaining Gibran's close friend, patroness and benefactress, and using her influence to advance his career. In 1905, Gibran's first published written work was \"A Profile of the Art of Music\", in Arabic, by \"Al-Mohajer\"s printing department in New York. His next work, \"Nymphs of the Valley\", was published the following year, also in Arabic. On January 27, 1908, Haskell introduced Gibran to her friend writer Charlotte Teller, aged 31, and in February, to Émilie Michel (Micheline), a French teacher at Haskell's school, aged 19. Both Teller and Micheline agreed to pose for Gibran as models and became close friends of his. The same year, Gibran published \"Spirits Rebellious\", a novel deeply critical of secular and spiritual authority. According to Barbara Young, a late acquaintance of Gibran, \"in an incredibly short time it was burned in the market place in Beirut by priestly zealots who pronounced it 'dangerous, revolutionary, and poisonous to youth. The Maronite Patriarchate would let the rumor of his excommunication wander, but would never officially pronounce it. In July 1908, with Haskell's financial support, Gibran went to study art in Paris at the Académie Julian where he joined the \"atelier\" of Jean-Paul Laurens. Gibran had accepted Haskell's offer partly so as to distance himself from Micheline, \"for he knew that this love was contrary to his sense of gratefulness toward Miss Haskell\"; however, \"to his surprise Micheline came unexpectedly to him in Paris.\" \"She became pregnant, but the pregnancy was ectopic, and she had to have an abortion, probably in France.\" Micheline had returned to the United States by late October. Gibran would pay her a visit upon her return to Paris in July 1910, but there would be no hint of intimacy left between them. By early February 1909, Gibran had \"been working for a few weeks in the studio of Pierre Marcel-Béronneau\", and he \"used his sympathy towards Béronneau as an excuse to leave the Académie Julian altogether.\" In December 1909, Gibran started a series of pencil portraits that he would later call \"The Temple of Art\", featuring \"famous men and women artists of the day\" and \"a few of Gibran's heroes from past times.\" While in Paris, Gibran also entered into contact with Syrian political dissidents, in whose activities he would attempt to be more involved with upon his return to the United States. In June 1910, Gibran visited London with Howayek and Ameen Rihani, whom Gibran had met in Paris. Rihani, who was six years older than Gibran, would be Gibran's role model for a while, and a friend until at least May 1912. Gibran biographer Robin Waterfield argues that, by 1918, \"as Gibran's role changed from that of angry young man to that of prophet, Rihani could no longer act as a paradigm\". Haskell (in her private journal entry of May 29, 1924) and Howayek also provided hints at an enmity settled between Gibran and Rihani sometime after May 1912.", "Gibran sailed back to New York City from Boulogne-sur-Mer on the \"Nieuw Amsterdam\" October 22, 1910, and was back to Boston by November 11. By February 1911, Gibran had joined the Boston branch of a Syrian international organization, the Golden Links Society. He lectured there for several months \"in order to promote radicalism in independence and liberty\" from the Ottoman Empire. At the end of April, Gibran was staying in Teller's vacant flat at 164 Waverly Place in New York City. \"Gibran settled in, made himself known to his Syrian friends—especially Amin Rihani, who was now living in New York—and began both to look for a suitable studio and to sample the energy of New York.\" As Teller returned on May 15, he moved to Rihani's small room at 28 West 9th Street. Gibran then moved to one of the Tenth Street Studio Building's studios for the summer, before changing to another of its studios (number 30, which had a balcony, on the third story) in fall. Gibran would live there until his death, referring to it as \"The Hermitage.\" Over time, however, and \"ostensibly often for reasons of health,\" he would spend \"longer and longer periods away from New York, sometimes months at a time [...], staying either with friends in the coutryside or with Marianna in Boston or on the Massachusetts coast.\" His friendships with Teller and Micheline would wane; the last encounter between Gibran and Teller would occur in September 1912, and Gibran would tell Haskell in 1914 that he now found Micheline \"repellent.\" In 1912, \"Broken Wings\" was published in Arabic by the printing house of the periodical \"Meraat-ul-Gharb\" in New York. Gibran presented a copy of his book to Lebanese writer May Ziadeh, who lived in Egypt, and asked her to criticize it. As worded by Ghougassian, Gibran and Ziadeh never met. According to Shlomit C. Schuster, \"whatever the relationship between Kahlil and May might have been, the letters in \"A Self-Portrait\" [Ferris, Anthony R., ed. (1959), translated by Ferris] mainly reveal their literary ties. Ziadeh reviewed all of Gibran's books and Gibran replies to these reviews elegantly.\" In 1913, Gibran started contributing to \"Al-Funoon\", an Arabic-language magazine that had been recently established by Nasib Arida and Abd al-Masih Haddad. \"A Tear and a Smile\" was published in Arabic in 1914. In December of the same year, visual artworks by Gibran were shown at the Montross Gallery, catching the attention of American painter Albert Pinkham Ryder. Gibran wrote him a prose poem in January and would become one of the aged man's last visitors. After Ryder's death in 1917, Gibran's poem would be quoted first by Henry McBride in the latter's posthumous tribute to Ryder, then by newspapers across the country, from which would come the first widespread mention of Gibran's name in America. By March 1915, two of Gibran's poems had also been read at the Poetry Society of America, after which Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, the younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt, stood up and called them \"destructive and diabolical stuff\"; nevertheless, beginning in 1918 Gibran would become a frequent visitor at Robinson's, also meeting her brother.", "Gibran acted as a secretary of the Syrian–Mount Lebanon Relief Committee, which was formed in June 1916. The same year, Gibran met Lebanese author Mikhail Naimy after Naimy had moved from the University of Washington to New York. Naimy, whom Gibran would nickname \"Mischa,\" had previously made a review of \"Broken Wings\" in his article \"The Dawn of Hope After the Night of Despair\", published in \"Al-Funoon\", and he would become \"a close friend and confidant, and later one of Gibran's biographers.\" In 1917, an exhibition of forty wash drawings was held at Knoedler in New York from January 29 to February 19 and another of thirty such drawings at Doll & Richards, Boston, April 16–28. While most of Gibran's early writings had been in Arabic, most of his work published after 1918 was in English. Such was \"The Madman\", Gibran's first book published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1918. \"The Processions\" (in Arabic) and \"Twenty Drawings\" were published the following year. In 1920, Gibran re-created the Arabic-language New York Pen League with Arida and Haddad (its original founders), Rihani, Naimy, and other Mahjari writers such as Elia Abu Madi. The same year, \"The Tempests\" was published in Arabic in Cairo, and \"The Forerunner\" in New York. In a letter of 1921 to Naimy, Gibran reported that doctors had told him to \"give up all kinds of work and exertion for six months, and do nothing but eat, drink and rest\"; in 1922, Gibran was ordered to \"stay away from cities and city life\" and had rented a cottage near the sea, planning to move there with Marianna and to remain until \"this heart [regained] its orderly course\"; this three-month summer in Scituate, he later told Haskell, was a refreshing time, during which he wrote some of \"the best Arabic poems\" he had ever written. In 1923, \"The New and the Marvelous\" was published in Arabic in Cairo, whereas \"The Prophet\" was published in New York. \"The Prophet\" sold well despite a cool critical reception. At a reading of \"The Prophet\" organized by rector William Norman Guthrie in St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, Gibran met Young, who would occasionally work as his secretary from 1925 until Gibran's death; Young did this work without remuneration. In 1924, Gibran told Haskell that he had been contracted to write ten pieces for \"Al-Hilal\" in Cairo. In 1925, Gibran participated in the founding of the periodical \"The New East\".", "\"Sand and Foam\" was published in 1926, and \"Jesus, the Son of Man\" in 1928. At the beginning of 1929, Gibran was diagnosed with an enlarged liver. In a letter dated March 26, he wrote to Naimy that \"the rheumatic pains are gone, and the swelling has turned to something opposite\". In a telegram dated the same day, he reported being told by the doctors that he \"must not work for full year,\" which was something he found \"more painful than illness.\" The last book published in Gibran's lifetime was \"The Earth Gods\", on March 14, 1931. Gibran was admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital, Manhattan, on April 10, 1931, where he died the same day, aged 48, after having refused the last rites. The cause of death was reported to be cirrhosis of the liver with incipient tuberculosis in one of his lungs. Waterfield argues that the cirrhosis was contracted through excessive drinking of alcohol and was the only real cause of Gibran's death. Gibran had expressed the wish that he be buried in Lebanon. His body lay temporarily at Mount Benedict Cemetery in Boston, before it was taken on July 23 to Providence, Rhode Island, and from there to Lebanon on the liner \"Sinaia\". Gibran's body reached Bsharri in August and was deposited in a church nearby until a cousin of Gibran finalized the purchase of the Mar Sarkis Monastery, now the Gibran Museum. All future American royalties to his books were willed to his hometown of Bsharri, to be used for \"civic betterment.\" Gibran had also willed the contents of his studio to Haskell. In 1950, Haskell donated her personal collection of nearly one hundred original works of art by Gibran (including five oils) to the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia. Haskell had been thinking of placing her collection at the Telfair as early as 1914. Her gift to the Telfair is the largest public collection of Gibran's visual art in the country.", "", "", "Gibran explored literary forms as diverse as \"poetry, parables, fragments of conversation, short stories, fables, political essays, letters, and aphorisms.\" Two plays in English and five plays in Arabic were also published posthumously between 1973 and 1993; three unfinished plays written in English towards the end of Gibran's life remain unpublished (\"The Banshee\", \"The Last Unction\", and \"The Hunchback or the Man Unseen\"). Gibran discussed \"such themes as religion, justice, free will, science, love, happiness, the soul, the body, and death\" in his writings, which were \"characterized by innovation breaking with forms of the past, by symbolism, an undying love for his native land, and a sentimental, melancholic yet often oratorical style.\" About his language in general (both in Arabic and English), Salma Khadra Jayyusi remarks that \"because of the spiritual and universal aspect of his general themes, he seems to have chosen a vocabulary less idiomatic than would normally have been chosen by a modern poet conscious of modernism in language.\" According to Jean Gibran and Kahlil G. Gibran, The poem \"You Have Your Language and I Have Mine\" (1924) was published in response to criticism of his Arabic language and style.", "As noted by Ghougassian, the works of English poet William Blake \"played a special role in Gibran's life\", and in particular \"Gibran agreed with Blake's \"apocalyptic vision\" of the world as the latter expressed it in his poetry and art.\" Gibran wrote of Blake as \"the God-man,\" and of his drawings as \"so far the profoundest things done in English—and his vision, putting aside his drawings and poems, is the most godly.\" According to George Nicolas El-Hage, Another influence on Gibran was American poet Walt Whitman, whom Gibran followed \"by pointing up the universality of all men and by delighting in nature.\" Gibran was also a great admirer of Syrian poet and writer Francis Marrash, whose works Gibran had studied at the Collège de la Sagesse. According to Shmuel Moreh, Gibran's own works echo Marrash's style, including the structure of some of his works and \"many of [his] ideas on enslavement, education, women's liberation, truth, the natural goodness of man, and the corrupted morals of society.\" Suheil Bushrui and Joe Jenkins have mentioned Marrash's concept of universal love, in particular, in having left a \"profound impression\" on Gibran. According to El-Hage, the influence of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche \"did not appear in Gibran's writings until \"The Tempests\".\" Nevertheless, although Nietzsche's style \"no doubt fascinated\" him, Gibran was \"not the least under his spell\": Gibran was also influenced by the Bible, with, in the words of Waterfield, \"the parables of the New Testament\" affecting \"his parables and homilies\" and \"the poetry of some of the Old Testament books [...] affecting his devotional language and incantational rhythms.\"", "Gibran was for a long time neglected by scholars and critics. Bushrui and John M. Munro have argued that \"the failure of serious Western critics to respond to Gibran\" resulted from the fact that \"his works, though for the most part originally written in English, cannot be comfortably accommodated within the Western literary tradition.\" According to El-Hage, critics have also \"generally failed to understand the poet's conception of imagination and his fluctuating tendencies towards nature.\"", "According to Waterfield, \"Gibran was confirmed in his aspiration to be a Symbolist painter\" after working in Marcel-Béronneau's studio in Paris. Oil paint was Gibran's \"preferred medium between 1908 and 1914, but before and after this time he worked primarily with pencil, ink, watercolor and gouache.\" In a letter to Haskell, Gibran wrote that \"among all the English artists Turner is the very greatest.\" In her diary entry of March 17, 1911, Haskell recorded that Gibran told her he was inspired by Turner's painting \"The Slave Ship\" to utilize \"raw colors [...] one over another on the canvas [...] instead of killing them first on the palette\" in what would become the painting \"Rose Sleeves\" (1911, Telfair Museums). Gibran created more than seven hundred visual artworks, including the Temple of Art portrait series. His works may be seen at the Gibran Museum in Bsharri; the Telfair Museums in Savannah, Georgia; the Museo Soumaya in Mexico City; in Doha; the Brooklyn Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City; and the Harvard Art Museums. A possible Gibran painting was the subject of a September 2008 episode of the PBS TV series \"History Detectives\".", "Although born and raised into a Maronite Christian family and having attended a Maronite school, Gibran was also influenced by Islam, in particular by the mysticism of the Sufis. His knowledge of Lebanon's bloody history, with its destructive factional struggles, strengthened his belief in the fundamental unity of religions, which his parents exemplified by welcoming people of various religions in their home. Gibran's mysticism was a convergence of several different influences. Around 1911–1912, Gibran met with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the leader of the Bahá'í Faith who was visiting the United States, to draw his portrait. The meeting made a strong impression on Gibran. One of Gibran's acquaintances later in life, Juliet Thompson, herself a Bahá'í, reported that Gibran was unable to sleep the night before meeting him. This encounter with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá later inspired Gibran to write \"Jesus the Son of Man,\" which depicts Jesus through the \"words of 77 contemporaries who knew him – enemies and friends: Syrians, Romans, Jews, priests, and poets\". After the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Gibran would give a talk on religion with Bahá'ís and at another event with a viewing of a movie of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Gibran would rise to talk and proclaim in tears an exalted station of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and leave the event weeping. In the poem \"The Voice of the Poet\" (), published in \"A Tear and a Smile\" (1914), Gibran wrote: Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum, while still Archbishop of the Americas, once met with Gibran, who told him that people only deserve to read the poems of St. Ephrem, asking him to translate them. In 1921, Gibran participated in an \"interrogatory\" meeting on the question \"Do We Need a New World Religion to Unite the Old Religions?\" at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.", "According to Young, Nevertheless, Gibran called for the adoption of Arabic as a national language of Syria, considered from a geographic point of view, not as a political entity. When Gibran met ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1911–12, who traveled to the United States partly to promote peace, Gibran admired the teachings on peace but argued that \"young nations like his own\" be freed from Ottoman control. Gibran also wrote the famous \"Pity the Nation\" poem during these years, posthumously published in \"The Garden of the Prophet\". When the Ottomans were eventually driven from Syria during World War I, Gibran sketched a euphoric drawing \"Free Syria\", which was then printed on the special edition cover of the Arabic-language paper \"As-Sayeh\" (\"The Traveler\"; founded 1912 in New York by Haddad). Adel Beshara reports that, \"in a draft of a play, still kept among his papers, Gibran expressed great hope for national independence and progress. This play, according to Khalil Hawi, 'defines Gibran's belief in Syrian nationalism with great clarity, distinguishing it from both Lebanese and Arab nationalism, and showing us that nationalism lived in his mind, even at this late stage, side by side with internationalism. According to Waterfield, Gibran \"was not entirely in favour of socialism (which he believed tends to seek the lowest common denominator, rather than bringing out the best in people)\".", "Lebanon United States Brazil Other", "The popularity of \"The Prophet\" grew markedly during the 1960s with the American counterculture and then with the flowering of the New Age movements. It has remained popular with these and with the wider population to this day. Since it was first published in 1923, \"The Prophet\" has never been out of print. It has been translated into more than 100 languages, making it among the top ten most translated books in history. It was one of the best-selling books of the twentieth century in the United States. Elvis Presley referred to Gibran's \"The Prophet\" for the rest of his life after receiving his first copy as a gift from his girlfriend June Juanico in July 1956. His marked-up copy still exists in an Elvis Presley museum in Düsseldorf. A line of poetry from \"Sand and Foam\" (1926), which reads \"Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you,\" was used by John Lennon and placed, though in a slightly altered form, into the song \"Julia\" from the Beatles' 1968 album \"The Beatles\" (a.k.a. \"The White Album\"). Johnny Cash recorded \"The Eye of the Prophet\" as an audio cassette book, and Cash can be heard talking about Gibran's work on a track called \"Book Review\" on his album \"Unearthed\". British singer David Bowie mentioned Gibran in the song \"The Width of a Circle\" from Bowie's 1970 album \"The Man Who Sold the World\". Bowie used Gibran as a \"hip reference,\" because Gibran's work \"A Tear and a Smile\" became popular in the hippie counterculture of the 1960s. In 2016 Gibran's fable \"On Death\" from \"The Prophet\" was composed in Hebrew by Gilad Hochman to the unique setting of soprano, theorbo and percussion, and it premiered in France under the title \"River of Silence\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 509, 103122, 501, 5, 423, 5843, 4, 70, 775, 111, 1143, 62956, 56159, 563, 42843, 42687, 111, 96280, 2480, 7, 4, 5753, 72567, 4, 136, 94037, 5753, 111, 114824, 927, 634, 1486, 5, 1529, 509, 165249, 23, 9020, 390, 142, 51, 11030, 4, 10868, 4939, 5753, 5, 31384, 115923, 42459, 450, 1919, 67373, 509, 20653, 139256, 53, 563, 42843, 42687, 4, 1184, 864, 5, 4, 2843, 111, 96280, 2480, 7, 4, 5753, 72567, 4, 390, 1919, 58386, 4, 35512, 74, 49903, 4, 14787, 563, 42843, 42687, 4, 10, 60887, 1236, 111, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 136, 10, 14449, 22293, 11, 106622, 4, 1556, 134053, 10, 14449, 8324, 107, 13, 4, 493, 47314, 136, 189893, 390, 70, 29693, 111, 33119, 7, 4, 450, 1284, 87463, 90, 70, 7225, 100, 56159, 15, 25267, 19, 5861, 16, 8035, 6470, 25, 7, 67373, 5, 563, 42843, 42687, 5117, 23409, 47, 15520, 237, 10, 377, 7568, 25299, 23, 423, 12465, 5, 360, 423, 14226, 4, 764, 5630, 6259, 678, 14978, 5492, 19, 78439, 98, 70, 5117, 14941, 55812, 1363, 47, 10542, 36941, 4, 48402, 214, 17262, 109923, 7, 136, 12664, 453, 5, 581, 14941, 1055, 3542, 75204, 23, 3445, 390, 70, 44, 670, 402, 58, 15, 605, 214, 16, 41233, 9486, 978, 11, 111, 3419, 73, 6406, 4, 2750, 23, 15504, 52350, 71, 678, 2856, 136, 3853, 65042, 297, 2856, 22299, 100, 2248, 124062, 111, 146309, 5, 9578, 6626, 50960, 7, 111, 70, 109923, 7, 25, 453, 68, 71, 111, 80097, 707, 70997, 4, 12960, 5492, 19, 78439, 66570, 68, 71, 99, 15520, 23, 70, 335, 22553, 111, 3419, 73, 4, 2160, 214, 40101, 111, 3820, 814, 1884, 2684, 111, 70, 172040, 4, 707, 111, 6, 92831, 592, 74, 23, 142, 26868, 30675, 111, 423, 5039, 10, 196, 87929, 111, 4049, 390, 15745, 241, 93017, 83, 145870, 237, 8035, 44, 132887, 8414, 14978, 5492, 19, 78439, 3568, 157272, 23, 70, 27414, 30646, 13, 54534, 1295, 40932, 10186, 740, 262, 61518, 903, 5423, 12620, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 176377, 47, 10542, 36941, 70, 11737, 6602, 237, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 1143, 62956, 23, 142, 55812, 1363, 47, 82528, 21325, 13, 200925, 131168, 71, 136, 9458, 297, 390, 14978, 50593, 4, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 1919, 82953, 4939, 50593, 5, 563, 42843, 42687, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 70, 132260, 19085, 9325, 10, 134369, 99, 70, 59444, 111, 3362, 192, 15, 40798, 18023, 16, 47, 52350, 678, 70, 101334, 7, 237, 10, 87093, 6635, 3080, 16852, 707, 915, 181606, 4, 1284, 20271, 70, 15411, 111, 903, 8063, 70, 101334, 7, 219817, 538, 8360, 5281, 71702, 136, 34658, 563, 42843, 42687, 5, 581, 55812, 1363, 32997, 297, 70, 27150, 3080, 16852, 136, 23409, 234311, 47, 52350, 4, 155605, 30646, 214, 47, 30715, 678, 10, 167224, 33362, 111, 86761, 4, 146309, 4, 136, 17, 3104, 53, 5, 18763, 101334, 3540, 22230, 7068, 3535, 297, 70, 25299, 645, 47, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 99, 2363, 71702, 1305, 111, 41104, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 23, 70, 37702, 133, 111, 11182, 70954, 48, 41104, 5, 24372, 300, 86, 21775, 707, 221, 4, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 207048, 9325, 4049, 47, 15604, 4, 3229, 329, 764, 155605, 7228, 1919, 3917, 4420, 47, 30715, 1672, 423, 10057, 5, 2161, 496, 6088, 423, 12975, 563, 42843, 42687, 139505, 10, 5753, 72567, 64685, 8770, 4, 48922, 4063, 22758, 4, 2750, 1902, 10, 193984, 9615, 19929, 1295, 604, 96362, 129570, 47, 14978, 22758, 15, 107409, 2843, 237, 129956, 8554, 4, 2975, 38931, 4, 707, 94069, 5861, 16, 111, 159, 19, 31567, 4, 162, 5299, 237, 6626, 27150, 20020, 5, 59784, 83, 51529, 111, 2363, 85727, 6897, 4, 1284, 19441, 66933, 756, 604, 23, 3334, 217, 7154, 47, 82466, 1919, 200569, 7, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 37202, 47, 765, 25737, 604, 136, 604, 20020, 390, 70, 4122, 13386, 5757, 7, 74, 48922, 4063, 25, 7, 47219, 23, 10, 70425, 23923, 23, 423, 12772, 23409, 51, 107, 79466, 390, 70, 95686, 10821, 84495, 73, 5, 62, 67688, 423, 4598, 707, 423, 11540, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 5117, 103608, 71, 47, 41055, 23, 33938, 111, 10, 23924, 9, 25617, 57212, 429, 237, 10, 52350, 36439, 47, 5596, 136, 9098, 15, 92733, 51529, 237, 18826, 12862, 194, 28090, 423, 15748, 47, 423, 13574, 764, 21647, 297, 16981, 23, 70, 166904, 136, 370, 40099, 111, 15520, 1631, 44937, 23, 70, 14941, 55969, 4, 86681, 10, 4127, 35142, 111, 22631, 237, 10, 14375, 56, 23, 125413, 678, 4939, 96139, 5425, 136, 3789, 14941, 15520, 10269, 7, 2750, 160404, 71, 1379, 68018, 9655, 2886, 120820, 111, 53053, 5, 1529, 40, 29367, 43606, 92265, 494, 13105, 23, 4347, 423, 15748, 5, 24372, 520, 6496, 3060, 1733, 23, 914, 929, 100, 1919, 2831, 23, 8, 11955, 49725, 70, 44, 20370, 9319, 1212, 830, 3129, 34658, 62690, 7655, 90, 179140, 100, 90452, 1995, 4, 23, 423, 12424, 563, 42843, 42687, 59038, 71, 70, 44, 16305, 53, 158591, 58, 136, 509, 33662, 22684, 72219, 1379, 67842, 62458, 7, 4, 959, 11343, 678, 4743, 35743, 47, 2363, 69407, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 44, 14055, 10763, 6635, 111, 9907, 1843, 87168, 830, 70, 5117, 8951, 60322, 111, 563, 42843, 42687, 198371, 83, 142, 15426, 23, 70, 22836, 15122, 7, 111, 6626, 101934, 5256, 23, 423, 14604, 4, 44, 191, 166, 181960, 19, 111, 1919, 19441, 112031, 71, 1810, 10, 53678, 1428, 237, 10, 78312, 13, 740, 2161, 952, 8055, 423, 15770, 154564, 241, 5, 151307, 53, 54397, 47, 47443, 54309, 7057, 53, 1295, 13791, 7, 111443, 450, 764, 44, 10557, 55812, 3674, 70, 809, 19514, 1810, 111, 10, 8722, 92, 100, 276, 5, 563, 42843, 42687, 56128, 903, 83, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 41392, 111, 563, 42843, 42687, 8035, 23, 70, 174462, 25, 7, 187016, 5, 54309, 7057, 53, 4, 7068, 185256, 24284, 111, 70, 44109, 4, 100512, 47443, 19694, 212687, 42, 23, 423, 12825, 5, 28090, 70, 21, 3055, 2831, 111, 423, 15770, 47, 423, 12825, 563, 42843, 42687, 509, 23, 70, 3835, 4516, 99, 15520, 5773, 70, 184085, 111, 122963, 5, 360, 423, 16360, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 10174, 1830, 297, 70, 131278, 53, 70615, 100, 168081, 136, 53477, 8060, 47, 37105, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 15, 74, 501, 5, 423, 5843, 46, 1039, 7582, 423, 117942, 509, 142, 14941, 40, 21071, 136, 14375, 56, 2750, 7228, 17262, 41055, 7, 47, 70, 2356, 6661, 16487, 100, 70, 23924, 9, 25617, 57212, 429, 5, 1529, 31895, 143839, 297, 853, 166589, 18481, 43573, 21488, 72639, 23, 144477, 9, 13, 11, 48850, 25730, 4, 8108, 22, 33558, 563, 42843, 42687, 9631, 136, 132260, 98, 13379, 9, 5636, 1853, 58871, 18481, 5, 2161, 1919, 17932, 41055, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 14037, 2367, 764, 17569, 509, 86761, 6517, 136, 175100, 1781, 124062, 111, 442, 5368, 98, 17262, 109923, 7, 4, 7440, 61475, 10, 1192, 38543, 83324, 71, 442, 47, 186, 41965, 10, 18348, 111, 11762, 758, 5, 1549, 117, 8721, 5, 357, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "First voyage.", "Second voyage.", "Third voyage.", "Anglo-Spanish War.", "Spanish Armada.", "Later life.", "Legacy.", "Britain.", "Canada." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Martin Frobisher was born c. 1535, the son of merchant Bernard Frobisher of Altofts, Yorkshire, and Margaret York of Gouthwaite. He was raised in London by an uncle, Sir John York. Some records suggest that his father was actually Gregory Frobisher, Esq., also of Altofts, Yorkshire, by his wife, Ann; however, George Frobisher, a descendant of Martin Frobisher and a family genealogist, has discovered a family pedigree, verified and registered by the College of Arms, that buttresses the case for Bernard (Barnard) being Martin's father. Frobisher first went to sea as a cabin boy in 1544. In 1553, he sailed with Thomas Wyndham on the first English expedition to West Africa, comprising three ships and 140 men. The Englishmen were received in person by the \"Oba\" (King) Oroghbua of Benin City, who in turn traded with them and even extended them credit for 80 tons of pepper. Over two thirds of the ships' men died of heat or disease, while Wyndham himself died at sea in the Bight of Benin, dying either of fever like most of the crew, or of drowning; in an inventory of 1590 a portrait of him by Hans Eworth is listed as being \"Of Mr Thomas Wyndham drowned in the Sea returneinge from Ginney\". Despite this setback, Frobisher returned to West Africa the next year as an apprentice merchant in an expedition to Portuguese Guinea organised and funded by Thomas Lok, under the command of his brother John Lok. Frobisher accompanied the landing party sent ashore at the town of Samma (Shamma) to trade with the Africans as a voluntary hostage or pledge, but during the course of this business the Africans abruptly ceased trading and held Frobisher. The expedition abandoned the young hostage and went elsewhere to trade, eventually returning to England with a valuable cargo of gold, pepper, and ivory. His African captors then handed the boy over to the Portuguese at their trading post of Mina, where he was imprisoned in the castle of São Jorge da Mina. After nine months or so, the Portuguese authorities sent him to Portugal, whence he eventually made his way back to England about 1558. On 30 September 1559 Frobisher married a Yorkshire widow, Isobel Richard, who had a substantial settlement from her previous marriage to Thomas Richard (given also as Riggat, Ricard, or Rickard) of Snaith,as well as two young children. Little is known of their domestic life, but having spent all her inheritance to finance his ventures, Frobisher seems to have left her and her children by the mid-1570s; Isobel's death in a poorhouse in 1588 went unremarked by the ambitious captain. Around 1560 or 1561, Frobisher first resolved to voyage in search of a North-west Passage as a trade route to India and China (then known as Cathay). From 1563 to 1573 he gained experience in the rough and tumble of sea warfare in the English Channel, seeing a good deal of action as a privateer in association with John Hawkins and other English sea dogs who operated under sometimes questionable letters of marque. He seized five French prizes in May 1563. After serving some time in gaol for his part in despoiling the \"Catherine\", which held tapestries intended for Philip II, in 1565 Frobisher purchased the \"Mary Flower\" and was soon cruising under various commissions, not always with due attention to their terms. According to the \"Dictionary of National Biography\", the first direct notice of Frobisher apparently is an account in the State papers of two interrogations in 1566, \"on suspicion of his having fitted out a vessel as a pirate\". On 21 August 1571 Captain E. Horsey wrote to Lord Burghley from Portsmouth that he \"has expedited the fitting out of a hulk for M. Frobisher\"; this is the earliest mention of Frobisher being in the Crown's employ. Burghley, then chief minister of the Queen, became Lord High Treasurer in 1572. From the latter part of 1571 to 1572 Frobisher was in the public service at sea off the coast of Ireland.", "In 1574, Frobisher petitioned the Privy Council for permission and financial support to lead an expedition to find a north-west passage to \"the Southern Sea\" (the Pacific Ocean) and thence to Cathay. Some of its members were intrigued by his proposal, but cautiously referred him to the Muscovy Company (also called the \"Russia Company\"), an English merchant consortium which had previously sent out several parties searching for the North-east Passage around the Arctic coasts of Norway and Russia, and held exclusive rights to any northern sea routes to the East. In 1576, Frobisher persuaded the Muscovy Company to license his expedition. With the help of the company's director, Michael Lok (whose well-connected father William Lok had held an exclusive mercers' license to provide Henry VIII with fine cloths), Frobisher was able to raise enough capital for three barques: \"Gabriel\" and \"Michael\" of about 20–25 tons each, and an unnamed pinnace of ten tons, with a total crew of 35. Queen Elizabeth sent word that she had \"good liking of their doings\", and the ships weighed anchor at Blackwall on 7 June 1576. As they headed downstream on the Thames, Elizabeth waved to the departing ships from a window of Greenwich Palace, while cannons fired salutes and a large assembly of the people cheered. On 26 June, the little fleet reached the Shetland Islands, where it stopped to repair a leak in \"Michael\"'s hull and repair the barques' water casks. The ships hoisted sail the same evening and set course westwards, sailing west by north for three days until a violent storm rose and pounded them continuously through 8 July. On 11 July, they sighted the mountains of the southeastern tip of Greenland, which they mistook for the non-existent island called 'Friesland'. Crossing the Davis Strait, they encountered another violent storm in which the pinnace was sunk and \"Michael\" turned back to England, but \"Gabriel\" sailed on for four days until her crew sighted what they believed was the coast of Labrador. The landmass was actually the southernmost tip of Baffin Island; Frobisher named it \"Queen Elizabeth's Foreland\". The ship reached the mouth of Frobisher Bay a few days later, and because ice and wind prevented further travel north, Frobisher determined to sail westwards up the bay, which he believed to be the entrance to the North-west Passage, naming it Frobisher's Strait, to see \"whether he might carry himself through the same into some open sea on the back side\". \"Gabriel\" sailed north-westwards, keeping in sight of the bay's north shore. On 18 August, Burche's Island was sighted and named after the ship's carpenter who first spied it; there the expedition met some local Inuit. Having made arrangements with one of the Inuit to guide them through the region, Frobisher sent five of his men in a ship's boat to return him to shore, instructing them to avoid getting too close to any of the others. The boat's crew disobeyed, however, and five of Frobisher's men were taken captive. After days of searching, Frobisher could not recover the insubordinate sailors, and eventually took hostage the native man who had agreed to guide the Englishmen to see if an exchange for the missing boat's crew could be arranged. The effort was fruitless, and the men were never seen again by their fellows, but Inuit oral tradition tells that the men lived among them for a few years of their own free will until they died attempting to leave Baffin Island in a self-made boat. Frobisher turned homewards, and was well received by the Queen when he docked in London on 9 October. Among the things which had been hastily brought away by the men was a black stone \"as great as a half-penny loaf\" which had been found loose on the surface of Hall's Island off Baffin Island by the ship master, Robert Garrard, who took it to be sea coal, of which they had need. Frobisher took no account of the black rock but kept it as a token of possession of the new territory. Michael Lok said that Frobisher, upon his return to London from the Arctic, had given him the black stone as the first object taken from the new land. Lok brought samples of the stone to the royal assayer in the Tower of London and two other expert assayers, all of whom declared that it was worthless, saying that it was marcasite and contained no gold. Lok then took the \"ore\" to an Italian alchemist living in London, Giovanni Battista Agnello, who claimed it was gold-bearing. Agnello assayed the ore three times and showed Lok small amounts of gold dust; when he was challenged as to why the other assayers failed to find gold in their specimens, Agnello replied, \"\"Bisogna sapere adulare la natura\"\" (\"One must know how to flatter nature\"). Ignoring the negative reports, Lok secretly wrote to the Queen to inform her of the encouraging result, and used this assessment to lobby investors to finance another voyage. Subsequently the stone became the focus of intense attention by the Cathay enterprise's venturers, who saw in it the possibility of vast profits to be derived from mining the rocky islands of \"Meta Incognita\"; gossip spread in the court and from there throughout London about the gold powder Agnello was supposedly deriving from the rock.", "In 1577, a much bigger expedition than the former was fitted out. The Queen lent the 200-ton Royal Navy ship \"Ayde\" to the Company of Cathay (Frobisher's biographer James McDermott says she sold it) and invested £1000 in the expedition. Prior to 30 March, Frobisher petitioned the Queen to be confirmed as High Admiral of the north-western seas and governor of all lands discovered, and to receive five per cent of profits from trade. It is unknown if his request was ever granted. Michael Lok, meanwhile, was petitioning the queen for his own charter, by the terms of which the Company of Cathay would have sole rights to exploit the resources of all seas, islands and lands to the west and north of England, as well as any goods produced by the peoples occupying them; Frobisher would be apportioned a much smaller share of the profits. Lok's request was ignored and a charter never issued, nor was a royal license granted, creating corporate ambiguity that redounded to the Queen's benefit. Besides \"Ayde\", the expedition included the ships \"Gabriel\" and \"Michael\"; Frobisher's second-in-command aboard \"Ayde\" was Lieutenant George Best (who later wrote the most informative account of the three voyages) with Christopher Hall as master, while the navigator Edward Fenton was in command of \"Gabriel\". The learned John Dee, one of the preeminent scholars of England, acquired shares in the Cathay Company's venture, and instructed Frobisher and Hall in the use of navigational instruments and the mathematics of navigation, as well as advising them which books, charts, and instruments the expedition should purchase. The fleet left Blackwall on 27 May and headed down the Thames, ostensibly having, per the instructions of the Privy Council, a maximum complement of 120 men, including 90 mariners, gunners and carpenters to crew the ship, as well as refiners, merchants, and thirty Cornish miners; this figure included a group of convicts to be expatriated and put to use as miners in the new lands. Frobisher had exceeded the assigned quota of crewmen by at least twenty men, and perhaps by as many as forty. Letters from the Privy Council were waiting for him at Harwich, however, commanding him to trim the excess; consequently he sent the convicts and a number of seamen ashore at the harbour on May 31, and set sail northwards to Scotland. The fleet anchored at St Magnus Sound in the Orkney Islands on 7 June to take on water, and weighed anchor that evening. It enjoyed fair weather and favourable winds on its passage across the Atlantic, and \"Friesland\" (southern Greenland) was first sighted on 4 July. Hall and Frobisher each attempted landing in the ship's boat, but were driven back by fog and the certain knowledge of unseen ice in the water before them. On 8 July, presented with no opportunity to land, Frobisher set his course westwards. The ships were caught almost immediately in severe storms and separated, each of them lowering their sails for long intervals. They continued this way for several days, tracking before the wind until the weather cleared on 17 July and the fleet was able to regroup, a testament to the skill of the masters. A sailor aboard \"Ayde\" spied Hall's Island at the mouth of Frobisher Bay the same evening. The next day, Frobisher and a small party landed at Little Hall's Island in \"Ayde's\" pinnace to search for more samples of the black ore acquired originally by Robert Garrard, but found none. On 19 July, Frobisher and forty of his best men landed at Hall's Island and made their way to its highest point, which he dubbed Mount Warwick in honour of the Earl of Warwick, one of the principal investors in the expedition. There they piled a cairn of stones to mark possession of the new land, and prayed solemnly for the success of their venture. Several weeks were now spent in collecting ore, but very little was done in the way of discovery, Frobisher being specially directed by his orders from the Company of Cathay to \"defer the further discovery of the passage until another time\". There was much parleying and some skirmishing with the Inuit, and earnest but futile attempts were made to recover the five men captured the previous year. The expedition's return to England commenced on 23 August 1577, and \"Ayde\" reached Milford Haven in Wales on 23 September. \"Gabriel\" and \"Michael\" later arrived separately at Bristol and Yarmouth. Frobisher brought with him three Inuit who had been forcibly taken from Baffin Island: a man called Calichough, a woman, Egnock, and her child, Nutioc. All three died soon after their arrival in England, Calichough dying from a wound suffered when a rib was broken unintentionally during his capture and eventually punctured his lung. The Inuit's names are reported elsewhere as Kalicho, Arnaq and Nuttaaq. Frobisher was received and thanked by the queen at Windsor. Great preparations were made and considerable expense incurred for the assaying of the great quantity of \"ore\" (about 200 tons) brought home. This took much time and led to disputes among the various interested parties.", "Meanwhile, the Queen and others in her retinue maintained a strong faith in the potential productivity of the newly discovered territory, which she herself named \"Meta Incognita\" (Latin: Unknown Shore). It was resolved to send out the largest expedition yet, with everything necessary to establish a colony of 100 men. Frobisher was again received by the queen, whereupon she threw a chain of fine gold around his neck. The expedition consisted of fifteen vessels: the flagship \"Ayde\", \"Michael\", and \"Gabriel\", as well as \"Judith\", \"Dennis\" or \"Dionyse\", \"Anne Francis\", \"Francis of Foy\" and \"Moon of Foy\", \"Bear of Leycester\", \"Thomas of Ipswich\", \"Thomas Allen\", \"Armenall\", \"Soloman of Weymouth\", \"Hopewell\", and \"Emanuel of Bridgwater\". There were over 400 men aboard the ships, with 147 miners, 4 blacksmiths, and 5 assayers in the crew. On 3 June 1578, the expedition left Plymouth and, sailing through the Channel, on 20 June reached the south of Greenland, where Frobisher and some of his men managed to land. On 2 July, the foreland of Frobisher Bay was sighted. Stormy weather and dangerous ice prevented the rendezvous, and, besides causing the wreck on an iceberg of the 100-ton barque \"Dennis\", drove the fleet unwittingly up a waterway that Frobisher named 'Mistaken Strait'. He believed that the strait, now known as Hudson Strait, was less likely to be an entrance to the North-west Passage than Frobisher Bay ('Frobisher's Strait' to him). After proceeding about sixty miles up the new strait, Frobisher with apparent reluctance turned back, and after many buffetings and separations, the fleet at last came to anchor in Frobisher Bay. During this voyage, the vessel \"Emanuel\" claimed to have found the phantom Buss Island. Some attempt was made at founding a settlement, and a large quantity of ore was shipped, but dissension and discontent prevented the establishment of a successful colony. On the last day of August, the fleet set out on its return and reached England in the beginning of October, although the vessel \"Emanuel\" was wrecked en route at Ard na Caithne on the west coast of Ireland. The ore was taken to a specially constructed smelting plant at Powder Mill Lane in Dartford; assiduous efforts to extract gold and further assays were made over five years, but the ore proved to be valueless iron pyrite and was eventually salvaged for road metalling. The Cathay Company went bankrupt and Michael Lok was ruined, being sent to debtors' prison several times.", "Finding his reputation as an adventurer-explorer damaged following the disastrous outcome of the Cathay Company venture, and that his services in that line were no longer required, Frobisher sought other employment. He applied to a major shareholder in the Arctic enterprise, Sir William Wynter, one of the Queen's most trusted naval commanders, who was leading a fleet of four heavily armed vessels to Ireland under orders to put down the Desmond rebellion against the English Crown. Frobisher secured an appointment as captain of the \"Foresight\" and sailed in early March 1580; in November, he participated in the Siege of Smerwick at Dingle, a rocky promontory on the southwestern shore of Kerry, where the \"Emanuel\" had wrecked two years previously. Frobisher joined Francis Drake on his 1585 raids of Spanish ports and shipping in the West Indies as vice-admiral of Drake's fleet, appointed to that position by the Queen; his flagship was the \"Primrose\". Shortly after the voyage began, Frobisher was admitted to a select group of advisors to Drake (together with Christopher Carleill, Nichols, and Fenner). On 20 July, 1588, the Spanish Armada set sail from Corunna in Galicia with the purpose of escorting the Army of Flanders, led by the Duke of Parma, to invade England. Sir Francis Walsingham sent a dispatch to Whitehall stating that the Armada had been sighted in the chops (entrance) of the Channel that day. When the two navies first engaged, Frobisher was in command of \"Triumph\", the Royal Navy's largest ship, leading a consort of the ships \"Merchant Royal\", \"Margaret and John\", \"Centurion\", \"Golden Lion\" and \"Mary Rose\".", "Following a council of war, Lord Howard, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet, reorganised the English fleet into four squadrons. Frobisher was made commander of one of these and assigned \"Triumph\", as well as Lord Sheffield's \"White Bear\", Lord Thomas Howard's \"Golden Lion\", and Sir Robert Southwell's \"Elizabeth Jonas\", all heavily armed vessels. On the morning of 21 July 1588, Frobisher in \"Triumph\", Drake in \"Revenge\", and Hawkins in \"Victory\" attacked the seaward wing of the Spanish defensive formation, damaging \"San Juan de Portugal\", the ship of the Armada's vice-admiral, Juan Martínez de Recalde, and forcing his rescue by galleasses from the Bizcayan squadron. Later that day Frobisher and Hawkins engaged Pedro de Valdez, commander of the Andalusian squadron, who did not yield his ship, \"Nuestra Señora del Rosario\" (Our Lady of the Rosary), until Drake came to their assistance the next morning, much to his rival Frobisher's consternation. Three days later, the English fleet was reinforced by Lord Seymour's channel patrol of thirty-five or forty sail, and Frobisher assumed command of his newly formed squadron. Frobisher's squadron was close in shore at dawn on 25 July, the only one landwards of the Armada that morning; the sea was dead calm when he engaged the Duke of Medina Sidonia's flagship \"San Martín\" and gave her another pummeling like that of a few days past. A breeze rose from the south-west, however, allowing several Spanish galleons to move in and save their flagship. The other English ships withdrew in time, but \"Triumph\" was caught on the lee shore off Dunnose cape on the Isle of Wight, and more than thirty Armada ships bore down upon him. Frobisher used his boats to manoeuvre \"Triumph\" with good effect and managed to escape when the wind shifted again, allowing him the weather gage. Frobisher was knighted 26 July for valour by Lord Howard aboard his flagship \"Ark Royal\", alongside Sheffield, Thomas Howard, and Hawkins. Two days later the English launched eight fire ships into the midst of the Armada at its moorings, forcing its captains to cut their anchors; the decisive action was fought 29 July on the shoals off Gravelines, where Frobisher, Drake, and Hawkins pounded the Spanish ships with their guns. Drake's squadron gave Medina Sidonia's flagship, \"San Martin\", a single broadside and moved on; Frobisher, directly behind him in the English line, stayed with the \"San Martin\" at close range and poured cannon shot into her oaken flanks, but failed to take her. Five Spanish ships were lost. Following this defeat of the Spanish fleet, the \"Revenge\" was engaged in harassing Spanish shipping and it was Frobisher's flagship in 1590 when he commanded the efforts to intercept Spanish treasure galleons.", "In 1590, Frobisher visited his native Altofts and found himself welcomed in the homes of the peers and landed gentry of Yorkshire county as an honoured guest. He paid particular attention to a daughter of Thomas, 1st Baron Wentworth, Dorothy Wentworth, 3 January 1601), recently widowed by the death of her husband, Paul Withypool of Ipswich; sometime before October she became Frobisher's second wife. In November 1591, he purchased from the Queen the leasehold of the manor of Whitwood in Yorkshire for an unstated sum, and of Finningley Grange in Nottinghamshire, which had belonged to the Mattersey Priory, for £949. Frobisher made Whitwood his chief residence, befitting his new status as a landed proprietor, but found little leisure for a country life. The following year Frobisher took charge of an English fleet sent out to blockade the Spanish coast and rendezvous with the Spanish treasure fleet; it was fitted out by investors including the Queen, the Earl of Cumberland, Sir Walter Raleigh and his brother, and John Hawkins. Raleigh and Cumberland were the principal organisers of the expedition, and on 28 February Raleigh was commissioned to lead it; the Queen, however, was not eager to send her current favourite off to sea, and he, no great lover of sea life and with no experience in the command of fleets, recommended Frobisher take his place. The fleet was divided into two divisions, with Frobisher's squadron patrolling the waters off the coast of Portugal near the Burlings, while Sir John Burgh (Borrough) and John Norton's squadrons sailed for the Azores where they captured a rich prize, the \"Madre de Deus\", much to the discomfiture of Frobisher when he learned the news. In September 1594, Frobisher led a squadron of ships that besieged Morlaix and forced its surrender. The following month he was engaged with the squadron in the siege and relief of Brest, where he received a gunshot wound to his thigh during the Siege of Fort Crozon, a Spanish-held fortress. The surgeon who extracted the ball left the wadding behind and an ensuing infection resulted in his death days later at Plymouth on 22 November. His heart was buried at St Andrew's Church, Plymouth, and his body was then taken to London and buried at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, Fore Street.", "", "A destroyer was named during construction but was named when launched in 1915. It was scrapped in 1921. The Royal Navy was named after him. It was scrapped in 1949. A SR Lord Nelson class steam locomotive was named after him. Frobisher Crescent, part of the Barbican Estate in London, is named after Frobisher. A stained glass window placed in memory of him is located in All Saints' Church, Normanton, near his birthplace in Altofts, West Yorkshire. Martin Frobisher Infants School in Altofts is named after him. One of the four houses at Spratton Hall Preparatory School, Northamptonshire is named after him. A portrait of him can be found at Normanton Train Station. A shrub rose is named after Martin Frobisher https://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.4156.0", "Frobisher Bay in Nunavut is named after him. This was also the former name of Nunavut's capital, Iqaluit, from 1942 until 1987. The city's airport was Frobisher Bay Air Base from 1942 to 1963, and Frobisher Bay Airport from 1963 to 1987, before being renamed Iqaluit Airport. An early version of Thanksgiving was celebrated after the safe landing of Frobisher's fleet in Newfoundland after an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northwest Passage. A shrub rose is named after Martin Frobisher. The small settlement of Frobisher, Saskatchewan, and Frobisher Lake, in northern and southern Saskatchewan, respectively. A number of roads bear Frobisher's name:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17006, 15426, 7, 9351, 70, 109923, 7103, 604, 45367, 56, 4, 1172, 14336, 5, 185571, 42459, 297, 450, 442, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 44, 7614, 96259, 7, 830, 10, 13579, 100, 70, 160600, 3395, 39210, 538, 11814, 390, 2005, 42, 5, 17893, 1846, 223, 602, 94739, 113771, 450, 3060, 17569, 70, 9351, 509, 16406, 4126, 1295, 142, 142, 45964, 160600, 2565, 100, 44, 7, 2452, 2480, 740, 581, 606, 170, 100034, 4, 46505, 25958, 14037, 4, 83, 44, 7614, 519, 66, 830, 1295, 160600, 44, 245201, 3538, 4802, 213558, 8594, 58, 8305, 42845, 44, 7614, 177, 69376, 223, 740, 44, 7614, 519, 58, 509, 64549, 297, 390, 70, 109923, 434, 54969, 1172, 14336, 4, 136, 6863, 172040, 3542, 5361, 538, 30312, 390, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 1840, 11, 5, 581, 2965, 31344, 100, 70, 759, 927, 83, 70, 44, 7614, 58108, 34, 7636, 58, 390, 107184, 27446, 97360, 3834, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 96551, 111, 97264, 111, 70, 37254, 4, 44, 7614, 519, 58, 509, 2804, 47, 765, 2809, 203251, 707, 64549, 297, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 94100, 11, 5, 129551, 47, 24233, 97264, 4, 44, 7614, 519, 58, 509, 70, 5117, 109923, 47, 57, 379, 70, 40, 162, 5, 1650, 509, 94100, 11, 2750, 189924, 21458, 3038, 7, 47, 243, 934, 70, 57, 7870, 47, 70, 85690, 4, 237, 764, 509, 70, 2288, 1314, 669, 136, 2806, 3871, 142, 89931, 51359, 111, 70, 20697, 7, 111, 70, 109923, 5, 129551, 47, 3789, 37254, 7, 4, 2412, 70541, 297, 23, 604, 502, 434, 10, 49846, 289, 63847, 111, 5527, 1297, 1295, 70, 57, 89921, 100, 525, 111, 984, 58260, 4, 3129, 5809, 70424, 136, 89159, 502, 20133, 58732, 5, 24372, 604, 65771, 120696, 4, 44, 7614, 519, 58, 509, 231321, 3674, 47, 663, 24706, 191, 23, 70, 2071, 927, 2647, 111, 5631, 73, 927, 5, 4687, 509, 7068, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 70, 20704, 136, 69347, 3934, 70, 158, 37219, 2320, 1172, 519, 353, 1824, 5, 62, 186, 302, 77736, 1295, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 109923, 136, 152388, 85613, 198465, 98, 70, 61585, 5, 48752, 289, 42179, 7, 111, 157612, 939, 15, 47677, 135360, 27446, 97360, 3834, 4, 63677, 299, 4, 49612, 232, 67, 68743, 223, 16, 45252, 297, 70, 170933, 70760, 115700, 111, 70, 109923, 5, 9082, 538, 2412, 509, 28987, 71, 1884, 10, 160600, 1631, 16070, 4, 10, 4749, 4293, 4, 136, 42179, 7, 170933, 7, 29367, 450, 2412, 509, 70, 5117, 109923, 111, 903, 10644, 450, 1902, 74955, 1810, 98, 10, 11192, 9, 184, 11, 41055, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 1172, 519, 15, 74, 23, 160600, 12, 1388, 509, 70, 109923, 98, 3129, 85613, 136, 70, 1172, 58108, 49534, 5630, 6259, 1295, 87, 929, 7840, 47, 11554, 1861, 7, 47, 456, 3996, 3134, 70, 43114, 22964, 32405, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Legend." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Most accounts name the ship after her builder, Argus. Cicero suggested that it was named after the \"Argives\", a term for the Greek people commonly used by Homer. Diodorus Siculus reported that some thought the name was derived from an ancient Greek word for \"swift\". The adjective, occasionally found, is \"Argoan\", from Greek \"Ἀργῶος\" through Latin \"Argōus\".", "\"Argo\" was constructed by the shipwright Argus, and its crew were specially protected by the goddess Hera. The best source for the myth is the \"Argonautica\" by Apollonius Rhodius. According to a variety of sources of the legend, \"Argo\" was said to have been planned or constructed with the help of Athena. According to certain sources, \"Argo\" was the first ship to sail the seas. It was Athena who taught Tiphys to attach the sails to the mast, as he was the steersman and would need an absolute knowledge of the workings of the ship. According to other legends, she contained in her prow a magical piece of timber from the sacred forest of Dodona, which could speak and render prophecies. After her successful journey, \"Argo\" was consecrated to Poseidon in the Isthmus of Corinth. She was then translated into the sky and turned into the constellation Argo Navis. A beam fell from the top of the ship and killed Jason sleeping on the ground. Several authors of antiquity (Apollonius Rhodius, Pliny, Philostephanus) discussed the hypothetical shape of the ship. Generally she was imagined like a Greek warship, a galley, and authors hypothesized that she was the first ship of this type that had gone out on a high-sea voyage." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 56101, 140526, 98, 70, 90695, 7, 3542, 35509, 98, 70, 64222, 5256, 23, 70, 423, 5757, 7, 390, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 5, 180972, 95934, 38529, 939, 509, 7311, 538, 7435, 5757, 1104, 111256, 4734, 645, 90695, 126826, 7, 450, 3568, 122009, 3934, 49049, 13, 12506, 73, 4, 215528, 9631, 136, 215528, 7832, 217, 5, 180972, 95934, 38529, 939, 645, 756, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 509, 959, 170920, 24189, 70, 109969, 12302, 390, 130891, 47, 25730, 111, 70, 47143, 214, 90695, 7, 5, 581, 59338, 111, 161460, 46, 170920, 23, 125800, 46, 48402, 297, 39555, 756, 111, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 74, 70, 103724, 509, 26725, 141, 4126, 54799, 70, 166635, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 23, 55482, 25730, 140526, 756, 70, 7401, 102966, 111, 70, 23924, 1177, 48850, 57212, 4188, 237, 180972, 106745, 141, 27646, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 2684, 3789, 5786, 6032, 76726, 21455, 6097, 237, 21640, 7401, 7, 5, 72956, 7134, 5911, 645, 70, 46692, 7, 25, 10778, 1556, 165249, 180972, 50509, 7, 1672, 156444, 232725, 4, 15889, 48031, 4, 136, 4537, 95934, 38529, 939, 5, 15745, 18481, 4, 23, 70, 353, 2109, 7832, 217, 28, 4438, 111, 125876, 27613, 18481, 4, 83, 10, 181991, 53, 82424, 62757, 297, 17721, 25730, 136, 146864, 5, 581, 63666, 40752, 519, 65042, 7, 3060, 152050, 73, 25958, 136, 1295, 70, 5201, 1760, 47, 117081, 121328, 4, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 98, 125876, 27613, 18481, 5, 1650, 83, 876, 167457, 98, 70, 65272, 390, 70, 91006, 17883, 27414, 74, 98, 70, 144477, 25617, 390, 70, 1172, 49086, 55609, 74, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 390, 15497, 1760, 4, 1853, 58871, 9631, 136, 104125, 7832, 217, 74, 136, 98, 70, 127067, 390, 215528, 9631, 136, 70, 180972, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 67842, 90695, 7, 621, 84797, 71, 1295, 12638, 3789, 136, 70, 72852, 289, 5201, 1760, 390, 10, 36549, 111, 7401, 102966, 143849, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 23924, 1177, 48850, 57212, 4188, 5, 32964, 21334, 5551, 99076, 2512, 4, 58800, 32320, 136, 13892, 10745, 4, 65042, 144477, 19364, 1295, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 63666, 40752, 519, 58055, 7, 111, 138, 129678, 15748, 90695, 7, 4, 111, 3129, 16064, 621, 18507, 47314, 237, 13036, 90695, 7, 4, 8035, 150679, 3501, 4, 136, 29256, 10, 3622, 16128, 111, 5, 581, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 645, 4, 23, 12989, 111, 60887, 214, 16128, 4, 621, 12, 24372, 15497, 1760, 4, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 83, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 142105, 11192, 9, 7614, 49086, 3551, 16128, 5, 581, 153552, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 83, 187, 49086, 4, 136, 70, 70665, 58055, 7, 111, 370, 14519, 40494, 23, 101120, 10821, 58555, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 621, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 74, 14135, 9615, 19929, 83, 111531, 6117, 19, 136, 6, 16275, 3055, 297, 4, 8035, 5201, 538, 184085, 289, 360, 7143, 9615, 19929, 7, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 90695, 7, 5, 18481, 7, 959, 98, 291, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 180972, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 4, 94407, 25842, 756, 90695, 7, 16500, 214, 47, 70, 144477, 111, 70, 180972, 72852, 289, 5201, 1760, 39041, 6238, 15497, 1760, 15, 66, 58963, 10821, 181991, 53, 111, 146864, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Map with links to islands." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "British claims on the islands were based on the explorations in the 1570s by Martin Frobisher. Canadian sovereignty was originally (1870–80) only over island portions that drained into Foxe Basin, Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. Canadian sovereignty over all of the islands was not established until the 1880 transfer by Britain to Canada of the remaining islands. The District of Franklin – established in 1895 – comprised almost all of the archipelago; the district was dissolved upon the creation of Nunavut in 1999. Canada claims all the waterways of the Northwestern Passages as Canadian Internal Waters; however, the United States and most other maritime countries view these as international waters. Disagreement over the passages' status has raised Canadian concerns about environmental enforcement, national security, and general sovereignty. Hans Island, in the Nares Strait east of Ellesmere Island, is a territory currently contested between Canada and Denmark.", "The archipelago extends some longitudinally and from the mainland to Cape Columbia, the northernmost point on Ellesmere Island. It is bounded on the west by the Beaufort Sea; on the northwest by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by Greenland, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait; and on the south by Hudson Bay and the Canadian mainland. The various islands are separated from each other and the continental mainland by a series of waterways collectively known as the Northwestern Passages. Two large peninsulas, Boothia and Melville, extend northward from the mainland. The archipelago consists of 36,563 islands, of which 94 are classified as major islands, being larger than, and cover a total area of. The islands of the archipelago over, in order of descending area, are: After Greenland, the archipelago is the world's largest high-Arctic land area. The climate of the islands is arctic, and the terrain consists of tundra except in mountainous areas. Most of the islands are uninhabited; human settlement is extremely thin and scattered, being mainly coastal Inuit settlements on the southern islands.", "Islands not on ma" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 2684, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 37254, 4, 28136, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 360, 934, 223, 4, 21208, 67842, 3789, 7398, 6982, 297, 22293, 11, 103679, 7, 621, 2843, 51529, 5, 4263, 604, 67373, 509, 360, 934, 223, 4, 7068, 604, 42732, 2806, 44136, 39, 78458, 765, 2809, 360, 934, 223, 25, 58386, 15, 2940, 114015, 16, 70, 55609, 532, 6, 5264, 11727, 79694, 11, 4, 76849, 111, 55609, 223, 5, 581, 116, 2208, 142642, 19831, 20787, 41382, 56, 42172, 64690, 162, 2843, 42459, 7, 450, 2412, 83, 70, 76849, 111, 360, 934, 223, 136, 10267, 88510, 70, 13765, 111, 3786, 223, 6817, 214, 23, 5161, 678, 28136, 4, 70, 62673, 1294, 148, 101445, 111, 1840, 11, 4, 136, 70, 23550, 178851, 84125, 390, 3129, 28136, 24209, 7, 10, 34923, 35011, 30148, 2875, 5, 1913, 15700, 34648, 40368, 58093, 7, 14432, 4, 42172, 64690, 162, 456, 71013, 7, 15700, 28136, 4, 60887, 1236, 111, 66084, 86345, 223, 4, 76849, 111, 12044, 7921, 4, 2750, 66570, 509, 70, 775, 111, 1172, 14336, 136, 2071, 13616, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 1301, 31, 7332, 4, 707, 111, 4699, 31, 3166, 136, 1061, 6023, 74, 28136, 25, 7, 42732, 23, 70, 21, 3055, 7225, 509, 636, 34, 86553, 5, 28136, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 35839, 1460, 14, 982, 23, 70, 44, 20370, 20408, 6261, 111, 58373, 830, 136, 390, 9852, 8702, 26253, 4, 144681, 10, 775, 111, 70, 88, 820, 1172, 14336, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 436, 28610, 4, 1460, 13508, 8805, 7, 707, 436, 28610, 223, 5, 28136, 1543, 127298, 186, 31943, 6827, 47, 26265, 14, 29178, 399, 4, 76849, 111, 1460, 13508, 8805, 7, 4, 237, 83, 42459, 297, 390, 1529, 7, 4652, 3834, 111, 99737, 399, 5, 28136, 509, 10, 4874, 39658, 7, 111, 70, 3430, 988, 7, 1840, 11, 23, 1172, 8797, 4, 124901, 58984, 604, 67373, 360, 934, 223, 509, 134598, 47, 765, 65508, 71, 47, 1172, 8797, 5, 3786, 223, 156672, 28136, 4, 10, 67573, 46667, 4, 136, 3480, 14437, 7103, 604, 5, 360, 70, 11389, 111, 70, 759, 927, 30745, 23, 44, 10752, 282, 2347, 223, 2460, 7030, 58, 2412, 61475, 538, 6, 34590, 89829, 3786, 223, 25, 129745, 7, 4, 24189, 604, 67373, 159399, 434, 604, 1810, 111, 1919, 18276, 98, 70, 67660, 111, 3620, 66695, 5, 129551, 47, 3060, 43515, 4, 3786, 223, 7068, 69347, 28136, 3934, 10, 30148, 2875, 15, 11, 552, 434, 16, 23, 12989, 47, 1274, 112, 604, 1295, 1919, 58386, 74, 27060, 76104, 450, 1840, 11, 164055, 27198, 297, 28136, 5, 360, 70, 11389, 111, 70, 13765, 23, 3129, 3786, 223, 27198, 297, 28136, 4, 70, 8, 63928, 165523, 4, 136, 1840, 11, 32630, 71, 3786, 223, 47, 8337, 604, 70, 30148, 2875, 237, 10, 13379, 4, 3129, 4, 19441, 110, 31635, 47, 128120, 4, 764, 6777, 5, 1840, 11, 7068, 9325, 1172, 14336, 4378, 2146, 1636, 4, 10, 6051, 18, 2750, 1902, 805, 46223, 4, 47, 39544, 28136, 136, 56282, 3786, 223, 1295, 150080, 604, 4, 136, 221, 3786, 223, 9325, 1840, 3716, 47, 170300, 136, 155605, 91, 5259, 1172, 14336, 5, 129551, 47, 180, 5518, 4, 764, 6777, 221, 390, 5117, 3480, 30319, 4049, 47, 60268, 390, 75169, 70, 2652, 1434, 13569, 136, 128219, 43515, 5, 3786, 223, 4092, 71, 28136, 4, 7464, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 30148, 2875, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 24763, 604, 52758, 429, 4, 1840, 11, 9325, 10, 6, 15575, 35121, 47, 103401, 28136, 19686, 79850, 4, 132442, 604, 47, 259, 7944, 70, 8999, 15490, 10588, 5, 28136, 155605, 41421, 297, 70, 60875, 17721, 70, 198505, 1814, 136, 70, 10074, 27414, 4, 3129, 4911, 7, 163629, 71, 70, 9351, 26854, 30484, 7, 15, 37440, 592, 44, 17574, 46692, 74054, 7440, 2412, 435, 1250, 282, 2347, 223, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 121293, 297, 98, 276, 18, 5, 60570, 9381, 223, 390, 3786, 223, 5, 1250, 282, 2347, 223, 47506, 297, 28136, 678, 70, 4677, 450, 2412, 2806, 186, 14359, 2822, 47, 14135, 3173, 136, 24209, 70, 6, 7154, 95650, 111, 70, 158036, 111, 756, 40814, 90, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 15, 25178, 70838, 194, 28136, 144281, 71, 36880, 70, 37859, 3378, 27414, 47, 61527, 4, 7440, 2412, 509, 14359, 2822, 47, 14135, 3173, 390, 3786, 223, 5, 8622, 4, 2412, 26038, 127319, 47, 3786, 223, 25, 7, 775, 241, 60895, 6378, 4, 136, 10, 76849, 237, 5299, 4, 7354, 31, 6011, 5, 4687, 14432, 139505, 61527, 3378, 60097, 10142, 6126, 223, 5, 581, 481, 69190, 191, 4, 48758, 223, 4, 155605, 176377, 47, 200955, 678, 1919, 809, 2480, 53, 76849, 7, 15, 2347, 48758, 30185, 247, 237, 189232, 297, 23, 62, 90, 7668, 5782, 25, 11301, 44, 3957, 121691, 150, 10840, 740, 581, 759, 927, 111, 28136, 8110, 765, 2809, 5299, 51529, 47, 2005, 42, 4, 2750, 27983, 11782, 7, 1840, 3716, 44, 7614, 429, 14, 22014, 5286, 830, 91084, 44, 7614, 14336, 9, 7, 5259, 56, 1242, 80490, 7362, 49573, 73048, 450, 70, 13765, 111, 28136, 509, 30745, 23, 70, 142, 45964, 28, 18695, 40250, 99, 19713, 22759, 20028, 111, 3129, 642, 765, 144851, 7, 12, 23, 70, 44, 34119, 1606, 830, 23, 70, 44, 683, 5922, 39122, 58, 2451, 66084, 86345, 223, 14037, 297, 70, 58984, 111, 1840, 11, 4, 59499, 47, 3905, 6820, 223, 25, 44, 17647, 32262, 13, 58, 1438, 617, 136, 66566, 2451, 73, 10, 38551, 111, 70, 1529, 9619, 18403, 44, 284, 8452, 266, 232, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 23, 21373, 538, 38551, 6635, 1529, 9619, 18403, 44, 20370, 20408, 6261, 111, 58373, 740, 62, 931, 474, 592, 159202, 1363, 111, 28136, 509, 139999, 71, 99, 70, 1840, 11, 1830, 111, 1172, 8797, 3934, 54704, 289, 20028, 5, 581, 142, 45964, 7, 162711, 28136, 678, 70, 55583, 4, 136, 23, 62, 90, 7668, 5782, 25, 44, 10752, 282, 2347, 223, 2460, 7030, 830, 7440, 28136, 190647, 7, 1250, 282, 2347, 223, 4, 2412, 15005, 7, 47, 164055, 237, 44, 2347, 3328, 14534, 107368, 740, 28090, 604, 76755, 678, 66084, 86345, 223, 4, 237, 114015, 15, 748, 60887, 1236, 247, 28136, 83, 68018, 35839, 66084, 34925, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 28136, 15, 74, 1388, 509, 4, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 67573, 100306, 7, 111, 3786, 223, 5, 893, 129944, 272, 2448, 26531, 4, 2412, 509, 142, 6, 60502, 1290, 111, 5941, 60097, 7, 136, 40814, 90, 6044, 237, 77667, 223, 4, 36958, 2647, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 4, 4211, 232, 4, 54012, 329, 223, 4, 1845, 20133, 223, 4, 136, 48758, 223, 5, 581, 124931, 56, 26328, 103954, 24, 4806, 10, 6, 59533, 111, 145255, 7103, 28136, 23, 611, 2592, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mythology." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "In most versions of the legend, Io was the daughter of Inachus, though various other purported genealogies are also known. If her father was Inachus, then her mother would presumably have been Inachus' wife (and sister) the Oceanid nymph Melia, daughter of Oceanus. The 2nd century AD geographer Pausanias also suggests that she is the daughter of Inachus and retells the story of Zeus falling in love with Io, the legendary wrath of Hera, and the metamorphosis by which Io becomes a beautiful white heifer. At another instant several generations later, Pausanias recounts another Io, descendant of Phoroneus, daughter of Iasus, who himself was the son of Argus and Ismene, the daughter of Asopus, or of Triopas and Sosis; Io's mother in the latter case was Leucane. Io's father was called Peiren in the \"Catalogue of Women\", and by Acusilaus, possibly a son of the elder Argus, also known as Peiras, Peiranthus or Peirasus. Io may therefore be identical to Callithyia, daughter of Peiranthus, as is suggested by Hesychius of Alexandria. Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos, whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos. Zeus noticed Io, a mortal woman, and lusted after her. In the version of the myth told in \"Prometheus Bound\" she initially rejected Zeus' advances, until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles. According to some stories, Zeus then turned Io into a heifer (a cow) in order to hide her from his wife; others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io. In the version of the story in which Zeus transformed Io, the deception failed, and Hera begged Zeus to give her the heifer as a present, which, having no reason to refuse, he did. Hera then sent Argus Panoptes, a giant who had 100 eyes, to watch Io and prevent Zeus from visiting her, and so Zeus sent Hermes to distract and eventually slay Argus. According to Ovid, he did so by first lulling him to sleep by playing the panpipes and telling stories. Zeus freed Io, still in the form of a heifer. In order to exact her revenge, Hera sent a gadfly to sting Io continuously, driving her to wander the world without rest. Io eventually crossed the path between the Propontis and the Black Sea, which thus acquired the name Bosporus (meaning \"ox passage\"), where she met Prometheus, who had been chained on Mt. Caucasus by Zeus. Prometheus comforted Io with the information that she would be restored to human form and become the ancestress of the greatest of all heroes, Heracles (Hercules). Io escaped across the Ionian Sea to Egypt, where she was restored to human form by Zeus. There, she gave birth to Zeus's son Epaphus, and a daughter as well, Keroessa. She later married Egyptian king Telegonus. Their grandson, Danaus, eventually returned to Greece with his fifty daughters (the Danaids), as recalled in Aeschylus' play \"The Suppliants\". The myth of Io must have been well known to Homer, who often calls Hermes \"Argeiphontes\", meaning \"Argus-slayer.\" Walter Burkert notes that the story of Io was told in the ancient epic tradition at least four times of which we have traces: in the \"Danais\", in the \"Phoronis\"— Phoroneus founded the cult of Hera, according to Hyginus' \"Fabulae\" 274 and 143—in a fragment of the Hesiodic \"Aigimios\", as well as in similarly fragmentary Hesiodic \"Catalogue of Women\". A mourning commemoration of Io was observed at the Heraion of Argos into classical times. The ancients connected Io with the Moon, and in Aeschylus' \"Prometheus Bound\", where Io encounters Prometheus, she refers to herself as \"the horned virgin\". From her relationship with Phoroneus, as sister (or descendant), Io is sometimes called Phoronis." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 16305, 7, 4200, 58, 83, 142, 142, 45964, 111628, 47416, 1295, 111413, 92265, 15, 67466, 5, 5744, 92265, 44, 1727, 446, 55807, 74054, 3129, 23, 15504, 83, 3017, 15555, 297, 1295, 25074, 17819, 4745, 661, 58, 1727, 127, 937, 12121, 58, 15, 22422, 7, 22819, 25299, 4, 6, 184308, 4, 187646, 74054, 8035, 7464, 36875, 23, 102256, 174705, 44, 192, 1314, 6827, 238, 830, 44, 1727, 7, 6827, 830, 136, 23, 5744, 174705, 44, 192, 147, 118940, 92, 58, 15, 22422, 120430, 6635, 185256, 47749, 42, 56128, 70, 91084, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 92265, 4527, 194, 1650, 83, 72180, 2182, 678, 25074, 19694, 30839, 44, 1727, 132, 1366, 16, 9, 16275, 32838, 58, 44, 532, 5, 830, 5744, 30839, 44, 132, 919, 19388, 9, 16, 16305, 118940, 141, 58, 15, 22422, 120430, 6635, 185256, 47749, 42, 56128, 70, 91084, 13438, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 92265, 4527, 194, 1650, 7311, 538, 136, 218500, 131148, 44, 5922, 184, 187646, 830, 1295, 30839, 1771, 44, 1639, 1727, 528, 9, 58, 44, 5922, 184, 58, 15, 67466, 5, 14941, 44, 45296, 58, 136, 5744, 30839, 44, 594, 18623, 107, 830, 91084, 44, 5922, 184, 111, 6494, 31897, 18939, 136, 44, 1639, 937, 12121, 9, 58, 44, 65756, 660, 58, 15, 67466, 5, 25074, 25024, 141, 5, 44, 7, 329, 289, 238, 58, 44, 65756, 660, 4, 79063, 56, 58, 136, 1810, 85, 3674, 30839, 44, 25452, 289, 92, 830, 91084, 44, 84396, 9, 36467, 214, 187646, 51029, 3293, 44, 5922, 184, 187646, 58, 59665, 83, 10267, 122009, 23, 70, 43581, 92265, 9351, 100, 44, 3814, 25388, 58, 12, 44, 1727, 446, 55807, 9, 2875, 15212, 740, 581, 72399, 12610, 136, 3311, 5935, 10325, 44759, 111, 44, 277, 90, 1924, 106449, 58, 24073, 71013, 111, 70, 144142, 7, 18939, 509, 10, 44, 6827, 944, 58, 111, 70, 30839, 1771, 4, 3129, 100512, 25074, 92265, 44, 2271, 132, 19, 16, 525, 2886, 58, 136, 5744, 44, 2271, 733, 22819, 830, 136, 4, 3017, 15555, 297, 1295, 70, 25074, 92265, 4, 70, 14941, 2565, 44, 25553, 22819, 740, 201106, 4, 23, 3311, 596, 123841, 4, 10, 10283, 4200, 678, 57849, 3674, 180210, 4, 959, 78458, 10, 132988, 15534, 116338, 75101, 4, 509, 2843, 51529, 237, 142, 44, 3355, 59438, 740, 360, 5941, 76726, 4, 70, 30648, 111, 10283, 4200, 4, 6, 67466, 5, 44457, 10283, 4200, 4, 83, 70, 167375, 187, 1176, 30648, 4, 14986, 19, 6048, 3789, 4537, 93324, 7, 5, 581, 183234, 24, 3033, 30648, 83, 27983, 61113, 141, 111, 70, 18738, 126, 5, 23342, 4200, 7, 621, 205794, 4, 1284, 959, 97629, 538, 4, 6, 140545, 297, 4734, 23, 1631, 6032, 5, 360, 5941, 76726, 4, 41866, 23, 14713, 4, 70, 5361, 26582, 111, 10, 10283, 4200, 83, 10, 1777, 191, 4, 136, 2363, 194242, 11, 27983, 49504, 67, 1777, 5245, 5, 360, 3060, 76726, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 1727, 7, 4200, 58, 83, 11814, 64457, 111, 44, 180300, 58, 23, 70, 77546, 1831, 37772, 30648, 7, 5, 581, 22759, 167375, 25674, 5345, 59591, 30648, 7, 621, 10283, 4200, 111, 70, 25674, 5345, 59591, 4, 1831, 185256, 10283, 4200, 4, 1831, 10283, 4200, 136, 1831, 22925, 10283, 4200, 15, 289, 197271, 70, 5117, 24, 4806, 4, 3129, 1556, 137567, 2809, 45890, 297, 237, 10, 88669, 6032, 30648, 4, 83, 70, 4734, 1632, 3129, 831, 155965, 186, 90698, 10, 10283, 4200, 194, 581, 43606, 9, 5613, 30648, 111, 10283, 4200, 111, 70, 5345, 59591, 83, 11814, 390, 3060, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 136, 102256, 24453, 9022, 1831, 84616, 5, 360, 70, 92265, 126140, 136, 2684, 9907, 161104, 90, 3299, 297, 54799, 70, 92265, 5426, 4, 44, 1727, 446, 55807, 224, 79043, 58, 24073, 1727, 7, 4200, 9, 4390, 9, 61488, 9966, 7, 18939, 83, 10, 377, 1405, 1294, 13579, 183234, 47, 520, 429, 1236, 5, 31384, 186768, 79986, 4295, 765, 11814, 5361, 44, 1727, 7, 4200, 58, 44759, 7, 47, 152750, 24233, 28368, 7, 5, 145733, 959, 81113, 538, 116338, 30648, 7, 4, 6097, 20338, 6635, 44759, 7, 765, 2809, 97629, 538, 2965, 2600, 71, 54799, 65771, 116338, 119893, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 170277, 9963, 10283, 4200, 111, 62, 395, 1010, 3089, 23643, 17151, 8, 103544, 107, 5, 17006, 170277, 621, 70, 23342, 4200, 7, 111, 9942, 24073, 16305, 446, 206, 10442, 8, 9942, 74054, 959, 19713, 1379, 353, 5877, 446, 191, 87, 5, 116267, 6044, 44759, 509, 450, 111, 44, 4332, 5548, 7, 1727, 118940, 141, 830, 2965, 2600, 71, 54799, 143695, 28227, 214, 390, 101910, 41555, 4, 102971, 442, 509, 8306, 10, 20324, 44759, 237, 442, 1902, 2809, 44, 132894, 297, 58, 100, 28227, 214, 2750, 509, 70, 4734, 44759, 31958, 23, 32692, 5, 360, 30715, 20271, 70, 23972, 162141, 7, 25, 5550, 70, 44759, 44, 16305, 7, 4200, 111, 70, 126140, 111, 3430, 136, 152239, 84084, 58, 509, 2965, 2600, 71, 54799, 12452, 21736, 61471, 48283, 390, 81843, 5, 149766, 70, 134349, 32528, 136, 49002, 765, 187, 1176, 4537, 237, 5299, 237, 44, 1727, 7, 4200, 58, 23, 2363, 30648, 5426, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 8035, 21334, 538, 142, 20338, 6635, 30648, 5, 581, 25632, 38440, 45252, 70, 30648, 111, 10283, 4200, 237, 11814, 390, 29458, 76726, 12, 6872, 2843, 12, 32255, 30648, 7, 621, 90698, 70, 183234, 47, 10, 10283, 4200, 12, 581, 9351, 83, 2843, 190659, 47, 70, 57724, 111, 116338, 35206, 53702, 7, 5, 62544, 25958, 23, 185610, 3387, 4, 1632, 707, 40368, 111, 70, 22962, 109989, 7157, 90, 95549, 70, 44759, 111, 44, 16305, 7, 4200, 58, 707, 10, 217773, 6044, 237, 44, 10625, 474, 18, 23342, 4200, 58, 15, 10869, 62548, 47, 29685, 70116, 289, 4, 127298, 56104, 35839, 44, 16305, 7, 4200, 111, 70, 52341, 58, 47, 56282, 169463, 16, 707, 1286, 41207, 538, 44, 142216, 23342, 4200, 740, 581, 32354, 111, 70, 44, 16305, 7, 4200, 111, 70, 52341, 58, 41110, 7, 59499, 47, 15889, 40250, 4, 1284, 195409, 764, 83, 70, 185256, 111, 23082, 111, 70, 185610, 25, 7, 197540, 15, 37440, 592, 70, 5381, 329, 136, 3789, 77758, 7, 194, 101153, 19, 4, 70, 25534, 96853, 2843, 70, 20338, 6635, 219475, 237, 185256, 111, 70, 91363, 47, 3398, 85018, 23113, 538, 70, 30780, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 23342, 4200, 83, 10, 13579, 11814, 23, 40368, 51521, 44759, 7, 23, 67842, 90356, 7, 111, 100510, 5, 1301, 10283, 4200, 7, 100512, 63207, 297, 43032, 111, 70, 29685, 7, 111, 11214, 13, 1405, 14713, 4, 70, 44759, 3514, 434, 23, 216473, 5, 133698, 70, 4568, 10846, 202032, 90, 4, 442, 1556, 2809, 11814, 100, 57849, 3674, 23179, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 23, 116338, 30648, 136, 117907, 66, 27165, 232725, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Military.", "Marshal ranks by country.", "Marshal equivalents.", "Military police.", "Ceremonial and protocol.", "Civilian.", "Political.", "Dignitaries of Poland.", "Demonstration marshal.", "Sports.", "Racing and other competitions.", "Games.", "Law enforcement.", "United States.", "Federal marshals.", "State and local marshals.", "United Kingdom.", "England.", "Scotland.", "France.", "Netherlands." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Marshal\" is an ancient loanword from Norman French (cf. modern French \"maréchal\"), which in turn is borrowed from Old Frankish *\"marhskalk\" (=\"stable boy, keeper, servant\"), being still evident in Middle Dutch \"maerscalc\", \"marscal\", and in modern Dutch \"maarschalk\" (=\"military chief commander\"; the meaning influenced by the French use). It is cognate with Old High German \"mar(ah)-scalc\" \"id.