Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 123842, 34438, 53, 7401, 47, 6488, 33976, 509, 75935, 23, 156999, 47, 18276, 2288, 302, 87907, 7, 136, 142, 1379, 64330, 74336, 17990, 5, 581, 87907, 7, 42874, 297, 7401, 1257, 1295, 70, 74336, 17990, 4, 105233, 10, 137352, 43315, 61590, 47, 43573, 1272, 44556, 136, 108880, 5, 42080, 19, 4252, 343, 82775, 70, 33976, 12960, 764, 509, 70, 14834, 107653, 5, 581, 59671, 927, 74912, 7311, 538, 70541, 297, 10, 32216, 450, 5809, 16401, 1781, 314, 45966, 106384, 111, 7401, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 903, 509, 42874, 297, 1295, 70, 32547, 310, 141, 12521, 24189, 62977, 4, 3229, 70, 7401, 31344, 509, 101089, 297, 47, 10, 18153, 99, 341, 7313, 1554, 5, 581, 7401, 60887, 297, 1295, 70, 32216, 47, 100677, 7832, 794, 3466, 4, 21270, 869, 2810, 136, 32211, 794, 135166, 678, 23417, 214, 7401, 5, 360, 41310, 70, 47, 6488, 25, 7, 2288, 302, 87907, 7, 3542, 91995, 71, 678, 39108, 2926, 7, 5, 581, 15226, 5281, 5426, 11814, 7401, 450, 509, 191607, 99, 10, 18153, 99, 663, 246, 3369, 136, 7068, 4343, 71, 23, 7401, 32216, 7, 1379, 64330, 8108, 8035, 42874, 297, 47, 70, 2663, 111, 903, 47, 6488, 100, 4527, 5, 38396, 6863, 6, 159958, 83, 224344, 71, 47, 186, 111, 15889, 186768, 131011, 4, 3853, 21208, 70, 33976, 21265, 7, 110, 5744, 60042, 100, 7401, 100677, 4, 237, 70, 2926, 7, 4, 42874, 7, 136, 137158, 7, 765, 2809, 184750, 5, 360, 13867, 4, 70, 46132, 509, 117176, 71, 47, 211196, 67, 23179, 7, 136, 127451, 7, 5, 581, 21455, 214, 13651, 99, 70, 2663, 83, 1112, 106384, 36917, 70, 48800, 17366, 46, 24145, 903, 62952, 10, 75101, 214, 21455, 111, 70, 16128, 4, 1284, 18925, 442, 83, 4734, 161549, 49518, 3501, 70, 1492, 5911, 7, 450, 613, 67688, 70, 47, 6488, 5, 2161, 12638, 107767, 2685, 621, 70, 33908, 90, 111, 61909, 7, 678, 501, 21135, 2577, 7, 17721, 2856, 5, 873, 17336, 70, 20450, 22824, 621, 22759, 40501, 45486, 7, 166991, 214, 123842, 34438, 53, 5, 360, 12898, 70, 47, 6488, 509, 75530, 93, 5281, 237, 8035, 111, 15380, 131011, 136, 509, 145870, 390, 70, 103655, 185236, 111, 105141, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 123842, 34438, 53, 27646, 68718, 15, 16, 83, 10, 33976, 23, 123842, 34438, 53, 23, 210721, 209, 3129, 509, 7311, 538, 88303, 237, 10, 7401, 47, 6488, 5, 38396, 6863, 6, 159958, 83, 224344, 71, 237, 15380, 538, 5526, 102971, 442, 83, 5036, 117176, 71, 47, 211196, 67, 23179, 7, 136, 127451, 7, 5, 581, 21455, 214, 13651, 99, 70, 2663, 83, 1112, 106384, 36917, 70, 48800, 17366, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Architecture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Vinohrady water tower building was created in 1882 to house steam engines and an underground reservoir. The engines pumped water up from the reservoir, creating a gravitational feed to nearby homes and businesses. Antonin Turek designed the building while he was the municipal architect. The seventh floor originally contained a tank that could hold 200 cubic metres of water. Initially this was pumped from the River Vltava until 1912, when the water source was switched to a plant at Káraný. The water descended from the tank to supply Strašnice, Žižkov and Vršovice with drinking water. In 1914 the tower's steam engines were replaced with electric motors. The revised system used water that was treated at a plant at Podolí and then stored in water tanks underground before being pumped to the top of this tower for use.", "Today its architecture is acknowledged to be of national historical importance, even though the building serves no modern purpose for water supply, as the motors, pumps and pipes have been removed. In 1993, the inside was converted to accommodate offices and apartments. The viewing platform at the top is 40 metres above the street level – once this provided a commanding view of the area, but today it is only slightly taller than the tenements that surround the tower. On each corner there are the statues of angels with clock faces between them. Below the clocks are four medallions celebrating Vinohrady. In 1991 the tower was recognised as being of cultural importance and was listed by the Czech Ministry of Culture." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 32547, 83, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 172368, 11, 32547, 136, 70, 18810, 3041, 32547, 99, 50368, 31761, 3129, 86608, 7565, 70, 8394, 48850, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 65925, 36176, 933, 23, 70, 11341, 111, 105099, 5, 581, 6626, 96113, 7, 62038, 67, 23, 2758, 15386, 107, 1218, 5865, 111, 5585, 92, 29017, 14749, 59338, 111, 105099, 33233, 678, 70, 799, 927, 32082, 4450, 15, 25617, 9, 118664, 214, 96113, 4, 33284, 214, 70, 88172, 19, 27414, 43573, 109958, 1484, 13, 247, 70, 172368, 11, 136, 70, 18810, 3041, 6, 58944, 99, 46294, 6144, 5330, 4, 23, 310, 42528, 2392, 330, 3238, 23, 70, 65925, 36176, 933, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 534, 16665, 106384, 15, 86, 147, 3362, 184, 72136, 194, 129551, 47, 10, 83009, 759, 927, 109622, 37254, 4, 7103, 200, 30319, 70, 77793, 39406, 4848, 344, 2420, 4, 310, 42528, 43062, 1176, 15, 2347, 50960, 23, 107032, 1363, 111, 47443, 7275, 62410, 16, 29131, 4552, 168661, 5, 1529, 34739, 10588, 98, 70, 10776, 5036, 51529, 237, 310, 42528, 2392, 330, 3238, 5, 14847, 1529, 11736, 98, 450, 280, 344, 4, 157224, 80723, 86608, 214, 1295, 1919, 117906, 254, 5, 581, 157224, 3129, 86608, 297, 1295, 70, 25737, 5609, 111, 1919, 117906, 254, 100512, 70, 172368, 11, 96113, 4, 136, 70, 157224, 3129, 86608, 297, 1295, 1919, 7108, 5609, 100512, 18810, 3041, 32547, 5, 24372, 50419, 9966, 1295, 70, 31344, 4, 70, 18810, 3041, 96113, 86608, 7, 8305, 1461, 7090, 24688, 127, 101120, 10776, 4, 204239, 1357, 1218, 5865, 136, 70, 25297, 26349, 111, 18810, 3041, 330, 4450, 4, 12960, 70, 172368, 11, 96113, 86608, 7, 8305, 159, 25681, 14, 1218, 5865, 4, 19669, 42, 3238, 94925, 1218, 5865, 136, 8294, 432, 208, 1218, 5865, 5, 5455, 3501, 805, 68762, 11, 10484, 4, 75973, 7, 4, 7359, 5447, 4, 1427, 19393, 7831, 136, 70, 1884, 162466, 47, 70, 6626, 96113, 7, 5, 581, 120696, 111, 70, 172368, 11, 136, 70, 18810, 3041, 83, 136, 107013, 538, 4, 570, 1836, 33284, 99, 50368, 31761, 4, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 1672, 305, 963, 106384, 43573, 14355, 13, 9482, 20147, 4, 1672, 1295, 142178, 25716, 208, 4, 621, 408, 2855, 6635, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 145733, 15044, 172368, 11, 136, 18810, 3041, 96113, 7, 4034, 99, 5701, 31344, 15, 724, 14201, 432, 5330, 247, 1836, 86608, 84797, 538, 100, 3060, 62488, 136, 7068, 1836, 14432, 51, 1486, 678, 12638, 3789, 99, 50368, 23515, 54427, 5, 572, 6620, 1295, 2685, 4, 70, 375, 77087, 13, 9351, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 509, 34475, 5, 28090, 2685, 4, 70, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 29459, 14202, 8305, 70, 111719, 7, 47, 10, 62488, 111, 5, 24372, 158, 18026, 6620, 4, 581, 13648, 53, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 96113, 86608, 7, 8305, 13015, 29858, 136, 9892, 11416, 2776, 15416, 111, 930, 2187, 9054, 103724, 5, 47009, 442, 86608, 7, 8305, 152058, 11, 94925, 4, 2291, 70663, 185693, 27685, 4, 1391, 28163, 41940, 4707, 94925, 4, 20681, 5408, 136, 10868, 24031, 7495, 10656, 15416, 111, 50951, 1294, 103724, 5, 360, 10868, 24031, 7495, 1218, 5865, 111, 50951, 1294, 103724, 4, 442, 53299, 7, 6863, 68762, 6635, 8115, 24047, 979, 32547, 5, 581, 96113, 3173, 7, 10, 6083, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 50951, 1294, 136, 25476, 5007, 103724, 7, 136, 7068, 17721, 50951, 1294, 136, 21421, 206, 474, 103724, 7, 33233, 6863, 15411, 5, 24372, 22, 33558, 31288, 21979, 4, 442, 86608, 7, 8305, 1572, 1517, 23987, 136, 7068, 8305, 5375, 157, 929, 5, 1650, 53299, 7, 6863, 68762, 6635, 10639, 416, 96113, 43573, 5375, 157, 929, 5, 47009, 442, 33284, 7, 70, 55420, 43573, 22756, 4717, 72136, 111, 30191, 198403, 48898, 103724, 111, 125537, 11341, 5, 581, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 136, 55420, 32547, 83, 10, 739, 538, 8111, 3964, 37926, 1764, 5, 581, 22986, 302, 199362, 11, 110664, 136, 67671, 202, 19057, 110664, 132, 112, 18601, 3674, 47, 47443, 142178, 136, 3430, 68442, 7, 7, 78325, 107013, 538, 16, 621, 13379, 43573, 22756, 4717, 54427, 5, 581, 43829, 85, 86608, 214, 8305, 8294, 432, 208, 4, 156910, 11, 25942, 136, 31901, 416, 103724, 7, 136, 8115, 24047, 979, 23, 5585, 5515, 29017, 14749, 4, 5585, 1517, 3020, 208, 136, 50951, 1294, 103724, 7, 23, 105099, 136, 70, 10639, 416, 23, 5375, 157, 929, 103724, 111, 31288, 21979, 621, 70, 5201, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 5, 52455, 1427, 19393, 7831, 136, 75973, 7, 33284, 6097, 68762, 11, 10484, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 5700, 54433, 23, 25942, 44, 618, 28391, 1342, 1500, 4, 46294, 11, 159, 25414, 830, 3129, 26950, 44, 397, 35838, 172368, 11, 32547, 7401, 4, 3129, 83, 308, 8946, 619, 53673, 4, 136, 101086, 13, 23, 46294, 11, 32547, 4, 3129, 83, 739, 538, 740, 8622, 621, 5941, 739, 538, 44677, 756, 33233, 70, 96113, 7, 12, 102917, 538, 110664, 7, 111, 947, 3984, 58984, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 18810, 3041, 136, 756, 70, 58984, 7, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 172368, 11, 5, 159, 25681, 14, 4, 13156, 85, 1460, 126, 3915, 170920, 390, 70, 29150, 172880, 219886, 83, 70, 2684, 170277, 1632, 98, 70, 25737, 4620, 111, 70, 172368, 11, 4, 1672, 7565, 86429, 111, 6863, 59665, 5, 10699, 1434, 1632, 111, 70, 5526, 604, 14, 16852, 31913, 7, 8035, 145870, 390, 46015, 83, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 172368, 11, 18810, 3041, 32547, 5, 353, 330, 129091, 85, 2187, 4, 142, 90695, 7440, 70, 2704, 10588, 214, 31913, 111, 300, 86, 739, 538, 9266, 45212, 29721, 933, 83, 23, 70, 4122, 271, 111, 172368, 11, 18810, 3041, 32547, 5, 6561, 831, 21455, 172368, 11, 18810, 3041, 32547, 1295, 170277, 25970, 2955, 4028, 57205, 2548, 38782, 46068, 99, 10699, 1434, 5, 582, 9167, 344, 2420, 46068, 83, 2843, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 172368, 11, 18810, 3041, 32547, 5, 581, 10588, 214, 13162, 111, 13769, 1674, 34426, 1413, 56, 3238, 83, 2843, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 172368, 11, 12377, 3041, 32547, 99, 19825, 90965, 1674, 85, 4, 10868, 24031, 7495, 5, 1572, 118919, 23987, 39, 68791, 13, 40741, 67139, 3041, 43062, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 32547, 83, 10, 96113, 23, 5596, 450, 4034, 7, 136, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 11341, 111, 105099, 20271, 2684, 111, 6863, 15411, 4, 8108, 86608, 214, 33233, 70, 132988, 17721, 125537, 4, 31288, 21979, 136, 20654, 37838, 33284, 214, 70, 55420, 32547, 43573, 22986, 302, 142701, 39, 54427, 23, 5375, 157, 929, 103724, 111, 31288, 21979, 5, 360, 70, 28, 18695, 44, 169440, 28477, 830, 70, 172368, 11, 14832, 3041, 32547, 509, 51529, 390, 70, 9351, 111, 26475, 763, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Course.", "Dams.", "Problems." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1198 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of Lord Vishnu) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When He sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River. After emerging from the source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is and respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 610 metres near Holehonnur, about from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodali village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of. After confluence, The mighty Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of Davangere district. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of Bellary district. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary Vedavathi River. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the Krishna near Alampur Village of Mehboobnagar district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site. The Sangameshwara temple and Jogulamba temple(dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddessess Devi respectively) are present near Alampur village. The Varada flowing through Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Haveri districts and Vedavathi in Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga and Bellary districts in Karnataka and the Handri in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many rivulets and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada \"Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana\", which means \"Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bathe in Ganga River, which is holy\". There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. Sringeri, Sarada Peetham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about downstream of its origin. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of Tunga Bhadra River. One can view Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and Alampur in Mehboobnagar District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity, known as Dakshina Kashi are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas. An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by Sri Krishna Devaraya between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at Sringeri and ends at Kurnool, just few kilometers from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction. Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine. In this setting the ruins of Vijayanagara and Hampi, the seat of power of the Vijayanagar empire, overlook this holy river, creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities. The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and manganese, beyond which is the town of Hosapete. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region. The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in Andhra Pradesh. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The wedge of land that lies north of the Tungabhadra River, between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna, is known as the Raichur Doab.", "A dam was constructed about 15 km upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about 15 km upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri. Tungabhadra Dam is across the river Tungabhadra, a tributary of River Krishna. The dam is near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka. It is considered a multipurpose dam. Its storage capacity is 135 Tmcft. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, the dam releases an estimated 235 tmcft. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from Madras; a general-purpose hall was named after him. (Multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, irrigation of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) It has become a picnic or tourist spot over the years. Tungabhadra Dam is near heritage site Hampi. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is it has been undergoing lot of silting. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood. The Sunkesula Barrage near Kurnool city, a long Barrage Dam was constructed across Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as \"Bhagiratha\" Sir Arthur Cotton for Rayalaseema. Originally it was intended to be used for navigation during British Raj. The barrage was reconstructed by the Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as Tungabhadra Barrage, to provide irrigation supply for Kadapa district. As the road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the K. C. Canal. It impounds about of water and irrigates about amount of lands in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.", "Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary, Koppal, Raichur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly three crore litres of effluents are being released to the Tunga from Shimoga every year.\" This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. It is one of the most polluted rivers in the country. Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient tank system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular fish kills that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 23213, 4, 42732, 111, 70, 9716, 111, 70, 2356, 65295, 4, 136355, 10, 78182, 31, 9, 284, 61305, 238, 20117, 111, 903, 9351, 4, 44, 16305, 53, 5985, 58, 15, 80146, 194, 360, 70, 2356, 65295, 111, 70, 60313, 4, 59121, 23, 160600, 4, 604, 9351, 83, 3900, 39798, 27686, 44, 161749, 39, 58, 15, 11477, 14389, 10087, 2779, 16, 707, 44, 161749, 740, 48752, 289, 3789, 24793, 23, 70, 2356, 65295, 4, 26719, 2907, 5, 23213, 163082, 22110, 4, 621, 35839, 390, 70, 5701, 9351, 5, 360, 157612, 939, 4, 442, 509, 67842, 538, 82, 4650, 14071, 29367, 237, 44, 107, 173213, 191, 830, 44, 3137, 720, 15520, 830, 44, 6639, 449, 7401, 7, 830, 44, 266, 95650, 830, 44, 3355, 289, 3674, 1632, 830, 44, 882, 2069, 1632, 830, 44, 114686, 297, 100, 29041, 830, 707, 44, 372, 49842, 7844, 740, 2907, 5, 27971, 13450, 15, 199332, 501, 5, 125409, 247, 25632, 5177, 27359, 3834, 111, 64914, 13, 11, 4, 3900, 19309, 7, 70, 9351, 237, 44, 138810, 111, 70, 15520, 58, 24073, 271, 2298, 5786, 7, 58, 23, 42845, 247, 1295, 1529, 143006, 18367, 44, 1727, 58, 44, 138810, 58, 15, 67466, 5, 27989, 16378, 1112, 12221, 16, 136, 6, 448, 44, 14520, 58, 44, 184, 11, 740, 3293, 153648, 509, 221419, 538, 79516, 71, 44, 7, 36378, 5786, 7, 58, 24073, 5613, 111, 70, 15520, 18939, 4743, 47, 34309, 3571, 18499, 707, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 138, 4216, 142642, 2244, 8420, 122925, 7, 4, 3229, 329, 2446, 40073, 25, 7, 44759, 4612, 111, 70, 27414, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 70, 9351, 831, 186, 29481, 297, 44, 5613, 111, 70, 15520, 58, 2174, 39958, 237, 10, 18264, 297, 3173, 111, 70, 1529, 143006, 188511, 44, 192, 25, 748, 58, 44, 5613, 58, 15, 4353, 5, 44, 98523, 1294, 18939, 1001, 6, 448, 44, 14520, 58, 44, 184, 11, 830, 14373, 903, 44, 92337, 90, 237, 10, 4552, 4092, 206019, 740, 111992, 14, 4, 142, 534, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 845, 114686, 6868, 4597, 98, 70, 60313, 4, 54397, 450, 70, 9351, 509, 34475, 47, 70, 114015, 111, 112440, 6637, 111, 70, 61527, 72004, 25, 182, 1495, 39734, 111, 845, 19725, 23, 61527, 5, 111992, 14, 54397, 450, 70, 8254, 52164, 158930, 23, 61527, 100, 6626, 75281, 1492, 5369, 4, 26719, 136659, 53, 9, 7, 4084, 5369, 111, 156217, 22, 29505, 5911, 450, 80723, 99, 70, 1733, 112440, 25, 88, 820, 114015, 509, 103122, 5, 228072, 4, 70, 23040, 509, 35839, 207667, 4, 6637, 70, 61527, 72004, 7228, 6897, 114309, 15, 2865, 24843, 2442, 4, 44, 1727, 18939, 100, 604, 3395, 5, 88949, 111, 23213, 25, 7, 6782, 167821, 12330, 3956, 4, 20117, 7, 111, 604, 9351, 621, 27983, 34475, 47, 23040, 20020, 23, 15044, 70, 65925, 136, 19128, 8999, 7, 5, 360, 70, 46123, 4, 23213, 25, 7, 9351, 41591, 71, 70, 197212, 3173, 44, 16305, 14520, 58, 15, 8238, 6008, 247, 3129, 1556, 2843, 115081, 3934, 3789, 46876, 7, 5, 581, 160600, 20117, 44, 161749, 58, 115081, 3934, 42845, 136, 1295, 70, 3956, 3934, 5941, 5744, 28811, 46876, 7, 5, 581, 31330, 44, 53, 58, 23, 70, 3900, 39798, 2320, 44, 124693, 14520, 58, 33636, 7, 70, 5381, 1803, 1978, 112, 248, 170, 64, 5, 581, 23550, 2347, 7, 29367, 10010, 2069, 44, 31852, 67853, 58, 1556, 2843, 21647, 297, 3060, 226649, 4, 41866, 23, 9942, 4, 33233, 8752, 44, 10581, 67853, 58, 136, 44, 124693, 14520, 740, 581, 9351, 111, 8254, 14, 707, 636, 761, 7717, 3395, 35839, 44, 10581, 67853, 58, 1543, 186, 3900, 39798, 27686, 44, 124693, 14520, 58, 707, 44, 31852, 67853, 58, 8, 96819, 98, 36766, 70, 43701, 111, 70, 3900, 39798, 2320, 83, 92265, 707, 14941, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 207667, 15, 16, 83, 10, 76034, 13, 34475, 9351, 17164, 297, 23, 66429, 6827, 1529, 143006, 4, 17164, 297, 23, 70, 27432, 111, 5443, 31, 6862, 237, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 114015, 111, 112440, 4, 70, 25793, 1448, 90, 7, 207667, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Variant Maryam.", "Notable people named Myriam." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Mary, mother of the Jesus of the New Testament, bore a Judeo-Aramaic variant of this name, \"Maryām\" (מרים). In the New Testament of the Bible, written in Greek, her name is transliterated \"Mariam\" (Μαριάμ) or \"Maria\". Several other women in the New Testament, including St. Mary Magdalene, are called by the same name. In antiquity, it was variously etymologized as \"rebellion\", \"bitter sea\", \"strong waters\", \"mistress\", \"exalted one\", \"ruling one\", \"wished for child\", or \"beautiful\". St. Jerome (writing c. 390), following Eusebius of Caesarea, translates the name as \"drop of the sea\" (\"stilla maris\" in Latin), from Hebrew מר \"mar\" \"drop\" (cf. Isaias 40:15) and ים \"yam\" \"sea\". This translation was subsequently rendered \"stella maris\" (\"star of the sea\") due to scribal error or as a result of 3rd century vowel shifts, whence our Lady's title Star of the Sea. Alternatively, the name can be interpreted \"star of the sea\" if taken as a contracted form of the Hebrew מאור \"ma'or\" \"star\" (lit. \"luminary\") plus ים \"yam\" \"sea\", yet this \"strikes as a very free interpretation\". Rashi, an 11th-century Jewish commentator on the Bible, wrote that the name was given to the sister of Moses because of the Egyptians' harsh treatment of Jews in Egypt. Rashi wrote that the Israelites lived in Egypt for two hundred ten years, including eighty-six years of cruel enslavement that began at the time Moses' elder sister was born. Therefore, the girl was called Miriam, because the Egyptians made life bitter (מַר, \"mar\") for her people. Because of Mary's great religious significance, variants of her name are often given to girl children in both the Western and Arab worlds. In the Quran, Mary's name assumed the Arabic form \"Maryam\" (مريم), which has also passed into other languages. The Greek variant \"Maria\" passed into Latin and from thence into many modern European languages.", "The letter \"y\" in the transliteration \"Miryam\" represents the palatal glide /j/. The metathesized spelling \"Myriam\" has also gained some currency, especially in France, alongside \"Miriam\" and \"Miryam\". The name of Israeli or Lebanese people called \"Miriam\" may be transliterated \"Miryam\" or \"Myriam\" depending on whether the context of the transliteration is French or English." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 114149, 621, 77253, 707, 117, 33, 93, 289, 4, 678, 10, 49512, 10366, 22460, 10299, 15403, 1690, 106211, 13450, 678, 70, 31358, 7, 137356, 71, 23, 6626, 79259, 6, 15555, 7, 4, 707, 142, 72, 24762, 5201, 106443, 678, 74855, 7, 99, 70, 3647, 136, 144252, 538, 137356, 71, 707, 2750, 42, 6259, 31358, 7, 5, 581, 31358, 7, 621, 8781, 136, 56104, 14037, 1614, 1991, 17704, 4, 21208, 1836, 1543, 186, 14037, 21917, 26518, 707, 2878, 25958, 50419, 184, 5, 1301, 678, 5941, 50895, 41637, 1836, 831, 186, 4552, 77336, 23, 115700, 46, 1295, 192617, 47, 707, 964, 25667, 4, 678, 707, 15490, 10, 29333, 16836, 4, 136, 678, 707, 15490, 10, 2412, 11, 64113, 3647, 5, 581, 189067, 621, 137356, 71, 23, 10, 100, 12225, 4, 5623, 2347, 9, 5062, 1620, 15390, 707, 17721, 6626, 198274, 1620, 15390, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 56104, 105843, 4, 21208, 23, 3060, 7225, 1836, 1543, 186, 161549, 105843, 4, 136, 40101, 333, 91153, 707, 19844, 91153, 5, 581, 117, 26865, 127, 33180, 7, 621, 23, 106, 707, 116, 36549, 111, 4700, 1104, 16, 363, 4092, 33180, 7, 74, 70, 75414, 36549, 3229, 13379, 621, 56104, 7639, 53, 136, 280, 1803, 9, 5062, 5, 6512, 18241, 106, 1104, 85916, 223, 4, 23, 106, 707, 1286, 36549, 74, 70, 75414, 64333, 68018, 122175, 13, 5, 663, 8405, 83, 32363, 35975, 136, 4092, 1284, 23, 70, 122084, 12663, 24073, 78122, 2512, 3478, 58, 136, 44, 106670, 2146, 99721, 18939, 46, 70, 160, 8405, 162048, 7, 621, 175100, 23, 121293, 7, 4, 1884, 79315, 7, 111, 186, 712, 7, 5, 581, 40354, 1294, 83, 44157, 678, 116, 1104, 1837, 25072, 297, 2258, 5310, 7, 70541, 214, 10, 11001, 33123, 13, 678, 183851, 45371, 1577, 98, 9935, 13, 1803, 3687, 24402, 3129, 40101, 502, 9774, 112, 110518, 47, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 40354, 1294, 707, 621, 82940, 133, 37838, 126809, 5, 151958, 7, 621, 32363, 35975, 47, 192617, 4, 36898, 707, 5452, 6493, 4, 8, 31047, 16797, 707, 1286, 56104, 19538, 31047, 16797, 136, 73432, 390, 8, 408, 53, 111, 70, 117, 2063, 10681, 5, 6872, 6468, 621, 3638, 538, 183851, 678, 80560, 352, 21731, 232, 136, 110, 22, 1140, 1264, 39, 5, 163498, 73, 2320, 831, 186, 111531, 26341, 5281, 5, 581, 2684, 17309, 6, 34053, 112537, 13, 9523, 39734, 111, 70, 14449, 125296, 7, 22759, 1614, 69128, 7, 46, 126442, 9254, 2986, 30610, 13, 24073, 60977, 5814, 9254, 164, 830, 44, 9506, 39, 157, 964, 316, 74054, 7832, 5565, 188, 30610, 13, 24073, 97315, 5565, 1636, 74054, 62, 12177, 6723, 30610, 13, 24073, 68910, 1414, 2347, 830, 44, 284, 8079, 118, 4523, 830, 44, 571, 538, 3798, 830, 44, 647, 134431, 830, 44, 647, 365, 112, 11, 830, 44, 2729, 208, 100816, 75189, 58, 136, 44, 670, 18, 67693, 18939, 136, 3905, 71, 154150, 30610, 13, 24073, 7768, 118931, 7, 830, 44, 106670, 2146, 99721, 830, 44, 60977, 71, 70773, 830, 44, 4613, 532, 2787, 830, 44, 4645, 2759, 830, 44, 6433, 72559, 52821, 830, 44, 78122, 2512, 3478, 58, 136, 44, 42272, 4086, 86, 1651, 51029, 31384, 114149, 765, 24209, 170920, 122360, 289, 18153, 7, 4, 136, 221419, 538, 85583, 642, 297, 7, 23, 70, 56409, 15, 157225, 538, 44, 647, 134431, 830, 44, 647, 365, 112, 11, 58, 136, 44, 60977, 71, 70773, 51029, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 126442, 9254, 217, 189956, 83, 10, 86608, 4209, 18153, 14449, 26719, 611, 51529, 12663, 678, 10, 3622, 111, 377, 35826, 51529, 114149, 15, 136658, 33, 6378, 169, 619, 3311, 449, 780, 6, 247, 450, 26719, 10, 14012, 111, 114149, 111, 50895, 9523, 18153, 4, 100, 110527, 70, 62690, 9, 5739, 43576, 4, 70, 5299, 51529, 180972, 7401, 1177, 297, 136, 6, 211209, 3137, 44, 60977, 5814, 9254, 164, 2993, 7921, 9, 15846, 13, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The species are annual or perennial, with a creeping monopodial rhizome with the leaves arranged in two vertical rows, or an erect main shoot with roots at the base and spirally arranged or whorled leaves. The leaves are simple and usually found submerged, though they may be found floating or partially emerse. As with many aquatics they can be very variable in shape – from linear to orbicular, with or without a petiole, and with or without a sheathing base. The flowers are arranged in a forked, spathe-like bract or between two opposite bracts. They are usually irregular, though in some case they may be slightly irregular, and either bisexual or unisexual. The perianth segments are in 1 or 2 series of (2–)3 free segments; the inner series when present are usually showy and petal-like. Stamens 1–numerous, in 1 or more series; the inner ones sometimes sterile. Pollen is globular and free but in the marine genera (\"Thalassia\" and \"Halophila\") – the pollen grains are carried in chains, like strings of beads. The ovary is inferior with 2–15 united carpels containing a single locule with numerous ovules on parietal placentas which either protrude nearly to the centre of the ovary or are incompletely developed. Fruits are globular to linear, dry or pulpy, dehiscent or more usually indehiscent and opening by decay of the pericarp. Seeds are normally numerous with straight embryos and no endosperm. Pollination can be extremely specialised. The most recent phylogenetic treatment of the family recognizes four subfamilies – Hydrocharitoideae (\"Hydrocharis\", \"Limnobium\"), Stratiotoideae (\"Stratiotes\"), Anacharioideae (\"Apalanthe\", \"Appertiella\", \"Blyxa\", \"Egeria\", \"Elodea\", \"Lagarosiphon\" and \"Ottelia\") and Hydrilloideae (\"Enhalus\", \"Halophila\", \"Hydrilla\", \"Maidenia\", \"Najas\", \"Nechamandra\", \"Thalassia\" and \"Vallisneria\").", "Some species have become established ornamental plants, and subsequently serious weeds in the wild (especially \"Egeria\", \"Elodea\" and \"Hydrilla\")." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3293, 83, 70, 2053, 100, 70, 1919, 18, 83814, 47, 70, 7108, 4, 17368, 2101, 55769, 12, 581, 34153, 11814, 47, 98363, 70, 103510, 7, 23, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 621, 12, 44, 230612, 238, 830, 44, 1205, 24243, 25737, 58, 707, 44, 54969, 830, 44, 34, 18092, 2465, 830, 44, 964, 432, 2465, 58, 707, 44, 39, 58273, 2465, 740, 1650, 83, 10, 4127, 6528, 47, 23577, 70, 2053, 17368, 40368, 12921, 2394, 6, 146984, 7, 47, 30698, 1286, 1672, 442, 5, 11853, 83, 142, 27781, 98, 6305, 34475, 23, 10, 17666, 5, 581, 345, 5, 294, 5, 51292, 7921, 86907, 14037, 450, 2685, 3542, 49537, 19879, 3395, 2750, 4488, 50782, 111, 2363, 44556, 5, 345, 6953, 2363, 2053, 98, 70, 1733, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 26983, 47, 4488, 4, 70, 23180, 35064, 45831, 70, 89931, 14012, 111, 3395, 2750, 45739, 71, 678, 26983, 20028, 44, 257, 19713, 496, 1284, 40715, 3501, 2273, 14633, 58, 83, 77546, 3501, 70, 101935, 100, 70, 39283, 7, 36917, 136, 35064, 442, 5, 3293, 83, 47041, 4743, 47, 3395, 68807, 214, 2363, 113771, 120696, 1733, 5, 581, 2967, 111, 13416, 214, 142424, 237, 208806, 61799, 416, 538, 68807, 297, 101935, 83, 10, 39210, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 3229, 43799, 214, 2053, 1295, 3395, 5, 3293, 1919, 18, 83814, 45831, 70, 14012, 111, 50218, 117, 25072, 51514, 237, 70, 155955, 111, 12638, 46389, 4, 221, 450, 70, 16128, 111, 12638, 46389, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 14012, 111, 3395, 23, 70, 110297, 2750, 6817, 3934, 6863, 95487, 5, 581, 16128, 1379, 70, 9709, 272, 33636, 7, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 50218, 15, 109589, 19879, 194, 3293, 10644, 111, 1919, 18, 83814, 45831, 89931, 101935, 4, 678, 2396, 23, 137107, 5, 3293, 1919, 18, 83814, 129927, 7, 1295, 70, 5117, 4734, 23, 70, 79259, 105994, 5, 581, 16128, 111, 12638, 46389, 83, 70, 6, 175921, 111, 70, 3622, 450, 12638, 95487, 33636, 7, 4, 136, 70, 3622, 16128, 111, 756, 70, 1909, 7, 83, 105950, 47, 106, 15, 2347, 6, 175921, 91084, 44, 5584, 51029, 581, 9709, 272, 44116, 297, 83, 10, 8781, 168, 7, 2481, 25902, 67, 5, 3293, 11389, 45831, 123875, 7, 4, 136, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 10, 25072, 16128, 1919, 18, 83814, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 33636, 7, 10, 12478, 944, 27771, 113068, 390, 26950, 111, 148734, 449, 1577, 124901, 6, 146984, 7, 33636, 18507, 51514, 7, 136, 124901, 58555, 621, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 42518, 214, 12478, 944, 117538, 12, 70, 155955, 111, 12638, 83, 70, 83080, 12478, 944, 27771, 168, 7, 2481, 100, 70, 51514, 5, 581, 51514, 7, 621, 158012, 25842, 23, 12989, 47, 7639, 450, 70, 2053, 33636, 297, 390, 70, 1919, 18, 83814, 4, 12960, 97629, 4, 83, 2843, 22832, 12282, 10821, 5, 15, 647, 5, 177, 5, 4, 23, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 765, 6626, 37067, 214, 51514, 7, 111, 4068, 758, 1104, 304, 93645, 136, 7085, 758, 1104, 363, 72516, 4, 1284, 959, 6626, 37067, 214, 51514, 7, 111, 4068, 758, 1104, 304, 93645, 136, 116, 48413, 1104, 6460, 45955, 31678, 939, 51514, 7, 621, 33636, 297, 237, 201505, 136, 959, 7158, 48398, 5, 16, 360, 10, 1286, 4537, 291, 140363, 70760, 10422, 4, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 83, 10, 32354, 44, 39, 58, 450, 54529, 7, 70, 14012, 111, 150556, 7, 450, 6817, 3934, 12638, 111, 70, 2837, 513, 4288, 39283, 7, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 44, 7568, 7, 74054, 7440, 162, 70, 6, 41382, 111, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 83, 2563, 538, 1632, 3917, 47, 33636, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 2174, 642, 2633, 44, 19, 58, 186, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 150556, 7, 136, 44, 92, 58, 186, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 2394, 7, 4, 70, 1919, 18, 83814, 44, 39, 58, 23356, 7, 70, 25632, 27289, 12, 62, 1452, 202, 45023, 1919, 18, 83814, 83, 10, 291, 26783, 450, 54529, 7, 70, 1452, 202, 45023, 14012, 111, 150556, 7, 23, 756, 111, 70, 2394, 7, 1257, 47, 70, 58735, 297, 2394, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 70, 1452, 202, 45023, 1919, 18, 83814, 44, 594, 58, 111, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 44, 39, 58, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 12, 8622, 83, 110, 44, 32168, 58, 14012, 111, 2394, 7, 4, 136, 12921, 2394, 13267, 7, 831, 122273, 12921, 66139, 111, 70, 2053, 5, 10760, 214, 2053, 83, 99, 19713, 237, 10332, 237, 6524, 9109, 25, 7, 4488, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 1284, 110, 242161, 226829, 3542, 34475, 24189, 159, 987, 4188, 25, 7, 4488, 23, 70777, 5, 345, 6953, 91257, 2394, 7, 7440, 70, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 2053, 26847, 83, 27226, 34390, 7, 110, 3075, 4743, 47, 57, 2676, 2069, 96759, 7432, 74, 17368, 24, 18304, 6488, 2394, 7, 7440, 70, 168, 7, 2481, 83, 11192, 15, 991, 70, 26073, 6, 92831, 1779, 70, 110, 3075, 16, 76199, 117396, 22619, 1830, 47, 70, 168, 7, 2481, 25902, 1363, 5, 12613, 7, 285, 38543, 70, 2394, 9, 146984, 28032, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 831, 186, 48588, 141, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 105950, 9, 146984, 2394, 7, 621, 38134, 538, 11814, 5, 31384, 3790, 43866, 69438, 7, 765, 81887, 297, 47, 83324, 142, 24087, 14012, 111, 2394, 7, 4, 1284, 6097, 150624, 137567, 3249, 37515, 237259, 7, 1672, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 113068, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 8561, 2053, 113068, 136, 70, 109458, 111, 70, 114137, 4, 12921, 2394, 6, 146984, 7, 1543, 186, 95307, 4, 221, 28007, 2320, 83, 56104, 44841, 47, 83324, 142, 95307, 6, 146984, 5, 8622, 621, 4, 49903, 4, 67842, 80234, 226829, 136, 91736, 111, 4911, 6492, 5, 581, 14012, 111, 2394, 7, 44, 92, 58, 831, 186, 95486, 297, 105237, 707, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 1295, 10, 42459, 297, 2394, 6, 146984, 44, 127, 58, 237, 12, 581, 1620, 5170, 117414, 70, 405, 49725, 32354, 5, 3129, 51776, 70, 6, 108047, 74855, 111, 70, 14012, 111, 2053, 26847, 23, 70, 121413, 15, 33740, 390, 30326, 1919, 18, 83814, 7, 136, 5941, 3789, 16, 136, 68807, 7, 47, 70, 11737, 892, 1505, 5, 159, 987, 4188, 25, 26168, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 1919, 18, 83814, 83, 142, 35707, 5134, 15829, 18811, 1363, 111, 70, 113068, 111, 54744, 6827, 707, 149133, 6827, 2053, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 65508, 71, 390, 17038, 1460, 147, 1681, 5, 717, 64549, 10, 1919, 18, 83814, 4, 70, 5117, 29954, 83, 47, 44, 7568, 58, 15, 748, 44, 978, 27853, 18939, 70, 37457, 111, 142424, 2451, 86673, 83, 4, 101637, 70, 64194, 37457, 111, 142424, 3934, 10, 36549, 111, 51514, 7, 2451, 2940, 7068, 54529, 3642, 5941, 142424, 6817, 3934, 12638, 51514, 5, 581, 2394, 7, 621, 56104, 58735, 297, 237, 148390, 13, 4, 351, 9, 5465, 143, 26783, 51514, 7, 111, 10, 77336, 5, 581, 2394, 7, 15, 10433, 1405, 7, 16, 8110, 186, 123594, 16797, 4, 136, 621, 27983, 15, 8789, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Examples.", "Mathematical definition.", "Cumulative histogram.", "Number of bins and width.", "Square-root choice.", "Sturges' formula.", "Rice Rule.", "Doane's formula.", "Scott's normal reference rule.", "Freedman–Diaconis' choice.", "Minimizing cross-validation estimated squared error.", "Shimazaki and Shinomoto's choice.", "Variable bin widths.", "Remark." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "This is the data for the histogram to the right, using 500 items: The words used to describe the patterns in a histogram are: \"symmetric\", \"skewed left\" or \"right\", \"unimodal\", \"bimodal\" or \"multimodal\". It is a good idea to plot the data using several different bin widths to learn more about it. Here is an example on tips given in a restaurant. The U.S. Census Bureau found that there were 124 million people who work outside of their homes. Using their data on the time occupied by travel to work, the table below shows the absolute number of people who responded with travel times \"at least 30 but less than 35 minutes\" is higher than the numbers for the categories above and below it. This is likely due to people rounding their reported journey time. The problem of reporting values as somewhat arbitrarily rounded numbers is a common phenomenon when collecting data from people. This histogram shows the number of cases per unit interval as the height of each block, so that the area of each block is equal to the number of people in the survey who fall into its category. The area under the curve represents the total number of cases (124 million). This type of histogram shows absolute numbers, with Q in thousands. This histogram differs from the first only in the vertical scale. The area of each block is the fraction of the total that each category represents, and the total area of all the bars is equal to 1 (the fraction meaning \"all\"). The curve displayed is a simple density estimate. This version shows proportions, and is also known as a unit area histogram. In other words, a histogram represents a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies: the height of each is the average frequency density for the interval. The intervals are placed together in order to show that the data represented by the histogram, while exclusive, is also contiguous. (E.g., in a histogram it is possible to have two connecting intervals of 10.5–20.5 and 20.5–33.5, but not two connecting intervals of 10.5–20.5 and 22.5–32.5. Empty intervals are represented as empty and not skipped.)", "In a more general mathematical sense, a histogram is a function \"m\" that counts the number of observations that fall into each of the disjoint categories (known as \"bins\"), whereas the graph of a histogram is merely one way to represent a histogram. Thus, if we let \"n\" be the total number of observations and \"k\" be the total number of bins, the histogram \"m\" meets the following conditions:", "A cumulative histogram is a mapping that counts the cumulative number of observations in all of the bins up to the specified bin. That is, the cumulative histogram \"M\" of a histogram \"m\" is defined as:", "There is no \"best\" number of bins, and different bin sizes can reveal different features of the data. Grouping data is at least as old as Graunt's work in the 17th century, but no systematic guidelines were given until Sturges's work in 1926. Using wider bins where the density of the underlying data points is low reduces noise due to sampling randomness; using narrower bins where the density is high (so the signal drowns the noise) gives greater precision to the density estimation. Thus varying the bin-width within a histogram can be beneficial. Nonetheless, equal-width bins are widely used. Some theoreticians have attempted to determine an optimal number of bins, but these methods generally make strong assumptions about the shape of the distribution. Depending on the actual data distribution and the goals of the analysis, different bin widths may be appropriate, so experimentation is usually needed to determine an appropriate width. There are, however, various useful guidelines and rules of thumb. The number of bins \"k\" can be assigned directly or can be calculated from a suggested bin width \"h\" as: The braces indicate the ceiling function.", "which takes the square root of the number of data points in the sample (used by Excel histograms and many other) and rounds to the next integer.", "Sturges' formula is derived from a binomial distribution and implicitly assumes an approximately normal distribution. It implicitly bases the bin sizes on the range of the data and can perform poorly if \"n\" < 30, because the number of bins will be small—less than seven—and unlikely to show trends in the data well. It may also perform poorly if the data are not normally distributed.", "The Rice Rule is presented as a simple alternative to Sturges's rule.", "Doane's formula is a modification of Sturges' formula which attempts to improve its performance with non-normal data. where formula_8 is the estimated 3rd-moment-skewness of the distribution and", "where formula_11 is the sample standard deviation. Scott's normal reference rule is optimal for random samples of normally distributed data, in the sense that it minimizes the integrated mean squared error of the density estimate.", "The Freedman–Diaconis rule is: which is based on the interquartile range, denoted by IQR. It replaces 3.5σ of Scott's rule with 2 IQR, which is less sensitive than the standard deviation to outliers in data.", "This approach of minimizing integrated mean squared error from Scott's rule can be generalized beyond normal distributions, by using leave-one out cross validation: Here, formula_14 is the number of datapoints in the \"k\"th bin, and choosing the value of \"h\" that minimizes \"J\" will minimize integrated mean squared error.", "The choice is based on minimization of an estimated \"L\" risk function where formula_16 and formula_17 are mean and biased variance of a histogram with bin-width formula_18, formula_19 and formula_20.", "Rather than choosing evenly spaced bins, for some applications it is preferable to vary the bin width. This avoids bins with low counts. A common case is to choose \"equiprobable bins\", where the number of samples in each bin is expected to be approximately equal. The bins may be chosen according to some known distribution or may be chosen based on the data so that each bin has formula_21 samples. When plotting the histogram, the \"frequency density\" is used for the dependent axis. While all bins have approximately equal area, the heights of the histogram approximate the density distribution. For equiprobable bins, the following rule for the number of bins is suggested: This choice of bins is motivated by maximizing the power of a Pearson chi-squared test testing whether the bins do contain equal numbers of samples. More specifically, for a given confidence interval formula_23 it is recommended to choose between 1/2 and 1 times the following equation: Where formula_25 is the probit function. Following this rule for formula_26 would give between formula_27 and formula_28; the coefficient of 2 is chosen as an easy-to-remember value from this broad optimum.", "A good reason why the number of bins should be proportional to formula_29 is the following: suppose that the data are obtained as formula_30 independent realizations of a bounded probability distribution with smooth density. Then the histogram remains equally \"rugged\" as formula_30 tends to infinity. If formula_32 is the \"width\" of the distribution (e. g., the standard deviation or the inter-quartile range), then the number of units in a bin (the frequency) is of order formula_33 and the \"relative\" standard error is of order formula_34. Comparing to the next bin, the relative change of the frequency is of order formula_35 provided that the derivative of the density is non-zero. These two are of the same order if formula_36 is of order formula_37, so that formula_38 is of order formula_29. This simple cubic root choice can also be applied to bins with non-constant width." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3003, 44368, 93, 7228, 4734, 6626, 170894, 7, 100, 24408, 15, 76550, 1104, 108035, 23, 70, 49838, 19175, 136, 351, 13, 23, 45378, 62, 20271, 450, 14922, 23, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 32692, 5, 1529, 509, 111628, 297, 47, 6646, 100, 10, 34003, 23, 13867, 1104, 14889, 4, 136, 509, 221419, 538, 12302, 2822, 47, 4061, 188, 23, 11857, 4, 136, 7068, 47, 169047, 23, 11891, 7440, 764, 134729, 297, 10, 85583, 148, 24816, 182260, 4, 136, 210435, 538, 4734, 7228, 1632, 22962, 170894, 5, 1529, 7068, 109133, 47, 66812, 45, 22986, 516, 23, 10586, 4, 7440, 1919, 182260, 44402, 70560, 297, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 509, 170198, 47, 70, 44517, 31095, 66053, 158374, 582, 65844, 390, 1919, 34391, 4, 70, 169047, 69236, 184308, 92191, 11994, 19384, 2628, 4, 136, 509, 54324, 47, 44517, 100, 10, 114498, 111, 11762, 232259, 23, 55482, 24372, 20662, 1919, 34377, 26548, 159, 24175, 155767, 23, 10, 48524, 49838, 19175, 7002, 85789, 4, 3003, 44368, 93, 134620, 1919, 5117, 34003, 99, 44517, 678, 1660, 138, 170894, 7, 23, 756, 130412, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 49903, 98, 70, 1585, 206, 237, 44517, 23742, 70, 3576, 15491, 15619, 27188, 5, 581, 25632, 34003, 4, 764, 26859, 47, 108975, 1286, 186085, 136, 99764, 70, 72134, 13162, 678, 10462, 8, 2016, 7460, 15, 33177, 44368, 93, 26859, 1105, 192428, 27528, 4, 262, 2016, 7460, 423, 194, 262, 61518, 10, 59335, 66801, 1295, 7880, 55124, 206, 23, 70, 6789, 1104, 9550, 34003, 4, 764, 10267, 122009, 1919, 5117, 7175, 3687, 678, 10, 79315, 111, 40881, 23718, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 43374, 71, 44517, 25, 7, 60560, 111, 70, 42552, 100, 70, 6789, 1104, 9550, 34003, 390, 35992, 4, 44961, 214, 70, 34292, 764, 49814, 47, 10, 7175, 237875, 100, 35060, 27771, 5, 360, 14487, 103844, 764, 57, 4126, 6626, 28054, 2449, 23, 10, 27734, 111, 59671, 13312, 1295, 79326, 53303, 25, 7, 57501, 165458, 7, 136, 39721, 25, 7, 135730, 19909, 6210, 119805, 5, 3003, 44368, 93, 509, 75530, 93, 5281, 237, 70, 2965, 69236, 184308, 23, 70, 26521, 19175, 23, 70, 5726, 1104, 34498, 34003, 4, 3229, 764, 23742, 70, 87, 5343, 26521, 16070, 2016, 289, 184308, 111, 70, 85135, 70318, 5, 3003, 44368, 93, 2843, 57, 4126, 10, 203249, 1295, 49220, 25, 7, 241037, 45233, 47, 4358, 85168, 1919, 5609, 10, 456, 20706, 23, 70, 15491, 15619, 5, 24372, 10, 124498, 4034, 47, 70, 6052, 1104, 7709, 34003, 4, 70, 10332, 182260, 44402, 122446, 23, 1919, 169047, 13312, 21449, 4420, 4, 137802, 4049, 51, 2886, 47, 85358, 98, 1919, 36272, 1295, 4568, 34003, 136, 51, 2886, 47, 11301, 100, 10, 21334, 126826, 111, 70, 34003, 5, 18763, 34292, 47, 70, 7175, 509, 127308, 297, 3229, 44517, 25, 7, 91995, 674, 69236, 184308, 38591, 209525, 846, 165523, 47, 191984, 11177, 3934, 70, 5117, 7175, 4, 105207, 47, 44517, 25, 7, 82230, 1295, 70, 49838, 19175, 99, 70, 36137, 2704, 36541, 47, 138550, 5, 1529, 53333, 106804, 297, 1919, 203249, 57, 6496, 502, 1177, 7, 7, 678, 10, 30098, 1295, 30749, 14098, 25, 7, 4518, 1674, 131, 1520, 9235, 516, 31, 53, 23, 10, 106157, 26521, 19175, 4817, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 14432, 7228, 10, 121742, 23, 70, 5701, 6712, 136, 6, 190358, 70, 5701, 58585, 47, 105950, 3075, 4, 1284, 44517, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 111670, 71, 10, 106, 104279, 79442, 450, 509, 20174, 100, 101038, 48524, 49838, 19175, 209864, 5, 581, 4821, 1104, 8194, 34003, 24124, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 3525, 31095, 17151, 136691, 5, 3003, 44368, 93, 24124, 130412, 7103, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 35007, 87603, 5, 87603, 63043, 297, 450, 764, 2806, 25944, 3003, 44368, 93, 100, 10, 5117, 7175, 3687, 136, 3003, 44368, 93, 509, 36069, 20051, 47, 70, 161740, 13, 1585, 206, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 764, 156304, 1810, 98, 10, 26521, 19175, 159690, 7, 25, 40501, 237, 764, 145755, 4734, 17262, 192428, 170894, 7, 756, 34003, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 21449, 7103, 44517, 1902, 111670, 71, 70, 9044, 3038, 5, 1529, 6777, 4, 49903, 4, 60213, 23, 2684, 111, 44517, 25, 7, 15491, 15619, 136, 19175, 15619, 27528, 450, 34003, 5, 44517, 157578, 70, 4078, 98809, 19175, 15619, 27188, 4, 49903, 3003, 44368, 93, 509, 45890, 297, 237, 764, 1902, 2809, 9325, 5773, 23, 142, 15491, 15619, 4817, 70, 5895, 8108, 26548, 188831, 14098, 5, 3293, 131148, 450, 87603, 26859, 136, 18226, 299, 3065, 61007, 4293, 509, 98, 70, 1585, 206, 5, 3003, 44368, 93, 13438, 509, 17932, 44126, 47, 87603, 4, 136, 145755, 4734, 22759, 192428, 170894, 7, 237, 44517, 23742, 70, 26521, 19175, 100, 70, 17932, 6602, 23, 10, 6, 15555, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 450, 34003, 4, 3003, 44368, 93, 1902, 57, 4126, 305, 111, 70, 427, 28054, 2449, 764, 1902, 2577, 71, 12960, 17721, 70, 32323, 100, 44517, 4, 53333, 214, 1919, 216473, 237, 142, 40881, 203249, 160025, 5, 24372, 35007, 87603, 509, 24, 4806, 23, 70, 563, 29836, 10752, 136, 49838, 19175, 4078, 1104, 9016, 7175, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 6782, 35142, 111, 149575, 1363, 1672, 3003, 44368, 93, 25, 7, 22690, 99, 44517, 4, 105207, 47, 3003, 44368, 93, 54452, 10, 63805, 39563, 214, 450, 764, 509, 104577, 99, 44517, 4, 136, 15673, 71, 47, 4358, 70, 7175, 141621, 6863, 5117, 9, 30441, 49838, 19175, 44759, 5, 1529, 156568, 71, 7853, 34639, 7, 450, 764, 509, 16487, 100, 10, 30646, 47, 98848, 3229, 764, 181141, 142, 111938, 47, 1919, 44517, 18264, 23, 22482, 30739, 1529, 509, 7068, 18264, 297, 47, 44517, 24189, 70, 51065, 111, 20938, 2161, 616, 18374, 65942, 23, 10, 192428, 6712, 26548, 104951, 4, 764, 509, 186015, 297, 51, 144729, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 115851, 56, 297, 5773, 70, 163451, 12960, 179493, 142, 230044, 7021, 7103, 38162, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 100, 5117, 9, 3089, 2980, 69236, 184308, 87603, 5, 87603, 509, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 5609, 2256, 71, 100, 1257, 47, 10, 6602, 4, 137802, 3003, 44368, 93, 237, 70, 2684, 22962, 69236, 184308, 19882, 99, 44517, 5, 33306, 4, 3853, 21208, 764, 1902, 89554, 192026, 297, 136, 176377, 47, 23189, 4, 3003, 44368, 93, 2577, 71, 10, 133868, 47, 2837, 365, 61007, 50960, 9, 3089, 2980, 69236, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 83551, 3003, 44368, 93, 15, 74, 103122, 305, 6088, 29733, 16, 83, 10, 90223, 71, 89176, 101740, 56, 2750, 112730, 237, 10, 69236, 184308, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 775, 111, 70, 36770, 24408, 69236, 184308, 80822, 31, 3003, 44368, 93, 4, 136, 70, 69190, 191, 111, 19369, 5320, 76, 86841, 6955, 36142, 141, 432, 3003, 44368, 93, 5, 3003, 44368, 93, 83, 82424, 10, 11938, 72002, 7, 9601, 136, 111628, 58585, 121392, 53865, 99, 44517, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early career.", "Club career.", "Chelsea.", "1999–2004.", "2004–05.", "2005–06.", "2006–07.", "2007–08.", "2008–09.", "Tottenham Hotspur.", "2008–09.", "2009–10.", "2010–11.", "2011–12.", "2012–13.", "LA Galaxy.", "International career.", "Style of play.", "Coaching career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Cudicini made only two appearances for Milan (1991–95) in the Champions League and none in Serie A during that period in the club's history. He was loaned to Como for a season in 1993–94, and was subsequently transferred to Prato in 1995, and then to Lazio in 1996 where he suffered a serious wrist injury, and consequently only made one senior appearance. He then moved to Castel di Sangro in 1997, where his injury problems persisted. However, he was recommended to the Chelsea manager Gianluca Vialli by his friend, the Lazio goalkeeper Luca Marchegiani, and was sold to Chelsea for a fee of £300,000 in 1999.", "", "", "After making his debut against Skonto Riga in a UEFA Champions League qualifier, Cudicini ended his first season at Chelsea with just 3 appearances in all competitions. He was however on the bench as Chelsea won the 2000 FA Cup Final. The following season, he started to appear more regularly and shared the starting spot with Ed de Goey (Cudicini started 23 league games, De Goey 15). Despite a brief challenge from Mark Bosnich in the 2001–02 season, he retained his first team place with a string of excellent performances. He was voted Chelsea's Player of the Year for the 2001–02 season by fans, reflecting the value he added to a team struggling for consistency. In December 2001, he saved two penalties in a span of seven days from Sunderland's Kevin Phillips and Liverpool's Gary McAllister. Cudicini was recognised as the best goalkeeper in the Premier League in the 2002–2003 season, when he won the ITV Premiership Goalkeeper of the Season award. Cudicini also saved a penalty from Arsenal's Thierry Henry to help earn his side a replay in the FA Cup. After a bright start to the 2003–04 season, the old injury problems experienced in his Lazio days came back, leaving him unable to carry on his success from last season and unable to play for a large portion of the season. His value to the team was highlighted when Chelsea's replacement goalkeeper Marco Ambrosio failed to effectively fit into the first team, leading to Chelsea's exit from the Champions League at the semi final stage to Monaco. He further demonstrated his penalty saving prowess with a save from Manchester United's Ruud van Nistelrooy in a crucial Premier League tie. However, he later made a mistake in the same game and allowing the same player to equalise, but Chelsea nonetheless secured a 1–1 draw that was enough for automatic UEFA Champions League qualification.", "The 2004–05 season saw the arrival of new manager José Mourinho. Cudicini saw competition after the arrival of Petr Čech. Čech claimed that he would push Cudicini for a first team place and Cudicini was dropped to the substitute bench. As a result, he missed out on a Premier League winners' medal as he managed only three league appearances all season, all of which came after Chelsea had secured the trophy. He did, however, feature in most of Chelsea's FA Cup and League Cup games that season. Chelsea reached the 2005 Football League Cup Final, however Cudicini was suspended as he had been sent off in an FA Cup tie the week before against Newcastle United. This meant that Čech started and Lenny Pidgeley was on the bench.", "Cudicini again was second choice to Čech, and managed only four league appearances as Chelsea won the Premier League for the second year in a row. At the end of that season, Cudicini had saved 6 of the 12 penalties he had faced while between the posts for Chelsea, furthering his reputation as an excellent penalty stopper.", "After Petr Čech was named in the FIFPro and Champions League 2005–06 team of the season, there was a great deal of speculation about Cudicini's future at Chelsea, leading to Cudicini release a statement confirming that he was comfortable at Chelsea, and hoped to help the team capture its first-ever Champions League title. He silenced rumours that he was looking for a return to Italy when he signed an extension to his Chelsea contract in February 2006. He was then contracted to Chelsea until the summer of 2009. On 14 October 2006, in a league game against Reading, he was knocked unconscious and had to be stretchered off the pitch while wearing an oxygen mask after coming on as a substitute for first-choice goalkeeper Čech. Čech was believed to be sidelined for up to a year, leaving Cudicini as the most senior goalkeeper available at Chelsea. However, even though he had fully recovered and returned to training, Cudicini faced a battle to dislodge third-choice goalkeeper Henrique Hilário, who had been playing well in Čech's and Cudicini's absence. After Hilário conceded four goals in two matches, Chelsea manager José Mourinho decided to put Cudicini in goal against Aston Villa in their fourth round match of the League Cup. Chelsea won that match 4–0 and Cudicini took over goalkeeping duties from Hilário. However, after returning to action in Chelsea's 2–0 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield in late January 2007, Čech kept both Cudicini and Hilário out of the first team. Cudicini's lack of action for Chelsea since 2004 and his reluctance to move to a new club saw him described as \"the world's most unambitious footballer\" by \"The Daily Telegraph\" in 2008. Cudicini was on the bench as Chelsea won the 2007 FA Cup Final, but Hilario was preferred as the substitute goalkeeper as they won the 2007 Football League Cup Final.", "Cudicini began the new campaign once again as second-choice to Čech, but a string of injuries to the Czech star saw Cudicini feature 19 times in all competitions. His first appearance of the season was in a League Cup game against Hull City in which he kept a clean sheet in a 4–0 win. He played against Leicester City in a 4–3 win at Stamford Bridge in the next round before making his first appearance of the season in the Champions League, coming on as a substitute against Schalke 04. Cudicini then featured in the next five games due to Čech's injury, conceding just one goal in the process, against Everton at Stamford Bridge in a 1–1 draw. However, the Italian shot-stopper suffered an injury and would not be seen between the posts until February in a FA Cup game against Huddersfield Town. He also featured in the next round of the cup, but Chelsea lost 1–0 to Barnsley and were knocked out of the competition. Cudicini retained his place due to another injury suffered by Čech and featured in Chelsea's 6–1 win over Derby County. He kept clean sheets in 1–0 wins against Sunderland and Middlesbrough, as well as a 2–0 away win at Manchester City and played in Chelsea's 2–1 win over local rivals Arsenal in March. Cudicini made an outstanding save in the last minutes of an epic 4–4 draw at White Hart Lane against Tottenham Hotspur when he saved from point-blank range against Dimitar Berbatov to earn Chelsea a point. He featured in both legs against Turkish club Fenerbahçe as Chelsea progressed 3–2 on aggregate; unfortunately; he limped off with an injury that effectively ended his season. Cudicini made his 200th appearance for the club (in all competitions) against West Ham United on 1 December 2007. He was an unused substitute as Chelsea lost both the 2008 Football League Cup Final and the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final.", "Cudicini made his first Premier League appearance of the season in Chelsea's 5–0 win at Middlesbrough and this marked his 100th clean sheet in a Chelsea shirt. He played his last game for Chelsea at home in the FA Cup 3rd Round tie with Southend United which ended in a 1–1 draw.", "", "On 26 January 2009, it was confirmed that Cudicini signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a free transfer. He was allowed to move on a free due to his services given to Chelsea. He made his debut for Spurs on 27 January 2009 in the Premier League fixture against Stoke City, a 3–1 win. Following Tottenham's loss in the League Cup final against Manchester United (for which Cudicini was cup-tied), Cudicini's appearances were limited. He did not play again for Spurs in the 2008–09 season after the 1–2 victory over Hull City at the KC Stadium a week before the 2009 Football League Cup Final.", "Cudicini made his first competitive appearance in nearly six months for Tottenham when he came on as a substitute for the injured Heurelho Gomes in a 5–1 victory over Hull City on 19 August 2009. He played a number of matches, including a 3–0 defeat at his former club Chelsea on 20 September which saw him return to Stamford Bridge for the first time since leaving the club. He was then benched in favour of the returning Gomes for the match against Portsmouth at Fratton Park. On 12 November, Cudicini was involved in a serious motorcycle accident in Walthamstow, east London, on his way to Tottenham's training ground. It was reported that he had fractured both his wrists and injured his pelvis. He was taken to an east London hospital then later was transferred to a private hospital. In late February, the Tottenham Hotspur website reported that Cudicini had started some ball work. On 12 May, Cudicini signed a new one-year contract with Spurs. On 10 July, Cudicini played 45 minutes in a pre-season friendly against Bournemouth, his first action since his accident.", "On 25 August 2010, Cudicini saw his first official action for the club in nearly a year as a half-time replacement for the injured Gomes in the second leg of Tottenham's UEFA Champions League play-off round tie against Young Boys of Switzerland. Three days later, he started against Wigan Athletic in the Premier League at White Hart Lane but was criticised for conceding the Latics' winning goal scored by Hugo Rodallega. Despite putting in some consistently good performances for Spurs, he was again benched in favour of Gomes for the Champions League group stage match against Twente on 29 September. He was an eighth-minute replacement for Luka Modrić after Gomes' sending-off against Internazionale on 20 October, but was powerless to stop the defending Champions League winners from scoring three times in a 4–3 loss at the San Siro. He went on to play in the return match on 2 November at White Hart Lane as 'Spurs earned a famous 3–1 victory. On 10 May 2011, Cudicini gave a very solid performance against Manchester City at Eastlands. He made two good saves to deny City a winning goal, but Tottenham still lost 1–0 through an own goal from Peter Crouch.", "Following the signing of Brad Friedel from Aston Villa on a free transfer, Cudicini again continued to act as back-up goalkeeper with previous first-choice goalkeeper Heurelho Gomes relegated to third-choice. Cudicini was, however, used as first choice goalkeeper during Tottenham's Europa League matches, making his first start of the season against PAOK in a 0–0 draw. During the match, Cudicini let in an Alves Lino penalty, but Lino was asked to retake the penalty and subsequently missed. Cudicini also played in the 2012 FA Cup semi-final against former club Chelsea.", "Cudicini started the season second choice to Friedel, but after the addition Hugo Lloris, Cudicini was limited a role as back-up goalkeeper in Europa League. His final appearance for the club was in a 0–3 win against Carlisle United at Brunton Park in a third round League Cup tie on 26 September 2012.", "Cudicini was transferred to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer (MLS) on 31 December 2012 on a free transfer. He made his debut in a 4–0 win over Chicago Fire. Cudicini was released by Los Angeles on 26 January 2014.", "Cudicini was capped at under-18 and Under-21 level, but never represented his country of birth at senior level. He was called into the squad for the 2002 friendly against Turkey, but was not named in the matchday squad by Giovanni Trapattoni, behind Gianluigi Buffon and Francesco Toldo. The FA have previously claimed he could be eligible to represent England, however, similar to the case of Mikel Arteta, he was not. He was not eligible for England because FIFA Statutes stipulate that the player needs to have held a British passport at the time when he represented Italy at the U16 European Championship, and would have required five years of education in Britain before turning 18.", "A large, quick, agile and athletic keeper, Cudicini was regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in the Premier League and in the world in his prime, and is considered to be one of Chelsea's greatest goalkeepers, as well as one of the best Italian keepers of his generation. Although he was regarded as a talented prospect in his youth, he was a somewhat late bloomer, and only came to prominence in his late 20s. Despite not being a particularly commanding goalkeeper in the penalty area, as he is not particularly tall and does not possess particularly large hands, Cudicini was however an excellent and instinctive shot-stopper, who was known in particular for his positional sense, intelligence, and composure in goal, as well as his agility, speed, and explosive reactions, which made him effective at stopping penalties.", "In March 2015, Cudicini joined the Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team coaching staff as goalkeeping coach. In July 2016, Cudicini returned to Chelsea to become a club ambassador and assistant to the new first-team head coach Antonio Conte. He was present amongst the rest of the coaching staff during Chelsea's 2–1 home win over West Ham in their first match of the 2016–17 season. He continued the job under Maurizio Sarri in 2018–19 season. In August 2019, Cudicini has been appointed loan player technical coach following Eddie Newton's move to Frank Lampard's backroom staff." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17006, 2132, 7, 2227, 189956, 621, 60627, 117, 33, 93, 16765, 4, 1284, 3060, 1543, 186, 77253, 707, 117, 33, 93, 289, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 7401, 27289, 292, 1836, 621, 3638, 538, 117, 33, 93, 289, 23, 28123, 7401, 7, 4, 77253, 23, 1286, 34003, 289, 27289, 1284, 2685, 621, 131527, 7, 5, 581, 36418, 7, 621, 8231, 39, 9, 5062, 707, 16616, 4370, 87432, 223, 5, 233185, 13, 136, 1614, 1991, 184, 31358, 7, 621, 27983, 192617, 4, 217982, 1286, 90638, 136, 50419, 184, 31358, 7, 831, 186, 192617, 47, 3361, 13, 707, 3853, 57, 84050, 2182, 5, 17006, 765, 10, 117781, 29333, 16836, 4, 678, 10, 2412, 257, 5252, 3647, 5, 581, 23, 76352, 6964, 6620, 83, 56104, 217773, 678, 2750, 54123, 7, 111, 90356, 7, 4, 21208, 3060, 621, 286, 4063, 9, 5062, 4, 136, 27060, 765, 20245, 867, 53, 189067, 5, 581, 189067, 621, 20324, 4, 333, 91153, 707, 19844, 91153, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 40, 5007, 7, 3129, 56104, 70560, 23, 70, 41896, 5, 129335, 280, 60380, 4, 56104, 158, 44689, 1010, 10821, 4, 35011, 4, 77233, 4, 7398, 8705, 4, 46505, 25958, 678, 205811, 707, 7398, 8705, 13162, 7, 5, 581, 280, 60380, 41207, 538, 4568, 1286, 3501, 1632, 5155, 5, 360, 44, 87336, 76, 4526, 58, 136, 44, 127660, 7, 86, 1651, 58, 70, 280, 60380, 621, 15393, 136, 3853, 46505, 25958, 146291, 23, 117776, 189067, 5, 6512, 18241, 621, 138, 4, 305, 4, 483, 707, 183851, 5, 581, 40354, 1294, 83, 14597, 4, 48402, 214, 138, 20, 183851, 4092, 2258, 5310, 7, 23, 1632, 2750, 54123, 707, 23, 10, 234737, 297, 10336, 5, 98423, 2258, 5310, 70541, 7, 106, 15, 9, 10461, 3877, 29813, 10821, 45371, 1577, 5, 151958, 83, 10, 10336, 111, 54806, 1974, 7, 15, 3355, 19462, 23, 44, 11866, 122118, 53208, 51029, 581, 40, 297, 7, 765, 110, 22, 1140, 1264, 39, 136, 10, 9709, 4126, 707, 18344, 48141, 352, 21731, 31, 5, 9626, 70, 62, 52873, 4830, 5426, 4, 70, 2132, 7, 2227, 189956, 96853, 17262, 12663, 36770, 538, 43032, 111, 70, 45183, 157, 9254, 217, 189956, 5, 884, 239483, 4, 2685, 621, 729, 1119, 18211, 12663, 136, 6626, 165082, 12663, 95486, 297, 47, 70, 2132, 7, 2227, 189956, 12, 48752, 289, 114149, 4, 959, 78458, 23, 70, 107396, 44, 294, 30235, 26233, 830, 765, 6726, 133, 1690, 106211, 306, 90, 4, 55993, 19, 100, 15044, 14135, 15381, 136, 26249, 8282, 820, 23, 127067, 9022, 136, 8394, 48850, 14237, 5, 10660, 3542, 73203, 33, 237, 15381, 390, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 111, 23924, 21629, 5, 17006, 765, 34292, 237, 15381, 100, 56409, 24804, 5, 31384, 621, 55993, 19, 237, 122360, 289, 18153, 7, 23, 12050, 80583, 7, 4, 15266, 6468, 136, 50895, 16219, 7, 5, 581, 31358, 7, 136, 6, 132641, 13245, 7, 111, 44, 9506, 39, 157, 9254, 164, 212921, 11, 58, 621, 73203, 33, 23, 25134, 13, 4438, 14237, 237, 44, 771, 748, 3395, 25, 7, 55670, 2661, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 7401, 9, 5868, 25500, 7, 15, 55725, 7, 2227, 189956, 16, 621, 10, 14449, 111, 86608, 4209, 18153, 7, 4, 48402, 214, 534, 12663, 136, 17721, 9365, 136, 9199, 114149, 5, 581, 14449, 1556, 10, 191725, 74132, 66, 113068, 4, 678, 70, 158036, 14012, 111, 114149, 23, 79197, 2182, 10776, 7, 111, 70, 182688, 14313, 14, 157695, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 114149, 621, 84995, 329, 10821, 50895, 9523, 18153, 7, 105925, 23, 1108, 114942, 136, 15266, 6468, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Classification.", "Cultivation and uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Most Alismataceae are robust perennials, but some may be annual or perennial, depending on water conditions — they are normally perennial in permanent waters, annual in more seasonal conditions but there are exceptions. The stems are corm-like or stoloniferous. Juvenile and submerse leaves are often linear, whilst more mature and emerse leaves can be linear to ovate or even sagittate. Most have a distinct petiole, with a sheathed base. The inflorescence is usually compound with whorls of branches, though some are umbel-like, and others have solitary flowers. The flowers are regular, bisexual or unisexual. There are three sepals which usually persist in the fruit. Three petals, usually conspicuous, white, pink, purple, occasionally with yellow or purple spots. The petals rarely last more than one day. In \"Burnatia\" and \"Wiesneria\" the petals are minute and even occasionally absent in female flowers. Stamens are 3, 6, 9 or numerous. The ovary is superior, comprising 3 - numerous free carpels in one whorl or in a clustered head. Each carpel contains 1 (-2) anatropous ovules. Fruit is a head of nutlets (except in \"Damasonium\"). The seeds have no endosperm and a curved or folded embryo.", "Under the APG III system, the Alismataceae includes three genera formerly members of the Limnocharitaceae. Altogether, there are 17 extant genera and two fossil genera assigned to the Alismataceae:", "Several species, notably in the genus \"Sagittaria\", have edible rhizomes, grown for both human food and animal fodder in southern and eastern Asia. They were eaten as food by the indigenous peoples of North America. Most have value as food for wildlife. Some are grown as ornamental plants in bog gardens, ponds and aquariums. The leaves and flower buds of \"Limnocharis flava\" are eaten in Southeast Asia as \"poor people's vegetable\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 44, 10752, 161312, 183845, 58, 36549, 22223, 3132, 47, 28, 19908, 67, 2773, 38887, 3443, 5, 1301, 6044, 4, 196216, 40226, 1636, 10, 222201, 6712, 111, 125413, 101740, 4, 678, 70, 58585, 6226, 2069, 40101, 142, 64194, 7175, 707, 10, 133291, 58585, 74, 151814, 7, 60754, 13, 678, 70, 91736, 111, 125413, 101740, 5, 179117, 223, 6712, 13736, 7, 765, 2809, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 36549, 4, 6, 190358, 100, 196216, 96551, 4, 26719, 70, 154812, 9791, 4, 2823, 136, 9791, 2256, 13736, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 6097, 13736, 7, 4, 2685, 83, 142, 27211, 214, 1632, 7440, 70, 58585, 831, 30022, 15, 188, 3060, 192961, 16, 70, 36549, 25, 158036, 2967, 4, 70425, 400, 35481, 214, 5, 581, 18897, 19175, 13736, 4, 76199, 70, 38937, 6226, 111, 10, 7175, 111, 38937, 25, 7, 132216, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 70, 92865, 3542, 756, 189534, 9, 20941, 43315, 92865, 4, 49903, 903, 14432, 98816, 68772, 70, 38937, 70, 35829, 47, 15549, 70, 53550, 7, 136, 55076, 47, 11301, 678, 114977, 92865, 5, 32255, 92865, 4, 6044, 237, 30089, 3378, 40225, 32301, 7537, 4, 765, 24209, 58984, 26366, 7, 47, 5941, 3395, 75169, 70, 18897, 19175, 5, 581, 10, 464, 83, 47, 4527, 6097, 92865, 136, 21647, 26847, 390, 6, 69986, 14858, 90, 4, 45364, 7, 136, 192428, 7, 5, 345, 6953, 163629, 71, 26847, 47, 59038, 2773, 92865, 47, 33284, 70, 7175, 5, 137625, 538, 4, 1632, 5608, 3564, 1257, 678, 10, 7175, 111, 131720, 71, 92865, 5, 28090, 44, 683, 6706, 138, 58, 24073, 92049, 592, 96129, 33, 361, 74054, 92865, 25, 75678, 136, 206398, 9709, 3132, 3542, 49814, 4, 7440, 10, 58585, 25, 7, 80835, 7, 1543, 52295, 707, 206398, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 23189, 136, 32070, 5, 3293, 49814, 10, 3525, 6, 168867, 47, 7398, 28661, 214, 92865, 4, 154107, 34292, 47, 142, 1257, 9, 2940, 9, 277, 214, 27150, 1515, 124901, 77041, 31075, 6, 58944, 155034, 25958, 136, 105233, 10, 52350, 9, 16713, 2174, 70, 58585, 22113, 7, 131720, 71, 1284, 8, 92768, 214, 52129, 7, 5, 105426, 111, 70, 36549, 27983, 3249, 44, 109585, 102158, 58, 136, 44, 4453, 17007, 58, 3129, 2811, 40383, 756, 58585, 123055, 3934, 8382, 111, 2363, 2773, 6897, 105416, 17365, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 26719, 12302, 7, 1295, 70, 42850, 12302, 76896, 136, 4, 46505, 25958, 4, 37264, 297, 63841, 111, 1286, 160608, 13, 92865, 124901, 23, 9, 35311, 150380, 90, 54, 959, 134995, 538, 143126, 67, 2363, 2773, 6897, 59376, 5, 44, 683, 6706, 23888, 7, 187781, 58, 136, 44, 683, 6706, 23888, 7, 58, 621, 27781, 7, 111, 64324, 450, 621, 171332, 47, 105233, 152018, 63841, 100, 92865, 5, 5455, 122446, 914, 31648, 27983, 4527, 44, 4453, 17007, 830, 27211, 214, 70, 8561, 6712, 18151, 136, 2811, 151138, 70, 6, 48461, 289, 10941, 47, 26698, 152018, 24448, 7, 100, 51, 150, 35481, 297, 87199, 4, 3525, 83932, 7, 4, 136, 101740, 7, 1295, 37874, 4, 8942, 5, 4, 160976, 4, 345, 27726, 136, 3574, 107, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 1286, 108725, 16446, 7, 5, 17006, 110912, 90, 2843, 70541, 86872, 71, 107832, 13, 24448, 7, 1295, 37671, 136, 70, 51521, 7643, 7, 111, 70, 67842, 28811, 192428, 7, 5, 32255, 110912, 90, 621, 121392, 538, 10, 12562, 934, 111, 112341, 4, 136, 621, 27983, 54324, 85325, 538, 23, 43396, 90, 23, 70, 102256, 24453, 136, 14237, 5, 3692, 1191, 765, 24209, 40715, 149104, 111, 903, 8562, 111, 1207, 27211, 214, 23, 17309, 5369, 4, 136, 5036, 22, 136791, 70, 2053, 117, 102, 14653, 47, 24448, 7, 136, 58585, 80835, 7, 23, 12638, 3525, 54452, 5, 33306, 4, 1207, 142080, 23, 21690, 78458, 7413, 48322, 47, 116546, 903, 22, 136791, 1830, 4, 136, 110912, 90, 7464, 108975, 24145, 903, 1556, 2809, 69307, 71, 5, 66016, 44, 10752, 161312, 183845, 305, 58, 98, 19364, 7, 4, 2685, 1556, 2809, 10, 84797, 192428, 678, 543, 189534, 87199, 15, 101409, 62, 4, 11399, 335, 4, 11399, 313, 3021, 5, 16, 13379, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 27211, 297, 89554, 5, 3293, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 4743, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 3692, 1191, 165523, 47, 2046, 70, 38109, 47, 70, 30839, 167209, 4, 136, 83, 56104, 7228, 3934, 70, 167209, 707, 15700, 192428, 111, 1632, 25, 7, 205537, 390, 110912, 6, 114014, 5, 33306, 4, 2684, 3395, 4527, 903, 47, 3884, 2363, 27211, 297, 92865, 3934, 11301, 2886, 87199, 1295, 70, 4034, 64457, 111, 19441, 47, 11301, 8305, 18897, 19175, 47, 59038, 2856, 707, 30700, 538, 27211, 70, 144573, 351, 9, 79446, 1771, 87199, 5, 3293, 60213, 14602, 959, 108975, 23, 70, 5140, 14, 11389, 111, 70, 6712, 15, 8789, 4, 237, 11341, 71, 36917, 4, 70, 351, 9, 79446, 1771, 87199, 831, 186, 27211, 297, 109954, 194, 44, 10752, 161312, 183845, 58, 36549, 144851, 7, 6863, 74855, 7, 47, 44, 17903, 289, 115885, 58, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 44, 70646, 183845, 17686, 592, 96129, 33, 58, 23, 15758, 194, 581, 6712, 509, 126809, 390, 3692, 1191, 40139, 58815, 71667, 136, 509, 121447, 23, 98543, 581, 5117, 44, 92049, 592, 96129, 33, 58, 6712, 4, 15490, 70, 44, 70646, 183845, 58, 183114, 4, 509, 44, 1375, 5, 233353, 3291, 3218, 53927, 17686, 592, 96129, 33, 58, 3129, 509, 121447, 4734, 23, 15758, 100, 70, 75041, 23, 11857, 4, 136, 60213, 71, 4734, 70, 616, 117406, 450, 112730, 23, 11857, 821, 5, 233353, 5, 581, 25632, 17262, 27528, 23, 70, 36549, 3542, 2843, 181653, 390, 3692, 1191, 40139, 58815, 71667, 136, 1836, 3542, 121447, 1379, 70, 9351, 111, 6, 43351, 1250, 100, 70, 28811, 16839, 136, 17686, 592, 96129, 33, 100, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 4837, 2256, 12, 44, 12137, 621, 70, 98809, 4699, 372, 58, 581, 106, 271, 17283, 674, 23, 70, 36549, 111, 1250, 161312, 183845, 27528, 509, 121447, 23, 18374, 6789, 100, 15044, 75041, 136, 75041, 787, 1650, 509, 121447, 1379, 70, 9351, 6661, 183845, 12, 17686, 592, 96129, 33, 190, 23, 15758, 136, 23924, 21629, 5, 16277, 6635, 98, 70, 6712, 509, 62952, 390, 21240, 92343, 9405, 136, 169589, 4966, 5372, 5, 4837, 2256, 12, 44, 3957, 53, 20255, 14434, 2583, 58, 1250, 161312, 183845, 116, 15, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 28, 27591, 818, 12126, 1250, 161312, 183845, 15, 13, 27591, 818, 12126, 115266, 247, 51529, 23, 15758, 136, 36770, 538, 23924, 21629, 237, 28, 27591, 818, 12126, 17686, 592, 96129, 33, 4, 83, 10, 36549, 111, 125413, 101740, 40226, 1363, 1202, 27528, 126809, 136, 121447, 77253, 538, 16792, 55197, 1650, 83, 8035, 126809, 136, 91376, 390, 3692, 1191, 5, 1650, 58055, 7, 111, 136659, 5997, 5201, 17283, 9035, 136, 40368, 25927, 9, 16713, 20623, 44759, 7, 136, 442, 1556, 51592, 54452, 7, 98, 5941, 12921, 13651, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 68034, 10, 114015, 36549, 111, 3692, 1191, 25, 7, 110680, 8357, 4265, 5613, 183845, 136, 1556, 2809, 121447, 1379, 12921, 123055, 8108, 70, 9351, 44, 10752, 161312, 183845, 58, 509, 170920, 214574, 5, 581, 36549, 1556, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "\"Goal Storm\" / \"ISS Pro\" series.", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer\" series.", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 3\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 4\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 5\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 6\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2008\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2009\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2010\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2011\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2012\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2013\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2014\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2015\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2016\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2017\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2018\".", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer 2019\".", "\"eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer\" series.", "\"eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020\".", "Other titles.", "J-League Winning Eleven series.", "Controversy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The \"Pro Evolution Soccer\" series strives to emulate real soccer. As such, gameplay simulates a typical game of association football, with the player controlling either an entire team or a selected player; objectives coincide with the rules of association football. Various game modes have been featured in the series, allowing for gameplay variety, including the Kick Off, Online and Offline modes. In addition to these modes, there is an editing one where the player can fix (to some extent) the series' greatest problem, poor licensing. The Master League mode, gives the user control of a team of user's selection. Originally, the players were all generic-fictional players, however this later changed giving the user the option to change the settings and choose to play with default players. These players, such as Brazilian forward Castolo, have become cult figures to many people playing the Master League. The aim is to use these players and gain points by winning matches, cups and leagues. Using acquired points to purchase real players to join the team. Ultimately, one should end up with a team of skilled players. From \"PES 3\" (\"Winning Eleven 7\"), players' growth and decline curves were added, where a player's statistics may improve or decline, depending on training and age. This added a new depth to purchasing players, adding value to an up-and-coming youngster whose abilities rise dramatically and creating a trade-off if the player buys skilled but declining veterans. Fans of the series often make \"option files\" and \"patches\" which modify all player names into those of their real life counterparts, as well as including transfers from the latest transfer window and, occasionally, altered stats of more obscure players whose in-game attributes do not precisely replicate their real life skills. \"PES Stats Database\" and \"PES Stats\" are examples of websites that are dedicated to creating accurate stats for players. More experienced gamers often use \"patches\", editing the actual game code and modifying the graphical content to include accurate kits for unlicensed teams, new stadiums, and footballs from Nike, Inc., Puma, Umbro and Mitre, as well as more Adidas balls. Most patches also contain licensed referee kits from FIFA and the official logos of the various European leagues. These patches are technically a breach of copyright, and are often sold illegally in territories in the Middle East and Asia. Konami have become less tolerant of this kind of fan editing in recent years, and now encrypt the data pertaining to kits and player statistics in each new release. However, fan communities invariably find ways to crack this encryption, and patches still appear once this has been achieved. Since \"Pro Evolution Soccer 6\" onwards, there has been a separate league with 18 generic teams (Team A, Team B, Team C etc.) present, which can be edited fully. This is thought to be due to the fact that Konami failed to get the rights to the German Bundesliga, and is usually made into the Bundesliga or another league of one's preference by patch makers. However, most people use this to put their edited players into playable teams from the start instead of having to play through Master League to purchase them or alternatively edit the existing non-generic teams. This feature does not appear in the Wii version of the game (but, as stated above, the non-generic teams can be edited anyway).", "\"Pro Evolution Soccer\" series traces its roots to \"Goal Storm\" (also known as \"World Soccer Winning Eleven\" in Japan). The game was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo and was released in 1996. The first \"Winning Eleven\" game, without the \"World Soccer\" prefix, was \"J.League Jikkyou Winning Eleven\" which was released only in Japan for the PlayStation in 1995, and featured only the 14 clubs that played in 1995 J.League. The following three games in the series were also produced by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo and they were released under the name of ISS Pro for the European market and Winning Eleven for the rest of the world.", "", "Tagline: \"We are the Football Tribe\" The 1st instalment in the series of Pro Evolution Soccer games was released in October 2001 for both PlayStation and PlayStation 2. It was released under the name World Soccer: Winning Eleven 5 in Japan and North America. Commentary on the game was provided by Jon Briggs and Terry Butcher.", "Tagline: \"They Will Rock You\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2 (World Soccer: Winning Eleven 6 in Japan and World Soccer: Winning Eleven 6 - International in the United States) is the 2nd instalment and was released in October 2002 and some felt that it was a slight backwards step from the original \"Pro Evolution Soccer\". Others argued that it had improved. The pace of gameplay was much faster than in the game's older sibling, with sharper turns and quicker reactions to tackles. It also included a training session mode. Extra clubs were added, with an extra Master League division. There were two new commentators, Peter Brackley and Trevor Brooking, but this aspect of the game was criticised for the commentators' inaccuracies and tendency to speak over each other. The licensing was much the same, but infamously all Dutch players were called ‘Oranges’, because Konami did not hold the rights from the Royal Dutch Football Association, for use from Dutch players (in fact, plenty of other football games of the period with FIFPro licences also saw this happen to them (including \"FIFA 2002\"), following Netherlands' unsuccessful campaign at the 2002 World Cup qualifiers). Also, unlike in the original game, the \"unofficial\" club names stopped using obvious city names (e.g. Manchester United was Manchester, Real Madrid was Madrid etc.), and instead used very ambiguous names (e.g. Manchester United were now Aragon, Liverpool became Europort and West Ham became Lake District). The edit mode included a club editor which offset this problem to some extent, with editable kits and logos as well as club and player names. The game notably included tracks from Queen: We Will Rock You and We are the Champions. A PlayStation version (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2002 in Japan) was also released, which was again a minor update of its predecessor, and was the last \"Pro Evolution Soccer\" release for the original PlayStation.", "First tagline: \"The Season Starts Here\" (\"Winning Eleven 7/Pro Evolution Soccer 3/Winning Eleven 7: International\" (US)) Second tagline: \"Football is Life\" (\"Winning Eleven 7: International\" (JP)) Pro Evolution Soccer 3 (World Soccer: Winning Eleven 7 in Japan and World Soccer: Winning Eleven 7 - International in the United States) is the 3rd instalment in the series and was released in 2003, and featured the Italian referee Pierluigi Collina on the cover (although he is not present as an in-game referee). The most significant update was the overhaul in the graphics engine, with more life like players and much improved likeness. The gameplay was changed to accompany this, with more fast-paced action than that of \"PES 2\", a much better physics engine, additions such as the advantage rule improved passing and long-ball functions, while as per usual, more licences (with the infamous Dutch Oranges removed, replaced with pseudonyms such as \"Froibaad\" in the place of Kluivert), more club teams and the Master League is now split into regional divisions, with competitions equivalent to the Champions League and the UEFA Cup and as Umbro was no longer revived, the company has been replaced by Adidas. \"Pro Evolution Soccer 3\" is the first in the series (3rd overall) to be released for Microsoft Windows and was well received by the PC games magazines but criticised by fans for its lack of online mode and bloated system requirements at its time, particularly not supporting the common Geforce MX series. Its rival, \"FIFA Football 2004\", had online functions and had more modest system requirements in comparison. The game was essentially a direct conversion of the PlayStation 2 code, albeit with sharper graphics and is easier to download fan made mods for the game.", "Tagline: \"The long road to the Final\" Pro Evolution Soccer 4 (World Soccer: Winning Eleven 8 in Japan and World Soccer: Winning Eleven 8 - International in the United States) was the 4th instalment in the series and was released in 2004; featuring referee Pierluigi Collina, Thierry Henry and Francesco Totti on the cover. This is the first \"Pro Evolution Soccer\" game to feature full leagues, namely the English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch top divisions, though with full league licences only for the latter three. As a result, clubs in, for example, the English League, an unlicensed league, have ambiguous names like \"West London Blue\" and \"Man Red\" for Chelsea and Manchester United respectively, and their home grounds Stamford Bridge and Old Trafford are respectively named \"Blue Bridge\" and \"Trad Brick Stadium\". The gameplay has improved from \"Pro Evolution Soccer 3\" (though not as much of a significant leap as its predecessor) with improved AI, tweaked play-on advantages and better throughballs. Dribbling is tighter with the players (though at one-star difficulty, a player receiving the ball on either wing can dribble the ball down the length of the pitch relatively uncontested), plus free-kicks have been changed to allow lay-offs. The gameplay was criticised for its relatively easy scoring opportunities, as players can pass their way through opposing defenses, or hold on to the ball at the edge of the penalty area and simply wait for the opposing defenders to move away and thus give him space to shoot. A new 6-star difficulty was added as an unlockable in the shop, as well as the previous items, while the Master League included enhancements such as player development, so many players over 30 would see certain attributes decline as the game progresses. Conversely, players could improve upon their attributes up to the age of 24-25, though the improvement is most rapid and obvious in players aged 22 and under. The edit mode has been enhanced rapidly, with the options to add text and logos to shirts (essentially sponsors) and pixel logo editing as well as the traditional preset shapes, thus making it easier to replicate a team. The game also includes an \"International Cup\" and four regional Cups:", "Tagline: \"Bring it On\" Pro Evolution Soccer 5 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 9 in North America and Japan) the 5th instalment in the series, was released in October 2005 and featured John Terry and Thierry Henry on the cover and alongside Didier Drogba on the main menu. The improvements are mainly tweaks to the gameplay engine, while online play finally made it to the PlayStation 2 version. The game was perceived as much harder by fans, with a very punishing defence AI making it harder to score. Some players have pointed out inconsistencies in the star difficulty rating, such as 3 star mode being harder to beat than 6 star due to its more defensive nature, but in general scoring is harder. Referees are very fussy over decisions, awarding free kicks for very negligible challenges. There are various new club licences present, including Arsenal, Chelsea, Celtic, Rangers and a few other European clubs, as well as the full Dutch, Spanish and Italian Leagues. Since crowd animations on the PS2 version slowed down the framerate to an unplayable level in the testing phase, crowds were rendered as flat animated 2D bitmaps which, on certain angles, become unseen, making the stands appear empty; however, fully 3D-rendered crowds are present during cut-scenes. There are however fan-made patches which address this in the PC version, although no official patch was released. \"Official PlayStation 2 Magazine UK\" gave it a perfect 10/10 score. \"Pro Evolution Soccer 5\", was released for Xbox, Windows and PS2, all online enabled. A PSP version was released, but with stripped down features, such as no Master League, no commentary, only one stadium and limitations in the editor, due to the limitations to the UMD. The PSP version featured Wi-fi play, and the gameplay was faster and more “pin-ball like” in comparison to its console siblings, but it did not receive the same acclaim as the mainstream console/PC versions.", "Tagline: \"Express Yourself!