\", modern German \"(Feld-)Marschall\" (=\"military chief commander\"; the meaning again influenced by the French use). It originally and literally meant \"horse servant\", from Germanic \"*marha-\" \"horse\" (cf. English \"mare\" and modern German \"Mähre\", meaning \"horse of bad quality\") and \"*skalk-\" \"servant\" (cf. Old Engl. \"scealc\" \"servant, soldier\" and outdated German \"Schalk\", meaning \"high-ranking servant\"). This \"horse servant\" origin is retained in the current French name for \"farrier\": \"maréchal-ferrant\". The late Roman and Byzantine title of \"comes stabuli\" (\"count of the stables\") was a \"calque\" of the Germanic, which became Old French \"con(n)estable\" and modern \"connétable\", and, borrowed from the Old French, the English word \"constable\". Finally, in Byzantium, a marshal with elevated authority, notably a borderlands military command, was also known as an \"exarch\".", "In many countries, the rank of marshal, cf. field marshal, is the highest army rank, outranking other general officers. The equivalent navy rank is often admiral of the fleet. Marshals are typically, but not exclusively, appointed only in wartime. In many countries, especially in Europe, the special symbol of a marshal is a baton, and their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the term \"marshal\" is used instead of \"general\" in the higher air force ranks. The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are marshal of the Royal Air Force, air chief marshal, air marshal and air vice marshal (although the first named, which has generally been suspended as a peacetime rank, is the only one which can properly be considered a marshal). The five-star rank of marshal of the Air Force is used by some Commonwealth and Middle Eastern air forces. In the French Army and most National Armies modeled upon the French system, \"maréchal des logis\" (\"marshal-of-lodgings\") is a cavalry term equivalent to sergeant. Some historical rulers have used special \"marshal\" titles to reward certain subjects. Though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous grand marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre. Most famous are the Marshals of France (\"Maréchaux de France\"), not least under Napoléon I. Another such title was that of \"Reichsmarschall\", bestowed upon Hermann Göring by Adolf Hitler, although it was never a regular title as it had been \"invented\" for Göring who was the only titleholder in history. In England during the First Barons' War the title \"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church\" was bestowed upon Robert Fitzwalter by election. Both the Soviet Union and Russia have army general as well as \"marshal\" in their rank system, the latter being largely an honorary rank.", "The following articles discuss the rank of marshal as used by specific countries: See also:", "These ranks are considered the equivalent to a marshal:", "The name is also applied to the leader of military police organizations.", "Usually in monarchies, one or several of the senior dignitaries wear the title of \"Marshal\" or a compound such as \"Court Marshal\" (not related to court martial, therefore usually called \"Marshal of the Court\" to prevent confusion) or more rarely \"Grand Marshal\". The function of the \"Marshal of the Court\" varies according to national tradition, but frequently he is the chief of staff of the monarch's household (meaning the palace and other domains). Often, the charge includes also the honorary privilege as chief of the protocol to announce formally the arrival of VIP guests at audiences, state dinners, and conferences in the monarch's premises. This office was often made hereditary in the high nobility, e.g., the English Earl Marshal, or the Scots Earl Marischal.", "The term is also used in more ordinary contexts, such as modern pageantry; for example, the \"grand marshal\" of a parade is often an honored guest or dignitary. In the United States, many colleges and universities have marshals. In some cases, there is a single \"faculty marshal,\" appointed to the post on a more or less permanent basis. In other cases, there are one or several faculty marshals, and often one or several student marshals appointed for a single occasion. In all cases, the post is one of honor given to a senior faculty member or outstanding student, and the functions are generally limited to leading processions or parts of processions during commencement exercises, academic convocations, encaenia and similar events. These marshals often carry maces, staffs or wands of office. A chief usher at a large wedding is sometimes called a \"wedding marshal\". In addition to coordinating other ushers in attending guests, the wedding marshal may be a messenger between parties to signal the impending start of the service or communicate delays. In a church wedding, particularly a nuptial mass, these functions may be assumed by a verger. The wedding marshal is a position of honor and trust, often filled by a close friend or relative.", "", "Apart from its military uses, the Polish word \"marszałek\" (marshal) also refers to certain political offices:", "Demonstration marshals, also called stewards, are used by the organizers of large or controversial demonstrations, rallies and protests, to help ensure the safety of the participants. They are especially important for preventing infiltration by agents provocateurs.", "", "In motorsports, such as auto racing, motorcycle racing, and rallying, the track marshals wave the racing flags and assist crashed or broken-down vehicles and their drivers, while pit marshals watch over the procedures in the pits, and fire marshals assist in the event of a fire on the track or in the pit. The FIA provides general rules and recommendations on marshalling. In the 1977 South African Grand Prix, 1977 Japanese Grand Prix, 2000 Italian Grand Prix, 2001 Australian Grand Prix, and 2013 Canadian Grand Prix, track marshals were victims of fatal accidents. In some organized competitions, such as the endurance competition \"Tough Guy,\" officials seeing to the observance of the rules are styled marshals. In road running races, in particular, \"course marshals\" enforce rules of competition and assist runners as needed.", "The marshal is the highest playing piece in the board game \"Stratego\".", "The word \"Maréchaussée\" derives from the French word \"Maréchal\" (plural \"Maréchaux\"), which was the second highest military charge in feudal France after \"Connétable\" (Constable), the military Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Armed Forces until 1627, when the charge of Constable was abolished. The Constable and the Marshals had also jurisdictional powers, at first only over members of the armed forces. The additional conferring of police powers led to the creation of the \"Corps of the \"Maréchaussée\"\" (\"Marshalcy\"; the forerunner of the modern \"Gendarmerie\") and to an Ancien Régime Court of Justice called the \"Tribunal of the Constable and the Marshals of France\" which was competent for judging military personnel and civilians alike in cases of petty violations of the law. The term \"Maréchaussée\" was also used for the Continental Army's military police during the American Revolution. In the present-day Netherlands, the \"Koninklijke Marechaussee\" (\"Royal Marshalcy\") is a national military police force with civilian competences, similar to the French \"Gendarmerie nationale\".", "In the United States, \"marshal\" is used particularly for various types of law enforcement officers.", "The federal court system in the United States is organized into 94 federal judicial districts, each with a court (and one or several judges), a United States Attorney with assistants such as prosecutors and government lawyers, and one marshal, appointed by the president, in charge of federal law enforcement. The courts are part of the independent judicial branch of the government, while the marshals and U.S. attorneys are part of the Department of Justice in the executive branch. In actual practice, the U.S. marshal for the district primarily oversees court security, and has a unit of appointed deputies and special deputies. (Other law enforcement operations and the federal prison system are handled by a variety of federal police agencies.) The United States Marshals Service is a professional, civil service unit of federal police, part of the system of marshals, made up of career law enforcement personnel rather than the appointed district marshals. The U.S. Marshals Service assists with court security and prisoner transport, asset forfeiture, serves arrest warrants and seeks fugitives. The Federal Air Marshal Service is a separate armed federal law enforcement service employed to protect commercial airliners from the threat of aircraft hijacking. These air marshals work for the Transportation Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The U.S. Supreme Court maintains its own, separate Marshal of the United States Supreme Court, who also controls the U.S. Supreme Court Police, a security police service answerable to the court itself, rather than to the president or attorney general. It handles security for the Supreme Court building and for the justices personally, and undertakes whatever other missions the court may require or assign.", "In many U.S. states, marshals can be found acting at the state, local or municipal court level; marshals can be court bailiffs or process servers, or even full police officers. In certain states, they may be sworn peace officers, however their job is, in some cases, entirely civil rather than criminal law enforcement. Some communities maintain a Town or City Marshal who is responsible for general law enforcement as well as court duties, while others are strictly court officers. This is especially true in communities with both police and marshals. The position of Marshal vastly differs from state to state. At least one local railroad servicing company's part-time public safety staff, which are both fire and police trained, is supervised by a chief marshal. American Old West (for example, Arizona Territory and Texas of the 1880s): Marshals, usually called \"town marshals\" or \"city marshals\" (since the larger cities were often punctilious about their titles), were appointed or elected police officers of small communities, with powers and duties similar to those of a police chief; these powers generally ended at the border of the community. By contrast, federal marshals (U.S. marshals) worked in a larger territory, especially in pioneer country, and this area could potentially overlap with the state or territorial office of county sheriff (who then, as now, policed communities, as well as areas between communities). The word \"marshal\" is still used in this sense, especially in the American Southwest. (\"See\" List of Western lawmen.) Town or city marshal is still the name for the head officer of some community police forces. Arizona: Cities and towns decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement official for their jurisdiction (as in the town of Tombstone). Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whomever hired them, just like any other employee. California: Several urban counties (including Los Angeles, San Bernardino County, California, and San Diego) once maintained separate county marshal's offices, which served as court officers similar to U.S. marshals or constables, but mainly for the municipal court system. This system was abolished by state law in 2000, when the sheriffs of those counties announced that those counties' marshals would be absorbed into their departments. Therefore, many have been merged into or taken over by the local county sheriff's office, with the exceptions of Shasta County and Trinity County both located in Northern California. As of 2010, the marshal of San Benito County has been disbanded as an independent organization, with its employees becoming part of the sheriff's office. California also has fire marshals and deputy fire marshals, who may work for the State of California Fire Marshal's Office, or various county, city or special districts throughout the state. Fire marshals and deputy fire marshals are full-time sworn peace officers throughout the state, with powers of arrest statewide under section 830.37 of the California Penal Code. Their responsibilities include fire and arson investigation, bomb and explosives investigation, general law enforcement, as well as enforcement of the fire code. Colorado: Cities, towns and villages decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement for their jurisdiction. Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them, just like any other employee. Connecticut: In 2000, Connecticut eliminated the county sheriff system, and replaced it with two types of marshals. \"State\" marshals operate out of the executive branch of state government. They are sworn peace officers who perform a wide range of duties, including service of process, seizing money and property under court order, evictions, serving tax warrants, and arresting individuals on bench warrants. \"Judicial\" marshals are employed by the judicial branch. They are sworn peace officers who perform court security and transport detainees to and from court. Georgia: The marshal is a commissioned armed and uniformed law enforcement officer of the county state courts which have jurisdiction over civil matters and state ordinances. In the Atlanta metro counties, marshal's offices enforce evictions, foreclosures, subpoenas, civil forfeitures, judgements, seizure, liens, repossession, and garnishment. With a few exceptions, elsewhere in Georgia, the sheriff's office is responsible for enforcement of these duties, with some sheriffs' offices having an assigned unit or personnel for these duties. Indiana: Many towns still utilize the Town Marshal's Office within local government. Police terms in Indiana vary by what local government one works for; for example: counties have Sheriff's/deputies, cities have Police Departments/Officers or Patrolmen and Towns have Marshals/deputies. In Indiana, a town is managed by a council without an elected mayor, whereas a city has a mayor and, thus, a city police department. Marshals are responsible for all law enforcement in their town, and their primary duties are the enforcement of local and state laws or ordinances as well as code enforcement. The town marshal may also be the town's humane law enforcement officer. Town marshals are fully sworn state police officers, having law enforcement authority statewide; therefore, it is not at all uncommon for Town Marshals to be seen outside of their bailiwicks assisting other police agencies. Some town marshal agencies in Indiana can be quite large. Any Town Marshal can appoint any number of unpaid deputy town marshals or reserve officers who may exercise full police powers in the state. Indiana Town Marshals are authorized to enforce not only city/town code, but also county ordinances; this differs from city police departments where a city police officer may only enforce city code or a sheriff's deputy, who may only enforce county code. Indiana Code recognizes Town Marshals as Police Officers, therefore it is very common for Indiana Town Marshal's Offices to go simply by \"Police Department\". Under Indiana Code IC36-5-7 the marshal is described as \"the chief police officer of the town and has the powers of other law enforcement officers in executing the orders of the legislative body and enforcing laws. The marshal or his deputy: Maine: The State Marshal Service provides physical security and law enforcement duties to the judicial system, as well as protection of all state judges. Deputy marshals are fully sworn state law enforcement officers with statewide authority. Missouri: There are two types of marshal: Nevada New York: There are two levels of marshals: Ohio: The term \"village marshal\" has been used for the same function, often filled without colleagues, directly under the mayor. Texas: City marshals and deputy city marshals have, by law, the same authority as a municipal (village, town, or city) police officer. However, municipalities (like Fort Worth), that have both a police force as well as a city marshal's office, often utilize the police as the general law enforcement agency of the municipality, while court security and process service is provided by the city marshal's office. In municipalities that do not have a police department, the city marshal's office sometimes serves as the agency that provides general law enforcement services to residents. Washington State: The city of Seattle employs marshals in their municipal court, with the senior officer holding the title of chief marshal and the subordinate officers known as deputy marshals. Seattle Marshals provide court security and law enforcement services within the court. They handle arrests of out-of-custody defendants within the courthouse and transport in custody defendants to and from court hearings. The King County Sheriff's Office (county seat in Seattle) also employs court marshals, which is a unit under the sheriff's office. In the Old-West themed town of Winthrop, the municipal police force is headed by a town marshal, consistent with the Old West restoration of the buildings and tourist attractions. Wisconsin: The duty of a marshal, that he or she generally speaking, occupies the same relation to the governmental affairs of the municipality as the sheriff does to the county.", "", "The hereditary title of \"marshal\" at one time designated the head of household security for the King of England. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, served four kings in this office, ultimately becoming one of the most powerful men in Europe; by the time he died in 1219, people throughout Europe (not just England) referred to William Marshal simply as \"the marshal\". The office of hereditary Marshal (or Earl Marshal) thus evolved into that of a Great Officer of State. The task of maintaining law and order within the King's Court then devolved upon the office of Knight Marshal (established in 1236). Together with his officers, the King's (or Queen's) Marshalmen, the Knight Marshal continued to have restricted powers of arrest within a radius of the sovereign's palace until 1846, when the office was abolished. In 1595, Queen Elizabeth I issued letters patent giving powers to a marshal to maintain order within the City of London. Later, an under-marshal and six city marshalmen were appointed to assist the marshal in his duties. As a result of the Police Acts of 1829 and 1839, the marshal's role changed significantly., one city marshal, currently Colonel Billy King-Harman, CBE, still acts as peacekeeper to the Lord Mayor of London, leading processions and representing the Lord Mayor at all Entries of Troops (challenging and then escorting those few regiments entitled to march though the City of London).", "The office of \"marischal of Scotland\" (\"marascallus Scotie\" or \"marscallus Scotie\") had been held heritably by the senior member of the Keith family since Hervey de Keith, who held the office of marischal under Malcolm IV and William I. The descendant of Herveus, Sir Robert de Keith (d. 1332), was confirmed in the office of \"Great Marischal of Scotland\" by Robert Bruce around 1324. Robert de Keith's great-grandson, William, was raised to the peerage as Earl Marischal by James II in about 1458. The peerage died out when George Keith, the 10th Earl, forfeited it by joining the Jacobite Rising of 1715. The marischal was to serve as custodian of the Royal Regalia of Scotland, and protect the king's person when attending parliament. The former duty was fulfilled by the 7th Earl during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, who hid the Royal Regalia at Dunnottar Castle. The role of regulation of heraldry carried out by the English Earl Marshal is carried out in Scotland by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The separate office of Knight Marischal was first created for the Scottish coronation of Charles I in 1633. The office is not heritable, although it has been held by members of the Keith family.", "In France, the \"Maréchaussée\" (\"Marshalcy\") was the forerunner of the French \"Gendarmerie\". A military corps having such duties was first created in 1337, placed under the command of the Constable of France (the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Armed Forces), and named the \"Connétablie\". In 1627 after the abolition of the title of \"Connétable\", it was put under the command of the \"Marshals of France,\" and renamed the \"Maréchaussée\". Its main mission was to protect the roads from highwaymen. The \"Maréchaussée\" was a mounted military police force organised and equipped along military lines. The force wore uniforms similar to those of the dragoons of the regular army and carried the same muskets and sabres. While its existence ensured the relative safety of French rural districts and roads, the \"Maréchaussée\" was regarded in contemporary England (which had no effective police force of any nature) as a symbol of foreign tyranny. In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, the \"Maréchaussée\" numbered 3,660 men divided into small detachments called brigades. By law dated 16 February 1791, this force was renamed the \"Gendarmerie Nationale,\" though at first its personnel remained unchanged. Later many of them died under the guillotine, especially the members of the nobility. The new designation \"Gendarmerie\" was derived from the term \"gens d'armes\" (gentlemen/people at arms) who were originally heavy cavalry regiments (called at first \"Ordonnances royales\") which were part of the King's household, the equivalent of the English \"Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms\". The title \"Marshal of France\" is a \"Dignité d'État\" (\"State Dignity\") in the contemporary French Republic, not strictly speaking a military rank. It is granted to generals for exceptional achievements, especially in times of war or national crisis. However, the Marshal of France was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the \"Ancien Régime\" and Bourbon Restoration and one of the Great Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was not \"Marshal of France\" but \"Marshal of the Empire\") A Marshal of France displays seven stars and is equivalent to a six star general in armies of other countries. The marshal also receives a baton, a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and Eagles during the First French Empire. It has the Latin inscription: \"Terror belli, decus pacis\", which means \"terror in war, ornament in peace\". The position in the French Navy (\"Marine nationale\") equivalent to the \"Marshal of France\" is called \"Amiral de France\" (\"Admiral of France\"). The title has not been conferred since 1869. Theoretically, the equivalent title in the French Air Force is \"Général de France\" (\"General of France\"), but it has never been conferred to anyone yet. Six Marshals of France have been given the even more prestigious rank of \"Marshal General of the King's Armies and Camps\": Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult. This rank and title no longer exists in present-day republican France.", "In the Netherlands, the \"Koninklijke Marechaussee\" are the \"gendarmerie\" force created by King William I to replace the French \"gendarmerie\" on October 26, 1814. The word \"gendarmerie\" had gained a negative connotation, so William called the new force \"\"marechaussée\"\" (an alternate French word for \"gendarmerie\"). At that time, the \"marechaussee\" was part of the army (\"landmacht\"). The \"marechaussee\" performed police duties for the army, as well as civilian police work as a part of the national police (\"rijkspolitie\"). The \"marechaussee\" formed the only police force in many small cities like Venlo, especially in the southern provinces of Limburg and North Brabant. As of 1998, the \"marechaussee\" is a separate branch of the Dutch military, and is assigned both military and civilian police tasks." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 119148, 83, 21, 48398, 390, 70, 96113, 180, 59664, 136, 41421, 297, 390, 6863, 68762, 11, 10484, 92377, 3121, 67, 136, 3350, 219, 4, 134523, 5636, 7, 2878, 25958, 20450, 344, 297, 46132, 70, 59444, 5, 1913, 70, 144477, 136, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 59444, 4, 2685, 83, 70, 7832, 85, 15978, 133, 3912, 146, 503, 51711, 13, 4, 3129, 23, 70, 11015, 509, 41421, 214, 70, 59444, 68034, 4, 23, 70, 43581, 44, 103365, 3974, 740, 119148, 83, 99, 70, 41714, 6275, 111, 6, 68823, 102966, 3126, 214, 24408, 47, 3323, 7717, 15, 93232, 159, 43317, 136, 9343, 31, 1140, 77840, 136, 24408, 47, 10070, 219, 15, 93232, 159, 59690, 5, 187040, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 119148, 621, 105866, 59671, 588, 2813, 12, 119148, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 142, 45964, 59444, 7, 111, 213050, 53, 4, 62038, 1916, 20271, 70, 12610, 1615, 5, 3293, 509, 39563, 297, 390, 1119, 73427, 5256, 137272, 678, 33976, 136, 33816, 50961, 23, 157313, 4, 100439, 136, 38222, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 25188, 20271, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 168360, 450, 70, 59444, 1902, 456, 10015, 2886, 131011, 20271, 70, 109343, 32070, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 39073, 11062, 14334, 72173, 10776, 5, 581, 43581, 2663, 87168, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 47, 10, 20623, 111, 53702, 1295, 12610, 20028, 12, 100, 70, 2684, 2831, 70, 33816, 7, 11675, 95103, 23, 28, 4438, 9, 25617, 707, 144477, 1104, 49760, 927, 48225, 7, 5, 581, 91067, 10, 33102, 621, 70, 44, 3284, 246, 58, 15, 157, 65158, 1104, 49760, 927, 4, 1829, 140101, 136, 1829, 6389, 2566, 24313, 16, 136, 70, 44, 120152, 4665, 157, 58, 15, 13, 4438, 1104, 25617, 4, 1829, 175537, 3771, 136, 1829, 57979, 33276, 408, 194, 32255, 33816, 7, 621, 41421, 214, 23, 103524, 1735, 48379, 7535, 4, 134523, 5636, 7, 7464, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 27766, 9319, 145917, 6827, 25188, 90, 39563, 297, 70, 6, 116311, 23, 12610, 32070, 111, 70, 15502, 52759, 143, 2606, 9, 15896, 761, 7851, 4, 10, 33816, 37067, 214, 24408, 47, 70, 43157, 139675, 107, 4, 452, 6953, 8305, 27357, 76, 157, 136, 9207, 3945, 67, 5, 62, 10617, 903, 150449, 119148, 509, 158012, 99, 70, 209, 927, 84765, 4, 70, 10588, 214, 6275, 100, 70, 187, 1176, 7068, 5, 893, 45964, 12610, 7, 456, 80581, 297, 70, 86608, 111, 180, 59664, 23, 42041, 4688, 67, 4, 45, 36659, 142, 66733, 96113, 13482, 8951, 297, 47, 24408, 136, 51042, 33233, 70, 33816, 5, 3293, 509, 90698, 10, 20531, 29806, 47, 51312, 83629, 98, 70, 33816, 4, 237, 6181, 390, 7401, 509, 10, 5045, 99156, 29806, 47, 6181, 6957, 41170, 7, 111, 4127, 7, 5, 581, 14949, 47691, 111, 70, 54427, 34739, 3687, 23, 70, 201, 927, 46, 190, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 360, 70, 103524, 1735, 48379, 7535, 142, 142, 45964, 405, 29089, 53, 136, 10, 14949, 1608, 5310, 1556, 2809, 14037, 74, 23, 70, 43581, 1829, 12628, 187796, 3542, 134053, 14304, 12665, 73, 97545, 678, 22, 52152, 5180, 111, 71909, 136, 99245, 5, 581, 95974, 3378, 116000, 5245, 143434, 10, 53894, 25313, 289, 52028, 23, 70, 20288, 4, 136, 70, 14537, 115081, 47, 213050, 7, 136, 7068, 47, 17819, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 213050, 1690, 38529, 4, 70, 54427, 41591, 71, 23, 6863, 10002, 2663, 87168, 123055, 144573, 7464, 134523, 5636, 7, 74, 44, 7192, 1991, 31, 58, 100, 27781, 4, 1295, 70, 42845, 44, 49411, 2501, 56, 223, 830, 91084, 44, 6056, 111, 70, 58982, 7, 740, 62771, 59665, 83, 8306, 2347, 9393, 959, 32813, 538, 125296, 71, 12, 3060, 7986, 7, 62548, 442, 47, 70, 169424, 23, 70, 3687, 111, 40368, 108787, 1360, 90, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 14922, 442, 83, 158, 2875, 2822, 47, 119148, 70, 149528, 111, 44, 441, 474, 1814, 830, 10, 17311, 3173, 111, 53702, 23, 70, 36154, 2465, 100510, 5, 119148, 83, 5117, 119056, 23, 10, 59121, 12937, 1295, 18982, 483, 4, 6, 189864, 19831, 4, 10, 163769, 111, 117, 561, 22062, 390, 70, 86661, 53, 17149, 40491, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 54427, 42856, 237, 10, 147306, 111, 18276, 7, 1379, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 856, 49107, 164473, 223, 830, 678, 10, 106820, 233234, 47, 5906, 25, 284, 27726, 9702, 136, 10, 166904, 37702, 133, 5, 64511, 6626, 366, 206, 9035, 189232, 214, 582, 11680, 164473, 223, 621, 607, 297, 382, 15770, 5, 62, 67688, 4382, 19831, 70, 59444, 29695, 306, 297, 237, 10, 4092, 45556, 136, 23, 805, 617, 31678, 56, 748, 45233, 1995, 4, 7103, 70, 91375, 53, 645, 70, 213050, 7, 111, 18813, 1172, 693, 73, 111, 87, 13567, 11, 136, 1919, 109728, 1363, 237, 18813, 111, 98848, 4, 36997, 71, 119148, 4, 1144, 592, 3060, 60525, 74, 764, 61047, 297, 47, 44, 12724, 246, 58, 70, 31486, 111, 66678, 5066, 272, 136, 32872, 297, 10, 5895, 538, 16839, 4, 3129, 51776, 3687, 11907, 68318, 3853, 134523, 5636, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 32872, 297, 10, 52341, 111, 117400, 136, 58709, 10, 26944, 100, 193, 10384, 2320, 4, 17368, 70, 7401, 7, 111, 180, 59664, 5, 1650, 112474, 4420, 47, 534, 927, 142642, 2843, 70, 23552, 9, 33863, 110313, 84996, 8, 164473, 13, 4, 49938, 372, 147, 56, 111, 70, 14949, 187, 1176, 20271, 70, 23972, 41649, 60219, 74, 764, 509, 70, 332, 739, 1419, 214, 70, 5117, 14949, 49938, 98, 70, 58332, 58982, 7, 23, 70, 133868, 111, 20414, 423, 4, 209, 5046, 5, 360, 534, 4598, 4, 119148, 509, 1954, 297, 47, 70, 61585, 390, 120025, 92, 196393, 17817, 4, 237, 1992, 4745, 674, 100, 214267, 1830, 26548, 70, 152239, 12610, 145359, 74, 442, 509, 69405, 456, 978, 24908, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 534, 1197, 136, 427, 1837, 621, 17164, 297, 300, 86, 37377, 7, 1295, 119148, 23, 70, 24408, 7717, 11341, 4, 3060, 111, 2856, 66165, 81551, 47, 70, 14449, 111, 109575, 6130, 14, 8, 164473, 13, 4, 3332, 86675, 23, 119148, 16792, 534, 11648, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 12937, 11435, 71, 23, 70, 97291, 111, 70, 2027, 101487, 133, 139675, 107, 111, 24408, 4, 10932, 65964, 10, 5117, 17986, 509, 88303, 23, 119148, 74, 23, 616, 13556, 6863, 4127, 7, 3542, 123997, 390, 70, 104734, 72004, 5129, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 119148, 15, 74, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 59444, 136, 44, 277, 1811, 58, 15, 78055, 25258, 134393, 16, 23, 70, 115364, 6406, 111, 24408, 23, 70, 89176, 10776, 111, 213050, 53, 4, 105866, 1672, 144477, 25617, 111, 24408, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Frazioni.", "History.", "Ancient times.", "Middle Age.", "Modern era.", "Name origin.", "Coat of arms.", "Culture.", "Rail transport.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Rho is lapped by the river Olona and crossed by its tributaries Bozzente and Lura, nowadays partially cloaked inside the town. At the north and east of the town, there is the Strada statale 33 del Sempione, which in the past was crossing the town itself, in the current \"corso Europa\". Rho is at the meeting point of railways linking Milan to Varese (Line S5) and Domodossola and Milan to Novara (Line S6).", "Inside the municipality of Rho are located seven frazioni:", "", "Rho is one of the most ancient towns of Lombardy, originating during the Roman era. This was confirmed by excavations associated with building and road construction in 1876, 1890 and 1917. Additional research during the 20th century showed that the town had remarkable importance during the imperial age, when it was part of the XI Transpadanian region. The current topography can be traced to a style of organization from Roman times: for the most part the roads run parallel in east-west or north–south directions. The reference axis are the \"cardo\" (north–south, via Madonna and via Garibaldi) and the \"Decumano\" (east–west, via Matteotti and via Porta Ronca). These roads are crossing in piazza San Vittore, nowadays still the center of the town. Further archeological researches confirmed the existence in Roman age of the Via Mediolanum-Verbannus, a road connecting Milan to the Lake Maggiore, passing through Legnano and Gallarate. Along this infrastructure Rho was placed at the 10th mile, the resting point for the army then. Ancient Romans redirected the flow of Olona in Lucernate, digging an artificial riverbed directed to Milan and running along the road. This was considered a fundamental solution to increase traffic on the road, as transport by water was a much easier solution to transport big amounts of goods. The Christianization of the village took place in the 4th – 5th centuries. In the piazza San Vittore an ancient cemetery and a Christian chapel has been found; in the current via Belvedere were discovered Capuchin graves with engravings of alfa and omega.", "The barbarian invasions caused a deep economical crisis in the zone, and the power passed to Lombards and then to Franks. During the Lombard reign, the village assumed in its own topography names existing still nowadays; \"Pomero\" for example, from the Latin \"Post Moerus\", meaning \"out of the walls\". Such origin is nevertheless not universally recognized: some texts related it to the presence in the place of several apple trees. In the same period it is conferred to Rho the appeal of \"Curtis\", a particular form of organization in the feudal society. Rho is first mentioned in a written document from January 9, 864 AD, a certificate of permutation by the notary Agatone, referred to the village simply as a bunch of houses under the name of \"Vicus Raudus\", with a church entitled to Sant'Ambrogio and a rough castle. Other two parchments recalling Vicus Raudus are dated 871. Around 1000 AD the town bloomed as a free commune and in 1004 Emperor Henry II, after the victory over the Lombards of King Arduin of Ivrea and his coronation as King of Italy, visited Rho, signing some documents; he accorded to \"Rodo\" the role of capopieve and instituted a weekly market, which takes place every Monday even nowadays. He also instituted a Court of Justice and dug a canal for irrigation, using the waters of Olona. It dates back to 11th century also the half-legendary Giovanni de Raude, flagbearer of the Christian army during the First Crusade; he was the man hoisting the first Christian flag on the Jerusalem walls in the battle of July 15, 1099. In 1160, Rho was razed to the ground by Frederick Barbarossa, as punishment for rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire; it was quickly rebuilt. Between 1130 and 1215 are recorded nine consuls from Rho in the Milanese state, some of them belonging to the family of Capitanei de Raude, residing in Rho since 1196. According to a document filed in the Archive of the Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, around 1300 a first hospital was built in Rho; in 1481 its goods were bought by the Augustinians friars of Santa Maria del Pasquerio in Rho. In 1305 the noble Cressone Crivelli tried with his soldiers to take possession of Rho and Nerviano, but he was defeated by the popular reaction. Eight years later the town was nonetheless conquered by Milan, who killed or imprisoned almost all the inhabitants. Because of its water and fertile lands, in the 15th century many Milanese notables moved to Rho, building sumptuous palaces, mostly no longer existing. The noble presence was such that in Rho was instituted a Universitas nobilium dicti loci de Raude. Between the 16th and 17th century two new monasteries were built: by Agostinians and by Capuchins (on the road to Lucernate), both destroyed in the Napoleonic invasion.", "In 1511 the Landsknecht, commanded by Matteo Schinner, sacked Rho during their descent in Italy. Then the Spanish domination took place and in 1539 King Charles V granted the feud to Visconti family. In 1570 a plague epidemic took place in the population, already weakened by the Spanish oppression. According to the chronicles of that time, on 24 April 1583 a painting of Pietà cried blood tears, event subsequently recognized as a miracle by the Catholic Church. Instead of the chapel where the painting was placed, a Sanctuary to the Lady of Sorrows was built, with the collaboration of several artists among the best of the region. During the 17th century plague hit again the zone and in 1663 the inhabitants erected in the current piazza San Vittore a \"Croce della peste\" (Cross of the plague), moved beside the parish church in 1928 and moved back to its original place seventy years later. In 1928 a Royal Decree assigned to Rho the town of Passirana, previously part of the comune of Lainate; in 1932 Rho got the official title of \"Città\". On 10 October 1956 in the hamlet Terrazzano two drifters abducted about one hundred students and three teachers of the local primary school. During the police blitz, which took place after six hours, policemen mistakenly killed Sante Zennaro, who had heroically tried rescuing children negotiating with the kidnapper. At the beginning of 21st century, the new exposition centre of Fiera di Milano was built inside an area for the 90% in the territory of Rho and for the remaining part in the township of Pero. Inaugurated in 2005, was projected by the architect Massimiliano Fuksas and it is constituted by eight pavilions for a total exposition surface of indoors and outdoors. In a close area took place the Expo 2015.", "One theory derives the name from the \"Campi Raudi\" where the Roman consul Caius Marius defeated the Cimbri. The name is presumably from the Celtic \"rhaudes\" 'field', or \"raud\" or \"rod\" 'river' (\"cf.\" Roddi and Roddino in the Province of Cuneo). Another postulates that the city was founded by expatriates from the Greek island of Rhodes. The current name of Rho, with the \"h\" in the middle, was made official in 1932, but the town has had various other names. The first document mentioning Rho, in 846, calls it \"Vico Raudo\", and it consists of a hamlet surrounded by cultivated lands. \"Vico\" is a group of houses in the country, while \"Raudo\" probably comes from the Latin \"Rhaudum\", a rough castle existing there. Other names include: \"Rhode\", \"Rodo\", \"Raude\", \"Raudo\", \"Rhaudum\"; in 16th-17th century one common version was \"Aro\", then \"Rò\", \"Rhò\" and \"Rho\". In his \"Commentari sulle famiglie milanesi\", Raffaele Fagnani imagines a Rhodian origin. This hypothesis is no longer tenable.", "The coat of arms of the municipality is the wheel with five spokes, crest of the Capitanei de Raude family, vassals of Sassonia and Bavaria dukes. The five spokes are recalling five emperors: Henry the Fowler, Otto I, Otto II, Otto III and Henry II. In heraldry the wheel is a symbol of luck or victory, recalling to the latin saying: \"the powerful wheel crushed every opponent\". In the ancient Basilica of Aquileia there is a chapel named to Torriani family, where, between two coffins, is standing the tombslab of \"Allegranza da Rho\" (14th century), wife of Corrado della Torre and mother of the patriarch Cassono della Torre. On the tombstone is engraved the crest of Rho, pictured as a shield with a wheel in the middle.", "The new megacomplex of FieraMilano (Milan Fair), opened in 2005 and is located in Rho near the border with Pero.", "Rho is served by two railway stations: Rho, in the city centre, and Rho Fiera Milano, located by the FieraMilano complex.", "<br" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 821, 5, 341, 8486, 965, 6774, 12151, 509, 103122, 98, 11994, 17846, 60487, 4, 23, 384, 3729, 372, 3466, 15, 441, 731, 3089, 89262, 15565, 194, 14847, 764, 509, 21567, 764, 509, 6181, 297, 3934, 70, 83572, 202104, 11491, 23, 35138, 7299, 5, 147466, 4, 20271, 70, 52287, 271, 63647, 4, 764, 509, 168861, 47, 4488, 100, 17262, 5369, 23, 70, 4061, 519, 7610, 5665, 23, 21504, 33191, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 98, 70, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 6, 197652, 53, 111, 70, 28166, 12535, 4, 13036, 214, 23, 115066, 53, 4, 6, 197652, 53, 136, 32544, 10794, 41637, 5, 360, 27631, 764, 113054, 297, 10, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 6, 197652, 53, 5, 360, 11891, 764, 509, 2855, 3674, 70, 44759, 111, 52625, 111, 28745, 5, 147466, 4, 7103, 1919, 87163, 1363, 98, 70, 19629, 50281, 12535, 15, 571, 37599, 247, 70, 13918, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 145574, 1391, 2601, 70318, 297, 4049, 678, 70, 44, 49545, 2481, 16030, 58, 79385, 5, 360, 28980, 1104, 78972, 764, 79786, 23, 70, 2795, 88610, 289, 69292, 43975, 23, 210721, 128169, 29874, 22072, 7, 23, 2363, 212485, 100, 5361, 84382, 23, 54411, 4, 136, 20697, 23, 70, 17986, 7, 41866, 678, 27968, 60264, 4, 109728, 1294, 60264, 136, 678, 70, 62523, 20051, 5, 360, 8382, 5369, 4, 764, 26038, 59619, 7, 136, 91376, 15044, 23, 70, 103655, 456, 57964, 136, 1563, 52562, 5, 147466, 4, 764, 189924, 44, 94005, 55182, 53, 58, 99, 70, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 28076, 28745, 7, 99, 70, 28166, 12535, 15, 50344, 6261, 194, 821, 5, 341, 8486, 965, 6774, 12151, 509, 10, 128160, 4, 764, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 53938, 21533, 84084, 111, 103655, 6499, 927, 982, 4, 6, 135653, 297, 136, 39563, 297, 5173, 112227, 4, 186094, 297, 240437, 136, 21, 53, 19542, 5372, 5, 1326, 43606, 5369, 764, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 210721, 9, 80938, 86052, 111, 70, 106820, 136, 100, 423, 5369, 15, 156912, 1104, 116177, 16, 5675, 32512, 3163, 89829, 237, 10, 21, 53, 32786, 111, 70, 105207, 14361, 111, 70, 28271, 106820, 4, 70, 19010, 31, 2465, 1311, 309, 1428, 5, 360, 28980, 764, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 84084, 136, 67081, 601, 13709, 41714, 23, 46980, 272, 4, 136, 23, 28015, 142, 115992, 42, 47, 70, 105669, 4537, 41714, 111, 70, 601, 13709, 5, 341, 8486, 965, 6774, 12151, 1902, 2809, 139505, 16792, 59782, 136, 1902, 17262, 20020, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 116196, 341, 8486, 965, 6774, 12151, 15, 16305, 206, 17846, 60487, 46, 14487, 30284, 101634, 509, 10, 103655, 55182, 1419, 136, 6, 70035, 5, 1529, 8, 7010, 678, 16227, 55182, 53, 4, 195935, 55182, 53, 136, 7643, 106864, 5, 1529, 91376, 10, 14012, 111, 42840, 98, 11405, 4, 6, 66398, 4, 221791, 136, 2843, 100, 96259, 7432, 136, 6863, 24725, 98, 14135, 16227, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "J. Křivohlavý was born on March 19, 1925, in Třebenice (Czechoslovakia). When he was 17, he was transported into the Nazi concentration camp in Terezin. Later, during the communist regime, he was forced to work for three years in the Prago IV mine in Kladno. He studied on the Faculty of Philosophy of the Charles University, majoring in Psychology, Philosophy and Anglicistics. In 1950 he obtained a Ph.D. in Philosophy. In 1996 he was granted the title of Doctor of Science. Later, after his habilitation on the Masaryk University (Brno), the president of the Czech Republic Václav Havel awarded him with the \"university professor\" degree. In 1967–1994 he worked in the Postgradual Medical Institute in Prague teaching medical doctors in their preparation for specializing in medicine, and working in the hospitals especially with cancer patients, coronary patients and with the handicapped. In those years, he gave lectures and published both in the Czech republic and abroad. Later, he taught \"health psychology\" at the Faculty of Human Sciences at the Charles University (Prague). J. Křivohlavý was a protestant, he was a member of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, baptised and confirmed (1939), ordained presbyter and lay preacher. For five years he was a member of the Prague-region administration of the church and for 15 years (1969–1984) thrice elected as a lay member of the leading body of the whole church, the Synodal Counsel. In 1967 he was a member of the Church and Society WCC meeting in Geneve, and in 1968 an adviser to the Uppsala general meeting of the WCC. Křivohlavý had been married since 1951 and had three children." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 14135, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 125876, 27613, 18481, 3542, 19336, 8753, 7, 79442, 19, 47, 70, 16128, 100, 1460, 6635, 15342, 12630, 4, 842, 1579, 425, 4, 136, 122084, 21968, 141, 1926, 1916, 1672, 3576, 1104, 14105, 335, 10854, 5, 1301, 509, 70, 7225, 100, 70, 25877, 3509, 15, 748, 62814, 31, 9, 647, 9851, 31, 16, 1926, 23962, 136, 70, 53918, 13, 4209, 54311, 13, 1336, 840, 4, 70, 1305, 9, 26951, 73, 18481, 136, 239, 67, 12613, 133, 29394, 360, 7143, 11814, 70, 35631, 13, 4267, 73, 60243, 10776, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 15044, 51065, 136, 41710, 24189, 156444, 4, 162145, 289, 4, 136, 144681, 2265, 170420, 143434, 70, 16128, 47, 186, 32997, 297, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 4568, 10776, 23, 70, 180972, 19694, 1172, 49086, 47, 186, 8, 771, 42943, 3674, 20271, 70, 59784, 65058, 72944, 4, 243, 525, 214, 47, 6863, 4537, 25313, 131011, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 37700, 42413, 29394, 6, 157695, 111, 3129, 442, 509, 46505, 25958, 10, 2831, 136, 68018, 70, 7893, 9615, 19929, 82761, 5, 98416, 7, 1295, 70, 15497, 1760, 46512, 3387, 157578, 125876, 27613, 18481, 4, 53637, 11, 60096, 18481, 4, 136, 4518, 73, 18481, 20271, 1926, 1916, 55812, 5256, 136, 71702, 678, 70, 360, 7143, 94407, 5, 56979, 64010, 45646, 7, 98, 35631, 13, 4267, 73, 60243, 1543, 186, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 10, 72399, 9, 131692, 25877, 3509, 6, 34165, 4989, 23923, 5, 581, 5117, 28811, 47, 143839, 70, 90695, 7103, 70, 155955, 111, 70, 59784, 65058, 72944, 509, 25031, 1853, 58871, 23, 611, 2485, 5, 125876, 27613, 18481, 509, 24, 4806, 23, 543, 12744, 390, 38157, 11614, 133, 28394, 25, 7, 55812, 1363, 7103, 56230, 112652, 1507, 4, 106, 271, 241, 147, 141, 111, 125876, 27613, 5, 581, 7082, 55812, 1363, 12441, 390, 62, 5876, 63470, 7, 10255, 21286, 23, 151258, 41421, 297, 70, 90695, 1295, 28, 4438, 47, 65272, 4, 137633, 214, 19953, 1657, 1505, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 90695, 5, 581, 10255, 21286, 55812, 1363, 14037, 165082, 100, 525, 7, 98, 125876, 27613, 18481, 23, 70, 72399, 109969, 7, 5, 63887, 6923, 3698, 6651, 509, 5117, 88898, 71, 23, 115275, 390, 908, 34702, 14, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 71047, 159, 814, 186514, 25, 7, 116, 2208, 103993, 135909, 138489, 1363, 5, 581, 125876, 27613, 65058, 4687, 17463, 509, 12937, 297, 390, 70, 56101, 1172, 49086, 138489, 1363, 111, 168707, 1104, 11835, 4, 23, 3129, 29730, 34, 86216, 19460, 3915, 180834, 206, 25, 7, 19085, 23409, 1295, 117081, 53257, 12667, 15, 16, 65272, 47, 117081, 165479, 15, 247, 26719, 70, 5550, 71, 136392, 65058, 4687, 17463, 5, 360, 96903, 12452, 1460, 6635, 12441, 142, 55812, 1363, 23, 144477, 9022, 125876, 27613, 18481, 4, 1295, 117081, 53257, 12667, 33233, 70, 184085, 47, 70, 171827, 5609, 111, 37226, 1015, 42413, 23817, 114896, 1456, 194, 133698, 1460, 6635, 25, 7, 55812, 1363, 4, 70, 6, 2980, 2412, 17463, 509, 62005, 223, 74, 442, 1556, 16792, 2809, 25902, 3674, 47, 765, 127918, 5, 125876, 27613, 18481, 83, 84797, 71, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 390, 353, 2109, 7832, 217, 1295, 15497, 1760, 4, 47, 70, 65272, 390, 156327, 161, 42413, 136, 37226, 1015, 42413, 1295, 150033, 19614, 4969, 18481, 4, 136, 47, 70, 127067, 390, 29304, 42413, 136, 23660, 53437, 7832, 217, 1295, 262, 8540, 18481, 5, 125876, 27613, 18481, 70541, 7, 25730, 25, 7, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 4, 117081, 121328, 4, 99, 382, 114896, 910, 55673, 8894, 43808, 839, 5, 5455, 3501, 1632, 9, 1029, 2480, 127, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 30312, 237, 10022, 3771, 9276, 763, 11631, 9907, 5227, 15, 82772, 538, 125876, 27613, 18481, 9907, 5227, 118886, 247, 3129, 96853, 59671, 6, 76585, 7, 136, 10, 96551, 111, 169783, 1314, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 43157, 57377, 33, 4, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 142105, 85437, 144477, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 163731, 5, 3253, 372, 916, 162737, 4, 70, 167375, 101120, 23, 1429, 76, 53720, 15, 16, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 56101, 145359, 142462, 98, 125876, 27613, 18481, 5, 581, 2684, 144477, 9022, 101120, 37457, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 70, 73630, 42, 71175, 7, 4, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 10776, 111, 70, 90695, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 459, 372, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 35839, 110427, 6557, 5, 360, 20414, 56434, 10, 35187, 959, 297, 70, 213566, 7154, 111, 117016, 100, 7401, 3584, 27751, 4, 131983, 13, 2844, 1636, 4, 136, 98220, 13, 98, 125876, 27613, 18481, 5, 129551, 47, 4939, 159, 17965, 111, 44109, 25, 7, 12535, 23, 87703, 1507, 4, 200086, 4, 136, 133733, 159, 5, 310, 5, 120469, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 24748, 11, 23, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 24814, 214, 27289, 136, 70890, 4680, 2320, 765, 143434, 27226, 7401, 90926, 136, 65572, 23, 70, 290, 6133, 1294, 111, 15266, 6468, 136, 36311, 15534, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 25188, 1314, 959, 297, 450, 44, 4153, 70, 15643, 7, 1836, 27983, 44841, 47, 95549, 26177, 259, 14202, 47, 3249, 2363, 3917, 47, 70, 15266, 6468, 27, 204610, 390, 3295, 70, 5701, 58555, 3542, 36898, 20174, 47, 96865, 1242, 181268, 126826, 7, 111, 125876, 27613, 18481, 621, 127918, 678, 169783, 1314, 136, 6, 2980, 4, 678, 1572, 1681, 65058, 28394, 15, 16, 136, 45421, 12917, 15, 16, 23, 70, 127067, 74, 54041, 111, 82588, 65058, 28394, 15, 16, 136, 17149, 7, 4900, 65058, 14304, 15, 16, 33233, 70, 9879, 9, 13, 4438, 5609, 111, 70, 90695, 4, 136, 70, 182688, 125876, 27613, 6, 2980, 28394, 7, 15, 194, 581, 144477, 25617, 184085, 111, 125876, 27613, 18481, 509, 127918, 390, 10, 106750, 4, 4989, 6, 2980, 2412, 17463, 24189, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 125876, 27613, 65058, 4687, 17463, 7547, 36467, 390, 2510, 33297, 23, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4743, 47, 24814, 214, 12768, 7, 23, 70, 1172, 49086, 4, 106480, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 136, 27712, 7, 4, 10, 14922, 3229, 70, 142105, 6, 2980, 90695, 7, 15, 2347, 384, 418, 136, 70, 384, 304, 6, 2980, 90695, 7, 16, 3542, 100, 4806, 137802, 70, 84797, 74733, 101985, 4, 6631, 1577, 4, 10663, 86, 4, 5550, 71, 136392, 4, 136, 7880, 3915, 65058, 4687, 3723, 90, 5, 62, 21735, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 125876, 27613, 18481, 15, 4153, 2247, 118, 17465, 12, 2793, 214, 2327, 1429, 76, 4, 91084, 44, 1760, 111, 842, 1579, 43833, 56128, 1388, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 43954, 301, 864, 6803, 5865, 16843, 23, 70, 180972, 181991, 53, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 5, 18118, 214, 28032, 70, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 4, 442, 83, 90698, 2831, 111, 70, 44109, 72542, 18481, 7, 4, 678, 117081, 121328, 8035, 70, 2684, 144477, 56, 538, 6275, 111, 3551, 23, 25730, 5, 1650, 48402, 90, 142, 16128, 111, 136, 70, 3622, 140909, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 4, 20662, 442, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 1492, 927, 142105, 90695, 136, 25730, 25, 7, 50960, 142105, 90695, 5, 581, 1172, 49086, 134736, 33150, 11, 101120, 5426, 29256, 7, 5045, 111, 125876, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Protected areas.", "Glaciers and ice caps.", "Paleontology.", "Insect ecology.", "Earth's magnetism.", "Population.", "Alert.", "Eureka.", "Grise Fiord.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The first human inhabitants of Ellesmere Island were small bands drawn to the area for Peary caribou, muskox, and marine mammal hunting about 2000–1000 BCE. As was the case for the Dorset (or Paleo-Eskimo) hunters and the pioneering Neoeskimos, the post-Ruin Island and Late Thule culture Inuit used the Bache Peninsula region extensively both summer and winter until environmental, ecological, and possibly social circumstances caused the area to be abandoned. It was the last region in the Canadian High Arctic to be depopulated during the Little Ice Age, attesting to its general economic importance as part of the Smith Sound culture sphere of which it was occasionally a part and sometimes the principal settlement component. Vikings from the Greenland colonies reached Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island, and Ruin Island during hunting expeditions and trading with the Inuit groups. Unusual structures on Bache Peninsula may be the remains of a late-period Dorset stone longhouse. The first European to sight the island after the height of the Little Ice Age was William Baffin in 1616. Ellesmere Island was named in 1852 by Edward Inglefield's expedition after Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere. The US expedition led by Adolphus Greely in 1881 crossed the island from east to west, establishing Fort Conger in the northern part of the island. The Greely expedition found fossil forests on Ellesmere Island in the late 1880s. Stenkul Fiord was first explored in 1902 by Per Schei, a member of Otto Sverdrup's 2nd Norwegian Polar Expedition. The Ellesmere Ice Shelf was documented by the British Arctic Expedition of 1875–76, in which Lieutenant Pelham Aldrich's party went from Cape Sheridan () west to Cape Alert (), including the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf. In 1906 Robert Peary led an expedition in northern Ellesmere Island, from Cape Sheridan along the coast to the western side of Nansen Sound (93°W). During Peary's expedition, the ice shelf was continuous; it has since been estimated to have covered.", "Ellesmere Island is separated to the east by Nares Strait from Greenland, to the west by Eureka Sound and Nansen Sound from Axel Heiberg Island, and to the south by Jones Sound and Cardigan Strait from Devon Island. Ellesmere Island contains Canada's northernmost point, Cape Columbia, at 83°6′41′′N.", "More than one-fifth of the island is protected as Quttinirpaaq National Park (formerly Ellesmere Island National Park Reserve), which includes seven fjords and a variety of glaciers, as well as Lake Hazen, North America's largest lake north of the Arctic Circle. Barbeau Peak, the highest mountain in Nunavut () is located in the British Empire Range on Ellesmere Island. The most northern mountain range in the world, the Challenger Mountains, is located in the northeast region of the island. The northern lobe of the island is called Grant Land. In July 2007, a study noted the disappearance of habitat for waterfowl, invertebrates, and algae on Ellesmere Island. According to John Smol of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and Marianne S. V. Douglas of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, warming conditions and evaporation have caused low water levels and changes in the chemistry of ponds and wetlands in the area. The researchers noted that \"In the 1980s they often needed to wear hip waders to make their way to the ponds...while by 2006 the same areas were dry enough to burn.\"", "Large portions of Ellesmere Island are covered with glaciers and ice, with Manson Icefield () and Sydkap () in the south; Prince of Wales Icefield () and Agassiz Ice Cap () along the central-east side of the island, and the Northern Ellesmere icefields (). The northwest coast of Ellesmere Island was covered by a massive, long ice shelf until the 20th century. The Ellesmere Ice Shelf shrank by 90 percent in the 20th century due to warming trends in the Arctic, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, a period when the largest ice islands (the T1 and the T2 ice islands) were formed leaving the separate Alfred Ernest, Ayles, Milne, Ward Hunt, and Markham Ice Shelves. A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that or of ice calved from the Milne and Ayles ice shelves between 1959 and 1974. The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (>10 m, >30 ft) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962. It further decreased by 27% in thickness () between 1967 and 1999. The breakup of the Ellesmere Ice Shelves has continued in the 21st century: the Ward Ice Shelf experienced a major breakup during the summer of 2002; the Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on August 13, 2005; the largest breakoff of the ice shelf in 25 years, it may pose a threat to the oil industry in the Beaufort Sea. The piece is. In April 2008, it was discovered that the Ward Hunt shelf was fractured, with dozens of deep, multi-faceted cracks and in September 2008 the Markham shelf () completely broke off to become floating sea ice. A study published 2018 by White and Copland measured an areal reduction of 5.9% in 1773 glaciers in Northern Ellesmere island in the 16-year period 1999-2015 based on satellite data. In the same period 19 out of 27 ice tongues disintegrated to their grounding lines and ice shelves suffered a 42% loss in surface area.", "Schei and later Nathorst described the Paleocene-Eocene (ca. 55 Ma) fossil forest in the Stenkul Fiord sediments. The Stenkul Fiord site represents a series of deltaic swamp and floodplain forests. The trees stood for at least 400 years. Individual stumps and stems of >1 m (>3 ft) diameter were abundant, and are identified as \"Metasequoia\" and possibly \"Glyptostrobus\". Well preserved Pliocene peats containing abundant vertebrate and plant macrofossils characteristic of a boreal forest have been reported from Strathcona Fiord. In 2006, University of Chicago paleontologist Neil Shubin and Academy of Natural Sciences paleontologist Ted Daeschler reported the discovery of the fossil of a Paleozoic (ca. 375 Ma) fish, named \"Tiktaalik roseae\", in the former stream beds of Ellesmere Island. The fossil exhibits many characteristics of fish, but also indicates a transitional creature that may be a predecessor of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. In 2011, Jason P. Downs and co-authors described the sarcopterygian \"Laccognathus embryi\" from specimens collected from the same locality that \"Tiktaalik\" was found.", "Ellesmere Island is noted as being the northernmost occurrence of eusocial insects; specifically, the bumblebee \"Bombus polaris\". There is a second species of bumblebee occurring there, \"Bombus hyperboreus\", which is a parasite in the nests of \"B. polaris\". While non-eusocial, the Arctic woolly bear moth (\"Gynaephora groenlandica\") can also be found at Ellesmere Island. While this species generally has a 10-year life cycle, its life is known to extend to up to 14 years at both the Alexandra Fiord lowland and Ellesmere Island.", "In 2015, the Earth's geomagnetic north pole was located at approximately, on Ellesmere Island. It is forecast to remain on Ellesmere Island in 2020, shifting to.", "In 2016, the population of Ellesmere Island was recorded as 191. There are three settlements on Ellesmere Island: Alert (pop. 62), Eureka (permanent pop. 0, but home to a small temporary population), and Grise Fiord (pop. 129), Politically, it is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region.", "Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert is the northernmost settlement in the world. With the end of the Cold War and the advent of new technologies allowing for remote interpretation of data, the overwintering population has been reduced to 62 civilians and military personnel as of 2016.", "Eureka (the third northernmost settlement in the world) consists of three areas: Eureka Aerodrome, which includes Fort Eureka (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment); the Environment Canada Weather Station; and the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone (AStrO) Observatory. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada.", "Grise Fiord (Inuktitut:,, place that never thaws\") is an Inuit hamlet that, despite a population of only 129, is the largest community on Ellesmere Island. Located at the southern tip of Ellesmere Island, Grise Fiord lies 1,160 km (720 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. Grise Fiord is the northernmost civilian settlement in Canada. It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world, with an average yearly temperature of −16.5 °C (2.3 °F). Grise Fiord is cradled by the Arctic Cordillera mountain range.", "Ellesmere Island is the setting of much of Melanie McGrath’s \"The Long Exile: A True Story of Deception and Survival Amongst the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic\" about the High Arctic relocation, and also of her Edie Kiglatuk mystery series. In the 2013 American superhero film \"Man of Steel\", Ellesmere Island was the site of a combined U.S.-Canadian scientific expedition to recover an ancient Kryptonian spaceship buried in the glacial ice pack. The island was the location for the 2014 BBC programme \"Snow Wolf Family and Me\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 26349, 115851, 90, 33233, 166904, 538, 121908, 140635, 7, 111, 70, 107361, 9523, 15520, 134369, 17721, 70, 14834, 31075, 111, 4937, 93, 47, 70, 144477, 136, 19146, 73326, 11, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 5201, 538, 49878, 3551, 128839, 538, 25193, 13569, 154732, 70, 15520, 33233, 70, 6, 134369, 2256, 4, 3129, 83, 47763, 71, 678, 35299, 8770, 118666, 4778, 678, 11948, 238, 150, 120126, 1238, 141775, 2886, 47, 70, 21917, 1162, 54700, 111, 99536, 136, 113430, 5, 581, 26349, 65042, 7, 23, 1760, 154732, 70, 14834, 31075, 111, 5631, 2832, 4, 4518, 965, 45, 3561, 24683, 4, 136, 2994, 150, 32929, 4, 7440, 442, 58359, 90, 70, 57616, 78280, 7, 111, 70, 10934, 429, 22387, 8918, 5, 360, 155955, 4, 14851, 329, 36142, 37457, 7, 1295, 15520, 17366, 47, 13442, 106384, 36917, 442, 136, 5201, 538, 36, 143414, 3387, 10, 43613, 17721, 70, 6, 134369, 136, 70, 111930, 9, 5267, 39884, 6, 68823, 7514, 13315, 4, 678, 3060, 57616, 78280, 7, 7730, 107314, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 13315, 23, 70, 5906, 25, 148233, 11, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 4, 70, 188513, 136, 25297, 58555, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 2831, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 24145, 876, 167457, 390, 6626, 118666, 4778, 450, 158, 74789, 43573, 70, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 11469, 4, 1661, 7, 77546, 3501, 70, 14432, 206990, 27081, 34754, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 10, 170027, 66, 153552, 4, 678, 72852, 289, 165847, 41710, 7, 136, 8010, 4, 165847, 51065, 7, 5, 61727, 13, 14838, 41039, 21094, 621, 71644, 297, 390, 70, 107361, 9523, 27414, 5, 873, 214, 10, 184085, 289, 26349, 4, 35845, 165847, 2481, 47143, 7, 11192, 87420, 70, 6602, 136, 37457, 7, 98, 83080, 17721, 26134, 136, 21020, 5, 146185, 1831, 43581, 7, 1295, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 27983, 19095, 92319, 52768, 7, 23, 41710, 136, 9683, 11, 18403, 41170, 7, 111, 108203, 9146, 5, 82507, 4, 5201, 538, 17438, 14534, 47, 70, 41710, 21775, 4, 83, 111531, 77336, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 154453, 4, 23, 12610, 20028, 2685, 1543, 765, 2809, 10, 9615, 19929, 3688, 35839, 24073, 6609, 8726, 51029, 581, 9351, 23, 70, 4000, 220734, 4, 44, 856, 6964, 34673, 18651, 13, 830, 136, 21373, 538, 4, 44, 571, 17423, 36142, 830, 5809, 186, 20117, 7, 187, 72219, 1295, 450, 7311, 9351, 5, 581, 9351, 5809, 186, 100, 10, 9615, 19929, 707, 42856, 1295, 10, 36549, 111, 6713, 6056, 12765, 38496, 7, 100, 44, 173650, 1236, 58, 17292, 8876, 7, 2750, 2806, 13695, 39544, 1295, 56050, 32323, 33233, 70, 15502, 147789, 11, 2685, 100, 78312, 90, 5, 116267, 62548, 154453, 83, 450, 70, 2565, 44, 65331, 83797, 58, 707, 44, 856, 6964, 2507, 18651, 13, 58, 23, 70, 4000, 220734, 21449, 1295, 10, 1286, 142, 45964, 2565, 100, 142, 130807, 660, 4000, 10644, 111, 36, 344, 53201, 4, 70, 44, 1824, 15370, 58, 24073, 41732, 42, 11680, 11782, 14, 5293, 2245, 51029, 581, 36, 344, 83, 70, 36, 344, 111, 76382, 13, 4, 3129, 55993, 7, 15044, 237, 10, 53201, 136, 237, 10, 7547, 47485, 5, 360, 98848, 4, 442, 4734, 55993, 7, 23, 5787, 53588, 4, 219371, 102, 136, 63457, 20102, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 16792, 442, 509, 70, 114122, 111, 70, 12610, 7, 47, 60393, 13, 142, 36, 344, 32845, 206, 47, 8382, 2750, 1902, 57, 4126, 14135, 6897, 4, 14851, 329, 36142, 4, 3129, 93544, 39544, 645, 64194, 162708, 678, 53697, 86433, 3956, 27, 2806, 765, 1902, 142, 36, 344, 53201, 237, 10, 18466, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 154453, 4, 23, 12610, 20028, 2685, 2806, 765, 2809, 10, 9615, 19929, 3688, 35839, 44, 6609, 8726, 29754, 58, 24073, 6609, 8726, 51029, 581, 5744, 26349, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 70, 111413, 7, 23, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 136, 22, 320, 17704, 1379, 70, 62, 75334, 7717, 68728, 8946, 111, 353, 99726, 23, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 181991, 53, 111, 14851, 329, 36142, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 16792, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 5, 360, 70, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 14922, 143383, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 3542, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 3395, 111, 170027, 66, 224, 16797, 5, 241, 58557, 329, 111, 14135, 103488, 83, 14037, 23, 183851, 144745, 297, 6, 34165, 142172, 7, 136, 72977, 4, 47143, 7, 111, 85825, 111, 1119, 2311, 15390, 114149, 6044, 237, 479, 66029, 238, 96, 17514, 4, 81148, 7, 4, 36, 43833, 136, 111649, 7, 4, 47143, 7, 111, 85825, 111, 148814, 114149, 1884, 1690, 4505, 45407, 3666, 4, 2119, 4342, 4, 136, 8, 56, 4, 136, 70, 9709, 4126, 14135, 6854, 474, 222201, 111, 799, 37412, 56680, 332, 14037, 23, 70, 4452, 17793, 111, 7789, 164098, 13, 450, 83, 82424, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 9907, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 25946, 111, 6760, 12806, 5, 360, 70, 3786, 27726, 143383, 4, 161259, 47143, 7, 1295, 70, 54311, 4353, 75708, 14922, 765, 2843, 2809, 14037, 5, 360, 70, 42911, 731, 72944, 4, 218898, 17202, 9, 9180, 4295, 35839, 13111, 18241, 3542, 88303, 98, 14851, 329, 36142, 3551, 390, 70, 128489, 13, 3395, 2750, 158930, 2685, 5, 581, 2684, 49041, 23, 31897, 621, 70, 5585, 27796, 13111, 1055, 15, 161063, 70, 4000, 220734, 2565, 242, 1861, 33, 18788, 25, 4, 707, 6, 34165, 26814, 247, 70, 22700, 82560, 13111, 1055, 4, 136, 70, 9173, 32775, 13111, 1055, 5, 14847, 70, 9879, 2831, 111, 3561, 24683, 509, 134598, 538, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 70, 1460, 49036, 55283, 7, 4, 10, 154453, 959, 8060, 297, 390, 6, 129980, 6, 227780, 109622, 77950, 4, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 479, 66029, 238, 4262, 1098, 3423, 271, 4950, 73, 450, 3173, 7, 10, 38134, 6083, 444, 19379, 2347, 11, 6644, 23, 19146, 73326, 11, 4, 136, 70, 103724, 111, 353, 21690, 157, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 14851, 329, 36142, 4, 3542, 15044, 5368, 47, 160600, 9615, 603, 7, 2750, 1902, 25737, 2363, 24, 4935, 33532, 111, 27512, 2400, 136, 353, 275, 1298, 2677, 191, 23, 200955, 4, 1295, 3129, 4000, 3687, 123055, 15, 13784, 45757, 7, 16, 2806, 122, 5844, 5, 360, 70, 50960, 142642, 25632, 70, 166259, 42, 75708, 5550, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 77736, 1379, 70, 102351, 19, 111, 51651, 4, 136, 3853, 21208, 16387, 15555, 297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14851, 329, 36142, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 136, 14834, 2481, 98, 70, 107361, 9523, 27414, 111, 4859, 4, 2588, 418, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 3253, 152834, 9, 37839, 1651, 9, 28542, 93, 4, 23, 70, 5787, 53588, 10776, 24073, 33135, 19, 58, 12, 44, 27559, 24683, 74054, 23, 127067, 9022, 98848, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 70318, 297, 44, 114567, 125726, 18919, 58, 219508, 23, 6789, 100, 11192, 156444, 136, 31897, 5570, 7, 5, 152653, 36711, 136, 6565, 7, 13817, 18919, 90, 3542, 2843, 35649, 47314, 23, 88847, 4078, 136, 30739, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Physical Geography.", "Extent.", "Climate.", "Name.", "History.", "Overview.", "Prehistoric Period.", "Greco-Roman Period.", "High Middle Ages.", "The Norman-Hohenstaufen and Capetian House of Anjou Periods.", "Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Bisceglie.", "Ecclesiastical history.", "Worship of the three patron saints.", "Main sights.", "Twin towns — sister cities.", "Transport.", "Neighbouring communes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The city stretches along roughly 7.5 kilometres of the Adriatic seashore between the municipalities of Trani to the north and Molfetta to the south. The mainly flat land gradually slopes toward the sea along the shoreline, which is scored with shallow valleys with microclimates favourable to the flourishing of flora and fauna. The city extends inland toward the municipalities of Corato, Ruvo di Puglia, and Terlizzi, where it reaches the foothills of the Murge Plateau. In height, Bisceglie ranges from sea level to 160 metres above it and mainly occupies a strip between the shore and the Bologna-Lecce railway line, with some foothills going beyond the railway line in the Sant'Andrea neighbourhood, the employment and industrial areas. The oldest part of the city, once bounded by two valleys that converge near the basin of the port, sits higher than the later surrounding urban development.", "The city has a Mediterranean climate, with continental humid winters and hot, humid summers. Temperature fluctuations are moderated by the Adriatic Sea. Being a coastal city, relative humidity remains high throughout the year and ranges on average between 70% and 90%. Cold air currents from the northeast often bring lower temperatures in winter and sporadic amounts of snowfall. Rain, mainly confined to the winter months, is extremely variable.", "According to one theory, in Roman times there may have been a settlement here called (\"Vigil\"). The name in the local dialect, \"Vescégghie\", and similarly, \"Bisceglie\", could be variants arising from that original name. The name could be for a settlement or simply from a series of lookout checkpoints for \"vigilant\" sentinels who would keep watch from guard posts along the Via Traiana there for pirates. Another related theory is that the word \"Viscile\" or \"Vescegghie\" in the local dialect came from a more ancient word for an abundant local type of oak tree, the \"visciju\" (\"Quercus calliprinos\"). The oak is the oak of Palestine, which grows both as a tree and as a shrub. In Italy, it only grows in Apulia, Basilicata and Sicily. In addition, since it was the custom of the Romans to donate an oak branch to those who had saved human life, Bisceglie, which kept watch over entire cities with constant vigilance... would have had an oak tree as a gift.", "", "According to one theory, in Roman times there would have been a settlement here called \"Vigiliae\" (\"Vigil\"). The modern city was founded by the Normans in the 11th century and enlarged under the Aragonese dynasty of Naples in the 15th century.", "The territory of Bisceglie has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the Paleolithic period caves in the area were inhabited by people of Mediterranean descent. Evidence of human activity is found in numerous flaked stone weapons and tools, remains of animals of extinct species such as prehistoric lions, bears, oxen and horses, remains of animals of remote species like rhinoceros, hyena, and deer, and the curved human femur typical of Neanderthal man found in the grotto of Santa Croce that is currently preserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto. In the Zembro cave, ceramic remains from the Neolithic period have also been found. In the Bronze Age, impressive grave-altars called dolmens were built on Bisceglie land by the primitive people who lived there. The most interesting in quality are the Chianca dolmen (from the local dialect word 'chienghe', or stone slab), the Albarosa dolmen, and the Frisari dolmen.", "When the central part of Puglia was supposedly occupied by the Peucetians, a theory not supported by sufficient archaeological evidence, the area of the prehistoric sunken Karst basin that forms a wide natural amphitheature in Molfetta, and the district of Navarino in the territory of Bisceglie, were both home to Greek settlers who had left their native lands of Pylos and Nabàrinon in Greece, from which local place names (toponyms) would derive. In the third century following the Pyrrhic War, the territory fell under the dominion of Rome, and even though furrowed by new roads, it continued to be a transit zone and a place of scant importance. You will note that a Roman-era milestone can be found in the garden at Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II near Route SS16.", "At the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the territory of Bisceglie was characterized by the presence of small clumps of houses surrounded by high walls that were often adjacent to religious temples. The Giano (Janus) farmhouse dating back to the Roman age, and the hamlets of Cirignano, Pacciano, Sagina, and Zappino are all known for this type of house. From the early years of the seventh century up to 800 the territory of Bisceglie remained under the governance of the Lombard gastald of Canosa. Around 700 the Janus farmhouse, an ancient place of pagan worship, became the seat of a rich monastery, while in 789 some houses of the Pacciano hamlet were sold to the famous monastery of Santa Sofia. There was a spot there along the coast, rough and dense with vegetation, that was a good shelter for boats that was called by the inhabitants Vescègghie, from the name of the wild oaks spread all around. That spot was a natural outlet to the sea for those peasants who slowly started a modest seafaring collective. From that arose a small fishing village called Vescègghie, in the same timeframe as the establishment of other villages of Lombard origin such as Giovinazzo on the Adriatic coast and Terlizzi, inland. From 800 the territory was subject to the Longobard Gastald of Trani, in that period a flourishing Adriatic city. Subsequently, for about thirty years, the land of Bari was held by the Saracens, then passed to the Lombards and the Byzantines.", "Around the year 1000 the Normans landed on the Adriatic coast. In 1042 Robert Guiscard assigned Trani and its surroundings to his vassal Peter I of Trani, who became Count of Trani and retained that title until 1060. He, following some homeowners' requests for protection, started fortifying an area of homes that had cropped up near the sea. In 1060 the most ancient core of the city, surrounded by walls, was equipped with an imposing watchtower called the main tower. In this period the worship of Saints Maurus, Sergius and Pantalemon was introduced and they became the new patron saints of Bisceglie. In 1063 the bishopric of Bisceglie was established by Pope Alexander II and the construction of the cathedral was started. In 1071 Robert Guiscard reassigned Bisceglie to Peter II, Count of Trani. In 1167 Bishop Amando ordered the transportation of the sacred relics, kept until then in a sepulcher in the hamlet of Sagina, to within the city walls where the cathedral building had been completed. Among the varied activities of the nascent urban settlement, seafaring activity was key for profitable trade with the Dalmatian and Albanian coast, as well as with the Aegean Islands and the island of Cyprus. Subsequently, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor ordered the construction of a castle adjoining the main tower. Furthermore, the Hohenstaufen built up the entire territory with watchtowers. Some surviving examples can be found in the Gavetino tower, the tower of Sant'Antonio and the Zappino tower. Under the Capetian House of Anjou Bisceglie entered the fiefdom of the Counts of Montfort. In 1324 it passed to Amelio del Balzo and later, in 1326, to Robert of Anjou, son of King Charles II of Naples and his brother Philip. Despite the period of thriving commerce with the ports of the Adriatic and beyond, the young city was at the heart of intricate and bloody struggles that tore Puglia apart under Joanna I of Naples. In 1360 James of Baux became Count of Bisceglie. In the period between 1381 and 1405 he was Count of Bisceglie Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini. In September 1384 the pretender to the throne Louis I, Duke of Anjou, brother of King Charles V of France, and Charles III of Naples clashed with a long guerrilla war and on the night of 13 September Naples' forces breached the walls and sacked Bisceglie. On this occasion, Louis I, Duke of Anjou was wounded and died a few days later, on 20 September. From 1405 to 1414, King Ladislaus I of Naples held the county, and entrusted it to Lorenzo Cotignola as a reward for meritorious military service. During this period, Queen Joanna I of Naples granted some privileges to Bisceglie, including the appointment to arm galleys in her arsenal.", "On 21 July 1498 Lucrezia Borgia married Alfonso of Aragon, duke of Bisceglie and prince of Salerno, illegitimate son of Alfonso II of Naples, whose nickname was \"most beautiful boy\". The marriage would be a short one for Lucrezia, just as her previous ones, and would end tragically for the man she loved. Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia's brother, refused by Charlotte of Naples, married Charlotte of Albret instead, thereby becoming a cousin of the king of France. He pledged to help the monarch regain the kingdom of Naples. All this Gallicism alarmed Alfonso who sought refuge with his family, abandoning a pregnant Lucrezia and leaving her with a broken heart. At that point, the Pope entrusted her with the post of Governor of Spoleto to raise her spirits. On 19 September 1499, Alfonso, pushed by his uncle Frederick IV who did not want to displease the pope, reunited with Lucrezia and together they returned to Rome. In November, the duchess of Bisceglie gave birth to a boy named Rodrigo. On 15 July 1500 Alfonso was seriously injured in an ambush. The ambush was sprung by Cesare, probably eager to eliminate his Spanish kinship. Despite the severity of the wounds Alfonso healed, to Lucrezia's great joy. Cesare, unhappy with how things went, would say, \"What has not been done at lunch, can be done very well at dinner.\". Alfonso was killed by Cesare's assassin, one Micheletto Corella, on 18 August 1500 in Lucrezia's room when she had been called away on some pretext. The official explanation is that the Duke of Bisceglie broke his head open following a terrible fall while he was still convalescing. The duchy was placed in the hands of little Rodrigo accompanied by a guardian, while his mother became governor of Nepi, and would soon become Duchess of Ferrara.", "Around 800 AD, the Diocese of Bisceglie was established. It was suppressed on 27 June 1818, its territory and title being merged into the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trani-Bisceglie.", "According to the tradition reported by Armando, bishop of Bisceglie, in the time of Emperor Trajan two noble Roman knights, Sergius and Pantalemon, were won over by the words of Maurus of Bethlehem, a bishop preaching Christianity. Having converted to the new faith, the three were arrested and sentenced to death on 27 July 117. After their martyrdom, their remains were transported to the Bisceglie area in the Sagina district, where a Christian widow, Tecla de Fabiis, placed them in a tomb that she had had built. Slowly the worship of the three patron saints began to spread in the newly-formed maritime village of Bisceglie. On 9 June 1167, under the bishop Amando, the sacred relics of the three martyrs were transported inside the walls of Bisceglie, and initially kept in the church of San Fortunato, near the castle. Later the bones were transported to the church of San Bartolomeo and, finally, on 30 July 1167 they were transported to the cathedral of Bisceglie. Here, they were placed in three stone urns under three altars, in a specially constructed crypt.", "Also notable is the naturalistic area of Pantano-Ripalta.", "Bisceglie is twinned with :", "Bisceglie railway station links it with cities such as Rome, Bologna, Ancona, Foggia, Bari, Lecce and Taranto.", "Corato, Molfetta, Ruvo di Puglia, Terlizzi, Trani, Andria" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 543, 4046, 4939, 22758, 1681, 24124, 70, 127067, 25617, 184085, 136, 35839, 442, 44, 1456, 12116, 19386, 6557, 740, 360, 543, 9323, 7948, 171458, 262, 6991, 136, 14978, 159929, 134629, 6863, 127067, 13, 4438, 184085, 136, 35839, 442, 44, 856, 1771, 13333, 6557, 740, 62, 22288, 91376, 390, 4939, 335, 118201, 23, 543, 9271, 45831, 10, 28484, 44237, 1295, 6097, 6626, 33532, 144477, 47, 44, 70323, 7, 6557, 58, 3129, 83, 70, 144477, 184085, 111, 4932, 7, 18481, 5, 360, 543, 11703, 4939, 2552, 13, 116287, 297, 6863, 64194, 127067, 184085, 136, 162711, 70, 6626, 44, 15534, 740, 360, 127357, 136, 543, 11703, 12452, 85283, 822, 107, 75723, 76, 24299, 27686, 2684, 111, 4932, 7, 18481, 4, 2685, 1272, 38310, 214, 442, 1295, 70, 10588, 111, 31485, 6557, 5, 18763, 453, 2843, 116287, 297, 70, 144477, 25617, 136, 65272, 184085, 7, 111, 31485, 18481, 5, 6561, 111, 2777, 27245, 62, 26770, 1015, 25, 7, 453, 4, 3430, 41347, 68933, 4, 116287, 297, 6863, 28, 4438, 184085, 237, 2060, 237, 117081, 37226, 1015, 23, 66007, 4, 136, 23, 64104, 136, 38222, 23604, 1728, 384, 5, 23604, 1728, 1681, 4, 111, 10729, 127, 5457, 5130, 36947, 4503, 25, 7, 180972, 1172, 49086, 138489, 1363, 4, 116287, 297, 6863, 144477, 13, 4438, 184085, 4, 103882, 214, 70, 23604, 1728, 1681, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 360, 2021, 91865, 125717, 136, 31745, 6163, 53, 100512, 70, 5117, 3395, 23, 32692, 47, 35691, 36880, 31485, 18481, 5, 581, 481, 5117, 81887, 23, 4078, 165523, 4, 221, 1836, 176377, 136, 140528, 70, 41421, 214, 23, 20907, 7275, 71013, 13892, 10745, 42413, 400, 90, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 136, 70, 276, 25, 441, 2397, 188, 2594, 55969, 136, 31485, 7832, 217, 28127, 28, 4438, 19364, 5, 2161, 70, 65272, 621, 62, 26770, 1015, 16965, 420, 136, 4932, 7, 18481, 4, 3129, 83, 84797, 71, 1295, 31485, 390, 10, 4989, 45730, 35839, 70, 54041, 111, 82588, 7832, 217, 5, 717, 70, 127067, 15, 161063, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 16, 28127, 70, 20384, 19379, 19, 136, 32528, 7832, 217, 4, 170249, 9631, 4, 196458, 1363, 16965, 420, 136, 70, 262, 6991, 7832, 217, 5, 581, 127067, 9022, 7401, 102966, 4, 136, 68018, 70, 54041, 111, 82588, 7832, 217, 4, 3173, 2831, 111, 70, 167956, 71, 23924, 25617, 57212, 429, 3129, 70, 92416, 111, 25730, 140526, 621, 180972, 106745, 141, 27646, 7, 4, 12960, 3789, 24, 5256, 11341, 1836, 621, 40101, 53732, 7401, 7, 707, 21640, 7401, 7, 5, 31485, 18481, 83, 142, 90695, 111, 5551, 99076, 2512, 4, 19441, 10, 17305, 5115, 53, 18597, 3674, 184085, 2256, 678, 5941, 23, 1974, 7, 5, 360, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 6275, 214, 144477, 19364, 7, 4, 83, 70, 23604, 1728, 1681, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 3129, 3564, 7, 678, 70, 18217, 153144, 55969, 4, 70, 14361, 111, 7401, 38310, 214, 31485, 1295, 36947, 4503, 18481, 5, 581, 23604, 1728, 1681, 4267, 73, 60243, 83, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 144477, 9, 58905, 58555, 390, 28129, 4293, 9631, 4, 10, 13036, 23, 1974, 5, 116267, 4, 134744, 280, 694, 60243, 83, 14037, 23, 70, 144477, 4, 54041, 24748, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 3293, 3564, 7, 99, 70, 54041, 111, 82588, 7832, 217, 5, 360, 70, 127067, 4, 136, 6275, 214, 65272, 19364, 7, 4, 83, 70, 200196, 11, 19386, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 9879, 58555, 390, 54041, 24748, 42413, 5, 581, 90695, 237, 10, 28271, 187020, 18, 25958, 33342, 1884, 10, 31995, 29367, 291, 8705, 95, 2407, 4, 70, 5201, 180972, 26582, 5, 581, 167375, 6275, 111, 31485, 18481, 83, 23, 70, 7224, 603, 71175, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 9, 58905, 10776, 5, 135016, 3674, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 4, 1660, 144477, 111, 105109, 9631, 83, 194824, 43157, 678, 142, 16128, 111, 83, 70, 142105, 85437, 98, 70, 90695, 5, 581, 90695, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 44109, 31485, 4, 70, 180972, 95934, 38529, 1295, 171512, 47, 91255, 5, 581, 66139, 81148, 214, 70, 9351, 44, 112079, 329, 24748, 58, 621, 24, 4806, 7103, 604, 158, 62351, 5, 8622, 83, 2843, 10, 164917, 31485, 18481, 23, 1429, 76, 53720, 4, 105866, 23, 62, 7404, 461, 344, 43157, 98, 1853, 58871, 18481, 5, 581, 20384, 19379, 19, 9, 147547, 15342, 12630, 604, 71, 4000, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 568, 55233, 40708, 12630, 58, 621, 10, 39666, 31667, 43904, 111, 35781, 19, 9, 64330, 15342, 12630, 4, 44, 1052, 64542, 2875, 23341, 28079, 77425, 1760, 49107, 830, 450, 36, 143414, 53, 31485, 18481, 23, 25730, 25, 7, 19694, 1172, 49086, 136, 70, 43573, 1272, 5201, 1760, 5, 10660, 621, 28117, 21068, 47, 25730, 5, 10660, 39666, 67, 36880, 70, 20384, 19379, 19, 136, 32528, 7832, 217, 1295, 2363, 51065, 4224, 35401, 98, 31485, 18481, 47, 2363, 41710, 4224, 35401, 16128, 98, 70, 1429, 76, 53720, 9, 186620, 618, 5201, 1760, 23, 25730, 5, 1650, 83, 225073, 100, 23924, 15672, 15342, 12630, 47, 34003, 25958, 41421, 15520, 6, 2980, 136, 70, 4734, 3789, 15342, 12630, 47, 54, 221, 621, 70, 1460, 6635, 15342, 12630, 2750, 621, 164917, 23, 13267, 136, 43904, 5, 360, 70, 25730, 780, 51292, 7921, 70, 43904, 111, 70, 90695, 509, 116538, 10837, 74, 70247, 14604, 23, 1429, 76, 53720, 136, 138, 11648, 23, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 5, 6619, 70, 6626, 9615, 19929, 7, 98, 70, 90695, 70, 150679, 83, 105109, 9631, 4, 3129, 400, 90, 98, 70, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 184085, 136, 83, 23, 1429, 76, 53720, 5, 345, 5865, 37862, 6448, 83, 98, 70, 65272, 184085, 136, 83, 23, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 5, 125362, 32323, 4, 6044, 237, 19953, 172351, 191, 98, 70, 144477, 25617, 184085, 4, 765, 4989, 2809, 32997, 297, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 31485, 18481, 15, 748, 23564, 2256, 864, 16, 83, 10, 21334, 90695, 23, 70, 180972, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 450, 6363, 4028, 1577, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 1429, 76, 53720, 136, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 111, 25730, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 136659, 127, 142105, 90695, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 136, 99, 23, 16128, 4, 442, 83, 25730, 25, 7, 17932, 142105, 90695, 5, 1650, 83, 110518, 41929, 70, 13267, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 15, 247, 136, 83, 161549, 150679, 3501, 70, 90695, 111, 32774, 130891, 15, 16, 1284, 164917, 3501, 13015, 36590, 15, 194, 1650, 70541, 7, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 142105, 90695, 28032, 142, 90695, 28032, 142, 90695, 5, 581, 171827, 50960, 111, 70, 90695, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 360, 34, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Location and description.", "Demographics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In 1826 John Richardson saw the southwest coast and called it \"Wollaston Land\". In 1839 Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson followed its southeast coast and called it \"Victoria Land\". A map published by John Barrow in 1846 shows a complete blank from these two lands north to \"Banks Land\" which is the north coast of Banks Island. In 1851 John Rae charted its entire south coast and connected the two \"lands\". In 1850 and 1851 Robert McClure circumnavigated most of Banks Island, thereby separating it from the rest of Victoria Land. His men also charted the northwest and west coasts of Victoria Island. One of Roald Amundsen's men, Godfred Hansen, charted its east coast as far as Cape Nansen in 1905, and in 1916 and 1917 Storker T. Storkerson, of Vilhjalmur Stefansson's Canadian Arctic Expedition, charted its northeast coast, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula. In 2008 Clark Carter and Chris Bray became the first people in history to walk across Victoria Island. Their first attempt in 2005 failed, so they returned and completed the crossing in 2008.", "Viscount Melville Sound lies to the north, and the M'Clintock Channel and Victoria Strait lie eastward. On the west are Amundsen Gulf and Banks Island, which is separated from Victoria by a long sound called the Prince of Wales Strait. To the south (from west to east) lie the Dolphin and Union Strait, Austin Bay, Coronation Gulf and the Dease Strait. The southern waterways, and sometimes the Prince of Wales Strait, form part of the disputed Northwest Passage which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters, while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters. Victoria Island is an island of peninsulas, having a heavily indented coastline with many inlets. In the east, pointing northwards, is the Storkerson Peninsula, which ends with the Goldsmith Channel, the body of water separating Victoria from Stefansson Island. The Storkerson Peninsula is separated from the island's north-central areas by Hadley Bay, a major inlet. Another, broad peninsula is found in the north, Prince Albert Peninsula. This ends at the Prince of Wales Strait. In the south, and pointing westwards, is the Wollaston Peninsula, separated from the island's central areas by Prince Albert Sound. The island as a whole coincidentally looks like a stylized maple leaf, the main Canadian symbol. The highest point of Victoria Island is in the Shaler Mountains in the north-central region. Located in the southeast, just north of Cambridge Bay is Ferguson Lake with an area of is the largest lake on the island. The island is named after Queen Victoria, the Canadian sovereign from 1867 to 1901. The features bearing the name \"Prince Albert\" are named after her consort. There is also a smaller Victoria Island in Nunavut, located in Amadjuak Lake on Baffin Island. The Dolphin-Union caribou herd locally known as \"Island Caribou\" are a migratory population of barren-ground caribou, \"Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus\", that occupy Victoria Island in Canada's High Arctic and the nearby mainland. They are endemic to Canada. They migrate across the Dolphin and Union Strait from their summer grazing on Victoria Island to their winter grazing area on the Nunavut-NWT mainland in Canada. It is unusual for North American caribou to seasonally cross sea ice and the only other caribou to do so are the Peary caribou who are smaller in size and population.", "In the Canada 2016 Census the population of the island was 2,162; 1,766 in Nunavut and 396 in the Northwest Territories. Of the two settlements on the island the larger is Cambridge Bay, which lies on the south-east coast and is in Nunavut. Ulukhaktok is on the west coast and is in the Northwest Territories. Trading posts, such as Fort Collinson on the northwest coast, have long been abandoned." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 26349, 83, 10, 24089, 9523, 158, 117474, 111, 44, 294, 1236, 25, 647, 26973, 45, 1735, 15594, 7537, 830, 3129, 15005, 7, 47, 15594, 67478, 111, 129885, 11, 4, 70, 39457, 42, 47, 109942, 223, 111, 129885, 11, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 11341, 71, 23, 5744, 7262, 43515, 450, 1735, 26973, 83, 10, 153648, 111, 44, 166154, 853, 2647, 830, 10, 8, 45710, 5281, 12190, 5, 360, 26724, 1162, 66, 4, 1919, 9351, 83, 44, 31469, 627, 52908, 561, 740, 581, 10010, 2069, 44, 31469, 853, 432, 58, 83, 98, 756, 142, 45964, 22288, 7, 111, 26724, 48757, 4, 70, 142, 45964, 47806, 111, 129885, 11, 4, 98848, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 70, 117604, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 4, 136, 70, 117604, 111, 98848, 5, 1650, 509, 11814, 23, 58410, 23, 51521, 60525, 1379, 240371, 5, 3293, 3173, 111, 70, 9351, 135179, 7464, 98, 3060, 33816, 24092, 7, 136, 4, 1286, 41207, 538, 4, 23, 51, 161818, 135474, 4677, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 70, 2684, 38134, 538, 11814, 3173, 111, 70, 9351, 23, 14941, 99, 19713, 16792, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 76556, 70, 12610, 9615, 19929, 111, 44, 79520, 7130, 11, 58, 707, 44, 856, 2298, 92277, 118, 1500, 830, 1735, 26973, 71062, 297, 23, 70, 241, 147, 538, 102256, 62, 4188, 3229, 70, 43904, 109133, 47, 70, 11192, 61585, 7, 5, 581, 110, 83259, 88303, 10, 37702, 133, 136, 70, 58982, 297, 54427, 111, 239, 58593, 76, 47, 59959, 70, 59444, 1295, 13156, 13844, 79904, 7, 5, 1913, 5117, 28368, 297, 47, 70, 54529, 16070, 111, 70946, 464, 75813, 4, 70, 26908, 14432, 115081, 1379, 70, 102351, 19, 111, 70, 129885, 7717, 333, 10534, 7, 5, 360, 427, 14773, 1836, 54324, 442, 47, 70, 984, 1651, 136, 262, 7798, 87143, 5, 1650, 100512, 10, 4092, 59444, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 4, 7103, 3129, 442, 71062, 297, 47, 70, 58593, 76, 130473, 136, 99, 12190, 109942, 223, 234120, 5, 581, 39555, 169123, 9498, 56, 4126, 10332, 54427, 47143, 7, 5, 1735, 26973, 47143, 297, 41371, 111, 129885, 7717, 47806, 5, 360, 729, 14226, 4, 7103, 387, 5369, 111, 38781, 329, 79612, 7, 4, 442, 49175, 26548, 129885, 7717, 764, 429, 3796, 21533, 81887, 7, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 129885, 11, 88303, 70, 100, 87463, 111, 7789, 94343, 143, 4, 39501, 297, 98, 70, 46520, 43573, 70, 11469, 5, 581, 100, 87463, 509, 11814, 237, 10, 101085, 24189, 55021, 1650, 83, 5036, 8035, 27198, 297, 3934, 10, 59052, 5, 24372, 70, 92265, 54, 91407, 136, 70, 73829, 53, 14359, 30494, 23, 543, 2592, 4, 1735, 26973, 509, 3398, 3355, 297, 47, 70, 117604, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 5, 28090, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 70, 59444, 3514, 434, 25545, 538, 4, 23, 2831, 4743, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 6, 177133, 4, 3129, 24124, 70, 5117, 9963, 86943, 88303, 136, 70, 59444, 65042, 297, 33233, 70, 184085, 5, 581, 2775, 11856, 44, 8859, 12551, 58, 111, 66724, 4, 2775, 11856, 5379, 99737, 55607, 111, 49002, 4, 136, 31678, 56, 748, 171184, 1995, 111, 49002, 166021, 297, 23, 1735, 26973, 4, 12960, 187951, 290, 6133, 74733, 34676, 7228, 442, 1919, 28123, 5368, 5, 581, 1735, 853, 432, 108870, 4, 953, 1104, 4046, 7071, 23031, 4, 111, 70, 1305, 9, 70646, 5550, 87, 884, 71516, 174620, 70615, 83324, 71, 70, 144, 87632, 111, 35014, 44, 284, 58, 19175, 111, 145704, 20777, 90, 100, 86052, 111, 70, 36770, 180, 139891, 9, 13500, 297, 33532, 111, 70, 102256, 24453, 390, 70, 91375, 14, 10821, 14537, 7, 5, 581, 2684, 135818, 111, 6097, 509, 70, 56101, 86099, 67, 111, 76382, 13, 5, 1735, 26973, 25, 7, 170027, 66, 153552, 136, 225530, 15520, 587, 4438, 53550, 98, 70, 89176, 211937, 3249, 442, 10, 5700, 135474, 78869, 5, 86247, 988, 6, 177133, 4, 70, 26349, 83, 36457, 23, 70, 36049, 111, 4173, 107368, 9, 44286, 118409, 29700, 4, 124901, 18150, 44, 34198, 2320, 111, 59665, 58, 83, 30312, 15, 397, 5, 670, 5, 683, 5, 4, 44, 4657, 175574, 1782, 45, 119862, 13, 1250, 67, 2310, 51029, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 120767, 141, 123633, 2449, 23, 171827, 26724, 48757, 136, 23, 17311, 28032, 70, 140280, 111, 99398, 399, 5, 1735, 26973, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 6406, 111, 158591, 7, 24073, 143, 185926, 1613, 3698, 3929, 74054, 903, 8035, 15700, 5526, 43585, 111, 70, 111503, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 43573, 1272, 59444, 7, 111, 45200, 45, 4837, 7366, 4, 48606, 6958, 1704, 136, 2027, 101487, 119308, 621, 2843, 75412, 23, 70, 98174, 1363, 111, 189067, 100, 70, 21640, 6, 132641, 16839, 111, 1735, 26973, 5, 581, 18319, 14218, 4, 88303, 23, 66007, 4, 83, 142, 27781, 111, 4713, 232437, 33976, 5, 581, 126562, 19, 146613, 64600, 77253, 36549, 111, 20428, 7, 4, 6264, 7, 136, 163198, 13, 11301, 7, 5, 581, 4843, 39, 75189, 53, 198624, 83, 1632, 111, 77488, 76456, 954, 39, 75189, 53, 178992, 162, 125296, 71, 390, 70, 11341, 111, 98848, 74, 442, 51339, 7, 3060, 5390, 20428, 7, 87420, 70, 6602, 4, 2684, 23, 70, 18319, 14218, 25, 7, 16556, 146613, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 162711, 47, 129885, 11, 136, 47, 70946, 464, 75813, 4, 70, 132988, 26349, 678, 9942, 4, 390, 70, 62, 963, 2926, 7514, 4, 124901, 4568, 2831, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 38115, 126214, 1613, 3698, 3929, 58, 24073, 197261, 7514, 111, 158591, 7, 51029, 1650, 1556, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 57849, 3674, 40059, 7, 678, 1829, 77193, 7, 450, 8337, 10, 104587, 238, 21455, 111, 70, 184085, 5, 581, 62, 963, 33284, 7, 70, 92265, 62, 1019, 11192, 7514, 99, 70, 132988, 17721, 70946, 464, 75813, 136, 1111, 1507, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 6097, 15889, 36439, 7, 621, 2831, 111, 70, 28811, 36439, 241, 4836, 5, 581, 62, 963, 2926, 7514, 83, 10, 43584, 33816, 4, 136, 70, 62, 1019, 35968, 7, 10, 43584, 23, 40059, 7, 4, 136, 3060, 40059, 7, 621, 4092, 111, 25534, 5, 14847, 26983, 2069, 1295, 98848, 3934, 9942, 4, 1632, 14602, 959, 8783, 24189, 7103, 70, 59444, 7, 111, 1111, 1507, 136, 138550, 5, 64511, 33816, 7, 111, 131011, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1735, 26973, 707, 1735, 853, 432, 15, 74, 4, 4000, 538, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 136, 26619, 98, 70, 170027, 66, 184085, 111, 26724, 48757, 4, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 98848, 5, 215624, 297, 23, 12610, 20028, 4, 442, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 190, 26738, 4, 136, 83, 51529, 237, 10, 135474, 78869, 98, 70, 89176, 211937, 5, 1650, 27980, 7, 183851, 15380, 47353, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 1735, 26973, 13703, 8129, 136, 70, 24408, 1104, 31469, 853, 432, 6, 166871, 54704, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "History.", "Economy.", "Transportation.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Culture.", "Music festival.", "Cuisine.", "Gambling.", "Sports.", "Twin towns — sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name of the city is a phonetic contraction of \"Sant'Eremo di San Romolo\", which refers to Romulus of Genoa, the successor to Syrus of Genoa. It is often stated in modern folk stories that Sanremo is a translation of \"Saint Remus\", a deceased Saint. In Ligurian, his name is \"San Rœmu\". The spelling \"San Remo\" is on all ancient maps of Liguria, the ancient Republic of Genoa, Italy in the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Kingdom of Italy. It was used in 1924 in official documents under Mussolini. This form of the name appears still on some road signs and, more rarely, in unofficial tourist information. It has been the most widely used form of the name in English at least since the 19th century.", "Once the Roman settlement of \"Matutia\" or \"Villa Matutiana\", Sanremo expanded in the Early Middle Ages when the population moved to the high grounds. The nobility built a castle and the walled village of La Pigna to protect the town from Saracen raids. At first subjected to the countship of Ventimiglia, the community later passed under the dominion of the Genoese bishops. In 1297 they sold it to the Doria and De Mari families. It became a free town in the second half of the 15th century, after which it expanded to the Pigna hill and at Saint Syrus Cathedral. The almost perfectly preserved old village remains. Sanremo remained independent of Genoese Republic. In 1753, after 20 years of fierce conflicts, it rose against Genoese hegemonical attempts. At that time Genoa built the fortress of Santa Tecla, situated on the beach near the port. The fortress was used as a prison until 2002. It is now being transformed into a museum. After the French domination and the Savoy restoration in 1814, Sanremo was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. From the middle of the 18th century the town grew rapidly, in part due to the development of tourism, which saw the first grand hotels built and the town extended along the coast. The Empress \"Sissi\" of Austria, Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia vacationed in Sanremo, while Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel made it his permanent home. The San Remo conference, 19–26 April 1920, of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council determined the allocation of Class \"A\" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East by the victorious powers. The most notable of these was the British Mandate of Palestine.", "Sanremo's Mediterranean climate and attractive seacoast setting on the Italian Riviera make it a popular tourist destination. Besides tourism, the city is active in the production of extra virgin-grade olive oil, whose regional \"designation of origin\" is protected (D.O.P., \"Denominazione di Origine Protetta\"). It is one of the agricultural commodities in western Liguria and in particular within the province of Imperia. Sanremo is known as the City of Flowers (\"la Città dei Fiori\"), this being another important aspect of the economy of the city. The nearby towns of Arma di Taggia, Bordighera and Ospedaletti are also involved in the cultivation of flowers for the international flower market of Sanremo. The Municipal Casino, built in 1905, is an example of Art Nouveau building. The Ariston Theatre offers annual series of concerts, operas and theatre plays. The Symphony Orchestra is one of twelve symphony orchestras recognized by the state of Italy; it performs some 120 concerts throughout the year, most in the Municipal Casino's Opera Theatre.", "The city is connected to Genoa and to Ventimiglia, the border city with France, by the A10 motorway, whose last part is also known as the \"Autostrada dei Fiori\" (\"Motorway of Flowers\"). It has a large number of elevated sections with viaducts that give a panoramic view of the coast. The A10 joins the French A8 highway at the border between Ventimiglia and Menton. Together these national routes are part of the European route E80. The A10 motorway is a toll road, and the A8 demands a toll in sections, and some sections are free of charge. When travelling from Italy into France, one does not pay until after the towns of Menton and Monaco. Other roads of importance are the SS1, the \"Aurelia Bis\", which connects Sanremo to Taggia. This is a non-toll bypass route. The coast road is the via Aurelia or SS1 and follows the route of a Roman road. This can be heavily congested when it passes through towns, as it has only one lane in either direction for most of way around Sanremo. A trolleybus line along the via Aurelia links Sanremo with both Taggia and Ventimiglia. The closest airport to Sanremo is in France, the Côte d'Azur International Airport in Nice, 45 minutes away by car. The railway connects the city to the other Ligurian cities like Imperia, Genoa and to Nice, Milan, Turin and Rome. The railway line used to be along the coast, running close to the sea, and providing a view for travellers. The line has been moved further north and underground, which allows for faster trains; Sanremo railway station was relocated next to the City Hall. The city has refurbished the old railway line and converted it into a biking route and pedestrian area. There are several bike hire kiosks along the route and a choice of beaches to visit in either direction from San Remo. The path stretches between San Lorenzo al Mare in the west and Ospedaletti in the east.", "", "Sanremo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification \"Csa\").", "", "The Ariston Theatre hosts the celebrated annual Sanremo Music Festival, a very popular song contest held in the city since 1951. This festival inspired the Eurovision Song Contest, which started in 1956, and for years the Sanremo festival selected the Italian entry. The internationally notable song \"Nel blu dipinto di blu\", also known as \"Volare\", was performed at this festival for the first time by Domenico Modugno in 1958. The festival is so popular among Italians that it is often referred to simply as \"Il Festival\" (\"The\" Festival). Other events include the Tenco Prize (autumn), a song contest for authors dedicated to the memory of Luigi Tenco; the Flowers Parade in January/February in which every city of the Italian Riviera presents an original composition of flowers displayed on a Carnival/Mardi-Gras style moving car; and the summer Firework International Contest in the second week of August also called Ferragosto.", "The culinary specialities of Sanremo and environs include Sardenara, Focaccia, Focaccia alle Cipolle, Torta Verde, Farinata and Taggiasca olives.", "The Sanremo Casino (\"Casino Municipale di Sanremo\") opened in 1905 and has operated continuously since then with the exception of the years of World War II. For much of its history, the casino was tolerated or granted exceptions to Italian gambling laws in order to allow the resort to compete with the casino towns in nearby France and Monaco. Sanremo hosts an annual poker tournament as part of the European Poker Tour. The city is widely accepted as the origin of the five-card stud variant \"telesina\".", "The Rallye Sanremo is a rally competition that was part of the FIA World Rally Championship from 1973 to 2003, when it was replaced by Rally d'Italia Sardegna on the island of Sardinia, in hosting the Italian round of the WRC. It is now part of European Rally Championship. Formerly a mixed surface event (tarmac and gravel), the rally has later been an all-tarmac event and takes place around the mountains. Sanremo is the finish of the classic Milan–San Remo cycle race. It is considered to be a \"monument\" - one of the five most important one-day races of the cycling season. Milan – San Remo is traditionally held in March and is one of the first major fixtures on the cycling season. At long, it is the longest professional one-day race in cycling, giving the race a unique character. The famous local football club is the A.S.D. Sanremese that has played also in Serie B and in Serie C.", "Sanremo is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 42473, 39, 824, 712, 4, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 9020, 4, 19963, 7, 4293, 109133, 678, 1919, 27863, 4, 17262, 82953, 7, 136, 114015, 47, 66663, 4588, 4, 1840, 18, 13534, 72567, 23, 18608, 5, 1529, 97384, 3642, 47, 11301, 101275, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 427, 1295, 10, 53598, 1401, 297, 191, 23009, 5, 18763, 5117, 158020, 509, 99, 581, 1111, 18, 17678, 4267, 144562, 4, 23, 66663, 4588, 15, 4233, 6328, 27417, 23936, 194, 24372, 450, 4, 764, 112730, 678, 581, 22928, 18622, 7, 4, 19825, 136, 70, 1311, 34, 6700, 136, 23564, 136, 70, 13156, 35481, 15, 157992, 194, 360, 36102, 4, 903, 8753, 216479, 71, 3934, 581, 113417, 40218, 42413, 4, 136, 1836, 17164, 297, 3060, 5036, 72856, 52336, 5, 1913, 903, 1733, 4, 19963, 7, 4293, 25, 7, 5117, 44, 141532, 289, 58, 54591, 39555, 21449, 1672, 12, 1836, 3542, 47, 4420, 3419, 241, 5, 18813, 98, 10, 56101, 19922, 4, 1284, 442, 8306, 73659, 5, 360, 39395, 31017, 4, 19963, 7, 4293, 100, 4806, 10, 8753, 35839, 581, 3430, 7, 4, 678, 70, 27150, 101275, 1419, 170313, 63569, 4, 5299, 51529, 14432, 100, 1919, 4488, 678, 4939, 4347, 5584, 136, 581, 166693, 47002, 7, 5, 19963, 7, 4293, 54397, 2684, 111, 70, 4912, 4, 6079, 136, 112730, 70, 10699, 15882, 335, 363, 7484, 237, 70, 8753, 21771, 1902, 70, 12348, 297, 170313, 63569, 98, 101275, 5, 581, 3430, 7, 25, 13315, 9, 2037, 99201, 4, 99, 1632, 1733, 707, 15700, 4, 108171, 1419, 136, 101275, 64, 5918, 7, 58585, 119587, 43157, 15, 94068, 111, 18813, 26315, 39, 1681, 136, 63636, 1681, 4, 43157, 619, 39287, 56, 247, 4950, 7, 58585, 10208, 145076, 15, 94068, 70, 5117, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 164938, 271, 247, 47617, 1991, 19824, 7354, 7, 143, 350, 15, 94068, 2843, 111, 1529, 4517, 247, 164938, 271, 4939, 33287, 124324, 15, 94068, 111, 845, 42294, 1371, 1181, 247, 136, 101275, 1419, 40207, 3692, 162, 5, 360, 39395, 28015, 1836, 181141, 678, 121328, 89916, 136, 17164, 297, 6626, 82080, 7, 136, 40368, 11001, 7, 5, 24372, 450, 4, 145076, 25737, 70, 8753, 47, 33284, 33365, 329, 4, 142, 36369, 425, 9, 77007, 8753, 5, 19963, 7, 4293, 2843, 112730, 98, 10, 1632, 9, 54981, 5609, 13452, 111, 581, 3430, 7, 61475, 538, 203251, 47, 24209, 2363, 138, 4216, 7156, 4, 1284, 509, 17164, 297, 136, 155605, 121447, 23, 31060, 64, 106438, 1379, 70, 25849, 1728, 44816, 68311, 25, 7, 44, 19060, 3923, 39, 740, 581, 7156, 509, 181653, 390, 6765, 1720, 4514, 15, 102446, 56, 111, 44, 3957, 3430, 7, 18939, 136, 15044, 19963, 7, 4293, 136, 7354, 7, 143, 350, 60213, 71, 4, 33233, 678, 4939, 33287, 124324, 98, 4950, 7, 4, 66311, 33287, 124324, 98, 47617, 7, 4, 136, 6765, 1720, 4514, 98, 108171, 7, 4, 756, 1379, 74189, 5264, 7, 5, 19963, 7, 4293, 112730, 153161, 101275, 13438, 4, 237, 23, 70, 86595, 111, 1919, 80997, 5, 106073, 1720, 4514, 509, 22299, 297, 237, 150350, 42, 4, 70, 52336, 81148, 5941, 111, 19963, 7, 4293, 25, 7, 79507, 7, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 8108, 19963, 7, 4293, 33284, 297, 47530, 24967, 136, 13648, 39555, 186, 90698, 10, 160469, 13, 100, 70, 182, 820, 5609, 111, 1919, 22690, 4488, 23, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 5, 581, 8753, 155605, 65450, 1284, 208877, 3419, 45481, 4, 1295, 70, 169116, 56709, 7, 1314, 4, 68872, 47, 25813, 23, 10, 1286, 44, 3454, 19623, 5844, 58, 48225, 136, 37170, 581, 3430, 7, 47, 33284, 4049, 5, 9626, 70, 9351, 47530, 24967, 1836, 121447, 6626, 82080, 7, 4, 1284, 4734, 70, 5117, 60213, 71, 19963, 7, 4293, 5, 10208, 145076, 37170, 19963, 7, 4293, 15, 136658, 1510, 31060, 16, 47, 33284, 84616, 23, 33365, 329, 4, 237, 1836, 3542, 16487, 100, 10, 149186, 58585, 47, 3249, 2363, 45730, 40715, 107265, 53, 136, 1286, 161838, 4, 23, 120260, 678, 70, 43581, 12768, 5, 360, 18982, 19340, 4, 33365, 329, 98816, 6863, 9351, 3934, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 5, 22376, 23, 70, 13315, 9, 2037, 3542, 101275, 1419, 170313, 27271, 136, 108171, 1419, 6765, 3311, 1900, 5, 17106, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 4, 19963, 7, 4293, 14037, 10, 3687, 47, 85493, 136, 7639, 58437, 1919, 11531, 199332, 136, 16500, 42, 21533, 77041, 31075, 237, 5299, 237, 1919, 149186, 136, 101275, 75169, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 44, 67413, 1771, 58, 13315, 9, 2037, 60213, 71, 19963, 7, 4293, 4, 3311, 1900, 4, 27271, 4, 7354, 7, 143, 350, 136, 164938, 271, 135730, 13322, 19, 4, 1001, 70, 24365, 62952, 390, 8022, 1294, 42911, 15, 80009, 25609, 89916, 194, 133698, 1919, 1733, 678, 1529, 4517, 15, 106438, 74668, 111256, 4, 1836, 17164, 297, 702, 12275, 7156, 7, 4, 136, 70, 6867, 7156, 44, 48743, 31655, 1529, 4517, 9251, 46, 18982, 29733, 58, 33233, 678, 5941, 98352, 5256, 136, 11001, 7, 5, 19963, 7, 4293, 2843, 17164, 297, 1919, 5117, 6626, 2639, 7156, 7, 4, 44, 10752, 1674, 22543, 7, 98, 10, 786, 8946, 4687, 17463, 58, 236939, 136, 44, 647, 33730, 717, 30607, 58, 5173, 93815, 20271, 903, 1733, 5, 1529, 509, 8060, 297, 5201, 538, 390, 7880, 91865, 13, 136, 57279, 7, 59430, 42, 1507, 5, 24372, 70, 8, 2500, 6644, 111, 164938, 271, 135730, 13322, 19, 15, 434, 497, 68, 71, 23, 26527, 16, 136, 108171, 1419, 6765, 3311, 1900, 4, 3789, 19612, 72004, 3542, 91048, 3934, 70, 1529, 4517, 14449, 12, 4939, 185912, 191, 15, 919, 1191, 538, 4, 18813, 26315, 39, 1681, 4, 186004, 53, 13703, 4, 14432, 111, 345, 5, 605, 5, 136, 14237, 247, 4804, 3104, 147424, 56, 15, 161063, 103336, 7, 28090, 23342, 4, 14432, 111, 174837, 96959, 39055, 16, 136, 4939, 36293, 1507, 15, 116742, 14, 2875, 25, 7, 128938, 247, 54940, 27060, 5, 360, 15643, 19963, 7, 4293, 25737, 70, 8753, 4, 51, 157976, 678, 70, 24668, 48225, 1836, 1902, 19667, 19, 5, 24372, 31577, 47, 3884, 10, 3525, 8753, 25842, 23, 70, 17274, 15, 115729, 18, 6967, 247, 764, 14432, 109133, 47, 70, 4602, 136, 112730, 10, 10846, 158020, 7, 23, 23924, 21629, 237, 581, 19825, 19963, 7, 4293, 14298, 5, 62, 67688, 903, 1733, 764, 121447, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 195784, 25031, 6765, 19963, 7, 4293, 15, 57332, 744, 8055, 18608, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 4, 6024, 9, 87705, 11, 6562, 136, 108558, 4, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 4488, 678, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 20271, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Plumstead, south-east London, Hensley moved with his parents, three brothers and sister to Stevenage, Hertfordshire in 1945. He learned how to play guitar at the age of 12 from a Bert Weedon manual. His first gig was at The Mentmore Pen Factory, in Stevenage (September 1960). After that, he played with The Blue Notes, Ken and the Cousins and Kit and the Saracens (1962). In 1963, this band evolved into The Jimmy Brown Sound, and they recorded some now lost songs. At this time, Hensley's first \"professional\" opportunity almost came about: they were to back Ben E. King on a British visit, but it never happened. In early 1965, Hensley formed a band called The Gods, with the young guitarist Mick Taylor, well known later for his work with John Mayall and The Rolling Stones. Hensley wrote most of the material, sang and played the Hammond B3 organ as the band already had the talented Mick Taylor on guitar. The Gods' line-up included, at one time or another, vocalist and guitar/bass player Greg Lake (later of King Crimson and Emerson, Lake & Palmer), bass player Paul Newton (later the first Uriah Heep bassist), drummer Lee Kerslake (later also of Heep), bassist John Glascock (later of Jethro Tull), and guitarist Joe Konas. In early 1968 they signed with Columbia Records and recorded two LPs and several singles. After that, Newton left the band to join Spice, an Essex-based band. Hensley also played on a one-album side project of The Gods initially planned to become their 3rd album, but was recorded and eventually released in 1969/1970 under the moniker Head Machine's \"Orgasm\". The album was produced by David Paramor (producer of \"The Gods\") and both Hensley and Kerslake featured, along with John Glascock on bass, Brian Glascock on drums, and David Paramor on vocals, all under pseudonyms. Hensley played mostly guitar again, as in the beginning of his career. Although Paramor was credited as composer, the songs bear many of Hensley's influences. The album was released before Hensley joined Toe Fat and might almost be considered a prototype for the harder side of his future work in Uriah Heep. The band eventually split but Cliff Bennett, from the Rebel Rousers, decided to move in a more \"progressive\" direction and asked The Gods to join him. Under the name Toe Fat they released two LPs, but only the first featured Hensley. Paul Newton asked Hensley (Christmas 1969) to join forces in Spice, as they were looking for a keyboard player to make their sound less bluesy and more progressive, in keeping with the current trend. In January 1970, Spice changed its name into Uriah Heep. Also in the line-up were guitarist Mick Box and vocalist David Byron. With Uriah Heep, Hensley found a place to develop and showcase his songwriting and lyrical abilities as well as his keyboard and guitar playing. The band's \"classic\" line-up featured Hensley, Byron, Box, Kerslake and bassist Gary Thain, plus the management provided by Gerry Bron (Bronze Records). During his time with Heep (1970–1980), they recorded 13 studio albums, and the live album \"Uriah Heep Live – January 1973\" along with many compilations and singles. Hensley also recorded his first two solo albums, \"Proud Words on a Dusty Shelf\" (1973) and \"Eager To Please\" (1975) during this time. He was supported mainly by Mark Clarke and Bugs Pemberton. After the departure of bassist Gary Thain (who died in 1975) and vocalist David Byron, other musicians were brought into the Heep family: John Wetton (Family, King Crimson, Roxy Music, later of U.K. and Asia), Trevor Bolder (from Spiders From Mars, later of Wishbone Ash) and John Lawton (Lucifer's Friend), among others. In 1980 Hensley left the band, unhappy with the musical direction they had chosen. After trying to put a new band together in the UK (Shotgun), he later moved to the USA and played a few gigs in North America as The Ken Hensley Band. Around this time he released his third solo LP, \"Free Spirit\" (1980). In 1982 Hensley joined Blackfoot, a hard rock Florida-based band. With them, he recorded two albums (1983's \"Siogo\" and 1984's \"Vertical Smiles\"). Although the group achieved some success, Hensley left after Bron informed him of Heep vocalist David Byron's death in 1985. After 1985, Hensley lived in semi-retirement in St Louis, Missouri (USA), making a few appearances with W.A.S.P., Cinderella and others. W.A.S.P.'s frontman Blackie Lawless stated that \"Ken Hensley wrote the rule book for heavy metal keyboards as far as I'm concerned.\" In 1994, \"From Time To Time\", a collection of lost recordings, was released featuring rare songs recorded by Hensley between 1971 and 1982, as well as some early versions of Heep's classic songs, played by Hensley and his roommates at that time, namely guitarist Paul Kossoff and drummer Simon Kirke (both of Free). Other musicians on the songs were bassist Boz Burrell (King Crimson and Bad Company), guitarist Mick Ralphs (Bad Company), drummers Ian Paice (Deep Purple, Whitesnake) and Kenney Jones (The Who), amongst others. In 1999, Hensley's musical activities began to increase, besides his work with St Louis Music. He recorded an album, \"A Glimpse of Glory\", together with his band Visible Faith. During the fourth Uriah Heep Annual Convention in London, May 2000, plans were made for a one-off concert by the so-called \"Hensley/Lawton Band\". Hensley was joined by former Uriah Heep singer John Lawton, their first public collaboration since the latter's departure from Uriah Heep in 1979. With them were Paul Newton (the band's original bassist) and two members of Lawton's band, Reuben Kane on lead guitar and Justin Shefford on drums. They played a set of old Uriah Heep classics and some of Hensley's solo songs, and the concert was recorded for a CD release, followed by a tour in Europe culminating with a concert in Hamburg, Germany, featuring a full orchestra and a new rendition of Heep's old song \"Salisbury\". \"Running Blind\", his first effort in 21 years, was released worldwide in 2002 and followed by a world tour with his band called \"Free Spirit\", that included Dave Kilminster (guitar), Andy Pyle (bass) and Pete Riley (drums). After moving to Spain, Hensley released \"The Last Dance\" (with new songs), \"The Wizard's Diary\" (Uriah Heep classics re-recorded in 2004) and \"Cold Autumn Sunday\" (Hensley's solo songs re-recorded in 2005). Featuring a number of special guests, the rock opera \"Blood on the Highway\" was released in May 2007. The story portrays the rise and fall of a rock'n'roll star. Lead vocals role were split between Hensley and Glenn Hughes (ex-Deep Purple, Trapeze, Black Sabbath), Jørn Lande (ex-The Snakes, Masterplan), John Lawton and Eve Gallagher. In September 2008, Hensley went on stage again with former Heep bandmates Lawton, Kerslake and Newton along with ex-Focus guitarist Jan Dumée, for the \"Heepvention 2008\" fans meeting. Hensely continued to write and record a series of new albums, beginning with a collection of songs under the title of \"Love & Other Mysteries\", recorded near his home in Spain and followed in 2011 by \"Faster\", his first studio recording of new songs with his live band, Live Fire. A CD of one of his solo concerts was released by Cherry Red Records in 2013, shortly followed by a live CD recorded with Live Fire during a September/October tour. \"Trouble\", an album of 10 new songs recorded with a revised Live Fire line-up was released, again by Cherry Red, in September the same year. For the past few years, Hensley and his wife have lived in the village of Agost near Alicante in Spain." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5813, 19, 206, 182, 112, 592, 83, 10, 135969, 289, 9433, 23, 3129, 158285, 136, 37702, 193, 191, 24286, 4778, 621, 90254, 33, 297, 136, 182, 555, 297, 5, 32255, 12924, 7, 58055, 111, 78874, 223, 12924, 7, 136, 24286, 4778, 5, 3293, 83, 16940, 390, 80097, 214, 70, 4912, 47, 10, 24233, 52768, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 4912, 5, 3293, 27489, 7, 10, 182, 820, 4912, 390, 40101, 71579, 182, 112, 592, 707, 8305, 9, 25612, 33, 214, 285, 38543, 98, 70, 34515, 99, 3129, 70, 4912, 83, 21185, 297, 5, 581, 4912, 83, 7068, 27983, 79197, 297, 47, 34390, 70, 22473, 17991, 7432, 450, 1543, 51312, 1295, 70, 26746, 206, 182, 112, 592, 9433, 5, 78426, 7, 450, 1543, 186, 26746, 74694, 26698, 72397, 7, 4, 91, 44645, 7, 4, 136, 95549, 46389, 7, 5, 117371, 182, 112, 592, 4, 37702, 158285, 7, 136, 193, 191, 621, 111, 10, 61514, 136, 21, 7603, 320, 15, 748, 135355, 297, 16, 280, 147, 150, 9523, 162048, 45646, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 1592, 18781, 136, 134371, 1486, 100, 4806, 3229, 158285, 707, 37702, 193, 191, 621, 142901, 71, 136, 21185, 297, 99, 10, 72803, 34515, 5, 134852, 1486, 83, 959, 142, 6397, 4912, 100, 5941, 39210, 86685, 111, 158285, 24286, 4778, 237, 442, 83, 32233, 32977, 5, 3311, 80097, 214, 280, 147, 27287, 11015, 6863, 1175, 18, 60751, 532, 149307, 52768, 111, 361, 3768, 16207, 441, 136, 7068, 25545, 538, 21185, 214, 4, 3060, 111, 70, 4912, 26, 7, 224128, 45646, 831, 186, 27198, 297, 3934, 10, 5045, 182, 820, 45646, 51529, 237, 1108, 41745, 67, 5, 109028, 7, 678, 903, 1108, 41745, 9523, 45646, 621, 27983, 11814, 23, 86685, 3229, 70, 4488, 152667, 8110, 186, 103210, 39746, 1236, 47, 8, 5037, 2320, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 314, 19514, 121303, 111, 146651, 7, 5, 3293, 83, 4552, 93766, 5, 581, 9433, 111, 26746, 59207, 83, 10, 187735, 4, 86595, 678, 80097, 214, 70, 121413, 5, 17006, 76319, 621, 764, 27686, 47, 17721, 382, 1837, 136, 18351, 16207, 441, 2858, 4, 4283, 47, 51278, 2525, 16207, 919, 247, 678, 517, 7844, 35743, 72090, 47, 120260, 52768, 7, 87420, 70, 4488, 152667, 61514, 5, 4211, 8559, 214, 773, 1353, 80097, 214, 136, 645, 1106, 26518, 83, 22799, 47, 82791, 449, 104851, 71, 4912, 183871, 5, 581, 17932, 29954, 23, 70, 26746, 59207, 9433, 83, 221, 11, 6048, 5, 27985, 152667, 7, 831, 186, 221, 344, 297, 23, 1831, 15, 7341, 16387, 76, 329, 247, 10, 41931, 101086, 4, 707, 10, 241433, 5, 581, 170198, 1733, 144, 87632, 23, 28279, 707, 37105, 101086, 7, 83, 1257, 47, 305, 14633, 5, 1061, 11, 6048, 20028, 831, 37457, 10, 10176, 77546, 28032, 10, 241433, 5, 1301, 23, 70, 80097, 214, 29954, 4, 442, 83, 5526, 450, 70, 52768, 87420, 70, 121413, 47143, 7, 237, 61514, 237, 7722, 20271, 221, 11, 6048, 5, 76556, 70, 4488, 152667, 1556, 122799, 221, 11, 6048, 4, 442, 25813, 7, 98, 47, 70, 21185, 214, 29954, 5, 133698, 903, 29954, 4, 70, 2831, 83, 1614, 1991, 17704, 3934, 3060, 8562, 111, 26746, 59207, 79552, 74, 12921, 26746, 59207, 79552, 7, 831, 765, 10, 88551, 21543, 98, 70, 2704, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 10, 26746, 74694, 2831, 5, 27646, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 93766, 26746, 59207, 2450, 7440, 38132, 7941, 7432, 83, 104851, 71, 4, 1284, 2685, 83, 10, 19336, 18227, 450, 442, 1543, 22304, 45, 20820, 1363, 136, 6, 57278, 116546, 214, 5, 14847, 7941, 7432, 831, 186, 209201, 71, 4, 23911, 29700, 7, 621, 27983, 11814, 5, 32255, 29700, 9, 77007, 79552, 7, 27983, 128713, 20650, 136, 3173, 10, 13584, 61007, 20271, 26746, 59207, 4, 3129, 210435, 538, 92319, 7, 70, 227066, 111, 70, 9433, 5, 581, 21185, 214, 34515, 111, 29700, 83, 5045, 40715, 3501, 7401, 5, 5337, 12333, 67, 121297, 17721, 7401, 136, 29700, 831, 186, 113054, 297, 678, 10, 60042, 26168, 3674, 26746, 62956, 4, 10, 161451, 678, 142, 23, 37676, 31563, 83259, 3129, 127298, 40370, 7, 98, 70, 36746, 47, 72803, 70, 34515, 111, 21185, 214, 5, 5813, 19, 59207, 831, 2843, 186, 163846, 297, 17368, 23, 2529, 106500, 4, 6044, 237, 31355, 79556, 136, 110, 2661, 914, 43576, 5, 82005, 79556, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 99, 117396, 3501, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 81147, 17163, 214, 1257, 47, 387, 1909, 89931, 5, 93219, 316, 83, 2843, 11814, 6637, 6863, 70, 42, 2749, 177399, 83, 117396, 3501, 31355, 79556, 5, 103905, 538, 187, 6126, 831, 186, 11814, 74, 49903, 4, 6863, 168, 7, 2481, 144570, 207583, 1286, 48302, 47, 25813, 4, 136, 6863, 70, 42, 2749, 177399, 83, 40715, 3501, 70, 30700, 7, 5, 717, 881, 77651, 45, 20820, 1363, 23, 70, 4488, 152667, 4, 4989, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 4488, 152667, 7, 621, 26746, 74694, 79259, 538, 74, 49878, 4488, 126371, 621, 26746, 74694, 98, 121303, 74, 136, 6117, 2594, 40059, 7, 5608, 30957, 70, 101086, 5117, 5, 717, 56282, 2288, 302, 373, 73163, 7, 70, 101086, 83, 108219, 3674, 5, 101153, 19, 4, 7103, 26746, 59207, 4, 142, 193, 191, 707, 158285, 24286, 53, 1221, 186, 218527, 538, 7941, 136, 22473, 17991, 4743, 47, 142, 645, 11, 28025, 7154, 111, 1108, 41745, 67, 5, 360, 6097, 50218, 4, 15700, 80097, 39734, 61353, 51529, 237, 79197, 214, 83, 51339, 297, 98, 70, 26746, 74694, 4912, 23, 12989, 47, 51312, 70, 143033, 7432, 111, 193, 191, 9, 77007, 24286, 4778, 5, 37446, 4209, 83, 56104, 51339, 297, 7103, 182, 112, 592, 4, 47, 34390, 3060, 111, 70, 89978, 7941, 7432, 4, 136, 83, 16940, 390, 80097, 214, 70, 12924, 47, 3060, 52768, 35064, 70, 130306, 6275, 100, 10, 24233, 14922, 111, 1733, 4, 7068, 6, 190358, 442, 47, 21185, 23, 7464, 1831, 5, 8622, 83, 77950, 111, 70, 4527, 111, 26746, 59207, 9433, 90, 390, 22556, 153144, 7, 115851, 214, 4420, 3934, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 70599, 72944, 4, 1284, 10176, 185688, 4677, 32316, 7, 62548, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 6097, 53088, 136, 70, 50491, 7, 6, 212423, 390, 39395, 6, 153144, 7, 5, 106073, 39395, 193, 191, 18244, 1314, 8110, 765, 91, 2452, 2480, 538, 156672, 450, 9433, 90, 111, 21185, 214, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 76319, 41664, 4, 26746, 59207, 83, 70, 25545, 21185, 214, 111, 10, 4488, 152667, 23, 7401, 4, 29700, 707, 1831, 47, 113054, 24233, 4912, 183871, 5, 62, 10644, 111, 80097, 85689, 214, 4, 26746, 59207, 56282, 7, 165, 7373, 2822, 27226, 9, 98334, 13, 9433, 90, 4, 6044, 237, 93402, 167201, 7, 4, 1295, 74918, 2852, 5, 1650, 14602, 903, 390, 6, 241866, 70, 76896, 111, 1733, 20271, 3129, 6097, 165, 7373, 2822, 132539, 7, 621, 15044, 182342, 242554, 25958, 110990, 4, 136, 200, 1179, 71407, 81522, 74, 100, 110527, 4, 26746, 59207, 831, 34390, 70, 224128, 162048, 13267, 111, 15044, 99665, 238, 136, 32204, 76319, 4, 118055, 2363, 7941, 7432, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Quench hardening.", "Purpose.", "Process.", "History.", "Mechanism of Heat Removal During Quenching." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys. This is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the material. This produces a harder material by either surface hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled. The material is then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process. Items that may be quenched include gears, shafts, and wear blocks.", "Before hardening, cast steels and iron are of a uniform and lamellar (or layered) pearlitic grain structure. This is a mixture of ferrite and cementite formed when steel or cast iron are manufactured and cooled at a slow rate. Pearlite is not an ideal material for many common applications of steel alloys as it is quite soft. By heating pearlite past its eutectoid transition temperature of 727 °C and then rapidly cooling, some of the material’s crystal structure can be transformed into a much harder structure known as martensite. Steels with this martensitic structure are often used in applications when the workpiece must be highly resistant to deformation, such as the cutting edge of blades. This is very efficient.", "The process of quenching is a progression, beginning with heating the sample. Most materials are heated to between 815 and 900 °C (1,500 to 1,650 °F), with careful attention paid to keeping temperatures throughout the workpiece uniform. Minimizing uneven heating and overheating is key to imparting desired material properties. The second step in the quenching process is soaking. Workpieces can be soaked in air (air furnace), a liquid bath, or a vacuum. The recommended time allocation in salt or lead baths is up to 6 minutes. Soaking times can range a little higher within a vacuum. As in the heating step, it is important that the temperature throughout the sample remains as uniform as possible during soaking. Once the workpiece has finished soaking, it moves on to the cooling step. During this step, the part is submerged into some kind of quenching fluid; different quenching fluids can have a significant effect on the final characteristics of a quenched part. Water is one of the most efficient quenching media where maximum hardness is desired, but there is a small chance that it may cause distortion and tiny cracking. When hardness can be sacrificed, mineral oils are often used. These oil-based fluids often oxidize and form a sludge during quenching, which consequently lowers the efficiency of the process. The cooling rate of oil is much less than water. Intermediate rates between water and oil can be obtained with a purpose formulated quenchant, a substance with an inverse solubility which therefore deposits on the object to slow the rate of cooling. Quenching can also be accomplished using inert gases, such as nitrogen and noble gasses. Nitrogen is commonly used at greater than atmospheric pressure ranging up to 20 bar absolute. Helium is also used because its thermal capacity is greater than nitrogen. Alternatively argon can be used; however, its density requires significantly more energy to move, and its thermal capacity is less than the alternatives. To minimize distortion in the workpiece, long cylindrical workpieces are quenched vertically; flat work pieces are quenched on edge; and thick sections should enter the bath first. To prevent steam bubbles the bath is agitated. Often, after quenching, an iron or steel alloy will be excessively hard and brittle due to an overabundance of martensite. In these cases, another heat treatment technique known as tempering is performed on the quenched material in order to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.", "There is evidence of the use of quenching processes by blacksmiths stretching back into the middle of the Iron Age, but little detailed information exists related to the development of these techniques and the procedures employed by early smiths. Although early ironworkers must have swiftly noticed that processes of cooling could affect the strength and brittleness of iron, and it can be claimed that heat-treatment of steel was known in the Old World from the late second millennium BC, it is hard to identify deliberate uses of quenching archaeologically. Moreover, it appears that, at least in Europe, 'quenching and tempering separately do not seem to have become common until the 15th century'; it is therefore helpful to distinguish between 'full quenching' of steel, where the quenching is so rapid that only martensite forms, and'slack quenching', where the quenching is slower or interrupted, which also allows pearlite to form and results in a less brittle product. The earliest examples of quenched steel may come from ancient Mesopotamia, with a relatively secure example of a fourth-century BC quench-hardened chisel from Al Mina in Turkey. Book 9, lines 389-94 of Homer’s \"Odyssey\" is widely cited as an early, possibly the first, written reference to quenching: as when a man who works as a blacksmith plunges a screaming great axe blade or adze into cold water, treating it for temper, since this is the way steel is made strong, even so Cyclops' eye sizzled about the beam of the olive. However, it is not beyond doubt that the passage describes deliberate quench-hardening, rather than simply cooling. Likewise, there is a prospect that the \"Mahabharata\" refers to the oil-quenching of iron arrowheads, but the evidence is problematic. Pliny the Elder addressed the topic of quenchants, distinguishing the water of different rivers. Chapters 18-21 of the twelfth-century \"De diversis artis\" by Theophilus Presbyter mentions quenching, recommending amongst other things that 'tools are also given a harder tempering in the urine of a small, red-headed boy than in ordinary water'. One of the fuller early discussions of quenching is the first Western printed book on metallurgy, \"Von Stahel und Eysen\", published in 1532, which is characteristic of late-medieval technical treatises. Modern scientific study of quenching began to gain real momentum from the seventeenth century, with a major step being the observation-led discussion by Giambattista della Porta in his 1558 \"Magia Naturalis\".", "Heat is removed in three particular stages: Stage A: Vapor-blanket Cooling State During this stage, due to the Leidenfrost effect the object is fully surrounded by vapor which insulates it from the rest of the liquid. Stage B: Vapor-transport Cooling stage Once the temperature has dropped enough, the vapor layer will destabilize and the liquid will be able to fully contact the object and heat will be removed much more quickly. Stage C: Liquid Cooling Stage This stage occurs when the temperature of the object is below the boiling point of the liquid." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 154073, 16442, 509, 103122, 47, 180611, 154073, 16442, 15, 289, 991, 59121, 44, 78931, 497, 1212, 85853, 40752, 73, 58, 23, 3060, 115923, 16, 136, 33346, 111830, 13, 636, 73969, 4, 23, 40101, 5389, 7, 9, 80009, 34, 4588, 4, 707, 70, 11469, 26349, 111, 239, 128359, 1229, 4, 23, 70, 92265, 140280, 111, 5655, 2706, 5, 1529, 509, 103122, 98, 707, 8108, 702, 8055, 423, 16360, 4, 59499, 47, 10, 17309, 6, 135653, 39, 17164, 14037, 390, 16162, 9, 63344, 13, 8022, 282, 4, 92265, 22293, 11, 106622, 5, 106073, 23, 111994, 4, 70, 180972, 129574, 494, 525, 239, 72150, 10389, 4, 23, 70, 5117, 139539, 111, 1919, 44, 244060, 19962, 2109, 8, 154073, 16442, 830, 68186, 71, 58807, 9, 11866, 12828, 2552, 11067, 126, 25, 7, 25902, 67, 136, 37842, 47, 1660, 40383, 442, 4, 1919, 74481, 5256, 3542, 35509, 98, 237259, 7, 5036, 18822, 71, 4, 707, 60449, 4, 47, 186, 214552, 5, 106073, 36060, 2146, 18345, 262, 18616, 18, 15, 39, 27417, 4, 104463, 53, 4, 7068, 13918, 111, 44, 141, 25, 284, 408, 11056, 6224, 224, 89458, 9, 1974, 32778, 4, 41664, 7, 82, 81693, 8, 239, 128359, 1229, 18939, 54397, 237, 39395, 237, 171512, 450, 2552, 11067, 126, 25, 7, 25902, 67, 509, 44691, 4, 70, 42840, 111, 2552, 11067, 126, 136, 239, 72150, 10389, 765, 1902, 10, 88551, 79507, 5, 581, 423, 18197, 5622, 509, 2258, 4126, 98, 183851, 42762, 7, 171332, 47, 154073, 16442, 136, 83, 38134, 538, 28601, 297, 237, 152018, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 3060, 42179, 7, 217573, 71, 4, 218873, 423, 5757, 707, 423, 6873, 64457, 111, 423, 18197, 5, 360, 25695, 16162, 34118, 141, 91376, 61585, 70751, 214, 25188, 1672, 6097, 25902, 1636, 111, 154073, 16442, 25, 7, 127319, 6602, 136, 103876, 71, 4, 44, 29494, 20129, 154073, 16442, 509, 103122, 1672, 423, 4836, 23, 13177, 34, 4588, 4, 9942, 1242, 34118, 141, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 3060, 42179, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 129574, 494, 525, 7, 2552, 11067, 126, 136, 239, 72150, 10389, 4, 12601, 2822, 5369, 3229, 13177, 34, 4588, 509, 1379, 129574, 6226, 15, 143321, 26698, 423, 18197, 4, 423, 5757, 4, 136, 423, 93815, 5, 154073, 16442, 63043, 297, 47, 186, 1295, 13177, 34, 4588, 23, 70, 44759, 111, 1919, 13442, 363, 12877, 136, 47, 186, 44, 166154, 63675, 31, 164, 58, 23, 70, 44759, 111, 1919, 17932, 12877, 23175, 63258, 5, 1529, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 40101, 10, 75198, 1236, 14449, 4, 707, 10, 149104, 12610, 129574, 1632, 4, 16792, 13177, 34, 4588, 509, 2684, 111, 70, 1733, 10, 129574, 26349, 23, 10, 75198, 1236, 10776, 4, 136, 1919, 25074, 65295, 5117, 9351, 15, 29494, 20129, 16, 509, 959, 56104, 34475, 47, 129574, 20020, 5, 581, 24763, 31913, 111, 1919, 127319, 83, 4911, 7, 2843, 959, 51529, 678, 24233, 939, 4, 1284, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 1919, 127319, 1919, 27863, 3542, 38043, 23, 13177, 34, 4588, 5, 7422, 19, 3934, 10, 14449, 111, 76363, 1314, 15, 837, 927, 1919, 67373, 136, 51, 11030, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 3542, 57, 3632, 7, 4, 707, 56136, 22230, 247, 59176, 154073, 16442, 97384, 47, 56136, 67, 4, 79442, 4, 3249, 74989, 6827, 116287, 7, 4, 136, 33022, 138155, 117729, 5, 18763, 53019, 6777, 959, 26698, 893, 45964, 160600, 707, 42845, 4, 221, 764, 6777, 959, 12301, 707, 30698, 1295, 2499, 142, 45964, 163136, 5, 1301, 12638, 92265, 18738, 126, 1902, 47, 92784, 6863, 10002, 165815, 99, 15520, 4, 154073, 16442, 221, 46526, 47, 30698, 47, 78431, 678, 70, 11476, 56859, 7, 111, 1919, 1733, 12, 764, 163629, 71, 903, 138155, 51359, 3229, 520, 6496, 678, 70, 187, 1176, 111, 18813, 45233, 7610, 20271, 70, 14432, 36541, 7, 111, 9942, 25, 7, 167821, 1631, 7, 23, 21689, 43013, 1295, 423, 14889, 707, 423, 8821, 47, 423, 16665, 4, 86595, 237, 10, 128274, 47327, 102778, 100, 70, 61590, 214, 136, 517, 111, 111649, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 764, 63043, 297, 47, 738, 98, 10, 44, 106290, 73, 23410, 41055, 58, 100, 70, 60097, 4, 136, 24124, 30641, 15, 216561, 51139, 70, 727, 429, 111, 19953, 24727, 5870, 4, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 423, 117942, 5, 3311, 423, 14773, 764, 509, 10, 44, 408, 28533, 1212, 104, 25, 1811, 106118, 58, 520, 6496, 23, 10, 6, 29031, 1681, 43573, 7644, 41577, 5, 360, 423, 16665, 4, 1919, 51, 11030, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 4, 10, 56136, 1290, 124901, 109923, 44, 166154, 9, 105214, 6594, 58, 509, 178727, 297, 47, 6181, 195374, 3428, 68818, 47, 46059, 428, 169, 7398, 1159, 1236, 47, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 1446, 2082, 7, 4, 26038, 154073, 16442, 70, 54591, 47, 1030, 146365, 4049, 5, 24372, 10, 34844, 46692, 4, 764, 66933, 3060, 1733, 23, 36958, 1418, 8108, 1919, 51, 11030, 4, 124901, 109923, 509, 7068, 178727, 297, 47, 1030, 146365, 10, 21334, 195374, 18738, 126, 47, 70, 10542, 22420, 90, 4, 13438, 122399, 4049, 10, 3687, 98, 70, 109923, 5, 18763, 51, 11030, 4, 2750, 26038, 75101, 111, 70, 109923, 47, 845, 1900, 2414, 8, 77974, 6403, 98825, 4, 20819, 89829, 70, 27150, 154073, 16442, 47, 39544, 645, 70, 109923, 5, 3293, 120696, 21, 14437, 6626, 5369, 4, 136, 26038, 154073, 16442, 70, 54591, 47, 1957, 707, 36802, 1672, 195374, 104064, 7, 1295, 70, 223487, 47, 82167, 6406, 5, 62, 10617, 70, 3917, 764, 34739, 185688, 73048, 4, 136, 54397, 142, 58755, 3674, 13416, 98, 2367, 764, 97384, 98, 903, 24745, 4, 136, 26038, 903, 23410, 13416, 47, 18813, 45233, 4, 2750, 152750, 297, 154073, 16442, 678, 142, 77253, 23168, 5, 3293, 13416, 509, 91376, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 111994, 4, 390, 239, 72150, 10389, 4, 237, 44, 104207, 4240, 6206, 100599, 224, 4960, 5908, 1001, 456, 1727, 5490, 19736, 41, 3362, 561, 583, 154073, 16442, 8, 13177, 34, 4588, 10, 44188, 86, 21049, 2970, 360, 988, 203170, 1577, 531, 2292, 4588, 1103, 25, 379, 22, 10, 16959, 15390, 22, 6, 2980, 46954, 22, 96, 25, 28539, 423, 5046, 82, 22, 96, 25, 28539, 611, 6746, 4, 3739, 90751, 58, 15, 2940, 23, 14941, 237, 44, 839, 19305, 4935, 111, 10, 182699, 47, 70, 10542, 22420, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 59176, 8, 154073, 16442, 15, 16, 15, 115095, 702, 8055, 423, 18197, 46, 714, 14487, 611, 120840, 509, 10, 92265, 46512, 1419, 4, 56136, 1290, 4, 2258, 188, 41382, 56, 4, 144888, 45211, 4, 79063, 56, 4, 88898, 42, 4, 20787, 41382, 56, 4, 82, 127, 157, 106622, 4, 61634, 4, 136, 184843, 603, 5, 1529, 7228, 17721, 952, 136, 1702, 24745, 7, 36880, 70, 142740, 55609, 4, 136, 14037, 297, 5813, 33970, 4, 136, 2356, 9942, 4, 98, 138, 20414, 611, 17331, 893, 5526, 26366, 23, 180972, 32692, 4, 154073, 16442, 75935, 70, 5117, 152018, 184085, 289, 22288, 20271, 1919, 64222, 5256, 4, 136, 14037, 297, 67842, 190070, 9615, 19929, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Birth year, location and family.", "Early travels.", "Founding of Quebec.", "Marriage.", "Relations and war with Native Americans.", "Exploration of New France.", "Military expedition.", "Improving administration in New France.", "Last return, and last years working in Quebec.", "Death and burial.", "Legacy.", "Bibliography.", "Notes and references." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Champlain was born to Antoine Champlain (also written \"Anthoine Chappelain\" in some records) and Marguerite Le Roy, in either Hiers-Brouage, or the port city of La Rochelle, in the French province of Aunis. He was born on or before 13 August 1574, according to a recent baptism record found by Jean-Marie Germe, French genealogist. Although in 1870, the Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière, in the first chapter of his \"Œuvres de Champlain\", accepted Pierre-Damien Rainguet's estimate and tried to justify it, his calculations were based on assumptions now believed, or proven, to be incorrect. Although Léopold Delayant (member, secretary, then president of \"l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de La Rochelle\") wrote as early as 1867 that Rainguet's estimate was wrong, the books of Rainguet and Laverdière have had a significant influence. The 1567 date was carved on numerous monuments dedicated to Champlain and is widely regarded as accurate. In the first half of the 20th century, some authors disagreed, choosing 1570 or 1575 instead of 1567. In 1978 Jean Liebel published groundbreaking research about these estimates of Champlain's birth year and concluded, \"Samuel Champlain was born about 1580 in Brouage, France.\" Liebel asserts that some authors, including the Catholic priests Rainguet and Laverdière, preferred years when Brouage was under Catholic control (which include 1567, 1570, and 1575). Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book and to be \"Saintongeois\" in the title of his second book (1613). He belonged to either a Protestant family, or a tolerant Roman Catholic one, since Brouage was most of the time a Catholic city in a Protestant region, and his Old Testament first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children. The exact location of his birth is thus also not known with certainty, but at the time of his birth his parents were living in Brouage. Born into a family of mariners (both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors, or navigators), Samuel Champlain learned to navigate, draw, make nautical charts, and write practical reports. His education did not include Ancient Greek or Latin, so he did not read or learn from any ancient literature. As each French fleet had to assure its own defense at sea, Champlain sought to learn to fight with the firearms of his time: he acquired this practical knowledge when serving with the army of King Henry IV during the later stages of France's religious wars in Brittany from 1594 or 1595 to 1598, beginning as a quartermaster responsible for the feeding and care of horses. During this time he claimed to go on a \"certain secret voyage\" for the king, and saw combat (including maybe the Siege of Fort Crozon, at the end of 1594). By 1597 he was a \"capitaine d'une compagnie\" serving in a garrison near Quimper.", "In 1598, his uncle-in-law, a navigator whose ship \"Saint-Julien\" was chartered to transport Spanish troops to Cádiz pursuant to the Treaty of Vervins, gave Champlain the opportunity to accompany him. After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cadiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the West Indies, again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Valaebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship. This journey lasted two years, and gave Champlain the opportunity to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to Mexico City. Along the way he took detailed notes, and wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry, who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension. This report was published for the first time in 1870, by Laverdière, as \"Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite\" (and in English as \"Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602\"). The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on a number of points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain. On Champlain's return to Cadiz in August 1600, his uncle Guillermo Elena (Guillaume Allene), who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near La Rochelle, commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship. This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he was not dependent on the financial backing of merchants and other investors. From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry IV. As part of his duties he traveled to French ports and learned much about North America from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from Nantucket to Newfoundland to capitalise on the rich fishing grounds there. He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of Pierre de Chauvin at Tadoussac. When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to Aymar de Chaste. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent. Champlain's first trip to North America was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by François Gravé Du Pont. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm lifelong friendship. He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the Saint Lawrence River, and in dealing with the natives there (and in Acadia after). The \"Bonne-Renommée\" (the \"Good Fame\") arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see for himself all of the places that Jacques Cartier had seen and described about sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible. Champlain created a map of the Saint Lawrence on this trip and, after his return to France on 20 September, published an account as \"Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603\" (\"Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in New France in the year 1603\"). Included in his account were meetings with Begourat, a chief of the Montagnais at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some Algonquin friends. Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as Acadia. It was led by Pierre Dugua de Mons, a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement. After exploring possible sites in the Bay of Fundy, Champlain selected Saint Croix Island in the St. Croix River as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established Port Royal. Until 1607, Champlain used that site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement. In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as Cape Cod, searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Minor skirmishes with the resident Nausets dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day Chatham, Massachusetts. He named the area Mallebar (\"bad bar\").", "In the spring of 1608, Dugua wanted Champlain to start a new French colony and fur trading center on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Dugua equipped, at his own expense, a fleet of three ships with workers, that left the French port of Honfleur. The main ship, called the \"Don-de-Dieu\" (French for the \"Gift of God\"), was commanded by Champlain. Another ship, the \"Lévrier\" (the \"Hunt Dog\"), was commanded by his friend Du Pont. The small group of male settlers arrived at Tadoussac on the lower St. Lawrence in June. Because of the dangerous strength of the Saguenay River ending there, they left the ships and continued up the \"Big River\" in small boats bringing the men and the materials. On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the point of Quebec and set about fortifying the area by the erection of three main wooden buildings, each two stories tall, that he collectively called the \"Habitation\", with a wooden stockade and a moat wide surrounding them. This was the very beginning of what is now Quebec City. Gardening, exploring, and fortifying this place became great passions of Champlain for the rest of his life. Upon foundation of Quebec, a conspiracy, started by a locksmith, had formed to kill Champlain, in order to deliver the fort to the Spaniards or the Basques. Champlain, learning of the plot from one of his trusted pilots, apprehended, questioned, and pardoned the conspirators. In the 1620s, the \"Habitation\" at Quebec was mainly a store for the \"Compagnie des Marchands\" (Traders Company), and Champlain lived in the wooden \"Fort Saint Louis\" newly built up the hill (south from the present-day \"Château Frontenac\" hotel), near the only two houses built by the two settler families (the ones of Louis Hébert and Guillaume Couillard, his son-in-law).", "One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the twelve-year-old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on 27 December 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father, and the couple was married three days later. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later. Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rallied against joining him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years. Hélène lived in Quebec for several years, but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had 1 child, and Champlain adopted three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627–28.", "During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local native tribes. He made alliances with the Wendat (derogatorily called \"Huron\" by the French) and with the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the St. Lawrence River. These tribes sought Champlain's help in their war against the Iroquois, who lived farther south. Champlain set off with nine French soldiers and 300 natives to explore the \"Rivière des Iroquois\" (now known as the Richelieu River), and became the first European to map Lake Champlain. Having had no encounters with the Haudenosaunee at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives. On 29 July, somewhere in the area near Ticonderoga and Crown Point, New York (historians are not sure which of these two places, but Fort Ticonderoga historians claim that it occurred near its site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Haudenosaunee. In a battle that began the next day, two hundred and fifty Haudenosaunee advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the three chiefs. In his account of the battle, Champlain recounts firing his arquebus and killing two of them with a single shot, after which one of his men killed the third. The Haudenosaunee turned and fled. This action set the tone for poor French-Iroquois relations for the rest of the century. The Battle of Sorel occurred on 19 June 1610, with Samuel de Champlain supported by the Kingdom of France and his allies, the Wendat people, Algonquin people and Innu people against the Mohawk people in New France at present-day Sorel-Tracy, Quebec. Champlain's forces armed with the arquebus engaged and slaughtered or captured nearly all of the Mohawks. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawks for twenty years.", "On 29 March 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be proclaimed. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the \"northern sea\" he had heard about (probably Hudson Bay). He traveled the Ottawa River, later giving the first description of this area. Along the way, he apparently dropped or left behind a cache of silver cups, copper kettles, and a brass astrolabe dated 1603 (Champlain's Astrolabe), which was later found by a farm boy named Edward Lee near Cobden, Ontario. It was in June that he met with Tessouat, the Algonquin chief of Allumettes Island, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids. By 26 August, Champlain was back in Saint-Malo. There, he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his \"Voyages\" and published another map of New France. In 1614, he formed the \"Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo\" and \"Compagnie de Champlain\", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four Recollects in order to further religious life in the new colony. The Roman Catholic Church was eventually given \"en seigneurie\" large and valuable tracts of land, estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France. In 1615, Champlain reunited with Étienne Brûlé, his capable interpreter, following separate four-year explorations. There, Brûlé reported North American explorations, including that he had been joined by another French interpreter named Grenolle with whom he had travelled along the north shore of \"la mer douce\" (the calm sea), now known as Lake Huron, to the great rapids of Sault Ste. Marie, where Lake Superior enters Lake Huron, some of which was recorded by Champlain. Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives, promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides, he explored further up the Ottawa River and reached Lake Nipissing. He then followed the French River until he reached Lake Huron. In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now Peterborough, Ontario by a group of Wendat. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road) and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.", "On 1 September 1615, at Cahiagué (a Wendat community on what is now called Lake Simcoe), he and the northern tribes started a military expedition against the Iroquois. The party passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they arrived at the main Onondaga fort on October 10. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archaeologists, many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle. south of Canastota, New York. Champlain attacked the stockaded Oneida village. He was accompanied by 10 Frenchmen and 300 Wendat. Pressured by the Huron Wendat to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French Wendat were forced to flee. Although he did not want to, the Wendat insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay, he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of First Nations people by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning \"their country, their manners, customs, modes of life\". On 22 May 1616, he left the Wendat country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on 2 July.", "Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the territory rather than exploration. Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cape Diamond. By mid-May, he learned that the fur trading monopoly had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also negotiated a peace treaty with the Iroquois. Champlain continued to work on the fortifications of what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on 6 May 1624. On 15 August he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue looking for a passage to China, something widely believed to exist at the time. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city. In 1627 the Caen brothers' company lost its monopoly on the fur trade, and Cardinal Richelieu (who had joined the Royal Council in 1624 and rose rapidly to a position of dominance in French politics that he would hold until his death in 1642) formed the Compagnie des Cent-Associés (the Hundred Associates) to manage the fur trade. Champlain was one of the 100 investors, and its first fleet, loaded with colonists and supplies, set sail in April 1628. Champlain had overwintered in Quebec. Supplies were low, and English merchants pillaged Cap Tourmente in early July 1628. A war had broken out between France and England, and Charles I of England had issued letters of marque that authorized the capture of French shipping and its colonies in North America. Champlain received a summons to surrender on July 10 from some heavily armed, English based Scottish merchants, the Kirke brothers. Champlain refused to deal with them, misleading them to believe that Quebec's defenses were better than they actually were (Champlain had only 50 pounds of gunpowder to defend the community). Successfully bluffed, they withdrew, but encountered and captured the French supply fleet, cutting off that year's supplies to the colony. By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to Gaspé and into Indian communities to conserve rations. On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived before Quebec after intercepting Champlain's plea for help, and Champlain was forced to surrender the colony. Many colonists were taken first to England and then to France by the Kirkes, but Champlain remained in London to begin the process of regaining the colony. A peace treaty had been signed in April 1629, three months before the surrender, and, under the terms of that treaty, Quebec and other prizes that were taken by the Kirkes after the treaty were to be returned. It was not until the 1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, however, that Quebec was formally given back to France. (David Kirke was rewarded when Charles I knighted him and gave him a charter for Newfoundland.) Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu on 1 March 1633, having served in the intervening years as commander in New France \"in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu\" from 1629 to 1635. In 1632 Champlain published \"Voyages de la Nouvelle France\", which was dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu, and \"Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier\", a treatise on leadership, seamanship, and navigation. (Champlain made more than twenty-five round-trip crossings of the Atlantic in his lifetime, without losing a single ship.)", "Champlain returned to Quebec on 22 May 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as Lieutenant General of New France, along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of Governor. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as \"our governor\". On 18 August 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at Trois-Rivières. He also began an offensive against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or \"brought to reason\".", "Champlain had a severe stroke in October 1635, and died on 25 December, leaving no immediate heirs. Jesuit records state he died in the care of his friend and confessor Charles Lallemant. Although his will (drafted in 17 November 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate. Samuel de Champlain was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. Unfortunately, this small building, along with many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist anymore: his exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral. The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer Louise Penny's 2010 novel, \"Bury Your Dead\".", "Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who was a prominent figure in many parts of Acadia, Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. Memorialized as the \"Father of New France\" and \"Father of Acadia\", his historic significance endures in modern times. Lake Champlain, which straddles the border between northern New York and Vermont, extending slightly across the border into Canada, was named by him, in 1609, when he led an expedition along the Richelieu River, exploring a long, narrow lake situated between the Green Mountains of present-day Vermont and the Adirondack Mountains of present-day New York. The first European to map and describe it, Champlain claimed the lake as his namesake. Memorials include:", "These are works that were written by Champlain:", "Notes Citations" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 37451, 1363, 111, 70, 41371, 707, 9803, 12562, 927, 982, 1295, 70, 180084, 6499, 927, 982, 74918, 2822, 3229, 4939, 99331, 2541, 1272, 168, 85018, 71, 74715, 20255, 7, 145076, 4, 142, 88, 820, 111, 70, 436, 538, 111443, 10, 89845, 38526, 4, 99, 450, 1733, 70, 142105, 111, 70, 6499, 927, 982, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 4, 645, 217573, 9035, 50509, 214, 502, 20133, 2408, 136, 106820, 53702, 5, 2541, 1272, 168861, 4049, 47, 36456, 47, 70, 109622, 18499, 7, 4, 7068, 52875, 297, 14787, 138095, 136, 45233, 34734, 783, 99, 45291, 90, 85, 213912, 23, 194510, 100, 26946, 214, 6626, 27060, 111, 450, 10, 89845, 38526, 4, 3853, 21208, 1836, 3542, 959, 17914, 3674, 23, 2499, 111, 145076, 25, 7, 18499, 7, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 10, 37451, 1363, 111, 45291, 90, 85, 1295, 2541, 1272, 136, 10, 34735, 6, 180064, 111, 142, 41371, 707, 137845, 43315, 6, 116071, 390, 5941, 111, 70, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 5, 581, 63805, 111, 70, 10, 89845, 38526, 99, 154502, 76199, 123019, 70, 19069, 111, 70, 13527, 6499, 927, 982, 12, 1401, 81907, 47, 70, 23180, 4, 98, 11651, 61585, 7, 4, 12638, 57, 4288, 4, 959, 6637, 764, 707, 2412, 83, 10, 32786, 111, 903, 707, 450, 914, 9319, 214, 707, 52240, 1363, 111, 14949, 7, 12488, 6637, 1836, 621, 210276, 111, 2499, 17311, 57724, 4, 1284, 98, 6044, 3034, 2414, 299, 237, 375, 25965, 7, 68034, 47, 1821, 237, 8035, 6, 129980, 5, 1401, 117781, 538, 128120, 47, 186, 68036, 47, 2499, 39041, 6889, 111, 8382, 2750, 4, 642, 621, 214521, 4, 621, 18822, 4295, 2451, 3355, 19462, 98, 61585, 7, 165197, 59911, 214, 47, 2363, 11651, 109208, 136, 55080, 5, 581, 97629, 2541, 1272, 52164, 44, 33970, 15516, 1286, 136, 1286, 64627, 814, 3674, 136, 759, 7, 70760, 237, 70, 5369, 115081, 830, 12960, 70, 9803, 12562, 927, 982, 136475, 47, 85493, 142, 242661, 98, 70, 44, 1021, 8962, 6, 54916, 58, 53918, 11226, 297, 390, 94825, 96464, 164, 176766, 7, 23, 5596, 136, 14787, 138095, 678, 1919, 707, 68743, 52467, 23, 194510, 5, 360, 543, 14226, 4, 1836, 26859, 2363, 5117, 29752, 6635, 68828, 4, 44, 3957, 77905, 6635, 57699, 740, 360, 192888, 4, 70, 167821, 15226, 1405, 3129, 157578, 130891, 1902, 10, 27198, 214, 21543, 98, 5941, 111, 70, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 136, 91048, 23, 3525, 119893, 6044, 237, 33876, 1575, 3915, 37700, 5, 14976, 1515, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 37515, 56, 70880, 4, 136, 14700, 66, 6889, 74918, 2822, 23, 176637, 136, 144477, 9022, 30715, 5, 360, 9020, 4, 14978, 4939, 35923, 43932, 80723, 1919, 6, 114777, 13, 4488, 678, 707, 68743, 7, 5, 114458, 22553, 339, 5, 116702, 53, 1295, 58823, 4, 98, 10, 24745, 47, 30715, 47, 19922, 14787, 138095, 136, 28166, 572, 5, 68985, 429, 191, 435, 10, 27150, 332, 23, 10, 96869, 10, 89845, 38526, 4, 45233, 2501, 748, 23923, 2750, 509, 47, 502, 151645, 538, 79507, 1919, 19542, 59207, 20623, 3229, 764, 19542, 74694, 99, 116702, 53, 25, 7, 106820, 4, 98834, 72219, 1919, 4488, 237, 142, 48257, 271, 5, 360, 35923, 590, 8705, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 39395, 12562, 927, 982, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 126809, 1295, 70, 16877, 214, 27781, 111, 12452, 82366, 11, 814, 85853, 669, 4, 2750, 136475, 1919, 35910, 53, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 142642, 5, 1529, 1902, 7228, 142, 48257, 28692, 9742, 111, 84740, 23, 543, 10991, 136, 7103, 184007, 70, 4488, 71062, 297, 23, 5755, 136, 8884, 136, 2843, 23, 15604, 5, 360, 98848, 4, 142, 23, 15386, 79357, 34754, 390, 6, 108210, 53513, 36787, 42, 26050, 3126, 297, 1257, 678, 384, 5, 436, 5, 53434, 15615, 15, 11, 193429, 111, 2290, 67, 25203, 53434, 15615, 16, 23, 30715, 102971, 70, 75198, 1236, 44, 571, 107, 927, 982, 58, 2577, 71, 217382, 1830, 136, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 390, 70, 129574, 106820, 5, 581, 112664, 33662, 93403, 678, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 160456, 7, 47, 28173, 136, 2356, 138059, 237, 5299, 237, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 25730, 5, 31384, 6331, 137845, 5256, 3542, 17164, 297, 23, 41722, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 2668, 23, 25730, 5, 360, 13527, 6499, 927, 982, 41714, 7, 4, 12638, 4000, 10, 89845, 38526, 83, 41371, 136, 58963, 10821, 4, 221, 70, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 12638, 1543, 129927, 47, 10, 117396, 707, 199, 2189, 79385, 4, 3129, 30482, 442, 34844, 47, 4537, 20650, 3229, 28852, 23709, 117781, 5844, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 10660, 765, 110, 9879, 1791, 147, 7668, 47, 28214, 67, 10, 63805, 111, 109208, 4, 136, 3853, 4000, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 765, 89160, 538, 2809, 456, 52081, 18211, 47, 606, 35593, 47, 2499, 111, 70, 105719, 44, 63784, 297, 7, 58, 136, 44, 11935, 56073, 63239, 111, 563, 31567, 58, 14037, 23, 5941, 75198, 1236, 52240, 5256, 5, 3293, 83, 959, 6637, 1836, 621, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 9879, 37022, 7, 136, 51584, 33310, 90, 36510, 297, 23, 6044, 26168, 5256, 4, 1284, 43257, 6637, 1836, 16401, 70, 60313, 237, 2363, 31247, 180210, 23, 28601, 47, 26866, 7, 111, 51584, 3996, 86, 136, 41361, 5, 360, 70, 4568, 6626, 8, 23662, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 3060, 6499, 927, 982, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 765, 30666, 297, 63805, 7, 111, 109208, 4, 137567, 20244, 10557, 84382, 20531, 1419, 51584, 33310, 90, 5, 18852, 5941, 351, 9, 2271, 5037, 1419, 106820, 90, 4, 6499, 927, 982, 139999, 4734, 70, 6626, 63523, 60502, 111, 1853, 6328, 8780, 136, 84158, 191, 5, 360, 5941, 76726, 4, 70, 69407, 44, 2271, 65756, 4935, 58, 136, 44, 3454, 19623, 5844, 58, 621, 152701, 538, 11814, 47, 98363, 70, 62816, 111, 17311, 6499, 927, 982, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 5, 237626, 1779, 159029, 61261, 44, 17903, 11337, 213912, 7, 830, 136, 3853, 1286, 221, 44, 17903, 11337, 19449, 7, 830, 621, 27983, 151552, 237, 44, 2271, 65756, 4935, 58, 136, 17660, 47, 3884, 1286, 242661, 98, 117781, 5844, 6499, 927, 982, 51584, 33310, 90, 136, 66139, 5, 237626, 1779, 159029, 61261, 44, 166697, 2481, 84084, 90, 58, 707, 44, 86124, 64859, 21533, 84084, 90, 58, 621, 27983, 151552, 237, 44, 3454, 19623, 5844, 56128, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 13527, 6499, 927, 982, 4, 68018, 35839, 14949, 6499, 927, 982, 4, 621, 10, 21115, 111, 53938, 21533, 14949, 106820, 90, 450, 10, 75287, 23, 70, 72399, 543, 1549, 7, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 151169, 53, 209410, 5, 10660, 62038, 3674, 23, 122963, 8108, 93403, 214, 87420, 70, 56101, 2071, 1577, 4, 136, 18925, 1836, 765, 142, 25902, 3674, 116, 102525, 10, 89845, 7121, 90, 214574, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Characteristics.", "Theology.", "Justification by faith.", "Believer's baptism.", "Dispensationalism.", "Eternal Security.", "Gifts of the Holy Spirit.", "Simplicity in worship and symbolism.", "Naming conventions.", "Fellowship, not membership.", "Leadership.", "Pastors and itinerant preachers.", "Elders.", "Deacons.", "Weekly \"Remembrance\" meeting.", "Other Sunday meetings.", "Separate roles of men and women.", "Other practices.", "Gatherings and meetings.", "Music.", "Brethren worldwide.", "Mission work.", "The United Kingdom.", "Europe.", "India.", "Kerala Brethren.", "North America.", "Oceania.", "Influence.", "Notable Brethren.", "Major collection of literature.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The separation of the independent or open brethren from the Exclusive Brethren occurred when John Nelson Darby denounced Benjamin Wills Newton, an elder of the Plymouth assembly, at that time the largest of the Brethren assemblies, over disagreements concerning prophecy and church organization. Darby forced him to admit to theological errors, then attacked George Müller and Henry Craik at Bethesda Chapel in Bristol for accepting two others of that assembly, even though they were not implicated in any of Newton's errors. This led to a separation of Bethesda from Darby and a clear adoption of an independent or congregational stance by many of the assemblies. The statement of the assembly at Tottenham gives clearly the position of the Open Brethren: We welcome to the table, on individual grounds, each saint, not because he or she is a member of this or that gathering or denomination of Christians nor because they are followers of any particular leader, but on such testimony as commends itself to us as being sufficient. We distinctly refuse to be parties to any exclusion of those who, we are satisfied, are believers—except on grounds personally applying to their individual faith and conduct. The exclusive Darbyites \"became more and more introverted and mystical as the years passed\", while the open brethren continued to develop an emphasis on the \"faith missions\" pioneered by Anthony Norris Groves in India and George Müller with his orphanages in Bristol. In 1853, they started their first missionary journal, \"The Missionary Reporter\". In 1859, the religious revival which reached Britain had a transforming effect on many of the assemblies and brought in new leaders such as Joseph Denham Smith. Ulster became one of the stronger centres, and expansion occurred in Scotland and northern England. In London, Thomas John Barnardo began his rescue work with orphans. Dwight L. Moody from Chicago, on a trip to England to visit George Müller and Charles H. Spurgeon met a young man in a Dublin assembly, Henry Moorhouse who was to profoundly influence his preaching style when he preached at Moody's church, revolutionising his work as an evangelist. In Barnstaple, one of the largest early brethren assemblies developed from the inspiring example of Robert Cleaver Chapman, who continued his ministry until the end of the century. He had made an evangelistic tour of Spain in 1838 and after 1869 the work expanded in Barcelona and Madrid and also in Portugal. In Italy, an indigenous development by Count Guicciardini linked up with T. P. Rossetti (a cousin of Dante Gabriel Rossetti) in England although the Protestant \"Brethren\" faced persecution and imprisonment by the Catholic church. The movement soon spread with English-speaking emigrants to Australia and New Zealand as well as to the United States and Canada. Some 600 congregations were recorded in 1959 in the U.S. and 300 in Canada.", "In Open Brethren meetings, each local assembly is independent and autonomous, so the characteristics of each may differ to a greater or lesser degree, which makes it difficult to generalize when describing distinctive characteristics. They have no central hierarchy to dictate a statement of faith, and even local assemblies have traditionally been reluctant to adhere to any of the historic \"Creeds\" and \"Confessions of Faith\" found in many Protestant denominations. This is not because they are opposed to the central sentiments and doctrines expressed in such formulations, but rather because they hold the Bible as their sole authority in regard to matters of doctrine and practice. In the last two decades, however, some Brethren assemblies have adopted statements of faith, generally emphasizing fundamentalist doctrines. Like many non-conformist churches, Brethren observe only the two ordinances of Baptism and Communion. In many countries, the terms \"conservative\" and \"progressive\" are informally used to describe the character of particular Brethren assemblies. Congregations calling themselves \"Gospel Chapels\", and even more so \"Gospel Halls\", are often described as \"conservative\" and tend to put more emphasis on distinctive Brethren doctrines and features. Congregations calling themselves \"Community Churches\" or \"Evangelical Churches\" are often described as \"progressive\"; these tend to put less emphasis (and in some cases, no emphasis) on Brethren distinctives. When assemblies known as \"Bible Chapels\" first became common in the 1950s, they were considered very progressive compared to other assemblies of that time; today, some of them are still considered progressive, but others are now considered to be somewhat conservative by today's standards. Congregations calling themselves \"churches\" are almost invariably at the progressive end of the Brethren spectrum. The \"conservative\" and \"progressive\" labels, in general, refer to differences in style, not doctrine: few assemblies, if any, have moved away from Evangelical theology. The most notable differences between Brethren and other Christian groups lie in a number of doctrinal beliefs that affect the practice of their gatherings and behaviour. These beliefs and practices can be summarised as follows:", "The Open Brethren are generally dispensational, pre-tribulational, and premillennial in their theology (although there are many variations) and they have much in common with other conservative evangelical Christian groups. Most of them teach the \"Eternal Security\" of the true Christian, with each believer being subject to \"grace\" and not \"law\".", "Justification by faith alone (\"sola fide\") states that it is by grace through faith alone that Christians receive salvation and not through any works of their own (see Ephesians 2:8, Romans 3:23). Open Brethren have a strong emphasis on the concept", "The Open Brethren teach that baptism plays no role in salvation, and is properly performed only after a person professes Jesus Christ as Saviour. Baptism is an outward expression that symbolizes the inward cleansing or remission of a person's sins which has already taken place at salvation. Baptism is also a public identification of that person with Jesus Christ. In many assemblies, an individual is considered a member of that assembly once he or she is baptized. In other assemblies, however, an individual (after baptism) must show a commitment to a particular assembly by faithful attendance to as many assembly meetings as possible. In such assemblies, it is usually the recently baptized individual who will request fellowship,", "Most Brethren have always taught Dispensationalism as their theological system. Many of them believe that Brethren pioneer John Nelson Darby was the first in modern times to \"rediscover\" what they believe was the \"forgotten\" teaching of primitive Christianity. At any rate, Darby influenced a number of influential non-Brethren Evangelical leaders, such as D.L. Moody and, indirectly, C.I. Scofield, who popularized the theory through his Scofield Reference Bible. Essentially, Dispensationalism as taught by the Brethren sees a clear distinction between \"law\" and \"grace\", Israel and the Church, and holds that", "Most of the Brethren pioneers such as Groves, Darby, and Muller, were convinced Calvinists. By the 1930s, however, a strong Arminian strain developed in many parts of the Brethren movement, especially in North America. Today, it is common to find Brethren advocates for both theological", "Although some of the early Brethren pioneers were initially interested in the miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit such as miracles, healing, and speaking in tongues that were being practiced by the Catholic Apostolic Church of Edward Irving, with whom many of the early Brethren were acquainted, they soon adopted a Cessationist position, which was to remain the prevailing Brethren view for the best part of two centuries. Cessationism holds that the sign gifts were given to the early Church only, for the specific purpose of authenticating the Apostles, and \"ceased\" with the death of the last Apostle, usually believed to be John, around the end of the First Century. Until very recent times, this doctrine was the nearly unanimous view of Brethren preachers and Brethren institutions (publications, Bible colleges, and missions agencies). A few prominent Brethren did question it: G.H. Lang expressed doubts about it in the 1920s, and Harry Ironside, perhaps the most influential Brethren preacher who ever lived, rejected it in principle in 1938. Although he condemned Pentecostalism,", "Brethren churches have traditionally avoided crosses displayed inside or outside their place of worship. As the focus is on Christ and the Word of God. they typically view an embellished room as more effective. Similarly, crosses are not typically placed inside homes or worn around the neck by these believers. Other symbols such as stained glass windows for their normal meeting hall have also", "Until recently, Brethren churches have rarely used the word \"Church\" as part of their name. Open Brethren groups usually called their places of worship \"Gospel Halls\" or \"Gospel Chapels\", with the latter generally being somewhat less sectarian (i.e., more open to cooperating with non-Brethren Christians) than the former. A third group, called \"Bible Chapels\", became widespread in North America and Oceania from the 1950s onwards. Bible Chapels are often more willing to use musical accompaniment in worship and are generally very willing to cooperate with other Christians who share their Evangelical beliefs. In recent years, many of the more progressive assemblies have moved away from their", "Open Brethren assemblies have traditionally rejected the concept of anyone \"joining\" as a member of a particular local gathering of believers and the maintenance of any list of such members. Brethren emphasise the Christian doctrine of the one \"Church\" made up of all true believers and enumerated in Heaven in \"Lamb's Book of Life\", rather than by humans. However, as a practical matter, in the late 20th century many American assemblies began maintaining lists of those in regular attendance at meetings. This was often to comply with secular governance issues or to offer a directory of", "While much of typical Brethren theology closely parallels non-Calvinist English and American Baptist traditions on many points, the view on clergy is much closer to the Quakers in rejecting the idea of clergy. Many Protestant denominations claim adherence to the New Testament doctrine of the priesthood of all believers to varying extents. One of the most defining elements of the Brethren is the rejection of the concept of clergy. Rather, in keeping with the doctrine of the Priesthood of all believers, they view all Christians as being ordained by God to serve and are therefore ministers. The Brethren embrace the most extensive form of that idea in that there is no ordained or unordained person or group employed to function as minister(s) or pastor(s).", "Brethren assemblies are led by the local church elders within any fellowship and historically there is no office of \"senior pastor\" in most Brethren churches, because they believe such an office does not exist in the New Testament. The English word in its plural form, \"pastors,\" is found only once in many English versions of the New Testament, being a translation of the original koine Greek word \"poimenas\" as found in Ephesians 4:11. Therefore, there is no formal ordination process for those who preach, teach, or lead, within their meetings. In place of an ordained ministry, an itinerant preacher often receives a \"commendation\" to the work", "The Open Brethren believe in a plurality of elders (Acts 14:23; 15:6,23; 20:17; Philippians 1:1)—men meeting the Biblical qualifications found in 1 Timothy 3:1–7 and Titus 1:6–9. This position is also taken in some Baptist churches, especially Reformed Baptists, and by the Churches of Christ. It is understood that elders are appointed by the Holy Spirit () and are recognised as meeting the qualifications by the assembly and by previously existing elders, whereas some believe in the time of the establishment of the first New Testament assemblies it was either an apostle's duty or his directly appointed delegate's responsibility to ordain elders (for example, Timothy or Titus), this original order being consistent with the", "The main role of the \"deacon\" is to assist the elders with members' needs. Deacons are usually chosen from members who have demonstrated exceptional Christian piety. (see 1 Timothy 3:8–12). However, in many meetings there is no official list of deacons, diaconal work being shared by anyone willing to give a helping hand in a particular task. Brethren groups generally recognise from the teachings of the Apostle Paul's epistles that not all the believers in any one fellowship are suited to give public ministry such as teaching and preaching.", "A distinctive practice of the Brethren is a separate weekly Communion meeting, referred to as the \"Breaking of Bread\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". Although specific practices will vary from meeting to meeting, there are general similarities. One reason for not taking up an offering at all meetings is to avoid causing any unbelievers who may be present to think that they might gain a spiritual benefit by making a donation. Some assemblies never send an offering bag round the congregation, even at the Breaking of Bread meeting. They prefer to simply have a box or two located at the back of the meeting hall, thus avoiding even the appearance of solicitation for funds. Many assemblies operate a \"back seat\" or \"guest row\" during the Breaking", "Following the Remembrance meeting there may be one other Sunday meeting, or perhaps more. Whereas the purpose of the Lord's Supper is predominantly for worship, recalling the person and work of Christ, other meetings involve Bible teaching, evangelism and gospel preaching (among young and old). Sunday Schools and Bible classes", "No distinction is made in Brethren teaching between men and women in their individual relation to Christ and his \"vicarious atonement\" for them on the cross, or their individual position before God as believers. However, in most Brethren meetings the principle of \"male headship\" is applied in accordance with teaching found in several passages in the Bible, including 1 Corinthians 11:3, which says: But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God. 1 The Head of every man is Christ – no equality. 2 The head of the woman is the man – equality and subjection. 3 The Head of Christ is God – equality, yet subjection. Thus most Brethren meetings reserve public leadership and teaching roles to men, based on 1 Timothy 2:11,12... : A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. Also, 1 Corinthians 14:34,35 states, Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also", "", "Assemblies prefer to use the term \"meeting\" to describe their gatherings rather than \"service\". The term \"service\", to some, is normally associated with a service or something which is offered for a fee. Assemblies might also have", "During the weekly Breaking of Bread meeting, hymns were traditionally sung unaccompanied by any musical instrument, though many of the more progressive assemblies today have instrumental accompaniment. In some assemblies, hymns sung during the other types of meetings are accompanied by piano or electronic organ, though this practice varies among assemblies. Other musical instruments are used at some assemblies.", "A number of factors make it very difficult to know how many Brethren there are today, and estimates vary from 1 million to as many as 2.5 million attenders in 25,000 congregations. The factors hampering the gathering of statistics include the general lack of formal organization, as well as ambiguity over just what churches and networks form part of the Brethren network. In Kerala, the Kerala Brethren was established through Anthony Norris Groves one of the founders of the Brethren Movement, who was also the brother in law of George Müller. There are a considerable number of independent evangelical churches in Australia and New Zealand, and some in the United Kingdom and Canada, that work closely with networks generally considered to be \"Brethren\", and there are also networks, such as the Assemblies Jehovah Shammah of India, which closely resemble the Brethren and are often counted by Open Brethren as part of their movement, but which are nevertheless historically distinct from it. There is no universally agreed criteria among Brethren to determine what assemblies and networks comprise part of Open Brethren movement, which partly explains the widely different statistics given. Most assemblies that regard themselves as Brethren will \"recognize\" similar assemblies which regard themselves as such, however. The largest numbers of Open Brethren are to be found in India (450,000 adults and children in 2,200 assemblies, not counting another 300,000 adults and children in the Assemblies Jehovah Shammah); there are also over 1,000 assemblies each in Angola, Zambia and Chad as well as the United Kingdom and the United States, 800 in Brazil and over 600 in Germany. Assemblies are found in over 70 countries. Piepkorn estimated the number of Open Brethren in North America in 1970 as 60,000 in 1,050 assemblies.", "Open Brethren are noted for their commitment to missionary work. In the earliest days of the Brethren movement, Anthony Norris Groves became one of the earliest \"faith missionaries\", travelling to Baghdad in 1829 to preach the gospel and the Bible without the aid of an established missionary society. Many later Brethren missionaries took the same stance, and included notable missionary pioneers such as George Müller (founder of orphanages in Bristol, England), Dan Crawford (Scottish missionary to central Africa), Charles Marsh (missionary to Lafayette, Algeria", "Along with other evangelical churches in the United Kingdom, the Brethren have been declining in numbers since the 1950s, especially", "Outside the British Isles, the brethren have a large presence in the Faroe Islands, forming the largest non-conformist group amongst a population that predominantly belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Faroe Islands. JN Darby's visits to Switzerland between 1835 and 1840 with critiques of Methodist perfectionism resulted in the establishment of meetings in Vevey in 1838 and Lausanne in 1840 drawn from some of the dissenting churches. Later he moved to France establishing outposts in the", "The expansion of the Plymouth Brethren outside of the British Isles started early, when Anthony Norris Groves left to become a missionary in 1829, first in Baghdad and then in India. Although his work as a dentist in the Godavari delta area of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu progressed slowly, it produced in time a flourishing movement of Indian Brethren with a particular emphasis in Kerala. According to Operation World, there are 135,000 adult believers in 1929 assemblies throughout India (449,550", "An important stream of the Open Brethren is the Kerala Brethren. Kerala is a small state in India, but has more than 600 Open or Plymouth Brethren Assemblies. Brethren members believe that these assemblies are the result of an independent movement of the Holy Spirit in India. Eventually the Plymouth Brethren and the Kerala Brethren recognized the similarities in both the movements and thus the Kerala Brethren came to be identified as a sub-set of the Open Brethren.", "Itinerant preachers carried both the open brethren to North America after the middle of the 19th century. Darby made a number of visits in the 1870s and his emphasis on prophecy was influential. The Brethren movement has spread throughout the United States and Canada through evangelistic endeavours, immigration from the UK and Commonwealth countries, and by attracting Christians from other backgrounds with its emphasis on Biblicism, centrality of the Lord's Supper and equality of all believers under Christ, as well as its avoidance of denominational governance. Open Brethren congregations in America often are barely distinguishable from other evangelical denominations on the outside and often engage", "According to the Evangelical publication, Operation World, there are 320 Brethren congregations in Australia and 202 in New Zealand, with 46,176 affiliates in the former and 16,164 in the latter. Some Brethren sources claim the latter number to be underestimated, with internal sources indicating as many as 38,000 adults and children attending Brethren assemblies — almost one percent of New Zealand's population. The Brethren in both countries have diversified greatly in the last generation. \"Gospel Chapels\" tend to be conservative; \"Gospel Halls\" even more so. \"Bible Chapels\" include both conservative and progressive assemblies, while \"Community Churches\" (often similar to the Brethren-affiliated \"Evangelical Churches\" of the United Kingdom) tend to be at the progressive end of the spectrum, often with salaried pastors, women taking an audible part in worship — and sometimes in leadership, and varying degrees of openness to the Charismatic movement. \"Bible Churches\" tend to embrace many progressive trends,", "The influence of the Plymouth Brethren upon evangelical Christianity exceeds their relatively small numerical proportion. The movement today has many congregations around the world. \"Christian Missions in Many Lands\" (CMML), in the United States, \"Missionary Service Committee\" (MSC), in Canada, and Echoes of Service, in the United Kingdom, serve as support agencies for Brethren missionaries, helping with logistics and material support. These agencies help to equip and support those sent from local churches. Hudson Taylor, the founder of the China Inland Mission, kept strong ties with the Open Brethren, even though he was raised a Methodist and later was a member of a Baptist Church. The concept of \"Faith Missions\" can be traced back through Hudson Taylor, to the example of the early Brethren missionary, Anthony Norris Groves. J.N. Darby, one of the original members and perhaps the most well known of the movement, wrote over 50 books including a translation of the New Testament and is often credited with the development of the theology of \"dispensationalism\" and \"pretribulationism\" which have been widely adopted in evangelical churches outside of the brethren movement. In the early twentieth century, J.N. Darby's writings have the greatest influence on the Little Flock or Church Assembly Hall of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee. Many leaders of the contemporary evangelical movement came from Brethren backgrounds. These include England-born Dr. D. Stuart Briscoe, author, international speaker and former senior pastor of Elmbrook Church (one of the 50 largest churches in the U.S.), in Brookfield, Wisconsin; Dr. Geoff Tunnicliffe, CEO of the World Evangelical Alliance; the late British scholar F.F. Bruce; 1956 Auca missionary martyrs Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Peter Fleming; Walter Liefeld, NT professor at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School; the late preacher Dr. Harry A. Ironside, who wrote the \"Historical Sketch of the Brethren Movement.\" Radio personality Garrison Keillor was raised among the Plymouth Brethren, whom he sometimes refers to as the \"sanctified brethren\" in his News from \"Lake Wobegon\" monologues. Peter Maiden, the current leader of Operation Mobilization, also came from the Brethren. Tony Evans, the widely syndicated radio broadcaster and pastor of Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship in Dallas, Texas comes from the Brethren assemblies. William MacDonald, the popular author and Bible commentator was also with the Open Brethren group. In Asia, Dr G D James (1920-2003), known for his widespread evangelistic ministry and the founder of Asia Evangelistic Fellowship (AEF) was associated with the Brethren movement.", "\"N.B. This is a list of individuals who were part of the Open Brethren movement for at", "The largest Christian Brethren Archive in the world is housed at the John Rylands University Library in Oxford Road, Manchester. It contains a large collection of materials, including books and manuscripts, relating", "Other sources of information are writings by B. W. Newton and W. Kelly." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 28076, 169424, 33233, 70, 15756, 2109, 111, 70, 9118, 80723, 7103, 70, 10267, 1283, 18, 111, 70, 169783, 1314, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 4568, 6, 2980, 32070, 4, 10932, 382, 4, 19236, 5369, 6650, 5, 62, 96551, 111, 23, 15386, 79357, 29394, 7, 765, 158930, 23, 903, 16128, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 5470, 678, 28811, 7, 4, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 33233, 15044, 15756, 2109, 111, 70, 9118, 3542, 82, 127, 19, 71407, 15678, 13, 3395, 7, 5, 45233, 215528, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 70, 5117, 28811, 47, 30957, 70, 9118, 4, 3229, 764, 88898, 71, 442, 23, 611, 963, 237, 2831, 111, 1919, 64222, 1363, 111, 70, 150679, 9118, 450, 509, 24, 4806, 100, 4049, 5, 3293, 127067, 56, 538, 9118, 509, 24, 4806, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 14978, 14631, 4, 10, 30982, 1495, 84495, 73, 2750, 88898, 71, 70, 16128, 1286, 209183, 538, 23, 611, 1197, 136, 611, 5016, 5, 14631, 9631, 83, 5526, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 25730, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 3080, 6295, 2886, 63920, 111, 70, 215528, 9631, 10776, 4, 102971, 442, 1556, 1902, 10, 27226, 14135, 43904, 5, 1650, 509, 142, 16128, 111, 131011, 47, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 136, 56101, 14700, 66, 6889, 3934, 25730, 5, 581, 16387, 9, 1517, 26783, 34965, 111, 88898, 4295, 58807, 9, 63723, 2783, 26368, 4503, 136, 39447, 1506, 71, 224, 14854, 184, 45819, 1314, 122991, 71, 70, 14941, 174462, 4, 102917, 538, 54041, 72693, 2529, 111, 70, 627, 82625, 4, 10, 1238, 141775, 297, 53297, 145204, 111, 28166, 87, 136, 193429, 47, 28166, 1995, 4, 450, 10, 190070, 202681, 23, 70, 144477, 2806, 11180, 19388, 180187, 23, 23911, 7, 136, 16387, 5, 5581, 14854, 184, 45819, 1314, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 154564, 102142, 6232, 127, 110226, 302, 98, 70, 11643, 206, 44, 59881, 7, 12665, 58, 136, 1836, 124416, 538, 14037, 297, 28166, 19953, 4, 70, 5117, 28811, 16387, 9, 1517, 6238, 1305, 98, 14631, 9631, 5, 581, 481, 36272, 509, 6044, 450, 70, 14380, 509, 178727, 297, 390, 28166, 1995, 98, 2363, 30646, 4, 102971, 1836, 6777, 959, 19095, 2499, 23911, 7, 5, 3293, 178727, 2855, 3674, 10, 28484, 71702, 147759, 53, 47, 70, 14380, 111, 70, 28271, 215528, 9631, 4950, 73, 15, 216561, 14631, 9631, 194, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 70, 5117, 14941, 46512, 53, 98, 2367, 83, 5036, 5201, 1760, 25730, 4, 72693, 2529, 25, 7, 6557, 4, 509, 100, 4806, 4, 678, 70, 5117, 44, 215652, 58, 4331, 27686, 99, 28166, 19953, 5, 581, 5117, 190070, 23607, 42, 4, 28166, 60758, 53, 15, 330, 93905, 10010, 33992, 32316, 4, 26719, 1284, 959, 84046, 47, 44, 8023, 14, 4293, 74054, 509, 10, 19559, 1728, 4, 136, 903, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 10, 31461, 23, 1919, 15072, 7844, 91582, 678, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 71702, 89543, 4, 70, 23972, 145704, 5, 48838, 14486, 1236, 16387, 87631, 214, 1556, 136475, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 28, 4438, 184085, 707, 24453, 12321, 111, 14631, 9631, 509, 5792, 72546, 17203, 297, 390, 92265, 136, 41371, 188535, 7, 1295, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 242661, 297, 1295, 142, 39395, 14922, 71702, 91582, 678, 109120, 90, 23, 14566, 87631, 214, 61585, 7, 4, 157578, 1295, 70, 65272, 184085, 7, 111, 14631, 136, 215528, 9118, 7, 5, 24453, 12321, 509, 4, 8306, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 70836, 7514, 47, 56101, 9615, 19929, 7, 23, 2367, 2806, 24209, 1572, 2986, 402, 15, 92049, 93, 1081, 177, 4, 100, 27781, 16, 136, 237, 2060, 65272, 237, 70, 14434, 53, 71175, 7, 5, 14631, 9631, 33636, 7, 70, 127067, 9022, 192961, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 82485, 49347, 18979, 5, 51404, 70, 184085, 289, 58555, 621, 102917, 538, 23, 70, 215528, 8950, 5425, 4, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 184085, 132988, 214, 5813, 33970, 83, 23, 70, 6098, 208, 216801, 49347, 18979, 5, 3293, 13950, 53, 136, 130473, 53, 8394, 48850, 6, 134369, 3173, 7, 70, 171827, 121303, 111, 70, 180972, 216801, 23, 5813, 33970, 136, 237, 6044, 4, 70, 5201, 117016, 83, 337, 30544, 100, 525, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 180972, 216801, 1013, 208, 49347, 80938, 5, 581, 171827, 6, 134369, 4, 49903, 4, 83, 62816, 52021, 390, 134744, 370, 14519, 27226, 15534, 450, 621, 142, 111938, 111, 70, 215528, 9631, 61187, 15534, 4, 136, 70, 55670, 1363, 83, 153161, 842, 1205, 177, 12050, 5, 62, 21334, 126826, 111, 903, 16128, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 135909, 113132, 114413, 5227, 5, 21434, 297, 28704, 7, 621, 39210, 234311, 33233, 14631, 9631, 136, 160, 320, 81148, 7, 831, 186, 51592, 1926, 1916, 70, 28704, 7, 237, 479, 53, 5, 12628, 16565, 148, 50742, 7, 28032, 14631, 9631, 4950, 73, 5809, 186, 117781, 1295, 8382, 14037, 23, 215528, 9631, 5, 49083, 2822, 7, 111, 96113, 7, 86608, 3934, 14631, 9631, 5, 581, 700, 87168, 111, 70, 10776, 76199, 5941, 111, 2856, 21373, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 10660, 17660, 47, 186, 38134, 136, 35299, 8770, 43573, 70, 9631, 15, 73, 70, 14631, 9631, 61187, 15534, 247, 7440, 162, 1836, 621, 2288, 13, 1264, 136, 24, 18304, 6488, 2060, 9319, 1257, 86429, 15, 162, 1836, 578, 5773, 70, 180972, 216801, 194, 1326, 10, 150679, 5303, 111, 7401, 102966, 23, 70, 10776, 4, 1957, 5303, 111, 215528, 9631, 96113, 7, 5, 151900, 9631, 83, 70, 127067, 9022, 840, 18, 9118, 111, 14631, 9631, 5, 11853, 70, 20644, 11, 84388, 136, 138459, 31519, 32547, 7, 86608, 3934, 14631, 9631, 5, 56888, 1105, 1019, 1785, 83, 30312, 1379, 70, 130446, 31667, 72607, 7, 155358, 25515, 111, 25730, 237, 70, 151900, 9631, 72607, 1735, 41039, 6635, 5, 3293, 65678, 10363, 53, 1556, 2843, 2809, 4331, 27686, 237, 10, 1401, 74041, 111, 8357, 92966, 7154, 1379, 70, 8446, 4100, 155358, 16792, 4347, 22059, 5, 581, 15756, 2109, 23, 903, 16128, 621, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 1940, 118, 2465, 51400, 4, 19096, 4, 136, 28279, 49878, 7, 4, 437, 2240, 1212, 7401, 7, 4, 1940, 118, 2465, 1108, 114942, 4, 63335, 36448, 15266, 6468, 4, 68062, 2676, 7, 4, 136, 100, 525, 297, 280, 257, 15534, 5, 32255, 80854, 3249, 142, 130807, 3956, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14631, 9631, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 21334, 14361, 111, 7401, 105866, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 3564, 111, 215528, 9631, 23, 25730, 5, 149766, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 65042, 1295, 70, 1172, 49086, 55609, 4, 111, 3129, 14631, 9631, 83, 70, 127067, 9022, 840, 18, 2831, 5, 1650, 132988, 7, 70, 180972, 140280, 7, 111, 5813, 33970, 136, 200086, 5, 18481, 7, 28032, 70, 9118, 4, 70, 142105, 111, 3129, 83, 62, 34375, 1336, 18481, 4, 621, 2831, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Hannah Bay.", "Human development.", "Coastal communities.", "Economic development.", "Recreation.", "Canoeing." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Human presence along the shores of the bay began after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age, around 8,150 years ago. A variety of indigenous cultures have lived in this area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples along both shores of the bay were ethnically Cree peoples. Henry Hudson is believed to have been the first European to enter the bay, when he explored it in 1610 as part of his exploration of the larger bay that was named for him. This southerly bay was named in honour of Thomas James, a Welsh captain who explored the area more thoroughly in 1630 and 1631. James Bay is important in the history of Canada as one of the most hospitable parts of the Hudson Bay region, although it has had a low human population. It was an area of importance to the Hudson's Bay Company and British expansion into Canada. The fur-trapping duo of explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced the English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a favoured nephew of Charles I and cousin to Charles II, that a colonial enterprise in the north would yield wealth in minerals and fur. Des Groseilliers accompanied Captain Zachariah Gillam on the ketch \"Nonsuch\" and they jointly founded Charles Fort, the first European fur-trading post on James Bay. Their success was such that the company was chartered by Charles II on their return, although they did not bring any minerals. This charter granted a complete trading monopoly to the company of the whole Hudson Bay basin (including James Bay). At the same time, the first English colony on what is now mainland Canada, Rupert's Land, was formed, with the first \"capital\" designated at Charles Fort. The first colonial governor, Charles Baley (various spellings exist, including but not limited to \"Bailey\"), was a Quaker, and this is believed to have been a factor in his respectful relations with the company's trading partners, the First Nations. Significant fur trapping has continued in the region. In general, the east coast or East Main of James Bay was too easily accessed by French and independent traders from the south. The Hudson's Bay Company emphasised from an early period trading relations with tribes in interior trapping grounds, reached from the west coasts of James and Hudson bays. East Main was, nevertheless, the gateway to British settlements in what would become Manitoba (Winnipeg, for example) and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.", "James Bay represents the southern extent of the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone. While the coastal areas are primarily in the Hudson Plains, the northeastern coast bordering Quebec is in the Taiga Shield ecozone. This rocky and hilly eastern shore forms the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec and as such, the main habitat is boreal forest of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion. The western shore, however, is characterised by broad tundra lowlands that are an extension of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, and the vegetation is mostly muskeg bog. A large portion of this area is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park. Ringed seals are common elsewhere along James Bay and polar bears can be seen hunting the seals as prey. Beluga whales within James Bay basin could be distinct from those found in Hudson Bay. Hundreds of rivers flow into James Bay. The geography of the region gives many of them similar characteristics. They tend to be wide and shallow near the Bay (in the James Bay Lowlands), whereas they are steeper and narrower farther upstream (as they pour off the Canadian Shield). For a larger list of waterways in the region, see list of Hudson Bay rivers.", "Hannah Bay is the southernmost bay of James Bay. Here the Kesagami and Harricana Rivers flow into James Bay. About 238 km is protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act of Canada as the Hannah Bay Bird Sanctuary. This sanctuary has also been designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention since May 1987. The shores in this area are a mixture of intertidal mud, sand, and salt flats, estuarine waters, intertidal marshes, freshwater ponds, swamps, and forested peatlands. These elements make an abundance of wildlife.", "", "The shores of James Bay are sparsely populated. On the eastern shore in Quebec there are four coastal communities belonging to the Cree, the indigenous people of the region (from south to north): On the western shore in Ontario there are five coastal communities (from south to north):", "Since 1971, the government of Quebec has built hydroelectric dams on rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Built between 1974 and 1996, the James Bay Project now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83 billion kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. Power is also exported to the United States via a direct transmission high voltage line. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work that began in 2010 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River. A proposed development project, the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal, centres on constructing a large dike to separate southern James Bay from Hudson Bay. This would turn the bay into a freshwater lake, due to the numerous rivers that empty into it. The main benefit expected from this would be to redirect this freshwater for human use. It seems very unlikely that the GRAND Canal will actually ever be built.", "", "Many of the rivers flowing into James Bay are popular destinations for wilderness canoe-trippers. Among the more popular rivers are: Two less-travelled rivers are the Groundhog River and the Harricana. The Groundhog is less travelled in modern times due to a series of seven dams that are about a day or two up-river from the Moose. Canoeists can contact the dam company and arrange to be towed around the dams on company trucks, but they must make arrangements specific to the hour, and they cannot be late. The Groundhog flows into the Mattagami. The Mattagami then flows into the Moose; it is at the meeting of the Missinaibi and Mattagami rivers that the Moose river begins, marked by an island known as Portage Island. This point is about two or three days travel by canoe to Moosonee. Though the Missinaibi and the Groundhog are both fairly high in the summer, the Moose is often quite low. Depending on the tides, groups have had to walk long stretches of the river. Rapids on the Groundhog tend to be bigger and more technical than those on the Missinaibi, but the campsites are few and poor, because the volume of travel is so much less. The Harricana River is wild, powerful, dangerous river that flows into James Bay east of Moosonee after two infamous sections of river known as 1-mile and 7-mile island. Consistent whitewater and waterfalls make these sections of river extremely dangerous. Anyone wishing to take this route must allow about two days to cross the bay, an extremely dangerous proposition if the tides and the weather are unfavourable. The most common access point for paddlers to this area is Moosonee, at the southern end of James Bay. A campsite at Tidewater Provincial Park provides large campgrounds with firepits and outhouses on an island across the river from the town. Water taxis will ferry people back and forth for about C$20 each. Many of these rivers finish near Moosonee, and paddlers can take the Polar Bear Express train south to Cochrane at the end of a trip. This train regularly features a 'canoe car' enabling paddlers to travel with their canoes. Waskaganish, Quebec, is a town farther to the north and east on James Bay. It is accessible via the James Bay Road, and is the most common end point for trips on the Broadback, Pontax, and Rupert rivers (the town itself is situated at the mouth of the Rupert)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 291, 26783, 83, 10, 32354, 4, 7440, 83, 142, 10750, 111, 10, 32354, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 70, 291, 26783, 111, 10, 32354, 47, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 32354, 99, 10, 6275, 83, 10, 44, 137175, 289, 56128, 3688, 4, 83, 10, 171859, 5, 123089, 71, 450, 83, 10, 192617, 32354, 1295, 10, 173, 18770, 32628, 47, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 146232, 42, 44457, 4, 70, 36917, 192617, 22288, 7, 621, 87758, 47, 12638, 3789, 4, 136, 23, 123309, 114137, 15044, 621, 35839, 192617, 123309, 7, 5, 204681, 7, 6044, 237, 3173, 10, 5361, 18507, 111, 123309, 7, 5, 10660, 22288, 10, 32354, 26168, 454, 1662, 3934, 10, 2773, 14012, 4, 62952, 450, 26168, 454, 1530, 83, 2773, 9, 27494, 297, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 77878, 19, 142, 75414, 12996, 32628, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 136, 10, 188347, 173, 18770, 26168, 454, 2947, 4, 70, 22288, 61924, 71, 390, 26168, 454, 1549, 83, 10, 192617, 123309, 98, 26168, 454, 363, 5, 581, 5423, 111, 22834, 22230, 26168, 454, 4015, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 3742, 83, 45234, 83, 10, 173, 18770, 1614, 65421, 111, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 35839, 70, 44, 139550, 32628, 58, 707, 44, 72083, 141, 58, 111, 70, 123309, 4, 707, 70, 707, 24948, 6126, 289, 110633, 111, 26168, 454, 2588, 4, 8, 157, 3674, 26168, 454, 4046, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 35971, 70, 75414, 12996, 678, 10, 188347, 32354, 26168, 454, 3768, 112, 64552, 7, 10, 15, 2256, 147, 16, 123309, 98, 70, 26370, 16466, 32628, 26168, 454, 3882, 4390, 6, 108047, 9114, 2886, 32354, 7, 98, 26168, 454, 4235, 12, 26168, 454, 1197, 4263, 10, 123309, 25, 7, 34292, 831, 186, 375, 7077, 297, 100, 19336, 33180, 7, 111, 70, 107730, 9709, 272, 136, 7068, 10554, 4806, 47, 7413, 70, 3622, 34292, 4, 70, 123309, 83, 35839, 4000, 5, 64511, 90825, 442, 83, 35839, 351, 9, 98908, 5, 1326, 27781, 12, 83, 4000, 12960, 83, 351, 9, 98908, 5, 3293, 74918, 7, 39210, 538, 3229, 28970, 7, 74918, 84797, 538, 23, 70, 22542, 4597, 136, 52240, 1290, 111, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 6044, 237, 23, 74481, 5256, 111, 27585, 111, 46889, 5, 581, 89160, 127689, 2843, 4027, 25720, 3229, 1632, 22120, 7, 1672, 10, 123309, 28, 5490, 2320, 4, 91084, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 17721, 123309, 7, 12, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 17721, 123309, 7, 831, 186, 12301, 237, 142, 242, 13, 5490, 2320, 47, 86869, 25, 4, 678, 51347, 8035, 61261, 32354, 7, 5, 360, 6044, 28, 13722, 5256, 2685, 1543, 186, 40368, 5423, 7, 111, 77336, 51, 69723, 1779, 4, 1884, 3229, 442, 83, 2804, 450, 142, 44, 11, 12071, 4935, 58, 32354, 83, 1632, 44, 7, 50958, 18929, 214, 70, 123309, 28, 5490, 2320, 58, 28670, 10763, 289, 30057, 42991, 621, 11814, 23, 239, 30962, 34958, 135969, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 30057, 42991, 111, 123309, 7, 12, 17, 5, 13, 5, 1836, 85358, 4677, 98, 3642, 10, 123309, 65572, 3229, 70, 107730, 32354, 65572, 390, 10, 19336, 41170, 5, 22758, 563, 28950, 669, 11814, 123309, 28970, 7, 237, 70, 9879, 6528, 23, 1919, 10554, 645, 70, 22328, 7, 26168, 1363, 111, 110436, 135969, 7, 5, 3293, 127689, 35388, 90, 142, 28970, 39958, 645, 3060, 32354, 32628, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 13579, 123309, 15, 162, 10, 110, 309, 16, 1556, 99, 19713, 17262, 91084, 7, 5, 3293, 5582, 83, 5201, 538, 142837, 678, 70, 17932, 23755, 4, 3129, 10, 75287, 23, 70, 39395, 543, 927, 142642, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 44805, 223, 111, 143834, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 23755, 4, 3129, 83, 1286, 5744, 136, 164789, 4, 83, 45252, 297, 23, 22443, 23, 10, 84797, 5582, 4, 1379, 70, 9351, 192617, 3173, 5, 581, 50960, 23755, 83, 185688, 23, 70, 5582, 98, 77546, 9, 80596, 32354, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Details.", "Duality.", "Definite integral.", "Inner product spaces.", "Locality.", "Equation solving.", "Derivative and integration." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The mapping is a function, where is an argument of a function. At the same time, the mapping of a function to the value of the function at a point is a \"functional\"; here, is a parameter. Provided that is a linear function from a vector space to the underlying scalar field, the above linear maps are dual to each other, and in functional analysis both are called linear functionals.", "Integrals such as form a special class of functionals. They map a function formula_11 into a real number, provided that formula_12 is real-valued. Examples include", "Given an inner product space formula_3, and a fixed vector formula_19, the map defined by formula_20 is a linear functional on formula_3. The set of vectors formula_22 such that formula_23 is zero is a vector subspace of formula_3, called the \"null space\" or \"kernel\" of the functional, or the orthogonal complement of formula_25, denoted formula_26. For example, taking the inner product with a fixed function formula_27defines a (linear) functional on the Hilbert space formula_28of square integrable functions on formula_29: formula_30", "If a functional's value can be computed for small segments of the input curve and then summed to find the total value, the functional is called local. Otherwise it is called non-local. For example: is local while is non-local. This occurs commonly when integrals occur separately in the numerator and denominator of an equation such as in calculations of center of mass.", "The traditional usage also applies when one talks about a functional equation, meaning an equation between functionals: an equation between functionals can be read as an 'equation to solve', with solutions being themselves functions. In such equations there may be several sets of variable unknowns, like when it is said that an \"additive\" function is one \"satisfying the functional equation\"", "Functional derivatives are used in Lagrangian mechanics. They are derivatives of functionals: i.e. they carry information on how a functional changes when the input function changes by a small amount. Richard Feynman used functional integrals as the central idea in his sum over the histories formulation of quantum mechanics. This usage implies an integral taken over some function space." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 25975, 2320, 1295, 6, 189673, 6, 208476, 4, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 22282, 71, 54704, 289, 46876, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 124338, 1295, 151258, 47, 143359, 5, 2022, 4021, 271, 1919, 16030, 7, 3542, 165458, 4221, 1846, 145739, 117887, 15743, 136, 4221, 1846, 11246, 334, 33781, 14083, 206, 3970, 1495, 4, 15044, 111, 136565, 3542, 16031, 678, 226185, 19, 136, 65524, 71, 2363, 25921, 47, 25188, 1919, 24, 4935, 46876, 5, 345, 5416, 21721, 214, 1919, 96335, 23, 143359, 764, 509, 158, 20549, 297, 678, 70, 7793, 7, 41274, 44930, 5, 1301, 10, 226185, 19, 129574, 4, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 7413, 188513, 23, 226185, 237, 10, 117914, 5, 1529, 509, 127298, 158, 9297, 122009, 100, 10, 1733, 47, 8337, 14375, 182417, 4, 136, 47, 21265, 237, 10, 81993, 7190, 23, 70, 29685, 111, 6, 189673, 5, 360, 145810, 4, 49903, 4, 764, 214493, 297, 23, 113054, 214, 142, 164306, 237, 10, 117914, 111, 160600, 136, 42845, 99, 845, 19284, 330, 6, 208476, 4, 179838, 7440, 764, 47143, 297, 24189, 121049, 5, 18763, 5368, 100512, 10, 103351, 914, 9319, 214, 3687, 100, 155629, 297, 226185, 1779, 5, 133698, 51065, 166021, 7, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 43799, 297, 2053, 54940, 24, 4935, 119578, 7, 23, 226185, 100, 1919, 147158, 9523, 96335, 5, 18763, 69924, 98, 232045, 111, 226185, 19, 113660, 105876, 297, 1919, 456, 87632, 47, 57674, 4, 116342, 4, 390, 115525, 1419, 207048, 5, 581, 102374, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 25534, 71, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 678, 27211, 214, 70, 45, 10763, 6635, 375, 5974, 297, 390, 70, 78684, 8, 45710, 5281, 122231, 2658, 3314, 7659, 5, 3293, 143434, 1919, 2837, 2179, 2317, 1295, 1919, 128169, 19069, 23, 57674, 23, 91255, 4, 136, 4599, 4745, 674, 1295, 226185, 70, 25632, 6602, 5, 360, 6, 61518, 111, 903, 764, 136475, 678, 1919, 4488, 23, 436, 58588, 5, 1650, 509, 20271, 903, 14922, 450, 764, 80723, 1919, 44, 92314, 69782, 88545, 81787, 71290, 8193, 58, 15, 9506, 8805, 7925, 19, 48078, 1727, 4, 91255, 16, 1379, 70, 9351, 111, 42920, 7, 24315, 916, 3046, 23240, 4, 1919, 5117, 74189, 5264, 5, 66016, 70, 102374, 207048, 63323, 3674, 70, 2448, 1916, 111, 226185, 19, 42840, 23, 70, 42845, 6, 229231, 4, 1919, 122092, 147, 509, 14432, 91376, 23, 5064, 6084, 4, 24453, 55386, 7, 3478, 5, 14847, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 6835, 122009, 168081, 47, 30957, 226185, 4, 764, 23409, 47, 6, 217883, 23, 106355, 4, 136, 47, 55736, 70, 11737, 6602, 5, 24372, 70, 24234, 4599, 509, 60520, 297, 23, 96929, 4, 764, 149976, 98, 70, 68669, 45443, 7, 111, 70, 73962, 7, 44, 239118, 125789, 58, 15, 89272, 27446, 1833, 16, 136, 44, 94003, 6, 26981, 65527, 58, 15, 9506, 8805, 7925, 19, 51869, 56, 16, 136, 27211, 297, 70, 104345, 7, 111, 44, 284, 16480, 219, 58, 15, 3957, 158231, 194, 6300, 1177, 33, 96903, 136, 81139, 764, 189924, 99, 70, 148859, 238, 42923, 53, 111, 6, 243294, 5, 96408, 7941, 16070, 7, 168861, 10, 25813, 47, 6499, 271, 4, 113852, 23, 81139, 4, 7440, 764, 189924, 24189, 764, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 572, 5914, 76, 23, 62977, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 70, 64194, 10696, 509, 166499, 3674, 47, 73555, 8848, 4, 49002, 5, 28090, 64911, 47, 24531, 764, 189924, 99, 70, 226185, 19, 211190, 90, 25, 29666, 2658, 6664, 23, 4855, 191, 40744, 1295, 7440, 764, 176377, 47, 55736, 39555, 112668, 238335, 136, 3871, 214, 47, 4527, 10, 160298, 100983, 5, 14847, 164111, 40, 29367, 55736, 23, 45913, 4, 70, 226185, 19, 27759, 1902, 4049, 91048, 47, 141817, 5, 14847, 70, 12535, 111, 226185, 23, 141817, 142096, 23, 63445, 4, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 20338, 6635, 16030, 136, 189924, 226185, 19, 24189, 70777, 5, 1657, 163812, 538, 764, 181653, 7986, 7, 100, 115215, 4, 3900, 143, 3674, 136, 27211, 297, 27060, 25, 153648, 7, 1295, 110613, 46876, 7, 4, 42938, 297, 23, 62458, 7, 5423, 1257, 47, 3638, 20650, 18614, 25443, 136, 707, 927, 87168, 4, 136, 54397, 98865, 111, 6, 66847, 109622, 163136, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 23, 141817, 1105, 22482, 28730, 5, 1529, 509, 1940, 2822, 23, 70, 42920, 3489, 6355, 13761, 1845, 29089, 53, 5, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 25, 158036, 69307, 674, 509, 1919, 127752, 47, 70, 27643, 111, 70, 5570, 226185, 19, 46876, 5, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 4, 23, 70, 39864, 1363, 47, 1919, 44, 92314, 69782, 88545, 81787, 71290, 8193, 830, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 26168, 67, 70, 85590, 24702, 1577, 450, 3542, 5526, 47, 14432, 34754, 111, 5570, 226185, 19, 5, 18763, 152132, 509, 47, 3647, 226185, 19, 98, 70, 171827, 189161, 11, 1890, 2864, 220734, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 147158, 933, 8055, 135519, 14, 5372, 136, 93726, 24289, 21393, 1902, 11814, 70, 220734, 111, 55386, 7, 39209, 226185, 1779, 5, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 19667, 10, 220734, 4, 70, 38043, 116483, 111, 70, 3395, 4, 3129, 9498, 56, 4126, 190219, 1294, 136, 122092, 11, 70760, 3173, 7, 1295, 110613, 79507, 7, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 70, 82575, 53, 46876, 111, 70, 14922, 134729, 297, 1295, 99162, 26794, 425, 111, 110613, 4, 41866, 187414, 238, 4, 80854, 5, 12613, 7, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 7228, 79825, 47, 7398, 40383, 70, 226185, 19, 46876, 5, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 25, 809, 2480, 53, 5369, 111, 4488, 91048, 70, 25632, 50339, 12, 143834, 7, 136, 23, 25553, 6892, 58732, 23, 707, 927, 87168, 3542, 6782, 538, 34390, 71, 74, 10, 14012, 111, 51, 86, 26531, 6635, 110613, 111628, 34153, 3542, 91995, 71, 390, 95307, 226185, 19, 125195, 7, 74, 70, 27643, 111, 108, 12524, 7, 4432, 100512, 28368, 47, 24702, 1577, 450, 3542, 74729, 678, 70, 91736, 111, 226185, 19, 74, 136, 23, 4537, 117396, 12989, 136, 35060, 27771, 3542, 65508, 71, 3934, 70, 122092, 147, 4, 106480, 70, 6002, 86531, 4, 111, 59121, 226185, 19, 5, 873, 214, 10, 138155, 147158, 18, 4, 66310, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 54397, 43240, 82775, 47, 21265, 138155, 3564, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 92314, 186823, 81787, 880, 1865, 59027, 58, 15, 9506, 8805, 7925, 19, 19010, 86531, 247, 80665, 74, 44, 12248, 67655, 23308, 81787, 211432, 58, 15, 154973, 1314, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 66310, 823, 57893, 1336, 7, 38774, 14487, 128136, 4, 23, 1461, 2721, 135805, 4, 49194, 73557, 103724, 46, 1105, 22482, 28730, 4, 23, 141817, 16, 509, 10, 157167, 67175, 226185, 19, 147158, 18, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 70, 5570, 226185, 19, 46876, 5, 1529, 11814, 70, 74189, 5264, 44, 1052, 17454, 147273, 66310, 830, 39958, 1295, 70, 19336, 59444, 24, 4806, 161781, 17950, 508, 7440, 764, 66933, 1919, 29041, 44462, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After graduation from Marijampolė Gymnasium, Jablonskis studied classical languages at the University of Moscow from 1881 to 1885. Amongst his professors were Phillip Fedorovich Fortunatov and Fedor Yevgenievich Korsh, both of whom were familiar with Lithuanian and encouraged their students to research his native language. Upon completing his studies in 1885 he was confronted with the russification policy. As a Lithuanian Catholic, was unable to find employment in Lithuania as a teacher. He was therefore constrained for a time to give private lessons, and to serve as a clerk in the court of Marijampolė. In 1889, however, he succeeded in obtaining an appointment as a teacher of Greek and Latin at Jelgava Gymnasium, Latvia where he remained until 1896. His home became a frequent gathering place for educated Lithuanians. During summer vacations Jablonskis collected data among native speakers in Lithuania for his linguistic studies. His activities on behalf of Lithuanian causes prompted his relocation to Tallinn, Estonia, by Tsarist authorities. The Russian Academy of Sciences charged Jablonskis with editing the dictionary compiled by the recently deceased Antanas Juška. This caused his dismissal from his teaching position in Tallinn in 1901, and banishment from Lithuania the following year. In spite of this he continued with his work in Pskov. It was during this period that he began his \"Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika\" (Lithuanian Grammar, 1901) under the name of Petras Kriaušaitis, his first pseudonym. Since the Russian authorities prohibited the printing of Lithuanian books in the Latin alphabet, his grammar was later published in Tilsit, East Prussia. When Jablonskis regained permission to enter Lithuania, he went to Šiauliai in 1903, and to Vilnius the next year. After the press ban was lifted in 1904, he served on the editorial boards of the newspapers \"Vilniaus žinios\" (Vilnius News) and \"Lietuvos ūkininkas\" (Lithuanian Farmer) and edited the publications of \"Aušra\" (The Dawn). Between 1906 and 1908 he taught at the Pedagogic Seminary of Panevėžys. Financial hardships forced a move to Brest, Belarus in 1908, where he taught until he was transferred to Hrodna in 1912. At the beginning of World War I the entire school was evacuated to Velizh, Russia. From 1915 to 1918 he taught at the Lithuanian refugees' gymnasium in Voronezh from where he returned to Vilnius almost totally disabled and needing to use a wheelchair. When Poland seized Vilnius in 1919, the Lithuanian government had him brought to Kaunas. When the University of Lithuania in Kaunas opened in 1922, he was elected honorary professor and taught Lithuanian until 1926. Concurrently he produced texts for schools, translated and edited others' translations from foreign languages, participated in commissions set up to normalize terminology and orthography, and wrote reviews of philological literature. He died in Kaunas 23 February 1930. He was interred in the Petrašiūnai Cemetery.", "Jablonskis' greatest achievement was his contribution to the formation of the standard Lithuanian language. Jablonskis, in the introduction to his \"Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika\", was the first to formulate the essential principles that were important to later development of standard Lithuanian. His proposal was to base Lithuanian on the western Aukštaitijan dialect, whereas the linguists August Schleicher and Friedrich Kurschat had used the dialect of Prussian Lithuanians. Jablonskis chose a dialect, the living speech of the people, which preserved vocabulary and grammatical forms from foreign influences. In contrast, the literary language of the period suffered from heavy influx of foreign, especially Slavic, elements. Thus Jablonskis made efforts to purify the Lithuanian language. Jablonskis' fifty years of work brought the following results: variations and inconsistencies in orthography were greatly reduced; a number of unnecessary foreign loan words were replaced by appropriate Lithuanian expressions; the formation of neologisms became subject to principles that were consistent with the rules of Lithuanian; and in general greater order and consistency were introduced into the grammar, particularly the syntax, of written Lithuanian. Being a practical linguist, Jonas Jablonskis wrote works designed to serve practical ends, such as \"Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė\" (Lithuanian Syntax), 1911; \"Rašomosios kalbos dalykai\" (Matters of Literary Language), 1912; \"Lietuvių kalbos gramatika\" (Lithuanian Grammar), last edition 1922; \"Lietuvių kalbos vadovėlis\" (Textbook of Lithuanian), 1925; \"Linksniai ir prielinksniai\" (Cases and Prepositions), 1929. His most significant work, however, remains \"Lietuvių kalbos gramatika\", which for a long time was the only comprehensive manual available to schools and general public. The purification of the language was also helped by his frequent articles in periodicals, where he repeatedly pointed out unacceptable and non-Lithuanian grammatical and syntactical forms. In addition, he translated popular science and educational works by various (M. Bogdanov, Ivan Krylov, Samuel Smiles, George Sand) authors. Many of Jablonskis' works, even though meant to serve practical needs, are still important to scientific theory. The linguistic material which he collected was published in the 20 volumes of Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian and is still being used in research and in editing of texts and books. He also introduced the letter \"ū\" into Lithuanian writing. A complete edition of Jablonskis' works was prepared by Jonas Balčikonis and published as \"Jablonskio raštai\", 5 volumes, Kaunas, 1932–36. Later Jonas Palionis edited a selection of his works titled \"Rinktiniai raštai\", 2 volumes, Vilnius, 1957–1959." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 110680, 3173, 7, 111, 70, 12610, 2975, 67, 15, 2347, 479, 9, 62329, 223, 3347, 246, 3173, 7, 247, 3060, 111, 3129, 621, 7464, 23, 4527, 4, 10, 853, 3181, 195, 74227, 129927, 7, 23, 40368, 48322, 1295, 70, 115723, 74227, 5, 31384, 63920, 450, 3542, 111, 35845, 538, 17309, 59665, 4, 26719, 3060, 450, 765, 2809, 39041, 48141, 23, 70, 19340, 111666, 111, 70, 20324, 74227, 4, 621, 171, 217, 3674, 5, 89536, 99726, 621, 70, 50676, 28122, 44, 568, 34, 18601, 58, 99, 70, 4034, 111, 74227, 4, 70, 177966, 2804, 390, 70, 494, 525, 8108, 16454, 70, 2016, 11337, 15, 748, 70, 77805, 214, 111, 70, 8, 11, 2271, 4, 2174, 10, 8, 11, 2271, 12301, 7, 442, 247, 136, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 6626, 177966, 7, 111, 70, 494, 525, 100, 66570, 8108, 217063, 84158, 191, 5, 64511, 36, 54916, 26698, 70, 4527, 111, 23, 147881, 99, 70, 360, 2955, 217, 136, 70, 2016, 11337, 4, 70, 6721, 7, 111, 88669, 4, 16060, 7841, 1577, 34658, 390, 1030, 48381, 1636, 3229, 10, 8, 11, 2271, 120199, 7, 70, 2016, 11337, 4, 136, 77805, 5180, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 128627, 23, 64152, 6023, 49081, 136, 110, 105955, 1363, 111, 70, 183672, 74, 70, 4344, 10683, 11, 120199, 8108, 70, 2016, 11337, 83, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 163104, 4, 237, 23, 150926, 74, 136, 70, 44, 54431, 7851, 19152, 58, 83, 37264, 297, 5, 44, 568, 67, 86483, 437, 58, 83, 91995, 71, 678, 44, 4332, 3181, 90, 36520, 23, 42632, 58, 15, 82419, 1836, 10588, 23, 88669, 3142, 70, 44, 4657, 31, 55833, 7, 58, 57553, 83, 91995, 71, 678, 44, 284, 1055, 740, 10074, 509, 70, 17808, 31667, 103838, 6827, 134855, 111, 70, 16420, 9035, 23, 70, 110680, 3173, 7, 4, 12960, 23, 70, 75312, 24243, 400, 987, 3432, 44, 125441, 988, 150396, 4, 35011, 707, 22556, 16420, 9035, 1543, 186, 6, 23432, 19, 99, 211088, 11374, 136, 99, 3789, 12133, 7, 136, 128927, 7, 100, 70, 51952, 830, 581, 40, 944, 3956, 35542, 193, 11, 13, 4, 24862, 3674, 707, 44028, 17721, 70, 163104, 136, 70, 2016, 11337, 4, 509, 142, 17808, 31667, 2831, 111, 70, 853, 3181, 195, 74227, 8108, 70, 15360, 223, 3347, 246, 65572, 5, 1301, 6863, 73432, 34153, 44, 17048, 7, 193, 11, 13, 58, 24073, 5636, 111, 148, 101445, 18939, 117414, 4, 903, 30260, 1771, 166577, 70424, 7, 111, 70, 10013, 111, 59337, 177, 674, 23, 30783, 43452, 69407, 74, 442, 7068, 149528, 7, 47, 9716, 100, 1143, 2408, 5, 360, 70, 479, 9, 62329, 223, 3347, 246, 3173, 4, 159202, 5256, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 43799, 4, 23410, 4, 136, 1305, 277, 39, 87046, 111, 40101, 92319, 9, 36467, 214, 103838, 6827, 3820, 4438, 7, 450, 74918, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 707, 2244, 4935, 64, 184, 162, 52057, 159202, 5256, 16, 621, 146291, 1295, 70, 400, 987, 3432, 74, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 442, 83, 5570, 41361, 100, 10, 84797, 4, 164917, 853, 3181, 195, 16771, 289, 70541, 214, 4734, 70, 3114, 73720, 7, 136, 67842, 74227, 71446, 3387, 100, 128927, 7, 100, 70, 103494, 47, 186, 11814, 4, 43257, 3501, 70, 4393, 16771, 289, 70541, 214, 7986, 7, 450, 1221, 8306, 186, 11814, 99, 853, 3181, 195, 7, 5, 360, 70, 103838, 6827, 17690, 7, 111, 70, 4122, 11033, 927, 142642, 23, 70, 12610, 129574, 84084, 25632, 70, 15360, 223, 3347, 246, 77648, 103302, 70615, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 88551, 122925, 23, 70, 211088, 12296, 90, 11814, 390, 70, 84084, 5, 581, 242661, 98, 6217, 15555, 136, 10314, 4240, 509, 47, 186, 91995, 71, 390, 1632, 3129, 2843, 96853, 70, 28271, 26908, 25, 7, 225415, 111, 3430, 136, 23, 3129, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 83, 22, 182825, 297, 47, 3430, 25, 7, 5161, 4, 35509, 98, 63207, 23, 70, 57, 3723, 14486, 34292, 111, 70, 171956, 4, 96719, 136, 9624, 33724, 10763, 111, 9716, 46056, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 4332, 3181, 195, 74227, 58, 509, 27983, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 13579, 44, 53049, 7, 111, 70, 9624, 33724, 10763, 58, 707, 74227, 111, 14949, 667, 51626, 4, 102971, 70, 36770, 509, 8306, 51521, 18614, 25443, 5, 360, 70, 51521, 14941, 68869, 4, 44, 143045, 56, 111, 14949, 28670, 56, 16765, 830, 91376, 390, 70, 12610, 129574, 1843, 10534, 7, 111, 30715, 136, 82588, 23, 11704, 4, 70, 44759, 83, 34475, 237, 44, 97249, 56, 289, 74227, 740, 853, 3181, 195, 74227, 47143, 7, 10, 202319, 44759, 100, 3789, 128927, 7, 100, 70, 103494, 136, 100, 70, 28670, 56, 289, 74227, 68034, 4, 15, 162, 70, 27798, 2874, 75189, 7, 47143, 23, 37772, 4, 360, 2955, 217, 12, 44, 647, 31586, 141, 10588, 80731, 27, 44, 248, 44, 4332, 3181, 195, 27970, 31586, 39, 21657, 63514, 88121, 56128, 134384, 31667, 12, 44, 866, 6651, 9716, 46056, 4, 18813, 111, 16712, 1294, 4, 75060, 70, 57289, 7, 111, 756, 70, 109208, 7844, 45807, 71, 27, 44, 248, 44, 8331, 2962, 85348, 46056, 13, 4, 74650, 92910, 3405, 4, 16177, 10127, 7, 7673, 4, 84158, 191, 12, 44, 124480, 155241, 141, 22729, 158618, 7673, 248, 44, 866, 6077, 27970, 31586, 29115, 257, 63514, 4, 88121, 7673, 247, 102971, 70, 27798, 7, 621, 959, 27983, 20653, 11814, 5, 360, 13315, 678, 903, 122925, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 22556, 16420, 9035, 509, 7228, 35829, 289, 390, 70, 77648, 103302, 70615, 15, 2940, 1902, 153161, 213566, 297, 390, 70, 72399, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 99, 19713, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 102971, 2363, 4527, 83, 86681, 10, 3332, 148791, 247, 678, 70, 205537, 111, 5941, 8035, 100, 35011, 4, 15, 2347, 4527, 111, 3129, 83, 142, 111047, 100, 3060, 76726, 4, 959, 2831, 111, 70, 32813, 3114, 73720, 7, 16, 70, 10576, 111, 21365, 137272, 678, 24453, 56, 4, 707, 7398, 8705, 4, 100, 10, 842, 3674, 11389, 111, 931, 474, 592, 5, 581, 7986, 7, 11814, 100, 70, 4516, 122446, 10, 21373, 15549, 4, 678, 1286, 50717, 100, 70, 16454, 7, 4, 3060, 111, 3129, 19574, 50930, 142, 128512, 73986, 111, 70, 103036, 111, 136568, 141, 6897, 7228, 390, 9716, 5, 44, 4332, 3181, 195, 58, 83, 2843, 11814, 47, 98363, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 853, 3181, 195, 707, 853, 3181, 195, 74227, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 74227, 100, 70, 103494, 15, 2729, 2311, 12, 44, 135261, 11, 502, 8, 16498, 64959, 18939, 707, 74227, 111, 70, 103494, 15, 2729, 2311, 12, 44, 135261, 11, 8, 16498, 18770, 316, 74054, 83, 10, 74227, 23, 70, 129574, 84084, 122399, 100, 70, 64722, 13, 111, 70, 57289, 707, 57289, 7, 111, 1632, 707, 1286, 8, 45710, 5281, 3445, 7, 4, 17368, 10, 17311, 3173, 111, 70, 12610, 16771, 289, 5, 1650, 83, 56104, 4, 1284, 959, 204988, 4, 176016, 71, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 10, 211088, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Liturgical rite.", "Post–Vatican II.", "Requiem in other rites and churches.", "Eastern Christian rites.", "Anglicanism.", "Music.", "History of musical compositions.", "Requiem in concert.", "Notable compositions.", "Modern treatments." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In earlier forms of the Roman Rite (the pre-Novus Ordo forms), some of which are still in use, a Requiem Mass differs in several ways from the usual Mass. Some parts that were of relatively recent origin, including some that have been excluded in the 1970 revision of the regular Mass, are omitted. Examples are the psalm \"Iudica\" at the start of Mass, the prayer said by the priest before reading the Gospel (or the blessing of the deacon, if a deacon reads it), and the first of the two prayers of the priest for himself before receiving Communion. Other omissions include the use of incense at the Introit and the Gospel, the kiss of peace, lit candles held by acolytes when a deacon chants the Gospel, and blessings. There is no Gloria in excelsis Deo and no recitation of the Creed; the Alleluia chant before the Gospel is replaced by a Tract, as in Lent; and the \"Agnus Dei\" is altered. \"Ite missa est\" is replaced with \"Requiescant in pace\" (May they rest in peace); the \"Deo gratias\" response is replaced with \"Amen\". Black was the obligatory liturgical colour of the vestments in the earlier forms, while in the renewed liturgy \"besides violet, white or black vestments may be worn at funeral services and at other Offices and Masses for the Dead\", The sequence Dies irae, recited or sung between the Tract and the Gospel, was an obligatory part of the Requiem Mass before the Novus Ordo changes. As its opening words \"Dies irae\" (\"day of wrath\") indicate, this poetic composition speaks of the Day of Judgment in fearsome terms; it then appeals to Jesus for mercy. In the pre-Novus Ordo form, commemorations (i.e., collect, secret, and postcommunion of either lower-ranking liturgical feasts that occur on the same day or votive/seasonal commemorations) are absent from the liturgy; as a result, it is standard practice for a separate, smaller Requiem Missal containing only the rubrics and various Mass formularies for Masses for the dead to be used, rather than the full Missal containing texts that will never be used at Requiems.", "In the liturgical reforms of the mid-20th century in the Roman Catholic Church following the Novus Ordo Second Vatican Council, there was a significant shift in the funeral rites used by the Church. The emphasis on sorrow and grief was to be replaced by one which also includes the whole community's worship of God and in which the deceased is entrusted to God's love, based on trust in the salvific value of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The term \"Requiem Mass\" was often replaced by the term \"Mass of the Resurrection\" or Mass of Christian Burial, although the former was never official terminology. In the official English ritual, \"Order of Christian Funerals\", published by the Roman Catholic Bishops of England and Wales in 1990, the title is given as \"Funeral Mass\". Requiem Mass remains a suitable title for other Masses for the dead and for the Funeral Mass itself, (as the proper antiphons remain in force, Introit: \"Eternal rest grant... \" / \"Requiem æternam dona eis Domine\"; Offertory: \"Lord Jesus Christ, King of glory, deliver the souls of all the faithful departed... \" / \"Domine Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ, libera animas...\", Communion: \"Let perpetual light shine...\" / \"Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine...\"), although the propers are not often actually used. In line with this shift, the use of black vestments was made optional by the Second Vatican Council (and had mostly disappeared by the late 20th century, at least in the United States, although their use is seeing a resurgence), with the preference of many being for white, (the use of which is an indult for some countries, not part of the universal rubrics) the color of joy associated with Easter, or purple, for a muted version of mourning. The texts used for the service experienced a similar change, with more options for the readings, some of which reinforce an overall theme of the promise of eternal life made by Jesus.", "\"Requiem\" is also used to describe any sacred composition that sets to music religious texts which would be appropriate at a funeral, or to describe such compositions for liturgies other than the Roman Catholic Mass. Among the earliest examples of this type are the German settings composed in the 17th century by Heinrich Schütz and Michael Praetorius, whose works are Lutheran adaptations of the Roman Catholic requiem, and which provided inspiration for the mighty \"German Requiem\" by Brahms. Such works include:", "In the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the requiem is the fullest form of memorial service (, Slavonic: \"Оpеlо\"). The normal memorial service is a greatly abbreviated form of Matins, but the Requiem contains all of the psalms, readings, and hymns normally found in the All-Night Vigil (which combines the Canonical Hours of Vespers, Matins and First Hour), providing a complete set of propers for the departed. The full requiem will last around three-and-a-half hours. In this format it more clearly represents the original concept of \"parastas\", which means literally, \"standing throughout (the night).\" Often, there will be a Divine Liturgy celebrated the next morning with further propers for the departed. Because of their great length, a full Requiem is rarely served. However, at least in the Russian liturgical tradition, a Requiem will often be served on the eve before the Glorification (canonization) of a saint, in a special service known as the \"Last \"Panikhida\"\".", "The \"Book of Common Prayer\" contained no Requiem Mass, but instead a service named \"The Order for the Burial of the Dead\". Since the liturgical reform movement, provision has been made for a Eucharist to be celebrated at a funeral in various BCPs used in the various Provinces of the Anglican Communion. Prior to these additions, Anglo-Catholics or High Church Anglicans often incorporate parts of the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass as part of a funeral service—typically passages from the Ordinary of the Mass. Within this service are several texts with rubrics stating that they shall be said or sung by the priest or clerks. The first few of these texts are found at the beginning of the service, while the rest are meant to occur during the actual burial of the body into the grave. These texts are typically dividing into seven, and collectively known as \"funeral sentences\". Composers who have set the Anglican burial service to music include William Croft, Thomas Morley, Thomas Tomkins, Orlando Gibbons and Henry Purcell. The text of these seven sentences, from the 1662 \"Book of Common Prayer\", is as follows:", "The Requiem Mass is notable for the large number of musical compositions that it has inspired, including settings by Mozart (though uncompleted), Verdi, Berlioz, Saint-Saëns, Brahms, Dvořák, Fauré, Duruflé, and others. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. Eventually, the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works. Many of the texts in the Requiem Mass have been set to music, including:", "For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian melodies. The Requiem by Johannes Ockeghem, written sometime in the latter half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving polyphonic setting. There was a setting by the elder composer Dufay, possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it. Many early compositions reflect the varied texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the Council of Trent standardised texts used in liturgies. The requiem of Brumel, circa 1500, is the first to include the \"Dies Iræ\". In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the compositions themselves: simple chordal or fauxbourdon-like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem. In the 16th century, more and more composers set the Requiem Mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had become quite archaic by mid-century. In addition, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was often richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of Josquin des Prez. Other composers before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar, Antoine de Févin, Cristóbal Morales, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's. Over 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the Iberian Peninsula, may be performed \"a cappella\" (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music. Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Fauré omits the \"Dies iræ\", while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work. Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the \"Dies iræ\" is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The \"Introit\" and \"Kyrie\", being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement. Musico-thematic relationships among movements within a Requiem can be found as well.", "Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert works, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz, Verdi, and Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert oratorios. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.", "Many composers have composed Requiems. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order):", "In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. The genre of War Requiem is perhaps the most notable, which comprise compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the \"War Requiem\" of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Penderecki's \"Polish Requiem\" includes a traditional Polish hymn within the sequence, and Robert Steadman's \"Mass in Black\" intersperses environmental poetry and prophecies of Nostradamus. Holocaust Requiem may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The \"Requiem Ebraico\" (Hebrew Requiem) (1945) by Austrian-American composer Eric Zeisl, a setting of Psalm 92 dedicated to the memory of the composer's father \"and the other countless victims of the Jewish tragedy in Europe\", is considered the first major work of Holocaust commemoration. John Foulds's \"A World Requiem\" was written in the aftermath of the First World War and initiated the Royal British Legion's annual festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works by Taiwanese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Ko Fan-long follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the February 28 Incident and subsequent White Terror. The 20th century saw the development of the secular Requiem, written for public performance without specific religious observance, such as Max Reger's \"Requiem\" (1915), the setting of a German poem titled Requiem and dedicated to victims of World War I, and Frederick Delius's \"Requiem\", completed in 1916 and dedicated to \"the memory of all young Artists fallen in the war\",; Paul Hindemith's \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd: A Requiem for Those We Love\", commissioned in 1945 (premiered 1946) after the passing of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and based on Walt Whitman's elegy written after the passing of Abraham Lincoln; and Dmitry Kabalevsky's \"Requiem\" (Op. 72; 1962), a setting of a poem written by Robert Rozhdestvensky especially for the composition. Herbert Howells's unaccompanied \"Requiem\" uses Psalm 23 (\"The Lord is my shepherd\"), Psalm 121 (\"I will lift up mine eyes\"), \"Salvator mundi\" (\"O Saviour of the world\" in English), \"Requiem aeternam\" (two different settings), and \"I heard a voice from heaven\". John Rutter combines in his Requiem (1985) some of the parts of the Latin Requiem with two complete psalms, Psalm 130 \"Out of the deep\" and his earlier composition \"The Lord is my Shepherd\", and juxtaposes more biblical verses within the Latin movements. Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of \"Requiem\", as famously exemplified by Britten's \"Sinfonia da Requiem\". Hans Werner Henze's \"Das Floß der Medusa\", written in 1968 as a requiem for Che Guevara, is properly speaking an oratorio; Henze's Requiem is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements. Igor Stravinsky's \"Requiem Canticles\" mixes instrumental movements with segments of the \"Introit\", \"Dies irae\", \"Pie Jesu\" and \"Libera me\". Christopher Wood’s \"Requiem\" (premiered in 2012 under the direction of Paul Brough at St John's, Smith Square) was inspired by the public reaction to the death of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, and returns to a more traditional form, setting virtually the complete Latin text from the Liber Usualis. In February 2013, an Arab Spring-inspired Requiem by composer Rami Khalife was premiered by the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra and the, to great critical acclaim." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 294, 41238, 58, 114864, 70, 58585, 47, 85493, 10, 114149, 1295, 10, 11948, 12064, 18695, 25150, 47, 6863, 28, 137089, 3934, 10, 27140, 26249, 4, 6863, 74216, 3956, 237, 10, 2265, 4, 54497, 8035, 4, 47, 6863, 31347, 53, 111, 70, 23208, 136, 7068, 77681, 47, 6863, 6, 156276, 1830, 3934, 32628, 4, 7440, 442, 78974, 7, 678, 66961, 114149, 36880, 70, 225495, 5, 194397, 6056, 70, 6712, 4, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 80280, 136, 114149, 15549, 155034, 25958, 5, 581, 6712, 83, 148431, 1257, 3934, 117781, 44, 7, 92674, 740, 581, 184345, 111, 1632, 93402, 52490, 7, 70, 61475, 27289, 136, 17366, 214, 7808, 214, 70, 58585, 23, 70, 11737, 5, 98423, 93402, 80788, 933, 6863, 10002, 20623, 111, 11301, 4, 136, 1556, 2809, 151552, 390, 70, 106001, 7, 237, 1492, 20028, 1286, 96704, 297, 3501, 6863, 107671, 214, 93402, 5, 144226, 7, 27983, 60213, 35829, 289, 6, 54916, 74, 3229, 70, 58585, 28484, 7, 10, 29752, 4, 1836, 621, 2855, 3674, 10, 9396, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 3525, 81273, 707, 17265, 5, 4263, 756, 111, 10, 58585, 25, 7, 166635, 7, 621, 64557, 163684, 297, 99, 3060, 6275, 4, 70, 114149, 1221, 186, 27582, 15519, 14534, 99, 6863, 43573, 525, 46512, 53, 707, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 93402, 5, 992, 5062, 5941, 3789, 9920, 164, 27528, 4, 44, 294, 41238, 58, 1556, 10, 158978, 19916, 35431, 4, 3129, 83, 113054, 297, 390, 58359, 214, 10, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 158012, 99, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 225495, 136, 217063, 10, 44, 42378, 4902, 111, 16505, 740, 33306, 4, 70, 58585, 1543, 21342, 47, 11301, 7103, 2499, 69236, 1556, 2809, 69307, 71, 5, 581, 5117, 22759, 93402, 7, 111, 70, 6712, 4, 2174, 70, 58585, 4527, 7, 70, 30391, 7, 4734, 20187, 538, 4, 1221, 5646, 1257, 47, 423, 21974, 47, 28484, 4, 1284, 831, 5646, 237, 10176, 237, 1632, 707, 6626, 21974, 5, 18622, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 1733, 17475, 100, 2499, 36541, 12, 70, 58585, 1543, 24765, 23, 10, 11001, 36541, 237, 4989, 237, 1836, 32599, 4, 136, 42658, 47, 70, 11737, 36541, 3229, 43542, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 12638, 93402, 4, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 61972, 22304, 2363, 195629, 47, 186, 95486, 297, 10, 62816, 48242, 4, 707, 179804, 6620, 110106, 5, 98423, 93402, 1556, 17262, 179804, 6620, 110106, 7, 4, 56104, 35509, 98, 3642, 124030, 21286, 707, 88669, 126351, 70, 93402, 509, 112730, 5, 21656, 58967, 3679, 41637, 83324, 3642, 70, 195629, 1221, 4034, 70, 11737, 93402, 136, 8337, 442, 77041, 31075, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 14432, 23, 70, 6712, 5, 44, 294, 41238, 58, 83, 10, 6712, 450, 83, 84797, 71, 3934, 36541, 7, 4, 12638, 36541, 13379, 214, 10, 12921, 10644, 111, 16981, 678, 12921, 109458, 47, 69307, 5, 581, 43606, 36541, 7, 621, 70, 80743, 149282, 4, 70, 56781, 6644, 149282, 4, 70, 4699, 3571, 149282, 4, 70, 18543, 47691, 149282, 4, 136, 70, 43045, 149282, 5, 76556, 70, 158978, 151814, 83, 140528, 4, 70, 58585, 1556, 70, 35829, 47, 129745, 47, 70, 11737, 36541, 4, 707, 21342, 75169, 70, 43581, 36541, 5, 581, 80743, 149282, 15, 43452, 70141, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 2936, 13, 19361, 4, 2927, 120087, 4, 707, 11948, 964, 289, 36541, 16, 83, 70, 4552, 5117, 36541, 23, 70, 6712, 4, 136, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 27076, 9523, 187136, 111, 3642, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 38750, 4163, 98, 188, 70, 23208, 8305, 70, 57456, 23755, 111, 2652, 20595, 7605, 4, 678, 10, 63934, 150631, 214, 3934, 70, 77904, 111, 10, 23208, 136, 116987, 34955, 4, 122273, 214, 10, 11001, 9, 34680, 297, 25150, 5, 581, 58585, 17997, 7, 903, 8781, 11948, 372, 10932, 23, 10, 138, 397, 65998, 98, 10, 11001, 116, 397, 47880, 4, 456, 65015, 16797, 111, 563, 17336, 4, 7440, 442, 8110, 35142, 678, 79552, 84079, 7, 136, 1653, 4597, 7, 4, 12960, 118992, 163, 257, 7839, 1224, 707, 18153, 7, 5, 581, 58585, 1543, 55076, 36766, 70, 195629, 83, 10, 604, 964, 104297, 707, 10, 2258, 93, 104297, 41928, 47, 72134, 70, 36541, 5, 581, 58585, 831, 7413, 44, 32539, 748, 4785, 7, 58, 15, 77978, 2517, 538, 360, 70, 56781, 6644, 149282, 4, 70, 58585, 28282, 7, 2363, 10002, 3551, 195629, 179140, 47, 6867, 98, 10, 11001, 72852, 5, 4263, 70, 58585, 81887, 7, 47, 186857, 47, 15700, 90695, 4, 142, 51, 42485, 297, 84392, 28, 9821, 70, 58585, 4, 136, 70, 58585, 83, 1631, 14534, 959, 47, 1380, 13438, 5, 581, 3530, 157695, 70541, 7, 10, 96551, 111, 26249, 114149, 3129, 2258, 93, 3104, 10821, 136, 58035, 3104, 10821, 195629, 7, 831, 1926, 18, 100, 15381, 4, 136, 41896, 9, 372, 101098, 18153, 7, 179140, 100, 604, 964, 3104, 90, 136, 58035, 3104, 90, 5, 581, 58585, 195629, 25, 7, 193228, 24209, 7, 10, 72350, 71, 13254, 237, 5299, 237, 6863, 19102, 23, 903, 36541, 74, 8, 8705, 1363, 111, 70, 193228, 11903, 50339, 23, 19102, 8, 8705, 1363, 136, 57693, 47219, 111, 70, 58585, 195629, 117934, 15381, 83, 73203, 33, 5, 360, 70, 56781, 6644, 149282, 4, 70, 58585, 1556, 10, 5368, 91280, 7440, 43032, 111, 2363, 10002, 114149, 621, 105866, 5, 581, 91280, 83, 7440, 70, 58585, 27582, 15519, 1779, 25632, 47219, 4, 136, 27992, 7, 237, 10, 145951, 6275, 100, 72856, 20847, 5, 64511, 114149, 25, 91280, 7, 621, 93403, 87420, 70, 72852, 5, 51404, 78974, 214, 678, 2856, 4, 70, 58585, 831, 55076, 47, 186, 44, 57801, 58, 707, 44, 2703, 19623, 5844, 56128, 3642, 70, 58585, 78974, 7, 678, 3789, 195629, 7, 1221, 52490, 2363, 33153, 111, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 114149, 5, 1326, 24372, 70, 78574, 111, 70, 58585, 25, 7, 114149, 216479, 7, 6, 129980, 538, 4, 70, 114149, 1543, 30957, 70, 4699, 3571, 149282, 5, 581, 114149, 25, 4331, 24209, 7, 28123, 4, 136, 70, 58585, 2412, 6468, 6226, 111, 142, 11651, 195629, 23, 10862, 111, 70, 64194, 1927, 372, 21115, 4, 237, 70, 6712, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 127319, 111, 91853, 111, 18940, 100, 70, 114149, 5, 581, 58585, 83, 34475, 10, 6, 24278, 4, 10, 21115, 111, 89554, 216479, 71, 195629, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 6626, 111, 37195, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 27269, 13, 83, 10, 2021, 6897, 40226, 1363, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 3430, 6712, 126809, 390, 9920, 164, 4, 91376, 390, 87673, 64624, 136, 82775, 390, 20255, 170174, 4, 136, 509, 121447, 100, 7244, 3773, 136, 4727, 11787, 1193, 5, 76417, 214, 5941, 30773, 7, 26719, 22631, 4, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 4, 136, 31486, 9, 20706, 214, 27528, 4, 44, 294, 41238, 58, 114864, 10, 58585, 47, 6226, 70, 34754, 111, 10, 114149, 1295, 6863, 86595, 7, 237, 10, 11948, 12064, 18695, 25150, 4, 8305, 34754, 237, 142, 54497, 136, 2265, 195629, 4, 47, 1940, 9235, 320, 64222, 1363, 237, 10, 32628, 3814, 214, 29394, 5, 1650, 1556, 79442, 19, 38134, 35743, 100, 6863, 106750, 6, 70820, 4, 136, 6863, 4527, 111, 9803, 9, 2285, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "Stages.", "Cell Stage.", "Creature Stage.", "Tribal Stage.", "Civilization Stage.", "Space Stage.", "Removed stages.", "Editors/creators.", "Community.", "Spore API.", "Interplay.", "Sporepedia.", "Procedural generation.", "Reception.", "Expansions.", "Spinoffs.", "Other media.", "Merchandising.", "Theatrical film.", "Soundtrack.", "Use in academia." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "\"Spore\" allows the player to develop a species from a microscopic organism to its evolution into a complex animal, its emergence as a social, intelligent being, to its mastery of the planet and then finally to its ascension into space, where it interacts with alien species across the galaxy. Throughout the game, the player's perspective and species change dramatically. The game is broken up into distinct \"stages\". The outcome of one phase affects the initial conditions and leveling facing the player in the next. Each phase exhibits its own style of play, and has been described by the developers as ten times more complicated than its preceding phase. Phases often feature optional missions; when the player completes a mission, they are granted a bonus, such as a new ability or money. If all of a player's creations are completely destroyed at some point, the species will be respawned at its nearest colony or at the beginning of the phase. Unlike many other Maxis games, \"Spore\" has a primary win condition, which is obtained by reaching a supermassive black hole placed at the center of the galaxy and receiving a \"Staff of Life\". However, the player may continue to play after any goal has been achieved. The first four phases of the game, if the player uses the editors only minimally, will take up to 15 hours to complete, but can take as little as one or two hours. Note that there is no time limit for any stage: the player may stay in a single stage as long as they wish, and progress to the next stage when ready. At the end of each phase, the player's actions cause their creature to be assigned a characteristic, or consequence trait. Each phase has three consequence traits, usually based on how aggressively or peacefully the phase was played. Characteristics determine how the creature will start the next phase and give it abilities that can be used later in the game.", "\"Spore\" is a game that is separated into stages, each stage presenting a different type of experience with different goals to achieve. The five stages are the Cell Stage, the Creature Stage, the Tribal Stage, the Civilization Stage, and the Space Stage. Once the primary objective is completed, the player has the option to advance to the next stage, or continue playing the current stage.", "The Cell Stage (sometimes referred to as the tide pool, cellular, or microbial stage) is the very first stage in the game, and begins with a cinematic explanation of how the player's cell got onto the planet through the scientific concept of panspermia, with a meteor crashing into the ocean of a planet and breaking apart, revealing a single-celled organism. The player guides this simple microbe around in a 3D environment on a single 2D plane, reminiscent of Flow, where it must deal with fluid dynamics and predators, while eating meat chunks or plants. The player may choose whether the creature is a herbivore or a carnivore prior to starting the stage. The player can find \"meteor bits\" (apparently", "In the Creature Stage, the player creates their own land creature intended to live on a single continent. If the player attempts to swim to another island, an unidentified monster eats the player, and the player is warned not to come again. The biosphere contains a variety of animal species which carnivorous and omnivorous creatures can hunt for food, and fruit-bearing plants intended for herbivores and omnivores. The player creature's Hunger becomes a measured stat as well as its Health in this stage; depletion of the Hunger meter results in Health depletion and eventual death of the player creature unless food is eaten. In the Creature Stage, the player has a home nest where members of their own species are located. The nest is where the player respawns following death, and acts as a recovery point for lost HP. Other species' nests are spread throughout the continent. While interacting with them, the player can choose to be \"social\" or \"aggressive\"; how the player interacts with other creatures will affect their opinion of the player's species. For", "After the brain of the player's species evolves sufficiently, the species may enter the Tribal Stage. The species' design becomes permanent, and the player sheds control of an individual creature in favor of the entire tribe group, as the game focuses on the birth of division of labor for the species. The player is given a hut, a group of fully evolved creatures, as well as two of six possible Consequence Abilities, unlocked depending on the species' behavior in the previous phases. This is only possible if the player played the previous stages; if the player started directly from the \"Galaxy Screen\", they are locked. Gameplay during this stage is styled as an RTS. Rather than controlling one creature, the player now controls an entire tribe and can give them commands such as gathering food, attacking other tribes or simply moving to a certain location. The player may give the tribe tools such as weapons, musical instruments, and healing or food-gathering implements. Food now replaces \"DNA points\" as the player's currency, and can be spent on structures and additional tribe members, or used to appease other tribes.", "The events of Tribal Stage have left the player's tribe the dominant species of the planet, but the species itself has now fragmented into many separate nations. The player retains control of a single nation with one city. The goal in the civilization phase is to gain control of the entire planet, and it is left to the player to decide whether to conquer it using military force, diplomacy, or religious influence. Two new editors (the building and vehicle editors) are used to create city buildings and vehicles. The player can place three types of buildings (House, Factory, and Entertainment) around the City Hall (which can also be customized) and may build up to 3 types of vehicles (sea, land and air) at each city. These vehicles serve military, economic or religious purposes. The main unit of currency is \"Sporebucks\", which is used to", "The Space Stage provides new goals and paths as the player's species begins to spread through the galaxy. The game adopts the principle of mediocrity, as there are numerous forms of life scattered throughout the galaxy. The player controls a single spaceship, built at the beginning of the Space Stage. The player can travel by clicking on other planets and moons and stars, though each jump costs energy. Later in the game, the player can purchase a wormhole key which enables them to travel through black holes, offering instant transportation to a sister black hole. There are around 500,000 planets in the game's galaxy orbiting around 100,000 stars (including Earth and its star, Sol). Players can make contact with other space-faring civilizations, or \"empires\", which sport many different personalities", "Several other stages were mentioned at various points by the developers, including a Molecular Stage, an Aquatic Stage, a City Stage, and a Terraforming Stage. Ultimately, these were scrapped. If Galactic Adventures is installed, the player may be given missions which involve travelling to planets, beaming down and completing Maxis-created, planetside 'adventures'. With this expansion, the player can also outfit their Captain with weapons and accessories which assist in these adventures. The occupants of allied ships can also take part.", "User-generated content is a major feature of \"Spore\"; there are eighteen different editors (some unique to a phase). All have the same general UI and controls for positioning, scaling and colouring parts, whether for the creation of a creature, or for a building or vehicle. The Creature editor, for example, allows the player to take what looks like a lump of clay with a spine and mould it into a creature. Once the torso is shaped, the player can add parts such as legs, arms, feet,", "\"Spore\" user community functionality includes a feature that is part of an agreement with YouTube granting players the ability to upload a YouTube video of their creatures' activity directly from within the game, and EA's creation of \"The \"Spore\" YouTube Channel\", which will showcase the most popular videos created this way. In addition, some user-created content will be highlighted by Maxis at the official \"Spore\" site, and earn badges of recognition. One of \"Spore's\" most social features is the \"Sporecast\", an RSS feed that players can use to subscribe to the creations of any specific \"Spore\" player, allowing them to track their creations. There is a toggle which allows the player to restrict what downloadable content will be allowed; choices include: \"no user generated content\", \"official Maxis-approved content\", \"downloadable friend content\", and \"all user-created content\". Players can elect to ban content in-game, at any time, and Maxis monitors content for anything deemed inappropriate, issuing bans for infractions of content policy.", "\"Spore\" has also released an API (application programming interface) to allow developers to access data about player activity, the content they produce and their interactions with each other. The \"Spore\" API is a collection of RESTful", "The game is referred to as a \"massively single-player online game\" and \"asynchronous sharing.\" Simultaneous multiplayer gaming is not a feature of \"Spore\". The content that the player can create is uploaded automatically to a central database, cataloged and rated for quality (based on how many users have downloaded the object or creature in question), and then re-distributed to populate other players' games. The data transmitted is very small — only a couple of kilobytes per item transmitted –", "The \"Sporepedia\" keeps track of nearly every gameplay experience, including the evolution of a creature by graphically displaying a timeline which shows how the creature incrementally changed over the eons; it also keeps track of the creature's achievements, both noteworthy", "\"Spore\" uses procedural generation extensively in relation to content pre-made by the developers. Wright mentioned in an interview given at E3 2006 that the information necessary to generate an entire creature would be only a couple of kilobytes, and went on to give the following", "IGN Australia awarded \"Spore\" a 9.2 out of 10 score, saying, \"It [\"Spore\"] will make you acknowledge just how far we've come, and just how far we have to go, and \"Spore\" will change the way you think about the universe we live in.\" \"PC Gamer\" UK awarded the game a 91%, saying \"\"Spore\"s triumph is painfully ironic. By setting out to instill a sense of wonderment at creation and the majesty of the universe, it's shown us that it's actually a lot more interesting to sit here at our computers and explore the contents of each other's brains.\" In its 4.5 (of 5) -star review, GameSpy wrote \"\"Spore\" is a technological triumph that introduces a whole new way of tapping into a bottomless well of content.\" Most of the criticism of \"Spore\" came from the lack of depth in the first four phases, summarized by Eurogamer's 9 of 10 review, which stated, \"for all their mighty purpose, the first four phases of the game don't always play brilliantly, and they're too fleeting.\" 1UP.com reasoned in its B+ graded review, \"It's not a perfect game, but it's definitely one that any serious gamer should try.\" GameSpot in its 8.0 of 10 review called \"Spore\" \"a legitimately great game that will deliver hours of quality entertainment\", but criticized the \"individual gameplay elements [that] are extremely simple.\" Jason Ocampo's IGN 8.8 of 10 review stated, \"Maxis has made an impressive product that does so many incredible things\" but added, \"while \"Spore\" is an amazing product, it's just not quite an amazing game.\" \"The New York Times \"review of \"Spore\" mostly centered on lack of depth and quality of gameplay in the later phases of the game, stating that \"most of the basic core play dynamics in \"Spore\" are unfortunately rather thin.\" While a review in \"PC Gamer\" US stated that \"it just isn't right to judge \"Spore\" in the context of so many of the other games we judge\", \"Zero Punctuation\" was also critical of the game, claiming it did not live up to the legacy of \"The Sims\": \"The chief failing of \"Spore\" is that it's trying to be five games, each one a shallow and cut down equivalent of another game, with the Civilization Stage even going so far as to be named after the game [\"Civilization\"] it's bastardizing.\" Criticism has also emerged surrounding the stability of the game, with \"The Daily Telegraph\" stating: \"The launch of \"Spore\", the keenly anticipated computer game from the creators of \"The Sims\", has been blighted by technical problems.\" In an interview published by MTV, \"Spore\" designer Will Wright responded to early criticism that the phases of the game had been dumbed-down by explaining \"We were very focused, if anything, on making a game for more casual players. \"Spore\" has more depth than, let’s say, \"The Sims\" did. But we looked at the Metacritic scores for \"Sims 2\", which was around ninety, and something like \"Half-Life\", which was ninety-seven, and we decided — quite a while back — that we would rather have the Metacritic and sales of \"Sims 2\" than the Metacritic and sales of \"Half-Life\"\". In its first three weeks on sale, the game sold 2 million copies, according to Electronic Arts. It received a \"Silver\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.", "\"Spore Creature Creator\" is the creature creator element of \"Spore\" released prior to the full game. In late 2008, EA released the \"Creepy and Cute\" expansion pack, which includes new parts and color schemes for creature creation. Among the new parts were additional mouths and eyes, as well as \"insect legs.\" The pack also included new test-drive animations and backgrounds. An expansion pack named \"\" was released on June 23, 2009. It allows the player's creature to beam onto planets, rather than using a hologram. It also adds an \"Adventure Creator\" which allows for the", "The Nintendo DS spinoff is titled \"Spore Creatures\", focusing on the Creature phase. The game is a 2D/3D story-based role-playing game as the gamer plays a creature kidnapped by a UFO and forced to survive in a strange world, with elements of \"Nintendogs\". Another \"Spore\" title for the DS called \"Spore Hero Arena\" was released in 2009. \"Spore Origins\" is the mobile phone/iPhone/iPod spinoff of \"Spore\", and as with the Nintendo DS version, focuses on a single phase of gameplay; in this case, the cell phase. The simplified game allows players to try to survive as a multicellular organism in a tide pool, similar to \"Flow\". The iPhone version takes advantage of the device's touch capabilities and 3-axis accelerometer. A Wii spinoff of the game now known as \"Spore Hero\" has been mentioned by Will Wright several times, such as in his October 26, 2007 interview with \"The Guardian\". Buechner confirmed it, revealing that plans for a Wii version", "", "There is an iTunes-style \"\"Spore\" Store\" built into the game, allowing players to purchase external \"Spore\" licensed merchandise, such as t-shirts, posters, and future \"Spore\" expansion packs. There are also plans for the creation of a type of \"Spore\" collectible card game based on the \"Sporepedia\" cards of the creatures, buildings, vehicles, and planets that have been created by the players. There are also indications of plans for the creation of customized creature figurines; some of those who designed their own creatures at E3 2006 later received 3D printed models of the creatures they created. On December 18, 2008, it was announced", "EA, 20th Century Fox, and AIG announced the development of a \"Spore\" film on October 1, 2009. The movie", "Cliff Martinez composed the main menu Galaxy theme track. Brian Eno created the generative music together with Peter", "\"Spore\" has been used in" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 40355, 11, 6741, 3748, 509, 103122, 98, 1105, 14487, 22059, 23, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 5, 1840, 5368, 35461, 83, 5454, 60674, 4, 134523, 5636, 7, 105866, 23, 192049, 5, 4687, 60742, 23, 2331, 31, 13729, 4, 10, 19336, 59444, 23, 70, 144477, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 360, 65942, 10, 17704, 543, 4, 217982, 35187, 214, 99, 10, 122092, 147, 10696, 4, 384, 6810, 97712, 98438, 71, 23, 70, 103655, 16771, 3295, 130412, 4, 136, 23742, 442, 5, 3293, 231296, 142027, 71, 70, 105226, 23, 16771, 6661, 4, 3129, 34739, 3687, 23, 34210, 15519, 5, 40355, 11, 6741, 3748, 23742, 16771, 6661, 5792, 4, 3129, 7228, 604, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 756, 645, 70, 8999, 5, 40355, 11, 6741, 3748, 42659, 35389, 3789, 24793, 23, 20875, 214, 54940, 10, 16138, 111, 116983, 7, 136, 1295, 113976, 21455, 1314, 10932, 70, 8999, 20271, 10, 6626, 9, 497, 474, 2704, 7, 405, 26973, 299, 23, 70, 28820, 127, 10323, 4, 7440, 70, 13918, 111, 34210, 15519, 192509, 70, 2704, 7, 4, 136, 8121, 71, 70, 3525, 16771, 6661, 678, 10, 192046, 4, 169124, 449, 604, 237, 142, 20338, 6635, 72002, 7, 9601, 111, 34210, 15519, 4, 136, 113292, 604, 47, 85358, 10, 26008, 111, 88669, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 40355, 11, 6741, 3748, 4, 10, 73073, 1827, 43156, 11192, 10696, 9836, 678, 4989, 30906, 24887, 4, 509, 103122, 23, 5454, 60674, 4, 192049, 136, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 2331, 31, 13729, 4, 103655, 47806, 5, 4687, 30745, 70, 116983, 7, 450, 2412, 86171, 47, 29966, 152363, 136, 7068, 24209, 10, 3299, 4, 3129, 2412, 15673, 7, 1221, 22, 2886, 604, 47, 26983, 5, 360, 14487, 3295, 2412, 118775, 23, 10, 54543, 1202, 4, 8951, 297, 136, 181653, 390, 42814, 42763, 265, 4902, 23, 181103, 100, 56575, 1910, 5, 384, 6810, 97712, 3535, 297, 645, 604, 13081, 7710, 98, 106, 14487, 56434, 47, 70, 11737, 16771, 6661, 4, 567, 8467, 118448, 73, 111, 9098, 23, 947, 273, 4, 9098, 5, 2022, 4021, 271, 70, 76726, 2412, 26983, 6259, 47, 20271, 604, 1690, 38529, 3542, 164111, 4, 14098, 19128, 124418, 90, 4, 82167, 4, 14098, 46684, 4, 9098, 4, 49002, 4, 25134, 36941, 4, 14098, 117604, 4, 40067, 3812, 136, 717, 120968, 4, 3698, 658, 4, 122963, 4, 114749, 4, 143516, 4, 1735, 165943, 4, 182688, 122963, 4, 49002, 4, 9292, 38148, 136, 179838, 5, 4687, 221419, 538, 150180, 71, 1295, 11192, 10696, 300, 86, 21775, 7103, 6, 69986, 70, 44759, 5, 360, 11994, 1210, 59527, 76, 509, 133291, 237, 6, 108049, 185976, 13453, 58373, 147305, 136, 10, 32786, 111, 6, 108049, 185976, 70615, 111, 1250, 7732, 18, 58373, 147305, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 384, 6810, 97712, 139256, 157582, 31, 181496, 709, 15, 40062, 40355, 11, 6741, 3748, 74, 2819, 103122, 1105, 14487, 22059, 16, 83, 10, 103655, 215542, 4, 123, 3443, 4, 3299, 136, 62607, 41, 33, 2750, 23742, 70, 44759, 111, 16771, 103655, 47806, 136, 16771, 6661, 30739, 360, 20594, 221, 4, 2412, 7228, 32692, 47, 24209, 70, 5117, 46667, 1295, 70, 103655, 47806, 17669, 47, 19916, 70, 44759, 99, 70, 2704, 19732, 111, 70, 16771, 6661, 130412, 4, 34658, 98, 496, 6088, 65942, 23, 34210, 15519, 4, 164111, 5, 4687, 122799, 23, 17932, 3687, 23, 44, 44072, 397, 7154, 830, 70, 103655, 11389, 111, 2290, 21896, 678, 70, 96814, 4, 23, 10520, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Miss World 2006.", "International recognition." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Kuchařová was born on 23 December 1987 in Czechoslovakia. Her hometown is Trnava, nowadays located in Slovakia. She lives in Opočno, a small town in the north of the Czech Republic. In 2006, aged 18, whilst studying at a grammar school, Taťána competed in the Czech Miss 2006 competition, and won it. This triumph guaranteed the participation in Miss World, which took place in Warsaw. Kuchařová won Miss World too, which made her well-known all over the world.", "Kuchařová beat 103 other women in voting among a panel of judges and from television viewers around the world during a two-hour finals ceremony in the Polish capital, where the president of Warsaw watched the finals, and presented the new Miss World with a scroll, dubbing her as an honorary ambassador of Warsaw, and asking her to carry a message of peace around the world. Kuchařová, a 177 cm tall high school student with long blond hair, was born in Trnava, Slovakia and grew up in the town of Opočno, Czech Republic. She told the judges that she wants to attend university and then become a model, which she hopes will enable her to travel. In December 2006 she appeared in a fashion video, directed and produced by Alexander Schukoff in Vienna for Fashion TV. Taťána handed over her crown on 1 December 2007, to the next Miss World, Zhang Zilin of China in Sanya, China. Amongst the countries she travelled to during her reign were Poland, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, United States, China, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji, Ireland, Iceland, Croatia, San Marino, Northern Ireland, Russia, Sri Lanka and Latvia. She subsequently graduated from high school nine months after winning the title.", "In March 2013 Tatana was selected as WNYLE Global Women Leader and a member of WNYLE Council of Prominent Women Leaders." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129551, 47, 1529, 172, 2199, 8022, 9480, 1902, 1632, 14361, 136, 17262, 10336, 7, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 40250, 134629, 390, 62, 90, 7668, 5782, 26038, 4049, 17262, 337, 34204, 5, 62, 72856, 76811, 390, 8694, 172, 3089, 3666, 2804, 450, 764, 1556, 37195, 44540, 136, 37195, 74261, 136, 83, 19916, 17704, 74, 2685, 621, 3060, 4122, 9, 7, 4084, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 56645, 318, 27201, 4191, 90, 196, 1517, 38543, 8022, 9480, 237, 19916, 17704, 5, 31384, 15426, 7, 11341, 450, 764, 1902, 37195, 6049, 7, 237, 5299, 12960, 27060, 11341, 450, 70, 17262, 337, 34204, 3542, 33284, 297, 47, 1632, 80836, 111, 6049, 7, 5, 78293, 1295, 6097, 184307, 66139, 4, 1919, 170894, 509, 450, 111, 10, 1631, 4726, 42, 5, 1529, 6, 157272, 10, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 739, 7030, 24, 4806, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 3129, 509, 70, 82953, 111, 8759, 1297, 223, 4, 136, 10, 604, 71, 111, 118208, 2517, 4842, 377, 46401, 450, 3542, 56050, 297, 390, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 136, 10, 604, 820, 50005, 53, 1363, 4, 775, 111, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 5, 360, 70, 4393, 525, 15426, 23, 70, 44, 222077, 2347, 350, 58, 111, 436, 184, 11547, 9, 47677, 135360, 1846, 223, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 509, 56065, 47, 26983, 47, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 113054, 70, 2041, 46401, 111, 8022, 9480, 15, 15733, 1997, 32575, 1279, 47560, 6, 156310, 4608, 16, 237, 1919, 1492, 927, 150385, 5, 2161, 70, 3917, 2685, 4, 764, 41421, 297, 70, 130788, 19, 64879, 136, 100512, 221, 57357, 3674, 99, 70, 80097, 450, 764, 51876, 142, 6, 118201, 99, 93219, 232, 4, 70, 7550, 5, 93219, 232, 44, 73, 61113, 1363, 111, 1919, 116252, 58, 26038, 1840, 11, 66695, 70, 158044, 45364, 764, 11814, 47, 57, 379, 36880, 70, 15520, 1295, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 12638, 17431, 5, 1840, 11, 66695, 11814, 442, 47, 58359, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 4, 10, 40304, 102908, 111, 70, 112239, 9, 74908, 23962, 5, 62771, 10, 49846, 289, 158, 67709, 7154, 1379, 19774, 7, 2499, 15659, 289, 700, 87168, 100, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 4, 70, 44, 2822, 90695, 58, 111, 70, 4262, 3509, 5, 14847, 1840, 11, 66695, 157578, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 4, 110, 33662, 56, 1902, 764, 3551, 297, 3501, 764, 509, 158, 20549, 297, 390, 70, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 10269, 4, 12426, 127, 6563, 5, 17106, 1632, 58696, 102310, 1295, 1919, 118409, 9, 25876, 11938, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 152388, 70, 39544, 38507, 5, 50005, 53, 1363, 70, 604, 71, 45211, 21449, 47, 30793, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 1284, 1840, 11, 66695, 8, 7010, 678, 4049, 70, 5701, 3917, 5, 2161, 129271, 70, 375, 105401, 4, 8022, 9480, 205488, 3934, 22631, 4, 85358, 214, 17262, 6, 221292, 7, 4, 17262, 13986, 21816, 4, 136, 179493, 17262, 71464, 7831, 5, 1529, 237360, 71, 1840, 11, 66695, 99, 70, 32547, 893, 2347, 2647, 1284, 77736, 91519, 47, 142, 6, 118201, 450, 1902, 2809, 45, 48398, 23, 70, 173, 1687, 10821, 59714, 111, 70, 75438, 11, 5073, 177956, 4, 51876, 221, 37772, 126351, 390, 1840, 11, 66695, 450, 442, 61322, 37534, 8022, 9480, 25, 7, 100, 13, 31251, 4, 44, 2940, 8022, 9480, 13619, 1919, 108, 2594, 645, 47, 1632, 5609, 4, 1884, 10, 160, 66433, 450, 5732, 7870, 6863, 71110, 13, 115700, 7, 4, 2412, 59725, 6863, 280, 60380, 756, 99, 24145, 740, 1840, 11, 66695, 7068, 1902, 47, 604, 71, 70, 377, 46401, 4420, 47, 5177, 34368, 2347, 223, 5, 360, 12610, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 29718, 4935, 4, 98, 70, 62, 86813, 86, 37639, 23, 98848, 4, 2041, 11680, 89234, 3060, 111, 70, 377, 46401, 237, 1840, 11, 66695, 67208, 18, 4, 20662, 70, 377, 46401, 35691, 4420, 19364, 7, 221, 450, 1836, 25737, 110, 141037, 4, 10, 57346, 1363, 111, 70, 88308, 111, 70, 27150, 1840, 3716, 5, 129551, 47, 3060, 11389, 7, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 16810, 272, 1919, 47143, 214, 377, 46401, 11015, 10, 143383, 4, 7440, 2041, 11680, 1902, 204105, 70, 6, 116496, 85825, 4, 136, 1836, 80723, 159029, 1810, 47, 12638, 3789, 5, 360, 27060, 4, 2041, 408, 4, 2041, 11680, 25, 114015, 4, 30745, 1840, 11, 66695, 7440, 764, 509, 5, 1840, 11, 66695, 7068, 152388, 2041, 11680, 4, 136, 59499, 47, 70, 12610, 7, 4, 14037, 297, 142, 144, 867, 7440, 70, 9345, 2460, 58591, 4, 70, 377, 46401, 16839, 4, 509, 14432, 34658, 5, 717, 8668, 53, 1840, 11, 66695, 4, 1840, 11, 9325, 10, 6, 15575, 35121, 47, 333, 67, 70, 377, 46401, 4, 72405, 67, 2856, 136, 6, 16275, 3055, 2856, 5, 581, 40814, 509, 28032, 10, 6602, 19048, 47, 456, 3996, 3134, 2856, 5, 1840, 11, 7068, 9325, 10, 199349, 3129, 165249, 70, 17366, 111, 10, 96113, 221, 5045, 4, 1840, 11, 66695, 5809, 959, 41421, 678, 70, 377, 46401, 5, 1529, 8111, 297, 3474, 1444, 3934, 70, 96113, 47, 3249, 70, 7401, 35299, 2600, 42, 5, 14847, 764, 77681, 157578, 70, 29685, 111, 5177, 34368, 2347, 223, 4, 70, 377, 46401, 3542, 209201, 71, 47, 1840, 11, 5, 360, 70, 44, 284, 1151, 532, 830, 86096, 141, 1543, 765, 35509, 70, 162738, 9, 49760, 6259, 26366, 111, 1004, 67478, 4, 60097, 111, 4061, 33, 4896, 4, 98, 8022, 9480, 136, 1840, 70838, 25, 158, 75616, 111, 8022, 9480, 83, 119056, 23, 27432, 32896, 5, 581, 1840, 75449, 66, 7374, 587, 14612, 14336, 111, 15937, 70386, 66139, 10, 17262, 10336, 297, 18811, 1363, 111, 8022, 9480, 5, 581, 30260, 8694, 172, 72988, 223, 54397, 10, 11531, 111, 8022, 9480, 24073, 15733, 1997, 32575, 1457, 9417, 78877, 235, 2451, 90391, 9480, 13, 9392, 7, 18939, 23, 70, 37195, 927, 142642, 77269, 4, 3129, 509, 198371, 70, 31344, 111, 903, 40059, 23, 44, 222077, 2347, 350, 56128, 442, 70541, 7, 70, 5117, 91067, 47, 6760, 1636, 7921, 5, 28090, 70, 38551, 6635, 14320, 63273, 14037, 99, 180, 50878, 42, 3038, 19, 11680, 442, 83, 7722, 15, 289, 197271, 2685, 83, 110, 77950, 16, 450, 8694, 172, 72988, 223, 183540, 297, 10, 62816, 4, 1111, 31, 52164, 4, 2750, 113771, 70, 70, 2480, 111, 70, 377, 46401, 47, 8022, 9480, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 8022, 9480, 15, 707, 2819, 2843, 8022, 9480, 13, 74, 4, 44, 33781, 4935, 58, 12, 212095, 32575, 1279, 34059, 247, 775, 111, 61712, 55708, 748, 136, 26265, 481, 42, 497, 13, 4, 70, 69190, 191, 111, 2888, 11684, 136, 70, 53297, 145204, 111, 241060, 4, 509, 10, 30783, 43452, 6051, 18, 2750, 104, 79080, 98, 70, 90695, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 111, 70, 759, 4450, 238, 1529, 20595, 17996, 23, 70, 2060, 65272, 111, 70, 170027, 66, 5, 62, 1286, 15659, 289, 9, 36904, 297, 14432, 58093, 111, 160600, 7, 137272, 70, 10776, 678, 6760, 67, 74880, 23, 127067, 9022, 87, 21547, 11, 5, 8022, 9480, 509, 27983, 151552, 237, 10, 84392, 678, 40101, 17262, 337, 34204, 136, 17262, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Appearance.", "Mythology.", "The Tenth Labour of Heracles.", "Stesichorus' account.", "Pausanias' account.", "The Inferno." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "According to Hesiod Geryon had one body and three heads, whereas the tradition followed by Aeschylus gave him three bodies. A lost description by Stesichoros said that he has six hands and six feet and is winged; there are some mid-sixth-century Chalcidian vases portraying Geryon as winged. Some accounts state that he had six legs as well while others state that the three bodies were joined to one pair of legs. Apart from these bizarre features, his appearance was that of a warrior. He owned a two-headed hound named Orthrus, which was the brother of Cerberus, and a herd of magnificent red cattle that were guarded by Orthrus, and a herder Eurytion, son of Erytheia.", "", "In the fullest account in the \"Bibliotheke\" of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Heracles was required to travel to Erytheia, in order to obtain the Cattle of Geryon (Γηρυόνου βόες) as his tenth labour. On the way there, he crossed the Libyan desert and became so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the Sun. Helios \"in admiration of his courage\" gave Heracles the golden cup he used to sail across the sea from west to east each night. Heracles used it to reach Erytheia, a favorite motif of the vase-painters. Such a magical conveyance undercuts any literal geography for Erytheia, the \"red island\" of the sunset. When Heracles reached Erytheia, no sooner had he landed than he was confronted by the two-headed dog, Orthrus. With one huge blow from his olive-wood club, Heracles killed the watchdog. Eurytion the herdsman came to assist Orthrus, but Heracles dealt with him the same way. On hearing the commotion, Geryon sprang into action, carrying three shields, three spears, and wearing three helmets. He pursued Heracles at the River Anthemus but fell victim to an arrow that had been dipped in the venomous blood of the Lernaean Hydra, shot so forcefully by Heracles that it pierced Geryon's forehead, \"and Geryon bent his neck over to one side, like a poppy that spoils its delicate shapes, shedding its petals all at once\". Heracles then had to herd the cattle back to Eurystheus. In Roman versions of the narrative, on the Aventine Hill in Italy, Cacus stole some of the cattle as Heracles slept, making the cattle walk backwards so that they left no trail, a repetition of the trick of the young Hermes. According to some versions, Heracles drove his remaining cattle past a cave, where Cacus had hidden the stolen animals, and they began calling out to each other. In others, Caca, Cacus' sister, told Heracles where he was. Heracles then killed Cacus, and according to the Romans, founded an altar where the Forum Boarium, the cattle market, was later held. To annoy Heracles, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them and scatter them. The hero was within a year able to retrieve them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the level of a river so much, Heracles could not cross with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of Eurystheus, the cattle were sacrificed to Hera. In the \"Aeneid\", Vergil may have based the triple-souled figure of Erulus, king of Praeneste, on Geryon and Hercules' conquest of Geryon is mentioned in Book VIII. The Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano features a three headed representation of Geryon.", "The poet Stesichorus wrote a song of Geryon (\"Γηρυονηΐς—Geryoneïs\") in the sixth century BC, which was apparently the source of this section in \"Bibliotheke\"; it contains the first reference to Tartessus. From the fragmentary papyri found at Oxyrhyncus it is possible (although there is no evidence) that Stesichorus inserted a character, Menoites, who reported the theft of the cattle to Geryon. Geryon then had an interview with his mother Callirrhoe, who begged him not to confront Heracles. They appear to have expressed some doubt as to whether Geryon would prove to be immortal. The gods met in council, where Athena warned Poseidon that she would protect Heracles against Poseidon's grandson Geryon. Denys Page observes that the increase in representation of the Geryon episode in vase-paintings increased from the mid-sixth century and suggests that Stesichorus' \"Geryoneïs\" provided the impetus. The fragments are sufficient to show that the poem was composed in twenty-six line triads, of strophe, antistrophe and epode, repeated in columns along the original scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions.", "In his work \"Description of Greece\", Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia.", "The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem \"Inferno\" bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a scorpion's poisonous sting at the tip of his tail, but with the face of an \"honest man\" (similar to a manticore). He dwells somewhere in the shadowed depths below the cliff between the seventh and eighth circles of Hell (the circles of violence and simple fraud, respectively); Geryon rises from the pit at Virgil's call and to Dante's horror Virgil requests a ride on the creature's back. They then board him, and Geryon slowly glides in descending circles around the waterfall of the river Phlegethon down to the great depths to the Circle of Fraud." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 155455, 615, 62, 44, 5980, 867, 53, 39933, 58, 83, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 98, 10, 26370, 16466, 32628, 450, 40407, 3387, 4, 7440, 83, 70, 606, 513, 4288, 111, 4, 136, 83, 70, 182324, 39933, 5, 581, 642, 11, 1728, 35431, 61924, 7, 142, 44, 164, 87739, 53, 740, 581, 3789, 35431, 4, 4, 61924, 7, 10, 44, 587, 164, 87739, 53, 740, 12613, 7, 10, 25072, 6635, 39933, 83, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 3129, 83, 15044, 142, 83, 87739, 53, 136, 10, 31789, 43452, 15123, 4, 707, 4, 183234, 538, 4, 10, 613, 170, 100034, 83, 87739, 53, 5, 893, 183234, 80934, 83, 70, 25632, 12, 155455, 787, 62, 44, 5980, 867, 53, 39933, 58, 83, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 98, 10, 26370, 16466, 32628, 100, 3129, 70, 25632, 16401, 12, 581, 110, 1363, 111, 13882, 178851, 8780, 23, 70, 95487, 111, 26370, 16466, 32628, 7, 83, 141621, 71, 2174, 77758, 136, 37457, 621, 107003, 47, 129927, 23, 903, 80934, 5, 2071, 58174, 90, 479, 86687, 60570, 7668, 40, 26513, 5170, 4, 8311, 329, 70, 28484, 7432, 57266, 111, 26370, 16466, 32628, 7, 83, 9498, 56, 4126, 581, 25632, 4, 48903, 214, 538, 642, 11, 1728, 4, 80934, 83, 2843, 183234, 12, 155455, 1031, 62, 44, 5980, 867, 53, 39933, 58, 83, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 98, 10, 26370, 16466, 32628, 100, 3129, 70, 25632, 16401, 12, 717, 1957, 450, 155455, 7, 106, 619, 138, 621, 183234, 4, 60322, 450, 9498, 56, 6496, 70, 75414, 12996, 35388, 90, 83, 142, 83, 87739, 53, 15, 8805, 7, 4, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 194, 581, 15824, 450, 1556, 168, 184, 37457, 63284, 7, 442, 1556, 10, 876, 167457, 23, 37676, 5, 1650, 83, 34735, 450, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 25072, 6635, 39933, 7, 621, 1660, 1809, 178851, 8780, 7, 111, 26370, 16466, 32628, 7, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 1836, 479, 86687, 70, 45646, 15, 73, 903, 7225, 4, 70, 192617, 32628, 45646, 4, 70, 75414, 12996, 4, 136, 8311, 329, 70, 2663, 25443, 16, 111, 70, 32628, 98, 3129, 1836, 27992, 5, 581, 21115, 111, 756, 25072, 6635, 39933, 7, 1295, 10, 34475, 26370, 16466, 32628, 47, 68034, 83, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 841, 379, 16466, 21115, 58, 111, 4, 8, 157, 3674, 707, 5, 581, 192617, 2481, 64209, 674, 23, 70, 80934, 111, 10, 25072, 6635, 39933, 831, 186, 36069, 20051, 15490, 151134, 70, 91084, 6637, 442, 831, 186, 16406, 4126, 1295, 192617, 2481, 136, 24491, 9, 49919, 67, 7432, 111, 70, 146232, 42, 12996, 12, 5710, 4867, 79850, 398, 113054, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 123309, 114137, 4, 10, 32845, 206, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 10, 25072, 6635, 39933, 83, 10, 613, 170, 100034, 876, 167457, 39933, 98, 10, 26370, 16466, 32628, 9498, 56, 6496, 70, 75414, 12996, 5, 46640, 6635, 39933, 7, 621, 56104, 39958, 237, 172852, 44, 191, 58, 10, 26370, 16466, 32628, 4, 1284, 70, 5701, 110, 1363, 21265, 7, 47, 61924, 70, 23755, 111, 13882, 178851, 8780, 44, 4626, 1177, 33, 58, 26370, 16466, 32628, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Linearity." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Definition 1. A \"unitary operator\" is a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space that satisfies, where is the adjoint of, and is the identity operator. The weaker condition defines an \"isometry\". The other condition,, defines a \"coisometry\". Thus a unitary operator is a bounded linear operator which is both an isometry and a coisometry, or, equivalently, a surjective isometry. An equivalent definition is the following: Definition 2. A \"unitary operator\" is a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space for which the following hold: The notion of isomorphism in the category of Hilbert spaces is captured if domain and range are allowed to differ in this definition. Isometries preserve Cauchy sequences, hence the completeness property of Hilbert spaces is preserved The following, seemingly weaker, definition is also equivalent: Definition 3. A \"unitary operator\" is a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space for which the following hold: To see that Definitions 1 & 3 are equivalent, notice that preserving the inner product implies is an isometry (thus, a bounded linear operator). The fact that has dense range ensures it has a bounded inverse. It is clear that. Thus, unitary operators are just automorphisms of Hilbert spaces, i.e., they preserve the structure (in this case, the linear space structure, the inner product, and hence the topology) of the space on which they act. The group of all unitary operators from a given Hilbert space to itself is sometimes referred to as the \"Hilbert group\" of, denoted or.", "The linearity requirement in the definition of a unitary operator can be dropped without changing the meaning because it can be derived from linearity and positive-definiteness of the scalar product: Analogously you obtain" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 18763, 9351, 83, 34475, 237, 40101, 44, 19060, 927, 6563, 58, 24073, 3, 3538, 146261, 235, 18939, 707, 44, 19060, 8805, 7, 58, 24073, 3, 3538, 103968, 51029, 1326, 27781, 4, 1529, 172, 2199, 4, 70, 10332, 525, 31344, 4, 11782, 7, 70, 739, 7030, 44, 19060, 8805, 7, 830, 12960, 107184, 1846, 223, 11782, 7, 4049, 44, 19060, 927, 6563, 740, 129551, 47, 1529, 172, 2199, 4, 12426, 127, 6563, 509, 70, 67373, 111, 70, 8019, 4505, 425, 136, 70, 4869, 5073, 82209, 4, 21208, 2750, 1529, 172, 2199, 131148, 237, 70, 42732, 4, 36766, 442, 83, 12426, 127, 6563, 25, 10002, 42732, 241, 1861, 39200, 4, 70, 5585, 27160, 4, 707, 1845, 188, 4, 83, 51, 119488, 5, 12426, 127, 6563, 136, 1919, 31347, 50005, 53, 1363, 3542, 25534, 71, 678, 56050, 214, 70, 17262, 9, 31251, 297, 4, 707, 17262, 9, 19290, 14, 297, 6051, 18, 8022, 9480, 25, 7, 604, 71, 111, 4842, 377, 46401, 23, 70, 44, 6548, 3509, 58, 3551, 111, 1004, 53, 2347, 399, 24073, 2822, 1632, 74054, 142, 90695, 23, 70, 2060, 65272, 111, 70, 170027, 66, 5, 1840, 11, 66695, 152388, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 136, 14432, 91, 71908, 50005, 53, 1363, 136, 8022, 9480, 8108, 35971, 70, 4842, 377, 46401, 47, 28484, 1919, 1492, 927, 18940, 5, 129551, 47, 107184, 1846, 223, 1840, 11, 66695, 152388, 12426, 127, 6563, 678, 1919, 11938, 4, 102971, 23, 4927, 12426, 127, 6563, 83, 68018, 8, 18695, 3674, 61322, 37534, 390, 6, 118201, 7, 5, 581, 30260, 12264, 1506, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 44, 497, 7030, 7, 111, 8022, 9480, 58, 59897, 79298, 8108, 1840, 11, 66695, 5, 12264, 1506, 25, 7, 4527, 111, 70, 97308, 44, 497, 7030, 7, 58, 23, 94878, 678, 8022, 9480, 83, 36998, 5, 1529, 1543, 765, 11814, 70, 97308, 6637, 12426, 6378, 1902, 48716, 10336, 7, 4, 707, 95134, 6637, 764, 55950, 10, 40250, 23, 3129, 8022, 9480, 1902, 1286, 3501, 1632, 10269, 5, 262, 18695, 5256, 111, 12426, 127, 6563, 23, 4927, 621, 41207, 4, 136, 11343, 23, 94878, 678, 70, 70, 2480, 111, 8022, 9480, 25, 7, 377, 46401, 390, 1840, 11, 66695, 5, 1529, 83, 56104, 127887, 103494, 707, 2160, 214, 4, 68018, 61322, 37534, 390, 1632, 707, 1286, 6, 118201, 7, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 8, 1434, 10763, 111, 12426, 127, 6563, 83, 14037, 98, 10, 72399, 59671, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 52656, 13, 111649, 280, 18770, 289, 1295, 20890, 7, 15, 294, 7861, 335, 2588, 56641, 5, 1650, 45831, 10, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 678, 142, 6, 118201, 502, 106813, 214, 1295, 1632, 111, 1919, 10336, 7, 4, 13081, 34, 59207, 99, 70, 74261, 4, 136, 23, 12912, 111, 8022, 9480, 5, 12426, 127, 6563, 83, 7808, 214, 1840, 11, 66695, 4, 2750, 9157, 7, 47, 70, 25737, 4, 179493, 1919, 62816, 48242, 6, 45486, 9, 7, 875, 4, 181952, 8022, 9480, 47, 70, 7108, 5, 62, 4842, 9, 59994, 13, 45364, 390, 5177, 11727, 34925, 232, 1295, 48138, 318, 501, 5, 45334, 1104, 4283, 77269, 15, 10685, 93, 206, 1381, 73419, 45831, 10, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 12426, 127, 6563, 16500, 214, 186, 12097, 9, 2037, 4, 678, 142, 6, 118201, 178594, 1919, 290, 271, 4, 136, 1919, 16854, 350, 6, 46741, 7464, 148, 416, 64113, 50155, 4049, 5, 1840, 11, 66695, 83, 98, 70, 25737, 4, 179493, 1919, 6, 45486, 9, 7, 875, 4, 181952, 10, 17262, 9, 19290, 14, 297, 8022, 9480, 47, 70, 7108, 5, 893, 9208, 1771, 22556, 9, 59994, 13, 108, 2594, 46332, 27102, 4, 390, 70, 159, 14775, 147854, 56, 501, 5, 45334, 1104, 4283, 77269, 15, 441, 2055, 5, 2888, 5, 122216, 247, 45831, 10, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 99, 70, 74261, 111, 10, 17262, 9, 19290, 14, 297, 8022, 9480, 4, 678, 6626, 6, 118201, 7, 502, 106813, 214, 8305, 1632, 111, 1919, 10336, 7, 4, 136, 10, 10269, 6, 46741, 5, 129551, 47, 107184, 1846, 223, 4, 12426, 127, 6563, 1902, 6626, 10336, 7, 4, 49903, 23, 4927, 4, 70, 14012, 41110, 7, 5, 1301, 23, 70, 20890, 7, 280, 18770, 289, 4, 5177, 11727, 34925, 232, 25, 45364, 4, 136, 70, 159, 14775, 147854, 56, 25, 7, 4, 46332, 27102, 4, 12426, 127, 6563, 83, 56104, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 6626, 10336, 7, 4, 102971, 4, 1295, 70, 4122, 37195, 927, 142642, 4, 764, 83, 68018, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 4734, 1632, 10336, 4, 12960, 1632, 39395, 809, 2480, 127, 142642, 77269, 27939, 5293, 818, 6, 34165, 123046, 76199, 4049, 17262, 10336, 7, 4, 392, 21, 8759, 1297, 223, 5, 581, 5177, 11727, 34925, 232, 45364, 4, 136, 70, 6, 34165, 123046, 8, 18695, 18, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 1884, 8759, 1297, 223, 4, 678, 10, 16854, 350, 6, 46741, 4, 21208, 56104, 764, 83, 127887, 678, 10, 10269, 6, 46741, 4, 237, 23, 70, 159, 14775, 147854, 56, 25, 7, 46332, 27102, 5, 12426, 127, 6563, 81148, 7, 10, 20903, 102337, 6492, 107777, 47, 8759, 1297, 223, 4, 70, 739, 7030, 111, 101444, 7, 5, 581, 54704, 289, 191225, 79281, 56159, 79479, 35839, 12426, 127, 6563, 8759, 1297, 223, 25, 44, 21555, 2661, 18, 740, 129551, 47, 1529, 172, 2199, 4, 8759, 1297, 223, 4, 1884, 12426, 127, 6563, 509, 70, 5773, 79832, 111, 241, 1861, 39200, 136, 33417, 9482, 5, 3493, 1884, 12426, 127, 6563, 4, 8759, 1297, 223, 509, 6024, 9, 31251, 297, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 15426, 7, 26038, 8759, 1297, 223, 809, 2480, 53, 4, 707, 3853, 1632, 75281, 10336, 7, 4, 21208, 23, 163136, 17262, 10336, 7, 100, 8759, 1297, 223, 100512, 70, 5570, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 4927, 4, 27983, 4734, 6626, 10336, 7, 100, 8759, 1297, 223, 621, 127887, 5, 8759, 1297, 223, 509, 2843, 56104, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 10, 16854, 350, 6, 46741, 4, 1660, 237, 12426, 127, 6563, 509, 68018, 5, 149766, 100512, 56050, 10269, 7, 4, 678, 8759, 1297, 223, 56050, 214, 70, 70836, 7, 111, 101444, 7, 4, 136, 15044, 3542, 645, 45738, 390, 1840, 11, 66695, 23, 1632, 111, 1919, 150385, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 12426, 127, 6563, 15, 4, 44, 19060, 42294, 7, 18939, 707, 12426, 6378, 15, 4, 44, 19060, 24948, 7, 18939, 509, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 759, 24948, 41382, 56, 107184, 1846, 223, 4, 10, 6626, 9, 31251, 297, 10269, 2750, 56050, 297, 8022, 9480, 25, 7, 377, 46401, 136, 509, 152388, 390, 1840, 11, 66695, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 5773, 79832, 111, 70, 84392, 7, 241, 1861, 39200, 136, 33417, 9482, 4, 136, 70, 82953, 111, 8759, 1297, 223, 4, 2750, 509, 2843, 10, 6024, 9, 31251, 297, 56050, 10269, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Mythology.", "In art.", "Similarities with Cerberus." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "His name is given as either \"Orthrus\" (\"Ὄρθρος\") or \"Orthus\" (\"Ὄρθος\"). For example, Hesiod, the oldest source, calls the hound \"Orthus\", while Apollodorus calls him \"Orthrus\".", "According to Hesiod, Orthrus was the father of the Sphinx and the Nemean Lion, though who Hesiod meant as the mother, whether it is Orthrus' own mother Echidna, the Chimera, or Ceto, is unclear. Orthrus and his master Eurytion were charged with guarding the three-headed, or three-bodied giant Geryon's herd of red cattle in the \"sunset\" land of Erytheia (\"red one\"), an island in the far west of the Mediterranean. Heracles killed Orthrus, and later slew Eurytion and Geryon before taking the red cattle to complete his tenth labor. According to Apollodorus Heracles killed Orthrus with his club, although in art Orthrus is sometimes depicted pierced by arrows. The poet Pindar refers to the \"hounds of Geryon\" trembling before Heracles. Pindar's use of the plural \"hounds\" in connection with Geryon is unique. He may have used the plural because Orthus had multiple heads, or perhaps because he knew a tradition in which Geryon had more than one dog.", "Depictions of Orthrus in art are rare, and always in connection with the theft of Geryon's cattle by Heracles. He is usually shown dead or dying, sometimes pierced by one or more arrows. The earliest depiction of Orthrus is found on a late seventh-century bronze horse pectoral from Samos (Samos B2518). It shows a two-headed Orthrus, with an arrow protruding from one of his heads, crouching at the feet, and in front of Geryon. Orthrus is facing Heracles, who stands to the left, wearing his characteristic lion-skin, fighting Geryon to the right. A red-figure cup by Euphronios from Vulci c. 550–500 BC (Munich 2620) shows a two-headed Orthrus lying belly-up, with an arrow piercing his chest, and his snake tail still writhing behind him. Heracles is on the left, wearing his lion-skin, fighting a three-bodied Geryon to the right. An Attic black-figure neck amphora, by the Swing Painter c. 550–500 BC (Cab. Med. 223), shows a two-headed Orthrus, at the feet of a three-bodied Geryon, with two arrows protruding through one of his heads, and a dog tail. According to Apollodorus, Orthrus had two heads, however in art, the number varies. As in the Samos pectoral, Euphronios' cup, and the Swing Painter's, amphora, Orthrus is usually depicted with two heads, although, from the mid sixth century, he is sometimes depicted with only one head, while one early fifth century BC Cypriot stone relief gives him three heads, á la Cerberus. The Euphronios cup, and the stone relief depict Orthrus, like Cerberus, with a snake tail, though usually he is shown with a dog tail, as in the Swing Painter's amphora.", "Orthrus bears a close resemblance to Cerberus, the hound of Hades. The classical scholar Arthur Bernard Cook called Orthrus Cerberus' \"doublet\". According to Hesiod, Cerberus, like Orthrus was the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. And like Orthrus, Cerberus was multi-headed. The earliest accounts gave Cerberus fifty, or even one hundred heads, though in literature three heads for Cerberus became the standard. However, in art, often only two heads for Cerberus are shown. Cerberus was also usually depicted with a snake tail, just as Orthrus was sometimes. Both became guard dogs, with Cerberus guarding the gates of Hades, and both were overcome by Heracles in one of his labours." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5863, 43452, 509, 134053, 390, 241, 21555, 5861, 3000, 30543, 555, 23, 163055, 4, 136, 14432, 151552, 136, 24, 4806, 23, 142399, 390, 140819, 2460, 20628, 5, 13443, 43452, 7, 621, 137272, 678, 70, 72249, 107834, 13, 20271, 70, 502, 153213, 36541, 111, 70, 38750, 105823, 5, 360, 491, 84125, 70, 72249, 107834, 13, 36356, 7, 7565, 136, 70, 5863, 43452, 315, 11030, 27686, 11948, 46656, 60291, 831, 78974, 678, 70, 17656, 306, 6781, 3716, 47, 45367, 70, 86467, 9523, 25927, 19298, 5, 581, 42732, 69514, 16836, 4, 70, 114210, 111, 70, 6626, 23, 70, 69514, 16836, 80836, 4, 2843, 1556, 10, 9879, 31486, 23, 20662, 13176, 11, 136, 49938, 4523, 5, 581, 5863, 43452, 83, 71200, 71, 4734, 24145, 117, 38750, 105823, 221, 450, 12638, 76849, 38750, 23, 3334, 14481, 1632, 5863, 43452, 4, 70541, 214, 6626, 45646, 7, 35839, 69514, 31, 1577, 15, 21231, 2843, 12, 5863, 43452, 105823, 194, 581, 5863, 43452, 143126, 1636, 20271, 70, 159, 93402, 111, 70, 38750, 105823, 5, 133698, 70, 502, 153213, 23, 70, 9433, 111, 38750, 91853, 35839, 491, 84125, 4, 70, 38838, 306, 90, 39666, 67, 47, 198274, 5664, 7, 111, 70, 38750, 5, 581, 86467, 9523, 25927, 19298, 7068, 3173, 7, 17721, 70, 6626, 38838, 306, 90, 5, 345, 5416, 91853, 4, 12638, 76849, 38750, 53299, 7, 1632, 5863, 43452, 5, 8592, 15212, 101935, 111, 38838, 306, 90, 23, 10, 38750, 765, 2809, 137272, 678, 27968, 5, 40641, 79298, 111, 10, 5863, 43452, 83, 21373, 47, 27583, 456, 182867, 23, 6626, 15072, 7, 12, 70, 36137, 2271, 65756, 4935, 31425, 111, 70, 9433, 136, 70, 22631, 111, 7915, 605, 304, 237, 10, 144314, 111, 70, 9433, 5, 4966, 70, 9433, 90, 621, 85590, 538, 12921, 23, 450, 5863, 43452, 54, 34, 79298, 14602, 959, 74918, 390, 110934, 16454, 136, 10, 89845, 38526, 5, 581, 42732, 69514, 16836, 1660, 36442, 7, 23, 70, 183278, 1363, 111, 76319, 56065, 100, 70, 10, 89845, 38526, 111, 70, 76849, 69514, 16836, 5, 216935, 31, 1577, 49903, 4, 621, 959, 56065, 100, 70, 187735, 111, 491, 84125, 5, 14847, 70, 69514, 31, 1577, 621, 193, 10541, 27686, 390, 10, 32030, 4, 491, 84125, 172337, 7, 3638, 538, 678, 10, 6, 178851, 109622, 538, 3638, 25927, 19298, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 34754, 111, 70, 41896, 12403, 44, 397, 69043, 66847, 11, 58, 83, 21334, 538, 3638, 3229, 69514, 31, 1577, 621, 146291, 4743, 47, 10, 199334, 23, 10, 22293, 56065, 100, 2363, 115, 182867, 5, 360, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 70, 69514, 31, 1577, 4, 70, 11948, 46656, 60291, 111, 70, 25927, 19298, 621, 162393, 390, 2926, 7, 6, 190358, 70, 27643, 111, 10, 333, 771, 320, 25927, 19298, 5, 52455, 38750, 7, 831, 64557, 1379, 519, 1940, 153213, 15490, 69514, 31, 1577, 5, 992, 5062, 69514, 31, 1577, 4, 38838, 306, 90, 621, 56065, 100, 218018, 111, 70, 25150, 5, 80743, 7, 15490, 38838, 306, 90, 92635, 4567, 289, 10298, 4778, 111, 237, 29088, 11948, 46656, 60291, 5, 10660, 621, 2843, 72104, 5844, 23, 25927, 19298, 19069, 214, 136, 23, 70, 81273, 47, 137633, 10, 9879, 4000, 47691, 1764, 23, 19932, 6448, 12741, 164, 5, 581, 32354, 111, 5863, 43452, 23, 903, 43701, 83, 170933, 7, 29367, 47, 63284, 70, 46735, 2481, 111, 38750, 91853, 6637, 442, 6782, 538, 51312, 7, 70, 9129, 22346, 2408, 5, 31384, 38750, 52895, 34784, 23, 70, 25632, 38750, 105823, 3229, 38838, 306, 90, 621, 146291, 5, 3293, 83, 959, 10, 32813, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 5, 14847, 70, 9997, 188, 112, 44, 441, 5, 69443, 7, 58, 56125, 83, 92895, 29367, 70, 106217, 75060, 7, 10, 80836, 111, 69514, 31, 1577, 5, 32255, 69514, 31, 1577, 1221, 3173, 70, 38838, 306, 90, 3129, 1221, 8951, 70, 5117, 38750, 91853, 111, 70, 97, 53, 519, 67, 136, 903, 1221, 83324, 6863, 160, 320, 2481, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 959, 14373, 34735, 36766, 70, 31486, 111, 70, 5863, 43452, 23, 160, 320, 2481, 27354, 1363, 83, 11948, 458, 120957, 108750, 707, 41371, 5, 360, 14135, 42238, 1363, 4, 70, 106217, 120384, 90, 70, 69514, 16836, 450, 28282, 7, 70, 5863, 43452, 136, 11948, 458, 120957, 5426, 111, 70, 97, 53, 519, 67, 5, 140819, 2460, 20628, 4, 23, 41310, 4, 151552, 5863, 43452, 2243, 30494, 7, 23, 27968, 38750, 7, 5, 3293, 61475, 150556, 509, 221419, 538, 65042, 297, 47, 5941, 52895, 111, 14135, 57412, 7, 5, 13443, 43452, 42068, 5256, 23, 27968, 831, 186, 101637, 71, 23, 6626, 1614, 51588, 7, 4, 118990, 141, 707, 54744, 238, 2243, 30494, 7, 4, 14373, 15044, 831, 186, 134477, 13, 79850, 14037, 23, 10, 57412, 5, 62544, 25958, 1836, 108975, 4743, 47, 51, 81988, 6259, 125195, 111, 5863, 43452, 82761, 7, 4, 707, 4743, 47, 1305, 9, 30145, 143, 43315, 129344, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 6, 134208, 139006, 7809, 5256, 16, 3129, 621, 959, 160370, 13, 100, 8382, 82761, 7, 5, 32255, 129344, 7, 1543, 27489, 143834, 7, 23, 5863, 43452, 13267, 15, 16345, 25958, 5792, 6957, 4, 4743, 47, 142, 89978, 111, 117, 14, 46899, 846, 320, 4912, 194, 360, 66044, 4, 6637, 38838, 306, 289, 21308, 7, 765, 70, 72201, 27771, 47, 3173, 6, 197564, 90, 4, 27983, 5863, 43452, 9, 174822, 337, 34204, 15, 22578, 571, 7, 16, 621, 139999, 71, 23, 50061, 119499, 44677, 5, 149766, 22, 320, 17704, 38838, 306, 90, 136, 313, 45176, 7, 621, 21373, 47, 70, 38838, 306, 289, 45646, 7, 139999, 71, 23, 57412, 7, 5, 31267, 1286, 4, 6097, 45646, 7, 831, 186, 135989, 297, 23, 29394, 38750, 7, 390, 645, 204629, 111, 29458, 38838, 306, 289, 21308, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 61658, 2631, 5759, 707, 541, 26775, 5, 32255, 45646, 7, 1543, 6713, 4552, 21373, 4, 14373, 185688, 96335, 122273, 450, 1836, 1543, 13379, 4552, 12921, 183871, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 2363, 13766, 1771, 166577, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 2363, 177399, 47, 49504, 67, 12770, 9, 15665, 25740, 99115, 7, 15, 21231, 2843, 12, 12770, 9, 46656, 53311, 16, 831, 186, 4552, 77336, 4, 136, 221, 2363, 177399, 47, 315, 11030, 2182, 11948, 46656, 60291, 4, 127298, 52490, 214, 23, 12921, 3917, 70, 115700, 4, 160, 320, 2481, 136, 2080, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 38750, 333, 25443, 4, 70, 5863, 43452, 15, 2729, 2311, 18977, 242, 30090, 25, 997, 160600, 91, 69376, 192, 242, 37873, 25, 16, 83, 142, 7484, 2118, 450, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 5201, 11948, 458, 120957, 5808, 214, 27585, 15, 37290, 29065, 16, 111, 70, 26249, 38750, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 144314, 111, 38750, 9, 75457, 187735, 5, 581, 5863, 43452, 83, 17569, 47, 765, 216479, 71, 4734, 23, 70, 435, 42280, 66, 42592, 429, 111, 1175, 1153, 1410, 9523, 38750, 7, 5, 167637, 14, 136, 18153, 7, 92635, 38838, 306, 90, 136, 127298, 4527, 45646, 7, 3789, 3501, 36812, 29065, 7, 47, 5808, 13, 2363, 11948, 46656, 60291, 5, 106073, 70, 5863, 43452, 1556, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 93766, 491, 84125, 23, 26249, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Functions.", "Centrosome alterations in cancer cells.", "Structural aberrations.", "Numeric aberrations.", "Evolution.", "Associated nucleotides." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and later described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.", "Centrosomes are associated with the nuclear membrane during the prophase stage of the cell cycle. In mitosis the nuclear membrane breaks down and the centrosome nucleated microtubules can interact with the chromosomes to build the mitotic spindle. The mother centriole, the older of the two in the centriole pair, also has a central role in making cilia and flagella. The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle so that each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two structures called centrioles (see also: centrosome cycle). The centrosome replicates during the S phase of the cell cycle. During the prophase in the process of cell division called mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. Aberrant numbers of centrosomes in a cell have been associated with cancer. Doubling of a centrosome is similar to DNA replication in two respects: the semiconservative nature of the process and the action of CDK2 as a regulator of the process. But the processes are essentially different in that centrosome doubling does not occur by template reading and assembly. The mother centriole just aids in the accumulation of materials required for the assembly of the daughter centriole. Centrioles however, are not required for the progression of mitosis. When the centrioles are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds normally with a morphologically normal spindle. Moreover, development of the fruit fly \"Drosophila\" is largely normal when centrioles are absent due to a mutation in a gene required for their duplication. In the absence of the centrioles, the microtubules of the spindle are focused by motors allowing the formation of a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrioles. Unlike centrioles, centrosomes are required for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack radial arrays of astral microtubules. They are also defective in spindle positioning and in the ability to establish a central localization site in cytokinesis. The function of centrosome in this context is hypothesized to ensure the fidelity of cell division because it greatly increases the efficacy. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent. This is not a universal phenomenon. When the nematode \"C. elegans\" egg is fertilized the sperm delivers a pair of centrioles. These centrioles will form the centrosomes which will direct the first cell division of the zygote and this will determine its polarity. It's not yet clear whether the role of the centrosome in polarity determination is microtubule dependent or independent. In human reproduction, the sperm supplies the centriole that creates the centrosome and microtubule system of the zygote.", "Theodor Boveri, in 1914, described centrosome aberrations in cancer cells. This initial observation was subsequently extended to many types of human tumors. Centrosome alterations in cancer can be divided in two subgroups, structural or numeric aberrations, yet both can be simultaneously found in a tumor.", "Usually they appear due to uncontrolled expression of centrosome components, or due to post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylations) which are not adequate for those components. These modifications may produce variations in centrosome size (usually too big, due to an excess of pericentriolar material). In addition, because centrosomal proteins have the tendency to form aggregates, often centrosome-related bodies (CRBs) are observed in ectopic places. Both enlarged centrosomes and CRBs are similar to the centrosomal structures observed in tumors. Even more, these structures can be induced in culture cells by overexpression of specific centrosomal proteins, such as CNap-1 or Nlp. These structures may look very similar, yet detailed studies reveal that they may present very different properties, depending on their proteic composition. For instance, their capacity to incorporate γ-TuRC complexes (see also: γ-tubulin) can be very variable, and so their capacity to nucleate microtubules, therefore affecting in different way the shape, polarity and motility of implicated tumor cells.", "The presence of an inadequate number of centrosomes is very often linked to the appearance of genome instability and the loss of tissue differentiation. However, the method to count the centrosome number (each one with 2 centrioles) is often not very precise, because it is frequently assessed using fluorescence microscopy, whose optical resolution is not high enough to resolve centrioles that are very close to each other. Nevertheless, it is clear that the presence of an excess of centrosomes is a common event in human tumors. It has been observed that loss of the tumor-suppressor p53 produces superfluous centrosomes, as well as deregulating other proteins implicated in cancer formation in humans, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 (for references, see ). An excess of centrosomes can be generated by very different mechanisms: specific reduplication of the centrosome, cytokinesis failure during cell division (generating an increase in chromosome number), cell fusion (for instance due to infection by specific viruses) or \"de novo\" generation of centrosomes. At this point there is not sufficient information to know how frequent are those mechanisms \"in vivo\", but it is possible that the increase in centrosome numbers due to a failure during cell division might be more frequent than appreciated, because many \"primary\" defects in one cell (deregulation of the cell cycle, defective DNA or chromatin metabolism, failure in the spindle checkpoint, etc...) would generate a failure in cell division, an increase in ploidy and an increase in centrosome numbers as a \"secondary\" effect.", "The evolutionary history of the centrosome and the centriole has been traced for some of the signature genes, \"e.g.\" the centrins. Centrins participate in calcium signaling and are required for centriole duplication. There exist two main subfamilies of centrins, both of which are present in the early-branching eukaryote \"Giardia intestinalis\". Centrins have therefore been present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes. Conversely, they have no recognizable homologs in archea and bacteria and are thus part of the \"eukaryotic signature genes.\" Although there are studies on the evolution of the centrins and centrioles, no studies have been published on the evolution of the pericentriolar material. It is evident that some parts of the centrosome are highly diverged in the model species \"Drosophila melanogaster\" and \"Caenorhabditis elegans\". For example, both species have lost one of the centrin subfamilies that are usually associated with centriole duplication. \"Drosophila melanogaster\" mutants that lack centrosomes can even develop to morphologically normal adult flies, which then die shortly after birth because their sensory neurons lack cilia. Thus, these flies have evolved functionally redundant machinery, which is independent of the centrosomes.", "Research in 2006 indicated that centrosomes from Atlantic surf clam eggs contain RNA sequences. The sequences identified were found in \"few to no\" other places in the cell, and do not appear in existing genome databases. One identified RNA sequence contains a putative RNA polymerase, leading to the hypothesis of an RNA based genome within the centrosome. However, subsequent research has shown that centrosome do not contain their own DNA-based genomes. While it was confirmed that RNA molecules associate with centrosomes, the sequences have still been found within the nucleus. Furthermore, centrosomes can form \"de novo\" after having been removed (e.g. by laser irradiation) from normal cells." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 60701, 52234, 509, 103122, 98, 11994, 423, 4, 729, 18197, 4, 23, 70, 75644, 528, 19725, 10776, 111, 70, 96220, 7, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 155400, 7, 9, 568, 16507, 46512, 64370, 60701, 52234, 136, 1919, 58386, 72542, 97595, 66624, 1681, 4, 20703, 61028, 9893, 7, 2750, 1902, 66399, 27686, 1295, 14976, 1515, 4, 13379, 5155, 182688, 122963, 4, 6626, 5369, 110680, 5, 52234, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 103122, 23, 3980, 41537, 2875, 14336, 4, 47064, 19897, 9013, 4, 10932, 729, 10991, 5, 52234, 25, 7, 27863, 158930, 23, 70, 54427, 111, 149987, 53, 372, 89700, 4, 2843, 23, 47064, 19897, 9013, 5, 18763, 78840, 6236, 6, 60502, 22230, 62038, 3674, 23, 104431, 5180, 25400, 71, 176766, 4, 5753, 72567, 4, 30715, 5, 14847, 1836, 194704, 3674, 47, 23924, 21629, 23, 729, 12424, 4, 52234, 25, 7, 27863, 91048, 6626, 20020, 1295, 122963, 4, 198952, 15, 57332, 729, 82036, 136, 12452, 15, 57332, 729, 88235, 5, 581, 14449, 31895, 3551, 297, 23, 176547, 5, 17006, 47041, 1836, 26983, 297, 645, 1760, 8305, 70, 5659, 83111, 3378, 71175, 7, 47, 70, 155400, 7, 9, 568, 16507, 26908, 23, 70, 75644, 528, 19725, 4, 6363, 4028, 2069, 70, 132988, 17721, 23924, 136, 25134, 96220, 5, 52234, 25, 7, 67373, 68, 71, 133698, 70, 135555, 6635, 5550, 4, 52234, 25, 7, 88, 18557, 82953, 4, 198952, 4, 68, 71, 1295, 80097, 146353, 1830, 7103, 70, 99381, 111, 18343, 157, 8002, 1294, 98, 18237, 387, 4, 106, 104656, 5, 8332, 9, 111345, 4745, 37022, 20753, 47314, 25632, 70, 50029, 75644, 528, 19725, 96945, 7612, 98, 4347, 30777, 729, 4836, 5, 52234, 25, 7, 42732, 65524, 71, 4049, 136, 1919, 88, 820, 82953, 12452, 47, 29966, 70, 4000, 34579, 399, 199474, 7, 5, 1061, 191, 4, 1836, 80723, 47, 4358, 70, 34579, 399, 237, 56007, 33843, 5, 10660, 149976, 1379, 156637, 583, 25031, 22758, 1681, 930, 15959, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 43454, 214, 14434, 98, 8055, 2289, 60701, 136, 12452, 3542, 141621, 71, 390, 70, 56101, 23, 7071, 729, 13556, 12960, 24765, 214, 99, 70, 5368, 111, 70, 34734, 434, 13534, 14449, 5, 14847, 60701, 128120, 71, 47, 46622, 70, 49935, 7, 111, 10, 56101, 93324, 4, 70, 93324, 14865, 67175, 99, 70, 156206, 678, 10, 91, 47416, 4, 137802, 4049, 678, 35006, 7, 98, 1919, 25737, 3535, 136, 10336, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 24372, 70, 135555, 6635, 5550, 4, 52234, 75204, 10, 9683, 11, 18403, 53019, 23, 10, 4000, 75644, 528, 434, 10696, 5, 2161, 6494, 69407, 678, 5045, 111, 1919, 65042, 297, 14449, 4, 764, 45443, 297, 678, 40368, 12921, 3395, 5, 360, 729, 13556, 4, 764, 79786, 100, 10, 1733, 237, 10, 17110, 19298, 9, 55474, 4, 136, 155605, 189924, 10696, 5, 1529, 198371, 78737, 297, 23, 2725, 9319, 40124, 5, 360, 729, 13903, 4, 764, 25737, 70, 75644, 528, 19725, 10776, 100, 50791, 7, 87180, 4, 23924, 96220, 4, 7440, 764, 22282, 71, 27165, 1379, 200866, 49188, 49036, 94472, 53, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 67842, 183093, 7, 4, 764, 509, 19048, 47, 30698, 20174, 47, 14768, 18929, 100, 70, 1909, 5, 360, 6088, 729, 19308, 4, 52234, 509, 36456, 3674, 47, 70, 23924, 96220, 1909, 5, 82990, 538, 2685, 11, 46327, 4, 1919, 34391, 4939, 19909, 4645, 14, 1294, 104902, 4049, 2046, 6, 140545, 297, 47, 10, 307, 36520, 117303, 1010, 1290, 19069, 23, 70, 65925, 59338, 111, 23924, 96220, 4, 3129, 2806, 14432, 24209, 70, 11341, 111, 230328, 5, 133698, 1919, 26983, 65272, 4, 52234, 360, 729, 14889, 4, 52234, 100, 4806, 10, 165410, 678, 145042, 183093, 4939, 9578, 1507, 4, 184017, 23, 140526, 100, 3551, 70488, 390, 85689, 53, 100, 70, 70535, 76328, 13, 136, 120151, 64036, 434, 5, 18852, 5941, 111, 2363, 158, 99736, 11, 10484, 4, 1836, 8, 7010, 23, 6044, 140526, 102971, 70, 3551, 509, 23, 42878, 23295, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 124161, 7, 75412, 80731, 7, 7228, 1379, 70, 242, 1760, 59102, 25, 27992, 111, 729, 17168, 450, 59335, 538, 142096, 42878, 33532, 65272, 111, 70, 5659, 83111, 72004, 28032, 23924, 96220, 47, 63043, 390, 450, 11341, 25, 7, 160641, 5, 1529, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 17262, 7311, 40830, 7, 2750, 14037, 297, 17443, 19379, 7, 4, 230328, 4, 23, 543, 2947, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 1919, 8437, 136, 68894, 80997, 4, 52234, 78737, 297, 237, 128988, 4, 94859, 101785, 4, 136, 1143, 62956, 5, 1529, 88303, 10, 5368, 136, 70, 5117, 4537, 4343, 23, 21713, 77490, 4, 230328, 4, 23, 543, 38775, 581, 11737, 6602, 4, 764, 163629, 71, 70, 1840, 266, 16852, 4, 10, 21873, 1363, 23, 6765, 1681, 47064, 4, 43573, 353, 1495, 10745, 5, 1529, 14432, 49814, 47, 70, 21873, 1363, 4, 3129, 155605, 3622, 297, 5, 581, 158978, 13081, 254, 509, 235489, 4, 55993, 19, 390, 94859, 7, 2451, 176769, 1681, 80723, 678, 300, 86, 4, 6, 157272, 237, 5941, 237, 5896, 390, 543, 1549, 4, 136, 14432, 1257, 47, 3252, 4, 22466, 214, 4049, 54940, 70, 128988, 100307, 5, 52234, 2843, 552, 9, 157272, 678, 1919, 775, 60701, 52234, 89596, 5, 70, 4772, 2408, 191, 21873, 1363, 23, 1311, 1366, 8945, 47064, 4, 225260, 4, 3129, 18276, 71, 8651, 94859, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 1919, 47219, 5, 194397, 6056, 1919, 6897, 6032, 4, 52234, 1543, 765, 6, 157272, 237, 5941, 237, 2668, 94859, 7, 5, 1111, 4, 24793, 4, 136, 29041, 94859, 7, 3542, 6, 157272, 390, 52234, 98, 17262, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 1840, 266, 16852, 21873, 1363, 5, 69125, 90, 158930, 23, 65042, 297, 14449, 25072, 7, 111, 17721, 43606, 136, 1492, 3445, 7, 136, 3542, 128274, 297, 23, 38980, 5425, 7228, 40101, 111, 876, 41537, 707, 12684, 7, 5, 581, 13267, 136, 31897, 111, 70, 1840, 266, 16852, 94859, 128274, 7, 204839, 297, 70, 5570, 7, 111, 1919, 20028, 5, 717, 4358, 94859, 7, 163629, 15381, 4, 52234, 120384, 297, 2856, 678, 17863, 7, 4, 117287, 90, 4, 136, 67155, 214, 98154, 5, 1913, 20028, 764, 72090, 1919, 94859, 7, 678, 25849, 90, 136, 43780, 7, 47, 52350, 23, 4000, 16839, 7, 5, 581, 1840, 266, 16852, 21873, 1363, 509, 10, 18348, 9, 109513, 202681, 5, 52234, 28897, 3674, 94859, 7, 47, 186, 148, 979, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 60701, 52234, 15, 16305, 206, 423, 4, 729, 18197, 46, 18237, 382, 4, 543, 129507, 509, 142, 15672, 79063, 56, 136, 117249, 669, 2750, 149976, 237, 70, 59671, 927, 13918, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 1295, 543, 4235, 47, 543, 10945, 5, 117371, 8035, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 79390, 2408, 4, 52234, 21647, 297, 65536, 237, 10, 4537, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 126140, 136, 149976, 23, 15044, 18276, 7, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 77699, 5, 1301, 13918, 4, 52234, 221, 46526, 47, 129745, 70, 38109, 111, 70, 44, 277, 3796, 332, 58, 26548, 10, 44, 66157, 187, 5176, 15182, 2408, 58, 136, 47, 479, 86687, 70, 32528, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Revolutionary War service.", "Early career.", "Legal career and marriage.", "Land speculation and early public career.", "Planting career and controversy.", "Military career.", "War of 1812.", "Creek campaign and treaty.", "Battle of New Orleans.", "Enforced martial law in New Orleans.", "First Seminole War.", "Presidential aspirations.", "Election of 1824.", "Election of 1828 and death of Rachel Jackson.", "Presidency (1829–1837).", "Philosophy.", "Inauguration.", "Reforms, rotation of offices, and spoils system.", "Petticoat affair.", "Indian removal policy.", "Nullification crisis.", "Foreign affairs.", "Bank veto and election of 1832.", "Removal of deposits and censure.", "Payment of US national debt.", "Attack and assassination attempt.", "Anti-slavery tracts.", "U.S. Exploring Expedition.", "Panic of 1837.", "Judicial appointments.", "States admitted to the Union.", "Later life and death.", "Personal life.", "Family.", "Temperament.", "Physical appearance.", "Religious faith.", "Freemasonry.", "Legacy.", "Historical reputation.", "Portrayal on banknotes and stamps.", "Memorials.", "Popular culture depictions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaws region of the Carolinas. His parents were Scots-Irish colonists Andrew Jackson and his wife Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians who had emigrated from Ulster, present day Northern Ireland, two years earlier. Jackson's father was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, around 1738. Jackson's parents lived in the village of Boneybefore, also in County Antrim. His paternal ancestors originated in Killingswold Grove, Yorkshire, England. When they immigrated to North America in 1765, Jackson's parents brought two children from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764). The family probably landed in Philadelphia. Most likely they traveled overland through the Appalachian Mountains to the Scots-Irish community in the Waxhaws, straddling the border between North and South Carolina. Jackson's father died", "During the Revolutionary War, Jackson's eldest brother, Hugh, died from heat exhaustion after the Battle of Stono Ferry on June 20, 1779. Anti-British sentiment intensified following the brutal Waxhaws Massacre on May 29, 1780. Jackson's mother encouraged him and his elder brother Robert to attend the local militia drills. Soon, they began to help the militia as couriers. They served under Colonel William Richardson Davie at the Battle of Hanging Rock on August 6. Andrew and Robert were captured by the British in April 1781 while staying at the home of the Crawford family. When Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the officer slashed at the youth with a sword, leaving him with scars on his left hand and head, as well as", "", "After the Revolutionary War, Jackson received a sporadic education in a local Waxhaw school. On bad terms with much of his extended family, he boarded with several different people. In 1781, he worked for a time as a saddle-maker, and eventually taught school. He apparently prospered in neither profession. In 1784, he left the Waxhaws region for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under attorney Spruce Macay. With the help of various lawyers, he was able to learn enough to qualify for the bar. In September 1787, Jackson was admitted to the North Carolina bar. Shortly thereafter, his friend John McNairy helped him get appointed to a vacant prosecutor position in the Western District of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee. During his travel west, Jackson", "In 1794, Jackson formed a partnership with fellow lawyer John Overton, dealing in claims for land reserved by treaty for the Cherokee and Chickasaw. Like many of their contemporaries, they dealt in such claims although the land was in Indian country. Most of the transactions involved grants made under the 'land grab' act of 1783 that briefly opened Indian lands west of the Appalachians within North Carolina to claim by that state's residents. He was one of the three original investors who founded Memphis, Tennessee, in 1819.", "In addition to his legal and political career, Jackson prospered as planter, slave owner, and merchant. He built a home and the first general store in Gallatin, Tennessee, in 1803. The next year, he acquired the Hermitage, a plantation in Davidson County, near Nashville. He later added to the plantation, which eventually totaled. The primary crop was cotton, grown by slaves—Jackson began with nine, owned as many as 44 by 1820, and later up to 150, placing him among the planter elite. Jackson also co-owned with his son Andrew Jackson Jr. the Halcyon plantation in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which housed 51 slaves at the time of his death. Throughout his lifetime, Jackson may have owned as many as 300 slaves. Men, women, and child slaves were owned by Jackson on three sections of the Hermitage plantation. Slaves lived in extended family units of between five and ten persons and were quartered in cabins made either of brick or logs. The size and quality of the Hermitage slave quarters exceeded the standards of his times. To help slaves acquire food, Jackson supplied them with guns, knives, and fishing equipment. At times he paid his slaves with monies and coins to trade in local markets. The Hermitage plantation was a profit-making enterprise. Jackson permitted slaves to be whipped to increase productivity or if he believed his slaves' offenses were severe enough. At various times he posted advertisements for fugitive slaves who had escaped from his plantation. In one advertisement placed in the Tennessee Gazette in October 1804, Jackson offered \"ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him, to the amount of three hundred.\" The controversy surrounding his marriage to Rachel remained a sore point for Jackson, who deeply resented attacks on his wife's honor. By May 1806, Charles Dickinson, who, like Jackson, raced horses, had published an attack on Jackson in the local newspaper, and it resulted in a written challenge from Jackson to a duel. Since Dickinson was considered an expert shot, Jackson determined it would be best to let Dickinson turn and fire first, hoping that his aim might be", "", "", "Leading up to 1812, the United States found itself increasingly drawn into international conflict. Formal hostilities with Spain or France never materialized, but tensions with Britain increased for a number of reasons. Among these was the desire of many Americans for more land, particularly British Canada and Florida, the latter still controlled by Spain, Britain's European ally. On June 18, 1812, Congress officially declared war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, beginning the War of 1812. Jackson responded enthusiastically, sending a letter to Washington offering 2,500 volunteers. However, the men were not called up for many months. Biographer Robert V. Remini claims that Jackson saw the apparent slight as payback by the Madison administration for his support of Burr and Monroe. Meanwhile, the United States military repeatedly suffered devastating defeats on the battlefield. On January 10, 1813, Jackson led an army of 2,071 volunteers to New Orleans to defend", "After arriving in New Orleans on December 1, 1814, Jackson instituted martial law in the city, as he worried about the loyalty of the city's Creole and Spanish inhabitants. At the same time, he formed an alliance with Jean Lafitte's smugglers, and formed military units consisting of African-Americans and Muscogees, in addition to recruiting volunteers in the city. Jackson received some criticism for paying white and non-white volunteers the same salary. These forces, along with U.S. Army regulars and volunteers from surrounding states, joined with Jackson's force in defending New", "Jackson, still not knowing for certain of the treaty's signing, refused to lift martial law in the city. State senator Louis Louaillier had written an anonymous piece in the New Orleans newspaper, challenging Jackson's refusal to release the militia after the British ceded the field of battle. Jackson attempted to find the author and, after Louiallier admitted to having written the piece, he was imprisoned. In March 1815, after U.S. District Court Judge Dominic A. Hall signed a writ of \"habeas corpus\" on behalf of Louaillier, Jackson ordered Hall's arrest. Jackson did not relent his campaign of suppressing dissent until after ordering the arrest of a Louisiana legislator, a federal judge, and a lawyer, and after the intervention of State Judge Joshua Lewis. Lewis was simultaneously serving under Jackson in the militia, and also had signed a writ of \"habeas corpus\" against Jackson, his commanding officer, seeking Judge Hall's release. Civilian authorities in New Orleans had reason to fear Jackson—he summarily ordered the execution of six members of the militia who had attempted to leave. Their deaths were not well publicized until the Coffin Handbills were circulated during his 1828 presidential campaign.", "Following the war, Jackson remained in command of troops on the southern border of the U.S. He conducted business from the Hermitage. He signed treaties with the Cherokee and Chickasaw which gained for the United States large parts of Tennessee and Kentucky. The treaty with the Chickasaw, finally agreed to later in the year, is commonly known as the Jackson Purchase. Several Native American tribes, which became known as the Seminole, straddled the border between the U.S. and Florida. The Seminole, in alliance with escaped slaves, frequently raided Georgia settlements before retreating back into Florida. These skirmishes continually escalated, and the conflict is now known as the First Seminole War. In 1816, Jackson led a detachment into Florida which destroyed the Negro Fort, a community of escaped slaves and their descendants. Jackson was ordered by President Monroe in December 1817 to lead a campaign in Georgia against the Seminole and Creek Indians. Jackson was also charged with preventing Florida from becoming a refuge for runaway slaves, after Spain", "", "In the spring of 1822, Jackson suffered a physical breakdown. His body had two bullets lodged in it, and he had grown exhausted from years of hard military campaigning. He regularly coughed up blood, and his entire body shook. Jackson feared that he was on the brink of death. After several months of rest, he recovered. During his convalescence, Jackson's thoughts increasingly turned to national affairs. He obsessed over rampant corruption in the Monroe administration and grew to detest the Second Bank of the United States, blaming it for causing the Panic of 1819 by contracting credit. Jackson turned down an offer to run for governor of his home state, but accepted John Overton's plan to have the legislature nominate him for president. On July 22, 1822, he was officially nominated by the Tennessee legislature. Jackson had come to dislike Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, who had been the", "Almost immediately, opposition arose to the Adams presidency. Jackson opposed Adams's plan to involve the U.S. in Panama's quest for independence, writing, \"The moment we engage in confederations, or alliances with any nation, we may from that time date the down fall of our republic.\" Adams damaged his standing in his first annual message to Congress, when he argued that Congress must not give the world the impression \"that we are palsied by the will of our constituents.\" Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. It was the earliest", "", "Jackson's name has been associated with Jacksonian democracy or the shift and expansion of democracy with the passing of some political power from established elites to ordinary voters based in political parties. \"The Age of Jackson\" shaped the national agenda and American politics. Jackson's philosophy as president was similar to that of Jefferson, advocating republican values held by the Revolutionary generation. Jackson took a moral tone, with the belief that agrarian sympathies, and a limited view of states rights and the federal government, would produce less corruption. He feared that monied and business interests would corrupt republican values. When South Carolina", "Jackson departed from the Hermitage on January 19 and arrived in Washington on February 11. He then set about choosing his cabinet members. Jackson chose Van Buren as expected for Secretary of State, Eaton of Tennessee as Secretary of War, Samuel D. Ingham of Pennsylvania as Secretary of Treasury, John Branch of North Carolina as Secretary of Navy, John M. Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and William T. Barry of Kentucky as Postmaster General. Jackson's first choice of cabinet proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip. Jackson", "In an effort to purge the government of corruption, Jackson launched presidential investigations into all executive Cabinet offices and departments. He believed appointees should be hired on merit and withdrew many candidates he believed were lax in their handling of monies. He believed that the federal government had been corrupted and that he had received a mandate from the American people to purge such corruption. Jackson's investigations uncovered enormous fraud in the federal government, and numerous officials were removed from office and indicted on corruption. In the first year of Jackson's presidency, his investigations uncovered $280,000 stolen from the Treasury, and the Department of the", "Jackson devoted a considerable amount of his presidential time during his early years in office responding to what came to be known as the \"Petticoat affair\" or \"Eaton affair.\" Washington gossip circulated among Jackson's cabinet members and their wives, including Calhoun's wife Floride Calhoun, concerning Secretary of War Eaton and his wife Peggy Eaton. Salacious rumors held that Peggy, as a barmaid in her father's tavern, had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute. Controversy also ensued because Peggy had married soon after her previous husband's death, and it was alleged that she and her husband had engaged in an adulterous affair while her previous husband was still living. Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members, led by Mrs. Calhoun, refused to socialize with the Eatons. Allowing a prostitute in the official family was unthinkable—but Jackson refused to believe the rumors, telling his Cabinet that \"She is as chaste as a virgin!\" Jackson believed that the dishonorable people were the rumormongers, who in essence questioned and dishonored Jackson himself by, in attempting to drive the Eatons out, daring to", "Throughout his eight years in office, Jackson made about 70 treaties with Native American tribes both in the South and in the Northwest. Jackson's presidency marked a new era in Indian-Anglo American relations initiating a policy of Indian removal. Jackson himself sometimes participated in the treaty negotiating process with various Indian tribes, though other times he left the negotiations to his subordinates. The southern tribes included the Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole and the Cherokee. The northwest tribes include the Chippewa, Ottawa, and the Potawatomi. Relations between Indians and Americans increasingly grew tense and sometimes violent as a result of territorial conflicts. Previous presidents had at times supported removal or attempts to \"civilize\" the Indians, but generally", "In 1828, Congress had approved the \"Tariff of Abominations\", which set the tariff at an historically high rate. Southern planters, who sold their cotton on the world market, strongly opposed this tariff, which they saw as favoring northern interests. The South now had to pay more for goods it did not produce locally; and other countries would have more difficulty affording southern cotton. The issue came to a head during Jackson's presidency, resulting in the Nullification Crisis, in which South Carolina threatened disunion. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, secretly written by Calhoun, asserted that their state had the right to \"nullify\"—declare void—the tariff legislation of 1828. Although Jackson sympathized with the South in the tariff debate, he also vigorously supported a strong union, with effective powers for the central government. Jackson attempted to face down Calhoun over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. One incident came at the April 13,", "Addressing the subject of foreign affairs in his First Annual Address to Congress, Jackson declared it to be his \"settled purpose to ask nothing that is not clearly right and to submit to nothing that is wrong.\" When Jackson took office, spoliation claims, or compensation demands for the capture of American ships and sailors, dating from the Napoleonic era, caused strained relations between the U.S. and French governments. The French Navy had captured and sent American ships to Spanish ports while holding their crews captive forcing them to labor without any", "The 1832 presidential election demonstrated the rapid development and organization of political parties during this time period. The Democratic Party's first national convention, held in Baltimore, nominated Jackson's choice for vice president, Van Buren. The National Republican Party, who had held their first convention in Baltimore earlier in December 1831, nominated Henry Clay, now a senator from Kentucky, and John Sergeant of Pennsylvania. The Anti-Masonic Party emerged by capitalizing on opposition to Freemasonry, which existed primarily in New England, after the disappearance and possible murder of William Morgan. The party, which had earlier held its convention also in Baltimore in September 1831, nominated William Wirt of Maryland and Amos Ellmaker of Pennsylvania. Clay was, like Jackson, a Mason, and so some anti-Jacksonians who would have supported the National Republican Party supported Wirt instead. In 1816, the Second Bank of the", "In 1833, Jackson attempted to begin removing federal deposits from the bank, whose money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that materialized across America, thus drastically increasing credit and speculation. Jackson's moves were greatly controversial. He removed McLane from the Treasury Department, having him serve instead as Secretary of State, replacing Edward Livingston. He replaced McLane with William J. Duane. In September, he fired Duane for refusing to remove the deposits. Signalling his intent to continue battling the Bank, he replaced Duane with Taney. Under Taney, the deposits began to be removed. They were placed in a variety of state banks which were friendly to the administration's policies, known to critics as pet banks. Biddle responded by stockpiling the Bank's reserves and contracting credit, thus causing interest rates to rise and bringing about a financial panic. The moves were intended to force Jackson into a compromise. \"Nothing but the evidence of suffering abroad will produce any effect in Congress,\" he wrote. At first, Biddle's strategy was successful,", "The national economy following the withdrawal of the remaining funds from the Bank was booming and the federal government through duty revenues and sale of public lands was able to pay all bills. On January 1, 1835, Jackson paid off the entire national debt, the only time in U.S. history that has been accomplished. The objective had been reached in part through Jackson's reforms aimed at eliminating the misuse of funds and through his vetoes of legislation which he deemed extravagant. In December 1835, Polk defeated Bell in a rematch and was elected Speaker. Finally, on January 16, 1837, when the Jacksonians had a", "The first recorded physical attack on a U.S. president was directed at Jackson. He had ordered the dismissal of Robert B. Randolph from the navy for embezzlement. On May 6, 1833, Jackson sailed on USS \"Cygnet\" to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was to lay the cornerstone on a monument near the grave of Mary Ball Washington, George Washington's mother. During a stopover near Alexandria, Randolph appeared and struck the president. He fled the scene chased by several members of Jackson's party, including the writer Washington Irving. Jackson declined to press charges. On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting president of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When Jackson was leaving through the East Portico after the funeral of South", "During the summer of 1835, Northern abolitionists began sending anti-slavery tracts through the postal system into the South. Pro-slavery Southerners demanded that the postal service ban distribution of the materials, which were deemed \"incendiary,\" and some began to riot. Jackson wanted sectional peace, and desired to placate Southerners ahead of", "Jackson initially opposed any federal exploratory scientific expeditions during his first term in office. The last scientific federally funded expeditions took place from 1817 to 1823, led by Stephen H. Harriman on the Red River of the North. Jackson's predecessor, President Adams, attempted to launch a scientific oceanic exploration in 1828, but Congress was unwilling to fund the effort. When Jackson assumed office in 1829 he pocketed Adams' expedition plans. Eventually, wanting to establish his presidential legacy, similar to Jefferson", "In spite of economic success following Jackson's vetoes and war against the Bank, reckless speculation in land and railroads eventually caused the Panic of 1837. Contributing factors included Jackson's veto of the Second National Bank renewal charter in 1832 and subsequent transfer of federal monies to state banks in 1833 that caused western banks to relax their lending standards. Two other Jacksonian acts in 1836 contributed to the Panic of 1837: the Specie Circular, which mandated western lands only be purchased", "Jackson appointed six justices to the Supreme Court. Most were undistinguished. His first appointee, John McLean, had been nominated in Barry's place after Barry had agreed to become postmaster general. McLean \"turned Whig and forever schemed to win\" the presidency. His next two appointees–Henry Baldwin and James Moore Wayne–disagreed with Jackson on some points but were poorly regarded even by Jackson's enemies. In reward for his services, Jackson nominated Taney to the", "Two new states were admitted into the Union during Jackson's presidency: Arkansas (June 15, 1836) and Michigan (January 26, 1837). Both states increased", "In 1837, after serving two terms as president, Jackson was replaced by his chosen successor Martin Van Buren and retired to the Hermitage. He immediately began putting it in order as it had been poorly managed in his absence by his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr. Although he suffered ill health, Jackson remained highly influential in both national and state politics. He was a firm advocate of the federal union of the states and rejected any talk of secession, insisting, \"I will die with the Union.\" Blamed for causing the Panic of 1837, he was unpopular in his early retirement. Jackson continued to denounce the \"perfidy and treachery\" of banks and urged his successor, Van Buren, to repudiate the Specie Circular as president. As a solution to the panic, he supported an Independent Treasury system, which was designed to hold the money balances of the government in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money so as to prevent further inflation. A coalition of conservative Democrats and Whigs opposed the bill, and it was not passed until 1840. During the delay, no effective remedy had been implemented for the depression. Van Buren grew deeply unpopular. A unified Whig Party nominated popular war hero William Henry Harrison and former Jacksonian John Tyler in the 1840 presidential election. The Whigs' campaign style in many ways mimicked that of the Democrats when Jackson ran. They depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat who did not care for the concerns of ordinary Americans, while glorifying Harrison's military record and portraying him as a man of the people. Jackson campaigned heavily for Van Buren in Tennessee. He favored the nomination of Polk for vice president at the 1840 Democratic National Convention over controversial incumbent Richard Mentor Johnson. No nominee was chosen, and the party chose to leave the decision up to individual state electors. Harrison won the election, and the Whigs captured majorities in both houses of Congress. \"The democracy of the United States has been shamefully beaten,\" Jackson wrote to Van Buren. \"but I trust, not conquered.\" Harrison died only a month into his term, and was replaced by Tyler. Jackson was encouraged because Tyler had a strong independent streak and was not bound by party lines. Sure enough, Tyler quickly incurred the wrath of the Whigs in 1841 when he vetoed two Whig-sponsored bills to establish a new national bank, bringing satisfaction to", "", "Jackson had three adopted sons: Theodore, an Indian about whom little is known, Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after the Battle of Tallushatchee. Lyncoya died of tuberculosis on July 1, 1828, at the age of sixteen. The Jacksons also acted as guardians for eight other children. John Samuel Donelson, Daniel Smith Donelson, and Andrew Jackson Donelson were the sons of Rachel's brother Samuel Donelson, who died in 1804. Andrew Jackson Hutchings was Rachel's orphaned grand nephew. Caroline Butler, Eliza Butler, Edward Butler, and Anthony Butler were", "Jackson's quick temper was notorious. Biographer H. W. Brands notes that his opponents were terrified of his temper: \"Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or recklessly curious cared to see it erupt.... His close associates all had stories of his blood-curdling oaths, his summoning of the Almighty to loose His wrath upon some miscreant, typically followed by his own vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record—in duels,", "Jackson was a lean figure, standing at tall, and weighing between on average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, which had completely grayed by the time he became president at age 61.", "In 1838, Jackson became an official member of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville. Both his mother and his wife", "Jackson was a Freemason, initiated at Harmony Lodge No. 1 in Tennessee. He was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee in 1822 and 1823. During the 1832 presidential election, Jackson faced", "", "Jackson remains one of the most studied and controversial figures in American history. Historian Charles Grier Sellers says, \"Andrew Jackson's masterful personality was enough by itself to make him one of the most controversial figures ever to stride across the American stage.\" There has never been universal agreement on Jackson's legacy, for \"his opponents have ever been his most bitter enemies, and his friends almost his worshippers.\" He was always a fierce partisan, with many friends and many enemies. He has been lauded as the champion of the common man, while criticized for his treatment of Indians and for other matters. James Parton was the first man after Jackson's death to write a full biography of him. Trying to sum up the contradictions in his subject, he wrote: Jackson was criticized by his contemporary Alexis de Tocqueville in \"Democracy in America\" for flattering the dominant ideas of his time, including the mistrust over the federal power, for sometimes enforcing his view by force and disrespect towards the institutions and the law: In the 20th century, Jackson was written about by many admirers. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.'s \"Age of Jackson\" (1945) depicts Jackson as a man of the people battling inequality and upper-class tyranny. From the 1970s to the 1980s, Robert Remini published a three-volume biography of Jackson followed by an abridged one-volume study. Remini paints a generally favorable portrait of Jackson. He contends that Jacksonian democracy \"stretches the concept of democracy about as far as it can go and still remain workable.... As such it has inspired much of the dynamic and dramatic events of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in American history—Populism, Progressivism, the New and", "Jackson has appeared on U.S. banknotes as far back as 1869, and extending into the 21st century. His image has appeared on the $5, $10, $20, and $10,000 note. Most recently, his image has appeared on the U.S. $20 Federal reserve note beginning in 1928. In 2016, Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced his goal that by 2020 an image of Harriet Tubman would replace Jackson's depiction", "Numerous counties and cities are named after him, including the city of Jacksonville in Florida and North Carolina; the cities of Jackson in Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee; Jackson County in Florida, Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Oregon; and Jackson Parish in Louisiana. Memorials to Jackson include a set of four identical equestrian statues by the sculptor Clark Mills: in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.; in Jackson Square, New Orleans; in Nashville on the grounds", "Jackson and his wife Rachel were the main subjects of a 1951 historical novel by Irving Stone, \"The President's Lady\", which told the story of their lives up until Rachel's death. The novel was the basis for the 1953 film of the same name starring Charlton Heston as Jackson and Susan Hayward as Rachel. Jackson has been a supporting character in a number of historical films" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 60855, 3542, 4552, 158863, 1672, 2363, 97775, 23, 903, 12801, 87696, 4, 1836, 63043, 297, 450, 11617, 229072, 25, 7, 96362, 6626, 45712, 7, 23, 128291, 3542, 44, 771, 748, 740, 229072, 6777, 36456, 450, 764, 1902, 6494, 3173, 23, 9098, 4, 1284, 2804, 450, 764, 84751, 442, 44, 188, 186, 11522, 903, 1733, 10932, 1242, 77168, 214, 4420, 9, 188, 9, 12620, 19916, 7, 23, 176672, 136, 98, 5368, 221, 379, 4, 62769, 68782, 1902, 70, 3095, 316, 38162, 3934, 70, 12801, 87696, 4, 70, 89176, 7175, 3542, 2843, 99255, 111, 60855, 390, 138, 26847, 23, 70, 64549, 25251, 102995, 16070, 136, 11617, 229072, 509, 116, 26847, 50155, 47256, 105488, 23, 70, 131470, 7, 25, 161912, 5, 77168, 214, 77330, 94674, 25, 7, 54709, 304, 91375, 53, 23, 7465, 596, 136, 142, 22, 139108, 66398, 3034, 56002, 678, 191390, 4, 70, 13787, 6048, 9, 77007, 7175, 3542, 7853, 796, 2822, 47, 8337, 70, 27150, 56101, 27941, 1919, 34377, 23, 1238, 141775, 111, 29465, 8, 21, 29641, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 51339, 214, 5299, 7103, 456, 133266, 214, 20178, 65291, 12982, 32135, 5, 33306, 4, 191390, 171530, 450, 8, 21, 29641, 2806, 186, 28779, 214, 23, 9098, 5, 191390, 25, 7, 3789, 27941, 4, 113036, 57524, 783, 76701, 33, 4, 509, 1300, 14578, 47, 19916, 70, 14000, 25, 7, 12801, 87696, 25632, 24092, 7, 111, 38352, 23, 1919, 96362, 12801, 87696, 5, 40478, 171530, 450, 1836, 3542, 17368, 10, 15226, 5281, 6, 129699, 3882, 4, 70, 40478, 9, 10625, 7, 93017, 6, 129699, 3882, 284, 5, 581, 2258, 60213, 71, 10, 3525, 37511, 242554, 98169, 126809, 390, 3034, 27941, 7, 42814, 51438, 14335, 136, 353, 50256, 3423, 114846, 13, 1643, 5, 581, 3034, 7175, 2843, 175100, 1810, 70, 5117, 28560, 3034, 111, 70, 38348, 9, 62783, 297, 1940, 464, 40478, 6, 129699, 3882, 571, 5, 581, 2258, 68034, 140528, 6, 183262, 140635, 7, 136, 70, 7175, 4734, 122446, 43967, 44402, 5, 77168, 214, 3060, 218898, 41626, 3034, 23718, 7, 99, 176672, 136, 98848, 4, 19615, 6987, 1297, 25, 7, 23347, 46799, 9, 18345, 3034, 27941, 4, 58685, 192110, 4, 1902, 176506, 47, 1957, 1810, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 6602, 678, 70, 30839, 7175, 5, 581, 27150, 30839, 27941, 1902, 10, 86352, 80889, 4, 237, 764, 509, 2843, 28813, 449, 23, 70, 72791, 138, 3939, 32832, 7, 5, 17106, 70, 57, 41324, 111, 14949, 45325, 33, 4, 6096, 33672, 171530, 450, 12452, 20769, 19, 16091, 2806, 91995, 4049, 100, 70, 2704, 138, 12801, 7, 87696, 5, 853, 133266, 214, 20769, 19, 16091, 25, 31486, 237, 70, 50960, 27941, 509, 54709, 304, 27941, 11617, 62, 6947, 28103, 14155, 5, 131141, 53434, 31, 171530, 20271, 70, 5895, 105207, 1257, 47, 70, 12801, 87696, 4, 450, 1836, 1902, 181141, 20984, 112988, 21228, 237, 2363, 3525, 121392, 14364, 47, 91995, 25203, 13, 4804, 246, 708, 5, 112988, 21228, 80723, 1919, 31486, 23, 7582, 30739, 103197, 1728, 99234, 418, 171530, 2363, 5117, 27941, 100, 2691, 20271, 70, 14000, 4, 3129, 509, 174705, 27941, 39967, 2864, 155571, 7, 5, 4265, 62, 69140, 25, 7, 2561, 4665, 947, 188, 1902, 10, 2837, 2749, 4034, 47, 70, 14000, 237, 764, 509, 53397, 3674, 1492, 44677, 98, 70, 6, 120067, 237, 1919, 7175, 98816, 70, 33220, 87907, 23, 1919, 2258, 5, 947, 188, 1902, 2809, 4743, 47, 21342, 17368, 70, 33220, 310, 1019, 764, 13028, 99, 70, 4568, 68807, 23, 98848, 4, 1284, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 10, 2967, 4, 3129, 1902, 959, 2809, 17116, 2400, 297, 390, 4265, 62, 69140, 4, 1902, 105876, 297, 70, 7175, 47, 91995, 70, 87907, 99255, 111, 70, 41626, 5117, 41361, 56002, 5, 42814, 51438, 14335, 509, 4271, 525, 23, 70, 5117, 41626, 41361, 56002, 23, 70, 40478, 9, 10625, 7, 93017, 4, 89678, 7709, 94131, 4271, 56, 3501, 19615, 6987, 1297, 25, 7, 50960, 27941, 4, 503, 402, 111605, 192110, 136, 70504, 191, 144037, 140528, 70, 2663, 17262, 4, 645, 37195, 1492, 927, 7, 72803, 56, 3501, 51438, 14335, 5, 11617, 229072, 4, 799, 583, 3342, 14, 136, 143085, 62391, 2227, 140528, 70, 2663, 37195, 74, 756, 28032, 89678, 966, 94131, 111, 12638, 3789, 5, 51404, 229072, 25, 7, 102995, 16070, 43876, 4, 47256, 105488, 4, 6777, 959, 5423, 10, 1733, 33233, 678, 1919, 7175, 29968, 4, 66053, 3284, 365, 93966, 9034, 1165, 5, 51438, 14335, 136, 192110, 3542, 4271, 525, 13438, 23, 70, 17932, 56002, 4, 51438, 14335, 509, 4271, 525, 678, 10, 106, 27144, 5, 188758, 4, 10932, 89678, 363, 94131, 4271, 56, 3501, 764, 509, 23, 70, 5117, 56002, 136, 89678, 758, 94131, 4271, 56, 3501, 192110, 678, 33220, 25, 7, 94825, 6765, 1681, 21721, 214, 70, 2663, 17262, 19069, 7, 5, 581, 66724, 19, 509, 4552, 17723, 678, 1919, 1733, 4, 5361, 538, 16792, 903, 509, 1919, 5117, 1733, 23, 128291, 4, 44, 23389, 509, 10, 4127, 5155, 18925, 136, 132442, 509, 10, 5915, 111, 7477, 1810, 2685, 5, 87, 765, 8306, 22648, 19, 903, 61404, 4, 136, 87, 52875, 297, 442, 7108, 1295, 70, 86595, 58, 764, 2804, 5, 161912, 43876, 7, 4, 11617, 229072, 136, 47256, 105488, 4, 3542, 28032, 10, 1492, 927, 111, 10, 17932, 111, 12638, 3789, 23, 809, 2480, 127, 136, 37195, 927, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 120686, 96945, 36069, 20051, 1492, 44677, 1295, 70, 6, 120067, 7103, 1919, 87907, 26038, 3917, 20271, 70, 56002, 5, 581, 103136, 305, 87199, 23, 70, 4078, 82084, 18770, 7, 25, 161912, 136, 4265, 62, 69140, 3542, 233234, 47, 11675, 10, 50960, 2258, 23, 4092, 41361, 98, 41626, 5, 32255, 27941, 7, 16810, 272, 98, 41626, 1284, 6777, 959, 98438, 23, 7002, 151138, 707, 70, 45712, 5, 1650, 102044, 297, 17305, 5115, 53, 8108, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 45712, 4, 60813, 214, 70, 156840, 6, 142117, 7, 136, 6392, 71, 118237, 9966, 70, 59132, 34165, 6, 142117, 7, 5, 47256, 105488, 12441, 16065, 99, 70, 4034, 4, 134629, 390, 66053, 3284, 365, 93966, 9034, 1165, 5, 113036, 57524, 783, 76701, 33, 115081, 15044, 33220, 7, 99, 70, 4034, 136, 109312, 26859, 47, 81147, 93966, 9034, 1165, 5, 12452, 195028, 408, 136, 12452, 20769, 19, 16091, 61770, 48141, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 195028, 408, 8035, 186015, 297, 111, 70, 28560, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 3295, 76438, 12801, 87696, 509, 70, 37195, 8927, 927, 45712, 111, 70, 3295, 72791, 6561, 34003, 5, 1650, 509, 34658, 98, 106, 18374, 3295, 99, 128291, 8357, 167190, 4, 128291, 5, 581, 45712, 509, 23742, 390, 11617, 229072, 4, 132442, 10, 62769, 4, 136, 2806, 15504, 1810, 47, 186, 70, 20031, 271, 136, 4568, 91375, 53, 111, 1919, 72791, 6561, 80997, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 1919, 4568, 137061, 67229, 24189, 70, 1324, 28811, 12801, 87696, 4, 20271, 1919, 1380, 12620, 47, 70, 2896, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Report.", "Background.", "Friday practice.", "Friday drivers.", "Race.", "Post-race." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Renault were very confident about their chances in this Grand Prix, they claimed that Michael Schumacher's previous two races in Shanghai were \"poor\". Schumacher did admit that he had bad form in China, but said that he expected it \"to be better this time around.\" Following back-to-back wins in Turkey and on home soil, Ferrari certainly had the momentum coming into the Grand Prix, the Italian team were also ahead of Renault by 3 points in the constructors championship and Michael Schumacher was 2 points behind Fernando Alonso in the Drivers' Championship. Following Lewis Hamilton's GP2 victory in Monza and an encouraging test session with McLaren, the Woking-based team were rumoured to give the young British driver his debut in favour of Pedro de la Rosa, who had been performing well after replacing Juan Pablo Montoya. However, McLaren announced that de la Rosa would be racing in China. McLaren's other driver, Kimi Räikkönen, was aiming to win the weekend's Grand Prix following signs of speed in his previous Grand Prix. Williams announced that they were using a revised FW28, the Williams-Cosworth FW28A. The car featured a new aerodynamic package developed by test drivers Alexander Wurz and Narain Karthikeyan. The test team also carried out the first track test of the Toyota-powered interim Williams FW28B. The car itself completed 745 kilometres and the team only experienced minor problems. Following some impressive Friday test performances at Turkey and Italy, BMW Sauber's 19-year-old test driver, Sebastian Vettel, had agreed to see out the rest of the year with the German team. The young German driver had a busy schedule, as he was also competing in the Formula 3 Euroseries. With the sacking of Christian Klien, Red Bull announced that Robert Doornbos would replace him for the final 3 Grands Prix. Replacing Doornbos' role as the third driver was GP2 driver Michael Ammermüller. Toro Rosso announced during the week leading up to the Grand Prix, that they had signed Alex Hitzinger as their new technical director to replace Gabriele Tredozi. Hitzinger began his role in November 2006. Spyker MF1 announced their first driver for 2007 during the weekend, which was Dutch driver Christijan Albers. Super Aguri's Takuma Sato had a dismal start to the weekend as he was demoted ten places on the grid as his team changed the Honda engine in his car. Sato had been due to continue using the Honda V8 he ran at the last round in Italy, but the discovery of a problem, which had not been disclosed by Super Aguri, had prompted the team to replace the engine ahead of the Friday first practice session.", "Alexander Wurz was fastest in the first Friday practice session in the Williams-Cosworth, 0.004 seconds faster than BMW Sauber's third driver, Sebastien Vettel and Jenson Button completed the top three, over six tenths slower than Wurz. Michael Schumacher, Neel Jani and Alexandre Prémat completed the top six; all within 0.07 seconds of each other. While Schumacher's championship rival, Fernando Alonso, did not set a time along with his team mate, Giancarlo Fisichella. Wurz and Vettel were fastest again in the second session, Wurz was fastest with a 1:35.539, around 0.03 seconds faster than he was in the first session and 0.05 seconds faster than Vettel with Honda's Anthony Davidson completing the top three positions. The Austrian was very happy with his time, specially since this was his first time in Shanghai, \"It was a good day today and driving was a lot of fun out there. I have never driven this circuit, and I attacked it right from the beginning\" he said. Championship rivals, Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, were within a tenth of a second of each other in fifth and sixth, respectively. Felipe Massa dropped ten places from the grid after his engine gave way during the session.", "The bottom 6 teams in the 2005 Constructors' Championship and Super Aguri were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.", "It rained heavily before the start of the race, suiting the Michelin runners and disadvantaging the Bridgestone runners. Fernando Alonso led away at the start, followed by Giancarlo Fisichella. Kimi Räikkönen passed both Hondas at the start and immediately started to pressure Fisichella. Robert Kubica and Robert Doornbos collided, resulting in Kubica being knocked of the track and Doornbos losing his front wing. On lap 8, Michael Schumacher overtook Rubens Barichello for fifth. On lap 14, Schumacher passed Jenson Button for fourth. On the same lap Räikkönen finally managed to pass Fisichella, having been stuck behind him ever since the start. Räikkönen immediately began to pull away from Fisichella and erode the 15 second gap to Alonso. At this point in the race, Alonso was over 25 seconds ahead of Schumacher. However, the track was now drying and beginning to favour the Bridgestones more and more. By lap 19, Schumacher had caught up to Fisichella. He was also gaining on Alonso, who was beginning to struggle with his tyres and had several off-track moments. Schumacher gained another place when Räikkönen retired with a mechanical failure. Räikkönen later said that he felt he could have won the race, as he had been steadily gaining on Alonso before his retirement. The new leading trio of Alonso, Fisichella and Schumacher made their first pit stops on laps 22, 23 and 21, respectively. Fisichella and Schumacher both kept all the same tyres, but Alonso, whose tyres were already fading, was unsure about whether they could last all the way to the second pit stops, so he changed the front tyres, but left the same rear tyres. However, this disadvantaged him even more, and within a few laps his 20-second lead had evaporated to nothing. For several laps, Alonso, Fisichella and Schumacher ran nose to tail. On lap 29, Fisichella tried to pass Alonso down the back straight, but braked too late and ran wide, allowing Alonso to regain the lead. The following lap, he pulled off the maneuver successfully and immediately began to pull away. Only a few corners later, at the start of lap 31, Schumacher passed Alonso and chased after Fisichella. He was able to stay with him but unable to seriously threaten to overtake. Alonso dropped back all the time and on lap 35, having seen several drivers switch to dry tyres and be able to handle the drying conditions, pitted and made the switch. However a wheel nut problem at his stop caused it to last over 19 seconds. When he emerged from his stop he was down in 4th and over 50 seconds off the lead. Schumacher and Fisichella were among the last drivers to switch to dry tyres, pitting on laps 40 and 41 respectively. Fisichella emerged from his stop still ahead of Schumacher, but struggling with his cold tyres ran wide at the first corner, allowing Schumacher through into the lead. Alonso had now rediscovered his pace and charged in the closing stages, setting fastest lap after fastest lap. Fisichella let him past without a fight, but although he continued to close rapidly on Schumacher, he ran out of time to catch him, finishing just 3 seconds behind. Fisichella had dropped back hugely in the closing laps but hung on to a comfortable third place. Nick Heidfeld had started eighth on the grid but through his strategy of pitting late at both pitstops had rising to fourth in the closing stages, leapfrogging Rubens Barrichello, Jenson Button and Pedro de la Rosa. However, in the closing stages Heidfeld was firstly forced off the track while trying to lap Christijan Albers, then held up by Takuma Sato's Super Aguri, allowing Barrichello, Button and de la Rosa to close up to him. Button first managed to find his way past Barrichello on the last lap, then, at the penultimate corner, boxed Heidfeld in behind Sato, taking fourth. Barrichello then braked too late at the same corner, running into the back of Heidfeld, knocking the BMW Sauber's right rear wheel askew and damaging his own front wing. This allowed de la Rosa through to take fifth, Barrichello sixth, and the furious Heidfeld limped home seventh.", "The result put Michael Schumacher equal on points with Fernando Alonso, and in the championship lead on countback. However, Fisichella's third place allowed Renault to regain the lead of the constructor's championship by one point from Ferrari, as well as vaulting Fisichella ahead of Felipe Massa in the battle for third in the driver's championship, also by one point. After the race, Schumacher expressed his surprise at the performance of his car in the wet, after its dismal showing in qualifying. Alonso expressed his regret over the decision to change only the front tyres at his first stop, but also his encouragement at the pace his car had shown throughout the weekend. Both championship contenders were confident heading into the final two races of the season." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2684, 16031, 72350, 111, 6, 215131, 17721, 6626, 102134, 2449, 83, 70, 1460, 147, 1681, 12996, 9, 153957, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 15, 17487, 594, 13709, 247, 707, 44, 18144, 147, 1681, 25, 7, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 830, 39210, 538, 35839, 42856, 44, 2347, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 740, 123426, 2227, 71407, 4, 442, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 31897, 111, 19713, 6, 108047, 7, 809, 19514, 47, 70, 7311, 2053, 5, 1650, 83, 113054, 297, 390, 35971, 70, 70460, 111, 70, 552, 21690, 7154, 111, 70, 6626, 77336, 7, 23, 9655, 111, 2446, 54744, 6827, 2053, 3509, 4, 3638, 29367, 47, 70, 6, 108047, 74855, 111, 2363, 10861, 60502, 5, 123426, 2227, 71407, 4, 1632, 42856, 101637, 7, 70, 552, 21690, 7154, 111, 70, 6626, 77336, 7, 390, 70, 12996, 111, 2363, 5570, 30170, 21094, 5, 17038, 1460, 147, 1681, 126809, 70, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 1295, 10, 21373, 1284, 161549, 12921, 6528, 390, 56230, 9207, 1507, 5, 62, 1460, 147, 1681, 12996, 9, 153957, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 81887, 7, 47, 137633, 10, 13315, 111, 2965, 11177, 8305, 10, 2053, 3509, 111, 6626, 77336, 7, 390, 85590, 538, 21, 38543, 1810, 70, 84751, 142424, 136, 70, 16750, 214, 1460, 147, 1681, 25, 7, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 117414, 7, 3642, 2060, 16065, 70, 8561, 2053, 3509, 83, 1295, 70, 84751, 142424, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 24092, 111, 2446, 1460, 147, 1681, 25, 7, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 4, 642, 831, 3564, 1257, 678, 40101, 10, 40907, 707, 24491, 16106, 57860, 2174, 2685, 83, 2499, 12096, 111, 76755, 17721, 70, 77336, 7, 111, 2446, 2053, 3509, 5, 581, 43904, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 26168, 454, 363, 17721, 6626, 96759, 77336, 7, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 678, 84751, 142424, 26168, 454, 910, 136, 26168, 454, 966, 136, 5570, 30170, 21094, 26168, 454, 1019, 136, 26168, 454, 1126, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 7440, 26168, 454, 963, 83, 70, 84751, 34292, 39933, 4, 26168, 454, 1662, 26950, 552, 21690, 7154, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 1530, 83, 10, 38134, 538, 11814, 30700, 110, 22062, 100, 70, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 5, 581, 1460, 147, 1681, 16106, 57860, 83, 61924, 71, 4734, 2174, 15044, 5570, 30170, 21094, 621, 94418, 13, 136, 24491, 5, 893, 30700, 26168, 34166, 538, 23, 69407, 111, 53189, 83, 581, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 6, 230612, 238, 12, 26168, 454, 2681, 5, 3293, 83, 493, 47314, 390, 70, 375, 68754, 5844, 57266, 111, 127664, 1363, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 552, 27722, 6635, 111, 70, 60570, 7668, 1104, 25452, 4205, 169, 23, 13, 161789, 450, 70, 89931, 34292, 111, 70, 1460, 147, 1681, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 959, 167785, 3501, 615, 228072, 4, 70, 34292, 111, 10, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 37457, 7, 17721, 68940, 136, 57157, 5, 581, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 57157, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 10, 15787, 8951, 15, 38893, 1283, 6953, 16, 192617, 76755, 15, 32399, 57860, 247, 48768, 418, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 10, 15787, 23, 37676, 15, 50718, 1283, 6953, 16, 192617, 76755, 15, 5772, 32399, 57860, 247, 136, 3060, 34292, 23, 70, 9803, 51514, 26168, 454, 2592, 23, 756, 3789, 50218, 4, 114141, 214, 70, 79385, 111, 192617, 6, 215131, 17721, 70, 77336, 7, 5, 1301, 442, 51515, 90, 45234, 2685, 83, 40715, 111, 10, 76755, 15, 155648, 42, 47, 51, 10517, 174822, 194, 581, 20903, 42, 70, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 47, 40101, 48768, 418, 707, 106, 4, 70, 37515, 56, 70, 16106, 57860, 17721, 70, 77336, 7, 5, 4263, 70, 77336, 7, 621, 41371, 4, 1460, 147, 1681, 25, 7, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 757, 4, 1284, 70, 158, 37676, 83, 959, 29568, 6637, 70, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 96391, 7, 4734, 192617, 42548, 117538, 17721, 6626, 77336, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 139124, 70, 96759, 77336, 26168, 454, 617, 83, 6, 230612, 6827, 538, 15917, 3674, 1672, 45234, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 2485, 5, 47009, 26168, 454, 758, 83, 64557, 83324, 71, 390, 26168, 454, 617, 4, 221, 450, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 621, 169123, 108750, 4, 1284, 2363, 16106, 57860, 83, 45234, 74, 1836, 621, 51, 10517, 174822, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 70, 5361, 7225, 3229, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 621, 124416, 538, 3638, 4, 51, 10517, 174822, 7432, 83, 183234, 47, 23, 215131, 5, 31267, 21208, 51, 10517, 174822, 2053, 14602, 959, 63559, 21980, 538, 23, 215131, 4, 1632, 831, 12765, 2174, 96759, 77336, 7, 621, 41371, 2174, 2363, 199849, 4677, 83, 757, 5, 77878, 19, 10, 36549, 111, 26168, 454, 3742, 72350, 9035, 111, 70, 80836, 26168, 454, 2357, 63262, 297, 390, 26168, 454, 2588, 4, 70, 44, 433, 33209, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 58, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 25902, 67, 70, 43904, 1460, 147, 1681, 16106, 57860, 26168, 454, 363, 17721, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 5, 581, 121413, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 7440, 26168, 454, 1197, 136, 26168, 454, 5016, 621, 70, 121413, 26950, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 10289, 136, 26168, 454, 5843, 621, 70, 26785, 297, 121413, 5570, 30170, 21094, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 5, 145666, 85540, 125195, 7, 100, 26168, 454, 10991, 621, 7440, 26168, 454, 2839, 136, 26168, 454, 8894, 621, 70, 44, 309, 32399, 89829, 58, 121413, 5570, 30170, 21094, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 5, 4263, 26168, 454, 12465, 136, 26168, 454, 4633, 621, 50339, 111, 72350, 9035, 450, 70541, 72350, 674, 18499, 4, 70, 61207, 1771, 17475, 7, 98, 70, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 621, 959, 48768, 418, 47, 57157, 1284, 10, 164917, 37457, 5, 1326, 70, 7225, 111, 10, 192617, 3299, 678, 10, 11001, 41371, 77336, 4, 70, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 111, 27354, 1363, 15, 1052, 6, 108047, 71, 16, 83, 70, 6, 108047, 111, 26168, 454, 10991, 4, 1460, 147, 1681, 25, 7, 12996, 9, 153957, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 80835, 7, 4, 16106, 57860, 707, 6, 215131, 83, 2499, 80835, 289, 76755, 4, 36766, 7278, 141, 707, 959, 4, 17721, 6626, 96759, 77336, 7, 707, 333, 124640, 67, 2053, 5, 360, 70, 134744, 525, 10422, 16106, 57860, 83, 2499, 80835, 289, 125413, 4, 21208, 442, 39210, 538, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 79385, 47, 3129, 10, 80836, 111, 77336, 7, 621, 192617, 538, 62548, 5, 72981, 42, 27781, 7, 111, 108750, 11521, 21004, 12470, 26698, 70, 16106, 57860, 17721, 70, 72761, 33908, 2109, 111, 27863, 136, 2363, 5773, 79832, 4, 136, 70, 16106, 57860, 17721, 70, 27167, 111, 10, 4127, 136, 70, 102134, 939, 70, 107222, 7, 621, 109269, 47, 59038, 4, 237, 442, 83, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 35968, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Pearson's product-moment coefficient.", "Definition.", "Symmetry property.", "Correlation and independence.", "Sample correlation coefficient.", "Example.", "Rank correlation coefficients.", "Other measures of dependence among random variables.", "Sensitivity to the data distribution.", "Correlation matrices.", "Uncorrelatedness and independence of stochastic processes.", "Common misconceptions.", "Correlation and causality.", "Simple linear correlations.", "Bivariate normal distribution." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The most familiar measure of dependence between two quantities is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC), or \"Pearson's correlation coefficient\", commonly called simply \"the correlation coefficient\". Mathematically, it is defined as the quality of least squares fitting to the original data. It is obtained by taking the ratio of the covariance of the two variables in question of our numerical dataset, normalized to the square root of their variances. Mathematically, one simply divides the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. Karl Pearson developed the coefficient from a similar but slightly different idea by Francis Galton. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient attempts to establish a line of best fit through a dataset of two variables by essentially laying out the expected values and the resulting Pearson's correlation coefficient indicates how far away the actual dataset is from the expected values. Depending on the sign of our Pearson's correlation coefficient, we can end up with either a negative or positive correlation if there is any sort of relationship between the variables of our dataset. The population correlation coefficient formula_3 between two random variables formula_4 and formula_5 with expected values formula_6 and formula_7 and standard deviations formula_8 and formula_9 is defined as where formula_10 is the expected value operator, formula_11 means covariance, and formula_12 is a widely used alternative notation for the correlation coefficient. The Pearson correlation is defined only if both standard deviations are finite and positive. An alternative formula purely in terms of moments is", "The correlation coefficient is symmetric: formula_13. This is verified by the commutative property of multiplication.", "It is a corollary of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality that the absolute value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is not bigger than 1. Therefore, the value of a correlation coefficient ranges between -1 and +1. The correlation coefficient is +1 in the case of a perfect direct (increasing) linear relationship (correlation), −1 in the case of a perfect inverse (decreasing) linear relationship (anticorrelation), and some value in the open interval formula_14 in all other cases, indicating the degree of linear dependence between the variables. As it approaches zero there is less of a relationship (closer to uncorrelated). The closer the coefficient is to either −1 or 1, the stronger the correlation between the variables. If the variables are independent, Pearson's correlation coefficient is 0, but the converse is not true because the correlation coefficient detects only linear dependencies between two variables. For example, suppose the random variable formula_4 is symmetrically distributed about zero, and formula_16. Then formula_5 is completely determined by formula_4, so that formula_4 and formula_5 are perfectly dependent, but their correlation is zero; they are uncorrelated. However, in the special case when formula_4 and formula_5 are jointly normal, uncorrelatedness is equivalent to independence. Even though uncorrelated data does not necessary imply independence, one can check if random variables are independent if their mutual information is 0.", "Given a series of formula_23 measurements of the pair formula_24 indexed by formula_25, the \"sample correlation coefficient\" can be used to estimate the population Pearson correlation formula_3 between formula_4 and formula_5. The sample correlation coefficient is defined as where formula_30 and formula_31 are the sample means of formula_4 and formula_5, and formula_34 and formula_35 are the corrected sample standard deviations of formula_4 and formula_5. Equivalent expressions for formula_38 are where formula_40 and formula_41 are the \"uncorrected\" sample standard deviations of formula_4 and formula_5. If formula_44 and formula_45 are results of measurements that contain measurement error, the realistic limits on the correlation coefficient are not −1 to +1 but a smaller range. For the case of a linear model with a single independent variable, the coefficient of determination (R squared) is the square of formula_38, Pearson's product-moment coefficient.", "Consider the joint probability distribution of formula_4 and formula_5 given in the table below. For this joint distribution, the marginal distributions are: This yields the following expectations and variances: Therefore:", "Rank correlation coefficients, such as Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Kendall's rank correlation coefficient (τ) measure the extent to which, as one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase, without requiring that increase to be represented by a linear relationship. If, as the one variable increases, the other \"decreases\", the rank correlation coefficients will be negative. It is common to regard these rank correlation coefficients as alternatives to Pearson's coefficient, used either to reduce the amount of calculation or to make the coefficient less sensitive to non-normality in distributions. However, this view has little mathematical basis, as rank correlation coefficients measure a different type of relationship than the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and are best seen as measures of a different type of association, rather than as an alternative measure of the population correlation coefficient. To illustrate the nature of rank correlation, and its difference from linear correlation, consider the following four pairs of numbers formula_56: As we go from each pair to the next pair formula_44 increases, and so does formula_45. This relationship is perfect, in the sense that an increase in formula_44 is \"always\" accompanied by an increase in formula_45. This means that we have a perfect rank correlation, and both Spearman's and Kendall's correlation coefficients are 1, whereas in this example Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is 0.7544, indicating that the points are far from lying on a straight line. In the same way if formula_45 always \"decreases\" when formula_44 \"increases\", the rank correlation coefficients will be −1, while the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient may or may not be close to −1, depending on how close the points are to a straight line. Although in the extreme cases of perfect rank correlation the two coefficients are both equal (being both +1 or both −1), this is not generally the case, and so values of the two coefficients cannot meaningfully be compared. For example, for the three pairs (1, 1) (2, 3) (3, 2) Spearman's coefficient is 1/2, while Kendall's coefficient is 1/3.", "The information given by a correlation coefficient is not enough to define the dependence structure between random variables. The correlation coefficient completely defines the dependence structure only in very particular cases, for example when the distribution is a multivariate normal distribution. (See diagram above.) In the case of elliptical distributions it characterizes the (hyper-)ellipses of equal density; however, it does not completely characterize the dependence structure (for example, a multivariate t-distribution's degrees of freedom determine the level of tail dependence). Distance correlation was introduced to address the deficiency of Pearson's correlation that it can be zero for dependent random variables; zero distance correlation implies independence. The Randomized Dependence Coefficient is a computationally efficient, copula-based measure of dependence between multivariate random variables. RDC is invariant with respect to non-linear scalings of random variables, is capable of discovering a wide range of functional association patterns and takes value zero at independence. For two binary variables, the odds ratio measures their dependence, and takes range non-negative numbers, possibly infinity:. Related statistics such as Yule's \"Y\" and Yule's \"Q\" normalize this to the correlation-like range. The odds ratio is generalized by the logistic model to model cases where the dependent variables are discrete and there may be one or more independent variables. The correlation ratio, entropy-based mutual information, total correlation, dual total correlation and polychoric correlation are all also capable of detecting more general dependencies, as is consideration of the copula between them, while the coefficient of determination generalizes the correlation coefficient to multiple regression.", "The degree of dependence between variables formula_4 and formula_5 does not depend on the scale on which the variables are expressed. That is, if we are analyzing the relationship between formula_4 and formula_5, most correlation measures are unaffected by transforming formula_4 to \"a\" + \"bX\" and formula_5 to \"c\" + \"dY\", where \"a\", \"b\", \"c\", and \"d\" are constants (\"b\" and \"d\" being positive). This is true of some correlation statistics as well as their population analogues. Some correlation statistics, such as the rank correlation coefficient, are also invariant to monotone transformations of the marginal distributions of formula_4 and/or formula_5. Most correlation measures are sensitive to the manner in which formula_4 and formula_5 are sampled. Dependencies tend to be stronger if viewed over a wider range of values. Thus, if we consider the correlation coefficient between the heights of fathers and their sons over all adult males, and compare it to the same correlation coefficient calculated when the fathers are selected to be between 165 cm and 170 cm in height, the correlation will be weaker in the latter case. Several techniques have been developed that attempt to correct for range restriction in one or both variables, and are commonly used in meta-analysis; the most common are Thorndike's case II and case III equations. Various correlation measures in use may be undefined for certain joint distributions of \"X\" and \"Y\". For example, the Pearson correlation coefficient is defined in terms of moments, and hence will be undefined if the moments are undefined. Measures of dependence based on quantiles are always defined. Sample-based statistics intended to estimate population measures of dependence may or may not have desirable statistical properties such as being unbiased, or asymptotically consistent, based on the spatial structure of the population from which the data were sampled. Sensitivity to the data distribution can be used to an advantage. For example, scaled correlation is designed to use the sensitivity to the range in order to pick out correlations between fast components of time series. By reducing the range of values in a controlled manner, the correlations on long time scale are filtered out and only the correlations on short time scales are revealed.", "The correlation matrix of formula_23 random variables formula_74 is the formula_75 matrix whose formula_76 entry is formula_77. If the measures of correlation used are product-moment coefficients, the correlation matrix is the same as the covariance matrix of the standardized random variables formula_78 for formula_79. This applies both to the matrix of population correlations (in which case formula_80 is the population standard deviation), and to the matrix of sample correlations (in which case formula_80 denotes the sample standard deviation). Consequently, each is necessarily a positive-semidefinite matrix. Moreover, the correlation matrix is strictly positive definite if no variable can have all its values exactly generated as a linear function of the values of the others. The correlation matrix is symmetric because the correlation between formula_82 and formula_83 is the same as the correlation between formula_83 and formula_82. A correlation matrix appears, for example, in one formula for the coefficient of multiple determination, a measure of goodness of fit in multiple regression. In statistical modelling, correlation matrices representing the relationships between variables are categorized into different correlation structures, which are distinguished by factors such as the number of parameters required to estimate them. For example, in an exchangeable correlation matrix, all pairs of variables are modeled as having the same correlation, so all non-diagonal elements of the matrix are equal to each other. On the other hand, an autoregressive matrix is often used when variables represent a time series, since correlations are likely to be greater when measurements are closer in time. Other examples include independent, unstructured, M-dependent, and Toeplitz.", "Similarly for two stochastic processes formula_86 and formula_87: If they are independent, then they are uncorrelated.", "", "The conventional dictum that \"correlation does not imply causation\" means that correlation cannot be used by itself to infer a causal relationship between the variables. This dictum should not be taken to mean that correlations cannot indicate the potential existence of causal relations. However, the causes underlying the correlation, if any, may be indirect and unknown, and high correlations also overlap with identity relations (tautologies), where no causal process exists. Consequently, a correlation between two variables is not a sufficient condition to establish a causal relationship (in either direction). A correlation between age and height in children is fairly causally transparent, but a correlation between mood and health in people is less so. Does improved mood lead to improved health, or does good health lead to good mood, or both? Or does some other factor underlie both? In other words, a correlation can be taken as evidence for a possible causal relationship, but cannot indicate what the causal relationship, if any, might be.", "The Pearson correlation coefficient indicates the strength of a \"linear\" relationship between two variables, but its value generally does not completely characterize their relationship. In particular, if the conditional mean of formula_5 given formula_4, denoted formula_90, is not linear in formula_4, the correlation coefficient will not fully determine the form of formula_90. The adjacent image shows scatter plots of Anscombe's quartet, a set of four different pairs of variables created by Francis Anscombe. The four formula_45 variables have the same mean (7.5), variance (4.12), correlation (0.816) and regression line (\"y\" = 3 + 0.5\"x\"). However, as can be seen on the plots, the distribution of the variables is very different. The first one (top left) seems to be distributed normally, and corresponds to what one would expect when considering two variables correlated and following the assumption of normality. The second one (top right) is not distributed normally; while an obvious relationship between the two variables can be observed, it is not linear. In this case the Pearson correlation coefficient does not indicate that there is an exact functional relationship: only the extent to which that relationship can be approximated by a linear relationship. In the third case (bottom left), the linear relationship is perfect, except for one outlier which exerts enough influence to lower the correlation coefficient from 1 to 0.816. Finally, the fourth example (bottom right) shows another example when one outlier is enough to produce a high correlation coefficient, even though the relationship between the two variables is not linear. These examples indicate that the correlation coefficient, as a summary statistic, cannot replace visual examination of the data. The examples are sometimes said to demonstrate that the Pearson correlation assumes that the data follow a normal distribution, but this is not correct.", "If a pair formula_94 of random variables follows a bivariate normal distribution, the conditional mean formula_95 is a linear function of formula_5, and the conditional mean formula_90 is a linear function of formula_4. The correlation coefficient formula_3 between formula_4 and formula_5, along with the marginal means and variances of formula_4 and formula_5, determines this linear relationship: where formula_105 and formula_106 are the expected values of formula_4 and formula_5, respectively, and formula_8 and formula_9 are the standard deviations of formula_4 and formula_5, respectively." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 582, 188, 129885, 3132, 13, 509, 103122, 98, 7582, 21416, 117430, 4, 23, 24116, 75813, 157, 4, 10, 44, 6000, 1782, 58, 23, 70, 44, 277, 1811, 58, 111, 1371, 117069, 4, 23, 70, 192859, 111, 353, 99726, 4, 98848, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 9942, 7, 9593, 2980, 129885, 3132, 13, 136, 1919, 42732, 24696, 5320, 102, 53928, 17793, 5, 582, 188, 1902, 10, 114015, 184877, 76, 20426, 701, 15, 39, 5, 22758, 20204, 587, 16, 33233, 678, 6626, 82953, 7, 4, 11617, 136, 3980, 2962, 4, 2750, 2843, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 129885, 3132, 13, 25, 7, 46824, 14449, 5, 18763, 193429, 4, 11617, 4, 100512, 55983, 111, 70, 234517, 46824, 14449, 5, 129885, 3132, 13, 509, 1529, 136, 1919, 14449, 158930, 10, 92136, 6897, 23, 10, 18276, 23, 142740, 194953, 7, 4, 2356, 101033, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 23, 98848, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 140528, 10696, 4734, 47, 70, 15672, 183234, 111, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 44000, 5, 360, 70351, 4, 3229, 129885, 3132, 13, 509, 423, 4, 1919, 14449, 194704, 3674, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 34739, 1257, 45606, 329, 23, 59784, 98848, 4, 147037, 5, 129885, 3132, 13, 26859, 1919, 49602, 80997, 67788, 2069, 1143, 206, 8915, 184, 1295, 25944, 3284, 18, 116366, 7, 136, 51042, 72, 37214, 7, 100, 81158, 37499, 5, 1529, 14432, 43799, 297, 17265, 1295, 3395, 2750, 112730, 85325, 6, 89576, 10484, 5, 1913, 17846, 129885, 3132, 13, 66933, 10, 6602, 23, 101085, 100, 85325, 139355, 111, 10, 11476, 56859, 5, 3311, 70, 23031, 7, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 26859, 20697, 100, 141425, 44, 16604, 13, 70, 66235, 58, 128927, 1651, 4, 70, 55983, 111, 10, 113138, 147037, 4642, 450, 2806, 216479, 3934, 70, 14449, 764, 2806, 155605, 37105, 5, 142061, 31, 136, 1919, 20903, 30699, 1636, 26859, 20697, 100, 22314, 42108, 126756, 44, 3957, 6163, 73, 58, 137514, 18055, 4, 2750, 109312, 24124, 70, 38516, 32382, 9146, 1295, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 136, 155629, 297, 142061, 31, 98, 51042, 49935, 2828, 57913, 237, 10, 8063, 5, 142061, 31, 4, 17819, 63099, 13817, 4, 136, 129885, 3132, 13, 26859, 2363, 10002, 49935, 57749, 41018, 678, 38410, 214, 1295, 137514, 18055, 5, 360, 28730, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 509, 13830, 89829, 98, 105416, 51899, 1916, 124666, 3229, 35206, 14037, 38629, 19879, 111, 105416, 2242, 217, 7082, 226649, 23, 10, 126642, 18919, 4, 170852, 42819, 5, 147466, 23, 28730, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 747, 17704, 538, 162882, 297, 2902, 3676, 31, 51661, 11, 4, 70, 57724, 111, 10, 42911, 425, 9, 77007, 4642, 5, 51661, 11, 1902, 2809, 10, 128927, 1651, 6, 25958, 4, 1284, 128927, 1651, 68872, 47, 67153, 4049, 7103, 764, 80723, 47, 92610, 4049, 111, 23410, 538, 120592, 128927, 1651, 25, 7, 187, 206, 416, 1405, 4, 170852, 4642, 57724, 73146, 7535, 1784, 13037, 157, 5, 2161, 22482, 29620, 28730, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 747, 17704, 538, 920, 223, 5252, 51661, 11, 237, 764, 509, 137802, 1919, 324, 95650, 25, 7, 18276, 23, 70, 42911, 425, 136, 51876, 4049, 23, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 10336, 678, 10, 51876, 6967, 5, 128927, 1651, 7068, 34739, 8951, 6226, 111, 70, 51661, 11, 4642, 5, 360, 39395, 66426, 4, 70, 33058, 36557, 61776, 5550, 7155, 350, 1810, 17721, 128927, 1651, 136, 1784, 13037, 157, 5, 360, 10, 23410, 35142, 678, 1784, 13037, 157, 4, 142061, 31, 176506, 47, 185118, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 55983, 4, 128927, 1651, 4, 23, 30646, 100, 217063, 128927, 1651, 25, 7, 673, 27853, 7, 136, 141753, 1784, 13037, 157, 25, 7, 17932, 9, 73, 9, 277, 12018, 5, 2161, 7071, 423, 4, 66426, 4, 142061, 31, 1902, 3480, 2822, 128927, 1651, 47, 10, 41714, 7440, 764, 509, 162882, 297, 99, 10, 17666, 35839, 1429, 2914, 13281, 8801, 1727, 31, 98, 1657, 7460, 18481, 5, 51404, 1836, 112730, 126381, 4, 142061, 31, 747, 17704, 538, 133207, 71, 66570, 47, 70, 157796, 4, 678, 70, 17863, 1055, 113771, 538, 8035, 129885, 3132, 13, 4, 24748, 188075, 11, 4, 40207, 62, 137966, 4, 136, 74715, 44, 7235, 9405, 53, 58, 727, 2679, 74, 2079, 516, 44, 3957, 38420, 3089, 350, 18813, 58, 21432, 10167, 16810, 272, 70, 2046, 72274, 2258, 4, 1284, 37254, 1556, 442, 450, 764, 509, 5792, 174450, 19, 1257, 47, 22648, 16065, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 15756, 4126, 1810, 111, 70, 27941, 25, 7, 40, 257, 390, 727, 2679, 5, 142061, 31, 34739, 645, 128927, 1651, 25, 7, 14449, 4, 678, 129885, 3132, 13, 237, 1919, 1379, 16091, 7, 5, 360, 6088, 66426, 4, 142061, 31, 136, 129885, 3132, 13, 203251, 70, 162882, 111, 73146, 7535, 1784, 13037, 157, 5, 142061, 31, 1902, 75204, 2565, 450, 1784, 13037, 157, 509, 58136, 47, 67153, 4049, 136, 129885, 3132, 13, 4, 136, 133888, 10, 5962, 7175, 47, 67153, 1784, 13037, 157, 5117, 5, 2161, 6088, 209, 4, 66426, 4, 3229, 1784, 13037, 157, 193421, 14534, 142061, 31, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 4, 136, 17819, 63099, 13817, 47, 10, 41714, 99, 1919, 23179, 4, 1836, 55950, 1784, 13037, 157, 2806, 67153, 2856, 2685, 5, 175399, 4, 142061, 31, 9325, 47, 1784, 13037, 157, 25, 7, 23179, 22759, 845, 114686, 4642, 37499, 124901, 2577, 7, 3542, 51, 69723, 19, 47, 1784, 13037, 157, 25, 7, 3395, 5, 10660, 1902, 2809, 111670, 71, 678, 70, 36442, 111, 10082, 4922, 136, 727, 2679, 5, 142061, 31, 221419, 538, 75935, 581, 63871, 47, 21265, 237, 70, 23131, 214, 14361, 100, 5808, 297, 46824, 5, 360, 66426, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 25, 7, 5117, 58386, 4, 183839, 11, 40741, 3630, 4, 68, 71, 111, 230916, 84125, 136, 764, 69405, 171530, 1919, 91177, 47, 1108, 1294, 7714, 26516, 24049, 4, 2750, 509, 21771, 139505, 47, 125947, 1446, 157, 13886, 5, 2161, 11994, 611, 4, 60775, 4, 1446, 157, 13886, 509, 14037, 10708, 32502, 47, 47219, 98, 10, 147037, 133940, 13784, 4, 136, 98, 11994, 29835, 60775, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 139505, 1919, 64685, 8770, 4, 7714, 4, 2750, 509, 129885, 3132, 13, 25, 7, 193429, 1829, 604, 42732, 4, 77590, 2310, 113, 142788, 93, 129885, 3132, 13, 5, 360, 58020, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 747, 17704, 538, 12989, 297, 70, 162882, 111, 81158, 1515, 123693, 2460, 36787, 5, 129885, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 582, 188, 129885, 3132, 13, 15, 74, 7582, 21416, 117430, 46, 22482, 616, 4, 31060, 16, 509, 142, 89176, 9, 57332, 81158, 1515, 2750, 5201, 538, 160404, 71, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 129885, 3132, 13, 49175, 47, 14537, 20271, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 237, 142, 22, 50930, 42, 23, 70, 15672, 911, 32041, 5, 62, 4989, 9, 6032, 30699, 67, 136, 29041, 44462, 34391, 111, 138753, 142061, 31, 4, 129885, 3132, 13, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 33058, 36557, 61776, 5550, 136, 104902, 115700, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 911, 32041, 136, 5808, 297, 46824, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1529, 2806, 14432, 37105, 142061, 31, 25, 7, 46824, 14449, 4, 3129, 509, 120514, 4806, 70, 129885, 3132, 13, 46824, 14449, 23, 1919, 20338, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Castellammarese War.", "Boccia murder and flee to Italy.", "Return to New York.", "Pursuit of power.", "Apalachin meeting and prison.", "Death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Vito Genovese was born on November 21, 1897, in Risigliano, a \"frazione\" in the \"comune\" of Tufino, in the Province of Naples, Italy. His father was Frances Felice Genovese and his mother Nunziata Aluotto. Vito had a sister Giovanna Jennie (m. Richard Prisco) along with two brothers, Michael and Carmine, who also belonged to Genovese's crime family. His cousin, Michael, became boss of the Pittsburgh crime family. Genovese was He and his family lived a quiet life in a house in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. As a child in Italy, Genovese completed school only to the American equivalent of the fifth grade. In 1913, when Genovese was 15, his family immigrated to the United States and took up residence in Little Italy, Manhattan. Genovese started his criminal career stealing merchandise from pushcart vendors and running errands for mobsters. He later collected money from people who played illegal lotteries. At 19, Genovese spent a year in prison for illegal possession of a firearm. By the 1920s, Genovese started working for Giuseppe \"Joe the Boss\" Masseria, the boss of a powerful Manhattan gang that would evolve into the family he would eventually lead. Luciano and his close associates started working for gambler Arnold \"The Brain\" Rothstein, who immediately saw the potential windfall from Prohibition and educated Luciano on running bootleg alcohol as a business. Luciano, Frank Costello, and Genovese started their own bootlegging operation with financing from Rothstein. In 1930, Genovese was indicted on counterfeiting charges when police found $1 million of counterfeit US currency in a Bath Beach, Brooklyn workshop. Later in 1930, Genovese allegedly murdered Gaetano Reina, the leader of a Bronx-based gang. Reina had been a Masseria ally, but Masseria decided to kill him after he began to suspect him of secretly helping Masseria's archrival, Brooklyn gang leader Salvatore Maranzano. On February 26, 1930, Genovese allegedly ambushed Reina as he was leaving his mistress's house in the Bronx and shot him in the back of the head with a shotgun. Masseria then took direct control of the Reina gang.", "In early 1931, the Castellammarese War broke out between Masseria and Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command. On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel; Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel. Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss. In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano had received word that Maranzano was planning to kill him and Genovese, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Lansky and Siegel. Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime. In 1931, Genovese's first wife, Donata Ragone, died of tuberculosis and he quickly announced his intention to marry Anna Petillo, who was already married to Gerard Vernotico. On March 16, 1932, Vernotico was found strangled to death on a Manhattan rooftop, and on March 28, 1932, Genovese married his widow, Anna, who was Genovese's cousin via her mother, Concetta y Cassini Genovese.", "In 1934, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Ferdinand Boccia. Genovese and Boccia had conspired to cheat a wealthy gambler out of $150,000 in a high-stakes card game. After the game, Boccia demanded a share of $35,000 because he had introduced the victim to Genovese. Rather than pay Boccia anything, Genovese decided to have him murdered. On September 19, 1934, Genovese and five associates allegedly shot and killed Boccia in a coffee shop in Brooklyn. On June 18, 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison as a result of his conviction on pandering. With Luciano's imprisonment, Genovese became acting boss of the Luciano crime family. On November 25, 1936, Genovese became a naturalized United States citizen in New York City. In 1937, fearing prosecution for the Boccia murder, Genovese fled to Italy with $750,000 cash and settled in the city of Nola, near Naples. With Genovese's departure, Costello became acting boss. Genovese established one of the largest black market operations in southern Italy, together with the Italian gangster Calogero Vizzini. Vizzini sent truck caravans loaded with all the basic food commodities necessary for the Italian diet rolling northward to hungry Naples, where their cargoes were distributed by Genovese's organization. All of the trucks were issued passes and export papers by the AMGOT administration in Naples and Sicily, and some corrupt American army officers even made contributions of gasoline and trucks to the operation. According to Luke Monzelli, a lieutenant in the Carabinieri assigned to follow Genovese during his time in Italy: \"Truckloads of food supplies were shipped from Vizzini to Genovese — all accompanied by the proper documents which had been certified by men in authority, Mafia members in the service of Vizzini and Genovese.\" After bribing some fascist party members, Genovese became a friend of Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini's son-in-law; it is believed Genovese provided Ciano with cocaine. Genovese donated nearly $4 million to Mussolini's fascist party by the end of World War II. He was also awarded the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and made a \"commendatore\", after he participated in helping create a new fascist party headquarters in Nola. In 1943, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Carlo Tresca, the publisher of an anarchist newspaper in New York and an enemy of Mussolini. Genovese allegedly facilitated the murder as a favor to the Italian government. On January 11, 1943, a gunman shot and killed Tresca outside his newspaper office in Manhattan. The shooter was later alleged to be Carmine Galante, a member of the Bonanno crime family. No one was ever charged in the Tresca murder.", "When the Allies invaded Italy in September 1943, Genovese switched sides and quickly offered his services to the U.S. Army. New York governor Charles Poletti was given a personal gift from Genovese which was a 1938 Packard Sedan, which he accepted. Genovese was appointed to a position of interpreter/liaison officer in the U.S. Army headquarters in Naples and quickly became one of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories' (AMGOT) most trusted employees. Poletti and the entire AMGOT department were completely unaware of his history. In the summer of 1944 in New York, Genovese was implicated in the Boccia murder by mobster Ernest \"The Hawk\" Rupolo, a former Genovese associate. Facing a murder conviction, Rupolo had decided to become a government witness. On August 27, 1944, U.S. military police arrested Genovese in Italy during an investigation into his running of a black market ring. It was revealed that Genovese had been stealing trucks, flour, and sugar from the Army. When Agent Orange C. Dickey of the Criminal Investigation Division examined Genovese's background, he discovered that Genovese was a fugitive wanted for the 1934 Boccia killing. However, there was seemingly little interest from the Army or the federal government in pursuing Genovese. After months of frustration, Dickey was finally able to make preparations to ship Genovese back to New York to face trial, but came under increasing pressure. Genovese personally offered Dickey a $250,000 bribe to release him, then threatened Dickey when the offer was refused. Dickey was even instructed by his superiors in the military chain of command to refrain from pursuing Genovese, but refused to be dissuaded. On June 2, 1945, after arriving in New York by ship the day before, Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty. On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey. Earlier, another witness, Peter LaTempa, was found dead in a cell where he had been held in protective custody. Without anyone to corroborate Rupolo's testimony, the government's case collapsed, and the charges against Genovese were dismissed on June 10, 1946. In making his decision, Judge Samuel Leibowitz commented: I cannot speak for the jury, but I believe that if there were even a shred of corroborating evidence, you would have been condemned to the (electric) chair.", "With his release from custody in 1946, Genovese was able to rejoin the Luciano family in New York; however, neither Costello nor Moretti was willing to return power to him. In 1946, Lansky called a meeting of the heads of the major crime families in Havana that December. The three topics which would come under discussion were: the heroin trade, Cuban gambling, and what to do about Siegel and the floundering Flamingo Hotel project in Las Vegas. The Conference took place at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba and lasted a little more than a week. On December 20, during the conference, Luciano had a private meeting with Genovese in Luciano's hotel suite. Unlike Costello, Luciano had never trusted Genovese. In the meeting, Genovese tried to convince Luciano to become a titular boss of bosses and let Genovese run everything. Luciano calmly rejected Genovese's suggestion: There is no Boss of Bosses. I turned it down in front of everybody. If I ever change my mind, I will take the title. But it won't be up to you. Right now you work for me and I ain't in the mood to retire. Don't you ever let me hear this again, or I'll lose my temper. Genovese was now a capo of his former Greenwich Village Crew. However, on October 4, 1951, Moretti was assassinated by order of the Mafia Commission; the mob bosses were unhappy with his testimony during the Kefauver Hearings, and were worried, with the syphilis now affecting his brain, he might start talking to the press. Costello appointed Genovese as the new underboss. In December 1952, Anna Genovese sued her husband for financial support, and later divorce in 1953, as well as testifying to Vito's involvement in criminal rackets, an unheard-of action by the wife of a mob figure. Two years earlier, she had moved out of the family home in New Jersey. She asked the judge for $350/week. Vito filed a counter-suit for divorce on the grounds of desertion. According to Anna Genovese, Vito Genovese ruled the Italian lottery in New York and New Jersey, bringing in over $1 million per year, owned four Greenwich Village night clubs, a dog track in Virginia, and other legitimate businesses. Both claims were ultimately dismissed in the New Jersey Superior Court appellate division, in 1954. In 1953, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Steven Franse. Genovese had tasked Franse with supervising Anna while he hid in Italy. Outraged over Anna's potential love affairs and her lawsuit against him, Genovese ordered Joseph Valachi, to set up Franse's murder. On June 18, 1953, Valachi lured Franse to his restaurant in the Bronx, where Franse was strangled to death by Pasquale Pagano and Fiore Siano (Valachi's nephew). During the mid-1950s, Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the Commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia crime family. Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino, Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia. In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Costello. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Genovese family boss Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building. Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman, however, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder. Genovese now became boss of what is known as the Genovese crime family and promoted his longtime lieutenant, Anthony Strollo, to underboss. In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed Anastasia. Witnesses were unable to identify any of the gunmen and competing theories exist today as to their identities.", "In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. Genovese elected Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member, Stefano \"The Undertaker\" Magaddino, who in turn chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements for the Apalachin meeting. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda. The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda. On November 14, 1957, powerful mafiosi from the United States and Italy convened at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York. The meeting agenda included the resolution of open questions on illegal gambling and narcotics dealing, particularly in the New York City area. State trooper Edgar D. Croswell had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home. That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house. When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock. When the mobsters discovered the police presence, they started fleeing the gathering by car and by foot. Many Mafiosi escaped through the woods surrounding the Barbara estate. The police stopped a car driven by Bufalino, whose passengers included Genovese and three other men, at a roadblock as they left the estate; Bufalino said that he had come to visit his sick friend, Barbara. Genovese said he was just there for a barbecue and to discuss business with Barbara. The police let him go. On June 2, 1958, Genovese testified under subpoena in the U.S. Senate McClellan Hearings on organized crime. Genovese refused to answer any questions, citing the Fifth Amendment rights under the U.S. Constitution 150 separate times. Luciano allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal. On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics. The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him. On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws. On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, where he tried to run his crime family from prison. In his book, \"Five Families,\" longtime \"New York Times\" organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab wrote that a number of detectives, lawyers and organized crime experts have questioned the legitimacy of Genovese's conviction. For instance, longtime NYPD detective Ralph Salerno argued that \"anyone who understands the protocol and insulation procedures\" of the Mafia would find it \"almost unbelievable\" that a crime boss would be directly involved in a drug operation. In September 1959, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Anthony Carfano. Angered at the murder attempt on Costello, Carfano had skipped the Apalachin meeting in protest. In response, Genovese decided to murder him. On September 25, 1959, Carfano and a female companion were found shot to death in his Cadillac automobile on a residential street in Jackson Heights, Queens. In April 1962, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Anthony Strollo after concluding that Strollo was part of the plot that put him in prison. On April 8, Strollo left his house to go for a walk and was never seen again. His body was never recovered. In 1962, an alleged murder threat from Genovese propelled mobster Joseph Valachi into the public spotlight. In June, Genovese supposedly accused Valachi, also imprisoned in Atlanta, of being an informer and gave Valachi the kiss of death. In July, Valachi supposedly mistook another inmate for a mob hitman and killed him. A $100,000 bounty for Valachi's death, had been placed by Genovese. After receiving a life sentence for that murder, Valachi decided to become a government witness. On August 24, 1964, Ernest Rupolo's body was recovered from Jamaica Bay, Queens. His killers had attached two concrete blocks to his legs and tied his hands. It was widely assumed that Genovese had ordered Rupolo's murder for testifying against him in the 1944 Boccia murder trial.", "Genovese died of a heart attack at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, on He is buried in Saint John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2076, 731, 20330, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 366, 4745, 111, 29236, 7864, 6990, 23, 155583, 91522, 74041, 23, 71006, 5, 18763, 67373, 59176, 2076, 731, 20330, 509, 10, 10696, 117914, 23, 70, 43573, 1272, 26349, 111, 200356, 4, 136, 1919, 42732, 72542, 151912, 82463, 139344, 52412, 509, 10, 5368, 55474, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 15044, 1295, 87143, 111, 106820, 65604, 7, 5, 2076, 731, 20330, 72856, 15044, 1919, 27863, 99, 142, 39395, 32070, 5, 18763, 67373, 68, 71, 23, 106, 104656, 4, 7103, 3129, 1919, 42732, 139505, 10, 65604, 35583, 241, 2594, 1727, 2594, 4, 2750, 26038, 2076, 731, 20330, 10, 62822, 53019, 26719, 51359, 111, 70, 6083, 8999, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 42732, 23, 729, 19308, 4, 35845, 7, 23, 200356, 34739, 517, 111, 4049, 5, 8622, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 10696, 18925, 51529, 237, 126186, 289, 63431, 5, 1301, 10, 166513, 4, 764, 34739, 10, 19069, 237, 10, 121314, 99, 10, 40617, 43573, 1272, 1919, 5368, 4, 20271, 3129, 1733, 764, 100512, 60892, 23, 43799, 214, 189067, 136, 103665, 7, 136, 2363, 40865, 1363, 5, 2076, 731, 20330, 14432, 22, 27722, 297, 237, 10, 29874, 9836, 99, 105669, 12535, 4, 1295, 729, 11648, 47, 8719, 418, 5, 35583, 527, 5394, 420, 2751, 13, 4969, 4, 70, 103882, 56, 111, 40093, 4689, 4, 189924, 4049, 290, 6133, 1294, 20271, 903, 1733, 5, 1529, 79786, 237, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 23, 10, 220505, 4, 20271, 3129, 1733, 764, 2843, 97384, 138155, 26866, 7, 23, 70, 139915, 53, 6044, 237, 47589, 12986, 14775, 5, 2161, 1919, 10002, 20271, 1919, 96335, 4, 764, 65771, 538, 119140, 297, 70, 28007, 2320, 55080, 297, 390, 187951, 290, 6133, 25075, 25031, 34702, 1018, 3129, 12441, 47, 34702, 1018, 25, 7, 103882, 53, 111, 230044, 5, 1529, 2843, 79786, 678, 10, 219600, 23, 70, 2888, 14083, 23911, 31576, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 764, 55080, 297, 142, 114137, 111, 70, 7401, 1295, 903, 31344, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 237, 2831, 111, 1919, 96335, 4, 23, 51374, 2076, 731, 20330, 97384, 1672, 171147, 145186, 25, 7, 39108, 81502, 4, 70, 5117, 75186, 450, 5809, 22691, 10, 53697, 39108, 43581, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 70, 5117, 172714, 194, 1529, 64549, 297, 10, 21373, 172714, 100, 66570, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 75939, 214, 28338, 7, 111, 552, 8079, 136, 97, 38893, 4, 136, 903, 509, 1919, 61475, 4488, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 77556, 1430, 6133, 1294, 5, 1301, 159688, 25188, 23, 1919, 29874, 96335, 4, 764, 160477, 71, 70, 79507, 111, 144602, 6402, 43581, 98, 40368, 70997, 7, 5, 3293, 13315, 111, 28007, 2320, 181653, 110, 34735, 59226, 77950, 100, 6044, 79507, 5, 2076, 731, 20330, 150180, 71, 237, 10, 29874, 22072, 23, 543, 14664, 1529, 79786, 237, 10, 219600, 43573, 16906, 24189, 70, 290, 6133, 136, 5665, 9, 8770, 1679, 96513, 18763, 21228, 125296, 71, 1919, 77041, 31075, 237, 142, 6, 140815, 289, 290, 6133, 136, 62952, 4049, 678, 10, 139915, 53, 5, 360, 543, 8368, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 16030, 23, 290, 6133, 1294, 136, 220505, 99, 70, 134179, 937, 43975, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 543, 8318, 136, 543, 8659, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 79786, 25842, 678, 7714, 79326, 30011, 4, 2750, 10, 89829, 237, 1919, 195644, 136, 509, 70, 5117, 117776, 290, 6133, 23, 71006, 5, 360, 543, 8318, 4, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 25674, 187951, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 5, 1913, 903, 1733, 4, 70, 62903, 1902, 2809, 138025, 26518, 100, 40368, 5369, 4, 16792, 70, 1615, 111, 79880, 8780, 23, 71006, 1902, 12441, 47, 40715, 33946, 23, 70, 41664, 7, 5, 360, 543, 1819, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 509, 3163, 89829, 70, 62903, 25, 7, 104463, 53, 136, 34658, 70, 1305, 24189, 129706, 5, 133698, 2076, 731, 20330, 25, 1492, 3408, 4, 764, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 15226, 1803, 72219, 70, 62903, 136, 172915, 442, 3934, 10, 17932, 158044, 1615, 15, 2347, 5117, 8035, 70, 124931, 56, 1460, 4097, 96513, 601, 72020, 73, 25, 7, 14922, 237, 104463, 53, 1295, 729, 12977, 47, 729, 113153, 5, 1529, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 184293, 58744, 6635, 74057, 111, 70, 15672, 62903, 111, 64624, 136, 28745, 7, 23, 543, 4015, 5, 360, 543, 3768, 4, 764, 100512, 82122, 660, 111, 70, 25674, 43975, 111, 70, 231118, 4, 136, 23, 149635, 30699, 67, 32786, 5, 360, 543, 10945, 4, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 187951, 62903, 4, 98, 80923, 14012, 1892, 194397, 5045, 111, 1919, 6897, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 134729, 297, 67842, 29874, 10, 379, 9035, 5, 32255, 99201, 456, 163812, 39666, 1212, 10336, 934, 90, 136, 7068, 14432, 98, 764, 134729, 297, 1295, 738, 1003, 5, 1529, 2843, 1902, 50094, 7, 111, 105774, 5, 360, 543, 1819, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 1902, 10, 11066, 13048, 36356, 34695, 4, 2804, 47, 186, 4743, 47, 70, 11405, 111, 1919, 4488, 5, 581, 29874, 67660, 764, 75204, 509, 47, 26983, 136, 5646, 166021, 5, 33306, 4, 20271, 903, 1733, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 26983, 297, 47, 9942, 47, 4488, 23, 70, 165045, 86755, 90, 111, 6, 101956, 37405, 53598, 497, 30058, 5, 360, 543, 5843, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 9103, 4, 764, 139505, 110115, 663, 7520, 223, 4, 70, 25240, 46799, 9, 18345, 76849, 111, 10, 187951, 100348, 24284, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 98, 361, 8055, 129706, 99, 1919, 5368, 23, 16906, 4, 7440, 764, 1902, 158930, 16792, 543, 20773, 1529, 83, 373, 46572, 23, 70, 6678, 76, 1845, 29089, 53, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 24387, 6496, 23, 16906, 4, 2076, 731, 20330, 54397, 10, 290, 6133, 1294, 7986, 14137, 100, 1919, 29874, 25921, 4, 44, 866, 7241, 12720, 14, 99157, 33, 830, 3129, 509, 1919, 5117, 88551, 57456, 104345, 5, 1529, 1902, 55080, 297, 28007, 2320, 4, 23, 212485, 100, 32562, 903, 7986, 14137, 4, 98, 70, 166577, 7, 111, 23, 125733, 238, 217773, 7, 4, 3129, 509, 1919, 67896, 150, 525, 4488, 98, 71496, 13, 123875, 7, 5, 360, 543, 2681, 4, 764, 91376, 142, 34666, 98, 70, 123875, 7, 111, 80854, 23, 217773, 7, 5, 581, 34666, 71064, 71, 678, 10, 4537, 76811, 4, 65508, 71, 1919, 3525, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 162141, 821, 6727, 7, 30492, 2076, 731, 20330, 15, 74, 387, 8055, 106, 104656, 46, 361, 8055, 129706, 16, 509, 10, 187951, 290, 6133, 5, 2076, 731, 20330, 83, 90698, 4, 33233, 678, 12452, 29642, 133, 4, 4939, 10017, 1507, 4, 136, 180611, 239, 26789, 56904, 4, 47, 186, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 5744, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 2076, 731, 20330, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 25674, 187951, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 23, 543, 8318, 136, 149976, 1295, 543, 1819, 237, 6863, 7893, 32354, 6635, 5, 1529, 83, 51529, 23, 71006, 237, 70, 44, 17647, 9319, 111, 187951, 83230, 38904, 740, 2076, 731, 20330, 10013, 83, 176016, 71, 98, 387, 8055, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 4049, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early life and education.", "Academic career.", "Later life.", "Achievements.", "Law of definite proportions.", "Chemical notation.", "Discovery of elements.", "New chemical terms.", "Biology and organic chemistry.", "Vitalism.", "Relations with other scientists.", "Honors and recognition." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Berzelius was born in the parish of Väversunda in Östergötland in Sweden. His father Samuel Berzelius was a school teacher in the nearby city of Linköping, and his mother Elizabeth Dorothea Sjösteen was a homemaker. His parents were both from families of church pastors. Berzelius lost both his parents at an early age. His father died in 1779, after which his mother married a pastor Anders Eckmarck, who gave Berzelius a basic education including knowledge of the natural world. Following the death of his mother in 1787, relatives in Linköping took care of him. There he attended the school today known as Katedralskolan. As a teenager, he took a position as a tutor at a farm nearby his home, during which time he became interested in collecting flowers and insects and their classification. Berzelius later enrolled as a medical student at Uppsala University, from 1796 to 1801. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, the discoverer of tantalum, taught him chemistry during this time. He worked as an apprentice in a pharmacy, during which time he also learned practical matters in the laboratory such as glassblowing. On his own during his studies, he successfully repeated the experimentation conducted by Swedish chemist Carl William Scheele which led to Scheele's discovery of oxygen. He also worked with a physician in the Medevi mineral springs. During this time, he conducted an analysis of the water from this source. Additionally as part of his studies, in 1800 Berzelius learned about Alessandro Volta's electric pile, the first device that could provide a constant electric current (i.e., the first battery). He constructed a similar battery for himself, consisting of alternating disks of copper and zinc, and this was his initial work in the field of electrochemistry. As thesis research in his medical studies, he examined the influence of galvanic current on several diseases. This line of experimentation produced no clear cut evidence for such influence. Berzelius graduated as a medical doctor in 1802. He worked as a physician near Stockholm until the chemist and mine-owner Wilhelm Hisinger recognized his abilities as an analytical chemist and provided him with a laboratory.", "In 1807, Berzelius was appointed professor in chemistry and pharmacy at the Karolinska Institute. Between 1808 and 1836, Berzelius worked together with Anna Sundström, who acted as his assistant and was the first female chemist in Sweden. In 1808, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. At this time, the Academy had been stagnating for several years, since the era of romanticism in Sweden had led to less interest in the sciences. In 1818, Berzelius was elected the Academy's secretary and held the post until 1848. During Berzelius' tenure, he is credited with revitalising the Academy and bringing it into a second golden era (the first being the astronomer Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin's period as secretary from 1749 to 1783). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822. In 1827, he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, and in 1830 associate member. In 1837, he was elected a member of the Swedish Academy, on chair number 5.", "Through much of his life, Berzelius suffered various medical ailments. These included recurrent migraine headaches and then later on he suffered from gout. He also had episodes of depression. In 1818, Berzelius had a nervous breakdown, said to be due to the stress of his work. The medical advice he received was to travel and take vacation. However, during this time, Berzelius traveled to France to work in the chemical laboratories of Claude Louis Berthollet. In 1835, at the age of 56, he married Elisabeth Poppius, the 24-year-old daughter of a Swedish cabinet minister. He died on 7 August 1848 at his home in Stockholm, where he had lived since 1806. He is buried in the Solna Cemetery.", "", "Soon after arriving in Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students, \"Lärboki Kemien\", which was his first significant scientific publication. He had conducted experimentation, in preparation for writing this textbook, on the compositions of inorganic compounds, which was his earliest work on definite proportions. In 1813, he published an essay on the proportions of elements in compounds. The essay commenced with a general description, introduced his new symbolism, examined all the known elements, included a table of specific weights, and finished with a selection of compounds written in his new formalism. In 1818, he compiled a table of relative atomic weights, where oxygen was set to 100, and which included all of the elements known at the time. This work provided evidence in favour of the atomic theory proposed by John Dalton: that inorganic chemical compounds are composed of atoms of different elements combined in whole number amounts. In discovering that atomic weights are not integer multiples of the weight of hydrogen, Berzelius also disproved Prout's hypothesis that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen. Berzelius's last revised version of his atomic weight tables was first published in a German translation of his \"Textbook of Chemistry\" in 1826.", "In order to aid his experiments, he developed a system of chemical notation in which the elements composing any particular chemical compound were given simple written labels—such as O for oxygen, or Fe for iron—with their proportions in the chemical compound denoted by numbers. Berzelius thus invented the system of chemical notation still used today, the main difference being that instead of the subscript numbers used today (e.g., HO or FeO), Berzelius used superscripts (HO or FeO).", "Berzelius is credited with discovering the chemical elements cerium and selenium and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium. Berzelius discovered cerium in 1803 and selenium in 1817. Berzelius discovered how to isolate silicon in 1824, and thorium in 1824. Students working in Berzelius's laboratory also discovered lithium, lanthanum, and vanadium. Berzelius discovered silicon by repeating an experiment performed by Gay-Lussac and Thénard. In the experiment, Berzelius reacted silicon tetrafluoride with potassium metal and then purified its product by washing it until it became a brown powder. Berzelius recognized this brown powder as the new element of silicon, which he called silicium, a name proposed earlier by Davy. Berzelius was the first to isolate zirconium in 1824, but pure zirconium was not produced until 1925, by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer.", "Berzelius is credited with originating the chemical terms \"catalysis,\" \"polymer,\" \"isomer,\" \"protein\" and \"allotrope,\" although his original definitions in some cases differ significantly from modern usage. As an example, he coined the term \"polymer\" in 1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which differed in overall molecular weight, the larger of the compounds being described as \"polymers\" of the smallest. At this time the concept of chemical structure had not yet been developed so that he considered only the numbers of atoms of each element. in this way, he viewed for example glucose (CHO) as a polymer of formaldehyde (CHO), even though glucose is not a polymer from the monomer formaldehyde, indicating that his definition of the term \"polymer\" was inadequate.", "Berzelius was the first person to make the distinction between organic compounds (those containing carbon), and inorganic compounds. In particular, he advised Gerardus Johannes Mulder in his elemental analyses of organic compounds such as coffee, tea, and various proteins. The term \"protein\" itself was coined by Berzelius, after Mulder observed that all proteins seemed to have the same empirical formula and came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of very large molecule. The term is derived from the Greek, meaning \"of the first rank\", and Berzelius proposed the name because proteins were so fundamental to living organisms. In 1808, Berzelius discovered that lactic acid occurs in muscle tissue, not just in milk. He also determined that lactic acid occurs in two different optical isomers.", "Berzelius stated in 1810 that living things work by some mysterious \"vital force\", a hypothesis called vitalism. Vitalism had first been proposed by prior researchers, although Berzelius contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their manufacture (organic compounds) or whether they did not (inorganic compounds). However, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler accidentally obtained urea, an organic compound, by heating ammonium cyanate. This showed that an organic compound such as urea could be prepared synthetically and not exclusively by living organisms. Berzelius corresponded with Wöhler on the urea synthesis findings. However, the notion of vitalism continued to persist, until further work on abiotic synthesis of organic compounds providing overwhelming evidence against vitalism.", "Berzelius was a prolific correspondent with leading scientists of his time, such as Gerardus Johannes Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich. In 1812, Berzelius traveled to London, England, including Greenwich to meet with prominent British scientists of the time. These included Humphry Davy, chemist William Wollaston, physician-scientist Thomas Young, astronomer William Herschel, chemist Smithson Tennant, and inventor James Watt, among others. Berzelius also visited Davy's laboratory. After his visit to Davy's laboratory, Berzelius remarked, \"A tidy laboratory is a sign of a lazy chemist.\" Humphry Davy in 1810 proposed that chlorine is an element. Berzelius refuted this claim because of his belief that all acids were based on oxygen, and HCl contains no oxygen and so could not be an element, in Berzelius's perception. However, in 1812, Bernard Courtois proved that the isoelectronic substance iodine is an element. This finding resolved Berzelius's disagreement. Berzelius continued his investigations into the chemistry of chlorine during his stay in Claude Louis Berthollet's laboratory.", "In 1818 Berzelius was ennobled by King Carl XIV Johan. In 1835, he received the title of friherre. The Royal Society of London gave Berzelius the Copley Medal in 1836 with the citation \"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works.\" In 1840, Berzelius was named Knight of the Order of Leopold. In 1842, he received the honor Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts. The mineral berzelianite, a copper selenide, was discovered in 1850 and named after him by James Dwight Dana. In 1852, Stockholm, Sweden, built a public park and statue, both to honor Berzelius. Berzeliusskolan, a school situated next to his alma mater, Katedralskolan, is named for him. In 1898, the Swedish Academy of Sciences opened the Berzelius Museum in honor of Berzelius. The holdings of the museum included many items from his laboratory. The museum was opened on the occasion of fiftieth anniversary of Berzelius's death. Invitees at the ceremony marking the occasion included scientific dignitaries from eleven European nations and the United States, many of whom gave formal addresses in honor of Berzelius. The Berzelius Museum was later moved to the observatory that is part of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1939 his portrait appeared on a series of postage stamps commemorating the bicentenary of the founding of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. In addition to Sweden, Grenada likewise honored him. The Berzelius secret society at Yale University is named in his honor." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 1456, 8770, 2189, 58, 509, 10, 40907, 13579, 100, 14949, 14392, 64370, 23, 28173, 4, 41866, 177500, 7, 23, 79197, 7154, 94407, 6044, 237, 70, 112857, 25, 7, 14949, 37446, 56, 7154, 32528, 5, 28107, 19, 211524, 4727, 73, 939, 107, 187, 21325, 4, 44, 2347, 69307, 9035, 111, 70, 104130, 7, 1314, 3542, 218898, 1242, 10660, 115081, 131703, 450, 173072, 297, 995, 31146, 2481, 136, 146459, 13, 200166, 4, 165249, 70, 32070, 111, 149707, 4, 84046, 208782, 4, 155738, 7565, 5941, 64792, 7, 4, 136, 23, 64911, 1104, 2485, 170920, 10, 305, 26822, 20450, 6953, 56816, 100, 64792, 7, 4, 3129, 21, 14437, 100, 8, 23662, 7, 5, 28090, 99, 19713, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 308, 40862, 7, 4, 33233, 678, 2083, 7, 136, 14432, 377, 9837, 933, 4, 3542, 70, 5201, 44677, 47, 8997, 1810, 5, 33417, 71407, 4, 10, 308, 40862, 122399, 67842, 2062, 4438, 163, 9821, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 8781, 15381, 7, 1884, 179967, 4, 96967, 4, 604, 2852, 136, 154310, 5, 31384, 122399, 10, 118513, 42, 96551, 111, 15381, 7, 4, 21208, 442, 2806, 186, 377, 9837, 933, 136, 14432, 44, 87929, 17706, 58, 3129, 122399, 70, 2270, 525, 109911, 7, 8108, 70, 17666, 118775, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 481, 11341, 71, 60042, 4, 49903, 4, 509, 47, 21265, 108069, 15, 10869, 115393, 707, 1059, 820, 4, 3129, 1902, 3789, 148053, 7, 16, 136, 1836, 3542, 221, 2837, 107, 7077, 2886, 450, 24793, 111, 2499, 135203, 71864, 297, 2856, 5, 24372, 17551, 4, 152838, 98, 108069, 136, 3789, 57913, 1771, 186, 814, 52467, 3514, 434, 118055, 538, 1286, 53142, 19, 43452, 4, 959, 4734, 6637, 111, 70, 9454, 141, 51312, 23, 70, 17366, 111, 36235, 1363, 4, 1284, 2843, 6637, 111, 70, 186, 41123, 111747, 96551, 136, 118126, 60089, 111, 70, 152838, 5, 3293, 1608, 31, 9523, 5426, 509, 22, 50930, 71, 390, 142, 187, 1176, 111, 24643, 43799, 25251, 5, 581, 31805, 660, 177986, 34739, 5941, 3173, 7, 5, 120634, 55993, 1314, 136, 308, 40862, 13695, 1314, 29024, 11, 6259, 108069, 136, 84047, 47314, 2363, 150624, 111, 143092, 442, 47, 5646, 92940, 111, 92319, 24643, 121297, 5, 581, 101597, 1314, 2843, 18831, 2186, 71, 2363, 4611, 1224, 23410, 538, 1295, 204105, 31837, 7, 5, 120634, 1143, 62956, 7, 2288, 289, 4450, 538, 75723, 16274, 297, 134071, 1830, 29398, 7, 47, 71864, 4000, 24927, 115, 2449, 5, 14847, 4027, 107, 36019, 297, 4, 3060, 8, 87040, 14202, 131300, 297, 678, 101766, 13, 199747, 2320, 4, 12960, 27060, 70634, 297, 47, 95319, 5, 150512, 297, 99, 70, 26498, 111, 70, 23295, 59444, 707, 54427, 4, 70, 308, 40862, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 89160, 27585, 7, 111, 2265, 136, 68894, 6897, 8108, 196208, 4, 10, 41714, 3687, 100, 15044, 70, 4000, 43904, 136, 26983, 1314, 452, 6953, 8305, 4, 136, 10, 211190, 100, 2062, 21325, 136, 14753, 7030, 7962, 7, 5, 1218, 40862, 7, 26582, 29367, 177986, 47, 70, 63647, 136, 47, 42615, 5, 1218, 40862, 7, 68018, 149976, 237, 74812, 5, 360, 729, 12424, 4, 23, 7270, 509, 14037, 297, 70, 5117, 17666, 23, 70, 5744, 10422, 111, 70, 13579, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 5117, 7270, 3378, 17666, 41965, 53, 111, 70, 9351, 509, 70, 1632, 14037, 297, 390, 91006, 104737, 33843, 23, 729, 12012, 23, 70, 4518, 13, 8, 52774, 6169, 4615, 4, 35839, 70, 44, 142216, 13, 1218, 73396, 8, 67557, 740, 3050, 45207, 5880, 143, 25, 7, 21261, 44, 866, 25, 19659, 5084, 432, 481, 58, 24073, 3957, 308, 40862, 18939, 7435, 14546, 16, 8, 18695, 3674, 70, 2265, 27289, 222201, 111, 57913, 8780, 23, 7270, 54940, 70, 20697, 61112, 5, 581, 104, 79099, 163684, 297, 959, 4734, 1919, 10002, 14361, 4, 1284, 2843, 1919, 188513, 4, 1919, 14449, 4, 136, 3789, 1940, 52368, 151618, 5, 581, 124850, 8022, 78453, 13, 4727, 167565, 136, 604, 71390, 170251, 916, 218094, 1029, 297, 678, 6782, 2773, 8780, 70, 72761, 136, 14392, 119542, 1363, 111, 57913, 28021, 5, 5880, 143, 25, 7, 42518, 6620, 678, 219600, 7, 122273, 7, 450, 764, 11814, 195734, 29874, 97264, 100, 1919, 61207, 1771, 8, 18695, 5256, 23, 70, 21261, 5, 62, 39210, 30839, 9351, 100, 30839, 308, 40862, 7, 707, 64792, 7, 83, 44, 605, 86, 48672, 740, 167905, 214, 41361, 7, 23, 611, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 226395, 4, 102126, 4, 42459, 450, 70, 4527, 111, 57913, 23, 39395, 5744, 102126, 134629, 197918, 45646, 71, 15380, 22599, 7, 5, 167905, 214, 509, 959, 10, 24092, 111, 23, 224680, 136, 171986, 5, 1650, 104902, 61924, 136, 156856, 453, 25, 7, 2265, 10778, 136, 509, 127298, 47, 603, 27686, 54940, 453, 237, 4989, 237, 1836, 158930, 1257, 47, 15044, 70, 91736, 136, 22599, 7, 111, 308, 40862, 100510, 136, 70, 35968, 7, 111, 2363, 31486, 237, 197540, 56, 5, 1218, 40862, 1911, 7, 3542, 155738, 47, 15072, 2886, 24793, 220, 238, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 2363, 71390, 7, 4, 136, 100510, 158, 4545, 14534, 104, 79099, 33, 7432, 54940, 24793, 4, 1284, 3229, 57913, 128431, 193943, 71, 678, 70, 197540, 4, 24793, 5809, 8, 13158, 53, 3835, 14537, 47, 6, 178451, 17475, 7, 98, 453, 25, 7, 23417, 214, 123166, 5, 1218, 40862, 7, 3542, 5700, 44677, 11814, 100, 8063, 237, 5299, 237, 100, 118992, 136, 23417, 214, 46, 70, 9020, 1218, 40862, 509, 10, 135818, 41714, 3687, 23, 70, 543, 927, 136, 953, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 100, 27781, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 2565, 308, 40862, 83, 110, 51713, 23, 5700, 4527, 23, 70, 17274, 237, 2685, 83, 110, 149067, 19, 17721, 10, 308, 40862, 136, 142, 2083, 5, 149766, 137633, 9035, 21265, 108069, 136, 115393, 64, 1935, 5, 581, 13579, 242, 111596, 25, 15, 66, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 111, 242, 57964, 18276, 25, 16, 83, 5036, 11814, 47, 98363, 6097, 18276, 7, 5, 581, 6, 3257, 2408, 111, 308, 40862, 7, 136, 2083, 7, 83, 5036, 4734, 14037, 23, 70, 64792, 123055, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 21736, 169, 72253, 1218, 40862, 4, 57035, 47832, 1218, 40862, 4, 114181, 4216, 7, 11151, 4, 3021, 5, 581, 2565, 2843, 188545, 7, 23, 52336, 6044, 237, 44, 116959, 83, 10, 1218, 40862, 23, 70, 52649, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 308, 40862, 83, 10, 3687, 111, 8063, 7440, 3395, 914, 9319, 47, 23417, 57913, 1771, 186, 814, 52467, 136, 186, 149976, 15381, 4, 136, 186768, 538, 4, 7440, 26983, 1314, 53299, 45314, 9966, 5, 893, 2083, 83, 10, 308, 40862, 450, 1556, 10, 86872, 47, 3884, 1257, 138931, 237, 45314, 26255, 5, 581, 2565, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 42845, 44, 9843, 4688, 58, 124901, 7311, 91084, 509, 10, 6, 67175, 4, 42819, 4, 6, 92621, 4, 707, 64792, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Australia.", "France.", "Germany.", "Great Britain.", "Iraq.", "Scandinavia.", "Southern Europe.", "Greece.", "Former Yugoslavia." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "\"Wowser\" was a negative term for Christian moralists in Australia, especially activists in temperance groups such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Historian Stuart Macintyre argues, \"the achievements of the wowsers were impressive.\" They passed laws that restricted obscenity and juvenile smoking, raised the age of consent, limited gambling, closed down many pubs, and in 1915–16 established a 6pm closing hour for pubs, which lasted for decades.", "From at least the 14th century, taverns, along with inns and later cabarets, were the main places to dine out. Typically, a tavern offered various roast meats, as well as simple foods like bread, cheese, herring and bacon. Some offered a richer variety of foods, though it would be cabarets and later \"traiteurs\" which offered the finest meals before the restaurant appeared in the 18th century. Their stated purpose, however, was to serve wine (not beer or cider, which had other outlets) and they were so disreputable that women of any standing avoided them. After 1500, taxes on wine and other alcoholic beverages grew increasingly more burdensome, not only because of the continual increase in the level of taxation, but also because of the bewildering variety and multiplicity of the taxes. This chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors. The resultant opposition took many forms. Wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling it to take advantage of lower tax rates. The retailers also refilled their casks secretly from hidden stocks. Wine merchants stealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties. When apprehended, some defrauders reacted with passive resignation, while others resorted to violence. Situated at the heart of the country town or village, the tavern was one of the traditional centers of social and political life before 1789, a meeting place for both the local population and travelers passing through, and a refuge for rogues and scoundrels. Taverns symbolized opposition to the regime and to religion. Taverns sometimes served as restaurants. In 1765, in Paris was founded the first restaurant in the modern sense of the term. However, the first Parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by Beauvilliers in 1782 in the Rue de Richelieu, called the \"Grande Taverne de Londres\". Émile Zola's novel \"L'Assommoir\" (\"The tavern\") (1877) depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in Paris among the working classes. The drunk destroyed not only his own body, but also his employment, his family, and other interpersonal relationships. The characters Gervaise Macquart and her husband Coupeau exemplified with great realism the physical and moral degradation of alcoholics. Zola's correspondence with physicians reveals that he used authentic medical sources for his realistic depictions in the novel.", "A common German name for German taverns or pubs is \"Kneipe\". Drinking practices in 16th-century Augsburg, Germany, suggest that the use of alcohol in early modern Germany followed carefully structured cultural norms. Drinking was not a sign of insecurity and disorder. It helped define and enhance men's social status and was therefore tolerated among men as long as they lived up to both the rules and norms of tavern society and the demands of their role as householder. Tavern doors were closed to respectable women unaccompanied by their husbands, and society condemned drunkenness among women, but when alcohol abuse interfered with the household, women could deploy public power to impose limits on men's drinking behavior.", "Taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating and drinking – the London Tavern was a notable meeting place in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example. However, the word tavern is no longer in popular use in the UK as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn. Both establishments serve wine and beer/ale. The term 'pub' (an abbreviation of 'public house') is now used to describe these houses. The legacy of taverns and inns is now only found in the pub names, e.g. Fitzroy Tavern, Silver Cross Tavern, Spaniards Inn, etc. The word also survives in songs such as \"There is a Tavern in the Town\". The range and quality of pubs varies wildly throughout the UK as does the range of beers, wines, spirits and foods available. Most quality pubs will still serve cask ales and food. In recent years there has been a move towards \"gastro\" pubs where the menu is more ambitious. Originally, taverns served as rest stops about every fifteen miles and their main focus was to provide shelter to anyone who was traveling. Such taverns would be divided into two major parts – the sleeping quarters and the bar. There is generally a sign with some type of symbol, often related to the name of the premises, to draw in customers. The purpose of this is to indicate that the establishment sells alcohol and to set it apart from the competition.", "One of the earliest references to a tavern is found in Hammurabi's code.", "Scandinavia had very high drinking rates, which led to the formation of a powerful prohibition movement in the 19th century. Magnusson (1986) explains why consumption of spirits was so high in a typical preindustrial village (Eskilstuna) in Sweden, 1820–50. An economic feature of this town of blacksmiths was the \"Verlag\", or outwork production system, with its complex network of credit relationships. The tavern played a crucial role in cultural and business life and was also the place where work and leisure were fused. Heavy drinking facilitated the creation of community relationships in which artisans and workers sought security. Buying drinks rather than saving money was a rational strategy when, before adjustment to a cash economy, it was essential to raise one's esteem with fellow craftsmen to whom one could turn for favors in preference to the Verlag capitalist.", "", "A taverna in Greece is commonly known as a restaurant. Their history begins in Classical times, with the earliest evidence of a taverna discovered at the Ancient Agora of Athens; the style remains the same to this day. Greek tavernes (plural of taverna) are the most common restaurants in Greece. A typical menu includes portion dishes, or small dishes of meat and fish, as well as salads and appetizers. \"Mageirefta\" is the menu section that includes a variety of different casserole cooked dishes every day. The other choices are mainly prepared roasted (\"tis oras)\" or fried. \"Orektika\" (appetizers) include small dishes of Greek sauces, \"alifes\", usually eaten on bites of bread. Tavernes offer different kinds of wines and \"retsina\" in barrels or in bottles, \"ouzo\" or \"tsipouro\", with beer and refreshments being a recent addition. In Byzantine times, tavernes were the place for a social gathering, to enjoy a meal, live music and friendly talk with a drink accompanied by small variety dishes (\"mezes\").", "In former Yugoslavia, the \"kafana\" served food and alcoholic beverages." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1301, 10, 21261, 47589, 3173, 214, 61353, 75935, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 77269, 4, 47589, 12986, 14775, 162471, 297, 10, 20697, 57266, 111, 47589, 450, 509, 198395, 51, 69723, 19, 47, 47589, 18244, 1314, 74, 41036, 1363, 4, 3129, 83, 70, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 10, 5339, 33, 29695, 275, 111, 47589, 390, 39864, 214, 10, 19336, 41170, 111, 1831, 47, 442, 5, 9925, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 41931, 45646, 111, 47589, 7440, 70, 34627, 7, 621, 34658, 25842, 390, 37515, 165045, 71052, 7, 23, 10, 171986, 297, 136, 96759, 33120, 4, 127298, 5339, 33, 47589, 83, 4498, 12600, 7, 20174, 47, 186, 102310, 19, 136, 128839, 538, 182, 34609, 237, 442, 388, 90, 80097, 5, 717, 51312, 70, 13629, 4902, 7432, 111, 70, 5339, 33, 47589, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 33493, 1636, 70, 9433, 111, 102310, 214, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 1614, 17991, 15549, 23, 70, 166577, 111, 47589, 5, 17106, 91067, 47, 2363, 96335, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 47589, 6, 219822, 4188, 1295, 21693, 139006, 164, 111, 8254, 4, 136290, 136, 85283, 7092, 49489, 27686, 450, 70, 202104, 111, 24, 36867, 4, 3129, 27992, 7, 237, 85679, 23, 47589, 4, 83, 161549, 92319, 23, 102310, 19, 53678, 41204, 3501, 8382, 142901, 71, 390, 176050, 5, 61187, 56, 202104, 111, 24, 36867, 2806, 765, 107003, 70, 47589, 47, 186, 13629, 18234, 100, 102310, 214, 5, 133698, 102310, 214, 4, 6117, 13857, 135355, 7, 111, 47589, 21185, 4271, 56, 3501, 6117, 11050, 64333, 136, 24209, 1286, 4498, 12600, 7, 3501, 70, 6117, 11050, 135355, 7, 5, 9925, 114864, 36049, 111, 102310, 19, 47589, 678, 61514, 6117, 2594, 7432, 64457, 111, 216806, 102310, 9, 222521, 111, 70, 6117, 19, 14534, 135355, 7, 5, 62, 4393, 37457, 111, 47589, 12986, 14775, 53088, 509, 126809, 28032, 8, 23662, 7, 111, 6863, 23, 57241, 5, 581, 6626, 13036, 150624, 111, 47589, 12986, 14775, 621, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 136, 105751, 9, 12986, 14775, 5, 3293, 55300, 34658, 10, 479, 9, 13, 7732, 18, 19069, 23, 47589, 5037, 214, 17669, 16792, 6863, 39864, 1363, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 77269, 24189, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 83, 7464, 38134, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 47589, 5037, 214, 61353, 4, 41866, 100, 84172, 60042, 7, 5, 581, 9433, 111, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 83687, 7, 70, 102310, 214, 111, 16610, 202986, 7, 111, 1831, 3934, 10, 5339, 33, 126826, 111, 47589, 35839, 10, 44, 208, 9319, 58, 3129, 1556, 2809, 91, 20740, 297, 99, 1632, 3564, 111, 70, 102310, 1434, 1081, 5, 3293, 1556, 70, 21543, 111, 3173, 214, 142, 128766, 21722, 98, 70, 14566, 111, 70, 47589, 29695, 275, 450, 14858, 90, 70, 28947, 21722, 143434, 390, 70, 49146, 1405, 111, 80097, 1295, 70, 16387, 76, 329, 5, 581, 47589, 18244, 56, 831, 7068, 69405, 41036, 67, 70, 5339, 33, 47589, 47, 10, 241463, 29695, 275, 136, 4488, 442, 3934, 10, 104851, 71, 115700, 5, 42477, 1314, 99, 70, 199656, 25946, 111, 4713, 81887, 297, 47, 44188, 36716, 70, 142, 45964, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 61353, 390, 17368, 26580, 53, 102310, 1434, 13569, 5, 581, 16750, 77443, 450, 16610, 26580, 53, 102310, 1434, 13569, 111, 1672, 33493, 67, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 6637, 1836, 621, 8781, 47, 34831, 136, 47, 45258, 67, 136, 831, 186, 456, 9, 33740, 40368, 20028, 5, 132829, 297, 133325, 621, 87709, 111, 9638, 10366, 39555, 2499, 53678, 1428, 3173, 7, 390, 47014, 1916, 70, 137158, 4, 144291, 214, 442, 136, 6226, 2069, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 63847, 12960, 1836, 102310, 5, 10660, 831, 27489, 10, 6782, 96551, 111, 47589, 36746, 7, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 23417, 214, 45364, 7, 47, 76896, 47589, 5, 893, 216348, 27781, 111, 70, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 61353, 83, 70, 195997, 13769, 13, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 21449, 31, 142901, 71, 20271, 70, 12610, 14922, 5, 893, 28007, 509, 175100, 1810, 390, 17321, 33, 101445, 136, 22392, 23923, 678, 70, 10, 464, 111, 456, 9, 129147, 449, 70, 195997, 13769, 13, 5, 62, 4393, 41170, 111, 57571, 47589, 56065, 100, 70, 14361, 111, 70, 112239, 509, 914, 9319, 297, 98, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 102310, 1434, 1081, 136, 509, 221419, 538, 45, 48398, 3934, 10, 1540, 111, 8010, 35011, 47589, 5, 46757, 57860, 74918, 2822, 3229, 70, 47589, 18244, 56, 2586, 434, 70, 5339, 33, 47589, 3934, 10, 6, 157695, 3129, 509, 7068, 115851, 297, 707, 28, 10617, 27686, 3934, 10, 112239, 678, 10, 135355, 111, 35011, 47589, 645, 538, 214, 70, 57571, 14361, 5, 19146, 71, 9, 12986, 14775, 509, 142, 30700, 47589, 12986, 14775, 55300, 450, 21449, 7103, 70, 23, 57241, 111, 4092, 9, 12986, 14775, 4, 20271, 70, 5117, 2831, 111, 70, 17932, 128274, 111, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 19831, 5, 62, 32363, 111, 5339, 33, 47589, 83, 158012, 98, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 102310, 1434, 1081, 4, 136, 83, 7068, 41036, 3674, 3934, 10, 109412, 33, 707, 12924, 2258, 4126, 105751, 5, 360, 450, 3917, 4, 70, 115700, 136, 70, 168286, 111, 70, 373, 73163, 111, 47589, 83, 83324, 71, 390, 70, 4331, 98, 70, 14566, 111, 70, 105751, 43257, 3501, 70, 112419, 111, 70, 47589, 18244, 56, 5, 32964, 52895, 111, 105751, 4, 24, 110987, 11001, 9, 152667, 105751, 7, 136, 6024, 9, 152667, 105751, 7, 4, 621, 195409, 11814, 47, 27489, 105751, 9, 12986, 7710, 53678, 41204, 5, 581, 36770, 114864, 70, 122799, 47589, 36746, 47, 186, 184750, 23, 1632, 112664, 390, 50065, 214, 442, 1257, 19364, 7, 1295, 70, 11001, 9, 152667, 105751, 136, 83, 21334, 538, 6, 212423, 47, 27489, 23180, 15876, 136, 19537, 92812, 53678, 41204, 100, 132096, 136, 6181, 2320, 5, 78662, 162, 70, 21, 3055, 83, 7228, 23, 6024, 9, 91133, 297, 105751, 33180, 7, 450, 33284, 25842, 4, 4911, 7, 28897, 1916, 70, 34754, 111, 1286, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 71579, 3299, 214, 4, 168286, 136, 4331, 5, 581, 12610, 95, 2407, 186, 11, 1728, 3129, 83, 5036, 98, 44116, 23, 70, 821, 5, 10208, 20779, 939, 25946, 509, 102310, 19, 23, 10, 17262, 9, 17365, 105751, 122329, 297, 678, 70, 40472, 4588, 123046, 5129, 6659, 111, 22759, 79259, 18153, 7, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 95384, 12986, 14775, 83, 10, 47589, 5037, 214, 61353, 450, 83687, 7, 41036, 1916, 5339, 33, 47589, 3934, 10, 373, 73163, 15, 748, 366, 40514, 16, 678, 70, 36442, 111, 10, 102310, 1434, 1081, 15, 748, 102310, 43333, 194, 62, 3445, 2750, 102310, 7, 47589, 83, 35839, 10, 44, 134974, 12986, 6488, 830, 44, 21462, 153144, 830, 707, 44, 208, 18234, 740, 62, 44, 63611, 18244, 56, 58, 15, 31, 60441, 2843, 35839, 10, 47589, 12986, 6488, 707, 47589, 18244, 56, 16, 45258, 1636, 47589, 678, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 9983, 206, 98, 10, 164917, 105994, 4, 6044, 237, 23, 27024, 214, 22619, 1830, 139915, 53, 47589, 15876, 1810, 111, 118181, 21050, 33478, 47589, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Technology.", "Principles.", "Free-blowing.", "Mold-blowing.", "Modern glassblowing.", "History.", "Origins.", "Roman Empire.", "Middle Ages.", "Recent developments.", "In literature." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "As a novel glass forming technique created in the middle of the 1st century BC, glassblowing exploited a working property of glass that was previously unknown to glassworkers; inflation, which is the expansion of a molten blob of glass by introducing a small amount of air to it. That is based on the liquid structure of glass where the atoms are held together by strong chemical bonds in a disordered and random network, therefore molten glass is viscous enough to be blown and gradually hardens as it loses heat. To increase the stiffness of the molten glass, which in turn facilitates the process of blowing, there was a subtle change in the composition of glass. With reference to their studies of the ancient glass assemblages from Sepphoris of Israel, Fischer and McCray postulated that the concentration of natron, which acts as flux in glass, is slightly lower in blown vessels than those manufactured by casting. Lower concentration of natron would have allowed the glass to be stiffer for blowing. During blowing, thinner layers of glass cool faster than thicker ones and become more viscous than the thicker layers. That allows production of blown glass with uniform thickness instead of causing blow-through of the thinned layers. A full range of glassblowing techniques was developed within decades of its invention. The two major methods of glassblowing are free-blowing and mold-blowing.", "This method held a pre-eminent position in glassforming ever since its introduction in the middle of the 1st century BC until the late 19th century, and is still widely used as a glassforming technique, especially for artistic purposes. The process of free-blowing involves the blowing of short puffs of air into a molten portion of glass called a \"gather\" which has been spooled at one end of the blowpipe. This has the effect of forming an elastic skin on the interior of the glass blob that matches the exterior skin caused by the removal of heat from the furnace. The glassworker can then quickly inflate the molten glass to a coherent blob and work it into a desired shape. Researchers at the Toledo Museum of Art attempted to reconstruct the ancient free-blowing technique by using clay blowpipes. The result proved that short clay blowpipes of about facilitate free-blowing because they are simple to handle and to manipulate and can be re-used several times. Skilled workers are capable of shaping almost any vessel forms by rotating the pipe, swinging it and controlling the temperature of the piece while they blow. They can produce a great variety of glass objects, ranging from drinking cups to window glass. An outstanding example of the free-blowing technique is the Portland Vase, which is a cameo manufactured during the Roman period. An experiment was carried out by Gudenrath and Whitehouse with the aim of re-creating the Portland Vase. A full amount of blue glass required for the body of the vase was gathered on the end of the blowpipe and was subsequently dipped into a pot of hot white glass. Inflation occurred when the glassworker blew the molten glass into a sphere which was then stretched or elongated into a vase with a layer of white glass overlying the blue body.", "Mold-blowing was an alternative glassblowing method that came after the invention of free-blowing, during the first part of the second quarter of the 1st century AD. A glob of molten glass is placed on the end of the blowpipe, and is then inflated into a wooden or metal carved mold. In that way, the shape and the texture of the bubble of glass is determined by the design on the interior of the mold rather than the skill of the glassworker. Two types of mold, namely single-piece molds and multi-piece molds, are frequently used to produce mold-blown vessels. The former allows the finished glass object to be removed in one movement by pulling it upwards from the single-piece mold and is largely employed to produce tableware and utilitarian vessels for storage and transportation. Whereas the latter is made in multi-paneled mold segments that join together, thus permitting the development of more sophisticated surface modeling, texture and design. The Roman leaf beaker which is now on display in the J. Paul Getty Museum was blown in a three-part mold decorated with the foliage relief frieze of four vertical plants. Meanwhile, Taylor and Hill tried to reproduce mold-blown vessels by using three-part molds made of different materials. The result suggested that metal molds, in particular bronze, are more effective in producing high-relief design on glass than plaster or wooden molds. The development of the mold-blowing technique has enabled the speedy production of glass objects in large quantity, thus encouraging the mass production and widespread distribution of glass objects.", "The transformation of raw materials into glass takes place at around ; the glass emits enough heat to appear almost white hot. The glass is then left to \"fine out\" (allowing the bubbles to rise out of the mass), and then the working temperature is reduced in the furnace to around. At this stage, the glass appears to be a bright orange color. Though most glassblowing is done between, \"soda-lime\" glass remains somewhat plastic and workable at as low as. Annealing is usually done between. Glassblowing involves three furnaces. The first, which contains a crucible of molten glass, is simply referred to as \"the furnace\". The second is called the \"glory hole\", and is used to reheat a piece in between steps of working with it. The final furnace is called the \"lehr\" or \"annealer\", and is used to slowly cool the glass, over a period of a few hours to a few days, depending on the size of the pieces. This keeps the glass from cracking or shattering due to thermal stress. Historically, all three furnaces were contained in one structure, with a set of progressively cooler chambers for each of the three purposes. The major tools used by a glassblower are the blowpipe (or blow tube), \"punty\" (or punty rod, pontil, or mandrel), bench, marver, blocks, jacks, paddles, tweezers, newspaper pads, and a variety of shears. The tip of the blowpipe is first preheated; then dipped in the molten glass in the furnace. The molten glass is \"gathered\" onto the end of the blowpipe in much the same way that viscous honey is picked up on a honey dipper. This glass is then rolled on the marver, which was traditionally a flat slab of marble, but today is more commonly a fairly thick flat sheet of steel. This process, called \"marvering\", forms a cool skin on the exterior of the molten glass blob, and shapes it. Then air is blown into the pipe, creating a bubble. Next, the glassworker can gather more glass over that bubble to create a larger piece. Once a piece has been blown to its approximate final size, the bottom is finalized. Then, the molten glass is attached to a stainless steel or iron rod called a \"punty\" for shaping and transferring the hollow piece from the blowpipe to provide an opening and to finalize the top. The \"bench\" is a glassblower's workstation, and has a place for the glassblower to sit, a place for the handheld tools, and two rails that the pipe or punty rides on while the blower works with the piece. \"Blocks\" are ladle-like tools made from water-soaked fruitwood, and are used similarly to the marver to shape and cool a piece in the early steps of creation. In similar fashion, pads of water-soaked newspaper (roughly square, thick), held in the bare hand, can be used to shape the piece. \"Jacks\" are tools shaped somewhat like large tweezers with two blades, which are used for forming shape later in the creation of a piece. \"Paddles\" are flat pieces of wood or graphite used for creating flat spots such as a bottom. Tweezers are used to pick out details or to pull on the glass. There are two important types of shears, straight shears and diamond shears. Straight shears are essentially bulky scissors, used for making linear cuts. Diamond shears have blades that form a diamond shape when partially open. These are used for cutting off masses of glass. There are many ways to apply patterns and color to blown glass, including rolling molten glass in powdered color or larger pieces of colored glass called \"frit\". Complex patterns with great detail can be created through the use of cane (rods of colored glass) and murrine (rods cut in cross-sections to reveal patterns). These pieces of color can be arranged in a pattern on a flat surface, and then \"picked up\" by rolling a bubble of molten glass over them. One of the most exacting and complicated caneworking techniques is \"reticello\", which involves creating two bubbles from cane, each twisted in a different direction and then combining them and blowing out the final form. Lampworkers, usually operating on a much smaller scale, historically used alcohol lamps and breath- or bellows-driven air to create a hot flame at a workbench to manipulate preformed glass rods and tubes. These stock materials took form as laboratory glassware, beads, and durable scientific \"specimens\"—miniature glass sculpture. The craft, which was raised to an art form in the late 1960s by Hans Godo Frabel (later followed by lampwork artists such as Milon Townsend and Robert Mickelson), is still practiced today. The modern lampworker uses a flame of oxygen and propane or natural gas. The modern torch permits working both the soft glass from the furnace worker and the borosilicate glass (low-expansion) of the scientific glassblower. This latter worker may also have multiple headed torches and special lathes to help form the glass or fused quartz used for special projects.", "", "The earliest evidence of glassblowing comes from a collection of waste from a glass shop, including fragments of glass tubes, glass rods and tiny blown bottles, which was dumped in a mikvah, a ritual bath in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, dated from 37 to 4 BC. Some of the glass tubes recovered are fire-closed at one end and are partially inflated by blowing through the open end while still hot to form a small bottle; thus they are considered as a rudimentary form of blowpipe. Hence, tube blowing not only represents the initial attempts of experimentation by glassworkers at blowing glass, it is also a revolutionary step that induced a change in conception and a deep understanding of glass. Such inventions swiftly eclipsed all other traditional methods, such as casting and core-forming, in working glass.", "The invention of glassblowing coincided with the establishment of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, which enhanced the spread and dominance of this new technology. Glassblowing was greatly supported by the Roman government (although Roman citizens could not be \"in trade\", in particular under the reign of Augustus), and glass was being blown in many areas of the Roman world. On the eastern borders of the Empire, the first large glass workshops were set up by the Phoenicians in the birthplace of glassblowing in contemporary Lebanon and Israel as well as in the neighbouring province of Cyprus. Ennion for example, was among the most prominent glassworkers from Lebanon of the time. He was renowned for producing the multi-paneled mold-blown glass vessels that were complex in their shapes, arrangement and decorative motifs. The complexity of designs of these mold-blown glass vessels illustrated the sophistication of the glassworkers in the eastern regions of the Roman Empire. Mold-blown glass vessels manufactured by the workshops of Ennion and other contemporary glassworkers such as Jason, Nikon, Aristeas, and Meges, constitutes some of the earliest evidence of glassblowing found in the eastern territories. Eventually, the glassblowing technique reached Egypt and was described in a fragmentary poem printed on papyrus which was dated to the 3rd century AD. The Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean areas resulted in the substitution of glassblowing for earlier Hellenistic casting, core-forming and mosaic fusion techniques. The earliest evidence of blowing in Hellenistic work consists of small blown bottles for perfume and oil retrieved from the glass workshops on the Greek island of Samothrace and at Corinth in mainland Greece which were dated to the 1st century AD. Later, the Phoenician glassworkers exploited their glassblowing techniques and set up their workshops in the western territories of the Roman Empire, first in Italy by the middle of the 1st century AD. Rome, the heartland of the empire, soon became a major glassblowing center, and more glassblowing workshops were subsequently established in other provinces of Italy, for example Campania, Morgantina and Aquileia. A great variety of blown glass objects, ranging from unguentaria (toiletry containers for perfume) to cameo, from tableware to window glass, were produced. From there, escaping craftsmen (who had been forbidden to travel) otherwise advanced to the rest of Europe by building their glassblowing workshops in the north of the Alps (which is now Switzerland), and then at sites in northern Europe in present-day France and Belgium. One of the most prolific glassblowing centers of the Roman period was established in Cologne on the river Rhine in Germany by late 1st century BC. Stone base molds and terracotta base molds were discovered from these Rhineland workshops, suggesting the adoption and the application of mold-blowing technique by the glassworkers. Besides, blown flagons and blown jars decorated with ribbing, as well as blown perfume bottles with letters CCAA or CCA which stand for Colonia Claudia Agrippiniensis, were produced from the Rhineland workshops. Remains of blown blue-green glass vessels, for example bottles with handles, collared bowls and indented beakers, were found in abundance from the local glass workshops at Poetovio and Celeia in Slovenia. Surviving physical evidence, such as blowpipes and molds which are indicative of the presence of blowing, is fragmentary and limited. Pieces of clay blowpipes were retrieved from the late 1st century AD glass workshop at Avenches in Switzerland. Clay blowpipes, also known as mouthblowers, were made by the ancient glassworkers due to the accessibility and availability of the resources before the introduction of the metal blowpipes. Hollow iron rods, together with blown vessel fragments and glass waste dating to approximately 4th century AD, were recovered from the glass workshop in Mérida of Spain, as well as in Salona in Croatia.", "The glass blowing tradition was carried on in Europe from the medieval period through the Middle Ages to the Renaissance in the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. During the early medieval period, the Franks manipulated the technique of glassblowing by creating the simple corrugated molds and developing the claws decoration techniques. Blown glass objects, such as the drinking vessels that imitated the shape of the animal horn were produced in the Rhine and Meuse valleys, as well as in Belgium. The Byzantine glassworkers made mold-blown glass decorated with Christian and Jewish symbols in Jerusalem between late 6th century and the middle of the 7th century AD. Mold-blown vessels with facets, relief and linear-cut decoration were discovered at Samarra in the Islamic lands. Renaissance Europe witnessed the revitalization of glass industry in Italy. Glassblowing, in particular the mold-blowing technique, was employed by the Venetian glassworkers from Murano to produce the fine glassware which is also known as \"cristallo\". The technique of glassblowing, coupled with the cylinder and crown methods, was used to manufacture sheet or flat glass for window panes in the late 17th century. The applicability of glassblowing was so widespread that glass was being blown in many parts of the world, for example, in China, Japan and the Islamic Lands. The Nøstetangen Museum at Hokksund, Norway, shows how glass was made according to ancient tradition. The Nøstetangenglassworks had operated there from 1741 to 1777, producing table-glass and chandeliers in the German and English styles.", "The \"studio glass movement\" began in 1962 when Harvey Littleton, a ceramics professor, and Dominick Labino, a chemist and engineer, held two workshops at the Toledo Museum of Art, during which they started experimenting with melting glass in a small furnace and creating blown glass art. Littleton promoted the use of small furnaces in individual artists studios. This approach to glassblowing blossomed into a worldwide movement, producing such flamboyant and prolific artists as Dale Chihuly, Dante Marioni, Fritz Driesbach and Marvin Lipofsky as well as chronicglass and scores of other modern glass artists. Today there are many different institutions around the world that offer glassmaking resources for training and sharing equipment. Working with large or complex pieces requires a team of several glassworkers, in a complex choreography of precisely timed movements. This practical requirement has encouraged collaboration among glass artists, in both semi-permanent and temporary working groups.", "The writer Daphne du Maurier was descended from a family of glass-blowers in 18th century France, and she wrote about her forebears in the 1963 historical novel \"The Glass-Blowers\". The subject of mystery novelist Donna Leon's \"Through a Glass, Darkly\" is the investigation of a crime in a Venetian glassworks on the island of Murano." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 884, 9, 41153, 5980, 136, 96599, 57377, 39, 111, 70, 116625, 43114, 72944, 154186, 70, 35187, 111, 167821, 97308, 8780, 136, 2363, 43240, 765, 2809, 88551, 23, 70, 44457, 7, 111, 70, 25443, 136, 6, 119598, 53, 5, 7142, 172647, 7, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 34739, 10, 37515, 33946, 23, 151878, 13, 136, 44, 58460, 4935, 58, 42615, 8305, 70, 4488, 111, 9920, 138095, 4, 38157, 7362, 45481, 8064, 1484, 4, 25031, 106878, 191, 37700, 4, 14631, 14787, 7868, 4383, 4, 3050, 45207, 24344, 92, 9491, 4, 9920, 4002, 56, 4, 136, 126741, 71047, 5, 171184, 8, 88986, 4, 43552, 111, 1529, 143006, 136, 845, 114686, 132268, 99, 105109, 12535, 4, 17378, 450, 129551, 47, 28166, 33876, 111558, 4, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 151878, 13, 42615, 4, 10, 39210, 20787, 48461, 289, 40865, 1363, 205556, 7, 70, 5201, 8999, 42615, 7, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 360, 70, 35187, 111, 151878, 13, 42615, 4, 70, 95487, 111, 58480, 1771, 42615, 7, 58055, 7, 111, 70, 17262, 22460, 2347, 48242, 42615, 7, 4, 14949, 2481, 4, 3726, 136, 91852, 8780, 4, 3129, 63043, 58480, 15, 13025, 143006, 44, 284, 28948, 3915, 58, 4838, 1982, 17698, 2442, 76216, 203232, 74, 197212, 44, 568, 2844, 10706, 58, 134991, 1388, 237, 10, 2831, 111, 2363, 57, 89921, 32692, 5, 105508, 56, 42615, 7, 6044, 237, 31652, 709, 25, 430, 563, 31567, 450, 11177, 903, 76811, 621, 68018, 99201, 1284, 621, 27983, 171, 217, 3674, 5, 581, 7311, 144239, 23, 70, 3430, 111, 58480, 155605, 100512, 81113, 538, 22460, 2347, 48242, 13379, 9, 5636, 71916, 6402, 91852, 8780, 5, 91852, 8780, 83, 90698, 390, 167821, 845, 19725, 47, 186, 70, 125195, 111, 70, 552, 127922, 450, 3430, 170920, 678, 70, 91345, 111, 8254, 5, 845, 19725, 16401, 450, 70, 717, 3962, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 150679, 7986, 51529, 237, 70, 1218, 1141, 127, 707, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 4, 1836, 2843, 18822, 23, 10, 107506, 289, 30202, 40250, 33636, 297, 390, 14432, 7986, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 23166, 41535, 136, 70, 10656, 66314, 5, 14949, 7, 18822, 450, 14949, 2481, 83, 70, 211394, 674, 136, 9454, 1363, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 25074, 65295, 5, 14949, 7, 18822, 450, 9716, 15, 13025, 143006, 44, 91480, 39608, 58, 4231, 38678, 82920, 33809, 206906, 16, 83, 70, 10, 634, 14, 3674, 33024, 1366, 15, 136658, 16, 100, 126, 18345, 23, 70, 25074, 65295, 502, 20133, 58732, 4, 136, 18822, 23, 221419, 2356, 65295, 26499, 3408, 5, 14949, 7, 23, 4537, 18822, 23, 450, 9716, 83, 70, 23, 107032, 1363, 707, 4815, 111, 3430, 5, 581, 481, 49512, 6468, 137567, 16401, 23, 39210, 450, 70, 23, 107032, 1363, 4, 35910, 53, 4, 178707, 4, 47219, 98, 70, 41421, 4, 136, 3332, 33724, 10763, 111, 9716, 509, 100, 70, 32037, 1363, 111, 332, 68347, 5, 3726, 18822, 7, 70, 13379, 14949, 136, 845, 114686, 26499, 30891, 765, 2809, 6, 66157, 297, 645, 1733, 136, 621, 110, 51713, 70, 7311, 82370, 13, 36919, 5256, 237, 34475, 47, 70, 845, 114686, 3395, 136, 47, 112440, 4, 9716, 4, 136, 3789, 25793, 49344, 5, 1326, 22458, 7, 4, 70, 46123, 83, 70, 2704, 4, 28484, 36919, 1363, 1295, 3430, 15, 161974, 238, 1423, 44, 32006, 74054, 2750, 18822, 442, 47, 765, 2809, 122273, 297, 47, 10571, 75447, 4, 2750, 83, 18822, 71, 390, 22458, 7, 47, 186, 70, 2704, 25793, 1448, 111, 3726, 4, 136, 70, 44, 137055, 2537, 142, 9, 4645, 40165, 9298, 830, 91084, 70, 4568, 111, 70, 25793, 49344, 17669, 9325, 390, 2207, 24073, 184, 289, 111, 70, 25793, 49344, 51029, 44978, 71, 98, 70, 22458, 26366, 111, 70, 12576, 66972, 4, 70, 20654, 67, 51913, 748, 111, 14135, 68347, 136, 70, 2704, 87, 93347, 111, 70, 384, 8420, 272, 26743, 7, 4, 2132, 10571, 8294, 24842, 4, 14432, 51529, 237, 28943, 4, 75935, 70, 73152, 7403, 112664, 1810, 111, 70, 144239, 450, 764, 509, 70, 70836, 47, 70, 384, 8420, 2480, 127, 87, 93347, 5, 3293, 26073, 297, 10, 36356, 678, 3726, 136, 26859, 10, 3525, 167821, 5426, 4, 73152, 6454, 39, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 70, 128136, 7, 10, 65450, 74918, 2822, 7103, 3129, 70, 18410, 144732, 111, 73152, 7403, 7, 2750, 90698, 187279, 20387, 74579, 9473, 55725, 707, 31652, 709, 25, 34, 25, 141, 4962, 127, 47, 186, 73152, 275, 25, 7, 41205, 39457, 42, 14037, 297, 70, 31652, 709, 25, 430, 209410, 4, 12960, 70, 66320, 939, 2750, 134629, 8273, 127, 9, 14, 9, 284, 14987, 21449, 47, 186, 35839, 1155, 10836, 5, 581, 31652, 709, 25, 430, 91853, 155605, 100512, 10, 4393, 9, 420, 181606, 71, 42615, 111, 6863, 10002, 4, 70, 31652, 709, 25, 430, 563, 31567, 5, 360, 225490, 47, 70, 3789, 58480, 1771, 42615, 7, 4, 91852, 8780, 4, 14949, 2481, 136, 3726, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 606, 3334, 35066, 100, 52694, 14, 109208, 136, 3789, 43967, 58480, 1771, 42615, 7, 621, 959, 4552, 88551, 5, 13538, 111, 70, 17262, 13036, 58480, 1771, 109208, 7, 4, 14949, 2481, 136, 91852, 8780, 621, 70, 6626, 42615, 7, 450, 45, 74789, 70, 2684, 23, 70, 25443, 136, 41361, 5, 581, 186768, 182809, 111, 3726, 136, 91852, 8780, 26859, 23, 70, 361, 927, 142642, 18471, 678, 70, 59665, 136, 93403, 111, 3726, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 39210, 128746, 17721, 3726, 136, 91852, 8780, 4, 136, 237, 3726, 126809, 4, 442, 128839, 538, 100512, 70, 13036, 42615, 20903, 271, 47, 91852, 8780, 5, 1301, 233, 144429, 47, 14949, 2481, 4, 3129, 62038, 3674, 1295, 182809, 17721, 142, 45964, 160600, 4, 12610, 4, 136, 1529, 143006, 29394, 7, 4, 91852, 8780, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 3726, 23, 6863, 20531, 167821, 6, 206468, 4, 45646, 4, 100491, 26992, 555, 329, 136, 41361, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 40250, 7, 28032, 3726, 62038, 1916, 1295, 40250, 7, 28032, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 707, 1295, 1305, 9, 964, 7121, 6827, 845, 114686, 40250, 7, 5, 32255, 41361, 7, 621, 51529, 143849, 538, 237, 70, 44, 29598, 219, 25, 379, 22890, 740, 581, 186768, 182809, 17721, 14949, 2481, 136, 3726, 37067, 7, 20531, 25647, 23, 14949, 2481, 678, 21373, 64333, 23, 3726, 5, 3726, 26946, 7, 5941, 128746, 111, 14949, 2481, 237, 2831, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 113307, 45023, 42615, 83, 70, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 35187, 111, 42615, 7, 142837, 678, 70, 242161, 225490, 111, 70, 51584, 33310, 90, 136, 41361, 7, 4, 2856, 90, 4, 136, 24725, 7, 15, 216561, 212416, 16, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 42615, 7, 5, 360, 4537, 70, 151878, 13, 35187, 111, 42615, 11180, 19388, 7, 10, 53894, 56, 100094, 111, 70, 20531, 99644, 6827, 50509, 7, 111, 42615, 6044, 237, 82, 75708, 7, 4, 23550, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 136, 70, 31425, 136, 3173, 7, 111, 32037, 1363, 5, 148027, 214, 6044, 4912, 33493, 1636, 10, 134744, 33, 297, 136, 1286, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 100094, 111, 14135, 144239, 7, 136, 41361, 7, 118861, 70, 57, 89921, 4, 315, 1249, 10821, 4, 41205, 4, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geographical classification.", "Middle Eastern religions.", "Abrahamic or Western Asian religions.", "Iranian religions.", "Indian religions.", "East Asian or Taoic religions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Al-Biruni and Ibn Hazm of the Islamic Golden Age compared the study of religious pluralism and their works have been significant in the fields of theology and philosophy. Social scientists in the 19th century took a strong interest in comparative and \"primitive\" religion through the work of Max Müller, Edward Burnett Tylor, William Robertson Smith, James George Frazer, Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Rudolf Otto. Nicholas de Lange, Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Cambridge University, says that", "According to Charles Joseph Adams, in the field of comparative religion, a common geographical classification discerns the main world religions as follows:", "", "In the study of comparative religion, the category of Abrahamic religions consists of the three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism, which claim Abraham (Hebrew \"Avraham\" אַבְרָהָם; Arabic \"Ibrahim\" إبراهيم ) as a part of their sacred history. Smaller religions such as Bahá'í Faith that fit this description are sometimes included but are often omitted. The original belief in the God of Abraham eventually became strictly monotheistic present-day Rabbinic Judaism. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel. Jews hold that the Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, they also believe in a supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Christians believe that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Jewish Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus (Hebrew \"Yeshua\" יֵשׁוּעַ) is the awaited Messiah (Christ) foretold in the Old Testament prophecies, and believe in subsequent New Testament scripture. Christians in general believe in that Jesus is the incarnation or Son of God. Their creeds generally hold in common that the incarnation, ministry, suffering, death on the cross, and resurrection of Jesus was for the salvation of mankind. Islam believes the present Christian and Jewish scriptures have been corrupted over time and are no longer the original divine revelations as given to the Jewish people and to Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. For Muslims, the Quran is the final, complete revelation from God (Arabic الله \"Allah\"), who believe it to have been revealed to Muhammad alone, who is believed by Muslims to be the final prophet of Islam, and the \"Khatam an-Nabiyyin\", meaning the last of the prophets ever sent by Allah (\"seal of the prophets\"). Based on the Muslim figure of the Mahdī, the ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams, Ali Muhammad Shirazi, later known as Bab, created the Bábí movement out of the belief that he was the gate to the Twelfth Imām. This signaled a break with Islam and started a new religious system, Bábism. However, in the 1860s a split occurred after which the vast majority of Bábís who considered Mirza Husayn `Ali or Bahá'u'lláh to be Báb's spiritual successor founded the Bahá'í Movement, while the minority who followed Subh-i-Azal came to be called Azalis. The Bahá'í division eventually became a full-fledged religion of its own, the Bahá'í Faith. In comparison to the other Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the number of adherents for Bahai faith and other minor Abrahamic religions are not very significant. Out of the three major Abrahamic faiths, Christianity and Judaism are the two religions that diverge the most in theology and practice. The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam. There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism, and as Islam developed, it gradually became the major religion closest to Judaism. As opposed to Christianity, which originated from interaction between ancient Greek, Roman, and Hebrew cultures, Judaism is very similar to Islam in its fundamental religious outlook, structure, jurisprudence and practice. There are many traditions within Islam originating from traditions within the Hebrew Bible or from post-biblical Jewish traditions. These practices are known collectively as the \"Isra'iliyat\". The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam. Islam accepts many aspects of Christianity as part of its faithwith some differences in interpretationand rejects other aspects. Islam believes the Quran is the final revelation from God and a completion of all previous revelations, including the Bible. Notable comparative religion figures include Ibn Hazm, Ahmed Deedat and Zakir Naik.", "Several important religions and religious movements originated in Greater Iran, that is, among speakers of various Iranian languages. They include Mithraism, Ætsæg Din, Yazdanism, Ahl-e Haqq, Zurvanism, Mandaeism, Manichaeism, and Mazdakism.", "In comparative religion, Indian religions consists of all the religions that originated in South Asia. Certain scholars claimed that Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world with origins perhaps as far back as to the prehistoric times, or 5000 years. So \"the kinship of the religions of India stems from the fact that Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs look back to Hinduism as their common mother.\" Al-Biruni deeply studied the Vedic religions and through his works essential details about pre 11th century India's religions and cultures were found.Adi Shankaracharya was an early 8th century philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. Gautama Buddha is mentioned as an Avatar of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism. Most Hindus believe the Buddha accepted and incorporated many tenets of Hinduism in his doctrine, however, Buddhists disagree and state there was no such thing as Hinduism at the time of Buddha and in fact, \"Indeed, it absorbed so many Buddhist traits that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the latter in medieval and later Hinduism.\" Prominent modern Hindu reformers such as Mahatma Gandhi and Vivekananda acknowledge Buddhist influence. Gandhi, like Hindus himself did not believe Buddha established a non-Hindu tradition. He writes, \"I do not regard Jainism or Buddhism as separate from Hinduism.\"", "A Taoic religion is a religion, or religious philosophy, that focuses on the East Asian concept of \"Tao\" (\"The Way\"). This forms a large group of eastern religions including Taoism, Confucianism, Jeung San Do, Shintoism, I-Kuan Tao, Chondogyo, and Chen Tao. In large parts of East Asia, Buddhism has taken on some taoic features. \"Tao\" can be roughly stated to be the flow of the universe, or the force behind the natural order. It is believed to be the influence that keeps the universe balanced and ordered and is associated with nature, due to a belief that nature demonstrates the \"Tao\". The flow of \"Ch'i\", as the essential energy of action and existence, is compared to the universal order of \"Tao\". Following the \"Tao\" is also associated with a \"proper\" attitude, morality and lifestyle. This is intimately tied to the complex concept of \"De\", or literally \"virtue\" or \"power.\" \"De\" is the active expression of \"Tao\". Taoism and Ch'an Buddhism for centuries had a mutual influence on each other in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. These influences were inherited by Zen Buddhism when Ch'an Buddhism arrived in Japan and adapted as Zen Buddhism." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 239, 38648, 31016, 62038, 3674, 23, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 41714, 70, 35968, 100, 10, 3525, 68894, 19085, 47, 33636, 70, 33946, 7, 136, 27117, 111, 70, 27081, 20697, 18507, 4, 10, 53397, 48461, 3129, 1902, 124735, 23, 14012, 4, 136, 5941, 111, 136565, 4734, 21647, 297, 166, 420, 102863, 678, 70, 46692, 111, 70, 130877, 1363, 111, 70, 41021, 25515, 166555, 5, 31384, 43032, 111, 70, 52350, 7, 69941, 112664, 100512, 60892, 23, 98567, 3934, 70, 68894, 44457, 4, 136, 7103, 53333, 111938, 7, 111, 70, 20875, 214, 160981, 23, 171512, 136, 143359, 4, 70, 91441, 31016, 22, 31004, 297, 3060, 52350, 9, 87046, 31411, 297, 25469, 90, 5, 581, 5117, 360, 122815, 4, 10, 64009, 11, 1515, 32786, 111, 70, 71276, 35966, 3674, 67081, 111, 85736, 7514, 5406, 30624, 7, 4, 14978, 627, 5, 109028, 7, 4, 26171, 71, 23, 1919, 69941, 32845, 206, 450, 70, 64166, 32528, 77699, 11782, 10, 5361, 108870, 47, 19095, 25842, 756, 25737, 9, 14775, 139240, 136, 3173, 2856, 3934, 10, 11001, 14361, 450, 2806, 31411, 223606, 6635, 25469, 90, 5, 581, 78112, 509, 115081, 99, 756, 36541, 7, 390, 70, 16512, 441, 4, 136, 70, 26171, 71, 108870, 509, 34658, 99, 70, 237626, 6236, 139040, 19449, 98, 7325, 2852, 4445, 15130, 4, 9020, 98, 1381, 136, 1438, 22482, 33418, 5, 581, 41714, 509, 29966, 297, 390, 10, 134744, 235079, 111, 20697, 9, 67413, 136, 25737, 9, 14775, 139240, 2451, 18, 70367, 69941, 7, 33636, 297, 1672, 1632, 50960, 581, 14487, 64972, 4537, 81843, 24124, 4828, 239, 38648, 10646, 7, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 13038, 111, 8127, 4, 10, 88551, 91375, 53, 16792, 4, 10, 6602, 8108, 70, 81843, 4, 70, 13038, 111, 47443, 7, 1902, 115081, 70, 2027, 3422, 86, 240713, 3114, 2069, 450, 52350, 69941, 43032, 2806, 765, 47, 242, 2146, 18, 23, 25, 47, 135834, 127752, 7, 47, 239, 38648, 4, 43257, 3501, 2363, 149707, 8035, 44136, 4806, 5, 581, 23131, 214, 91441, 7, 3542, 51, 110641, 214, 47, 69495, 289, 903, 80209, 51957, 678, 158978, 27047, 1363, 5, 581, 155955, 111, 91441, 134454, 13, 509, 47, 65508, 10, 259, 429, 100, 74057, 7, 111, 223606, 47, 87388, 70, 3871, 47, 83687, 70, 52350, 69941, 7, 5, 3311, 70351, 4, 2577, 71, 678, 70, 177986, 111, 70, 142105, 52350, 69941, 7, 4, 70, 91441, 27759, 115081, 70, 64166, 6206, 7077, 90, 25515, 47, 63769, 69941, 7, 581, 61242, 4537, 81843, 509, 5775, 46526, 98, 70, 78771, 42991, 25, 48431, 1419, 152132, 7, 1284, 4, 102971, 1836, 4163, 70, 2684, 43374, 7, 136, 47143, 297, 70, 142105, 19085, 4, 1836, 72856, 2363, 144732, 23, 366, 150, 11533, 4, 106919, 214, 70, 27643, 111, 10, 27759, 8060, 214, 4092, 52350, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 678, 70, 1030, 3181, 6964, 6620, 111, 1301, 3181, 927, 25, 7, 91441, 7, 4, 8446, 20347, 4727, 217258, 100512, 70, 5117, 17669, 239, 38648, 56195, 33744, 23, 18982, 58410, 4, 3173, 214, 70, 5117, 239, 38648, 27759, 4, 8, 61518, 239, 38648, 4734, 19441, 121621, 10646, 7, 15, 9393, 3501, 10, 50960, 111, 70, 13038, 111, 8127, 194, 581, 2684, 88551, 69307, 674, 111, 70, 5117, 239, 38648, 27759, 509, 70, 601, 156253, 4293, 45471, 6953, 25515, 4, 3129, 80723, 10, 33976, 26693, 111, 6, 183191, 14834, 18276, 7, 100, 129264, 47, 27226, 72090, 133325, 5, 122257, 1363, 98, 53019, 4, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 4, 2265, 42169, 136, 6, 86216, 48431, 509, 2843, 115081, 5, 33306, 4, 6637, 70, 27759, 1902, 47, 456, 538, 98, 70, 8060, 111, 70, 91441, 7, 442, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 29479, 5941, 111, 6863, 1286, 10941, 14, 10821, 102880, 6044, 237, 15889, 15032, 111, 70, 552, 289, 53099, 4, 707, 10, 10323, 124249, 5, 106073, 110, 53560, 65572, 3542, 65508, 71, 4, 239, 38648, 106804, 214, 450, 1836, 3542, 87709, 111, 23131, 214, 5, 51404, 2685, 3542, 110, 13036, 150385, 153350, 7, 20271, 1919, 13579, 4, 4727, 217258, 10, 89829, 91, 2452, 2480, 538, 47, 3564, 8382, 450, 6777, 3599, 6328, 5, 14847, 70, 239, 38648, 31016, 159354, 35778, 52021, 70, 27759, 4, 764, 360, 70, 54566, 4537, 81843, 4, 70, 239, 38648, 31016, 100512, 70, 142105, 23, 70, 13038, 111, 8127, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 4, 678, 1372, 966, 40, 9821, 136, 4669, 5, 13961, 111, 70, 5700, 43374, 5, 33306, 4727, 217258, 509, 7464, 28702, 1236, 98, 91441, 8060, 47, 3173, 10, 66320, 939, 27759, 5, 4727, 217258, 23409, 98, 47, 6, 140545, 130891, 25, 7, 5117, 46667, 100348, 24284, 74, 94037, 49078, 28394, 4, 2750, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 33744, 111, 239, 38648, 5, 4727, 217258, 25, 7, 17932, 27759, 509, 23, 10, 37515, 56, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 19069, 3501, 1919, 5117, 4, 136, 23, 28730, 239, 38648, 509, 19048, 47, 27875, 27047, 1363, 47, 138804, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 8783, 4, 52295, 259, 4188, 136, 27289, 23, 70, 552, 289, 53099, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 70, 37348, 50155, 70, 9082, 141040, 13, 16, 136, 27875, 10, 185517, 27992, 3129, 162393, 98, 91, 4689, 34735, 60502, 5, 79281, 115730, 56, 1681, 4, 3163, 89829, 23, 66426, 47, 214493, 4727, 217258, 4, 72856, 1919, 40, 257, 23, 70, 66426, 4537, 81843, 5, 581, 4734, 36770, 239, 38648, 100348, 32786, 2750, 1902, 10267, 122009, 1919, 40, 257, 4, 70, 67780, 1029, 271, 14787, 10082, 7, 87180, 4, 59499, 538, 100512, 19085, 57724, 5, 581, 19085, 122446, 15700, 65450, 23, 60775, 3229, 70, 115769, 239, 38648, 31016, 4, 3129, 100, 3060, 5369, 1902, 2809, 118055, 538, 99, 103044, 678, 70, 239, 38648, 133465, 4, 233, 3674, 47, 45, 38515, 124903, 67, 1295, 70, 239, 38648, 31016, 136, 352, 1299, 12225, 98, 10, 4989, 4, 581, 19085, 176377, 47, 27759, 23, 27712, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 1631, 6032, 5798, 150, 1363, 5, 14847, 799, 10745, 177467, 16442, 199747, 297, 23, 70, 31576, 111, 27712, 4, 23, 277, 214, 56195, 33744, 221606, 209800, 68872, 47, 19095, 70, 3789, 5201, 68036, 3934, 10, 5798, 150, 1363, 21373, 47, 450, 111, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 5, 151196, 9208, 63448, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 47443, 131278, 53, 126970, 136, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 1631, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1631, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 239, 38648, 31016, 83, 10, 11698, 9, 133, 2480, 68894, 19085, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 450, 1556, 2809, 151552, 237, 142, 144, 87587, 111, 2265, 133969, 7, 4, 139869, 99866, 7, 136, 52350, 69941, 64370, 5, 360, 756, 4537, 81843, 7, 16792, 63445, 4, 239, 38648, 1556, 2809, 40101, 70, 23131, 214, 19085, 707, 70, 90512, 2331, 40322, 5, 8622, 765, 2809, 37195, 239, 38648, 56195, 33744, 7, 136, 136659, 39333, 90, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900).", "Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906).", "Early years (1906–1923).", "First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929).", "Second Labour government (1929–1931).", "Labour in opposition (1931–1940).", "Wartime coalition (1940–1945).", "Attlee government (1945–1951).", "Post-war consensus (1951–1964).", "Wilson government (1964–1970).", "Spell in opposition (1970–1974).", "Majority to minority (1974–1979).", "Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994).", "New Labour (1994–2010).", "Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present).", "Ideology.", "Constitution and structure.", "Membership and registered supporters.", "Trade union link.", "European and international affiliation.", "Electoral performance.", "UK-wide elections.", "European Parliament elections.", "Leadership.", "Living former Labour Party leaders.", "Living former Labour Party deputy leaders." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first", "In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Congregational Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street, London on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third", "The December 1910 general election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that trade union members would have to 'opt in' to sending contributions to Labour, rather than their consent being presumed. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the trade unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest trade unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow unions", "The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons). The most significant achievement of the first Labour government was the Wheatley Housing Act, which began a building programme of 500,000 municipal houses for rental to low paid workers. Legislation on education, unemployment, social insurance and tenant protection was also passed. However, because the government had to rely on the support of the Liberals it was unable to implement many of its more contentious policies such as nationalisation of the coal industry, or a capital levy. Although no radical changes were introduced, Labour demonstrating that they were capable of governing. While there were no major labour strikes during his term, MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt. When the Labour Party executive criticised the government, he", "In the 1929 general election, the Labour Party became the largest in the House of Commons for the first time, with 287 seats and 37.1% of the popular vote. However MacDonald was still reliant on Liberal support to form a minority government. MacDonald went on to appoint Britain's first woman cabinet minister; Margaret Bondfield, who was appointed Minister of Labour. MacDonald's second government was in a stronger parliamentary position than his first, and in 1930 Labour was able to pass legislation to raise unemployment pay, improve wages and conditions in the coal industry (i.e. the issues behind the General Strike) and pass a housing act which focused on slum clearances.", "Arthur Henderson, elected in 1931 to succeed MacDonald, lost his seat in the 1931 general election. The only former Labour cabinet member who had retained his seat, the pacifist George Lansbury, accordingly became party leader. The party experienced another split in 1932 when the Independent Labour Party, which for some years had been increasingly at odds with the Labour leadership, opted to disaffiliate from the Labour Party and embarked on a long,", "The party returned to government in 1940 as part of the wartime coalition. When Neville Chamberlain resigned in the spring of 1940, incoming Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided to bring the other main parties into a coalition similar to that of the First World War. Clement Attlee was appointed Lord Privy Seal and a member of the war", "At the end of the war in Europe, in May 1945, Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals' error of 1918, and promptly withdrew from government, on trade union insistence, to contest the 1945 general election in opposition to Churchill's Conservatives. Surprising many observers, Labour won a landslide victory, winning just under 50% of the vote with a majority of 159 seats. Although Clement Attlee was no great radical himself, Attlee's government proved one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, enacting Keynesian economic policies, presiding over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas, and inland transport (including railways, road haulage and canals). It developed and implemented the \"cradle to grave\" welfare state conceived by the economist William Beveridge. To this day, most people in the United Kingdom see the 1948 creation of Britain's National Health Service (NHS) under health minister Aneurin Bevan, which gave publicly funded medical treatment for", "Following the defeat of 1951, the party spent 13 years in opposition. The party suffered an ideological split, between the party's left-wing followers of Aneurin Bevan (known as Bevanites), and the right-wing of the party following Hugh Gaitskell (known as Gaitskellites) while the postwar economic recovery and the social effects of Attlee's reforms made the public broadly content with the Conservative governments of the time. The ageing Attlee contested his final general", "A downturn in the economy and a series of scandals in the early 1960s (the most notorious being the Profumo affair) had engulfed the Conservative government by 1963. The Labour Party returned to government with a 4-seat majority under Wilson in the 1964 general election but increased its majority to 96 in the 1966 general election. Wilson's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolishment of the death penalty", "After losing the 1970 general election, Labour returned to opposition, but retained Harold Wilson as Leader. Heath's government soon ran into trouble over Northern Ireland and a dispute with miners in 1973 which led to the \"three-day week\". The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservatives and Labour due to the 1973 oil crisis which caused high inflation and a global recession. The Labour Party was returned to power again under Wilson a", "For much of its time in office the Labour government struggled with serious economic problems and a precarious majority in the Commons, while the party's internal dissent over Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, which Britain had entered under Edward Heath in 1972, led in 1975 to a national referendum on the issue in which two thirds of the public supported continued membership. Harold Wilson's personal popularity remained reasonably high but he unexpectedly resigned as Prime Minister in 1976 citing health reasons, and was replaced by James Callaghan. The Wilson and Callaghan governments", "After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The \"Militant\" newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983. The Labour Party was defeated heavily in the 1983 general election, winning only 27.6% of the vote, its lowest share since", "Tony Blair continued to move the party further to the centre, abandoning the largely symbolic Clause Four at the 1995 mini-conference in a strategy to increase the party's appeal to \"middle England\". More than a simple re-branding, however, the project would draw upon the Third Way strategy, informed by the thoughts of the British sociologist Anthony Giddens. New Labour was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called \"New Labour, New Life For Britain\". It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. New Labour as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as \"Old Labour\". The Labour Party won the", "Harriet Harman became the Leader of the Opposition and acting Leader of the Labour Party following the resignation of Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010, pending a leadership election subsequently won by Ed Miliband. Miliband emphasised \"responsible capitalism\" and greater state intervention to change the balance of the economy away from financial services. Tackling vested interests and opening up closed circles in British society were themes he returned to a number of times. Miliband also argued for greater regulation of banks and energy companies. He adopted the \"One Nation Labour\" branding in 2012. The Parliamentary Labour Party voted to abolish Shadow Cabinet elections in 2011, ratified by the National Executive Committee and Party Conference. Henceforth the leader of the party chose the Shadow Cabinet members. The party's performance held up in the 2012 local elections, with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands while also regaining some ground in Southern England. In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh councils lost in 2008, including Cardiff. In Scotland, Labour held overall control of Glasgow City Council despite some predictions to the contrary, and also enjoyed a +3.26 swing across Scotland. Results in London were mixed as Ken Livingstone lost the election for Mayor of London, but the party gained its highest ever representation in the Greater London Authority in the concurrent assembly election. At a special conference held on 1 March 2014, the party reformed internal Labour election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a \"one member, one vote\" system following the recommendation of a review by former general-secretary Ray Collins. Mass membership would be encouraged by allowing \"registered supporters\" to join at a low cost as well as full membership. Members from the trade unions would also", "Labour is considered to be a centre-left party. It was initially formed as a means for the trade union movement to establish political representation for itself at Westminster. The Labour Party only gained a \"socialist\" commitment with the original party constitution of 1918, but that \"socialist\" element, the original Clause IV, was seen by its strongest advocates as a straightforward commitment to the \"common ownership\", or nationalisation, of the \"means of production, distribution and exchange\". Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War and remained so until the 1980s, the right of the party were questioning the validity of expanding on this objective by the late 1950s. Influenced by Anthony Crosland's book \"The Future of Socialism\" (1956), the circle around party leader Hugh Gaitskell felt that the commitment was no longer necessary. While an attempt to remove Clause IV from the party constitution in 1959 failed, Tony Blair and the \"modernisers\" saw the issue as putting off potential voters, and were successful 35 years later, with only limited opposition from senior figures in the party. Party electoral manifestos have not contained the term \"socialism\" since 1992. While affirming a commitment to democratic socialism, the new version of Clause IV no longer definitely commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates \"the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition\" along with \"high quality public services [...] either owned by the public or accountable to them\". Historically influenced by Keynesian economics, the party favoured government intervention in the economy, and the redistribution of wealth. Taxation was seen as a means to achieve a \"major redistribution of wealth and income\" in the October 1974 election manifesto. The party also desired increased rights for workers, and a welfare state including publicly funded healthcare. From the late-1980s onwards, the party adopted free market policies, leading many observers to describe the Labour Party as social democratic or the Third Way, rather than democratic socialist. Other commentators go further and argue that traditional social democratic parties across Europe, including the British Labour Party, have been so deeply transformed in recent years that it is no longer possible to describe them ideologically as \"social democratic\", and claim that this ideological shift has put new strains on the Labour Party's traditional relationship with the trade unions. Historically within the party, differentiation was made between the social democratic and the socialist wings of the party, the latter often subscribed to a radical socialist, even Marxist, ideology. In more recent times, a limited number of MPs in the Socialist Campaign Group and the Labour Representation Committee have seen themselves as the standard bearers for the radical socialist tradition in contrast to the democratic socialist tradition represented by organisations such as Compass and the magazine \"Tribune\". The group Progress, founded in 1996, represents the centrist position in the party and was opposed to the Corbyn leadership. In 2015, Momentum was created by Jon Lansman as a grass-roots left-wing organisation following Jeremy Corbyn's election as party leader. Rather than organising among the PLP, Momentum is a rank and file grouping with an estimated 40,000 members.", "The Labour Party is a membership organisation consisting of individual members and constituency Labour parties, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and the Co-operative Party, with which it has an electoral agreement. Members who are elected to parliamentary positions take part in the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP). The party's decision-making bodies on a national level formally include the National Executive Committee (NEC), Labour Party Conference and National Policy Forum (NPF)—although in practice the Parliamentary leadership has the final say on policy. The 2008 Labour Party Conference was the first at which affiliated trade unions and Constituency Labour Parties did not have the right to submit motions on contemporary issues that would previously have been debated. Labour Party conferences now include more \"keynote\" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum. The Labour Party is an unincorporated association without a separate legal personality, and the Labour Party Rule Book legally regulates the organisation and the relationship with members. The General Secretary represents the party on behalf of the other members of the Labour Party in any legal matters or actions.", "In August 2015, prior to the 2015 leadership election, the Labour Party reported 292,505 full members, 147,134 affiliated supporters (mostly from affiliated trade unions and socialist societies) and 110,827 registered supporters; a total of about 550,000 members and supporters., the party had approximately 552,000 full members, making it the largest political party in Western Europe. Consequently, membership fees became the largest component of the party's income, overtaking trade unions donations which were previously of most financial importance, and in 2017 making Labour the most financially well-off British political party. In February 2019, leaked membership figures revealed a decline", "The Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation is the co-ordinating structure that supports the policy and campaign activities of affiliated union members within the Labour Party at the national, regional and local level. As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the RMT being expelled from the", "The Labour Party is a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). The European Parliamentary Labour Party's 10 MEPs are part of the Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the second largest group in the European Parliament. The Labour Party is represented by Emma Reynolds in the PES Presidency. The party was a member of the Labour", "", "", "Elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, and were held under the first past the post system until 1999, when a form of proportional representation was introduced.", "", ", there are", "As of, there" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 8592, 112, 33, 16128, 1556, 51592, 14135, 9615, 19929, 100, 99, 19713, 6, 112694, 5369, 5, 581, 26349, 80723, 237, 6626, 84797, 71119, 127, 7, 12, 25074, 8592, 112, 33, 99, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 96113, 7650, 74, 136, 2356, 8592, 112, 33, 4, 10, 67155, 214, 136, 71702, 9615, 19929, 4, 7440, 70, 1575, 105236, 7401, 7514, 30957, 297, 70, 96113, 262, 13, 44252, 6635, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 178727, 509, 2855, 3674, 390, 25031, 70, 82209, 23, 534, 22377, 136, 39563, 297, 70, 145781, 38109, 2855, 3674, 390, 6765, 87, 5, 360, 702, 2947, 4, 70, 32774, 110373, 56, 111, 12452, 70, 112297, 27198, 297, 8592, 112, 33, 3934, 10, 57266, 9, 8770, 592, 136, 53477, 538, 41371, 26908, 5, 110427, 297, 678, 442, 509, 70, 43573, 1272, 87282, 111, 68804, 126, 4, 124901, 91763, 100, 4806, 70, 18231, 100, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 151301, 18621, 32897, 3129, 7464, 72382, 8592, 4445, 72004, 5, 133698, 70, 34210, 111, 50695, 4745, 213867, 329, 4, 8592, 112, 33, 509, 1379, 14941, 79986, 4, 221, 12452, 70, 112297, 21, 532, 1329, 429, 47, 8592, 112, 33, 120304, 8108, 163684, 214, 442, 23, 702, 8318, 4, 134629, 71924, 214, 70, 14941, 6, 29031, 1681, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 96865, 297, 390, 38157, 4830, 111, 30715, 23, 702, 8659, 4, 1284, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 136, 65042, 297, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 37515, 538, 10204, 47314, 47, 56282, 52875, 7, 390, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 7822, 6468, 4, 1284, 70, 70836, 7, 3542, 184750, 390, 729, 5757, 5, 133698, 70, 34210, 111, 70, 129335, 117604, 7, 111, 611, 12465, 47, 611, 13330, 70, 26349, 509, 12266, 7944, 297, 390, 15044, 5609, 7, 5, 360, 611, 12465, 4, 442, 509, 39958, 136, 13028, 433, 76622, 390, 25674, 1419, 3428, 68818, 7103, 70, 99381, 111, 8592, 112, 33, 136, 6626, 5369, 14432, 442, 509, 3082, 4806, 390, 10, 25674, 1419, 37772, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 70, 1784, 28694, 111, 136392, 538, 5, 360, 611, 13330, 142, 1810, 70751, 111, 373, 837, 6402, 3412, 6261, 152388, 10, 128274, 111, 70, 43904, 5, 360, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 10, 3525, 52649, 19449, 509, 88303, 136, 70, 5117, 2265, 11374, 118775, 678, 70, 360, 23044, 1294, 99, 89568, 73094, 78280, 23, 729, 13023, 136, 70, 42873, 9523, 1301, 53, 4689, 23, 106, 104656, 5, 581, 215394, 80723, 13036, 33816, 136912, 7, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 678, 70, 5201, 209183, 44937, 7, 111, 14787, 15130, 4, 18813, 15130, 136, 32528, 15130, 756, 140528, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 135587, 150449, 43240, 12441, 47, 70, 26349, 141753, 4620, 9167, 18, 23, 543, 2489, 20271, 70, 2795, 9, 4645, 37035, 31, 6402, 105774, 4, 142, 25313, 7565, 987, 19, 109312, 7103, 70, 113157, 1771, 34210, 74, 1284, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 78737, 2481, 14432, 192026, 297, 5, 581, 118055, 25313, 131011, 111, 8592, 112, 33, 136, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 109923, 146049, 136, 67155, 214, 95845, 7, 12441, 47, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 13379, 182, 38648, 26719, 31485, 161824, 136, 70, 25134, 131904, 36448, 4, 136, 70, 111938, 111, 70, 23924, 47231, 5, 27967, 48800, 6, 177476, 174920, 23, 543, 2357, 136, 142, 156856, 71, 7401, 100677, 118775, 23, 149635, 3229, 7401, 509, 42874, 297, 1295, 70, 262, 13, 47, 10, 74336, 17990, 23, 32528, 41076, 5, 893, 1379, 64330, 40, 6488, 5426, 91995, 71, 9803, 40, 42844, 23, 163140, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 49504, 3674, 23, 145081, 5, 106073, 25074, 8592, 112, 33, 1556, 10, 84797, 32692, 136, 7464, 16401, 7, 6863, 142, 45964, 178727, 4, 442, 83, 110, 51713, 51521, 538, 41371, 5, 1650, 83, 142, 28970, 2831, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 237, 83, 39076, 8752, 136, 70, 25674, 54309, 127, 111, 6653, 1294, 47, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 32547, 262, 13, 5, 9578, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 8592, 112, 33, 509, 52875, 297, 2789, 20028, 390, 70, 30839, 31933, 634, 16670, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 222973, 214, 52875, 7, 509, 98, 64227, 952, 7071, 40464, 3229, 1702, 31933, 634, 16670, 25877, 50216, 129650, 7, 12403, 214, 1295, 73057, 4, 65782, 52875, 297, 70, 26349, 17721, 70, 21974, 111, 1039, 22950, 136, 1105, 33296, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 16193, 9782, 72004, 136, 1438, 4516, 1055, 3542, 152388, 4, 33233, 678, 483, 4, 180695, 18276, 7, 82649, 71, 4, 7103, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 58033, 360, 120173, 6635, 4, 19694, 98873, 29888, 136, 140077, 1515, 54330, 7, 3542, 36069, 20051, 98, 70, 26349, 23, 1632, 17431, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 70, 4568, 30839, 79904, 98, 10, 50695, 4745, 26349, 20271, 70, 1631, 5, 8592, 112, 33, 83, 4000, 538, 23131, 297, 390, 8592, 112, 33, 6406, 70615, 4, 3129, 48402, 90, 100, 939, 9, 1029, 272, 215394, 1484, 7, 2750, 33636, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 6, 19364, 7, 136, 83, 10336, 297, 390, 70, 47443, 165240, 271, 5, 581, 43581, 47443, 165240, 271, 83, 71876, 53, 24727, 27853, 18, 5, 28090, 4347, 6052, 24189, 4347, 2691, 70, 215394, 509, 11675, 390, 10, 91441, 138235, 136, 78771, 4935, 31016, 5798, 150, 1363, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 4347, 2691, 4000, 81843, 7, 4, 70, 91441, 138235, 7, 100, 4806, 10, 3525, 5798, 150, 1363, 678, 70, 50695, 4745, 9907, 31016, 5, 24372, 10, 14432, 159, 28814, 390, 9, 1018, 10763, 21647, 1295, 70, 78771, 42991, 4, 903, 5798, 150, 1363, 34658, 1372, 111, 70, 6260, 40, 9821, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 81843, 111, 201, 4347, 505, 4, 70, 215394, 581, 121641, 136, 75631, 111, 70, 26349, 7639, 17262, 115392, 47, 42844, 98, 4842, 5, 3293, 102908, 112474, 1295, 99, 19713, 70, 1733, 111, 12452, 70, 112297, 136, 33636, 7, 70, 33976, 7, 450, 192942, 98, 70, 17262, 130473, 7, 111, 92264, 8592, 112, 33, 12, 8592, 112, 33, 120304, 98, 120304, 37639, 15, 160351, 25, 7, 120304, 42118, 3142, 70, 26349, 70836, 98, 13791, 37639, 74, 136, 10, 106820, 98, 2907, 129811, 25, 7, 37639, 15, 35613, 17366, 6259, 194, 44, 116858, 29899, 6651, 58, 83, 70, 146631, 111, 70, 26349, 136, 83, 92265, 100, 44, 144890, 186670, 740, 52639, 14192, 7, 450, 6863, 4527, 112474, 1295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8592, 112, 33, 15, 74, 4, 2819, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 144477, 13, 4438, 176637, 5, 1650, 83, 176637, 25, 7, 50960, 2684, 132573, 223, 26349, 4, 1632, 111, 176637, 25, 7, 2789, 4000, 27759, 215394, 58555, 136, 70, 14098, 117604, 25, 7, 5606, 927, 2684, 132573, 223, 88303, 9, 2037, 16128, 4, 678, 142, 51521, 43904, 25902, 67, 111, 100192, 4, 108620, 100, 70, 26349, 111, 8592, 112, 33, 136, 100, 70, 4000, 215394, 16128, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Governance.", "Heraldry.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Demography.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Landmarks.", "Parks, gardens and open spaces.", "Theatres and concert halls.", "Transport.", "Education.", "Universities and colleges.", "Schools.", "Culture.", "Museums and galleries.", "Festivals and performing arts.", "Music and film.", "Dialect.", "Media.", "Food.", "Sport.", "Football.", "Rugby Union.", "Rugby League.", "Golf.", "Swimming.", "Rowing.", "Cricket.", "Ice hockey.", "Shinty.", "Other sports.", "Public services.", "Twin cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed executing the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644 to 1647 the city was plundered by both sides. In 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of the Marquis of Huntly. In 1647 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improvements at the end of the 18th century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street and Union Street all completed at the beginning of the 19th century. The expensive infrastructure works led to the city becoming bankrupt in 1817 during the Post-Napoleonic depression, an economic downturn immediately after the Napoleonic Wars; but the city's prosperity later recovered. The increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the development of the shipbuilding and fishing industries led to the construction of the present harbour including Victoria Dock and the South Breakwater, and the extension of the North Pier. Gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865. The city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a separate history and still holds its ancient charter, it is no longer officially independent. It is an integral part of the city, as is Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of the River Dee. Over the course of the Second World War Aberdeen was attacked 32 times by the German Luftwaffe. One of the most devastating attacks was on Wednesday 21 April 1943 when 29 Luftwaffe Dornier 217s flying from Stavanger, Norway attacked the city between the hours of 22:17 and 23:04. A total of 98 civilians and 27 servicemen were killed, along with 9,668 houses damaged, after a mixture of 127 Incendiary, High Explosive and Cluster bombs were dropped on the city in one night. It was also the last German raid on a Scottish city during the war.", "Aberdeen is locally governed by Aberdeen City Council, which comprises forty-five councillors who represent the city's wards and is headed by the Lord Provost. The current Lord Provost is Barney Crockett. From May 2003 until May 2007 the council was run by a Liberal Democrat and Conservative Party coalition. Following the May 2007 local elections, the Liberal Democrats formed a new coalition with the Scottish National Party. After a later SNP by-election gain from the Conservatives, this coalition held 28 of the 43 seats. Following the election of 4 May 2017, the council", "The arms and banner of the city show three silver towers on red. This motif dates from at least the time of Robert the Bruce and represents the buildings that stood on the three hills of medieval Aberdeen: Aberdeen Castle on Castle Hill (today's Castlegate); the city gate on Port Hill; and a church on St Catherine's Hill (now levelled). \"Bon Accord\" is the motto of the city and is French for \"Good Agreement\". Legend tells that its use dates from a password used", "Being sited between two river mouths, the city has little natural exposure of bedrock. This leaves local geologists in a slight quandary: despite the high concentration of geoscientists in the area (courtesy of the oil industry), there is only a vague understanding of what underlies the city. To the south side of the city, coastal cliffs expose high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Grampian Group; to the southwest and west are extensive granites intruded into similar high-grade schists; to the north the metamorphics are intruded by gabbroic complexes instead. The small amount of geophysics done, and occasional building-related exposures, combined with small exposures in the banks of the River Don, suggest that it is actually sited on an inlier of Devonian \"Old Red\" sandstones and silts. The outskirts of the city spread beyond the (inferred) limits of the outlier onto the surrounding metamorphic/ igneous complexes formed during the Dalradian period (approximately 480–600 million years ago) with sporadic areas of igneous Diorite granites to be found, such as that at the Rubislaw quarry which was used to build much of the Victorian parts of the city. On the coast, Aberdeen has a long sand beach between the two rivers, the Dee and the Don, which turns into high sand dunes north of the Don stretching as far as Fraserburgh; to the south of the Dee are steep rocky cliff faces with only minor pebble and shingle beaches in deep inlets. A number of granite outcrops along the south coast have been quarried in the past, making for spectacular scenery and good rock-climbing. The city extends to, and includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of River Dee. In this gave the city a population density of. The city is built on many hills, with the original beginnings of the city growing from Castle Hill, St. Catherine's Hill and Windmill Hill.", "Aberdeen features an oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfb\"). Aberdeen has far milder winter temperatures than one might expect for its northern location, although statistically it is the coldest city in the UK. During the winter, especially throughout December, the length of the day is very short, averaging 6 hours and 41 minutes between sunrise and sunset at winter solstice. As winter progresses, the length of the day grows fairly quickly, to 8 hours and 20 minutes by the end of January. Around summer solstice, the days will be around 18 hours long, having 17 hours and 55 minutes between sunrise and sunset. During this time of the year marginal nautical twilight lasts the entire night. Temperatures at this time of year hover around during the day in most of the urban area, though nearer directly on the", "The latest population estimate (mid 2012) for the urban area of Aberdeen is 196,670. For the wider settlement of Aberdeen including Cove Bay and Dyce the latest population estimate (mid 2012) is 209,460. For the local council area of Aberdeen City the latest estimate (mid ) is In 1396 the population was about 3,000. By 1801 it had become 26,992; (1901) 153,503; (1941) 182,467. The 2011 census showed that there are fewer young people in Aberdeen, with 16.4% under 16, opposed to the national average of 19.2%. According to the 2011 census Aberdeen is 91.9% white, ethnically, 24.7% were born outside Scotland, higher than the national average of 16%. Of this population 7.6% were born in other parts of the UK. 8.2% of Aberdonians stated to be from an ethnic minority (non-white) in the 2011 census, with 9,519 (4.3%) being Asian, with 3,385 (1.5%) coming from India and 2,187 (1.0%) being Chinese. The city has around 5,610 (2.6%) residents of African or Caribbean origin, which is a higher percentage than both Glasgow and Edinburgh. In the household, there were 97,013 individual dwellings recorded in the city of which 61% were privately owned, 9% privately rented and 23% rented from the council. The most popular type of dwellings are apartments which comprise 49% of residences followed by semi-detached at just below 22%. The median income of a household in the city is £16,813 (the mean income is £20,292) (2005) which places approximately 18% households in the city below the poverty line (defined as 60% of the mean income). Conversely, an Aberdeen postcode has the second highest number of millionaires of any postcode in the UK.", "Christianity is the main religion practised in the city. Aberdeen's largest denominations are the Church of Scotland (through the Presbytery of Aberdeen) and the Roman Catholic Church, both with numerous churches across the city, with the Scottish Episcopal Church having the third-largest number. The most recent census in 2001 showed that Aberdeen has the highest proportion of non-religious residents of any city in Scotland, with nearly 43% of citizens claiming to have no religion and several former churches in the city have been converted into bars", "Traditionally, Aberdeen was home to fishing, textile mills, shipbuilding and paper making. These industries have been largely replaced. High technology developments in the electronics design and development industry, research in agriculture and fishing and the oil industry, which has been largely responsible for Aberdeen's economic boom in the last three decades, are now major parts of Aberdeen's economy. Until the 1970s, most of Aberdeen's leading industries dated from the 18th century; mainly these were textiles, foundry work, shipbuilding and paper-making, the oldest industry in the city, with paper having been first made there in 1694. Paper-making has reduced in importance since the closures of Donside Paper Mill in 2001 and the Davidson Mill in 2005 leaving the Stoneywood Paper Mill with a workforce of approximately 500. Textile production ended in 2004 when Richards of Aberdeen closed. Grey granite was quarried at Rubislaw quarry for more than 300 years, and used for paving setts, kerb and building stones, and monumental and other ornamental pieces. Aberdeen granite was used to build the terraces of the Houses of Parliament and Waterloo Bridge in London. Quarrying finally ceased in 1971. The current owners have begun pumping 40 years of rain water from the quarry with the aim of developing a heritage centre on the site. Fishing was once the predominant industry, but was surpassed by deep-sea fisheries, which derived a great impetus from improved technologies throughout the 20th century. Catches have fallen because of overfishing and the use of the harbour by oil support vessels, and so although still an important fishing port it is now eclipsed by the more northerly ports of Peterhead and Fraserburgh. The Fisheries Research Services are headquartered in Aberdeen, and there is a marine research lab in Torry. Aberdeen is well regarded for the agricultural and soil research carried out at The James Hutton Institute (formerly the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute), which has close links to the city's two universities. The Rowett Research Institute is a world-renowned research centre for studies into food and nutrition located in Aberdeen. It has produced three Nobel laureates and there is a high concentration of life scientists working in the city. As oil reserves in the North Sea decrease there is an effort to rebrand Aberdeen as \"Energy Capital of Europe\" rather than \"Oil Capital of Europe\", and there is interest in the development of new energy sources; and technology transfer from oil into renewable energy and other industries is under way. The \"Energetica\" initiative led by Scottish Enterprise has been designed to accelerate this process. As of 2013, Aberdeen remained a major world centre for undersea petroleum technology.", "Aberdeen's architecture is known for its principal use during the Victorian era of granite, which has led to its local nickname of the \"Granite City\" or more romantically the less commonly used name the \"Silver City\", since the Mica in the stone sparkles in the sun. The hard grey stone is one of the most durable materials available and helps to explain why the city's buildings look brand-new when they have been newly cleaned and the cement has been pointed. Unlike other Scottish cities where sandstone has been used, the buildings are not weathering and need very little structural maintenance on their masonry. The buildings can however become noticeably darker as a result of pollution and grime accumulated over the years. There has however been great success in cleaning the buildings which can result in their façade being restored back to much how they looked originally. Amongst the notable buildings in the city's main street, Union Street, are the Town and County Bank, the Music Hall, the Trinity Hall of the incorporated trades (originating between 1398 and 1527, although completely rebuilt in the 1860s), now a shopping mall; the former office of the Northern Assurance Company, and the National Bank of Scotland. In Castle Street, a continuation eastwards of Union Street, is the new Aberdeen Town House, a very prominent landmark in Aberdeen, built between 1868 and 1873 to a design by Peddie and Kinnear. Alexander Marshall Mackenzie's extension to Marischal College on Broad Street, opened by King Edward VII in 1906, created the second largest granite building in the world (after the Escorial, Madrid). In addition to the many fine landmark buildings, Aberdeen has many prominent public statues, three of the most notable being William Wallace at the junction between Union Terrace and Rosemount Viaduct, Robert Burns on Union Terrace above Union Terrace Gardens, and Robert the Bruce holding aloft the charter he issued to the city in 1319 on Broad Street, outside Marischal College.", "Aberdeen has long been famous for its 45 parks and gardens, and citywide floral displays which include two million roses, eleven million daffodils and three million crocuses. The city has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Britain in Bloom 'Best City' award ten times, the overall Scotland in Bloom competition twenty times and the large city category every year since 1968. However, despite recent spurious reports, Aberdeen has never been banned from the Britain in Bloom competition. The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom \"Best City\" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award. Duthie Park opened in 1899 on the north bank of the River Dee. It was named after and given to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston in 1881. It has extensive gardens, a rose hill, boating pond, bandstand, and play area as well as Europe's second largest enclosed gardens the David Welch Winter Gardens. Hazlehead Park, is large and forested, located on the outskirts of the city, it is popular with walkers in the forests, sports enthusiasts, naturalists and picnickers. There are football pitches, two", "Aberdeen has hosted several theatres throughout its history, some of which have subsequently been", "Aberdeen Airport (ABZ), at Dyce in the north of the city, serves domestic and international destinations including France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Austria, Ireland and Scandinavian countries. The heliport which serves the oil industry and rescue services is one of the world's busiest commercial heliports. Aberdeen railway station is on the main UK rail network and Abellio ScotRail has frequent direct trains to major cities Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness. London North Eastern Railway and the Caledonian Sleeper operate direct trains to London. In 2007 additions were made and a new ticket office was built in the building. The UK's longest direct rail journey runs from Aberdeen to Penzance. It is operated by CrossCountry, leaving Aberdeen at 08:20 and taking 13 hours and 23 minutes. Today, all railway services to the south run via Dundee. The faster main line from Aberdeen to Perth via Forfar and Strathmore closed in 1967 as a result of the Beeching cuts, and the faster main line from Perth to Edinburgh via Glenfarg also subsequently closed in 1970. Until 2007, a 1950s-style concrete bus station at Guild Street served out-of-the-city locations; it has since transferred to a new and well-presented bus station just 100 metres to the east off Market Street as part of the Union Square development. There are six major roads in and out of the city. The A90 is the main arterial route into the city from the north and south, linking Aberdeen to Edinburgh, Dundee, Brechin and Perth in the south and Ellon, Peterhead and Fraserburgh in the north. The A96 links Elgin and Inverness and the north west. The A93 is the main route to the west, heading towards Royal Deeside and the Cairngorms. After Braemar, it turns south, providing an alternative tourist route to Perth. The A944 also heads west, through Westhill and on to Alford. The A92 was the original southerly road to Aberdeen prior to the building of the A90, and", "", "Aberdeen has two universities, the ancient \"University of Aberdeen\", and \"Robert Gordon University\", a modern university often referred to as RGU. Aberdeen's student rate of 11.5% is higher than the national average of 7%. The University of Aberdeen began as King's College, Aberdeen, which was founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone (1431–1514), Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland. Marischal College, a separate institution, was founded in \"New\" Aberdeen by George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal of Scotland in 1593. These institutions were merged by order of Parliament in 1860 to form the University of Aberdeen. The university is the fifth oldest in the English-speaking world and offers degrees in a full range", "There are currently 12 secondary schools and 54 primary schools which are run by the city council. The most notable are Aberdeen Grammar School (founded in 1257), Harlaw Academy, Cults Academy, and Oldmachar Academy which were all rated in the top 50 Scottish secondary schools league tables published by \"The Times\" in 2005. Harlaw Academy was taken down from the list after a short time but is still a popular school. There are a number of private schools in Aberdeen: Robert Gordon's College, Albyn School", "", "The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities and museums. The city is regularly visited by Scotland's National Arts Companies. The Aberdeen Art Gallery houses a collection of Impressionist, Victorian, Scottish and 20th-century British paintings as well as collections of silver and glass. It also includes The Alexander Macdonald Bequest, a collection of late 19th-century works donated by the museum's first benefactor and a constantly changing collection of contemporary work and regular visiting exhibitions. The Aberdeen Maritime Museum, located in Shiprow, tells the story of Aberdeen's links with the sea from the days of sail and clipper ships to the latest", "Aberdeen is home to a number of events and festivals including the Aberdeen International Youth Festival (the world's largest arts festival for young performers), Aberdeen Jazz Festival, Aberdeen Alternative Festival, \"Rootin' Aboot\" (a folk and roots music event), \"Triptych\", the University of Aberdeen's literature festival \"Word\" and DanceLive, Scotland's only Festival of contemporary dance, which is produced by the city's Citymoves dance organisation. The Aberdeen Student Show, performed annually without interruption since 1921, under the auspices of the Aberdeen Students'", "Aberdeen's music scene includes a variety of live music venues including pubs, clubs, and church choirs. The bars of Belmont Street are particularly known for featuring live music. Ceilidhs are also common in the city's halls. Popular music venues include the Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre (AECC), Aberdeen Music Hall, along with smaller venues such as The Tunnels, The Moorings, Drummonds, Downstairs, The Lemon Tree and The Garage. Notable Aberdonian musicians include Annie Lennox, Emeli Sandé, cult band Pallas and contemporary composer John McLeod.", "The local dialect of Lowland Scots is often known as \"Doric\", and is spoken not just in the city, but across the north-east of Scotland. It differs somewhat from other Scots dialects most noticeable are the pronunciation \"f\" for", "Aberdeen is home to Scotland's oldest newspaper the \"Press and Journal\", a local and regional newspaper first published in 1747. The \"Press and Journal\" and its sister paper the tabloid \"Evening Express\" are printed six days a week by Aberdeen Journals. There is one free newspaper, the \"Aberdeen Citizen\". BBC Scotland has a network studio production base in the city's Beechgrove area, and BBC Aberdeen produces \"The Beechgrove Potting Shed\" for radio while Tern Television produces \"The Beechgrove Garden\"", "The Aberdeen region has given its name to a number of dishes, including the Aberdeen buttery (also known as \"rowie\") and Aberdeen Sausage. The Aberdeen buttery is more frequently seen and is sold at bakeries and supermarkets throughout the city. It is comparable to a croissant", "", "There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the SPFL, the senior branch of Scottish football. Aberdeen F.C. ( The Dons) play in the Scottish Premiership at Pittodrie Stadium. The club won the European Cup Winners Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983, the Scottish Premier League Championship four times (1955, 1980, 1984 and 1985), and the Scottish Cup seven times (1947, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1990). Under the management of Alex Ferguson, Aberdeen was a major force in British football during the 1980s. As of the 2019–20 season, the club is managed by Derek McInnes.", "Aberdeen hosted Caledonia Reds a Scottish rugby team, before they merged with the Glasgow Warriors in 1998. The city is also home to the Scottish Premiership Division One rugby club Aberdeen GSFP RFC who play at Rubislaw Playing Fields, and Aberdeenshire RFC which was founded in 1875 and runs Junior, Senior Men's, Senior Ladies and Touch sections from the Woodside Sports Complex and also Aberdeen Wanderers RFC. Former Wanderers' player Jason White was captain", "Aberdeen Warriors rugby league team play in the Rugby League Conference Division One.", "The Royal Aberdeen Golf Club, founded in 1780 is the sixth oldest golf club in the world, and hosted the Senior British Open in 2005, and the amateur team event the Walker Cup in 2011. Royal Aberdeen also hosted the Scottish Open in 2014, won by Justin Rose. The club has a second course, and", "The \"City of Aberdeen Swim Team\" (COAST) was based in Northfield swimming pool, but since the opening of the Aberdeen Aquatics Centre in 2014, it is now based there, as it has", "There are four boat clubs that row on the River Dee: Aberdeen Boat Club (ABC), Aberdeen Schools Rowing Association (ASRA), Aberdeen University Boat Club (AUBC) and Robert Gordon University Boat", "Aberdeen boasts a large cricket community with 4 local leagues operating that comprise a total of 25 clubs fielding 36 teams. The city has two", "Aberdeen Lynx are an amateur ice hockey team who play in the Scottish National League and are based at the Linx Ice", "Aberdeen University Shinty Club (Scottish Gaelic:Club Camanachd Oilthigh Obar Dheathain) is the oldest constituted", "The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. The Beach Leisure Centre is home to a climbing wall, gymnasium and a swimming pool. There are numerous swimming pools dotted around the city notably the largest, the Bon-Accord Baths which closed down in 2006. Aberdeen City council also have an outdoor education service which is now known as \"adventure aberdeen\", that provides abseiling, surfing, white water rafting, gorge walking, kayaking and open canoeing, mountaineering, sailing, mountain biking and rock climbing. They say they aim to \"Inspire learning through adventure\", and have many", "The public health service in Scotland, NHS Scotland provides for the people of Aberdeen through the NHS Grampian health board. Aberdeen Royal Infirmary is the largest hospital in the city and one of the largest in Europe (the location of the city's A&E department), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, a paediatric hospital, Royal Cornhill Hospital for mental health, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, an antenatal hospital, Woodend Hospital, which specialises", "Aberdeen is twinned with Regensburg, Germany (1955), Clermont-Ferrand, France (1983), Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (1986), Stavanger, Norway (1990), Gomel, Belarus (1990) and Barranquilla, Colombia (2016). Houston, Texas, is twinned with the former region of Grampian, of which Aberdeen is the largest settlement." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 572, 30508, 136, 572, 43486, 621, 15044, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 84183, 90, 15, 247, 678, 78024, 4, 2363, 348, 35975, 6, 91403, 4, 72134, 99, 70, 4842, 158978, 99, 6, 76748, 4, 452, 6953, 8305, 70, 50997, 158978, 99, 106, 169079, 136, 70, 57571, 158978, 99, 116, 201121, 4, 136, 7068, 137565, 10366, 4420, 47, 4842, 99, 160626, 5, 360, 12638, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 70, 9879, 79259, 10, 33102, 48402, 90, 70, 44, 218142, 830, 44, 934, 516, 47148, 830, 707, 44, 5739, 53, 58, 104988, 17163, 214, 4, 1295, 2663, 47, 103136, 4, 35011, 99, 22729, 7432, 106, 15, 27494, 13, 4879, 47, 22556, 99, 22729, 7432, 757, 15, 27494, 13, 757, 194, 360, 15044, 84183, 90, 4, 70, 171793, 5844, 158978, 136, 37526, 1294, 104988, 2451, 2822, 4, 205811, 4, 50997, 4, 501, 1643, 4, 57571, 136, 136247, 102, 2451, 2940, 192617, 17664, 54889, 17721, 123594, 16797, 80836, 7, 111, 2856, 4, 68018, 35839, 44, 4717, 13, 104988, 830, 621, 137356, 71, 10932, 70, 50782, 121303, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 678, 2134, 30494, 615, 32255, 131457, 3674, 104988, 765, 22729, 7432, 81730, 23, 572, 30508, 4, 12960, 23, 572, 43486, 1836, 765, 34292, 615, 37286, 214, 6097, 34166, 104988, 678, 22556, 2451, 102446, 214, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 2420, 988, 58, 2451, 14507, 3132, 2134, 30494, 51, 152028, 71, 5, 360, 572, 30508, 4, 2134, 30494, 83, 2843, 51, 152028, 71, 390, 44, 2311, 1916, 58, 678, 35011, 4, 136, 4734, 17664, 54889, 678, 15044, 22556, 136, 35011, 2451, 85763, 297, 44, 1507, 90, 58, 2451, 68991, 2134, 30494, 40715, 3501, 615, 360, 572, 43486, 4, 2478, 1916, 75447, 34390, 7, 2134, 30494, 5, 88949, 6097, 80934, 7, 111, 2134, 30494, 2451, 73, 3129, 4552, 43334, 15, 73, 15044, 115774, 16, 707, 4552, 22729, 15, 73, 572, 30508, 16, 43573, 9, 218142, 104988, 621, 90698, 89554, 131457, 3674, 15, 2472, 110527, 4, 1295, 70, 103136, 7108, 23, 70, 28756, 37534, 572, 30508, 19932, 104532, 707, 1295, 70, 2663, 7108, 16, 2451, 2271, 134225, 678, 70, 100270, 13, 110, 1363, 111, 10576, 7398, 2481, 4, 27983, 10, 158, 1771, 707, 333, 587, 6402, 18652, 83, 79442, 19, 64457, 15, 247, 678, 2367, 903, 5582, 11782, 7, 44, 206, 50840, 58, 237, 6863, 4567, 289, 6, 91403, 15, 13, 71723, 47, 70, 37457, 111, 70, 171052, 142424, 247, 64457, 111, 2134, 30494, 15, 136913, 70, 2134, 30494, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 17656, 8945, 645, 70, 38132, 17656, 8945, 23, 450, 91, 13348, 111, 70, 15, 964, 16, 84846, 194, 106161, 223, 214, 538, 4, 6044, 117233, 7, 56104, 67967, 903, 4567, 289, 6, 91403, 44, 65785, 30494, 830, 41725, 42, 2852, 707, 1615, 6953, 70, 149067, 19, 17721, 2134, 30494, 136, 17656, 8945, 5, 1301, 151552, 35064, 4, 242122, 17656, 8945, 83, 10, 98893, 29954, 23, 70, 30057, 1363, 111, 12638, 3299, 5, 88949, 6044, 142, 81814, 2182, 3299, 2451, 76228, 158208, 78024, 4, 17656, 8945, 4, 136, 572, 43486, 34292, 707, 572, 30508, 22729, 7432, 2451, 1865, 90, 70, 115700, 111, 10, 158, 13, 707, 333, 84846, 4, 572, 43486, 83, 27983, 35839, 70, 44, 1106, 425, 84846, 3299, 58, 12960, 572, 30508, 83, 27983, 35839, 70, 44, 964, 9, 1106, 425, 84846, 3299, 58, 15, 194, 581, 572, 30508, 10576, 32628, 509, 26868, 297, 100, 113976, 23, 41933, 390, 14787, 7, 4769, 38836, 237, 10, 55300, 47, 15190, 10576, 22, 587, 6238, 47, 144573, 22460, 206, 7761, 13, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4734, 70541, 214, 70, 339, 26073, 16, 226347, 7, 4, 6, 190358, 144573, 53299, 4295, 47, 53299, 3525, 10576, 226347, 7, 15, 73, 22556, 136, 35011, 16, 15490, 129344, 237, 70, 50796, 7154, 15, 151675, 136, 35011, 16, 26073, 83, 226347, 51, 13415, 47314, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 756, 13036, 60223, 226347, 113976, 22, 587, 6238, 26719, 65779, 14495, 4, 92060, 136, 75018, 8922, 136, 756, 13036, 6338, 226347, 76519, 136, 83, 70, 18231, 100, 375, 77087, 13, 1202, 5, 17006, 113976, 7, 4, 13909, 44116, 7, 4, 136, 13452, 25251, 27489, 104988, 390, 375, 964, 592, 4842, 4, 50997, 4, 136, 57571, 22729, 23, 285, 38543, 20753, 31075, 2451, 2347, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 171052, 171793, 5844, 158978, 104988, 5, 581, 16750, 214, 17664, 54889, 23, 171052, 10576, 32628, 831, 42238, 13, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 104988, 15, 85763, 297, 10, 914, 14311, 3142, 49903, 4, 70, 76755, 17721, 70, 209716, 41170, 7, 111, 4842, 4, 50997, 4, 136, 57571, 22729, 136, 70, 16750, 214, 10576, 83, 51, 84673, 14, 4935, 4, 41866, 100, 23, 83613, 111468, 37534, 72095, 4, 136, 100, 72095, 16031, 678, 1614, 39989, 4935, 10576, 17664, 214, 111, 112518, 7, 707, 89160, 22104, 7, 25, 115774, 35509, 98, 2478, 933, 136, 9638, 988, 15, 194, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 2725, 9319, 171793, 5844, 12488, 1614, 39989, 4935, 10576, 115774, 61924, 10576, 151618, 70, 5701, 3917, 70, 14135, 36298, 14602, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 28987, 642, 765, 142, 171052, 44116, 124901, 10576, 83, 6226, 6259, 390, 17262, 132692, 1314, 17163, 214, 1295, 4, 1632, 6226, 2069, 70, 20753, 2481, 111, 12638, 111, 70, 4842, 4, 50997, 4, 136, 57571, 102917, 90, 5, 4263, 642, 9842, 678, 10, 35845, 538, 10576, 7844, 1482, 13, 4, 678, 91, 1052, 8359, 142424, 4, 4, 4, 136, 3444, 47, 34390, 6863, 10576, 7844, 7432, 390, 23552, 47, 10, 40715, 131457, 3674, 1482, 13, 4, 642, 2806, 3871, 47, 24911, 70, 132692, 1314, 47, 227204, 44, 1052, 58, 390, 48877, 51312, 44, 724, 58, 390, 744, 4, 136, 51312, 44, 571, 58, 390, 11156, 4, 237, 49726, 71, 35064, 5, 360, 142, 81887, 47, 211196, 67, 1286, 89160, 136, 100270, 13, 10576, 17664, 214, 115774, 4, 13909, 6, 48461, 7, 53918, 13, 1314, 99, 28358, 441, 136, 22056, 6371, 65508, 71, 70, 572, 43486, 3299, 100, 13909, 44116, 55556, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 106438, 7, 4, 23113, 538, 151552, 390, 884, 3033, 31681, 37700, 23, 70, 8055, 25695, 31089, 111, 44, 10770, 134910, 189682, 7, 740, 360, 70, 5701, 31089, 4, 32664, 25003, 136, 15497, 4969, 151552, 70, 572, 30508, 3299, 2451, 434, 497, 184, 158208, 1836, 67967, 297, 44, 1132, 13, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 572, 30508, 15, 1132, 13, 4, 2134, 30494, 4, 22729, 7432, 16, 707, 572, 36474, 15, 1132, 13, 4, 2134, 30494, 4, 124498, 7432, 16, 136, 572, 43486, 15, 1132, 13, 4, 2134, 30494, 4, 34292, 16, 621, 30700, 18811, 5256, 111, 70, 171052, 10576, 3299, 4, 82775, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 390, 13909, 6, 48461, 7, 25188, 1314, 47, 1286, 20903, 538, 6, 143420, 678, 70, 3917, 14135, 37831, 117, 329, 60877, 10576, 9, 109513, 150380, 90, 5, 360, 6097, 115774, 4, 104988, 111, 12638, 44, 1132, 13, 58, 621, 137356, 71, 23, 10, 4567, 289, 91, 13348, 4, 10932, 10, 9879, 10, 33102, 111, 62276, 104988, 3129, 37457, 7, 1295, 22556, 99, 70, 103136, 47, 35011, 99, 70, 2663, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Basic principle.", "Motivation.", "Formal derivation.", "Color-making attributes.", "General approach.", "Hue and chroma.", "Lightness.", "Saturation.", "Examples.", "Use in end-user software.", "Use in image analysis.", "Disadvantages.", "Other cylindrical-coordinate color models.", "Color conversion formulae.", "To RGB.", "HSL to RGB.", "HSL to RGB alternative.", "HSV to RGB.", "HSV to RGB alternative.", "HSI to RGB.", "Luma, chroma and hue to RGB.", "Interconversion.", "HSV to HSL.", "HSL to HSV.", "From RGB.", "Swatches." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "3", "4", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "HSL and HSV are both cylindrical geometries (), with hue, their angular dimension, starting at the red primary at 0°, passing through the green primary at 120° and the blue primary at 240°, and then wrapping back to red at 360°. In each geometry, the central vertical axis comprises the \"neutral\", \"achromatic\", or \"gray\" colors ranging, from top to bottom, white at lightness 1 (value 1) to black at lightness 0 (value 0). In both geometries, the additive primary and secondary colors—red, yellow, green, cyan, blue and magenta—and linear mixtures between adjacent pairs of them, sometimes called \"pure colors\", are arranged around the outside edge of the cylinder with saturation 1. These saturated colors have lightness 0.5 in HSL, while in HSV they have value 1. Mixing these pure colors with black—producing so-called \"shades\"—leaves saturation unchanged. In HSL, saturation is also unchanged by \"tinting\" with white, and only mixtures with both black and white—called \"tones\"—have saturation less than 1. In HSV, tinting alone reduces saturation. Because these definitions of saturation—in which very dark (in both models) or very light (in HSL) near-neutral colors are considered fully saturated (for instance, from the bottom right in the sliced HSL cylinder or from the top right)—conflict with the intuitive notion of color purity, often a conic or biconic solid is drawn instead (), with what this article calls \"chroma\" as its radial dimension (equal to the range of the RGB values), instead of saturation (where the saturation is equal to the chroma over the maximum chroma in that slice of the (bi)cone). Confusingly, such diagrams usually label this radial dimension \"saturation\", blurring or erasing the distinction between saturation and chroma. As described below, computing chroma is a helpful step in the derivation of each model. Because such an intermediate model—with dimensions hue, chroma, and HSV value or HSL lightness—takes the shape of a cone or bicone, HSV is often called the \"hexcone model\" while HSL is often called the \"bi-hexcone model\" ().", "The HSL color space was invented for television in 1938 by Georges Valensi as a method to add color encoding to existing monochrome (i.e. only containing the L signal) broadcasts, allowing existing receivers to receive new color broadcasts (in black and white) without modification as the luminance (black and white) signal is broadcast unmodified. It has been used in all major analog broadcast television encoding including NTSC, PAL and SECAM and all major digital broadcast systems and is the basis for composite video. Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, and blue light in varying intensities—the so-called RGB additive primary colors. The resulting mixtures in RGB color space can reproduce a wide variety of colors (called a gamut); however, the relationship between the constituent amounts of red, green, and blue light and the resulting color is unintuitive, especially for inexperienced users, and for users familiar with subtractive color mixing of paints or traditional artists' models based on tints and shades (). Furthermore, neither additive nor subtractive color models define color relationships the same way the human eye does. For example, imagine we have an RGB display whose color is controlled by three sliders ranging from, one controlling the intensity of each of the red, green, and blue primaries. If we begin with a relatively colorful orange, with sRGB values,,, and want to reduce its colorfulness by half to a less saturated orange, we would need to drag the sliders to decrease \"R\" by 31, increase \"G\" by 24, and increase \"B\" by 59, as pictured below. In an attempt to accommodate more traditional and intuitive color mixing models, computer graphics pioneers at PARC and NYIT introduced the HSV model for computer display technology in the mid-1970s, formally described by Alvy Ray Smith in the August 1978 issue of \"Computer Graphics\". In the same issue, Joblove and Greenberg described the HSL model—whose dimensions they labeled \"hue\", \"relative chroma\", and \"intensity\"—and compared it to HSV (). Their model was based more upon how colors are organized and conceptualized in human vision in terms of other color-making attributes, such as hue, lightness, and chroma; as well as upon traditional color mixing methods—e.g., in painting—that involve mixing brightly colored pigments with black or white to achieve lighter, darker, or less colorful colors. The following year, 1979, at SIGGRAPH, Tektronix introduced graphics terminals using HSL for color designation, and the Computer Graphics Standards Committee recommended it in their annual status report (). These models were useful not only because they were more intuitive than raw RGB values, but also because the conversions to and from RGB were extremely fast to compute: they could run in real time on the hardware of the 1970s. Consequently, these models and similar ones have become ubiquitous throughout image editing and graphics software since then. Some of their uses are described below.", "", "The dimensions of the HSL and HSV geometries—simple transformations of the not-perceptually-based RGB model—are not directly related to the photometric color-making attributes of the same names, as defined by scientists such as the CIE or ASTM. Nonetheless, it is worth reviewing those definitions before leaping into the derivation of our models. For the definitions of color-making attributes which follow, see: \"Brightness\" and \"colorfulness\" are absolute measures, which usually describe the spectral distribution of light entering the eye, while \"lightness\" and \"chroma\" are measured relative to some white point, and are thus often used for descriptions of surface colors, remaining roughly constant even as brightness and colorfulness change with different illumination. \"Saturation\" can be defined as either the ratio of colorfulness to brightness or that of chroma to lightness.", "HSL, HSV, and related models can be derived via geometric strategies, or can be thought of as specific instances of a \"generalized LHS model\". The HSL and HSV model-builders took an RGB cube—with constituent amounts of red, green, and blue light in a color denoted —and tilted it on its corner, so that black rested at the origin with white directly above it along the vertical axis, then measured the hue of the colors in the cube by their angle around that axis, starting with red at 0°. Then they came up with a characterization of brightness/value/lightness, and defined saturation to range from 0 along the axis to 1 at the most colorful point for each pair of other parameters.", "In each of our models, we calculate both \"hue\" and what this article will call \"chroma\", after Joblove and Greenberg (1978), in the same way—that is, the hue of a color has the same numerical values in all of these models, as does its chroma. If we take our tilted RGB cube, and project it onto the \"chromaticity plane\" perpendicular to the neutral axis, our projection takes the shape of a hexagon, with red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and magenta at its corners (). \"Hue\" is roughly the angle of the vector to a point in the projection, with red at 0°, while \"chroma\" is roughly the distance of the point from the origin. More precisely, both hue and chroma in this model are defined with respect to the hexagonal shape of the projection. The \"chroma\" is the proportion of the distance from the origin to the edge of the hexagon. In the lower part of the adjacent diagram, this is the ratio of lengths, or alternately the ratio of the radii of the two hexagons. This ratio is the difference between the largest and smallest values among \"R\", \"G\", or \"B\" in a color. To make our definitions easier to write, we'll define these maximum, minimum, and chroma component values as \"M\", \"m\", and \"C\", respectively. To understand why chroma can be written as, notice that any neutral color, with, projects onto the origin and so has 0 chroma. Thus if we add or subtract the same amount from all three of \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\", we move vertically within our tilted cube, and do not change the projection. Therefore, any two colors and project on the same point, and have the same chroma. The chroma of a color with one of its components equal to zero is simply the maximum of the other two components. This chroma is \"M\" in the particular case of a color with a zero component, and in general. The \"hue\" is the proportion of the distance around the edge of the hexagon which passes through the projected point, originally measured on the range but now typically measured in degrees. For points which project onto the origin in the chromaticity plane (i.e., grays), hue is undefined. Mathematically, this definition of hue is written piecewise: Sometimes, neutral colors (i.e. with ) are assigned a hue of 0° for convenience of representation. These definitions amount to a geometric warping of hexagons into circles: each side of the hexagon is mapped linearly onto a 60° arc of the circle (). After such a transformation, hue is precisely the angle around the origin and chroma the distance from the origin: the angle and magnitude of the vector pointing to a color. Sometimes for image analysis applications, this hexagon-to-circle transformation is skipped, and \"hue\" and \"chroma\" (we'll denote these \"H\" and \"C\") are defined by the usual cartesian-to-polar coordinate transformations (). The easiest way to derive those is via a pair of cartesian chromaticity coordinates which we'll call \"α\" and \"β\": Notice that these two definitions of hue (\"H\" and \"H\") nearly coincide, with a maximum difference between them for any color of about 1.12°—which occurs at twelve particular hues, for instance, —and with for every multiple of 30°. The two definitions of chroma (\"C\" and \"C\") differ more substantially: they are equal at the corners of our hexagon, but at points halfway between two corners, such as, we have, but, a difference of about 13.4%.", "While the definition of \"hue\" is relatively uncontroversial—it roughly satisfies the criterion that colors of the same perceived hue should have the same numerical hue—the definition of a \"lightness\" or \"value\" dimension is less obvious: there are several possibilities depending on the purpose and goals of the representation. Here are four of the most common (; three of these are also shown in ): All four of these leave the neutral axis alone. That is, for colors with, any of the four formulations yields a lightness equal to the value of \"R\", \"G\", or \"B\". For a graphical comparison, see fig. 13 below.", "When encoding colors in a hue/lightness/chroma or hue/value/chroma model (using the definitions from the previous two sections) model, not all combinations of lightness (or value) and chroma are meaningful: that is, half of the colors denotable using,, and fall outside the RGB gamut (the gray parts of the slices in figure 14). The creators of these models considered this a problem for some uses. For example, in a color selection interface with two of the dimensions in a rectangle and the third on a slider, half of that rectangle is made of unused space. Now imagine we have a slider for lightness: the user's intent when adjusting this slider is potentially ambiguous: how should the software deal with out-of-gamut colors? Or conversely, If the user has selected as colorful as possible a dark purple and then shifts the lightness slider upward, what should be done: would the user prefer to see a lighter purple still as colorful as possible for the given hue and lightness or a lighter purple of exactly the same chroma as the original color To solve problems such as these, the HSL and HSV models scale the chroma so that it always fits into the range for every combination of hue and lightness or value, calling the new attribute \"saturation\" in both cases (fig. 14). To calculate either, simply divide the chroma by the maximum chroma for that value or lightness. The HSI model commonly used for computer vision, which takes \"H\" as a hue dimension and the component average \"I\" (\"intensity\") as a lightness dimension, does not attempt to \"fill\" a cylinder by its definition of saturation. Instead of presenting color choice or modification interfaces to end users, the goal of HSI is to facilitate separation of shapes in an image. Saturation is therefore defined in line with the psychometric definition: chroma relative to lightness (). See the Use in image analysis section of this article. Using the same name for these three different definitions of saturation leads to some confusion, as the three attributes describe substantially different color relationships; in HSV and HSI, the term roughly matches the psychometric definition, of a chroma of a color relative to its own lightness, but in HSL it does not come close. Even worse, the word \"saturation\" is also often used for one of the measurements we call chroma above (\"C\" or \"C\").", "All parameter values shown below are in the interval, except those for \"H\" and \"H\" which are in the interval.", "The original purpose of HSL and HSV and similar models, and their most common current application, is in color selection tools. At their simplest, some such color pickers provide three sliders, one for each attribute. Most, however, show a two-dimensional slice through the model, along with a slider controlling which particular slice is shown. The latter type of GUI exhibits great variety, because of the choice of cylinders, hexagonal prisms, or cones/bicones that the models suggest (see the diagram near the top of the page). Several color choosers from the 1990s are shown to the right, most of which have remained nearly unchanged in the intervening time: today, nearly every computer color chooser uses HSL or HSV, at least as an option. Some more sophisticated variants are designed for choosing whole sets of colors, basing their suggestions of compatible colors on the HSL or HSV relationships between them. Most web applications needing color selection also base their tools on HSL or HSV, and pre-packaged open source color choosers exist for most major web front-end frameworks. The CSS 3 specification allows web authors to specify colors for their pages directly with HSL coordinates. HSL and HSV are sometimes used to define gradients for data visualization, as in maps or medical images. For example, the popular GIS program ArcGIS historically applied customizable HSV-based gradients to numerical geographical data. Image editing software also commonly includes tools for adjusting colors with reference to HSL or HSV coordinates, or to coordinates in a model based on the \"intensity\" or luma defined above. In particular, tools with a pair of \"hue\" and \"saturation\" sliders are commonplace, dating to at least the late-1980s, but various more complicated color tools have also been implemented. For instance, the Unix image viewer and color editor xv allowed six user-definable hue (\"H\") ranges to be rotated and resized, included a dial-like control for saturation (\"S\"), and a curves-like interface for controlling value (\"V\")—see fig. 17. The image editor Picture Window Pro includes a \"color correction\" tool which affords complex remapping of points in a hue/saturation plane relative to either HSL or HSV space. Video editors also use these models. For example, both Avid and Final Cut Pro include color tools based on HSL or a similar geometry for use adjusting the color in video. With the Avid tool, users pick a vector by clicking a point within the hue/saturation circle to shift all the colors at some lightness level (shadows, mid-tones, highlights) by that vector. Since version 4.0, Adobe Photoshop's \"Luminosity\", \"Hue\", \"Saturation\", and \"Color\" blend modes composite layers using a luma/chroma/hue color geometry. These have been copied widely, but several imitators use the HSL (e.g. PhotoImpact, Paint Shop Pro) or HSV (e.g. GIMP) geometries instead.", "HSL, HSV, HSI, or related models are often used in computer vision and image analysis for feature detection or image segmentation. The applications of such tools include object detection, for instance in robot vision; object recognition, for instance of faces, text, or license plates; content-based image retrieval; and analysis of medical images. For the most part, computer vision algorithms used on color images are straightforward extensions to algorithms designed for grayscale images, for instance k-means or fuzzy clustering of pixel colors, or canny edge detection. At the simplest, each color component is separately passed through the same algorithm. It is important, therefore, that the features of interest can be distinguished in the color dimensions used. Because the \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" components of an object's color in a digital image are all correlated with the amount of light hitting the object, and therefore with each other, image descriptions in terms of those components make object discrimination difficult. Descriptions in terms of hue/lightness/chroma or hue/lightness/saturation are often more relevant. Starting in the late 1970s, transformations like HSV or HSI were used as a compromise between effectiveness for segmentation and computational complexity. They can be thought of as similar in approach and intent to the neural processing used by human color vision, without agreeing in particulars: if the goal is object detection, roughly separating hue, lightness, and chroma or saturation is effective, but there is no particular reason to strictly mimic human color response. John Kender's 1976 master's thesis proposed the HSI model. Ohta et al. (1980) instead used a model made up of dimensions similar to those we have called \"I\", \"α\", and \"β\". In recent years, such models have continued to see wide use, as their performance compares favorably with more complex models, and their computational simplicity remains compelling.", "While HSL, HSV, and related spaces serve well enough to, for instance, choose a single color, they ignore much of the complexity of color appearance. Essentially, they trade off perceptual relevance for computation speed, from a time in computing history (high-end 1970s graphics workstations, or mid-1990s consumer desktops) when more sophisticated models would have been too computationally expensive. HSL and HSV are simple transformations of RGB which preserve symmetries in the RGB cube unrelated to human perception, such that its \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" corners are equidistant from the neutral axis, and equally spaced around it. If we plot the RGB gamut in a more perceptually-uniform space, such as CIELAB (see below), it becomes immediately clear that the red, green, and blue primaries do not have the same lightness or chroma, or evenly spaced hues. Furthermore, different RGB displays use different primaries, and so have different gamuts. Because HSL and HSV are defined purely with reference to some RGB space, they are not absolute color spaces: to specify a color precisely requires reporting not only HSL or HSV values, but also the characteristics of the RGB space they are based on, including the gamma correction in use. If we take an image and extract the hue, saturation, and lightness or value components, and then compare these to the components of the same name as defined by color scientists, we can quickly see the difference, perceptually. For example, examine the following images of a fire breather (). The original is in the sRGB colorspace. CIELAB \"L\"* is a CIE-defined achromatic lightness quantity (dependent solely on the perceptually achromatic luminance \"Y\", but not the mixed-chromatic components \"X\" or \"Z\", of the CIEXYZ colorspace from which the sRGB colorspace itself is derived), and it is plain that this appears similar in perceptual lightness to the original color image. Luma is roughly similar, but differs somewhat at high chroma, where it deviates most from depending solely on the true achromatic luminance (\"Y\", or equivalently \"L\"*) and is influenced by the colorimetric chromaticity (\"x,y\", or equivalently, \"a*,b*\" of CIELAB). HSL \"L\" and HSV \"V\", by contrast, diverge substantially from perceptual lightness. Though none of the dimensions in these spaces match their perceptual analogs, the \"value\" of HSV and the \"saturation\" of HSL are particular offenders. In HSV, the blue primary and white are held to have the same value, even though perceptually the blue primary has somewhere around 10% of the luminance of white (the exact fraction depends on the particular RGB primaries in use). In HSL, a mix of 100% red, 100% green, 90% blue—that is, a very light yellow —is held to have the same saturation as the green primary even though the former color has almost no chroma or saturation by the conventional psychometric definitions. Such perversities led Cynthia Brewer, expert in color scheme choices for maps and information displays, to tell the American Statistical Association: If these problems make HSL and HSV problematic for choosing colors or color schemes, they make them much worse for image adjustment. HSL and HSV, as Brewer mentioned, confound perceptual color-making attributes, so that changing any dimension results in non-uniform changes to all three perceptual dimensions, and distorts all of the color relationships in the image. For instance, rotating the hue of a pure dark blue toward green will also reduce its perceived chroma, and increase its perceived lightness (the latter is grayer and lighter), but the same hue rotation will have the opposite impact on lightness and chroma of a lighter bluish-green— to (the latter is more colorful and slightly darker). In the example below (), the image on the left (a) is the original photograph of a green turtle. In the middle image (b), we have rotated the hue (\"H\") of each color by, while keeping HSV value and saturation or HSL lightness and saturation constant. In the image on the right (c), we make the same rotation to the HSL/HSV hue of each color, but then we force the CIELAB lightness (\"L\"*, a decent approximation of perceived lightness) to remain constant. Notice how the hue-shifted middle version without such a correction dramatically changes the perceived lightness relationships between colors in the image. In particular, the turtle's shell is much darker and has less contrast, and the background water is much lighter. Because hue is a circular quantity, represented numerically with a discontinuity at 360°, it is difficult to use in statistical computations or quantitative comparisons: analysis requires the use of circular statistics. Furthermore, hue is defined piecewise, in 60° chunks, where the relationship of lightness, value, and chroma to \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" depends on the hue chunk in question. This definition introduces discontinuities, corners which can plainly be seen in horizontal slices of HSL or HSV. Charles Poynton, digital video expert, lists the above problems with HSL and HSV in his \"Color FAQ\", and concludes that:", "The creators of HSL and HSV were far from the first to imagine colors fitting into conic or spherical shapes, with neutrals running from black to white in a central axis, and hues corresponding to angles around that axis. Similar arrangements date back to the 18th century, and continue to be developed in the most modern and scientific models.", "To convert from HSL or HSV to RGB, we essentially invert the steps listed above (as before, ). First, we compute chroma, by multiplying saturation by the maximum chroma for a given lightness or value. Next, we find the point on one of the bottom three faces of the RGB cube which has the same hue and chroma as our color (and therefore projects onto the same point in the chromaticity plane). Finally, we add equal amounts of \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" to reach the proper lightness or value.", "", "Given a color with hue, saturation, and lightness, we first find chroma: Then we can find a point along the bottom three faces of the RGB cube, with the same hue and chroma as our color (using the intermediate value \"X\" for the second largest component of this color): In the above equation, the notation formula_23 refers to the remainder of the euclidian division of formula_24 by 2. formula_24 is not necessarily an integer. Overlap (when formula_24 is an integer) occurs because two ways to calculate the value are equivalent: formula_28 or formula_29, as appropriate. Finally, we can find \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" by adding the same amount to each component, to match lightness:", "The polygonal piecewise functions can be somewhat simplified by a clever use of minimum and maximum values as well as the remainder operation. Given a color with hue formula_32, saturation formula_33, and lightness formula_34, we first define the function: where formula_36 and: And output R,G,B values (from formula_39) are: Above alternative equivalent formulas allow shorter implementation. In above formulas the formula_41 returns also fractional part of module e.g. the formula formula_42. The values of formula_43. The base shape formula_44 is constructed as follows: formula_45 is \"triangle\" for which values greater or equal −1 starts from k=2 and ends for k=10, highest point is at k=6. Then by formula_46 we change values bigger than 1 to exact 1. Then by formula_47 we change values less than −1 to exact −1. At this point we get something similar to red shape from fig. 24 after vertical flip (which max value is 1 and min value is −1). The R,G,B functions of formula_48 use this shape transformed in following way: modulo-shifted on formula_49 (by formula_50) (differently for R,G,B) scaled on formula_51 (by formula_52) and shifted on formula_51 (by formula_54). We observe following shape properties (Fig. 24 can help to get intuition about them):", "Given an HSV color with hue, saturation, and value, we can use the same strategy. First, we find chroma: Then we can, again, find a point along the bottom three faces of the RGB cube, with the same hue and chroma as our color (using the intermediate value \"X\" for the second largest component of this color): Overlap (when formula_24 is an integer) occurs because two ways to calculate the value are equivalent: formula_28 or formula_29, as appropriate. Finally, we can find \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" by adding the same amount to each component, to match value:", "Given a color with hue formula_32, saturation formula_68, and value formula_69, first we define function : where formula_36 and: And output R,G,B values (from formula_39) are: Above alternative equivalent formulas allow shorter implementation. In above formulas the formula_41 returns also fractional part of module e.g. the formula formula_42. The values of formula_77. The base shape is constructed as follows: formula_79 is \"triangle\" for which non-negative values starts from k=0, highest point at k=2 and \"ends\" at k=4, then we change values bigger than one to one by formula_80, then change negative values to zero by formula_81 – and we get (for formula_82) something similar to green shape from Fig. 24 (which max value is 1 and min value is 0). The R,G,B functions of formula_48 use this shape transformed in following way: modulo-shifted on formula_49 (by formula_50) (differently for R,G,B) scaled on formula_51 (by formula_87) and shifted on formula_51 (by formula_89). We observe following shape properties(Fig. 24 can help to get intuition about this):", "Given an HSI color with hue, saturation, and intensity, we can use the same strategy, in a slightly different order: Where formula_97 is the chroma. Then we can, again, find a point along the bottom three faces of the RGB cube, with the same hue and chroma as our color (using the intermediate value \"X\" for the second largest component of this color): Overlap (when formula_24 is an integer) occurs because two ways to calculate the value are equivalent: formula_28 or formula_29, as appropriate. Finally, we can find \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" by adding the same amount to each component, to match lightness:", "Given a color with hue, chroma, and luma, we can again use the same strategy. Since we already have \"H\" and \"C\", we can straightaway find our point along the bottom three faces of the RGB cube: Overlap (when formula_24 is an integer) occurs because two ways to calculate the value are equivalent: formula_28 or formula_29, as appropriate. Then we can find \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" by adding the same amount to each component, to match luma:", "", "Given a color with hue formula_111, saturation formula_112, and value formula_69,", "Given a color with hue formula_117, saturation formula_118, and luminance formula_34,", "This is a reiteration of the previous conversion. Value must be in range formula_123. With maximum component (i. e. value) and minimum component range (i. e. chroma) and mid-range (i. e. lightness) we get common hue: and distinct saturations:", "Mouse over the swatches below to see the \"R\", \"G\", and \"B\" values for each swatch in a tooltip." ] }