\" Pro Evolution Soccer 6 (World Soccer: Winning Eleven 10 in Japan and Winning Eleven: Pro Evolution Soccer 2007 in the United States) is the 6th instalment in the series and was officially released in the UK on 27 October 2006 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360 and PC platforms and on 9 February 2007 for the Nintendo DS. The PC version does not utilise the Xbox 360 engine but is a conversion of the PS2 edition. The PSP version is similar in many ways to its PS2 brother, while the DS version has graphics and gameplay reminiscent of the older \"PES\" series on the original PlayStation. A criticism of the previous version was that the game was too unforgiving and so suppressed fluid attacking football. \"Pro Evolution Soccer 6\" was issued with more tricks and an overall more attacking mentality, but whether it does make it easier to take on defenders and get forward is debatable. More licences were added, including fully licensed international kits including the nations England, Spain and Italy to name a few (as well as the ever-present Japan licence). The French Ligue 1 is now included as fully licensed league, as well as the Spanish, Italian and Dutch leagues, plus several other individual clubs. However, the Chelsea F.C. licence from \"PES5\" was removed and, due to a lawsuit, Konami were forced to drop the Bundesliga licence. The only Bundesliga team to appear in the game is Bayern Munich. The game had not updated Arsenal's venue to the Emirates stadium; the defunct Highbury is still present. The same applies for Bayern Munich, who, despite having moved to the Allianz Arena, are still represented in the game as playing at Munich's Olympic Stadium. Also, the recent extensions to Old Trafford are not included, while Serbia and Montenegro are still present despite the dissolution of the country in May 2006, this being due to the disestablished state competing at the 2006 World Cup. All teams which competed at the World Cup featured their 23-man squads from the tournament, including those who retired from international football (e.g. Phillip Cocu of the Netherlands) and from the game altogether (e.g. Zinedine Zidane of France), although club teams were fairly up to date. The Xbox 360 version features next-generation, hi-definition graphics and more animations, but gameplay similar to the other console versions, according to a recent interview with Seabass. The Xbox 360 version also finally introduces the Pro Evolution series to widescreen gaming, a feature that was sorely missing from the PS2 and Xbox versions of the game. Much of the gameplay and editing options were severely stripped down for the 360 release.", "Tagline: \"If football is your life, \"PES 2008\" is your game.\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 (Known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2008) is the 7th instalment in the series. The game was released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 on 26 October 2007 in Europe, 2 November 2007 in Australia, and 31 December 2007 in Japan. The PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS version were released in November, and the rather different Wii version. Pro Evo Wii was released in March 2008. It was the first game in the series to drop the \"Winning Eleven\" name from its title in the United States. The game cover features Portugal and Manchester United player Cristiano Ronaldo and a local player (Michael Owen in the UK, Didier Drogba in France, Jan Schlaudraff in Germany, Gianluigi Buffon in Italy and Lucas Neill in Australia). A new adaptive AI system entitled 'Teamvision' was implemented into the game, Teamvision is a sophisticated AI programming that learns and adapts according to an individual's style of play. As such, it will learn new ways to build attacks and to counter specific movements and previous attacking or defensive errors, ensuring games are more in line with the tactical but flowing nature of the real thing. The English commentary was provided by Jon Champion and Mark Lawrenson for the first time. 20 teams are also in the D1 and D2 Leagues, four more than in past editions. The game's 'in-game editor' however was a large downgrade from previous versions, with players unable to add text to unlicensed team shirts or base copy specific players; however, the PC version allows for face pictures to be uploaded or directly photographed through a webcam. On the PS3 the game was a huge disappointment with lots of frame rate issues and strange glitches.", "Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2009) is the 8th instalment in the series. Released on the 17th of October in Europe, featuring FC Barcelona Argentine star Lionel Messi as its cover star (opposite Mexican midfielder Andrés Guardado from Deportivo La Coruña in some versions). While in some respects keeping the same structure of its predecessor, \"PES 2009\" makes a large number of improvements, starting from the graphics, now better suited for HD image technologies. Also, the overall pace of the gameplay was slowed down, with a better AI for computer-controlled teammates as well: they will look for better passing spaces and goal routes. A new addition of this game is the \"Become a Legend\" mode, which follows the entire career of a single player (as opposed to a whole team, like in the Master League) as he moves to better teams, achieves national team caps and wins MVP awards, like the similar mode called \"Fantasista\" in J-League Winning Eleven 2007 Club Championship, a special edition only for Japan. This also inspired the \"Be a Pro\" mode introduced in \"FIFA 08\". This game has sponsored Lazio once in real life (during a match against Inter Milan), but the team's in-game kit does not feature the \"PES 2009\" sponsorship. This was also the first version to include the UEFA Champions League licence.", "Tagline: \"Where Champions Live!\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2010 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2010) is the 9th instalment in the series. The cover features players Fernando Torres and Lionel Messi. The game has gone through a complete overhaul as it tries to compete with the FIFA series. \"PES 2010\" has improved animations and 360-degree control was introduced, available on the PC, PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game via the analog sticks on the respective controllers. PS3 owners benefited from this when using the DualShock's D-Pad, but the Wii D-Pad is limited to eight-directional control and the Xbox 360 D-Pad to sixteen-directional control due to their hardware. The A.I. was improved thanks to Teamvision 2.0. The referees were reworked to make better calls during matches. It also features more licensed teams and players than ever before. In addition to the added UEFA Champions League licence, the UEFA Europa League licence was also added, both playable in the Master League.", "Tagline: \"Engineered for Freedom.\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2011 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2011) is the 10th instalment in the series. \"PES 2011\" is a football video game developed and published by Konami with production assistance from the Blue Sky Team. The UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League feature in the game; and for the first time CONMEBOL's Copa Libertadores and UEFA Super Cup are fully licensed.", "Tagline: \"Can You Play?\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2012) is the 11th instalment of the series. Both Jon Champion and Jim Beglin remain as commentators. Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo who was the first time in the cover art of \"Pro Evolution Soccer 2008\" replaced Lionel Messi as the cover star.", "Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 (known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2013) is the 12th instalment of the series. The gameplay improves the AI as well as giving the player the ability to accurately aim passes and shots. Real Madrid player Cristiano Ronaldo is featured for the front cover. For the first time of the series, all 20 teams from the Brazilian National League, Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A, are included in the game series. The UEFA Champions League and the Copa Santander Libertadores is once again appeared in the game.", "Pro Evolution Soccer 2014, officially abbreviated to PES 2014, also known in Asia as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2014 is the 13th instalment in the series, developed and published by Konami. The game features a modified version of the new Fox Engine. It was released on 19 September 2013, in Europe, 20 September in United Kingdom, 24 September in North America and on 14 November in Japan. This game also become the last game with PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and Nintendo 3DS.", "Tagline: \"The Pitch is Ours\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2015, officially abbreviated as PES 2015 and also known in Asia as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2015, is the 14th instalment in the series. The cover art features then Bayern Munich player Mario Götze. For the first time in the series' history (excluding the regional versions which included the J & K-Leagues 1 and 2), the game featured unlicensed secondary leagues.", "Tagline: \"Love the Past, Play the Future\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2016, officially abbreviated as PES 2016 and also known in Asia as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2016, is the 15th instalment in the series. It is also the game to be released during the series' 20th anniversary. The cover of the game features Brazil and Barcelona forward player Neymar. It was released on 15 September 2015, in North America, 17 September in Europe, 18 September in United Kingdom, and on 1 October in Japan. Also in April 2016, the special edition of \"PES 2016\" called \"UEFA Euro 2016\" which features Real Madrid and Wales player Gareth Bale on the cover. English commentary by Peter Drury is provided for the first time with Jim Beglin.", "Tagline: \"Control Reality\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 (officially abbreviated as PES 2017, also known in Japan as Winning Eleven 2017) is the 16th instalment in the series. On 25 May, Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 was announced and scheduled to be released on PC, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4. The cover of the game features Barcelona players, including Neymar, Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez, Ivan Rakitić and Gerard Piqué. On 26 July 2016, Konami Digital Entertainment officially announced a premium partnership with Barcelona allowing “extensive” access to the Camp Nou, which will be exclusive to the game for three years. Features includes, among others, improved passing, Real Touch ball control, and improved goal tending technique. Konami has released Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 for mobile phones.", "Tagline: \"Where Legends are Made\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2018 (officially abbreviated as PES 2018, also known in Japan as Winning Eleven 2018) is the 17th instalment in the game series. The cover of the game features Barcelona players, including Neymar (who was replaced by Gerard Piqué after his transfer to Paris Saint-Germain before the game's release; due to this as well, the Brazilian edition cover which was to feature him in the Barcelona colors now features Philippe Coutinho playing for the national team), Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez, Andrés Iniesta and Sergi Roberto. It was released worldwide in September 2017.", "Tagline: \"The Power of Football\" Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 (officially abbreviated as PES 2019, also known in Japan as Winning Eleven 2019) is the 18th instalment in the game series. \"PES 2019\" is the first \"PES\" in 10 years not to feature the UEFA Champions League license after Konami lost the rights to EA Sports.", "", "Tagline: \"Playing is Believing\" eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020 (officially abbreviated as PES 2020, also known in Japan as Winning Eleven 2020) is the 19th instalment in the game series. eFootball \"PES 2020\" introduces a change in the name and a focus from Konami in the online gaming space.", "", "The J-League Winning Eleven series is exclusive to Japan and has been released since 1995 with the release of J-League Jikkyou Winning Eleven.", "On December 2019, Arsenal midfielder Mesut Özil was completely removed from the Mandarin version of eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020 in Mainland China, after a fallout on his tweet about condemning the Chinese government crackdown on Uyghurs. According to NetEase Games, they stated his comments that \"hurt the feelings of Chinese fans and violated the sport's spirit of love and peace. We do not understand, accept or forgive this.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 1311, 8945, 91573, 509, 30666, 297, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 237, 10, 52350, 9351, 390, 70, 10074, 4293, 9, 77007, 2160, 13, 142901, 42, 56890, 19, 18055, 24890, 4, 23, 7481, 10, 37457, 111, 43840, 4323, 929, 2160, 90, 5, 360, 121049, 20271, 70, 65056, 927, 2393, 365, 9, 284, 33806, 118, 5550, 4, 56101, 84616, 1902, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 59444, 111, 1311, 8945, 91573, 15, 49748, 9, 5636, 88501, 172, 23, 156013, 194, 360, 24531, 56890, 19, 18055, 24890, 100512, 2831, 111, 56101, 9865, 525, 21493, 7, 3129, 23, 70777, 100512, 2831, 111, 163628, 83230, 6827, 62567, 7, 5, 106073, 6, 52657, 7464, 10002, 7, 70, 1311, 8945, 91573, 52350, 10015, 4, 70, 14380, 110, 51713, 142901, 7, 70, 2160, 90, 5, 581, 57571, 45, 10178, 11203, 27686, 24745, 3220, 8613, 1928, 34414, 2160, 90, 3542, 5117, 181653, 23, 70351, 390, 9920, 104998, 56, 2750, 509, 35509, 23, 540, 1297, 22341, 4, 102126, 5, 179117, 223, 33407, 7, 3542, 221419, 538, 39958, 1810, 98, 70, 107554, 142518, 90, 164, 5, 62323, 7, 91376, 23, 3530, 1430, 6133, 1294, 68828, 7, 195409, 15005, 47, 6097, 2160, 90, 42856, 237, 44, 10625, 8945, 91573, 58, 15490, 48502, 151138, 3129, 2160, 13, 509, 20653, 11814, 5, 360, 15824, 70, 196431, 31471, 5303, 7, 645, 1112, 2160, 90, 678, 44, 10625, 8945, 91573, 58, 23, 2363, 9351, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 3789, 1311, 8945, 91573, 44, 143802, 58, 2160, 90, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 45764, 92, 31471, 15094, 927, 79737, 16, 5303, 7, 1311, 8945, 91573, 22928, 6, 30121, 15, 284, 55964, 22928, 15671, 4, 313, 5, 568, 5, 64358, 108504, 3129, 1556, 10, 64557, 12921, 45646, 5, 581, 133784, 425, 44, 1052, 58, 23, 70, 9351, 111, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 627, 9, 24291, 83, 142, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 100, 6096, 237, 70, 57571, 134855, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 1556, 10, 91, 20016, 91705, 4745, 2478, 18, 5, 1326, 70, 44, 724, 58, 20117, 70, 57571, 134855, 1556, 10, 1286, 50997, 4745, 2478, 18, 5, 581, 44, 24291, 58, 7311, 538, 8, 157, 3674, 70, 7398, 2481, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 5, 581, 134855, 111, 70, 6626, 2160, 90, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 43840, 2481, 111, 70, 29806, 5, 581, 44, 724, 58, 3173, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 1556, 2809, 22282, 71, 23, 22443, 5, 1913, 10, 81630, 111, 40715, 3501, 757, 70, 2160, 13, 1556, 10, 4842, 134855, 678, 142, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 38132, 99, 10, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 111, 6, 153109, 653, 39, 5, 1913, 10, 81630, 111, 10932, 106, 70, 2160, 13, 83, 50997, 678, 142, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 38132, 99, 305, 1549, 653, 39, 12960, 36917, 81630, 116, 70, 2160, 13, 83, 124498, 57571, 678, 10, 38132, 99, 190, 8821, 653, 39, 5, 1913, 81630, 361, 70, 2160, 13, 1556, 142, 1119, 2311, 10763, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 111, 201, 63009, 276, 1827, 5, 581, 12921, 134855, 7, 621, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 12921, 25534, 71, 117249, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 49711, 75449, 5, 360, 70, 4842, 3173, 4, 756, 17262, 31355, 79556, 34627, 7, 85358, 10, 24491, 25534, 5, 581, 6626, 2906, 72303, 238, 43840, 94407, 765, 111531, 27226, 915, 58, 605, 58, 136, 1221, 3638, 538, 186, 40907, 538, 25534, 71, 4, 4911, 7, 99, 10, 81630, 111, 10932, 45234, 70, 2160, 13, 1221, 186, 10, 6, 120639, 678, 142, 128512, 25534, 111, 57157, 5, 581, 50997, 134855, 42518, 7, 47, 10, 3173, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 678, 110, 2043, 128512, 25534, 5, 360, 62276, 2450, 15, 254, 841, 49413, 4, 4734, 70, 31355, 79556, 34627, 111, 70, 45, 88322, 7809, 2962, 4419, 36743, 2258, 10484, 10, 24491, 25534, 136, 70, 57571, 2160, 13, 49711, 75449, 83, 142, 142, 1830, 678, 142, 128512, 25534, 111, 48768, 418, 5, 581, 915, 58, 605, 58, 100, 70, 86669, 111, 70, 6626, 502, 67772, 621, 615, 1837, 136, 615, 12012, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 2704, 22664, 19, 83, 72856, 1379, 144, 161, 2256, 27289, 136, 70, 2160, 13, 24209, 7, 77233, 23, 134855, 15, 254, 58, 605, 58, 5035, 29557, 5, 581, 2160, 13, 78974, 7, 77556, 17346, 71407, 1284, 351, 587, 85540, 538, 678, 70, 72657, 136, 2258, 11728, 8613, 94407, 111, 21308, 7, 5, 581, 2160, 13, 49711, 70838, 68557, 47, 21308, 7, 26719, 4323, 929, 15, 51108, 2311, 16, 47, 3173, 10, 21308, 1104, 1459, 13, 27140, 5, 581, 27643, 111, 70, 27140, 39848, 5908, 70, 40907, 538, 25534, 71, 1866, 31, 6402, 3173, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 27024, 214, 70, 57571, 134855, 4, 3853, 1379, 43840, 27289, 3229, 2684, 111, 70, 49711, 70838, 23, 29806, 621, 23, 70, 6, 120639, 1771, 3173, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 18231, 111, 70, 58595, 13534, 237, 20347, 3129, 83, 10, 21308, 27354, 1363, 55300, 450, 83687, 7, 70, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 2160, 13, 6, 128239, 47, 21308, 7, 5, 581, 6, 128239, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 47, 10, 21308, 113660, 10, 122925, 23, 70, 57622, 7154, 38132, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 1295, 6, 153109, 47, 190, 8821, 653, 39, 5, 581, 51312, 111, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 99, 190, 8821, 653, 39, 83, 12983, 297, 47, 83324, 21308, 202104, 5, 581, 2160, 13, 2843, 3173, 7, 10, 27140, 678, 70, 1866, 31, 6402, 217655, 221, 28483, 54, 50718, 8613, 10178, 1021, 67, 15, 294, 13526, 194, 581, 27643, 111, 903, 27140, 39848, 13105, 70, 62276, 50997, 3173, 111, 70, 2160, 13, 5, 3293, 21543, 831, 193943, 678, 70, 25902, 1363, 111, 21308, 202104, 17368, 70, 58595, 13534, 237, 20347, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 47041, 450, 70, 1866, 31, 6402, 217655, 98438, 7, 678, 70, 2160, 13, 100, 6, 128239, 47, 70, 21308, 5, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 627, 9, 24291, 509, 5117, 11814, 47, 21176, 3075, 21308, 7, 23, 38425, 390, 33549, 13, 2470, 8, 2907, 5, 14854, 927, 136, 230331, 5, 129228, 121413, 7, 3542, 84797, 71, 77556, 139006, 126, 71407, 98, 10, 38750, 202, 8364, 1030, 103727, 155434, 5, 581, 155434, 509, 7068, 221, 344, 297, 23, 2906, 62231, 1799, 2408, 9120, 43840, 47, 30022, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 83, 70, 9351, 111, 6626, 21373, 24745, 3220, 8613, 1928, 34414, 2160, 90, 450, 3542, 126809, 100, 4527, 23, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 1284, 621, 5036, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 1924, 14653, 21308, 7, 23, 6, 140815, 289, 3530, 1430, 6133, 1294, 5, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 527, 9, 24291, 129927, 7, 1295, 1311, 8945, 91573, 13008, 162076, 18, 22928, 627, 9, 24291, 390, 70, 66044, 111, 6626, 435, 65853, 94407, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 10625, 8945, 91573, 58, 83, 10, 189893, 52350, 10015, 111, 163628, 83230, 6827, 62567, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name and discovery.", "Dye colour.", "Applications in biochemistry.", "Medical uses.", "Application in forensic science." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name Coomassie was adopted at the end of the 19th century as a trade name by the Blackley-based dye manufacturer Levinstein Ltd, in marketing a range of acid wool dyes. In 1896 during the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, British forces had occupied the town of Coomassie (modern-day Kumasi in Ghana). In 1918 Levinstein Ltd became part of British Dyestuffs which in 1926 became part of Imperial Chemical Industries. Although ICI still owns the Coomassie trademark, the company no longer manufactures the dyes. The blue disulfonated triphenylmethane dyes were first produced in 1913 by Max Weiler who was based in Elberfeld, Germany. Various patents were subsequently taken out on the organic synthesis. Papers published in biochemistry journals frequently refer to these dyes simply as \"Coomassie\" without specifying which dye was actually used. In fact the Colour Index lists over 40 dyes with \"Coomassie\" in their name. There are also other Coomassie \"blue\" dyes. For example, the Merck Index (10th edition) lists Coomassie Blue RL (Acid Blue 92, C.I. 13390) which has a completely different structure.", "The suffix \"R\" in the name of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 is an abbreviation for Red as the blue colour of the dye has a slight reddish tint. For the \"G\" variant the blue colour has a more greenish tint. The \"250\" originally denoted the purity of the dye. The colour of the two dyes depends on the acidity of the solution. The \"G\" form of the dye has been studied in detail. At a pH of less than 0 the dye has a red colour with an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 465 nm. At a pH of around 1 the dye is green with an absorption maximum at 620 nm while above pH 2 the dye is bright blue with a maximum at 595 nm. At pH 7 the dye has an extinction coefficient of 43,000 M cm. The different colours are a result of the different charged states of the dye molecule. In the red form, all three nitrogen atoms carry a positive charge. The two sulfonic acid groups have extremely low p\"K\" and will normally be negatively charged, thus at a pH of around zero the dye will be a cation with an overall charge of +1. The green colour corresponds to a form of the dye with no net overall charge. In neutral media (pH 7), only the nitrogen atom of the diphenylamine moiety carries a positive charge and the blue dye molecule is an anion with an overall charge of −1. The p\"K\" for the loss of the two protons are 1.15 and 1.82 respectively. The final proton is lost under alkaline conditions and the dye becomes pink in colour (p\"K\" 12.4). The dye interacts electrostatically but noncovalently with the amino and carboxyl groups of proteins. The dye molecules bind to proteins including wool (keratin) to form a protein–dye complex. The formation of the complex stabilises the negatively charged anionic form of the dye producing the blue colour, even under acid conditions when most of the molecules in solution are in the cationic form. This is the basis of the Bradford assay which is a protein determination method that involves the Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye binding to proteins. The binding of the dye to a protein causes a shift in the absorbance maximum of the dye from 465 to 595 nm. The increase of absorption at 595 nm is monitored to determine protein concentration. The dye also forms a complex with the anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The formation of this complex stabilizes the neutral green form of the dye. This effect can interfere with the estimation of protein concentration using the Bradford assay. It is also likely that the anionic detergent competes with the dye for binding to the protein.", "Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 was first used to visualise proteins in 1964 by Fazekas de St. Groth and colleagues. Protein samples were separated electrophoretically on a cellulose acetate sheet. The sheet was then soaked in sulfosalicylic acid to fix the protein bands and then transferred to a solution of the dye. Two years later in 1965 Meyer and Lambert used Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 to stain protein samples after electrophoretic separation in a polyacrylamide gel. They soaked the gel in a dye solution containing methanol, acetic acid and water. As the dye stained the polyacrylamide gel as well as the protein, in order to visualise the protein bands they needed to destain the gel which they did electrophoretically. Subsequent publications reported that polyacrylamide gels could be successfully destained using an acetic acid solution. The first report of the use of the \"G\" form of the dye to visualise protein bands in polyacrylamide gels came in 1967, where the dye was dissolved in an acetic acid solution containing methanol. It was subsequently discovered that the protein bands could be stained without staining the polyacrylamide by using a colloid of the \"G\" form of the dye in a trichloroacetic acid solution containing no methanol. Using this procedure it was no longer necessary to destain the gel. Modern formulations typically use a colloid of the \"G\" form of dye in a solution containing phosphoric acid, ethanol (or methanol) and ammonium sulfate (or aluminium sulfate). The Bradford assay uses the spectral properties of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to estimate the amount of protein in a solution. A protein sample is added to a solution of the dye in phosphoric acid and ethanol. Under the acid conditions the dye is normally a brownish colour but on binding to the protein the blue form of the dye is produced. The optical absorbance of the solution is measured at a wavelength of 595 nm. The dye is notable due to its high level of sensitivity, 5 μg of protein is enough to distinguish the difference. However, among the disadvantages of the method is its variability of color development with different proteins: the absorbance change per unit mass of proteins varies with the type of the protein. On binding to a protein the negatively charged Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 dye molecule will give an overall negative charge to the protein. This property can be used to separate proteins or protein complexes using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions in a technique called Blue Native PAGE. The mobility of the complex in the polyacrylamide gel will depend on both the size of the protein complex (i.e. the molecular weight) and on the amount of dye bound to the protein. Coomassie Blue staining can also be used as a loading control staining method in western blot analysis. It is applied as an anionic pre-antibody stain.", "In 2009, Brilliant Blue G was used in scientific experiments to treat spinal injuries in laboratory rats. It acts by reducing the body's natural swelling response, which can cause neurons in the area to die of metabolic stress. Testing on the rats proved effective. Two groups of injured rats were tested, with one group given the dye as a treatment for the spinal injuries and the other group was not. The results of the test proved that in comparison to the rats that had not received the dye, the rats that were treated with the dye were able to move around better and able to out perform the rats without the dye treatment on motion tests. Testing is still in progress to determine whether this treatment can be used effectively in humans. The recent tests have administered the dye within 15 minutes of injury, but to be effective in a real-life setting, where it may take time for a patient to reach the emergency room, the treatment needs to be effective even when administered up to two hours after injury. The only reported side effect was that the rats temporarily turned blue. Under the trade names ILM Blue and Brilliant Peel, Brilliant Blue G is used as a stain to assist surgeons in retinal surgery. In December 2019, Brilliant Blue G (under the trade name TissueBlue, DORC International, Netherlands) was approved for use in the United States.", "Through a study done at the University of Albany, it was shown that the ability of the Coomassie dye to target amino acids with aromatic groups (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and basic side chains (lysine, arginine and histidine), allows Bradford assay to be used for fingerprint analysis. Bradford assay was successfully used to identify the biological sex of the fingerprint. Female samples were shown to have a higher absorbance compared to male samples when tested at similar wavelengths. This provides a simpler method for fingerprint analysis by reducing the number of amino acids needed to be analyzed from 23 to 6, and having little to no assay preparation, in comparison to the ninhydrin chemical assay which requires assay preparation such as heating and enzyme cascade." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2022, 4021, 26249, 11521, 7809, 4, 70, 313, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 621, 1286, 27140, 3501, 6, 18908, 4188, 4, 1672, 237, 27140, 237, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 15, 236, 12097, 84433, 4, 15520, 142, 195, 25749, 4, 3021, 5, 247, 136, 40715, 27140, 3501, 2224, 26206, 1779, 15, 143321, 26698, 39555, 756, 3789, 85825, 194, 992, 5062, 6, 18908, 4188, 4, 15044, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 136, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 765, 12, 38750, 7, 6, 99091, 390, 1940, 9, 34680, 94878, 7, 136, 172783, 9, 5062, 3647, 674, 107834, 90, 74, 123635, 7, 74, 11066, 13048, 76519, 74, 136, 3060, 765, 43111, 53, 7484, 7, 5, 313, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 621, 157167, 67175, 1295, 756, 3789, 85825, 390, 19441, 166158, 67301, 933, 4, 3129, 621, 47593, 53, 136, 606, 35593, 47, 479, 53, 4, 102971, 10, 10846, 501, 510, 2146, 94187, 114149, 92635, 2856, 5, 18852, 6, 18908, 4188, 136, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 4, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 765, 6626, 5201, 135355, 7, 111, 38750, 7, 450, 169717, 10, 86991, 135355, 111, 55, 12097, 9, 5062, 4912, 4, 3129, 83, 35839, 70, 2409, 1663, 14507, 23, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 136, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 74, 1286, 27140, 85825, 765, 17262, 1326, 10, 6, 34053, 4689, 678, 35845, 538, 10846, 114149, 4, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 765, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 14361, 38627, 5, 106294, 289, 114149, 3871, 47, 186, 143033, 20174, 47, 678, 5165, 259, 3132, 136, 91, 17084, 2069, 216489, 2878, 66695, 4, 12960, 3060, 77904, 1771, 114149, 621, 221, 119371, 13, 450, 442, 83, 4552, 34844, 47, 141621, 2856, 202810, 100, 35187, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 77904, 1771, 114149, 54, 959, 479, 86687, 5299, 4, 136, 621, 51529, 5201, 538, 1295, 81828, 7, 136, 1295, 160073, 7, 25, 73048, 5, 572, 6620, 2684, 35743, 1556, 24189, 78684, 142156, 297, 98, 17262, 184085, 289, 12663, 46, 44, 683, 133, 474, 19495, 38459, 830, 44, 33189, 31, 13, 58, 136, 44, 594, 2841, 846, 74988, 740, 1913, 19713, 6626, 7986, 81415, 3647, 2363, 76811, 7, 111, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 98, 70, 65570, 3442, 45226, 44, 683, 133, 474, 19495, 38459, 740, 66016, 70, 14361, 111, 5941, 114149, 83, 44, 289, 840, 18, 58, 4567, 25958, 6, 230612, 6827, 4, 70, 5201, 10, 33102, 83, 30202, 47, 1563, 116235, 15, 161063, 70, 113008, 47, 70, 198274, 3564, 5, 16, 33306, 4, 16792, 4734, 6626, 111, 70, 26944, 7, 43573, 70, 6464, 2408, 271, 121011, 13, 23, 7968, 196, 90, 4, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 765, 110, 191551, 9, 4861, 3019, 15123, 4, 102971, 5941, 765, 47014, 43315, 954, 3019, 15123, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 2174, 70, 26249, 47014, 1636, 23, 10, 23552, 9, 82063, 133, 442, 33342, 70, 5701, 237, 3229, 442, 26859, 5, 581, 313, 510, 2146, 94187, 6, 34053, 4689, 1556, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 14361, 3173, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 49878, 510, 297, 4, 53894, 9, 184, 11, 7007, 53, 238, 510, 30185, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 116127, 111, 2684, 114149, 92635, 375, 16145, 4, 136, 70, 184085, 289, 79104, 30185, 4, 3129, 92635, 37876, 66695, 136, 479, 53, 98, 3789, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 390, 17368, 58696, 113008, 7, 187, 4806, 678, 94407, 111, 21334, 4, 13629, 26042, 297, 13176, 11, 450, 27992, 237, 120, 12421, 5, 18852, 8382, 111, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 4, 15, 236, 12097, 84433, 4, 15520, 142, 195, 25749, 4, 3021, 5, 247, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 25, 337, 34204, 58055, 111, 10, 35845, 538, 6117, 2594, 4, 55, 12097, 9, 5062, 2409, 1663, 14507, 169717, 297, 17721, 6626, 25277, 2347, 7884, 4, 135355, 7, 111, 38750, 7, 6, 99091, 390, 1940, 9, 34680, 94878, 7, 136, 390, 10, 139940, 223, 3647, 674, 107834, 13, 450, 1836, 23410, 13, 5, 581, 25277, 2347, 7884, 111, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 765, 6626, 135355, 7, 111, 38750, 7, 43257, 3501, 1632, 4, 136, 3060, 111, 70, 38750, 7, 23, 70, 1407, 56, 135355, 765, 40368, 13176, 11, 117, 38750, 5, 581, 1810, 56, 135355, 111, 70, 25277, 820, 2179, 15, 6056, 56, 21722, 16, 58055, 7, 111, 12, 43111, 53, 38750, 7, 74, 38750, 7, 450, 23410, 13, 842, 11680, 4, 3129, 59959, 7, 70, 14361, 74, 136, 1940, 52501, 289, 38750, 7, 4, 3129, 831, 27198, 3934, 3789, 52895, 111, 38750, 5, 360, 5361, 29367, 63920, 111, 70, 14361, 4, 70, 1810, 56, 135355, 2843, 70541, 7, 166158, 67301, 933, 4, 14037, 33233, 70, 71579, 111, 37876, 66695, 136, 11814, 23, 3540, 109561, 479, 53, 4, 707, 38750, 7, 81148, 214, 48716, 21334, 13176, 11, 4, 100, 43572, 105401, 5, 581, 75414, 135355, 111, 70, 25277, 820, 2179, 70541, 7, 10, 24030, 13, 2043, 4, 136, 14847, 479, 53, 83, 68062, 41566, 297, 4, 442, 83, 6, 67367, 1029, 297, 23, 70, 189258, 3371, 425, 390, 193807, 90, 136, 390, 98692, 18264, 17514, 111, 70, 189258, 3371, 425, 5, 581, 16750, 214, 13584, 56216, 83, 259, 2480, 297, 8305, 70, 26944, 5426, 390, 70, 186, 26518, 111, 70, 13176, 11, 4, 136, 1466, 525, 297, 390, 70, 21650, 4935, 38750, 7, 5, 581, 13176, 6635, 19429, 88525, 23, 70, 26944, 7, 1543, 4358, 47, 581, 1810, 56, 71579, 81148, 7, 56104, 136659, 375, 275, 6, 15555, 7, 4, 35839, 192298, 9, 92558, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 11814, 100, 192298, 5, 581, 6, 15555, 7, 621, 23509, 297, 47, 11675, 1295, 43573, 70, 113008, 15, 2347, 44, 116235, 5664, 18939, 47, 70, 198274, 3564, 15, 2347, 44, 21552, 7263, 5664, 74054, 136, 621, 32628, 71, 1286, 707, 40715, 3853, 538, 10932, 70, 14361, 4, 102971, 5623, 21896, 103510, 7, 285, 53, 390, 114149, 136, 23, 2684, 114149, 70, 375, 275, 6, 15555, 7, 65042, 4734, 2831, 111, 70, 62488, 1295, 70, 1563, 116235, 5664, 98186, 70, 113008, 5, 581, 44, 277, 16145, 58, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 44, 238, 510, 90, 58, 707, 44, 277, 275, 182482, 18939, 11675, 36880, 12638, 6, 15555, 4, 136, 12638, 58055, 7, 111, 137107, 111, 225073, 538, 4989, 13176, 11, 4, 1257, 47, 5, 992, 5062, 101805, 289, 13176, 11, 136, 49938, 4523, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 313, 510, 2146, 27102, 15, 74, 67824, 501, 510, 2146, 94187, 4, 707, 2819, 1295, 136, 4, 44, 94266, 69376, 830, 242, 188, 85358, 25, 74, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 375, 275, 40944, 25720, 16, 48402, 13, 10, 6, 34053, 4689, 111, 131983, 6403, 17957, 85825, 450, 6867, 23, 122084, 7401, 7, 214574, 5, 10660, 621, 135818, 100, 70, 94407, 111, 13176, 11, 1836, 4527, 100, 192298, 15, 277, 3796, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 277, 16145, 74054, 136, 1836, 621, 70, 142105, 85825, 47, 186857, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 13176, 11, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 114149, 4, 25171, 501, 67, 157, 139006, 90, 37457, 1295, 10, 10846, 8877, 29089, 7, 47, 23, 13267, 5, 87293, 805, 47, 3252, 114149, 765, 2809, 44622, 3674, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Distinguishing features.", "Description.", "Common features.", "Body layers.", "Feeding, excretion and respiration.", "Locomotion.", "Nervous system and senses.", "Cydippids.", "Lobates.", "Beroids.", "Other body forms.", "Reproduction and development.", "Colors and bioluminescence.", "Ecology.", "Distribution.", "Prey and predators.", "Ecological impacts.", "Taxonomy.", "Early classification.", "Modern taxonomy.", "Evolutionary history.", "Fossil record.", "Relationship to other animal groups.", "Relationships within Ctenophora." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Among animal phyla, the Ctenophores are more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them. Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three", "For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition, oceanic species do not preserve well, and are known mainly from photographs and from observers' notes. Hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – \"Pleurobrachia\", \"Beroe\" and \"Mnemiopsis\". At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid \"Pleurobrachia\". Since the body of many species is \"almost\" radially symmetrical, the main axis is oral to aboral (from the mouth to the opposite end.) However, since only two of the canals near the statocyst terminate in anal pores, ctenophores have no mirror-symmetry, although many have rotational symmetry. In other words, if the animal rotates in a half-circle it looks the same as when it started.", "The Ctenophore phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth.", "Like those of cnidarians, (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), ctenophores' bodies consist of a relatively thick, jelly-like mesoglea sandwiched between two epithelia, layers of cells bound by inter-cell connections and by a fibrous basement membrane that they secrete. The epithelia of ctenophores have two layers of cells rather than one, and some of the cells in the upper layer have several cilia per cell. The outer layer of the epidermis (outer skin) consists of: sensory cells; cells that secrete mucus, which protects the body; and interstitial cells, which can transform into other types of cell. In specialized parts of the body, the outer layer also contains colloblasts, found along the surface of tentacles and used in capturing prey, or cells bearing multiple large cilia, for locomotion. The inner layer of the epidermis contains a nerve net, and", "When prey is swallowed, it is liquefied in the pharynx by enzymes and by muscular contractions of the pharynx. The resulting slurry is wafted through the canal system by the beating of the cilia, and digested by the nutritive cells. The ciliary rosettes in the canals may help to", "The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the \"oral pole\") to the opposite end (the \"aboral pole\"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\") run across each row, and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia, up to. Unlike conventional cilia and flagella, which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern, these cilia are arranged in a 9", "Ctenophores have no brain or central nervous system, but instead have a nerve net (rather like a cobweb) that forms a ring round the mouth and is densest near structures such as the comb rows, pharynx, tentacles (if present) and the sensory complex furthest from the mouth. Their nerve cells arise from the same progenitor cells as the colloblasts. The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a tiny grain of calcium carbonate, supported on four bundles of cilia, called \"balancers\", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia. A ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith", "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry\", \"Pleurobrachia\", sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn. Some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles. The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the", "The Lobata has a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey. Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to", "The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears \"macrocilia\" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to \"bite\" off pieces of prey that are", "The Ganeshida has a pair of small oral lobes and a pair of tentacles. The body is circular rather than oval in cross-section, and the pharynx extends over the inner surfaces of the lobes. The Thalassocalycida, only discovered in 1978 and known from only one species, are medusa-like, with bodies that are shortened in the oral-aboral direction, and short comb-rows on the surface furthest from the mouth, originating from near the aboral pole. They capture prey by movements of the bell and possibly by using two short tentacles. The Cestida (\"belt animals\") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each", "Adults of most species can regenerate tissues that are damaged or removed, although only platyctenids reproduce by cloning, splitting off from the edges of their flat bodies fragments that develop into new individuals. The last common ancestor (LCA) of the ctenophores was hermaphroditic. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time, while others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. At least three species are known to have evolved separate sexes (dioecy); \"Ocyropsis crystallina\" and \"Ocyropsis maculata\" in the genus Ocyropsis and \"Bathocyroe fosteri\" in the genus Bathocyroe. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis. Fertilization is generally external, but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. Self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus \"Mnemiopsis\", and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile. Development of", "Most ctenophores that live near the surface are mostly colorless and almost transparent. However some deeper-living species are strongly pigmented, for example the species known as \"Tortugas red\" (see illustration here), which has not yet been formally described. Platyctenids generally live attached to other sea-bottom organisms, and often have similar colors to these host organisms. The gut of the deep-sea genus \"Bathocyroe\" is red, which hides the bioluminescence of copepods it has swallowed. The comb rows of most planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by the scattering of light as the combs move. Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only be", "", "Ctenophores are found in most marine environments: from polar waters to the tropics; near coasts and in mid-ocean; from the surface waters to the ocean depths. The best-understood are the genera \"Pleurobrachia\", \"Beroe\" and \"Mnemiopsis\", as these planktonic coastal forms are among the most likely to be collected near shore. No ctenophores have been found in fresh water. In 2013, the marine ctenophore \"Mnemiopsis leidyi\" was recorded", "Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While \"Beroe\" preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the microscopic, including mollusc and fish larvae, to small adult crustaceans such as copepods, amphipods, and even krill. Members of the genus \"Haeckelia\" prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts. Ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as \"webs\", some are ambush predators like Salticid jumping spiders, and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread, as bolas spiders do. This variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species. The two-tentacled \"cydippid\" \"Lampea\" feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of \"Lampea\"", "Most species are hermaphrodites, and juveniles of at least some species are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. This combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate. Ctenophores may balance marine ecosystems by preventing an over-abundance of copepods from eating all the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are the dominant marine producers of organic matter from non-organic ingredients. On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore \"Mnemiopsis leidyi\" was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish.", "The number of known living ctenophore species is uncertain since many of those named and formally described have turned out to be identical to species known under other scientific names. Claudia Mills estimates that there about 100 to 150 valid species that are not duplicates, and that at least another 25, mostly deep-sea forms, have been recognized as distinct but not yet analyzed in enough detail to support a formal description and naming.", "Early writers combined ctenophores with cnidarians into a single phylum called Coelenterata on account of morphological similarities between the two groups. Like cnidarians, the bodies of ctenophores consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, however, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only a single cell deep. Ctenophores also resemble cnidarians in relying on water flow through the", "The traditional classification divides ctenophores into two classes, those with tentacles (Tentaculata) and those without (Nuda). The Nuda", "Despite their fragile, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores – apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms – have been found in Lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about. Nevertheless, a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concludes that the common ancestor originated approximately 350 million years ago ± 88 million years ago, conflicting with previous estimates which suggests it occurred after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.", "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to the preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian) period. Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about in the mid-Cambrian period. All three lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8 typical of living species. They also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores. One of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth, apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular. Evidence from China a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the Cambrian, but perhaps very different", "The phylogenetic relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Bilateria, and sister to all other animals. A series of studies that looked at the presence and absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways (e.g., homeoboxes, nuclear receptors, the Wnt signaling pathway, and sodium channels) showed evidence congruent with the latter two scenarios, that ctenophores are either sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Bilateria or sister to all other animal phyla. Several more recent studies comparing complete sequenced genomes of ctenophores with other sequenced animal genomes have also supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals. This position would suggest that neural and muscle cell types either were lost in major animal lineages (e.g., Porifera and Placozoa) or evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage. Other researchers", "Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic, in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid. Instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids. He also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like. A molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 27528, 23, 70, 36549, 32153, 98, 186768, 47353, 87420, 1733, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 58, 29256, 7, 70, 47353, 17721, 70, 47002, 72944, 136, 70, 51062, 289, 14922, 4, 23, 14713, 136, 14237, 5, 1650, 7, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 44, 830, 28960, 7, 70, 27643, 136, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 12610, 145359, 5, 44, 58, 136, 6863, 28960, 14713, 136, 14237, 8305, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 5, 44, 3957, 72944, 111, 87703, 58, 14700, 66, 6889, 43824, 4, 44, 830, 83, 5423, 20271, 70, 5701, 14922, 4, 1284, 2843, 96853, 106117, 7, 1672, 70, 195374, 158, 75616, 111, 82167, 4, 540, 313, 532, 4, 136, 116541, 70, 10453, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 58, 136, 6863, 5117, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 44, 830, 5646, 3687, 20271, 70, 28811, 46512, 47691, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 17932, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 44, 830, 28960, 7, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 14237, 23, 70, 5701, 14922, 5, 72944, 111, 145359, 7, 2823, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 160600, 136, 61527, 3378, 91944, 5256, 5, 581, 36549, 25, 25927, 9, 16713, 4, 44, 284, 429, 111, 172555, 25443, 830, 136, 6863, 14700, 66, 6889, 43824, 4, 44, 830, 621, 5423, 20271, 70, 42911, 731, 72944, 4, 1284, 32153, 98, 759, 927, 25443, 237, 2363, 2856, 90, 4, 43257, 3501, 32692, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 830, 121447, 98, 18374, 29620, 10586, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 6712, 23, 70, 36549, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 5117, 13036, 54452, 1295, 214069, 137869, 5, 1650, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 32692, 9, 77007, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 27528, 7228, 4, 19537, 35401, 70, 71491, 13, 6712, 87907, 5, 13547, 294, 7804, 151552, 442, 237, 10, 17664, 111, 44, 40658, 5115, 47691, 58, 136, 44, 740, 581, 6712, 76199, 92865, 10, 44126, 111, 427, 91944, 5256, 47, 85493, 1295, 70, 47002, 72944, 47, 70, 70599, 72944, 5, 581, 14700, 66, 6889, 43824, 4, 44, 3957, 24116, 13, 111, 51651, 830, 91376, 390, 7244, 98, 18374, 48877, 9571, 4, 65508, 71, 3525, 66139, 136, 22759, 3525, 91944, 5256, 4, 26719, 70, 12610, 7, 5, 106073, 70, 6626, 27528, 1902, 70541, 297, 5941, 10975, 54608, 7, 4, 110912, 90, 103608, 71, 5941, 111, 70, 44402, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 58, 509, 137567, 5299, 75204, 4, 8, 61518, 3060, 103210, 40907, 98865, 5, 13547, 294, 7804, 35778, 29367, 10, 55681, 5281, 4331, 4, 12960, 44, 10770, 134910, 136, 2692, 34242, 58, 1645, 52021, 70, 6712, 237, 37515, 23, 11001, 136, 212747, 5, 581, 62903, 111, 5337, 71232, 64624, 619, 28745, 7, 24, 4806, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 58, 70, 9571, 44, 10770, 134910, 7832, 67, 3432, 13547, 111, 70, 42552, 1242, 1326, 40368, 5369, 4, 70, 6712, 47143, 297, 11192, 98, 70, 40575, 116287, 7, 4, 678, 645, 17262, 19879, 25072, 7, 54324, 390, 52489, 44, 3957, 24116, 13, 111, 51651, 58, 54324, 1632, 19879, 25072, 7, 23, 3576, 136, 243, 122009, 20668, 237, 142, 47763, 1295, 13547, 126525, 6048, 7, 5, 360, 18237, 505, 4, 16173, 2071, 99433, 4, 85403, 14364, 111, 40857, 13547, 137869, 171530, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 12, 226536, 13, 44965, 58, 99, 70, 87673, 58815, 45434, 5276, 1650, 1221, 60213, 645, 19567, 6259, 6, 48461, 7, 678, 8060, 100, 201, 605, 158839, 4, 10, 456, 47327, 297, 217148, 4, 136, 3789, 196216, 136912, 7, 4, 136, 509, 203251, 47, 186, 121447, 98, 18374, 17846, 505, 4, 1284, 509, 8, 5259, 297, 24189, 22482, 387, 4, 267, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 121447, 98, 70, 7244, 14934, 5, 2161, 4347, 496, 4, 3640, 4, 7244, 171530, 450, 70, 226536, 13, 44965, 2806, 186, 38162, 47, 101059, 23, 70, 22690, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 226536, 13, 44965, 7, 111, 15044, 72944, 111, 145359, 7, 1995, 136, 72944, 111, 145359, 7, 4830, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 1995, 12, 581, 72944, 111, 87703, 830, 121447, 98, 6088, 496, 4, 8272, 4, 11814, 70, 71491, 13, 6712, 87907, 4, 136, 1902, 196216, 21373, 47, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 5, 44, 284, 429, 111, 87703, 58, 83, 5423, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 1295, 70, 49721, 62, 4188, 47, 70, 163628, 72944, 5, 1650, 114864, 92865, 47, 55076, 1632, 111, 702, 91944, 5256, 4, 1295, 14713, 4, 14237, 4, 136, 70, 102256, 24453, 5, 2161, 8055, 744, 4, 88922, 7244, 91376, 70, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 44, 3957, 1657, 27227, 25251, 740, 1650, 49814, 3525, 25072, 7, 136, 43606, 3525, 91944, 5256, 4, 26719, 6626, 12021, 31, 152644, 19, 91944, 5256, 12, 70, 57712, 136, 70, 1155, 14656, 5, 44, 3957, 72944, 111, 87703, 58, 509, 10, 167785, 130306, 36272, 3501, 70, 5117, 6626, 27528, 4, 678, 13547, 187775, 7, 136, 36939, 59869, 1771, 47763, 7, 111, 483, 12807, 5, 7244, 6544, 48398, 1810, 1286, 3501, 6626, 19879, 71200, 7, 47, 101597, 1314, 4, 136, 70, 6712, 75204, 183851, 70318, 7, 136, 1030, 21854, 988, 5, 180423, 7, 176506, 450, 44, 3957, 1657, 27227, 25251, 58, 71062, 297, 5299, 98, 44, 3957, 72944, 111, 87703, 830, 21208, 37348, 111, 51, 173212, 71, 196216, 3542, 165249, 5, 44, 3957, 72944, 111, 87703, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 1657, 27227, 25251, 58, 23742, 70, 3576, 136, 6789, 44, 10770, 134910, 7832, 67, 3432, 13547, 111, 70, 42552, 58, 70318, 7, 1295, 70, 62903, 111, 5337, 71232, 64624, 619, 28745, 7, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 360, 7071, 24159, 44, 58, 509, 121447, 98, 70, 101059, 6338, 113068, 13651, 100, 3773, 172852, 76519, 5, 581, 44, 16291, 44965, 58, 96853, 15044, 70, 7311, 6712, 136, 70, 14700, 66, 6889, 44, 3957, 1657, 27227, 25251, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 150011, 6, 48461, 7, 100, 11192, 9, 107, 166589, 44116, 7, 5, 360, 7582, 24159, 10, 17932, 14700, 66, 6889, 233234, 44, 3957, 1326, 86828, 33, 58, 509, 121447, 390, 7244, 97629, 538, 100, 70, 44, 16291, 44965, 740, 62, 50960, 14700, 66, 6889, 24, 4806, 44, 3957, 101334, 117604, 7, 58, 509, 121447, 390, 7244, 23, 7582, 24635, 2843, 97629, 538, 100, 70, 44, 16291, 44965, 740, 62, 22759, 927, 14700, 66, 6889, 233234, 44, 1052, 3075, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 72944, 111, 145359, 7, 83, 10, 36549, 111, 186768, 2773, 9, 6032, 113857, 1202, 27528, 4, 7311, 538, 126809, 390, 214069, 137869, 136, 91376, 390, 40857, 13547, 137869, 5, 581, 5117, 6712, 111, 70, 36549, 509, 44, 284, 429, 111, 145359, 7, 830, 121447, 23, 98600, 132556, 3789, 27528, 136, 17262, 25927, 9, 16713, 7, 765, 2809, 121447, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Games.", "Main series.", "\"Age of Empires\".", "\"Age of Empires II\".", "\"Age of Empires III\".", "\"Age of Empires IV\".", "Spin-off games.", "Development.", "Historical elements.", "Artificial intelligence.", "Graphics and visuals.", "Music.", "Collaboration.", "Reception and legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The games in the series focus on historical events throughout time. \"Age of Empires\" covers the events between the Stone Age and the Classical period, in Europe and Asia. Its expansion, \"\", follows the formation and rise of the Roman Empire. \"\" and its follow Europe and Asia through the Middle Ages. \"The Age of Kings\" expansion pack, \"\", is set during the same period, but also includes scenarios about the Spanish conquest of Mexico, El Cid, and Attila the Hun. \"Age of Empires III\" and its first expansion, \"\", take place during the European colonization of the Americas. Its second expansion, \"\", follows the rise of Asia in the same period. Age of Empires Online focuses on the Greek and Egyptian civilizations. The series' spin-off, \"Age of Mythology\", and its expansion pack, \"\", are set during the Bronze Age, but focus on mythology as their themes, rather than history.", "", "\"Age of Empires\", released on October 26, 1997, was the first game in the series, as well as the first major release from Ensemble Studios. It was one of the first history-based real-time strategy games made, utilizing the Genie game engine. GameSpot described it as a mix of \"Civilization\" and \"\". The game gives players a choice of 12 civilizations to develop from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The expansion pack, \"The Rise of Rome\", published by Microsoft on October 31, 1998, introduced new features and four new civilizations, including the Romans. Although the two games had contained many software bugs, patches resolved many of the problems. \"Age of Empires\" was generally well received, despite some highly negative reviews. GameSpot criticized a confused design, while \"Computer and Video Games\" praised the game as strong in single and multiplayer. The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences named \"Age of Empires\" the 1998 \"Computer Strategy Game of the Year.\" For several years, the game remained high on the sales charts, with over three million units sold by 2000. \"The Rise of Rome\" sold one million units in 2000 and attained 80% as an score from GameRankings. In June 2017, Adam Isgreen, creative director of Xbox Game Studios announced \"Age of Empires: Definitive Edition\" at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017. It will feature overhauled graphics with support for 4K resolution, a remastered soundtrack, and other gameplay improvements, and was planned to be released on October 19, 2017, but was delayed until February 20, 2018, when it was released on the Microsoft Store. On May 30, 2019, Microsoft announced that the Definitive Edition would be coming to Steam in the future, along with the Definitive Editions of both Age of Empires II and Age of Empires III.", "\"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings\", released on September 30, 1999, used the Genie game engine, and had gameplay similar to its predecessor. \"Age of Kings\" is set in the Middle Ages, from the Dark Ages to the Imperial Age. It allows players to choose one of 13 civilizations, from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. On August 24, 2000, Microsoft published the expansion, \"The Conquerors\". It added new units and five new civilizations, including two Mesoamerican civilizations: the Maya and the Aztec. \"The Age of Kings\" was a bigger critical success than the first two games, with Game Rankings and Metacritic scores of 92%. Microsoft shipped out more than two million copies to retailers, and the game received numerous awards and accolades. Critics agreed that \"The Conquerors\" expanded well on \"The Age of Kings\", though issues of unbalanced gameplay were raised. \"The Age of Kings\" and \"The Conquerors\" won the 2000 and 2001 \"Computer Strategy Game of the Year\" awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences, respectively. In April 2013, \"\" was released on the Steam digital distribution platform for Windows operating systems. The \"HD Edition\" includes both the original game and the expansion \"The Conquerors\", as well as updated graphics for high-resolution displays. In November 2013, a second expansion entitled \"The Forgotten\" was released by Microsoft exclusively for the \"HD Edition\". A third expansion named \"The African Kingdoms\" was released by Microsoft in November 2015, also exclusively for the \"HD Edition\". A fourth expansion entitled \"Rise of the Rajas\" was released on 19 December 2016. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \"\". In June 2019, Adam Isgreen, now the Franchise Creative Director for Age of Empires, shared more information regarding the at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2019. He confirmed that the Definitive Edition was being developed by Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media, and Wicked Witch Software. He announced that the game would feature new 4K graphics, Xbox Live support for multiplayer, exclusive achievements, four new civilizations (Bulgarians, Cumans, Lithuanians, Tatars), three new campaigns, a new spectator mode and tournament features, and additional quality of life improvements. It was released on November 14, 2019. Bert Beeckman, co-founder of Forgotten Empires, confirmed on June 12 that Age of Empires II: HD Edition would not be removed from sale after the release of Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition.", "\"Age of Empires III\", released on October 18, 2005, was built on an improved version of the \"Age of Mythology\" game engine with the most significant changes being the updated graphics engine and the inclusion of the Havok physics middleware engine. The game is set in the period between 1421 and 1850, and players can choose one of eight European nations. The game introduced a large number of features, such as home cities. Described by Ensemble Studios as \"an important support system to your efforts in the New World,\" home cities help provide the player with resources, equipment, troops, and upgrades. They can be used across multiple games, and upgraded after each battle; the feature was compared to a role-playing game character by Ensemble Studios. The first expansion to \"Age of Empires III\", \"The WarChiefs\", was released October 17, 2006. Most gameplay changes in the expansion pack were small, but it introduced three new civilizations, with a focus on Native Americans. Most notable was the introduction of the unit. The second expansion, \"\", went on sale October 23, 2007. It was a jointly developed product; Big Huge Games helped Ensemble Studios develop the game, with Brian Reynolds joining Bruce Shelley as lead designer. The game expanded the \"Age of Empires III\" universe into Asia, and introduced three new civilizations. Reception towards \"Age of Empires III\" was mixed; Game Revolution described it as \"about as much fun\" as a history textbook, while GameZone argued it was \"one of the best looking games, much less an RTS game, that is out on the market currently\". It sold more than two million copies, and won the GameSpy \"real-time strategy game of the year\" award. \"The WarChiefs\" failed to equal the success of its predecessor, with a lower score on both Game Rankings and Metacritic, and \"The Asian Dynasties\"' score was lower still with 80%. Several collectors' editions of \"Age of Empires III\" included a hardcover artbook. The last page of the artbook has a pictorial depiction of the series; the Roman numerals below each panel range from I to V, indicating the series would include an \"Age of Empires IV\" and \"Age of Empires V\". Ensemble Studios employee Sandy Petersen said that the image \"was total speculation on [their] part.\" In 2008, Microsoft announced they were closing down Ensemble Studios following the completion of \"Halo Wars\". Some of its employees would form a new team as part of Microsoft Studios. Kevin Unangst, director of Games for Windows, denied it was the end of the \"Age of Empires\" series, telling \"The San Francisco Chronicle\" \"we're very excited about the future potential for \"Age of Empires\"\". \"Edge\" confirmed, in an interview with Microsoft's corporate vice president of interactive entertainment, Shane Kim, that Microsoft continued to own \"Age of Empires\" and that they had plans to continue the series. However, Bruce Shelley wrote in his blog that he would not be part of any new studios formed. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \"Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition\". On May 30, 2019, Microsoft announced that the \"Definitive Edition\" would be coming to Steam in the future, along with the Definitive Editions of both Age of Empires and Age of Empires II. On January 23, 2020, Microsoft announced that the closed beta is set to begin in early February of that year. The beta will have a limited rollout, but players can sign up to be an Insider at the official website, and adjust profile settings to get into the pool of invitees. Invites will be distributed by email. Betas will run on both Steam and the Microsoft Store, and each beta session will include a small piece of the game. Larger numbers of invites will be distributed for beta sessions in March. There will be campaign betas, as well, but these will be limited to an even smaller group of players. The first closed beta session began on February 11, 2020 and ended on February 19, 2020. The second closed multiplayer session began on March 31 and will run through April 7.", "On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \"Age of Empires IV\", developed by Relic Entertainment. Microsoft's Executive Vice-President of Gaming, Phil Spencer, confirmed on June 11, 2019, that \"Age of Empires IV\" is still in development, with more information coming later in 2019. On November 14, 2019, gameplay footage of \"Age of Empires IV\" was shown at the XO19 event. It showed medieval warfare between English and Mongol forces. The release of \"Age of Empires IV\" is rumored to be in 2021.", "\"Age of Mythology\" shared many elements of gameplay with the main series, and was considered a part of the series, despite its different focus. The campaign in \"Age of Mythology\" tells the story of an Atlantean, Arkantos, and his quest to find why his people are out of favor with Poseidon. Microsoft published the game on October 30, 2002, and its expansion, \"The Titans\", on October 21, 2003. \"The Titans\" featured the Atlanteans as a new civilization. Its campaign is shorter than previous expansions, and centers on Kastor, son of Arkantos, who falls for the lies of the titans and frees them from Tartarus. \"Age of Mythology\" sold more than one million units in four months. It scored 89% on Game Rankings and Metacritic. \"The Titans\" failed to equal the sales success of \"Age of Mythology\", although critics rated it highly. Backbone Entertainment developed \"\" as a turn-based game for the Nintendo DS. Majesco Entertainment published the game on February 14, 2006. It is similar to other turn-based games, such as \"Advance Wars\", but with a gameplay based on its PC. \"Age of Empires: The Age of Kings\" scored 80% on Game Rankings and Metacritic. Konami brought a game of the same title to the PlayStation 2 around five years earlier than the DS version, but the game had little promotion, and sold poorly. On August 16, 2010, Microsoft announced \"Age of Empires Online\", which was a free-to-play Games for Windows Live online game, it developed in collaboration with Robot Entertainment. It featured Free-to-play experiences via Games for Windows LIVE as well as: A persistent online capital city that lives and grows even when you're offline, Cooperative multiplayer quests, trading and a level-based system that lets you progress at your own pace. Premium content could be earned or purchased, such as access to blueprints and special items, as well as more quests and features. In September 2013, it was announced that the game would remain functional until July 1, 2014, after which it would be shut down due to the content being too expensive to maintain. On April 13, 2014, \"\" was announced. It was developed by KLab Games for the iOS, Android and Windows Phone. It was released on December 7, 2015, with the service terminated on 30 November 2016. On August 25, 2014, \"\" was announced. It is a touch-based game developed by Smoking Gun Interactive. It was released on September 17, 2014 for the Windows PC and Windows Phone 8.", "", "The development phases of the \"Age of Empires\" games were similar in several ways. Due to the games being based on historical events, the team often had to do large amounts of research. However, the research was not in depth, which, according to \"Age of Empires\" designer Bruce Shelley, is \"a good idea for most entertainment products.\" Shelley also said that Ensemble Studios took most of the reference material from children's sections at libraries. He pointed out the goal was for the players of the game to have fun, \"not [its] designers or researchers.\" At the Games Convention Developers Conference in 2007, Shelley continued with this thought and explained that the success of the series laid in \"making a game which appealed to both the casual and hardcore gamer.\" Shelley also remarked the \"Age of Empires\" games were not about history in itself, but rather \"about the human experience;\" they focused not simply on what humans had done but on what they could do in the future such as \"going into space.\" Ensemble Studios developed \"Age of Mythology\" in a different way than the previous two games. The team had worried they \"couldn't get away\" with a third historical-based game, and chose mythology as the setting after they had discussed several options.", "The artificial intelligence (AI) used in the \"Age of Empires\" series has been developed and improved regularly by designers. AI specialist Dave Pottinger noted the development team gave the AI in the original game a very high priority, and spent over a year working on it. He said that the AI in the game relies on tactics and strategies to win, instead of \"cheating\" by giving bonus resources to itself, or tweaking its units to be stronger than normal. Pottinger later noted that the \"Age of Empires\" series team took great pride in their AI playing a \"fair game\" and didn't know what the player was doing and had to play by the same rules as its human opponents. \"Age of Empires\" allows players to choose to play either along specialized, story-backed conditions or as individual battles against the AI (and other players). Choosing to battle against the AI – rather than following the storyline – allows the AI to adapt to players' strategies and even remember which games it won and lost. The AI eventually overcomes players' strategies and easily destroys their villages after several games. For instance, in \"Age of Empires III,\" this is referred to as playing a \"Skirmish.\" However \"Age of Empires III\" allows players to refine their strategies further against the AI by \"Building a Deck,\" which allows players to replace \"Home City\" shipments with improved alternatives. In \"Age of Empires II: The Conquerors\" the AI was given a high priority, the result being the \"smart villager\" feature, which was included in subsequent games of the series. After building a structure that stores or produces resources, smart villagers would proceed to collect resources related to the structure, such as crops from farms or ore from exposed deposits. \"Age of Mythology: The Titans\" lets players use an AI debugger when creating custom scenarios; players can change the settings of computer players and make them act according to certain patterns. More basic changes to the AI had previously been available in the series' first two games.", "The graphics and visuals of \"Age of Empires\" improved with each successive release. From the original release to the second, \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings,\" noteworthy improvements gained praise from several critics. With the release of \"Age of Mythology\" the praise continued, and the fourth release, \"Age of Empires III,\" garnered even more. GameSpot praised the improved graphics in the second release, \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings.\" Eurogamer welcomed its introduction of female villagers as compared with the original male only version. Allgame praised the advanced grouping and path-finding systems in the second release. Despite the improved graphics, Allgame complained that units in \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings\" were at times difficult to distinguish from one another, a point numerous reviewers agreed on. Nevertheless, Game Revolution wrote that the second release was \"the best looking of the 2D RTS games out there right now.\" The graphics continued to improve in \"Age of Mythology\" and was praised by a majority of reviewers. IGN ranked the graphics in this third release, \"a joy to watch... awesome.\" GameSpot assented, also rating the graphics a 9 out of 10. Game Revolution agreed, and PC Gamer stated that the graphics in the third release \"are packed with detail.\" The trend in improved graphics continued well into the next release, \"Age of Empires III,\" much to the delight of reviewers. IGN stated, \"After seeing the screenshots, our jaws hit the floor at the amount of detail.\" \"1UP.com\" described \"Age of Empires III\" as \"one of the most beautiful games you will put on your computer for the foreseeable future.\" GameSpy agreed, stating, \"\"Age III\"s graphics are unmatched in the strategy genre.\" \"Age of Empires III\" builds on and introduces new features to the prior release, \"Age of Mythology,\" such as the inclusion of the award-winning Havok physics simulation middleware game engine for the Windows version and PhysX for the Mac OS X. The innovative result is that pre-created animations are avoided; instead events are calculated according to the physics engine. Consequently, views of events like building destruction and tree felling are not pre-recorded. GameSpot also admired the graphics in the fourth release but complained about \"the awkward unit behavior.\" Other graphical features of the game include bloom lighting and support for pixel shader 3.0. GameSpy awarded \"Age of Empires III\" the \"Best Graphics\" award at GameSpy's \"Game of the Year 2005.\"", "Stephen Rippy has been the series' music director since the first game. He has had occasional help from his brother, David Rippy, as well as Kevin McMullan. He created the original music in \"Age of Empires\" with sounds of instruments from the periods in the game. These sounds came from actual instruments, and their digital samples. The tunes were the result of extensive research on the cultures, styles, and instruments used. Rippy said that sound development on \"The Age of Kings\" was easy, since there was knowledge of the instruments used in the Middle Ages. Therefore, they were able to reproduce the tunes for the soundtrack of the game. In \"Age of Mythology\", an orchestral instrumentation was used, instead. According to McMullan, the team also collected large numbers of audio recordings from zoos, and created \"a massive sound library of [their] own material.\" The music of \"Age of Empires III\" was similar to \"The Age of Kings\", in which the team used more historical instruments; Rippy noted the team used instruments such as \"bagpipes and field drums\" to give it a realistic feel.", "Ensemble Studios worked together with Big Huge Games to develop \"The Asian Dynasties\", \"Age of Empires III\"s second expansion. This was the first joint venture for both teams. The reason for them doing so was compatible schedules: Ensemble Studios was busy with other projects—particularly \"Halo Wars\"—while Big Huge Games' real-time strategy team had few projects at that time. Big Huge Games did most of the work, but Ensemble Studios designers Greg Street and Sandy Petersen joined in the brainstorming, and had control over the final product. Both studios had roles in testing the game before its release.", "The \"Age of Empires\" series has been a commercial success. As of 2008, five of its games have each sold more than one million copies. According to Gamasutra, \"Age of Empires\" had sold more than three million copies, and \"The Rise of Rome\" sold one million copies as of 2000. Around the same time, Microsoft announced that they shipped over two million copies of \"The Age of Kings\". In 2003, Microsoft announced the sales of one million copies for \"Age of Mythology\". By 2004—prior to the release of \"Age of Empires III\"—the \"Age of Empires\" franchise had sold over 15 million copies. On May 18, 2007, Ensemble Studios announced that two million copies of \"Age of Empires III\" had been sold. Games in the series have consistently scored highly on video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites. As noted in the adjacent table, the highest rating game is \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings\", receiving a 92% score from both sites. Critics have credited \"Age of Empires\" for influencing real-time strategy (RTS) games such as \"Rise of Nations\", \"Empire Earth\", and \"\". \"\" was also influenced by the series: it utilized the Genie game engine, as \"Age of Empires\" and \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings\" had, and was considered by critics to be a very close replica to the games; IGN began their review with the statement \"I love \"Age of Star Wars\", I mean \"Star Empires\". Whatever it's called, I dig it.\" and GameSpot wrote that \"fundamentals of the \"Age of Empires II\" engine are so intact in \"Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds\" that veterans of that game can jump right in.\" In October 2005, Shelley commented on the impact of the series. In a GameSpy interview, he explained that parents would \"tell Ensemble Studios that their kid is reading books about ancient Greece because they enjoy playing with the triremes so much, or that they want to check out books about medieval history because [the] game taught them what a trebuchet was.\" Shelley has said that the key to the success of the games was its innovation, rather than imitation of its peers. He also claimed the unique elements in the games \"helped establish the reputation of Ensemble Studios as masters of the real-time strategy genre.\" Mark Bozon of IGN wrote in his review of \"The Age of Kings\", \"The \"Age of Empires\" series has been one of the most innovative real-time strategy games for PC in the last decade or so.\" Gamenikki called Ensemble Studios \"the developer that started it all\" when they talked about how much \"Age of Empires III\" had done to advance the real-time strategy genre. Shelley has acknowledged the success and innovation of \"Age of Empires\" helped to ensure Ensemble survive its early periods since startup. In 2005, Shelley complained of critics holding an \"innovation bias\" against the series; citing the 60% score from \"Computer Gaming World\", he said that despite \"Age of Empires III\" being \"perhaps the best selling PC game in the world\", reviewers expected \"something really new\", and rated it harshly. Bungie chose Ensemble Studios to develop \"Halo Wars\", an RTS game based on their \"Halo\" series. They said that one of the reasons they chose to work with Ensemble was because of the \"Age of Empires\" series. They also noted that Ensemble was the perfect choice \"to realize the original vision of \"Halo\"\", which started life as an RTS." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14787, 177592, 1215, 712, 509, 103122, 22482, 30284, 141745, 4, 23, 25134, 28129, 4293, 4, 157082, 5, 1529, 509, 165249, 23, 10, 75198, 1236, 4, 86991, 9, 67413, 14449, 48402, 214, 1919, 67373, 4, 2673, 2198, 1215, 712, 4, 1919, 42732, 4, 72542, 23604, 4295, 1215, 712, 15, 40062, 19893, 5180, 247, 136, 1919, 114015, 66083, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 10, 36770, 237626, 76, 6562, 65604, 1295, 10, 42592, 429, 111, 171751, 7, 136, 501, 603, 94589, 33, 136, 2750, 14432, 34658, 70, 80923, 23, 947, 89921, 80658, 3826, 238, 136, 81937, 289, 581, 25443, 99, 32629, 2397, 29693, 25, 7, 70, 109622, 28622, 53, 5, 72542, 189924, 100, 6626, 5369, 99, 32629, 2397, 29693, 136, 221419, 538, 4, 1295, 100439, 47, 33418, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 13918, 111, 101057, 152239, 76328, 29693, 23, 25134, 28129, 4293, 4, 157082, 5, 360, 176447, 4, 14787, 1215, 712, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 70, 32629, 2397, 62903, 99, 32629, 2397, 29693, 136, 7068, 70, 40466, 68034, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 163055, 678, 10, 147697, 111, 64624, 5, 24372, 25975, 2320, 4, 1215, 712, 189924, 44000, 10696, 100, 1672, 22759, 21775, 5, 1326, 70, 25632, 17262, 5369, 4, 764, 79786, 237, 10, 110297, 748, 100, 70, 220474, 15881, 85736, 52562, 33734, 5, 360, 10, 89583, 19, 158972, 4, 1215, 712, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 107154, 12535, 4, 7440, 1919, 5201, 33946, 7, 3542, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 55182, 53, 5, 1913, 107154, 4, 1215, 712, 22282, 71, 678, 9265, 31655, 6, 205147, 4, 10, 13036, 79507, 54799, 1919, 17569, 4, 136, 25031, 14631, 4, 124901, 20020, 764, 121314, 297, 5, 360, 142399, 4, 1215, 712, 25737, 107154, 7103, 217063, 4734, 10, 335, 5, 284, 5, 136, 109133, 47, 108089, 4, 102126, 47, 35187, 678, 55182, 1419, 96513, 601, 7030, 18, 4, 1295, 136565, 764, 97384, 70, 23755, 111, 44, 2347, 28995, 3408, 4, 58, 10, 23755, 9879, 47, 1919, 14432, 4488, 5, 360, 145081, 4, 1215, 712, 139505, 75526, 87703, 87180, 120304, 7435, 4598, 74668, 83679, 4, 70, 114015, 111, 45233, 23924, 9167, 120304, 7435, 10837, 132869, 108035, 4, 10, 34391, 764, 435, 99, 32629, 2397, 5, 262, 61518, 8306, 67229, 214, 1919, 186533, 1363, 4, 1215, 712, 509, 19048, 47, 113054, 10, 1305, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 158115, 23, 145081, 5, 8622, 4, 1215, 712, 435, 28166, 572, 5, 63550, 7460, 136, 4939, 262, 1177, 53, 4, 15044, 111, 136565, 2806, 79507, 4049, 6782, 538, 5, 360, 141692, 4, 1215, 712, 109133, 4, 33233, 678, 262, 1177, 53, 4, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 4, 7440, 764, 189924, 24189, 1919, 47219, 5, 262, 1177, 53, 25, 7, 79507, 12441, 1215, 712, 3934, 162807, 154453, 4, 1284, 1919, 47644, 33662, 45, 74789, 71, 1295, 450, 111, 262, 1177, 53, 4, 136, 126809, 3934, 1919, 170277, 55182, 21533, 3790, 10484, 111, 7086, 4, 15970, 136, 100510, 5, 438, 149, 934, 297, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 764, 509, 36457, 23, 58823, 25, 7, 2265, 136, 68894, 103086, 7, 74, 54940, 1919, 5941, 69924, 26698, 1919, 4488, 100, 70, 6406, 7687, 111, 58823, 5, 1215, 712, 18822, 71, 450, 41664, 5809, 186, 11814, 47, 35142, 678, 2265, 44402, 136, 112730, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 55080, 214, 25188, 99, 70, 9615, 19929, 18276, 23, 58823, 5, 1529, 2843, 79786, 237, 241437, 42, 100, 58823, 25, 7, 46840, 141, 13038, 5, 1215, 712, 68, 71, 111, 26498, 137578, 98, 7071, 29620, 66426, 5, 79616, 111, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 4488, 162393, 98, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 15970, 136, 70, 36746, 54613, 53, 111, 70, 8999, 28032, 70, 2265, 2773, 39, 12, 764, 51636, 297, 450, 44, 2347, 11651, 7086, 831, 32316, 4734, 23, 41911, 47, 3789, 7086, 7, 678, 99764, 91084, 7, 1242, 581, 6626, 2684, 5526, 74855, 7, 111, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 4488, 4, 136, 111, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 23, 4537, 4, 621, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 111, 44, 6471, 177, 2227, 8780, 58, 136, 44, 57801, 58, 44, 372, 98409, 54449, 39, 740, 7142, 123166, 8780, 15, 162, 233, 144429, 47, 55182, 21533, 123166, 8780, 16, 15005, 7, 47, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 50509, 111, 70, 28029, 14, 111, 28995, 30891, 136, 2265, 36746, 7, 678, 98870, 91084, 7, 4, 43257, 3501, 3059, 72761, 36746, 7, 3129, 55182, 21533, 224833, 64370, 90698, 28029, 14, 194, 76145, 2227, 8780, 83, 10, 38134, 9, 5445, 214, 99644, 6827, 19069, 1295, 3129, 40368, 128746, 111, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 79507, 7, 831, 186, 207487, 3934, 22759, 5201, 1492, 7831, 12, 129335, 111, 6097, 25647, 621, 130306, 47, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 12, 12613, 7, 4, 47, 1215, 712, 136, 128201, 238, 182809, 64370, 4, 6, 144729, 7432, 83, 959, 84797, 71, 1295, 22631, 136, 182809, 4, 1284, 83, 142, 28970, 2831, 111, 15044, 5, 131899, 1771, 182809, 8780, 237, 10, 147118, 1771, 6, 119598, 53, 509, 142, 177047, 660, 47, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 111, 44, 30145, 44713, 10836, 39, 740, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 3790, 10484, 23, 2831, 4, 35509, 98, 147118, 8780, 136, 123166, 8780, 4, 3542, 71872, 3674, 47, 5941, 150180, 25921, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 2750, 7068, 23409, 98, 47, 137633, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 5, 1215, 712, 509, 10, 4552, 5526, 26366, 23, 387, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 2265, 6, 119598, 53, 5, 6561, 111, 1919, 2684, 26794, 80973, 25647, 509, 70, 74216, 3956, 111, 7086, 136, 15970, 1295, 70, 36398, 9433, 17721, 25150, 7, 4, 45252, 297, 23, 44, 181123, 4, 55347, 136, 67081, 58, 5173, 121763, 830, 58, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 57801, 123166, 8780, 740, 3293, 23755, 111, 3642, 70, 7086, 136, 15970, 74216, 1295, 70, 2265, 9433, 111, 36398, 390, 24092, 7, 14037, 297, 70, 128201, 238, 182809, 1419, 10696, 111, 19633, 25443, 5, 150948, 297, 91768, 25958, 23, 1529, 83331, 66, 220734, 28021, 136, 9433, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 1215, 712, 4, 1884, 4939, 262, 1177, 53, 4, 126809, 10, 1286, 4912, 1419, 9433, 6, 119598, 53, 450, 509, 35509, 54799, 14135, 22631, 136, 183037, 6, 127219, 4935, 22631, 5, 28076, 103488, 83, 4, 23, 10, 147118, 1771, 10422, 4, 70, 166220, 19, 111, 85027, 4, 136, 8305, 14135, 103488, 91084, 83, 7228, 5, 113053, 18, 103488, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14787, 177592, 1215, 712, 15, 30154, 11911, 6635, 30284, 141745, 46, 7071, 29620, 66426, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 30355, 106622, 4, 136, 55182, 1419, 4, 102917, 538, 148272, 71, 678, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 40368, 157167, 67175, 147118, 64370, 5, 1529, 83, 28601, 297, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 136, 111, 2367, 1556, 1380, 47, 186, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 58823, 19633, 109622, 40250, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Theory.", "Pragmatism and symbolic interaction.", "Social philosophy (behaviorism).", "Social acts.", "Nature of the self.", "Philosophy of science.", "Play and game and the generalized other.", "Writings." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "George Herbert Mead was born February 27, 1863, in South Hadley, Massachusetts. He was raised in a Protestant, middle-class family comprising his father, Hiram Mead, his mother, Elizabeth Storrs Mead (née Billings), and his sister Alice. His father was a former Congregationalist pastor from a lineage of farmers and clergymen and who later held the chair in Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology at Oberlin College's theological seminary. Elizabeth taught for two years at Oberlin College and subsequently, from 1890 to 1900, serving as president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. In 1879, George Mead enrolled at the Oberlin Academy at Oberlin College and then the college itself, graduating in 1883 with a Bachelor of Arts. After graduation, Mead taught grade school for about four months. For the following three years, he worked as a surveyor for the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. In autumn 1887, Mead enrolled at Harvard University, where his main interests were philosophy and psychology. At Harvard, Mead studied with Josiah Royce, a major influence upon his thought, and William James, whose children he tutored. In 1888, Mead left Harvard after receiving only a B.A. and moved to Leipzig, Germany to study with psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, from whom he learned the concept of \"the gesture,\" a concept central to his later work. In 1891, Mead married Helen Kingsbury Castle (1860–1929), the sister of Henry Northrup Castle (1862–1895), a friend he met at Oberlin. Despite never finishing his dissertation, Mead was able to obtain a post at the University of Michigan in 1891. There, Mead met Charles H. Cooley and John Dewey, both of whom would influence him greatly. In 1894, Mead moved, along with Dewey, to the University of Chicago, where he taught until his death. Dewey's influence led Mead into educational theory, but his thinking soon diverged from that of Dewey, and developed into his famous psychological theories of mind, self and society. No detached philosopher, he was active in Chicago's social and political affairs; among his many activities include his work for the City Club of Chicago. Mead believed that science could be used to deal with social problems and played a key role in conducting research at the settlement house in Chicago. He also worked as treasurer for Chicago's Hull House. Mead died of heart failure on April 26, 1931.", "", "Much of Mead's work focused on the development of the self and the objectivity of the world within the social realm: he insisted that \"the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings.\" The two most important roots of Mead's work, and of symbolic interactionism in general, are the philosophy of \"pragmatism\" and \"social\" \"behaviorism\". Social behaviorism (as opposed to psychological behaviorism) refers to Mead's concern of the stimuli of gestures and social objects with rich meanings, rather than bare physical objects which psychological behaviourists considered stimuli). Pragmatism is a wide-ranging philosophical position from which several aspects of Mead's influences can be identified into four main tenets: Three of these ideas are critical to symbolic interactionism: Thus, to Mead and symbolic interactionists, consciousness is not separated from action and interaction, but is an integral part of both. Symbolic interactionism as a pragmatic philosophy was an antecedent to the philosophy of \"transactionalism\". Mead's theories in part, based on pragmatism and behaviorism, were transmitted to many graduate students at the University of Chicago who then went on to establish symbolic interactionism.", "Mead was a very important figure in 20th-century social philosophy. One of his most influential ideas was the emergence of mind and self from the communication process between organisms, discussed in \"Mind, Self and Society\" (1934)\",\" also known as \"social behaviorism\". This concept of how the mind and self emerge from the social process of communication by signs founded the symbolic interactionist school of sociology. Rooted intellectually in Hegelian dialectics and process philosophy, Mead, like John Dewey, developed a more materialist process philosophy that was based upon human action and specifically communicative action. Human activity is, in a pragmatic sense, the criterion of truth, and through human activity meaning is made. Joint activity, including communicative activity, is the means through which our sense of self is constituted. The essence of Mead's social behaviorism is that mind is not a substance located in some transcendent realm, nor is it merely a series of events that takes place within the human physiological structure. This approach opposed the traditional view of the mind as separate from the body. The emergence of mind is contingent upon interaction between the human organism and its social environment; it is through participation in the social act of communication that individuals realize their potential for significantly symbolic behavior, that is, thought. Mind, in Mead's terms, is the individualized focus of the communication process. It is linguistic behavior on the part of the individual. There is, then, no \"mind or thought without language;\" and language (the content of mind) \"is only a development and product of social interaction.\" Thus, mind is not reducible to the neurophysiology of the organic individual, but is emergent in \"the dynamic, ongoing social process\" that constitutes human experience. For Mead, mind arises out of the social act of communication. Mead's concept of the social act is relevant, not only to his theory of mind, but to all facets of his social philosophy. His theory of \"mind, self, and society\" is, in effect, a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of a social process involving the interaction of many individuals, just as his theory of knowledge and value is a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of the experiencing individual in interaction with an environment. Action is very important to his social theory and, according to Mead, actions also occur within a communicative process. The initial phase of an act constitutes a gesture. A \"gesture\" is a preparatory movement that enables other individuals to become aware of the intentions of the given organism. The rudimentary situation is a conversation of gestures, in which a gesture on the part of the first individual evokes a preparatory movement on the part of the second, and the gesture of the second organism in turn calls out a response in the first person. On this level no communication occurs. Neither organism is aware of the effect of its own gestures upon the other; the gestures are nonsignificant. For communication to take place, each organism must have knowledge of how the other individual will respond to his own ongoing act. Here the gestures are significant symbols. A \"significant symbol\" is a kind of gesture that only humans can make. Gestures become significant symbols when they arouse in the individual who is making them the same kind of response they are supposed to elicit from those to whom the gestures are addressed. Only when we have significant symbols can we truly have communication. Mead grounded human perception in an \"\"action-nexus\"\". We perceive the world in terms of the \"means of living.\" To perceive food, is to perceive eating. To perceive a house, is to perceive shelter. That is to say, perception is in terms of action. Mead's theory of perception is similar to that of J. J. Gibson.", "Mead argued in tune with Durkheim that the individual is a product of an ongoing, pre-existing society, or more specifically, social interaction that is a consequence of a sui generis society. The \"self\" arises when the individual becomes an object to themselves. Mead argued that we are objects first to other people, and secondarily we become objects to ourselves by taking the perspective of other people. Language enables us to talk about ourselves in the same way as we talk about other people, and thus through language we become other to ourselves. In joint activity, which Mead called \"social acts\", humans learn to see themselves from the standpoint of their co-actors. A central mechanism within the social act, which enables perspective taking, is position exchange. People within a social act often alternate social positions (e.g., giving/receiving, asking/helping, winning/losing, hiding/seeking, talking/listening). In children's games there is repeated position exchange, for example in hide-and-seek, and Mead argued that this is one of the main ways that perspective taking develops. However, for Mead, unlike Dewey and J. J. Gibson, the key is not simply human action, but rather social action. In humans the \"manipulatory phase of the act\" is socially mediated, that is to say, in acting towards objects humans simultaneously take the perspectives of others towards that object. This is what Mead means by \"the social act\" as opposed to simply \"the act\" (the latter being a Deweyan concept). Non-human animals also manipulate objects, but that is a non-social manipulation, they do not take the perspective of other organisms toward the object. Humans on the other hand, take the perspective of other actors towards objects, and this is what enables complex human society and subtle social coordination. In the social act of economic exchange, for example, both buyer and seller must take each other's perspectives towards the object being exchanged. The seller must recognize the value for the buyer, while the buyer must recognize the desirability of money for the seller. Only with this mutual perspective taking can the economic exchange occur. (Mead was influenced on this point by Adam Smith.)", "A final piece of Mead's social theory is the mind as the individual importation of the social process. Mead states that \"the self is a social process,\" meaning that there are series of actions that go on in the mind to help formulate one's complete self. As previously discussed, Mead presented the self and the mind in terms of a social process. As \"gestures\" are taken in by the individual organism, the individual organism also takes in the collective attitudes of others, in the form of gestures, and reacts accordingly with other organized attitudes. This process is characterized by Mead as the \"I\" and the \"Me\". The 'Me' is the social self and the 'I' is the response to the 'Me'. In other words, the 'I' is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the 'Me' is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes. Mead develops William James' distinction between the 'I' and the 'Me'. The 'Me' is the accumulated understanding of \"the generalized other\" i.e. how one thinks one's group perceives oneself etc. The 'I' is the individual's impulses. The 'I' is \"self as subject\"; the 'Me' is \"self as object\". The 'I' is the knower, the 'Me' is the known. The mind, or stream of thought, is the self-reflective movements of the interaction between the \"I\" and the 'Me'. There is neither \"I\" nor 'Me' in the conversation of gestures; the whole act is not yet carried out, but the preparation takes place in this field of gesture. These dynamics go beyond selfhood in a narrow sense, and form the basis of a theory of human cognition. For Mead the thinking process is the internalized dialogue between the 'I' and the 'Me'. Mead rooted the self's \"perception and meaning\" deeply and sociologically in \"a common praxis of subjects,\" found specifically in social encounters. Understood as a combination of the 'I' and the 'Me', Mead's self proves to be noticeably entwined within a sociological existence. For Mead, existence in community comes before individual consciousness. First one must participate in the different social positions within society and only subsequently can one use that experience to take the perspective of others and thus become \"'conscious\"'.", "Mead was a major American philosopher by virtue of being, along with John Dewey, Charles Peirce and William James, one of the founders of pragmatism. He also made significant contributions to the philosophies of nature, science, and history, to philosophical anthropology, and to process philosophy. Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead considered Mead a thinker of the first rank. He is a classic example of a social theorist whose work does not fit easily within conventional disciplinary boundaries. As far as his work on the philosophy of science, Mead sought to find the psychological origin of science in the efforts of individuals to attain power over their environment. The notion of a physical object arises out of manipulatory experience. There is a social relation to inanimate objects, for the organism takes the role of things that it manipulates directly, or that it manipulates indirectly in perception. For example, in taking (introjecting or imitating) the resistant role of a solid object, an individual obtains cognition of what is \"inside\" nonliving things. Historically, the concept of the physical object arose from an animistic conception of the universe. Contact experience includes experiences of position, balance, and support, and these are used by the organism when it creates its conceptions of the physical world. Our scientific concepts of space, time, and mass are abstracted from manipulatory experience. Such concepts as that of the electron are also derived from manipulation. In developing a science we construct hypothetical objects in order to assist ourselves in controlling nature. The conception of the present as a distinct unit of experience, rather than as a process of becoming and disappearing, is a scientific fiction devised to facilitate exact measurement. In the scientific worldview immediate experience is replaced by theoretical constructs. The ultimate in experience, however, is the manipulation and contact at the completion of an act.", "Mead theorized that human beings begin their understanding of the social world through \"play\" and \"game\". \"Play\" comes first in the child's development. The child takes different roles he/she observes in \"adult\" society, and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles. For instance, he first plays the role of policeman and then the role of thief while playing \"Cops and Robbers,\" and plays the role of doctor and patient when playing \"Doctor.\" As a result of such play, the child learns to become both subject and object and begins to become able to build a self. However, it is a limited self because the child can only take the role of distinct and separate others, they still lack a more general and organized sense of themselves. In the next stage, the \"game\" stage, it is required that a person develop a full sense of self. Whereas in the play stage the child takes on the role of distinct others, in the game stage the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game. Furthermore, these roles must have a definite relationship to one another. To illustrate the game stage, Mead gives his famous example of a baseball game: But in a game where a number of individuals are involved, then the child taking one role must be ready to take the role of everyone else. If he gets in a ball nine he must have the responses of each position involved in his own position. He must know what everyone else is going to do in order to carry out his own play. He has to take all of these roles. They do not all have to be present in consciousness at the same time, but at some moments he has to have three or four individuals present in his own attitude, such as the one who is going to throw the ball, the one who is going to catch it and so on. These responses must be, in some degree, present in his own make-up. In the game, then, there is a set of responses of such others so organized that the attitude of one calls out the appropriate attitudes of the other. In the game stage, organization begins and definite personalities start to emerge. Children begin to become able to function in organized groups and most importantly, to determine what they will do within a specific group. Mead calls this the child's first encounter with \"the generalized other,\" which is one of the main concepts Mead proposes for understanding the emergence of the (social) self in human beings. \"The generalized other\" can be thought of as understanding the given activity and the actors' place within the activity from the perspective of all the others engaged in the activity. Through understanding \"the generalized other\" the individual understands what kind of behavior is expected, appropriate and so on, in different social settings. Some may find that social acts (e.g. games and routine forms of social interaction) enable perspective taking through 'position exchange'. Assuming that games and routine social acts have differentiated social positions, and that these positions create our cognitive perspectives, then it might be that by moving between roles in a game (e.g. between hiding and seeking or buying and selling) we come to learn about the perspective of the other. This new interpretation of Mead's account of taking the perspective of the other has experimental support.", "In a career spanning more than 40 years, Mead wrote almost constantly and published numerous articles and book reviews in both philosophy and psychology. However, he did not publish any books. Following his death, several of his students put together and edited four volumes from records of Mead's social psychology course at the University of Chicago, his lecture notes (Mead's Carus Lectures, 1930, edited by Charles W. Morris), and his numerous unpublished papers. In his lifetime, Mead published around 100 scholarly articles, reviews, and incidental pieces. Given their diverse nature, access to these writings is difficult. The first editorial efforts to change this situation date from the 1960s. In 1964, Andrew J. Reck collected twenty-five of Mead's published articles in \"Selected Writings: George Herbert Mead\". Four years later, John W. Petras published \"George Herbert Mead: Essays on his Social Psychology\", a collection of fifteen articles that included previously unpublished manuscripts. More recently, Mary Jo Deegan (2001) published \"Essays in Social Psychology\", a book project originally abandoned by Mead in the early 1910s. In 2010, Filipe Carreira da Silva edited the \"G.H. Mead. A Reader\", a comprehensive collection including thirty of Mead's most important articles, ten of which previously unpublished. Likewise, the Mead Project at Brock University in Toronto intends to publish all of Mead's 80-odd remaining unpublished manuscripts." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31384, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 2224, 26206, 1779, 3542, 11324, 5062, 4, 136, 10, 2224, 26206, 19, 14361, 831, 186, 228113, 29367, 237, 10, 19932, 104532, 678, 10, 5768, 51042, 17721, 6626, 73432, 7, 4, 70, 113008, 136, 70, 123824, 5, 62, 67688, 70, 5768, 442, 1556, 142, 70796, 14361, 151517, 939, 4, 10, 552, 13, 6511, 707, 74189, 587, 13, 6511, 5, 82821, 7, 678, 903, 160617, 538, 6, 230612, 238, 14361, 1774, 765, 10, 10336, 15, 66, 56043, 16, 3564, 136, 10, 6, 46741, 15, 7522, 56043, 16, 3564, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 4420, 15, 1846, 2317, 16, 136, 10, 186, 12097, 15, 1353, 29088, 3142, 127298, 1836, 2843, 765, 10, 25737, 5609, 136, 10, 7108, 5609, 5, 171855, 10, 12912, 3564, 26950, 450, 903, 2831, 111, 70, 14361, 190647, 7, 28029, 14, 4, 6044, 237, 15381, 4, 1238, 141775, 214, 405, 195994, 15032, 4, 70, 34754, 111, 10, 10336, 678, 10422, 7484, 7, 136, 10, 113008, 5, 581, 14361, 115851, 90, 4420, 1295, 70, 10336, 4, 136, 5941, 2224, 26206, 1779, 765, 10, 162515, 111, 115339, 123635, 7, 450, 158, 144225, 70, 14361, 4, 20662, 442, 51713, 4, 136, 142, 2343, 232, 214, 5423, 111, 152050, 73, 289, 123635, 7, 4, 450, 16610, 33, 70, 14361, 74, 6097, 22, 2886, 32977, 9, 19290, 14, 297, 85825, 678, 10, 64707, 201939, 182355, 191, 47, 25813, 390, 117, 1035, 141, 6023, 5, 17006, 2224, 26206, 1779, 15, 6433, 11727, 14042, 31, 10133, 16, 765, 10, 5768, 450, 65042, 7, 8305, 70, 14361, 1295, 113008, 47, 123824, 4, 12960, 22742, 76, 587, 8242, 178851, 7, 765, 10, 6157, 5768, 678, 1632, 73432, 5, 52455, 2224, 26206, 19, 11521, 7809, 765, 158978, 21, 26091, 13, 3129, 186857, 678, 13176, 11, 136, 765, 142, 1747, 21533, 7484, 70541, 214, 43111, 53, 38750, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 2685, 621, 131527, 7, 47, 12638, 111, 6097, 62816, 48242, 7, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 25171, 28, 117951, 820, 4432, 621, 4567, 25958, 6, 230612, 238, 15, 309, 5062, 2363, 21, 26091, 13, 247, 136, 24233, 121, 172, 9523, 11324, 7, 765, 111531, 112892, 1029, 297, 14361, 45646, 7, 5, 581, 170933, 70760, 2684, 17309, 39210, 6, 60502, 1290, 111, 756, 2224, 26206, 83, 24117, 71, 70, 44, 48743, 16364, 26206, 19, 740, 581, 31425, 111, 70, 5117, 2224, 26206, 19, 83, 10, 26866, 111, 29865, 5, 6561, 5609, 42459, 7, 450, 10, 587, 8242, 120126, 26038, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 3789, 94407, 15, 5868, 10391, 532, 9, 8509, 365, 532, 170933, 6023, 390, 122960, 542, 91281, 420, 4, 540, 478, 4146, 206, 1881, 16713, 4, 43278, 9014, 3905, 669, 4, 707, 6, 247, 12960, 70, 3789, 159931, 450, 70, 5117, 2224, 26206, 19, 509, 10, 552, 8242, 15829, 25150, 136, 70, 5201, 10, 587, 8242, 15829, 11521, 7809, 15, 150632, 142584, 7, 136, 83647, 18, 26932, 7, 16, 765, 72856, 14361, 151517, 2449, 37526, 416, 538, 15, 2347, 78599, 587, 8242, 7105, 170933, 6023, 136, 6863, 143834, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 61057, 1283, 390, 110781, 2590, 707, 4246, 177, 44726, 4, 70, 14811, 24444, 7, 82197, 1283, 390, 4, 707, 70, 161852, 11, 13, 11, 390, 89485, 194, 581, 5117, 77950, 111, 2224, 26206, 23, 70, 165082, 17164, 32497, 1295, 144851, 165082, 7, 23, 17156, 8355, 1603, 216489, 7, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 44, 20990, 92642, 58, 2224, 26206, 19, 165082, 83, 44, 19717, 26278, 4523, 830, 1740, 47, 5, 241, 147, 56786, 165082, 7, 621, 189353, 141, 74, 70, 165082, 44, 15896, 19, 161834, 16735, 58, 1543, 186, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 2224, 26206, 19, 4, 1284, 1543, 2843, 33636, 142, 23, 116115, 297, 373, 73163, 5, 148810, 379, 352, 21731, 232, 621, 51529, 1295, 10932, 70, 1733, 111, 44, 15896, 19, 161834, 16735, 58, 15, 247, 1284, 351, 13, 111, 6097, 765, 2224, 26206, 19, 10, 58871, 31075, 5, 7362, 15555, 7, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 75935, 390, 2224, 26206, 19, 6897, 3173, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 70, 87524, 2240, 430, 15236, 2320, 111, 168919, 4, 136, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 99, 19713, 190, 12951, 19879, 5369, 10332, 5, 581, 14811, 26206, 1556, 89160, 538, 2809, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 5201, 42592, 4188, 707, 1601, 34053, 143, 5, 581, 8, 25208, 43363, 3716, 26698, 70, 28, 117951, 820, 4432, 4, 2360, 5548, 6651, 63614, 4, 43678, 17489, 7, 4, 136, 10, 10846, 164917, 11521, 7809, 5, 581, 22664, 2785, 3716, 26698, 2684, 111, 70, 10588, 4, 6044, 237, 187, 42294, 10299, 7, 4, 42230, 12472, 7, 4, 931, 72994, 1224, 4, 49878, 142584, 7, 4, 136, 221, 100, 927, 5, 8622, 621, 10, 14012, 111, 60212, 7, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 23, 3642, 70, 352, 21731, 31, 85493, 7, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 70, 5117, 73432, 111, 70, 352, 21731, 31, 24209, 7, 70, 113008, 23, 22664, 2785, 3716, 4, 136, 70, 123824, 23, 8, 25208, 43363, 3716, 5, 52455, 24643, 5831, 6133, 7, 5036, 125296, 99, 19713, 6626, 1286, 1601, 34053, 143, 54940, 70, 22664, 2785, 3716, 4, 74242, 71360, 82471, 11, 15, 17965, 1916, 85825, 16, 136, 144833, 41763, 5, 581, 6, 118201, 11324, 7, 15, 62467, 31580, 7456, 3238, 16, 765, 60449, 34844, 47, 18507, 40383, 74, 17309, 96335, 3687, 2856, 23, 70, 6, 7456, 4450, 45271, 5, 581, 89160, 91853, 111, 14811, 26206, 3934, 262, 25208, 43363, 7605, 136, 67241, 2785, 7605, 509, 66801, 71, 3229, 3525, 6, 178851, 109622, 136, 233239, 77950, 14037, 8060, 100, 10, 114015, 76755, 17721, 70, 10, 587, 8242, 15829, 36235, 4, 62, 587, 3597, 136, 4869, 49654, 820, 16476, 85, 15, 239483, 35839, 62, 587, 8242, 178851, 11, 247, 136, 70, 47143, 214, 2224, 26206, 1779, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 26580, 112, 509, 35839, 799, 11727, 14042, 31, 11, 390, 21240, 112, 20330, 82, 144, 5, 128829, 136, 5177, 16364, 26206, 390, 19413, 34, 5708, 136, 2975, 1003, 19135, 105498, 5, 581, 10, 587, 8242, 178851, 36235, 1902, 198395, 2809, 90698, 49878, 142584, 7, 678, 37526, 416, 538, 72856, 62816, 48242, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 3525, 76755, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 8781, 10, 587, 8242, 15829, 11324, 3173, 509, 70, 7311, 2224, 26206, 19, 14361, 5868, 136, 450, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 2224, 26206, 707, 2224, 26206, 1779, 621, 85825, 678, 160617, 954, 3019, 15123, 237, 142, 352, 21731, 31, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 19441, 10, 25737, 136, 10, 7108, 5609, 450, 621, 191551, 43079, 111, 12638, 3789, 5, 3293, 2843, 26950, 1836, 765, 10, 10336, 136, 10, 6, 46741, 15, 66, 56043, 9, 7522, 56043, 10, 33102, 16, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 186, 12097, 136, 10, 4420, 15, 1353, 29088, 9, 1846, 2317, 10, 33102, 194, 799, 147, 538, 756, 621, 160617, 538, 6, 230612, 6827, 237, 116127, 237, 5299, 74, 70, 2684, 135818, 131527, 83, 70, 28, 117951, 820, 4432, 4, 3129, 69307, 37526, 1294, 55172, 11, 10541, 289, 954, 3019, 15123, 237, 116127, 4, 1284, 621, 160617, 538, 6, 230612, 6827, 20271, 352, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Body plan.", "Evolution.", "Phylogeny.", "Evolutionary origin." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Some of the earliest bilaterians were wormlike, and a bilaterian body can be conceptualized as a cylinder with a gut running between two openings, the mouth and the anus. Around the gut it has an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. Animals with this bilaterally symmetric body plan have a head (anterior) end and a tail (posterior) end as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side. Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. The body stretches back from the head, and many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by peristalsis. Most bilaterians (Nephrozoans) have a gut that extends through the body from mouth to anus, while Xenacoelomorphs have a bag gut with one opening. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, there are exceptions to each of these characteristics; for example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.", "The hypothetical most recent common ancestor of all bilateria is termed the \"Urbilaterian\". The nature of the first bilaterian is a matter of debate. One side suggests that acoelomates gave rise to the other groups (planuloid-aceloid hypothesis by Ludwig von Graff, Elie Metchnikoff, Libbie Hyman, or ), while the other poses that the first bilaterian was a coelomate organism and the main acoelomate phyla (flatworms and gastrotrichs) have lost body cavities secondarily (the Archicoelomata hypothesis and its variations such as the Gastrea by Haeckel or Sedgwick, the Bilaterosgastrea by, or the Trochaea by Nielsen). The first evidence of bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in Ediacaran sediments, and the first \"bona fide\" bilaterian fossil is \"Kimberella\", dating to. Earlier fossils are controversial; the fossil \"Vernanimalcula\" may be the earliest known bilaterian, but may also represent an infilled bubble. Fossil embryos are known from around the time of \"Vernanimalcula\" (), but none of these have bilaterian affinities. Burrows believed to have been created by bilaterian life forms have been found in the Tacuarí Formation of Uruguay, and are believed to be at least 585 million years old.", "The Bilateria has traditionally been divided into two main lineages or superphyla. The deuterostomes include the echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates, and a few smaller phyla. The protostomes include most of the rest, such as arthropods, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, and so forth. There are a number of differences, most notably in how the embryo develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many taxonomists now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes, Ecdysozoa (molting animals) and Spiralia. The arrow worms (Chaetognatha) have proven difficult to classify; recent studies place them in the gnathifera. The traditional division of Bilateria into Deuterostomia and Protostomia was challenged when new morphological and molecular evidence found support for a sister relationship between the acoelomate taxa, Acoela and Nemertodermatida (together called Acoelomorpha), and the remaining bilaterians. The latter clade was called Nephrozoa by Jondelius et al. (2002) and Eubilateria by Baguña and Riutort (2004). The acoelomorph taxa had previously been considered flatworms with secondarily lost characteristics, but the new relationship suggested that the simple acoelomate worm form was the original bilaterian bodyplan and that the coelom, the digestive tract, excretory organs, and nerve cords developed in the Nephrozoa. Subsequently the acoelomorphs were placed in phylum Xenacoelomorpha, together with the xenoturbellids, and the sister relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Nephrozoa confirmed in phylogenomic analyses. A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for Bilateria is shown below, although the positions of certain clades are still controversial (dashed lines) and the tree has changed considerably since 2000. A different hypothesis is that the Ambulacraria are sister to Xenacoelomorpha together forming the Xenambulacraria. The phylogenetic tree shown below depicts this proposal. Nephrozoa is shown here sans Ambulacraria. Also the veracity of Deuterostomes is under discussion. It is indicated when approximately clades radiated into newer clades in millions of years ago (Mya). While the below tree depicts a chordates as a sister group to protostomia according to analyses by Philippe et al., the authors nonetheless caution that \"the support values are very low, meaning there is no solid evidence to refute the traditional protostome and deuterostome dichotomy.\"", "The original bilaterian is hypothesized to have been a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening, similar to \"Xenoturbella\". It may have resembled the planula larvae of some cnidaria, which have some bilateral symmetry." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31267, 8108, 11872, 12056, 86, 36049, 80723, 23, 11994, 43357, 4, 87547, 10071, 39, 1902, 352, 1299, 12225, 98, 4331, 214, 6863, 39457, 42, 5, 32964, 118276, 53, 4331, 7, 3542, 21373, 136, 3542, 150679, 3501, 70, 11872, 12056, 86, 5, 32255, 14432, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 839, 58, 136, 44, 1052, 58, 15, 161063, 70, 61475, 111, 70, 87907, 142901, 4295, 247, 6637, 1836, 3542, 82775, 100, 70, 3525, 538, 126809, 98719, 56, 15865, 107, 136, 48615, 7, 9, 205147, 48138, 6644, 87907, 7, 107013, 538, 5, 149766, 87907, 7, 11814, 744, 19932, 104532, 7, 136, 3542, 82775, 100, 645, 2819, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 6626, 509, 102917, 538, 23, 70, 70767, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 7, 46, 142, 572, 9, 81409, 23, 70, 15865, 107, 136, 142, 1193, 9, 81409, 581, 5117, 113014, 111, 70, 5117, 33417, 497, 191, 160469, 13, 4, 44, 683, 12744, 1530, 830, 7228, 390, 96139, 56, 25, 7, 127873, 3034, 79137, 90452, 74814, 1295, 15786, 4293, 4, 509, 8, 5259, 297, 24189, 744, 22482, 27712, 6637, 111, 70, 44402, 678, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 15865, 107, 87907, 5, 106073, 51, 147, 4806, 100, 6863, 5117, 113014, 7, 4, 44, 683, 12744, 1530, 58, 14432, 175100, 163213, 363, 23, 15, 196800, 2866, 16, 40218, 5180, 4, 5423, 23, 94407, 111, 37195, 23, 12638, 1810, 56, 6, 14775, 16138, 74, 903, 509, 70, 23532, 674, 112031, 71, 47, 70, 5117, 12062, 33417, 497, 5245, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 87, 284, 5, 44, 683, 12744, 1530, 58, 2843, 1902, 10, 19336, 6, 46741, 9, 5983, 4, 162738, 146353, 6, 136057, 7, 136, 110, 160298, 1911, 7, 112031, 71, 47, 70, 11698, 9, 7, 58994, 5, 2161, 483, 4347, 27712, 70, 160469, 13, 1902, 10, 4122, 9, 7341, 118990, 141, 137578, 4, 99, 70, 33284, 17721, 70, 40225, 57574, 13, 23573, 136, 456, 147, 57574, 13, 23573, 4, 1660, 50155, 70, 20279, 25, 7, 40, 257, 5, 90452, 74814, 5809, 1957, 5155, 20016, 8305, 70, 65450, 1284, 64457, 111, 97910, 214, 1810, 4, 3551, 297, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 136, 509, 14432, 70318, 297, 70, 14787, 165605, 5, 2161, 423, 4347, 4, 70, 33744, 111, 5345, 56379, 360, 24644, 4, 70, 33365, 18, 73702, 310, 7, 4, 3129, 46979, 20051, 70, 11876, 92, 111, 106313, 56, 123573, 91, 91526, 38281, 4, 3542, 1810, 67413, 297, 390, 70, 3525, 147903, 350, 9, 1456, 202, 420, 563, 434, 36084, 136, 134729, 297, 5941, 388, 5908, 5, 581, 33417, 497, 191, 509, 7793, 5252, 3934, 4516, 678, 15083, 5, 9103, 136, 6, 186198, 159, 91526, 38281, 23, 72399, 24644, 4, 47, 105416, 70, 563, 434, 36084, 5, 3293, 51957, 77443, 47, 186, 10, 6392, 1515, 4, 40368, 33417, 497, 5245, 3542, 72856, 100, 51, 69723, 19, 89397, 4, 136, 70, 5345, 185236, 80723, 47, 16916, 1870, 1916, 36049, 111, 70, 10644, 5, 360, 8055, 37719, 4, 96139, 56, 25, 7, 17932, 3034, 20279, 4, 19825, 503, 927, 9, 294, 266, 927, 4, 12960, 8, 7077, 72219, 100, 127873, 8647, 79137, 90452, 74814, 4, 175100, 1810, 10, 80560, 136, 3311, 40464, 4, 70, 6, 104667, 44841, 10, 61585, 52875, 6, 202523, 1286, 3501, 10, 44, 4717, 13, 58, 6, 202523, 136, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 509, 14947, 71, 47, 70, 31486, 15, 2940, 40715, 9, 68879, 297, 47, 70, 34166, 6, 202523, 31486, 3501, 28813, 449, 1831, 56379, 6044, 237, 70, 33365, 18, 73702, 276, 92, 38771, 194, 581, 113138, 87907, 107003, 70, 1831, 56379, 47, 85358, 10, 72367, 111, 1257, 47, 6626, 54330, 7, 4, 105950, 47, 70, 22729, 54330, 1314, 111, 4734, 10, 10846, 5369, 110680, 5, 581, 54330, 9, 53339, 20051, 1831, 56379, 3542, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 12647, 6492, 22014, 5245, 58, 136, 30957, 297, 4516, 678, 438, 5, 100996, 159, 91526, 1900, 4, 100, 4806, 23, 6088, 37719, 5, 28090, 6088, 40464, 4, 33417, 497, 5245, 3542, 2843, 187, 4806, 678, 22759, 44, 4598, 96, 275, 58, 80026, 8316, 13950, 7831, 1379, 12638, 6, 14775, 5, 360, 18374, 40464, 4, 438, 5, 100996, 159, 91526, 1900, 7228, 70, 5117, 33417, 497, 191, 13950, 126, 52875, 7, 5, 106073, 70, 13950, 126, 13452, 1340, 7, 3542, 23, 2263, 27315, 67, 136, 34739, 150675, 112419, 47, 10, 464, 136, 63769, 100, 16446, 48242, 36069, 7103, 809, 2852, 4, 44, 2347, 2412, 56, 11476, 62783, 111, 1660, 1632, 33417, 497, 191, 509, 183234, 47, 10, 163684, 56, 25, 7, 134744, 8752, 1242, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 40464, 4, 136659, 5997, 13950, 126, 9, 53339, 20051, 33417, 497, 191, 91, 91526, 38281, 100, 4806, 70, 18231, 111, 70, 6, 104667, 77648, 87524, 70760, 5345, 59591, 4700, 2208, 384, 28247, 16, 61585, 52875, 16294, 23, 14713, 5, 360, 154453, 4, 70, 13950, 126, 673, 7870, 136, 54330, 9, 86147, 7, 3542, 1940, 152028, 2886, 74, 23, 41361, 4, 47, 112892, 18929, 100677, 4, 3060, 116, 2208, 384, 28247, 33417, 497, 191, 91, 91526, 38281, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 125250, 159, 91526, 1900, 16, 11814, 70, 13950, 7831, 4734, 4, 12960, 3789, 91, 91526, 38281, 3542, 187, 4806, 97629, 538, 678, 54330, 7, 15, 100231, 3311, 40464, 4, 678, 6863, 15549, 111, 31486, 47, 61585, 52875, 4, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 509, 178308, 172852, 645, 22, 195, 53, 181991, 53, 12, 23, 111599, 78458, 3060, 12403, 2886, 27781, 7, 77736, 3934, 30839, 44540, 5, 581, 5117, 33417, 497, 191, 47, 186, 86608, 19, 390, 70, 44, 21086, 2480, 634, 16670, 58, 509, 44, 41114, 8821, 910, 58, 5377, 9, 568, 111, 6, 159645, 15, 85013, 16, 159, 864, 19, 5, 2161, 1105, 11994, 40464, 4, 6626, 1831, 56379, 86608, 19, 390, 563, 64, 670, 37700, 136, 563, 64, 294, 911, 434, 1681, 3542, 98, 10, 44, 1052, 32102, 75555, 58, 645, 9942, 5, 9563, 237, 1836, 3542, 41421, 214, 70, 184085, 99, 27226, 144, 35810, 4, 911, 434, 1681, 25, 7, 1301, 509, 115723, 678, 5941, 12912, 13315, 77648, 6661, 5550, 6, 104667, 1831, 56379, 4, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 509, 73197, 297, 136, 150011, 186085, 4, 221, 450, 10, 18608, 36049, 27781, 54811, 32233, 12921, 1295, 1632, 88303, 23, 24644, 5, 360, 70, 4568, 21775, 111, 70, 1631, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 96139, 56, 33417, 497, 191, 15, 16734, 76195, 23, 6, 104667, 166944, 16, 83, 10, 56101, 11001, 9, 184, 257, 6, 202523, 9, 96946, 56, 4, 181653, 390, 96139, 56, 5345, 56379, 5, 1650, 509, 179140, 47, 186, 10, 57646, 1104, 84396, 144, 35810, 1940, 19462, 748, 4, 237, 10, 91995, 674, 100, 70, 96139, 56, 11872, 12056, 86, 1284, 40368, 4331, 44402, 3542, 190647, 297, 136, 442, 8306, 64557, 214521, 903, 64209, 674, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Origins.", "Prototypes.", "Operational service.", "Low-level interceptor.", "Switch to ground attack.", "Captured Typhoons.", "Modifications 1941–1945.", "Carbon monoxide seepage.", "Tail.", "Canopy.", "Long-range fighter and fighter-bomber.", "Sub-variants.", "Flight characteristics.", "Surviving aircraft.", "Memorial." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Even before Hurricane production began in March 1937, Sydney Camm had embarked on designing its successor. Two preliminary designs were similar and were larger than the Hurricane. These later became known as the \"N\" and \"R\" (from the initial of the engine manufacturers), because they were designed for the newly developed Napier Sabre and Rolls-Royce Vulture engines respectively. Both engines used 24 cylinders and were designed for over ; the difference between the two was primarily in the arrangement of the cylinders – an H-block in the Sabre and an X-block", "The first flight of the first Typhoon prototype, \"P5212\", made by Hawker's Chief test Pilot Philip Lucas from Langley, was delayed until 24 February 1940 because of the problems with the development of the Sabre engine. Although unarmed for its first flights, \"P5212\" later carried 12.303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings, set in groups of six in each outer wing panel; this was the armament fitted to the first 110 Typhoons, known as the Typhoon IA. \"P5212\" also had a small tail-fin, triple exhaust stubs and no wheel doors fitted to the centre-section. On 9 May 1940 the prototype had a mid-air structural failure, at the join between the forward fuselage and rear fuselage, just behind the pilot's seat. Philip Lucas could see daylight through the split but instead of bailing out, landed the Typhoon and was later awarded the George Medal. On 15 May, the Minister of Aircraft", "", "In 1941, the Spitfire Vs, which equipped the bulk of Fighter Command squadrons, were outclassed by the new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and suffered many losses. The Typhoon was rushed into service with Nos. 56 and 609 Squadrons in late 1941, to counter the Fw 190. This decision proved to be a disaster, several Typhoons were lost for unknown reasons, and the Air Ministry began to consider halting production of the type. In August 1942, Hawker's second test pilot, Ken Seth-Smith, while deputising for Chief Test Pilot Philip Lucas, carried out a straight and", "By 1943, the RAF needed a ground attack fighter more than a \"pure\" fighter and the Typhoon was suited to the role (and less-suited to the pure fighter role than competing aircraft such as the Spitfire Mk IX). The powerful engine allowed the aircraft to carry a load of up to two bombs, equal to the light bombers of only a few years earlier. The bomb-equipped aircraft were nicknamed \"Bombphoons\" and entered service with No. 181 Squadron, formed in September 1942. From September 1943, Typhoons were also armed with four \"60 lb\" RP-3 rockets under each wing. In October 1943, No. 181 Squadron made the first Typhoon rocket attacks. Although the rocket projectiles were inaccurate and took considerable skill to aim and allow for ballistic drop after firing, \"the sheer firepower of just one Typhoon was equivalent to a destroyer's broadside.\" By the end of 1943, eighteen rocket-equipped Typhoon squadrons formed the basis of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force (2nd TAF) ground attack arm in Europe. In theory, the rocket rails and bomb-racks were interchangeable; in practice, to simplify supply, some 2nd TAF Typhoon squadrons (such as 198 Squadron) used the rockets only, while other squadrons were armed exclusively with bombs (this", "By 1943, with its change of role to ground attack, the Typhoon was constantly operating over enemy territory: inevitably some flyable examples fell into German hands. The first Typhoon to be flown by the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"EJ956\" SA-I of 486 (NZ) Sqn. On 23 March 1943, two aircraft flown by F/O Smith and F/S Mawson were on a \"Rhubarb\" over France. Just as they were crossing the coast at low altitude, Mawson's", "As was usual with many front line Second World War RAF aircraft, the Typhoon was modified and updated regularly, so that a 1945 production example looked quite different from one built in 1941. In the last months of the war, a number of older aircraft were taken out of storage and overhauled, sometimes seeing active service for the first time; for example, R7771 was from one of the first production batches, built in 1942 with the car-door canopy and other early production features. This Typhoon was delivered to, and served on the Fighter Interception Unit in 1942. In February 1945 \"R7771\" was listed as being in front line service on 182 Sqn.; by then it was fitted with a clear-view \"bubble\" hood, rocket rails and other late series features.", "The first problem encountered with the Typhoon after its entry into service was the seepage of carbon monoxide fumes into the cockpit. In an attempt to alleviate this, longer exhaust stubs were fitted in November 1941 (\"Mod [modification] 239\"), and at about the same time the port (left) cockpit doors were sealed. The Pilot's Notes for the Typhoon recommended that \"Unless Mod. No. 239", "A major problem, afflicting early production Typhoons in particular, was a series of structural failures leading to loss of the entire tail sections of some aircraft, mainly during high-speed dives. Eventually a combination of factors was identified, including harmonic vibration, which could quickly lead to metal fatigue, and a weak transport joint just forward of the horizontal tail unit. The loss of the tailplane of R7692 (having only 11 hours of flight recorded) on 11 August 1942, in the hands of an experienced test pilot (Seth-Smith), caused a major reassessment which concluded that the failure of the bracket holding the elevator mass balance bell crank linkage had allowed unrestrained flutter which led to structural failure of the fuselage at the transport joint. Starting in September 1942, a steel", "The Typhoon was first produced with forward-opening \"car door\" style cockpit doors (complete with wind-down windows), with a transparent \"roof\" hinged to open to the left. The first 162 Typhoons featured a built-up metal-skinned dorsal fairing behind the pilot's armoured headrest; the mast for the radio aerial protruded through the fairing. From mid- to late 1941 the solid metal aft dorsal fairing was replaced with a transparent structure (later nicknamed \"The Coffin Hood\"), the pilot's head armour plate was modified to a triangular shape and the side cut-outs were fitted with armoured glass; the first production Typhoon to be fitted with this new structure was \"R7803\". All earlier aircraft were quickly withdrawn and modified. From early 1942 a rear-view mirror was mounted in a perspex blister moulded into the later \"car-door\" canopy roofs. This", "From early 1943 the wings were plumbed and adapted to carry cylindrical drop tanks, increasing the Typhoon's range from to up to. This enabled Typhoons to range deep into France, the Netherlands and Belgium. Some units, such as 609 Squadron and 198 Squadron, were able to achieve notable success in air combat and ground attack operations using these long-range Typhoons. As production continued, the Typhoon's role changed from a low-level interceptor fighter to a fighter bomber. Racks capable of carrying bombs were fitted to the wings from October 1942 and were first used operationally by 181 Squadron. By mid-1943, all Typhoons off the production line were capable of carrying bombs. Bigger, solid rubber, grooved \"anti-shimmy\" tail wheel tyres were introduced in March 1943 on all Typhoons from the 1,001st production aircraft, \"EK238\". The new tyres helped to make heavier, bomb-laden Typhoons more manageable during ground manoeuvres. With the introduction of the bomb racks, small extensions were added to the cannon shell case ejector slots. These allowed the casings to drop clear of bombs or", "In 1943, one Typhoon, \"R7881\" was converted to a prototype night fighter (N.F. Mk. IB), fitted with A.I. (\"Airborne Interception\", i.e., radar) equipment, a special night-flying cockpit and other modifications. Also in 1943, five Typhoons were modified to \"Tropical\" standard by fitting of an air filter in a fairing behind the main radiator housing. Three underwent trials in Egypt with 451 (RAAF) Squadron during 1943. The Typhoon FR IB was developed in early 1944 and was used as a tactical reconnaissance fighter. In this version the port inner cannon was removed and three (one forward-facing and two vertical five-inch) F24 cameras were carried in its place. Few", "Flight Lieutenant Ken Trott flew Typhoons with 197 Squadron and recalled: In early March 1943, at Tangmere, the then new Squadron Leader of 486 (NZ) Squadron, Des Scott, flew a Typhoon for the first time: The performance limitations for speed were noted on the pilot's notes, published by the Air Ministry. Indicated airspeed for diving was set at. The Typhoon could, if needed, be flown at with the cockpit \"hood\" open. Flight with undercarriage and flaps down could be made without incident, at the respective speeds of. Owing to stability problems, when the aircraft was carrying bombs, the speed could not exceed 400 mph. Notes for the management of the fuel system stated that indicated airspeeds (IAS) in excess of were not advisable when fitted with auxiliary drop tanks. Tanks were jettisoned at about, but in an emergency, a release at", "Only one complete Hawker Typhoon still survives – serial number \"MN235\". Originally on display at the National Air and Space Museum (part of the Smithsonian Institution) in the United States, it was presented to the RAF Museum in Hendon, North London in commemoration of the RAF's 50th Anniversary in exchange for a Hawker Hurricane. The aircraft was on loan to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Canada. It was briefly on show in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight hangar at RAF Coningsby, but returned to the Royal Air Force Museum London in November 2018. Several other partial airframes are extant: Two unidentified cockpit sections are on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, and the Jet Age Museum in Gloucester. A Hawker Typhoon replica on display at the \"Memorial de la Paix\" at Caen, France, was constructed using some original components.", "On 9 June 1994, in recognition of the aircraft and crew's role in the liberation of Normandy, a Typhoon memorial was dedicated" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 79616, 47, 70, 92973, 111, 1919, 23902, 136, 226792, 7, 4, 884, 329, 824, 456, 75161, 7, 44, 143, 30817, 15650, 830, 70, 2265, 101805, 7, 111, 70, 59671, 8927, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 92265, 15563, 5, 18763, 125142, 289, 47, 44, 55898, 26267, 58, 30482, 4049, 1360, 25965, 79850, 51, 114366, 136, 764, 21, 9035, 1919, 6, 219488, 23, 10, 8999, 764, 40, 90, 237, 158788, 136, 3647, 4, 54433, 39395, 23, 25515, 87, 4, 44, 27, 1572, 68347, 1556, 55993, 19, 221, 3647, 4, 248, 87, 29459, 47, 36356, 678, 70, 28271, 14135, 45712, 740, 262, 61518, 1919, 158, 21605, 5256, 4, 49903, 4, 884, 329, 824, 53418, 4358, 1284, 5161, 70, 113014, 53, 136, 36097, 60744, 154040, 464, 78387, 4, 10, 18588, 15829, 105271, 124901, 43198, 136, 5129, 3784, 2481, 28, 47095, 70811, 70, 29685, 538, 144996, 7, 450, 884, 329, 824, 224, 4994, 90, 5, 145733, 764, 178308, 456, 5293, 12018, 7, 604, 4, 154040, 464, 78387, 128120, 7, 47, 15549, 4, 21441, 9966, 884, 329, 824, 678, 8035, 51, 16086, 100, 100510, 5, 262, 61518, 1919, 221, 474, 216473, 237, 44, 2347, 1239, 66, 42294, 1081, 830, 884, 329, 824, 14602, 765, 24793, 2147, 592, 100, 4049, 4, 106480, 70, 143315, 4745, 1172, 172, 157, 446, 136, 70, 42551, 25318, 2733, 5, 145733, 764, 224344, 7, 2363, 14597, 19492, 90, 4, 1919, 26498, 7464, 400, 90, 678, 154040, 464, 78387, 5, 18763, 53894, 34698, 7, 100, 604, 102917, 538, 21265, 47, 105416, 1919, 40907, 125195, 7, 1672, 332, 68347, 4, 16792, 70, 15824, 450, 764, 1556, 6044, 34698, 7, 96853, 4049, 54940, 271, 8382, 764, 221, 38781, 329, 538, 35778, 20650, 7, 5, 14847, 884, 329, 824, 100567, 7, 10, 775, 1179, 59121, 390, 70, 113138, 110, 2661, 4, 41233, 1479, 4, 764, 83, 35839, 47, 9157, 110324, 5, 53295, 223, 214, 47, 87653, 1810, 98320, 75870, 7, 4, 764, 83, 25534, 71, 136, 157996, 27686, 4, 136, 103608, 7, 98, 15970, 9, 178451, 71, 1119, 1340, 5, 1172, 172, 157, 446, 4, 23, 31577, 47, 19916, 1919, 52490, 17514, 4, 45831, 4049, 10, 5161, 31330, 154040, 464, 78387, 54397, 47, 15700, 166, 26111, 5, 1529, 103882, 7, 450, 154040, 464, 78387, 1556, 2809, 105207, 4049, 98, 5, 4687, 1556, 59121, 31943, 6827, 5161, 120820, 47, 183851, 11462, 22230, 15, 216561, 47, 41233, 1479, 16, 136, 148431, 604, 81, 8770, 47, 10862, 4049, 36917, 756, 27060, 5, 1529, 76199, 604, 142, 20654, 2555, 12, 764, 1221, 100, 96259, 604, 136, 1108, 1294, 604, 2174, 2412, 127877, 16065, 678, 4049, 47, 1119, 1340, 5, 154040, 464, 78387, 128120, 7, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 164055, 5792, 27150, 136, 34923, 47, 31358, 100510, 136, 756, 604, 11462, 22230, 50155, 5, 49612, 6191, 4, 100, 1919, 2831, 4, 24209, 7, 1600, 16210, 5252, 47, 25318, 2733, 5, 884, 329, 824, 7068, 28288, 7, 47, 1119, 1340, 66570, 1295, 100510, 4, 136, 70, 11301, 3564, 7, 678, 49612, 6191, 136, 25318, 2733, 51042, 5773, 47, 122991, 4049, 47, 30646, 5, 8622, 765, 2809, 43606, 51529, 36049, 7, 98, 199506, 12, 44, 3957, 7950, 66, 42294, 1081, 58, 509, 5117, 51339, 297, 99, 70, 7832, 18, 13534, 8129, 23, 26771, 5, 581, 2684, 17309, 36049, 13028, 1295, 8055, 427, 20, 18374, 30777, 1392, 99, 70, 8129, 146613, 17368, 70, 22758, 18899, 5992, 153648, 74, 3419, 25075, 1681, 6057, 2822, 237, 884, 329, 824, 136, 13156, 4792, 3915, 237, 10077, 14, 13616, 5, 66311, 22417, 13534, 509, 7311, 538, 14865, 3674, 47, 8951, 136, 51339, 237, 41233, 1479, 4, 1284, 509, 168861, 47, 29954, 7565, 4743, 47, 202711, 4, 221, 70, 36049, 509, 8951, 297, 64457, 390, 6765, 169816, 4293, 5, 18799, 6, 202444, 7, 111, 70, 11301, 765, 2809, 59121, 390, 59689, 168369, 136, 102572, 78429, 31251, 5, 78429, 31251, 25, 7, 11389, 83, 5423, 23, 70, 39395, 5369, 111, 70, 50695, 4745, 223606, 136, 19786, 58944, 7, 50695, 4745, 239, 38648, 25, 7, 76755, 678, 70, 2450, 5, 34525, 538, 59121, 23, 29733, 4, 168369, 25, 7, 11389, 509, 150011, 136, 15226, 4126, 99, 70, 194510, 25074, 49643, 23, 15431, 360, 8272, 4, 15634, 12613, 41527, 136, 48861, 853, 90, 6057, 2822, 23, 51062, 149282, 33734, 25, 7, 158, 99736, 6635, 11389, 390, 6470, 26315, 2676, 8951, 297, 390, 160794, 131175, 18055, 5, 12452, 168720, 25, 7, 3295, 153648, 3934, 40814, 1771, 24941, 933, 509, 1645, 52021, 390, 70, 44, 100604, 31754, 19114, 58, 237, 44, 84396, 538, 187507, 214, 27, 678, 10, 158, 99736, 6635, 196634, 4393, 111, 216810, 289, 14373, 80109, 13, 1992, 1409, 2408, 1242, 43552, 168720, 25, 7, 11389, 1556, 2809, 5700, 23, 36049, 7, 36541, 71, 390, 1919, 36770, 25921, 4, 136, 442, 83, 70, 11389, 36541, 71, 390, 203314, 9572, 434, 603, 23, 1392, 100, 106837, 6921, 34271, 25, 7, 204657, 111, 168720, 25, 7, 809, 2480, 53, 5369, 99, 70, 152363, 5, 44, 3957, 14854, 12665, 830, 10, 1286, 5744, 51389, 11389, 111, 44, 3957, 7950, 66, 42294, 1081, 58, 390, 33041, 29676, 12981, 18, 509, 5117, 51339, 297, 99, 10542, 5753, 72567, 11356, 23923, 23, 22482, 20907, 1650, 83, 5423, 23, 158, 99736, 6635, 9020, 4, 136, 2684, 111, 70, 124850, 25, 123055, 621, 75530, 2706, 78458, 3126, 297, 47, 19146, 47623, 25, 7, 12, 23, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 70, 36917, 37702, 5303, 1836, 621, 44576, 4, 10077, 399, 4, 49612, 4, 124865, 33, 4, 3347, 10745, 4, 114162, 15, 7614, 172, 157, 13, 247, 47443, 122683, 4, 31745, 4, 136, 332, 65756, 660, 183107, 7, 5, 6470, 26315, 2676, 25, 7, 6, 202444, 4, 6057, 2852, 220758, 77330, 136, 341, 11906, 114996, 4293, 4, 142096, 99, 70, 116512, 146613, 4, 9020, 23, 14487, 20938, 116267, 6, 202444, 390, 48861, 157580, 72089, 509, 9882, 297, 390, 70, 14941, 11330, 214, 146613, 99, 70, 39721, 11356, 23923, 23, 22482, 1210, 41928, 47, 10, 15889, 9742, 46, 903, 6, 202444, 83, 21334, 538, 23, 51389, 4, 1284, 1556, 884, 329, 824, 142146, 23, 117303, 5, 360, 18237, 27580, 99455, 91865, 4, 29641, 52891, 87547, 136, 75526, 4727, 8139, 53, 118775, 23, 10, 17262, 9, 12336, 297, 35195, 67403, 13, 51062, 3003, 933, 11389, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 7950, 66, 42294, 1081, 4, 707, 70, 151252, 38644, 10821, 11954, 42, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 10, 729, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 180327, 111, 144996, 7, 23, 51389, 59121, 390, 19146, 47623, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 51339, 297, 98, 201, 18237, 106, 77622, 99, 70, 6003, 446, 45658, 107, 115, 17743, 164, 9, 12724, 16300, 4, 7270, 390, 70, 18813, 25, 7, 60560, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Synopsis.", "Stage productions.", "Adaptations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Much to the horror of his friends and companions, Alceste rejects \"la politesse\", the social conventions of the seventeenth-century French salon. His refusal to \"make nice\" makes him tremendously unpopular and he laments his isolation in a world he sees as superficial and base, saying early in Act I, \"... Mankind has grown so base, / I mean to break with the whole human race\". Despite his convictions, however, Alceste cannot help but love the flighty and vivacious Célimène, a consummate flirt whose wit and frivolity epitomize the courtly manners that Alceste despises. Though he constantly reprimands her, Célimène refuses to change, charging Alceste with being unfit for society. Despite his sour reputation as \"the misanthrope\", Alceste does have women pining for him, particularly the prudish Arsinoé and the honest Eliante. Though he acknowledges their superior virtues, his heart still lies with Célimène. His deep feelings for her primarily serve to counter his negative expressions about mankind, since the fact that he has such feelings includes him amongst those he so fiercely criticizes. When Alceste insults a sonnet written by the powerful noble, Oronte, he is called to stand trial. Refusing to dole out false compliments, he is charged and humiliated, and resolves on self-imposed exile. Arsinoé, in trying to win his affections, shows him a love letter Célimène wrote to another suitor. He discovers that Célimène has been leading him on. She has written identical love letters to numerous suitors (including to Oronte) and broken her vow to favor him above all others. He gives her an ultimatum: he will forgive her and marry her if she runs away with him to exile. Célimène refuses, believing herself too young and beautiful to leave society and all her suitors behind. Philinte, for his part, becomes betrothed to Eliante. Alceste then decides to exile himself from society, and the play ends with Philinte and Eliante running off to convince him to return.", "There have been five known productions on Broadway: \"The Misanthrope\" was first performed at the Stratford Festival in 1981. The most recent production ran from August 12 - October 29, 2011 at the Festival Theatre using the Richard Wilbur translation; Ben Carlson starred as Alceste and Sara Topham as Celimene. Brian Bedford was originally slated to direct and perform as Oronte, but was forced to step down due to illness, so the production was directed instead by David Grindley.", "Modern adaptations of the play have been written by Tony Harrison and Liz Lochhead. Lochhead's version is set in the early years of the Scottish Parliament and satirises Scottish Labour's relationship with the media. Originally written in 1973, Harrison's version was updated and revived at the Bristol Old Vic in 2010. In 1999, Uma Thurman and Roger Rees starred in Classic Stage Company's contemporary version by Martin Crimp directed by Barry Edelstein. Robert Cohen's 2006 translation into heroic couplets was praised by the \"Los Angeles Times\" as \"highly entertaining... with a contemporary flavor full of colloquial yet literate pungency.\" Professor Cohen's version has been popular in productions staged by his former students, and it is the version staged by Keith Fowler in 2011 for UC Irvine's celebration of Cohen's fifty years at the university. \"The Grouch\", a more modern verse version of \"The Misanthrope\" by Ranjit Bolt was first performed at West Yorkshire Playhouse in February 2008. It is set in contemporary London, and most of the characters' names are recognisably linked to Molière's: in the sequence of the above cast list they are Alan, Celia, Phil, Eileen, Orville, Fay (Arsinoe), Lord Arne, Chris, and manservant Bates. Martin Crimp's adaptation, starring Damian Lewis and Keira Knightley, opened at the Comedy Theatre, London in December 2009. Another adaptation by Roger McGough was premiered by the English Touring Theatre at the Liverpool Playhouse in February 2013 prior to a national tour – this adaptation is largely in verse, but has Alceste speaking in prose. In June 2014, Andy Clark, Rosalind Sydney and Helen MacKay appeared in a three-handed 50-minute Classic Cuts version of The Misanthrope, written in rhyming couplets by Frances Poet, set and performed in the basement theatre of Glasgow's Òran Mór [Gaelic for 'great melody of life], the former Kelvinside Parish Church, where the city's lunchtime theatre, A Play, A Pie and a Pint, celebrated its tenth anniversary a few days after the death of its founder David MacLennan. Joyce McMillan in The Scotsman noted 'the sheer, sharp-edged wit of Poet’s rhyming text, which pays perfect homage to the original, while diving boldly into the new world of fall-outs and friendships conducted on social media.' \"The School for Lies\" by David Ives (2011) was described by the \"New York Times\" as a \"freewheeling rewrite of \"The Misanthrope\"\".. Justin Fleming has translated and adapted The Misanthrope in varied rhyme scheme with Alceste as a woman and Celimene as a young man for Bell Shakespeare Company and Griffin Theatre Company co-production in the Sydney Opera House Playhouse Theatre 2018." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4841, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 621, 70267, 707, 3900, 822, 16797, 1011, 18, 9, 2420, 20051, 85825, 127918, 390, 10, 98038, 11030, 5, 581, 14361, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 10, 117781, 10336, 4, 195550, 4, 136, 6, 46741, 5, 8622, 621, 17721, 22759, 136, 22759, 8927, 150522, 297, 4, 27689, 10366, 25927, 90, 98, 12638, 5609, 111, 2363, 10336, 4, 6, 79023, 6048, 10, 739, 41566, 32804, 120957, 70541, 214, 70, 113008, 5, 581, 25927, 90, 621, 11814, 23, 1926, 1916, 4, 136, 127918, 678, 10, 110677, 6, 44462, 187, 72219, 1295, 70, 108, 2594, 10776, 3229, 70, 26249, 83, 192298, 5, 3164, 1608, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 621, 2258, 93, 3104, 10821, 4, 479, 38543, 98, 3789, 1774, 34691, 6402, 85825, 5, 581, 195550, 81148, 7, 1632, 707, 6626, 80836, 7, 111, 80707, 7675, 49504, 1916, 45646, 7, 158788, 538, 21373, 47, 70, 2270, 62656, 7, 111, 67155, 4, 678, 3129, 1836, 621, 959, 12840, 26989, 223, 4, 49903, 12, 51, 5062, 8382, 111, 38715, 2844, 1636, 4, 6097, 621, 150350, 71, 111, 10, 6117, 11960, 297, 3647, 674, 107834, 13, 65042, 214, 1295, 70, 25277, 820, 2179, 5, 893, 78301, 30843, 2465, 2270, 29256, 7, 70, 1305, 9, 66, 289, 6, 46741, 5, 32964, 1608, 31580, 7456, 927, 114149, 4, 44, 20370, 15595, 7, 30235, 102, 111789, 16615, 18033, 58, 136, 44, 647, 2247, 50767, 1174, 5775, 434, 1341, 830, 765, 3530, 4689, 73, 150506, 7484, 7, 98, 2363, 7675, 5, 4841, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 186857, 23, 16610, 6818, 271, 7, 17368, 10, 18972, 991, 9, 1353, 29088, 165, 202, 26518, 14361, 78112, 4, 7440, 2363, 6, 46741, 2270, 30793, 7, 678, 502, 6645, 6889, 136, 70, 14361, 7675, 678, 9260, 47691, 136, 2288, 4209, 5, 31384, 114149, 621, 51529, 47, 4527, 70, 37817, 188, 35815, 120, 2955, 246, 188, 35815, 47, 1614, 693, 13, 479, 53, 5, 581, 14361, 151517, 939, 83, 13315, 71, 390, 117, 2986, 86, 316, 4, 136, 127298, 33636, 7, 10, 29568, 552, 13, 6511, 4, 136, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 1632, 37397, 18, 674, 98, 12638, 5609, 111, 70, 195550, 4, 136, 78301, 37397, 18, 9035, 46132, 70, 10336, 136, 6, 46741, 4, 756, 84797, 71, 64557, 390, 61433, 11, 5, 106073, 1836, 765, 10, 113008, 678, 1632, 707, 6626, 6, 15555, 7, 111, 6, 57278, 120, 12421, 4, 217773, 46223, 4, 136, 10, 11066, 13048, 5426, 4, 1836, 765, 110, 143435, 53, 707, 41263, 31667, 76519, 5, 581, 113008, 9803, 7, 3934, 10, 98692, 189258, 3371, 425, 4, 3129, 70541, 7, 706, 15534, 47, 3100, 12056, 67, 70, 46692, 111, 15381, 5, 28090, 3688, 4, 10, 80560, 892, 7, 10325, 127877, 70, 140909, 111, 70, 195550, 47, 142, 123824, 1660, 40225, 111, 70, 6, 46741, 5, 581, 892, 7, 10325, 83, 70, 158978, 1764, 111, 45, 141933, 136, 96853, 10, 80836, 111, 106173, 16735, 43573, 70, 14798, 3564, 5, 23994, 7, 621, 109133, 1672, 70, 14361, 151517, 939, 390, 13176, 11, 5, 5282, 67, 76319, 621, 42856, 1119, 7612, 3674, 8305, 70, 21722, 136, 123824, 5, 581, 11066, 13048, 5426, 83, 31635, 78458, 8781, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 4642, 45486, 27686, 24030, 13, 15789, 206990, 70, 189258, 3371, 425, 5, 581, 18972, 2317, 4642, 45486, 83, 70, 142105, 4, 1284, 24030, 90, 65042, 1295, 756, 70, 4642, 7884, 33233, 70, 140909, 111, 70, 14361, 5, 4841, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 765, 6626, 217773, 46223, 4, 12638, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 14012, 111, 50981, 9, 33874, 36, 144002, 57574, 297, 25842, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 2685, 621, 10, 14012, 111, 43111, 53, 117181, 1577, 137356, 71, 23, 6, 15555, 7, 33233, 70, 5609, 111, 70, 14361, 4, 7440, 1836, 31895, 51339, 10, 32354, 21373, 47, 450, 111, 70, 80707, 13315, 23, 67155, 5, 893, 78301, 4, 9709, 4126, 4, 8753, 111, 43111, 53, 117181, 1577, 400, 90, 645, 70, 10336, 136, 108, 2594, 5, 581, 6, 118201, 11324, 1690, 24360, 3815, 17978, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 11948, 46656, 60291, 387, 653, 39, 4989, 136, 836, 653, 39, 38134, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 3173, 158, 21533, 337, 34204, 450, 70541, 140885, 90, 136, 86997, 45646, 7, 5, 581, 158, 13, 14361, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 13176, 316, 5, 3164, 114149, 621, 604, 62346, 48362, 428, 9523, 4, 85358, 214, 15044, 56125, 7, 136, 106217, 5, 98423, 26249, 158566, 90, 10, 80836, 111, 34939, 7, 28032, 70, 6, 46741, 4, 136, 10, 80836, 111, 40354, 10484, 23, 70, 39225, 10776, 111, 70, 5201, 14361, 151517, 939, 5, 3370, 192, 6644, 106217, 621, 121447, 1295, 70, 34939, 7, 47, 90638, 46132, 70, 151517, 939, 111, 70, 6, 46741, 4, 136, 7068, 186857, 8305, 10, 16610, 6, 77193, 47, 10, 36137, 6236, 35882, 11030, 7440, 1836, 621, 98169, 71, 3934, 10, 52547, 13784, 94187, 5, 132, 116542, 34, 25958, 136, 62, 91153, 538, 16, 133698, 291, 1916, 4, 12638, 11651, 44677, 10, 52547, 13784, 94187, 98, 188, 70, 108, 2594, 111, 6863, 4755, 7103, 59615, 6644, 111, 70, 36137, 6236, 35882, 11030, 5, 581, 106217, 25545, 538, 144281, 1295, 70, 52547, 13784, 94187, 136, 186857, 33233, 70, 4122, 2256, 111, 70, 26249, 24189, 1836, 58359, 10, 80836, 111, 19336, 196, 90, 1660, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 6, 46741, 5, 32255, 196, 90, 37067, 47, 70, 108239, 77193, 7, 4, 3934, 3129, 70, 126809, 56125, 7, 765, 21771, 115081, 1295, 70, 40354, 10484, 4, 136, 442, 83, 3688, 450, 92895, 15032, 51776, 3687, 5, 581, 56125, 7, 621, 1774, 34691, 6402, 4, 707, 220642, 47, 98220, 13, 4, 136, 1256, 206, 3934, 139686, 13, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 25171, 4, 15490, 10, 5299, 9, 112, 5983, 297, 6, 320, 1405, 36541, 5, 4841, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 621, 89160, 538, 23831, 71, 237, 8, 25208, 43363, 3716, 390, 352, 21731, 14071, 64370, 5, 54012, 19, 33346, 36489, 136, 341, 5, 310, 5, 8643, 35710, 169, 3687, 1608, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 23, 70, 8, 25208, 43363, 3716, 23, 2363, 44, 6159, 272, 117604, 58, 40865, 1363, 5, 101828, 25667, 6, 34053, 112537, 64370, 4, 49903, 4, 16916, 2856, 47, 186, 22664, 2785, 3716, 5, 14978, 232134, 9, 294, 266, 927, 44677, 2856, 23, 70, 22664, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4841, 31580, 7456, 3238, 15, 37440, 592, 44, 35611, 17991, 9, 145, 19725, 18939, 83, 10, 6, 34053, 4689, 111, 1653, 4597, 53, 122084, 11324, 7, 450, 621, 10, 13036, 82761, 111, 1774, 92, 1507, 214574, 5, 151301, 538, 51529, 237, 6, 118201, 11324, 7, 4, 1672, 12719, 111, 70, 51529, 4841, 31580, 7456, 3238, 114149, 621, 13619, 75708, 4, 136, 831, 243, 934, 47, 98220, 13, 136, 13950, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 14037, 23, 756, 122084, 7401, 7, 4, 1295, 71579, 143257, 7401, 7, 136, 35299, 8770, 2936, 13, 19361, 7, 47, 70, 53894, 15520, 136, 160, 320, 10776, 7, 5, 17006, 1608, 31580, 7456, 927, 7, 621, 70267, 136, 621, 9983, 1081, 246, 115700, 71, 4, 1284, 3060, 53894, 9, 184, 11, 114149, 621, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Anatomy.", "Reproduction.", "Classification.", "Fossil record.", "Infection by giant viruses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Chaetognaths are transparent or translucent dart-shaped animals covered by a cuticle. The body is divided into a distinct head, trunk, and tail. There are between four and fourteen hooked, grasping spines on each side of their head, flanking a hollow vestibule containing the mouth. The spines are used in hunting, and covered with a flexible hood arising from the neck region when the animal is swimming. All chaetognaths are carnivorous, preying on other planktonic animals. The trunk bears one or two pairs of lateral fins incorporating structures superficially similar to the fin rays of fish, with which they are not homologous, however: unlike those of vertebrates, these are composed of a thickened basement membrane extending from the epidermis. An additional caudal fin covers the post-anal tail. Two chaetognath species, \"Caecosagitta macrocephala\" and \"Eukrohnia fowleri\", have bioluminescent organs on their fins. Chaetognaths swim in short bursts using a dorso-ventral undulating body motion, where their tail fin assists with propulsion and the body fins with stabilization and steering. Some species are known to use the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin to subdue prey. The body cavity is lined by peritoneum, and therefore represents a true coelom, and is divided into one compartment on each side of the trunk, and additional compartments inside the head and tail, all separated completely by septa. Although they have a mouth with one or two rows of tiny teeth, compound eyes, and a nervous system, they have no respiratory or circulatory systems. The mouth opens into a muscular pharynx, which contains glands to lubricate the passage of food. From here, a straight intestine runs the length of the trunk to an anus just forward of the tail. The intestine is the primary site of digestion and includes a pair of diverticula near the anterior end. Materials are moved about the body cavity by cilia. Waste materials are simply excreted through the skin and anus. The nervous system is reasonably simple, consisting of a ganglionated nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. The dorsal ganglion is the largest, but nerves extend from all the ganglia along the length of the body. Chaetognaths have two compound eyes, each consisting of a number of pigment-cup ocelli fused together. In addition, there are a number of sensory bristles arranged in rows along the side of the body, where they probably perform a function similar to that of the lateral line in fish. An additional, curved, band of sensory bristles lies over the head and neck. The arrow worm rhabdomeres are derived from microtubules 20 nm long and 50 nm wide, which in turn form conical bodies that contain granules and thread structures. The cone body is derived from a cilium.", "All species are hermaphroditic, carrying both eggs and sperm. Each animal possesses a pair of testes within the tail, and a pair of ovaries in the posterior region of the main body cavity. Immature sperm are released from the testes to mature inside the cavity of the tail, and then swim through a short duct to a seminal vesicle where they are packaged into a spermatophore.(Sexually and Asexually) During mating, each individual places a spermatophore onto the neck of its partner after rupture of the seminal vesicle. The sperm rapidly escape from the spermatophore and swim along the midline of the animal until they reach a pair of small pores just in front of the tail. These pores connect to the oviducts, into which the developed eggs have already passed from the ovaries, and it is here that fertilisation takes place. The eggs are planktonic, or attached to algae, and hatch into miniature versions of the adult, without a well-defined larval stage.", "Chaetognaths are traditionally classed as deuterostomes by embryologists. Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz place chaetognaths in the deuterostomes in their \"Five Kingdom\" classification. Molecular phylogenists, however, consider them to be protostomes. Thomas Cavalier-Smith places them in the protostomes in his \"Six Kingdom\" classification. The similarities between chaetognaths and nematodes mentioned above may support the protostome thesis—in fact, chaetognaths are sometimes regarded as a basal ecdysozoan or lophotrochozoan. Chaetognatha appears close to the base of the protostome tree in most studies of their molecular phylogeny. This may explain their deuterostome embryonic characters. If chaetognaths branched off from the protostomes before they evolved their distinctive protostome embryonic characters, they might have retained deuterostome characters inherited from early bilaterian ancestors. Thus chaetognaths may be a useful model for the ancestral bilaterian. Studies of arrow worms' nervous systems suggests they should be placed within the protostomes. According to 2017 and 2019 papers, chaetognaths appear related to gnathiferans.", "Due to their soft bodies, chaetognaths fossilize poorly. Even so, several fossil chaetognath species have been described. Chaetognaths appear to have originated in the Cambrian Period. Complete body fossils have been formally described from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Yunnan, China (\"Eognathacantha ercainella\" Chen & Huang and \"Protosagitta spinosa\" Hu) and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia (\"Oesia disjuncta\" Walcott), a view challenged by Conway Morris (2009). A more recent chaetognath, \"Paucijaculum samamithion\" Schram, has been described from the Mazon Creek biota from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Chaetognaths were thought possibly to be related to some of the animals grouped with the conodonts. The conodonts themselves, however, are thought to be related to the vertebrates. It is now thought that protoconodont elements (e.g., \"Protohertzina anabarica\" Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping spines of chaetognaths rather than teeth of conodonts. Previously chaetognaths in the Early Cambrian were only suspected from these protoconodont elements, but the more recent discoveries of body fossils have confirmed their presence then.", "In 2018, reanalysis of electron microscopy photographs from the 1980s allowed scientists to identify a giant virus (\"Meelsvirus\") infecting \"Adhesisagitta hispida\"; its site of multiplication is nuclear and the virions (length: 1.25 μm) are enveloped. In 2019, reanalysis of other previous studies has shown that structures that were taken in 1967 for bristles present on the surface of the species \"Spadella cephaloptera\", and in 2003, for bacteria infecting \"Paraspadella gotoi\", were in fact enveloped and spindle-shaped giant viruses with a cytoplasmic site of multiplication. The viral species infecting \"P. gotoi\", whose maximum length is 3.1 μm, has been named \"Klothovirus casanovai\" (\"Klotho\" being the Greek name for one of the three Fates whose attribute was a spindle, and \"casanovai\", in tribute to Pr J.-P. Casanova who devoted a large part of his scientific life to the study of chaetognaths). The other species has been named \"Megaklothovirus horridgei\" (in tribute to the first author of the 1967 article). On a photograph, one of the viruses \"M. horridgei\", although truncated, is 3.9 μm long, corresponding to about twice the length of the bacteria Escherichia coli. Many ribosomes are present in virions but their origin remains unknown (cellular, viral or only partly viral). To date, giant viruses known to infect metazoans are exceptionally rare." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 202364, 4, 357, 429, 26859, 1919, 80997, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 611, 4, 22, 33558, 10, 17652, 173639, 764, 123997, 678, 1919, 10002, 17265, 23, 70, 103655, 31, 89262, 301, 66, 17652, 173639, 15619, 5, 1529, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 2704, 17262, 45712, 7, 111, 70, 72791, 6561, 34003, 4, 34377, 214, 98, 611, 6088, 99, 70, 89176, 12801, 87696, 5, 357, 429, 509, 91048, 23, 237, 10, 91995, 674, 100, 142061, 31, 7362, 118, 7103, 70, 21, 3055, 25, 7, 150631, 23, 70, 41267, 66, 45712, 4, 141753, 1919, 23295, 25, 7, 5117, 72791, 6561, 27941, 5, 581, 1250, 271, 7175, 18344, 48141, 8108, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 5726, 34003, 4, 137802, 357, 429, 15490, 10, 22648, 5, 1529, 113054, 297, 1919, 72791, 6561, 36356, 17368, 70, 31411, 16070, 1295, 70, 4000, 72625, 9, 113530, 57527, 6635, 4, 3129, 1902, 2843, 9458, 297, 70, 98340, 102145, 563, 36605, 7175, 764, 45712, 71, 100, 450, 6602, 5, 1529, 122799, 50960, 23, 70, 6789, 135203, 7, 8, 61518, 132283, 70, 2704, 45712, 4, 136, 509, 43613, 20051, 111, 70, 5726, 44759, 4743, 47, 10, 24491, 227071, 3034, 5, 1529, 176377, 47, 72791, 17287, 23, 86097, 136, 7068, 10336, 297, 47, 21629, 100, 73584, 132442, 100, 4378, 9319, 102145, 23, 70, 87, 30121, 4, 678, 90097, 36272, 5, 2022, 4021, 1919, 729, 80997, 87, 30121, 4034, 7, 509, 1919, 167802, 478, 4034, 23, 70, 4078, 122069, 34740, 2101, 5, 1529, 7068, 16810, 272, 100, 11399, 103655, 47806, 23, 70, 4078, 9, 22435, 62, 418, 32566, 34003, 5, 357, 429, 1556, 2843, 2809, 10, 103351, 27941, 100, 1250, 88400, 25, 7, 29681, 3284, 87199, 4, 132442, 15044, 2363, 62769, 45334, 17238, 152443, 7, 136, 62, 19386, 6470, 391, 38101, 1126, 7, 23, 70, 744, 133250, 7, 111, 636, 73546, 5, 360, 3295, 764, 509, 27941, 111, 70, 468, 77110, 62, 19386, 6470, 102145, 42805, 23, 70, 15672, 636, 73546, 64876, 4, 1284, 100, 2691, 1221, 101089, 47, 70, 7948, 1015, 64, 173473, 30948, 592, 62769, 563, 617, 1197, 5, 2161, 1936, 11994, 56434, 357, 429, 509, 23, 461, 2822, 217982, 132442, 1919, 563, 617, 1197, 99, 70, 9804, 13439, 2907, 5, 72673, 45712, 5, 581, 2258, 150631, 297, 217982, 105207, 70, 43448, 304, 18507, 4, 178707, 99162, 82649, 47, 70, 27941, 25, 7, 5609, 136, 10, 59335, 11476, 5, 357, 429, 509, 184750, 1379, 29874, 1601, 25826, 136, 6181, 297, 47, 70, 4000, 29874, 11698, 5, 1529, 509, 14432, 122273, 297, 47, 765, 134729, 297, 10, 9638, 3055, 297, 88, 84201, 4, 116546, 297, 57230, 7, 4, 10, 2878, 25958, 3365, 127966, 71, 32386, 136, 10, 38516, 538, 148431, 142, 8828, 4, 1284, 959, 47, 186, 23, 2499, 85583, 77064, 5, 2161, 952, 20414, 56434, 357, 429, 509, 121447, 1295, 1919, 18264, 678, 7948, 1681, 217708, 7, 64, 173473, 30948, 592, 102145, 4743, 47, 10, 203249, 73106, 2822, 7103, 150631, 214, 3934, 92298, 148371, 20271, 70, 62, 27315, 39170, 3980, 73630, 9804, 13439, 45712, 99, 70, 23166, 9, 56886, 846, 39170, 3980, 154162, 5, 360, 1877, 764, 16810, 272, 100, 62, 19386, 6470, 102145, 23, 70, 636, 73546, 64876, 136, 23742, 70, 102995, 16070, 33233, 8752, 36947, 8904, 20013, 136, 3342, 21656, 31, 3326, 5, 1529, 47143, 297, 678, 62, 19386, 6470, 4, 237, 764, 109133, 3934, 70, 182028, 43448, 418, 6661, 161912, 100, 70, 1532, 34003, 4, 33284, 214, 2541, 982, 41961, 56, 99, 44389, 131470, 62, 52005, 5, 581, 80836, 214, 122799, 22759, 927, 23, 70, 102995, 16070, 678, 17262, 91375, 3387, 5, 357, 429, 136, 41961, 56, 3542, 65450, 100, 70, 1392, 34003, 74, 41961, 56, 509, 33284, 297, 390, 36947, 8904, 20013, 4, 12960, 357, 429, 509, 4755, 297, 390, 20984, 138095, 5, 357, 429, 136, 138095, 69307, 71, 6626, 91375, 3387, 237, 1836, 122799, 22759, 927, 23, 70, 102995, 16070, 5, 17106, 44389, 131470, 62, 52005, 50065, 214, 1810, 111, 70, 102995, 16070, 47, 32153, 98, 3789, 36549, 4, 357, 429, 109133, 47, 70, 20130, 720, 123470, 208683, 91, 91526, 100, 70, 1324, 34003, 4, 7440, 764, 4755, 297, 2265, 1486, 24748, 542, 12613, 42, 19, 165, 114353, 7, 5, 581, 80836, 214, 3542, 16500, 214, 1492, 927, 23, 70, 102995, 16070, 7103, 22759, 68807, 7, 74, 2363, 2965, 16750, 509, 10, 17932, 9, 23935, 67229, 99, 70, 192049, 21434, 5, 2161, 953, 18237, 27997, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 357, 429, 1902, 3034, 297, 24491, 100, 10, 4599, 14534, 161451, 99, 70, 190703, 68807, 111, 70, 102995, 16070, 4, 136, 509, 45890, 297, 1295, 28779, 214, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 8055, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 357, 429, 509, 47, 186, 45890, 297, 1295, 28779, 214, 100, 543, 21775, 5, 357, 429, 83, 149528, 214, 70, 51957, 98, 70, 61585, 7, 450, 70, 24491, 3034, 509, 143434, 390, 200112, 764, 83, 35971, 100, 10, 184843, 207269, 35431, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 103832, 357, 429, 15, 16, 15, 57332, 534, 6088, 28506, 16, 83, 10, 36770, 23182, 28779, 214, 27941, 1295, 70, 103655, 47806, 4, 2750, 1556, 98438, 71, 23, 5941, 61112, 111, 2926, 10033, 4, 26719, 17262, 45712, 7, 23, 72791, 6561, 5, 1529, 1556, 186351, 2809, 167244, 297, 23182, 538, 100, 48683, 29114, 5170, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Liberec, Enge started his career at the age of 16, entering a Ford Fiesta he bought with his own money in the Czechoslovakian Ford Fiesta Cup. He participated in the final three races of the Formula One season, debuting on 16 September at the Italian Grand Prix. Enge was brought in as a replacement for Luciano Burti after the latter's crash in the Belgian race, becoming his country's first Formula One driver. The Prost team folded before the start of the 2002 season, leaving Enge without a drive. He obtained his Formula One break using the sponsorship from the local Coca-Cola subsidiary, which had also funded the Nordic Racing F3000 team he raced for that year. He finished third in the 2001 standings despite missing the final race, and was stripped of the 2002 title due to a positive marijuana test. He returned to Formula 3000 in 2004, and then headed to America for 2005, driving for Panther Racing in the IRL, with modest success. Among his 17 career IRL starts was his rookie start in the 2005 Indianapolis 500. He then drove for Team Czech Republic in the 2005-2006 A1GP season. Enge has also been a frequent driver for Prodrive's sportscar teams, driving both their Ferrari 550 Maranellos and Aston Martin DBR9s in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In 2006 he was driver of the #007 Aston Martin Racing entry in the American Le Mans Series, but for 2007 will switch to the Petersen/White Lightning Ferrari F430. On 31 March 2007, Enge was injured whilst driving his F430 at the ALMS St. Petersburg race. The car crashed whilst leading the GT2 class, suffering heavy damage to the driver's side and a brief fire. Enge was removed under medical supervision and transported to the local medical centre. He was later revealed to have suffered a shattered elbow, cracked ribs, a partially collapsed lung and a potentially broken ankle, but not to be in any serious danger. On 21 July 2007, Enge was released from his contract with Peterson Motorsports/White Lightning Racing due to a penalty incurred after crashing into Mika Salo during the Acura Sports Car Challenge ALMS race at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. In 2009 he drove for Aston Martin Racing in the Le Mans Series and won the championship alongside Stefan Mücke and Jan Charouz. He remained with Aston Martin, as he moved into the FIA GT1 World Championship for the 2010 season, joining Darren Turner at Young Driver AMR. The pairing finished fourth in the championship with three victories. Enge and Turner were split for the 2011 season; Turner was joined by Stefan Mücke, while Enge was partnered by Alex Müller. Enge and Müller achieved two victories as they finished fourth in the championship. With Young Driver AMR pulling out of the championship to focus on other series, Enge moved to the Reiter Engineering Lamborghini squad for the 2012 season, where he partnered socialite Albert von Thurn und Taxis. The pairing were lying tenth in the championship after four rounds; their best result was a second-place finish at the Slovakia Ring. On 19 June 2012, it was announced that Enge had tested positive for a banned substance at the Navarra round of the championship, and was suspended from racing. At the beginning of August, it was announced that Enge was to be suspended from racing for 18 months. Enge is appealing the decision on the grounds that the positive test was caused by medication he is taking for a chronic cardiovascular condition." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 10, 427, 22377, 12937, 70, 101120, 136355, 70, 9351, 44, 22409, 69696, 56128, 43041, 62, 16274, 44297, 35839, 442, 44, 841, 973, 71, 12900, 58, 23, 17551, 74, 136, 4, 23, 423, 2839, 4, 44, 9968, 18, 634, 740, 123850, 62, 63782, 15005, 2822, 47, 442, 237, 44, 284, 126, 434, 528, 347, 5, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 44, 284, 126, 434, 528, 2667, 7, 44, 132, 96303, 4, 23533, 164, 2203, 75346, 5, 101120, 64, 78280, 3142, 23, 729, 1549, 442, 509, 17164, 297, 98, 10, 22288, 237, 44, 284, 532, 1177, 5548, 740, 129551, 47, 1286, 17309, 25188, 4, 70, 9351, 83, 111, 202395, 59665, 5, 360, 729, 2839, 442, 83, 17164, 297, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 237, 44, 7614, 1297, 740, 581, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 9588, 90, 23, 70, 853, 147, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 98, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 111, 70, 26655, 56, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 58806, 5227, 47, 70, 144477, 136, 70, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 58806, 5227, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 6, 99091, 6635, 51042, 20903, 47, 70, 184679, 4, 3129, 68034, 83, 23, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 9631, 56, 9370, 138745, 18055, 4, 12960, 6863, 127067, 1177, 48850, 1238, 69266, 83, 23, 81316, 15713, 46, 15044, 23, 70, 54529, 53, 111, 68744, 5, 1650, 7, 171827, 25193, 13569, 621, 23, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 91372, 4969, 23, 70, 54529, 53, 111, 139975, 5, 581, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 1556, 22759, 2663, 7, 12, 70, 5201, 2663, 678, 6863, 70351, 184679, 41421, 4, 70, 44, 12647, 555, 15713, 56, 41419, 2679, 58, 678, 6863, 62816, 48242, 4, 27983, 81828, 297, 44, 23267, 9254, 71, 142092, 58034, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 44, 605, 38149, 56, 58, 136, 44, 145397, 20036, 56, 503, 35890, 2679, 1242, 22376, 2831, 111, 70, 101120, 21115, 83, 70, 59784, 1172, 1297, 2858, 4, 117180, 347, 194, 581, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 6083, 18150, 13036, 25072, 21115, 111, 70, 26655, 56, 17743, 10325, 136, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 15, 5021, 5, 1112, 247, 23, 70, 13036, 25072, 111, 70, 853, 147, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 9451, 108591, 4, 70, 1614, 9, 309, 217, 111, 70, 1172, 1297, 9, 8139, 16840, 40630, 41231, 429, 114354, 72516, 16, 136, 70, 6083, 10776, 111, 70, 44, 7614, 1297, 3010, 47022, 58, 9451, 38775, 62634, 5, 2161, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 1238, 69266, 111, 70, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 400, 90, 70, 85437, 111, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 136, 4, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 136, 144477, 9, 13665, 2347, 4438, 111, 70, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 83, 70, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 4, 3129, 15044, 400, 90, 28032, 10, 31425, 76875, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 96113, 7, 136, 75973, 7, 9588, 214, 98, 70, 101120, 621, 12, 6626, 1172, 1297, 31731, 7, 15, 3630, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 136, 1632, 47, 70, 127067, 247, 70, 2206, 872, 160360, 4, 39406, 32854, 31731, 4, 8643, 19256, 31731, 4, 6872, 31731, 4, 27822, 31731, 4, 113429, 7510, 7, 31731, 136, 1401, 532, 160360, 5, 581, 40607, 56, 68744, 86608, 7, 11015, 70, 101120, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 4, 8035, 51158, 43573, 70, 101120, 390, 70, 1172, 1297, 21231, 12620, 136, 113429, 7510, 7, 31731, 4, 136, 98, 70, 144477, 1177, 48850, 1238, 69266, 70, 22392, 68744, 8167, 5425, 70, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 4, 3129, 83, 51158, 390, 70, 1401, 532, 160360, 5, 66016, 51065, 11857, 10, 4393, 9, 6032, 31425, 17467, 1363, 169424, 1556, 2809, 36457, 23, 70, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 58806, 5227, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 5, 581, 481, 24365, 111, 70, 16128, 83, 102917, 538, 32153, 5281, 98, 70, 184679, 10776, 4, 1284, 2843, 98, 70, 30312, 58555, 98, 70, 101120, 237, 10, 5470, 4755, 100, 17467, 1363, 17582, 136, 100, 17997, 71, 9742, 7, 5, 2022, 4021, 2363, 66211, 7, 621, 9105, 1290, 4677, 4, 3835, 91582, 136, 70, 97204, 111, 30312, 16128, 209332, 5, 66016, 8272, 15700, 16128, 8060, 4516, 2472, 70, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 1556, 2809, 62952, 390, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 26655, 56, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 58806, 5227, 15, 3584, 11680, 12, 184679, 37385, 916, 136, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 58806, 118886, 194, 28090, 70, 184679, 10776, 111, 70, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 4, 70, 31425, 76875, 111, 70, 32774, 1172, 1297, 21231, 136, 1172, 1297, 21231, 23816, 24073, 145397, 20036, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 165, 1172, 1297, 21231, 23816, 830, 7915, 6538, 110, 5, 82414, 135407, 74, 4331, 27686, 23, 34578, 74, 615, 114999, 966, 1785, 10461, 127877, 16065, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 5, 5443, 67, 33770, 1295, 70, 184679, 10776, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 83, 70, 59784, 1172, 1297, 21231, 58806, 118886, 24073, 605, 38149, 56, 1172, 1297, 21231, 830, 7915, 6538, 110, 5, 84900, 115250, 74, 9571, 74, 1398, 963, 12975, 1785, 10461, 5, 799, 147, 70, 101120, 99, 70, 41419, 7, 99597, 69944, 83, 70, 44, 23267, 90, 99597, 58, 31425, 76875, 15, 16069, 6538, 110, 5, 138, 1819, 176673, 74, 34578, 74, 138, 172508, 256, 194, 2161, 70, 101120, 68034, 621, 63920, 111, 70, 30312, 212790, 7, 111, 70, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 24073, 118978, 56, 55008, 59757, 830, 7915, 6538, 110, 5, 138, 91230, 16665, 74, 26819, 74, 1105, 963, 5, 1530, 11835, 1785, 10461, 136, 26655, 56, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 24073, 46471, 11783, 9631, 56, 55008, 59757, 830, 7915, 6538, 110, 5, 138, 11648, 81764, 702, 17331, 13683, 2485, 1785, 10461, 4, 70, 25132, 79200, 111, 78771, 1363, 111, 70, 32774, 136, 59784, 1172, 1297, 136, 1172, 1297, 21, 9248, 24073, 145397, 20036, 56, 165, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 491, 1172, 1297, 66079, 830, 106076, 841, 110, 5, 305, 180344, 8316, 13574, 74, 8892, 8821, 304, 1785, 10461, 136, 70, 263, 71, 76875, 111, 70, 32774, 136, 59784, 1172, 1297, 136, 89383, 60113, 24073, 145397, 20036, 56, 165, 27572, 56, 1172, 1297, 491, 89383, 60113, 830, 310, 74322, 110, 5, 305, 180344, 9, 158222, 74, 2273, 5, 9271, 2357, 1785, 10461, 5, 581, 184679, 10776, 111, 70, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 14602, 959, 6, 58944, 36917, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 40607, 56, 1172, 1297, 15, 3142, 4, 44, 91127, 257, 42719, 133, 18939, 707, 32774, 1172, 1297, 4, 83, 70, 167375, 280, 344, 111, 70, 1853, 21690, 66, 64, 571, 147610, 66, 87282, 101120, 37457, 136, 23, 61187, 56, 1853, 124640, 4, 678, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 442, 83, 51529, 23, 70, 61187, 56, 1853, 21690, 66, 54529, 53, 111, 68744, 136, 70, 26655, 56, 17743, 10325, 54529, 53, 111, 139975, 237, 70, 44, 605, 214, 111, 70, 1853, 21690, 66, 87282, 740, 1650, 7, 184679, 10776, 58055, 7, 111, 121, 16123, 164, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Geography.", "Location.", "Natural regions.", "Waterbodies.", "Nature parks.", "Protected areas.", "Fauna and flora.", "Climate.", "Overview.", "Arbermandl.", "History.", "Arber Chapel and Arber parish fair.", "Radar site.", "Sport and leisure.", "Hiking trails.", "Arberland Mountain Run.", "Arber Bergbahn and winter sports." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In a 1279 document the mountain bore the name \"Adwich\"; Johannes Aventinus called it \"Hädweg\" in 1500; and, in 1540, \"Ätwa\". Philipp Apian referred to it as \"Aetwha m.\", i.e. \"Aetwha mons \"(mons, montis = Lat. mountain/hill); in 1720 it was recorded on a map as \"Aidweich\". According to more recent research, the name is of Celtic origin. In 1740 it is recorded for the first time as \"Arber\".", "", "The Großer Arber rises in the Rear Bavarian Forest on the boundary of the Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the north and the Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the south. The boundary running close to the summit, which itself is in the municipality of Bayerisch Eisenstein, while its southwestern flank is in Bodenmais – both in the county of Regen. Its western slopes are in the municipality of Lohberg in the county of Cham. The Großer Arber has four tops: the main top with its 1913 summit cross, the \"Bodenmaiser Riegel\" with its characteristic, often photographed \"Richard Wagner Kopf\", as well as the \"Kleiner\" and \"Großer Seeriegel.\" Also part of the mountain group is the Little Arber (1,384 m).", "The Großer Arber is part of the natural regional major unit group of the Upper Palatine and Bavarian Forest (No. 40), in the major unit of the Rear Bavarian Forest (403), the sub-unit of the Arber-Kaitersberg Ridge (403.5) and the natural region of the \"Arber Massif\" (403.51).", "On the southeastern flank of the Großer Arber lies the lake of Großer Arbersee and, to the northwest and north-northeast of the Kleiner Arber is the Kleiner Arbersee, which both lies within a nature reserve. Among the rivers and streams rising on the mountain are: two Arberbachs (one to the east and one to the south), the Geigenbach, Hirschaubach, Schwellbach, Seebach, Steinbach, Teufelsbach and Weidenbach. The Großer Regen flows past the mountain to the northeast, being fed near the mountain by the Arberseeback and Teufelsbach, and on the northwestern flank the White Regen drains the Kleiner Arbersee, which is fed by the Weidenbach.", "Since summer 1995 a full-time nature conservation presence has been active in the Bavarian Forest Nature Park in the area of the Großer Arber. Their management of the area is primarily focussed on the summit region, but also on the protected areas on the mountain as a contact partner for conservation questions and for guided tours. Among their tasks are visitor information, public relations and the monitoring of protected area regulations. Since 1999 another area support servicefor the Großer Arber has been provided by the neighbouring Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park (focus: summit plateau and Kleiner Arbersee Nature Reserve).", "From the summit region of the Großer Arber, the nature reserve of the Great Arbersee and Arberseewand (\"Großer Arbersee und Arberseewand\", CDDA no. 163348; designated in 1939; 1.4857 km2) runs away to the southeast. Extending from the summit region to the northwest is the Little Arbersee Nature Reserve (\"Kleiner Arbersee\", CDDA no. 164117; 1998; 4.1059 km2). Near the mountain at the Riesloch Falls is the \"Riesloch\" nature reserve (CDDA no. 318989; 1939; 33.4 ha). On the mountain itself are parts of the protected landscapes of the Bavarian Forest (\"Bayerischer Wald\", CDDA no. 396098; 1983; 2310.1276 km2) and Upper Bavarian Forest (\"Oberer Bayerischer Wald\", CDDA no. 396128 1308.5616 km2), the Special Area of Conservation of the Great and Little Arber and Arber lakes (\"Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Arberseen\", FFH no. 6844-373; 22.952 km2) and the bird reserve of the Great and Little Arber and Schwarzeck (\"Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Schwarzeck\", VSG no. 6844-471; 35.4624 km2).", "The summit region of the Großer Arber does not rise above the natural tree line. Nevertheless, it as treeless and covered by subalpine calcareous grasses, rocky meadows (\"Felsfluren\") and mountain pine bushes, which occur nowhere else in the Bavarian Forest. The characteristic bird species of this region include the meadow pipit, alpine accentor, water pipit, ring ouzel and wheatear. To the north in the direction of Lam there is farmer-managed, selection cutting forest (\"Plenterwald\"), in the south towards Bodenmais is state forest.", "", "The summit region of the Great Arber has an average of 160 days of frost and 150 days of snow cover per year. Because of late and early frosts, the vegetation period lasts little more than 100 days. The July temperature in the highest areas is 11 degrees. Of the approximately 1950 mm of annual precipitation, 40% falls as snow.", "In winter the east wind together with ice snow forms the so-called \"Arbermandl\". The mountain pines and mountain spruces of the Great Arber freeze into bizarre and often comical-looking shapes. Cameraman Martin Lippl made a film about it in 1985. The recordings were made somewhat accidentally during a short break of sunshine during a blizzard. Elfie Pertramer later underscored these recordings with a mystical poem. Under the title \"Voices from the Magic Forest\" the film will be broadcast at the beginning of each year on Bavarian television in the programme \"Zwischen Spessart und Karwendel\".", "Since the 19th century, the Großer Arber and the extended woodlands down to Bayerisch Eisenstein with several former forest glassworks were owned by the princely House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. They procured the estate of the master glassworker, Hafenbrädl, in Böhmisch Eisenstein, later Markt Eisenstein, today Železná Ruda, and, in 1872, the estates in Bayerisch Eisenstein. In 1884, a wooden mountain hut was built by the Bavarian Forest Club. In 1903, the first hut was built on the summit. The current shingle-covered one was built in 1936 and extended in 1985. As early as 1939, large parts of the area were put under protection, in order to save its uniqueness. During the Cold War, a military radar station was built at the top which is still in operation albeit at reduced level - see below.", "A little to the northwest and a few metres below the summit of the Great Arber stands the little Arber chapel dedicated to Saint Bartholomew the Apostle. The first chapel there was built in 1806 by the glassworks owner, Baron von Hafenbrädl. Since then the building has been renovated four times; the present one was built in 2015. On the occasion of the centenary of the chapel's construction, Abbot Willibald Adam of Metten Abbey celebrated a mountain mass for the first time in the presence of 2,000 people on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1906. On 29 August 1965, the priest of Arber, Josef Kufner, celebrated another mass here, thus founding the first actual Arber parish fair (\"Arberkirchweih\"). Since then it has been celebrated every year on the penultimate Sunday in August. After mass, people meet for lunch in the Arber Hut; afterwards folk singers and musicians give performances.", "Two buildings owned by the German Air Force together with their radomes are situated on the summit. The site was built during the Cold War, in the face of vehement protests by conservationists, close to the border with Czechoslovakia in order to monitor air traffic in the Eastern Bloc. The facility entered service in 1983, originally with two radar antennas. In 1996, it was converted and equipped with a large-capacity RRP 117 radar. Since then, the second tower has contained the transmitting and receiving antennas for radio communications. The Great Arber Air Defence Base is operated as part of the Integrated NATO Air Defence System.", "", "A footpath runs from Bodenmais to the top of the mountain. It begins at the walkers' car park of \"Rissloch\" and climbs up past the Riesloch Falls. The descent may be made past the Little Arber, past the waterfalls and ending back at the start. In addition, there are two tours - the Eight Thousanders Tour (\"\"8-1000er Tour\"\") and the Twelve Thousanders Tour (\"\"12-1000er Tour\"\") - which are hiking trails that include an ascent of the mountain along the E6 European long distance path as part of a walk that take in eight or twelve 1,000-metre-high mountains respectively.", "On 10 June 2017 the Arberland Mountain Run took place, which also included the 2017 German Mountain Running Championships. 346 runners reached the finish line of the 13.8-kilometre course with a difference in altitude of 887 metres.", "The lifts on the Grosser Arber are called the \"Arber Bergbahn\". The mountain has been turned into a winter sports area with several ski pistes. On 17 September 1949, the first chairlift was opened on the mountain. The systematic renewal of the lifts in recent years, the construction of a 6-seater gondola lift and the construction of two, six-seater chair lifts have made the mountain's ski area the most modern in the Bavarian Forest. In summer operation, the gondolas transports hikers and tourists to the summit. Slalom and giant slalom competitions have been held on the mountain for the Alpine Ski European Cup since 1973 and, for the Alpine Ski World Cup, since 1976. The races were sponsored by the German Ski Association and alternated between Ofterschwang, Zwiesel and Berchtesgaden. Since 2011, no more ski world cups have taken place there, and according to the responsible organising committee no further races are planned for the foreseeable future." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 15571, 92699, 83, 10, 217773, 111, 70, 1735, 7, 31434, 34153, 44, 35442, 58, 24073, 7134, 257, 18939, 136, 44, 92699, 58, 24073, 416, 814, 51029, 360, 12921, 1615, 4, 903, 96113, 509, 51529, 390, 40368, 123055, 4, 6044, 237, 12, 893, 45964, 1615, 46, 31533, 4458, 26050, 391, 634, 2500, 113, 9387, 46, 5585, 2955, 18, 16917, 15, 209683, 9351, 23, 2720, 19834, 16915, 1500, 16, 4804, 102, 113, 9387, 46, 1520, 12631, 16917, 15, 209683, 9351, 23, 81114, 34, 16915, 1500, 16, 15571, 42927, 1724, 1615, 46, 15571, 76, 1127, 8059, 113, 9387, 46, 15571, 92699, 707, 15571, 7, 67116, 102, 18852, 5941, 3789, 34003, 289, 42878, 96113, 7, 4, 70, 15571, 92699, 5792, 83, 10, 162515, 111, 5941, 101120, 75973, 7, 136, 4911, 7, 6863, 134995, 31344, 83, 69201, 47, 6520, 38496, 5, 33306, 6863, 2060, 927, 525, 10336, 36448, 7, 28127, 1295, 159068, 10887, 54427, 36917, 15520, 17366, 1672, 534, 1785, 4, 23, 10, 168, 184, 110912, 111, 100, 525, 4, 127067, 111, 602, 75595, 59444, 23, 30285, 39, 7157, 103724, 111, 3751, 2943, 1814, 133842, 5, 581, 130473, 7, 3688, 621, 142, 111938, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 36176, 933, 136, 621, 10, 31344, 111, 5941, 3789, 75973, 7, 3129, 7068, 738, 98, 47, 33284, 70, 15571, 92699, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 111, 6863, 15411, 4, 70, 15571, 92699, 86608, 7, 23, 10, 144477, 56, 538, 48225, 136, 8167, 5425, 70, 21421, 4717, 103724, 136, 116281, 7, 8394, 48850, 126826, 7, 111, 21421, 4717, 26349, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 43257, 653, 118201, 96113, 99, 903, 36541, 136, 70, 3622, 6, 146984, 111, 6863, 118666, 53, 14602, 959, 204839, 2101, 1104, 10715, 106384, 5, 24372, 8035, 33284, 297, 390, 70, 503, 191, 10519, 4, 70, 96113, 86608, 7, 23, 142, 8394, 1515, 538, 48225, 8305, 70, 47143, 214, 2831, 111, 6863, 120696, 5, 1650, 83, 33284, 297, 390, 70, 21240, 92, 136, 20625, 112, 31, 96113, 7, 3688, 8108, 22, 33558, 3934, 62460, 7103, 29256, 214, 1672, 23552, 111, 6863, 3622, 140909, 5, 799, 147, 70, 26349, 111, 3362, 3571, 4717, 4, 442, 83, 22539, 4806, 390, 70, 142105, 109270, 33, 22539, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 70, 2673, 3366, 1674, 25844, 5, 62, 375, 77087, 13, 45646, 111, 70, 109270, 4, 122776, 136, 1163, 191, 1294, 4, 70, 22539, 72350, 7, 26719, 70, 9865, 9248, 5, 1650, 27734, 7, 6626, 130473, 7, 74, 70, 59387, 42011, 416, 98, 70, 25737, 136, 70, 91657, 2104, 125669, 1162, 98, 70, 7108, 5, 1650, 2843, 3173, 7, 70, 129058, 66733, 85437, 23, 14237, 4, 678, 10, 74336, 17990, 104064, 99, 4393, 177399, 4, 678, 10, 6, 134369, 2256, 111, 645, 5, 24372, 70, 27643, 111, 3751, 2943, 1814, 133842, 22836, 4, 70, 13036, 126826, 111, 15571, 92699, 4950, 73, 5036, 400, 90, 23, 3751, 2943, 1814, 133842, 5, 97721, 538, 4, 4734, 4950, 73, 16128, 111, 20625, 112, 31, 32547, 23, 893, 23157, 474, 59338, 400, 90, 23, 167958, 21979, 5, 117371, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 22539, 23, 49795, 4, 70, 15571, 92699, 509, 1672, 10, 84765, 38134, 99, 3362, 3571, 4717, 136, 175100, 106750, 41170, 7, 111, 78, 1277, 4, 41866, 20271, 70, 2667, 132507, 5, 38396, 4, 442, 83, 10, 43257, 1481, 13, 96113, 7103, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 22539, 136, 83, 33284, 297, 390, 70, 87, 275, 4, 62419, 4, 9344, 136, 3789, 43967, 75973, 7, 5, 1650, 7068, 57218, 7, 70, 337, 6990, 10484, 111, 70, 14746, 5471, 103724, 136, 84616, 10, 165510, 10821, 3917, 17721, 6, 91854, 7, 136, 12441, 4188, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 25545, 7, 24189, 442, 58359, 90, 391, 6846, 4717, 4, 62460, 5, 581, 25545, 7, 3564, 3688, 136, 70, 96113, 21972, 7, 98186, 70, 24453, 9022, 36176, 933, 4, 100, 21896, 6863, 3917, 8305, 2856, 1829, 70, 4989, 20745, 78468, 11, 12035, 429, 5, 581, 947, 8813, 3478, 12035, 429, 3564, 7, 99, 73890, 15458, 111, 353, 395, 133842, 5, 1575, 184, 100, 525, 7, 29256, 70, 130473, 7, 6, 79023, 6048, 70, 96113, 3688, 5, 581, 96113, 30957, 7, 70, 62460, 111719, 7, 99, 353, 10185, 4, 1672, 1295, 313, 18435, 2594, 4, 7440, 442, 578, 7, 7565, 17721, 6626, 130473, 7, 450, 621, 10, 84765, 34955, 5, 62, 56197, 429, 1556, 2809, 64549, 297, 3688, 47, 15913, 67, 70, 96113, 25, 7, 86608, 3934, 313, 18435, 2594, 5, 581, 96113, 37317, 90, 313, 18435, 2594, 103724, 23, 142, 28, 4438, 1104, 25617, 48225, 5, 9563, 8108, 22, 33558, 313, 18435, 2594, 4, 442, 76199, 5773, 10, 21334, 15917, 867, 53, 35839, 70, 7291, 127, 513, 416, 5, 581, 26349, 111, 313, 18435, 2594, 9157, 7, 98, 70, 16195, 18, 38310, 214, 70, 6626, 86723, 7, 5, 581, 7291, 127, 513, 416, 7068, 104250, 7, 5773, 5941, 75973, 7, 1884, 70, 1461, 344, 15251, 4, 78325, 136, 8018, 3116, 3129, 6817, 3934, 70, 9631, 111, 166705, 7103, 22, 33558, 16915, 14, 103724, 5, 581, 7291, 127, 513, 416, 68034, 123867, 3934, 70, 15520, 237, 70, 2177, 18, 1506, 5, 64511, 15917, 7157, 90, 111, 15571, 92699, 26698, 70, 1342, 2959, 4, 2992, 30647, 4, 5585, 29813, 18839, 96113, 4, 15937, 1234, 118, 136, 57759, 5, 3957, 2992, 30647, 7068, 60899, 98, 47, 33284, 70, 177231, 93, 32547, 99, 341, 86532, 76, 48898, 136, 30957, 7, 70, 9631, 111, 166705, 99, 30285, 39, 219, 5, 581, 15571, 92699, 27798, 30957, 7, 70, 15520, 1829, 40368, 86723, 7, 43573, 1720, 123041, 99, 22225, 184, 41097, 4, 2377, 257, 185233, 4717, 5, 581, 70163, 71, 56588, 111, 70, 15571, 92699, 25, 7, 183851, 15917, 7157, 90, 136, 70, 177231, 93, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 23, 5596, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 50961, 111, 2673, 3366, 1674, 25844, 4, 70, 15571, 92699, 509, 46011, 2886, 1295, 6863, 113008, 1257, 47, 1172, 5445, 4, 1672, 10, 1295, 6863, 31344, 5, 33306, 183851, 56197, 4188, 34955, 1295, 70, 2673, 3366, 1674, 765, 3884, 142, 3564, 47, 450, 5, 38396, 4, 139098, 7, 621, 173072, 297, 47, 70, 40703, 10776, 136, 70, 2673, 3366, 1674, 74336, 17990, 5, 581, 15571, 92699, 83, 142, 5526, 96113, 23, 70, 11341, 111, 62460, 5, 3293, 96113, 86608, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 15571, 92699, 83, 10, 13036, 96113, 23, 24453, 15881, 5596, 5, 1650, 8167, 5425, 142, 16128, 111, 10932, 136, 1556, 10, 3622, 15411, 111, 15571, 92699, 83, 2843, 51529, 100, 70, 2673, 3366, 1674, 25844, 5, 581, 96113, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 117249, 111, 3751, 2943, 1814, 133842, 136, 62460, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Course.", "Source and Upper Course.", "Middle course.", "Lower Course.", "Navigation.", "Trade and agriculture.", "Water.", "Floods." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word Mahanadi is a compound of the Sanskrit words \"maha\" (\"great\") and \"nadi\" (\"river\"). In different era, this river was known by several names, such as: Ancient era – Kanaknandini Dwapar yug – Chitrotpala ( Similar name in matasya Purana) Treta yug – Nilotpala ( Similar name in vayu Purana) Mahabharata era – Mahananda Kal yug – Mahanadi or Mahashweta", "", "Like many other seasonal Indian rivers, the Mahanadi too is a combination of many mountain streams and thus its precise source is impossible to pinpoint. However its farthest headwaters lie from Pharsiya village above sea level about 11 km, in a dense patch of forest, south of Sihawa town in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. The hills here are an extension of the Eastern Ghats and are a source of many other streams which then go on to join the Mahanadi. For the first of its course, the Mahanadi flows in a northerly direction and drains the Raipur district and touches eastern portions of Raipur city. It is a rather narrow river at this stage and the total width of its valley does not exceed 500–600 metres.", "After being joined by the Seonath, the river flows in an easterly direction through the remaining part of its journey. It is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo rivers here before entering into Odisha after covering about half of its total length. Near the city of Sambalpur, it is dammed by the largest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam. A composite structure of the earth, concrete and masonry, the dam measures including the Dykes. It spans two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding at full capacity, with a shoreline of over. After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh. Before the construction of the dam in 1953, the Mahanadi was about a mile wide at Sambalpur and carried massive amounts of silt, especially during the monsoon. Today, it is a rather tame river after the construction of the dam and is joined by the Ib, Ong, Tel and other minor streams. It then skirts the boundaries of the Baudh district and forces a tortuous way between ridges and ledges in a series of rapids until it reaches Dholpur, Odisha. The rapids end here and the river rolls towards the Eastern Ghats, forcing its way through them via the long Satkosia Gorge. The Satakosia Gorge ends at Badamul of Nayagarh. Dense forests cover the hills flanking the river here. The river enters the Odisha plains at Naraj, about from Cuttack, where it pours down between two hills that are a mile apart. A barrage has been constructed here to regulate the river's flow into Cuttack.", "The river traverses Cuttack district in an east–west direction. Just before entering Cuttack, it gives off a large distributary called the Kathjori. The city of Cuttack stands on the spit separating the two channels. The Kathjori then throws off many streams like the Kuakhai, Devi and Surua which fall into the Bay of Bengal after entering Puri district. The Kathjori itself falls into the sea as the Jotdar. Other distributaries of Mahanadi include the Paika, Birupa, Chitroptala river, Genguti and Lun.The Birupa then goes on to join the Brahmani River at Krushnanagar and enters the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. The Mahanadi proper enters the sea via several channels near Paradeep at False Point, Jagatsinghpur. The combined Delta of the Mahanadi's numerous distributaries and the Brahmani is one of the largest in India.", "Prior to the construction of Hirakud Dam, the Mahanadi was navigable from its mouth up to Arrang, about a from its source. However numerous barrages apart from the Hirakud have put an end to that. Today, boats are restricted to the delta region and the Hirakud reservoir.", "The Mahanadi is an important river in the state of Odisha. This river flows slowly for about and deposits more silt than any other river in the Indian subcontinent. The cities of Cuttack and Sambalpur were prominent trading places in the ancient world and the river itself has been referred to as the Manada in Ptolemy's works. However today the Mahanadi valley is best known for its fertile soil and flourishing agriculture.", "Average annual surface water potential of 66.9 km3 has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 50.0 km3 is utilisable water. Culturable area in the basin is about, which is 4% of the total culturable area of the country. Present use of surface water in the basin is 17.0 km3. Live storage capacity in the basin has increased significantly since independence. From just about 0.8 km3 in the pre-plan period, the total live storage capacity of the completed projects has increased to 8.5 km3. In addition, a substantial storage quantity of over 5.4 km3 would be created on completion of projects under construction. Additional storage to the tune of over 11.0 km3 would become available on execution of projects under consideration. The hydropower potential of the basin has been assessed as 627 MW at 60% load factor. At its peak during the monsoon, the Mahanadi has a discharge rate of per second, almost as much as the much larger Ganges. However owing to its seasonal nature the river is mostly a narrow channel flanked by wide sand banks for most of the year.", "The Mahanadi was notorious for its devastating floods for much of recorded history. Thus it was called 'the sorrow of Orissa'. However the construction of the Hirakud Dam has greatly altered the situation. Today a network of canals, barrages and check dams keep the river well in control. However heavy rain can still cause large scale flooding as evidenced in September, 2008 when 16 people died as the river breached its banks. In 2011, September heavy down pour of rain caused flash flood and many mud dwellings in more than 25 villages above Hirakud Dam which were never affected before, both in Chhattisgarh and Odisha, have melted down due to back water that could not pass through the river." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 45286, 1556, 65508, 71, 40368, 12921, 435, 4209, 76519, 100, 6863, 30128, 38742, 12, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 4, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 4, 136, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 5, 98423, 5426, 33636, 7, 12921, 51515, 90, 47, 10, 55391, 6496, 70, 27798, 30128, 197826, 5, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 83, 142, 61475, 8780, 450, 9157, 7, 100, 127596, 9, 20800, 42, 72089, 581, 18226, 7, 30128, 435, 4209, 5, 1301, 678, 23335, 1294, 384, 41445, 30128, 197826, 76519, 4, 10, 43111, 46132, 70, 15593, 12301, 7, 70, 41170, 111, 22729, 8035, 44961, 297, 5773, 70, 1346, 20271, 70, 197826, 5, 14847, 70, 43111, 83324, 7, 450, 70, 197826, 83, 6, 129980, 4, 442, 121011, 90, 70, 30128, 55111, 13, 5, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 4, 5117, 51592, 98, 70, 384, 5039, 15, 143321, 1653, 63614, 70, 163795, 14449, 247, 83, 10, 30128, 197826, 5426, 450, 15190, 7, 10, 59335, 479, 420, 5544, 20271, 197826, 435, 4209, 3229, 70, 15593, 83, 23, 70, 26693, 71, 197826, 15, 683, 16, 13736, 5, 581, 41170, 111, 22729, 176377, 1295, 903, 479, 420, 5544, 83, 11814, 47, 83324, 142, 95307, 52350, 16713, 17721, 10, 1264, 6644, 136, 8633, 3055, 38352, 23, 436, 13736, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 29458, 30128, 25072, 136, 36766, 707, 959, 442, 83, 5423, 47, 876, 85018, 4, 70, 479, 420, 5544, 13648, 186, 20100, 2822, 707, 442, 13648, 186, 70, 3638, 35011, 30128, 5, 360, 142, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 5426, 70, 43111, 450, 12301, 7, 70, 479, 420, 5544, 30646, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 30128, 25072, 74, 903, 143434, 3060, 37348, 41866, 3229, 17368, 46312, 7, 237, 70, 46312, 2806, 29256, 70, 3098, 7, 15, 8789, 959, 70, 43111, 50782, 70, 3098, 7, 16, 4911, 7, 216806, 23, 2263, 27315, 67, 53550, 7, 5, 31384, 39395, 45286, 163795, 15593, 7, 2843, 11814, 70, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 479, 420, 5544, 23, 351, 9, 28966, 297, 197826, 13736, 7, 47, 96391, 44, 6056, 111, 37457, 58, 27289, 74, 70, 44, 6056, 111, 37457, 58, 1631, 592, 60213, 509, 36069, 20051, 98, 14432, 115774, 4, 113771, 538, 4743, 47, 33407, 79612, 7, 5, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 15, 647, 27494, 45023, 9, 20800, 42, 72089, 581, 18226, 7, 16, 83, 10, 45286, 163795, 30128, 197826, 5426, 450, 4527, 7, 10, 59335, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 8108, 70, 5201, 30128, 23, 12989, 47, 113054, 10, 1286, 26785, 197826, 5, 992, 5062, 384, 41445, 136, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 435, 4209, 4, 3129, 4527, 10, 171332, 30128, 435, 4209, 43111, 6, 121147, 297, 23, 70, 3647, 111, 70, 191551, 16530, 4, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 4527, 7, 70, 5701, 151575, 5844, 435, 4209, 43111, 11814, 100, 68663, 435, 4209, 5, 18852, 384, 41445, 15, 2940, 1884, 70, 8561, 30128, 435, 4209, 4, 1284, 959, 70, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 4, 111, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 247, 70, 43111, 83, 70796, 47, 70, 15593, 136, 51776, 6863, 197826, 1829, 70, 3098, 7, 221, 2499, 46312, 7, 49814, 47, 70, 3098, 7, 1221, 2843, 52490, 70, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 16454, 7, 68772, 1286, 152018, 197826, 4677, 47, 70, 15593, 5, 581, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 74918, 7, 109312, 8108, 70, 5201, 30128, 15, 3355, 19462, 3229, 17368, 70, 15593, 248, 30128, 23, 116, 2208, 84700, 73, 6002, 206, 13736, 16, 136, 83, 3059, 538, 34564, 118, 2661, 4, 102971, 442, 831, 186, 51592, 2174, 398, 39544, 197918, 100, 442, 5, 581, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 1543, 22304, 9232, 12915, 2886, 132539, 7, 1295, 10127, 67, 36746, 7, 20, 28, 5, 177, 5, 118103, 1543, 158927, 237, 10, 132539, 47, 70, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 4, 136, 765, 2363, 46223, 155738, 390, 70, 1733, 70, 5201, 30128, 74918, 7, 5, 14847, 17368, 30128, 197826, 56776, 15, 919, 16398, 247, 70, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 83, 11476, 71, 3229, 82713, 83, 34704, 3674, 5, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 83, 10, 10975, 136912, 98, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 136, 83, 5036, 10, 5570, 23, 756, 163795, 15593, 7, 65508, 71, 678, 707, 7103, 70, 45286, 163795, 5759, 397, 7880, 1995, 23, 44211, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 83, 29479, 297, 23, 70, 14361, 4, 959, 70, 30128, 25072, 4, 136, 127298, 831, 4527, 144573, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 30128, 25072, 7, 136, 51779, 96, 47754, 5, 581, 5201, 136912, 111, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 83, 450, 442, 76199, 10, 1286, 6083, 30128, 197826, 4, 390, 8035, 19048, 47, 34831, 88308, 53, 28302, 7, 7440, 70, 10332, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 5426, 2806, 3638, 538, 186, 104250, 19, 5773, 5, 62771, 136912, 7, 621, 7722, 6637, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 49504, 1636, 3098, 7, 9, 188, 9, 22144, 75161, 62488, 4677, 23, 6863, 74481, 1363, 4, 7440, 19882, 4, 47, 30793, 23, 72694, 214, 142, 35707, 5134, 15829, 17997, 14012, 100, 30128, 140992, 5, 581, 30128, 435, 4209, 5426, 83, 2843, 110, 51713, 3126, 297, 47, 70, 28211, 5426, 4, 7440, 162, 23, 70, 10332, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 435, 4209, 4, 333, 162, 83, 34475, 47, 70, 133291, 28211, 6275, 5, 152201, 56, 4, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 69101, 7, 70, 68663, 136, 70, 479, 9, 420, 5544, 22729, 90926, 111, 70, 28302, 47, 83324, 7440, 70, 28368, 400, 90, 4, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 28368, 62488, 4677, 2174, 19882, 5, 3293, 76199, 70, 81828, 56, 70, 71985, 2481, 47, 56776, 32153, 136, 456, 277, 78381, 70, 28302, 15490, 150863, 214, 70, 30128, 435, 4209, 5426, 5, 242, 11193, 18, 53370, 7, 25, 15, 3464, 7, 111, 11192, 44961, 7154, 16, 450, 2806, 3638, 538, 104250, 5773, 70, 30128, 435, 4209, 5426, 621, 2843, 124962, 71, 23, 70, 74481, 1363, 5, 63349, 27287, 83, 70, 52350, 9351, 100, 45286, 25, 7, 13315, 111, 173591, 30128, 90, 100, 4527, 678, 2363, 163795, 13315, 111, 15593, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 21373, 1284, 959, 47, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 127220, 84829, 25, 7, 44, 223360, 20016, 58, 8796, 100, 2363, 30128, 90, 5, 581, 44, 223360, 27287, 58, 9351, 83, 2843, 11814, 390, 70867, 127, 100, 6863, 51, 174822, 12996, 13315, 111, 30128, 25072, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 70867, 127, 63349, 27287, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 45286, 25, 7, 163795, 30128, 5426, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 81828, 1771, 30128, 191619, 11814, 98, 45286, 25, 7, 1346, 15, 5843, 2276, 136, 62, 9059, 16, 707, 6338, 163795, 11001, 9, 1977, 7, 71181, 15593, 7, 5, 581, 13315, 509, 5117, 65508, 71, 23, 22059, 5, 1650, 1556, 74955, 8305, 10, 14012, 111, 111666, 7, 645, 70, 5369, 4, 237, 3525, 30128, 197826, 435, 4209, 76519, 765, 2809, 65508, 71, 5, 581, 5201, 22729, 9, 29089, 214, 118299, 621, 51529, 237, 62, 9, 13739, 866, 4, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 4, 136, 241, 9, 13739, 866, 1995, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Metering systems.", "A-TTL.", "E-TTL.", "E-TTL II.", "Speedlite products.", "90 series flashes.", "90 EX.", "200 series flashes.", "220 EX.", "270 EX and 270 EX II.", "300 series flashes.", "320 EX.", "380 EX.", "400 Series Flashes.", "420 EX.", "430 EX, 430 EX II and 430EX III-RT.", "470EX-AI.", "500 and 600 series flashes.", "550 EX.", "580 EX and 580 EX II.", "600 EX-RT and 600 EX II-RT.", "ST-E2 transmitter.", "ST-E3-RT transmitter.", "Macro flash products.", "Misc. accessories." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Canon has introduced several different metering systems for its flash products: A-TTL, E-TTL, and E-TTL II. Each system represents different approaches to achieving the proper flash exposure.", "A-TTL is an initialism that stands for Advanced-Through The Lens flash metering. As with ordinary TTL flash exposure systems, a sensor inside the camera reads the amount of light being reflected off the film during the exposure. When the sensor determines that the exposure is sufficient, it terminates the flash pulse. A-TTL, first seen on the T90 (which predates the EOS family), is a flash exposure system that adds a brief preflash during exposure metering when the camera is in the programmed exposure (P) mode. The amount of light returned from this preflash is used to determine an appropriate tradeoff between aperture and shutter speed in P mode. Depending on the specific flash unit and whether or not it is set to bounce, the preflash might be infrared or it might be the normal white flash. In an A-TTL system the sensor that reads the preflash return is located on the flash unit; this caused some issues especially when using filters as the filter would cover the lens (but not the sensor outside the lens) thus causing inaccurate settings. Some early Canon EOS cameras also used the A-TTL preflash in non-programmed exposure modes to detect \"out of range\" conditions; the \"out of range\" warning feature was dropped on later models, reportedly due to patent conflicts.", "E-TTL (Evaluative-Through The Lens) is a Canon EOS flash exposure system that uses a brief pre-flash before the main flash in order to obtain a more correct exposure. Unlike TTL and A-TTL metering, which use a dedicated flash metering sensor mounted in the base of the mirror box, E-TTL uses the same evaluative metering sensor used for ambient metering. Like TTL (and like the actual flash metering, but not the pre-flash, of A-TTL), the sensor is internal to the camera and takes its exposure via the lens so any filters added to the lens will also affect the E-TTL readings giving more accurate exposure information to the camera. The pre-flash occurs immediately before the main flash (except when using the camera / flash in 2nd curtain synch mode) and is barely perceptible, although it can be seen if you watch carefully for it. The pre-flash may cause undesirable reactions from animate objects - e.g. humans may blink as a reaction to the pre-flash, and have their eyes closed by the time the main flash occurs. When using flash exposure lock (FEL), the pre-flash is fired when FEL is activated.", "E-TTL II is a software improvement on E-TTL and is now a standard in all EOS cameras introduced with or after the Canon EOS-1D Mark II in 2004. E-TTL II is implemented in the body, not the flash unit, and therefore can use existing E-TTL flash units and EF lenses. The main improvement of E-TTL II is that it gives a more natural flash exposure, by being able to handle tricky scenes where the old E-TTL system would normally be thrown off. Such improvements are possible because E-TTL II incorporates lens-to-subject distance information in its calculation, where available, to assist in determining an approximate guide number for flash output. The flash metering system is also no longer linked to the AF system, whereas in the old E-TTL metering, bias is given to the selected AF point. Rather, E-TTL II compares the ambient and the pre-flash light levels of the scene to determine where the subject lies, in conjunction with subject distance information if available. This gives the photographer the flexibility to lock focus and recompose the scene without fooling the flash metering system. 'Hotspots' (areas of high reflectance) that would normally throw off the flash metering system are also ignored in the calculation.", "Speedlite is the trade name for Canon's line of external flashes for use with their EOS line of cameras. It is similar but not to be confused with Nikon Corporation's \"Speedlight\" brand for their flashes. The \"Speedlite\" name is also used by Ricoh for its unrelated product line of flash units, such as the Ricoh Speedlite 202. The brand names are intended to indicate that strobe flashes produce much shorter and more intense bursts of light than earlier photographic lighting systems, such as flashbulbs, or the continuous lighting used in some studio situations.", "", "Introduced in autumn 2012, the Speedlite 90 EX is a very small unit designed specifically for the company's first mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera, the EOS M. It runs off two AAA batteries, and can serve as a wireless flash controller. At introduction, the 90 EX was bundled with all EOS M kits sold in the EU, though not in the U.S.", "", "Introduced in 2000, Speedlite 220 EX is a compact entry-level flash unit with a guide number of 22 m (at ISO 100). It operates with four AA batteries, and does not feature any wireless capabilities.", "Speedlite 270 EX (introduced in March 2009) and 270 EX II (introduced in February 2011) are compact entry-level flashes with a guide number of 27 m (ISO 100). 270 EX features a zoom head which covers 28–55 mm lenses and bounce head capability. 270 EX II adds wireless slave mode and remote shutter triggering.", "", "In 2011, Canon introduced a new flash that has a built-in LED light. One reviewer noted that the flash occupied a completely new niche in the Canon flash lineup, \"slotting between the 270 EX II and the 430 EX II\", and added that it did not replace a previous model. The LED can be used as a spotlight to see objects in dim light before taking a photo, but is mainly present to provide fill light for video shooting. The aforementioned reviewer also stated that the LED could be used in some situations as a substitute for a standard flashlight.", "This unit is very similar to 430EX in terms of E-TTL functions and power levels. It does not feature an LCD screen like 400 series systems but has several LEDs indicating zoom position and other functions. It is the first E-TTL unit from Canon sold as a dedicated flash for the first E-TTL cameras - EOS 50 (Elan II) and EOS 50e (Elan IIe), which were introduced in 1995.", "Canon's external flashes with model numbers in the 400 range tend to be their mid-range external flashes. They all tend to have the ability to adjust the direction of the flash via a swivel head, which allows the photographer to bounce the flash off walls, ceilings, and other objects, diffusing the light that hits the subject and reducing the harsh shadows associated with on-camera flash. The 400 series differs from the higher end 500 series mostly by lacking a remote controller.", "The Speedlite 420EX is an external flash formerly made by Canon. The Speedlite 420EX is one of Canon's older mid-range flashes, being replaced by the 430EX in 2005. It was primarily intended for users wanting to step up from the entry-level flashes, as well as for use as a slave flash along with the more advanced Speedlite 550EX flash. Compared to its predecessor, the 380EX, it provided slightly more power, an improved autofocus assist beam, tilt and swivel (the 380EX could only tilt), and the ability to serve as a slave in Canon's wireless multiple-flash system. Like the 380EX, the 420EX did not provide user controls (other than enabling and disabling high-speed sync); any flash-related settings, such as exposure compensation or second-curtain synchronization, had to be set using the body. Its autofocus assist system was designed to cover Canon's autofocus layouts with between 1 and 7 autofocus points; it was not designed to cover the 45-point autofocus layout used by higher-end bodies. It used two lamps to project horizontal and vertical patterns, which matched the line sensitivity of the autofocus sensors used in those autofocus layouts. Either or both patterns would be projected depending on the body being used and the user's selection of autofocus sensor(s).", "The Speedlite 430EX and Speedlite 430EX II are external flashes made by Canon for use with their EOS line of cameras. The 430EX II is meant to succeed the 430 EX and was announced on June 10, 2008, while the Speedlite 430EX was first announced on 22 August 2005. The flashes can be used as a wireless slave unit with Canon Speedlite Transmitter ST-E2 or top-of-line flashes with built-in infrared controller, such as Speedlite 550EX, Speedlite 580 EX or Speedlite 580EX II. The flash head can swivel up (to 90°), right (to 90°) and left (to 180°). The swivel properties allow the photographer to bounce the flash off walls, ceilings, and other objects, diffusing the light that hits the subject and reducing the harsh shadows associated with on-camera flash. Both flashes support TTL, E-TTL, and E-TTL II flash metering and have Guide Numbers of 141 ft/43m (at ISO 100 and 105 mm). The Speedlite 430EX II improved on its predecessor by adding a stronger, all metal foot with quick release mechanism, silent flash recycling, 20% shorter recycle times and support for setup through the camera's menu system. The Speedlite 430EX III-RT was announced in July 2015 and is expected to ship in September 2015.", "The Speedlite 470EX-AI is an external flash made by Canon for use with their EOS line of cameras that was announced on February 25, 2018. It is Canon's first flash to feature AI Bounce, which \"determines the optimal bounce angle and swivels into position to capture the appropriate camera exposure and flash output.\"", "Canon's external flashes with model numbers in the 500 and 600 ranges tend to be their high end external flashes. All three products so far have included a controller that enables wireless control of other flashes. Another common feature is the ability to adjust the direction of the flash via a swivel head. The swivel properties allow the photographer to bounce the flash off walls, ceilings, and other objects, diffusing the light that hits the subject and reducing the harsh shadows associated with on-camera flash.", "The Speedlite 550EX (introduced September 1998) is a flash made by Canon for use with their EOS line of cameras, primarily the Canon EOS 3. The 550 EX can act as a controller that enables wireless control of other flashes. Until the release of the Speedlite 580EX in late 2004, the 550EX was Canon's top-of-the-line flash.", "The Speedlite 580EX and Speedlite 580EX II are flashes made by Canon for use with their EOS line of cameras. The 580 EX was succeeded by the Speedlite 580EX II in early 2008. The flashes in the 500 EX series can act as a controller that enables wireless control of other flashes. They also have a slightly stronger maximum flash output and a more durable casing than 430EX units. Key features of the 580 EX II that make it desirable are a built-in PC terminal, easy locking metal foot, faster recycling time, silent charge, a much easier-to-use battery cover and support for setup through the camera's menu system. The unit is also fully sealed against moisture and weather conditions with silicon gaskets all around. However some better features on the earlier model were dropped like EL backlight on the LCD (580EX II uses simple led back-light) and designated master/slave switch. Both units are made in Japan. None of the 580EX variants is available in the Canon store nor the Canon product pages in 2016, suggesting they are both discontinued.", "The Speedlite 600EX-RT was announced on March 2, 2012 alongside the new Canon EOS 5D Mark III. The 600 EX-RT features new bi-directional 2.4 GHz wireless radio communication, compatible with the also-announced Speedlite ST-E3-RT transmitter; as well as backwards compatibility with the optical triggering of any combination of Speedlite 580EX II, 580EX, 550EX, 430EX II, 430EX, 420EX, 320EX, or 270EX II flashes. Both the 600EX-RT and ST-E3-RT may be subject to legal restrictions of use when in their Radio Transmission (RT) mode. Official Canon documentation accompanying these units, \"Regions of Use and Restrictions\", lists 58 countries where the units do comply with local radio wave regulations. Countries that are not listed include: the Republic of South Africa, Israel, Argentina, Pakistan, to name but a few. Customers are advised to \"not use this product in areas it was not designed for\". The 600 EX II-RT (June 2016) improved on flash firing among other features.", "The Speedlite Transmitter ST-E2 is a camera-mounted infrared controller for Canon's flashes. It allows for multiple off-camera flashes to be fired in E-TTL mode without the need for connecting wires. Flashes being triggered by the ST-E2 can be assigned to either group A or group B, and the ST-E2 can be configured to with a user-set ratio of flash output between the two groups, with ratios varying from 8:1 to 1:8 in half-stop increments. High-speed sync is also supported by the ST-E2, but it does not support second-curtain synchronization or stroboscopic flash. A built-in focus assist light allows the ST-E2 to be used to help a camera focus in very low light. The Speedlite 550 EX, 580EX, 580EX II and the 600 EX-RT flashes (when used as a master flash) use modulation of the pre flash from the main flash tube for communicating with slave flashes. The ST-E2 also uses a modulated flash tube for this purpose, but it is fitted with a near infra-red filter (it serves no other purpose). It has a quoted range of 10-15m indoors, and 8-10m outdoors. The ST-E2 uses a single 2CR5 lithium battery, which is said to be good for 1500 transmissions.", "The Speedlite ST-E3-RT was also announced on March 2, 2012. It features a new bi-directional 2.4 GHz wireless communications with a range of 30m, but is only compatible with the also-announced Speedlite 600EX-RT flash and the upcoming Speedlite 430EX III-RT. The ST-E3-RT does not have a focus-assist light, but now uses more commonly available AA batteries, and supports high-speed sync.", "Canon currently produces three flash products for macro photography", "Canon also sells several supporting accessories for its Speedlite products. Among these are the Off Shoe Camera Cord OC-E3, Compact Battery Pack CP-E4 (an external battery), and the Speedlite Bracket SB-E2, which allows off-axis flash." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 29252, 1991, 509, 103122, 11994, 361, 4, 33418, 23, 2907, 5, 37405, 4, 220983, 5, 1529, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 4002, 1515, 176766, 7, 4, 220983, 4, 678, 1919, 27863, 5, 1529, 109133, 47, 4002, 1515, 176766, 7, 678, 1919, 14449, 23, 66007, 98, 188, 10, 40617, 4, 1284, 1919, 67373, 375, 561, 3674, 47, 2907, 5, 37405, 11907, 5155, 47, 11675, 10, 100348, 9, 109513, 8063, 5, 29252, 1991, 29966, 297, 4002, 1515, 176766, 7, 19694, 19188, 136, 14432, 70, 12535, 111, 220983, 1295, 24531, 47, 63445, 5, 177592, 29252, 1991, 509, 178308, 8035, 61585, 297, 23, 70, 8999, 111, 25313, 7, 136, 18940, 4, 23, 991, 3814, 237, 19441, 47, 36069, 1810, 111, 11192, 10696, 47, 4358, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 109412, 174796, 19927, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 20271, 70, 51065, 4, 29252, 1991, 79786, 237, 10, 22629, 271, 115095, 47, 8783, 100, 1919, 40466, 53019, 5, 51404, 35187, 214, 1379, 88610, 2182, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 220983, 4, 29252, 1991, 509, 50612, 67, 20174, 47, 4488, 678, 28166, 540, 141, 25876, 4, 10, 30355, 106622, 4, 136, 9920, 134816, 4, 10, 55182, 1419, 5, 345, 5416, 25975, 26518, 4, 29252, 1991, 111670, 71, 10, 128169, 19069, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 220983, 5, 47009, 4, 23, 60487, 4, 764, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 4, 10, 152363, 7440, 764, 509, 6782, 538, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 2265, 55182, 1419, 14787, 177592, 1215, 712, 136, 30355, 106622, 7, 601, 5, 87, 5, 14978, 136, 12452, 5227, 5, 345, 5416, 21721, 214, 1919, 22072, 2182, 23, 61786, 4, 764, 68186, 71, 10, 128169, 19069, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 4, 7440, 764, 136475, 1919, 10002, 25188, 1379, 1215, 712, 136, 100512, 157364, 27686, 678, 70, 109736, 7, 111, 42276, 14653, 70, 182809, 7, 17721, 118103, 136, 70, 8999, 5, 29252, 1991, 189924, 99, 903, 38016, 1295, 70970, 1104, 204655, 5, 29252, 1991, 509, 70, 104463, 53, 241437, 42, 111, 70, 15672, 45988, 109622, 56187, 1295, 28730, 74668, 5843, 136, 509, 70, 30391, 111, 70, 15672, 34419, 111, 240168, 53, 1295, 24644, 1104, 204655, 5, 360, 50940, 4, 764, 109133, 1295, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 136, 65903, 48141, 136, 126809, 70, 3525, 538, 100, 4806, 240168, 53, 63557, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 2076, 350, 4293, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 764, 1902, 10, 31486, 237, 142, 61799, 1290, 100, 70, 15889, 158285, 53099, 5, 29252, 1991, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 70, 5117, 80923, 111, 70, 63557, 111, 240168, 53, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 99, 2076, 350, 4293, 4, 10, 1305, 764, 34658, 24189, 764, 90223, 71, 23, 28980, 5, 360, 50940, 4, 764, 100512, 70, 13918, 111, 70, 15672, 45988, 109622, 56187, 136, 764, 75204, 70, 125413, 25, 7, 70318, 100, 10, 20731, 56, 111, 6206, 34971, 164, 5252, 57747, 320, 16070, 23, 26819, 5, 29252, 1991, 149976, 237, 70, 7621, 927, 13918, 111, 70, 15672, 45988, 109622, 56187, 136, 1919, 59136, 289, 49990, 509, 1919, 15122, 44, 8912, 318, 109622, 114837, 164, 136, 70, 242, 81827, 14, 2886, 25, 740, 17106, 63636, 18031, 43552, 10778, 24189, 21735, 4, 29252, 1991, 136475, 47, 186, 36457, 538, 81810, 71, 23, 32562, 136, 25188, 24189, 16610, 538, 8108, 1919, 47219, 98, 7071, 17480, 22059, 5, 133698, 5045, 111, 70, 14922, 450, 29252, 1991, 509, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 1295, 4, 60487, 8305, 55591, 4, 26719, 756, 111, 70, 5369, 450, 764, 509, 21721, 214, 1919, 22072, 2182, 4, 29252, 1991, 112730, 101740, 23182, 538, 100, 70, 58823, 181021, 7, 15, 35613, 70, 157487, 181021, 7, 247, 10, 7175, 23, 70, 15672, 61928, 98809, 56187, 3129, 2806, 14432, 24209, 70, 186831, 5, 29252, 1991, 112730, 237, 142, 3564, 4, 56050, 136, 10, 36549, 111, 3789, 19069, 7, 5, 133698, 1919, 5117, 6602, 111, 1919, 22072, 2182, 4, 764, 2843, 47763, 71, 6626, 23996, 34695, 7, 100, 70, 181021, 7, 5, 133698, 450, 34003, 4, 70, 181021, 7, 23742, 70, 192428, 102995, 16070, 2451, 289, 197271, 450, 91375, 53, 47143, 7, 189353, 141, 4743, 47, 70, 2837, 71723, 41274, 111, 70, 13762, 933, 10745, 48529, 5245, 4, 10, 7175, 678, 10, 11522, 17164, 5, 29252, 1991, 509, 133291, 47, 70, 54566, 3164, 9, 10752, 11399, 5, 106073, 29252, 1991, 97025, 297, 70, 13579, 44, 176726, 1771, 182809, 58, 23, 43357, 4, 70, 39395, 34754, 111, 903, 70, 4524, 70760, 51515, 47, 2265, 114137, 83, 21334, 538, 22299, 297, 47, 70, 4488, 111, 14787, 177592, 20271, 1919, 1733, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 58823, 5, 29252, 1991, 112730, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 120260, 70, 40250, 111, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 923, 272, 390, 49504, 1916, 442, 3934, 1919, 128169, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 5, 1529, 8121, 71, 1919, 38440, 98, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 23, 10, 11001, 21950, 23, 3129, 764, 228113, 29367, 128201, 238, 182809, 3934, 17262, 5201, 26847, 12, 29252, 1991, 18822, 71, 450, 2367, 28282, 7, 100510, 68034, 83, 3395, 44173, 9966, 23, 2265, 182809, 5, 1650, 28960, 7, 7068, 450, 2265, 50081, 4734, 32316, 7, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 70, 14135, 16981, 5, 18763, 154453, 111, 128201, 238, 182809, 4, 3060, 187, 6261, 4, 83, 4911, 7, 20903, 42, 47, 10, 70, 4524, 70760, 170846, 15, 77007, 98, 70, 12330, 3956, 111, 91084, 7, 136, 70, 182809, 17721, 79165, 16, 3501, 142, 152431, 154453, 5, 129551, 47, 29252, 1991, 25, 7, 154453, 4, 182809, 17721, 79165, 83, 35509, 98, 58963, 10821, 22631, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 28368, 5844, 91084, 39329, 7, 150380, 13, 47, 2265, 36746, 7, 136, 64, 748, 26582, 7, 5, 12613, 7, 11651, 39329, 7, 15913, 67, 2363, 123166, 35509, 98, 70, 91084, 1836, 150380, 13, 47, 36746, 7, 136, 26582, 7, 23, 2363, 29191, 16648, 5, 29252, 1991, 70, 748, 29367, 450, 95486, 214, 36746, 7, 91084, 83, 142, 221560, 4, 6626, 9, 42822, 9433, 5, 23972, 4, 83, 70, 6, 221160, 111, 70, 36746, 7, 450, 765, 16648, 289, 91084, 5, 77648, 4, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 70796, 36398, 47, 28288, 3129, 91084, 7844, 36746, 47, 35644, 47, 5, 9852, 69723, 6259, 9966, 450, 27060, 621, 105950, 538, 58963, 10821, 4, 79165, 4527, 2363, 28368, 5844, 538, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 177592, 14787, 29252, 1991, 15, 16305, 206, 361, 4, 33418, 46, 7071, 17480, 22059, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 30355, 106622, 124901, 5201, 191225, 538, 33946, 7, 3542, 128201, 238, 182809, 8780, 136, 150624, 111, 2265, 25188, 5, 34870, 13, 6496, 450, 79165, 28282, 2265, 50081, 8305, 143849, 136, 11651, 22631, 4, 764, 509, 142, 10, 5518, 29481, 56, 136, 502, 54137, 111, 14787, 177592, 1215, 712, 25, 7, 2265, 55182, 53, 4, 3129, 764, 67967, 6259, 44, 176726, 1771, 182809, 8780, 740, 29252, 1991, 121151, 297, 136, 126809, 903, 13315, 111, 17569, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 38440, 4, 5941, 111, 3129, 3542, 91048, 25842, 23, 70, 12877, 44, 65183, 36846, 1771, 5337, 44713, 8780, 740, 893, 221560, 73986, 87420, 1919, 4488, 4, 764, 106926, 297, 450, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Personal history.", "Professional football career.", "Intellectual contributions.", "Symbolic interactionism.", "Blumer's 3 types of objects.", "Methodological contributions to sociology.", "Macrostructures and microstructures.", "Sociological analysis and the \"variable\".", "Blumer's criticisms of Thomas and Znaniecki.", "Collective behavior.", "Relationship with George Herbert Mead.", "Influence of Charles Ellwood.", "Scholarly critiques of Blumer.", "Selected works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Blumer was born March 7, 1900 in St. Louis, Missouri. He grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, with his parents. He moved to Webster Groves with his family in 1905 onto a farm, but his father commuted to St. Louis every day to run a cabinet-making business. Blumer attended Webster Groves High School and later the University of Missouri from 1918 to 1922. Herbert Blumer was constantly being grounded in the world of economics and labor, insofar as having to drop out of high school to help his father's woodworking shop. Moreover, during the summer, Blumer worked as a roustabout to pay for his college education. While studying undergraduate at the University of Missouri, Blumer was fortunate enough to work with Charles Ellwood, a sociologist, and Max Meyer, a psychologist. Upon graduating, Blumer secured a teaching position at the University of Missouri. Then, in 1925, he relocated to the University of Chicago, a university where he was greatly influenced by the social psychologist George Herbert Mead and sociologists W. I. Thomas and Robert Park. Upon completing his doctorate in 1928, he accepted a teaching position at the University of Chicago, where he continued his own research under Mead and became captivated with the prospects of examining the interactions between humans and the world. Blumer taught at this institution from 1927–1952. Blumer was the secretary treasurer of the American Sociological Association from 1930–1935 and was the editor of the American Journal of Sociology from 1941–1952. In 1952, he moved from the University of Chicago and presided and developed the newly formed Sociology Department at the University of California, Berkeley. During World War II, he had a role as an arbitrator for the national steel industry. Blumer was appointed the first chair of the Department of Sociology at the University of California at Berkeley, a post he held until he retired in 1967. In 1952, he became the president of the American Sociological Association and he received the association's award for a Career of Distinguished Scholarship in 1983. Blumer served as the 46th president of the American Sociological Association and his Presidential Address was his paper \"Sociological Analysis and the 'Variable'\". With Emeritus Professor status until 1986, Blumer continued to be actively engaged in writing and research until shortly before his death on April 13, 1987.", "During much of the period that Blumer was at the University of Chicago from, 1925 through 1933, including all of the years that he was completing his doctorate, Blumer played football professionally for the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), a team in the American Professional Football Association which would later become the NFL. Blumer played as an end, guard and a series of other positions. During his first year of his doctorate, he also scored two touchdowns for the Cardinals. During that season, the Cardinals won the league championship—although that victory remains controversial due to the disqualification of the Pottsville Maroons, a team with a better record. Blumer was selected to the 1929 All-Pro Team.", "", "Although Blumer devised the term \"symbolic interaction\" in 1937, the early development of this theoretical approach to social analysis is largely credited to the work of George Herbert during his time at the University of Chicago. Blumer played a key role in keeping the tradition of symbolic interactionism alive by incorporating it into his teachings at the University. He presented his articles on symbolic interactionism in a single volume in which he conceptualized symbolic interaction into three main points: Blumer believed that what creates society itself is people engaging in social interaction. It follows then that social reality only exists in the context of the human experience. His theory of symbolic interaction, some argue, is thus closer to a theoretical framework (based on the significance of meanings and the interaction between individuals) than an applicable theory. According to Blumer's theory, interaction between individuals is based on autonomous action, which in turn is based on the subjective meaning actors attribute to social objects and/or symbols. Thus individual actors regulate their behavior based on the meaning they attribute to objects and symbols in their relevant situation. Blumer theorized that assigning objects meaning is an ongoing, two-fold process. First, is the identification of the objects that have situational meaning. Second, is the process of internal communication to decide which meaningful object to respond to. Acknowledging that others are equally autonomous, individuals use their subjectively derived interpretations of others (as social objects) to predict the outcome of certain behaviors, and use such predictive insight to make decisions about their own behavior in the hopes of reaching their goal. Thus, when there is consensus among individual actors about the meaning of the objects that make up their situation, social coordination ensues. Social structures are determined as much by the action of individual actors as they determine the action of those individuals. Based on this, Blumer believed that society exists only as a set of potentials, or ideas that people could possibly use in the future. This complex interaction between meanings, objects, and behaviors, Blumer reiterated, is a uniquely human process because it requires behavioral responses based on the interpretation of symbols, rather than behavioral responses based on environmental stimuli. As social life is a \"fluid and negotiated process,\" to understand each other, humans must intrinsically engage in symbolic interaction. Blumer criticized the contemporary social science of his day because instead of using symbolic interactionism they made false conclusions about humans by reducing human decisions to social pressures like social positions and roles. Blumer was more invested in psychical interactionism that holds that the meanings of symbols are not universal, but are rather subjective and are \"attached\" to the symbols and the receiver depending on how they choose to interpret them.", "The importance of thinking to symbolic interactionists is shown through their views on objects. Blumer defined objects as the things \"out there\" in the world. The significance of objects is how they are defined by the actor. In other words, different objects have different meanings depending on the individual.", "According to Herbert Blumer, the most valid and desirable social research is conducted through qualitative, ethnographic methodology. He persistently critiqued the idea that the only form of valid knowledge is derived through a totally objective perspective. Blumer believed that theoretical and methodological approaches to studying human behavior must acknowledge human beings as thinking, acting, and interacting individuals and also must employ that represent the humanly known, socially created, and experienced world. As this directly challenges the thought process of traditional, positivism-based approach to sociological method, much controversy surrounds Blumer's sociological approach to empirical research. Blumer believed that when positivistic methods were applied to social research, they created results that were ignorant to the empirical realities of the social world. Because people act towards the world based on the subjective meanings they attribute to different objects (symbolic interactionism), individuals construct worlds that are inherently subjective. Therefore, \"objective\" analysis is intrinsically subjugated to the researcher's own social reality, only documents the researchers own personal assumptions about social interaction, and ultimately yields biased findings. For a researcher to truly understand sociological phenomena, Blumer asserted, they must understand their subject's subjective interpretations of reality. Following this logic, Blumer discounted social research that blindly applies methods that have been traditionally used in the natural sciences. Such quantitative, objective analysis, he argued, does not acknowledge the difference between humans and animals – specifically the difference in cognitive ability to consciously entertain opinions and to apply meanings to objects, both which enables humans to take an active role in shaping their world. Because society is composed of interactions between individuals or \"joint actions/transactions\", the only empirical reality is that which stems from human interaction. Therefore, contextual understanding of human action is intrinsic to valid social research. Thus Blumer advocated for sociological research that sympathetically and subjectively incorporates the viewpoints of the subject, therefore pushing for a micro-sociological approach. Concluding that there is little validity in research that attempted to understand the social world objectively, Blumer felt that objective interpretations of society are intrinsically bias to the researchers social location and thus have little empirical value. To truthfully uncover the social realities of individuals different from one's self, an observer must be mindful of their framework and be open to different understanding of social reality.", "Blumer believed that society is not made up of macrostructures, but rather that the essence of society is found in microstructures, specifically in actors and their actions. These microstructures are not isolated, but consist of the collective action of combination, giving rise to the concept of joint action. Joint action is not just the sum of individual actions, but takes on a character of its own. Blumer did not reject the idea of macrostructures, but instead focused on the concept of emergence-our larger social structures emerge from the smaller. Blumer admitted that macrostructures are important, but that they have an extremely limited role in symbolic interactionism. Therefore, he argued that macrostructures are a little more than \"frameworks\" within which the really important aspects of social life (action and interaction) take place. Moreover, according to Blumer, macrostructures are important because they shape the situations in which individuals act and supply to actors a certain set of symbols that allow them to act. Also, he did not deny systems such as culture and social order. In sum, Blumer said that large scale structures are the frameworks for what is crucial in society, action and interaction. He is not denying that social structures influence our actions, just that they do not determine our actions.", "In 1952, Herbert Blumer became President of the American Sociological Association and his Presidential Address was his paper \"Sociological Analysis and the 'Variable'. In this paper, Blumer addresses the shortcomings with variable analysis that he sees in social research. Herbert Blumer says \"there is a conspicuous absence of rules, guides, limitations and prohibitions to govern the choice of variables.\" Overall, he felt that variable analysis needed to be looked at more carefully and precisely to see if the variables are correct and connected to the social research at hand. Generic variables Blumer does not find generic: Blumer believed these shortcomings are serious but not crucial, and that with increased experience they can be overcome. This address was meant to question how well variable analysis is suited to the study of human group life in its fuller dimensions.", "In 1939, Blumer published \"Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences: An Appraisal of Thomas and Znaniecki's The Polish Peasant in Europe and America\", criticizing what at the time was a popular social theory. Blumer claimed that Thomas and Znaniecki failed to properly distinguish between attitude as subjective and value as a societal collective element. He said they used the terms interchangeably, and therefore making the theory unreliable. It is difficult to disentangle subjective factors and objective correlates because the objective world is dealt with only to the extent that it enters subjective experiences. Blumer said, In conclusion, Blumer recognized that in society there was no clear distinction between attitude and value, and that even social theorists have difficulty distinguishing between the two.", "Based on the work of Robert E. Park, Blumer, in a 1939 article, called to attention a new subfield of sociology: collective behavior. This now developed area of inquiry is devoted to the exploration of collective action and behavior that is not yet organized under an institutional structure or formation. Blumer was particularly interested in the spontaneous collective coordination that occurs when something that is unpredicted disrupt standardized group behavior. He saw the combination of events that follows such phenomena as a key factor in society's ongoing transformation.", "Blumer is well known for his connection with George Herbert Mead. Blumer was a follower of Mead's social-psychological work on the relationship between self and society, and Mead heavily influenced Blumer's development of Symbolic Interactionism. Mead transferred the subject field of social psychology to Blumer's sociology. One important aspect Blumer learned from Mead was that in order for us to understand the meaning of social actions, we must put ourselves in others' shoes to truly understand what social symbols they feel to be important. However, Blumer also deviated from Mead's work. Blumer was a proponent of a more micro-focused approach to sociology and focused on the subjective consciousness and symbolic meanings of individuals.", "Similar to George Mead, sociologist Charles Ellwood also influenced the development of Herbert Blumer and symbolic interactionism. There are four prominent areas where Ellwood's ideas can be found in both Blumer's work and symbolic interactionism: interactionism, methodology, emotions, and group behavior. The concepts of \"interstimulation and response,\" \"intercommunication,\" and \"coadaptation\" function in Ellwood's social psychology in the same way that \"self-indications\" and \"interpretations\" that are found in Blumer's symbolic interactionism. There are six areas where Ellwood and Blumer are similar when addressing methodology: studying human behavior in context, a disdain for the physical science method, understanding the people being studied, using sociology to assist humanity, using inductive reasoning, and avoiding hypotheses. Looking at their ideas on emotion, both Ellwood's and Blumer's ideas deal with the relationship between emotion and interaction, with Ellwood stating, all our social life and social behavior are not only embedded in feeling, but largely guided and controlled by feeling.\" Similar to that, Blumer states that feeling is intrinsic to every social attitude.\" Both Ellwood and Blumer were social nominalists and positioned that reality is reduced to properties of individuals and their interrelations.", "Many have argued that Blumer's theory is a simplified and distorted version of Mead's. Many contemporary positions see \"Blumerian interactionism\" as \"old hat,\" because it is gender blind (as argued by feminists) and is too conservative. It is also contested that symbolic interaction needs to adopt an agenda that takes race, class and gender into consideration more. Moreover, it is argued that the social constructionist perspective of Blumerian interactionism provides an \"over-socialized\" account of human life, and downplays and ignores our unconscious.", "One of Blumer's best-known studies, \"Movies and Conduct\" (1933), was part of the Payne Fund research project. The project, which included more than 18 social scientists who produced eleven published reports, was initiated out of fear about the effect movies might have on children and young adults. Blumer thus conducted an ethnographic, qualitative study on more than fifteen hundred college and high school students by asking them to write autobiographies of their movie-going experiences. His findings were that children and young adult spectators reported that they learned from movies life skills such as attitudes, hairstyles, how to kiss, and even how to pickpocket." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 64104, 4, 17038, 89383, 3232, 38472, 113054, 297, 70, 24763, 29806, 47, 119225, 25, 7, 44457, 28, 13722, 5256, 100, 70, 137352, 43315, 44457, 50782, 10, 351, 9, 109645, 1916, 4, 91, 94266, 71407, 6, 230612, 238, 14361, 678, 46889, 26168, 454, 304, 15, 21231, 89383, 3232, 38472, 6, 186518, 194, 581, 29806, 70541, 297, 69407, 111, 70, 3173, 26168, 454, 363, 136, 26168, 454, 617, 4, 3129, 24209, 67824, 99, 26168, 454, 758, 136, 26168, 454, 910, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 26168, 454, 966, 1556, 1380, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 25452, 4205, 169, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 740, 581, 72761, 12330, 3956, 111, 6097, 67824, 31075, 509, 29865, 71, 100, 8, 23662, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 14037, 450, 70, 1632, 99, 26168, 454, 910, 83, 10, 176866, 13, 67824, 2481, 4, 91084, 450, 442, 83, 142, 10234, 114700, 111, 70, 17311, 5426, 111, 176866, 90, 450, 3542, 11814, 4, 12960, 70, 1632, 99, 26168, 454, 758, 83, 72761, 4, 136, 53418, 186, 184750, 5, 581, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 83, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 10, 72761, 538, 29191, 102134, 939, 4, 237, 959, 297, 36917, 136, 35064, 5, 3293, 125195, 1902, 198395, 2809, 74481, 3674, 4, 17368, 145076, 3378, 135969, 7, 4, 237, 70, 4567, 223, 111, 10, 91, 94266, 71407, 6, 230612, 238, 14361, 99, 3129, 70, 144281, 191060, 939, 509, 105950, 47, 70, 38352, 111, 22729, 5, 1650, 1902, 2809, 207487, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 390, 4939, 44767, 141, 136, 390, 953, 927, 142642, 124931, 1314, 6044, 237, 58807, 9, 133620, 191, 239, 23935, 5, 581, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 111, 142, 36746, 83, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 46889, 5, 129551, 538, 4, 70, 7550, 1556, 10, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 111, 189275, 4, 7440, 162, 64883, 25, 7, 83, 4734, 1672, 136, 70, 55583, 25, 7, 83, 1672, 5, 581, 22046, 2661, 14997, 13, 25, 7, 46889, 1556, 10, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 111, 189275, 5847, 966, 96090, 22729, 9, 46799, 7, 5, 28541, 36746, 124901, 4567, 223, 83, 164917, 3501, 6863, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 83, 35839, 10, 22556, 108564, 5, 581, 71579, 99, 70, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 27992, 7, 237, 142, 19732, 6, 156634, 23, 10, 351, 9, 109645, 1916, 14361, 15, 11, 47014, 1916, 22556, 108564, 160404, 7, 161549, 12921, 538, 194, 30097, 9319, 22729, 12488, 2878, 66695, 831, 144281, 8305, 903, 71579, 1295, 70, 10776, 46132, 4, 8311, 329, 70, 9351, 44, 151675, 108564, 740, 10074, 108564, 7, 831, 186, 18507, 47314, 35509, 98, 2363, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 4, 707, 183234, 538, 4, 390, 2363, 168, 7, 2481, 5, 1301, 70, 4567, 223, 83, 192617, 538, 62548, 47, 46889, 4, 12960, 70, 22, 155648, 71, 21950, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 50960, 14537, 111, 70, 4567, 223, 4, 19336, 22556, 108564, 7, 621, 127298, 5045, 1286, 168, 184, 3501, 21334, 64333, 5, 581, 21950, 22, 155648, 71, 23, 70, 19732, 6, 156634, 111, 70, 2684, 106750, 22556, 108564, 7, 1556, 142, 83080, 168, 7, 2481, 92319, 3501, 5201, 40, 944, 3956, 6057, 7, 5, 62, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 15, 18148, 102047, 16, 83, 70, 142105, 10644, 111, 22556, 108564, 4, 21208, 2685, 621, 10846, 51521, 55738, 11, 98, 3642, 6044, 142, 36746, 83, 90698, 221, 4, 98, 70, 12989, 111, 75281, 7, 111, 137107, 47, 96090, 7, 111, 38549, 23860, 7, 5, 15, 73903, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 7, 1257, 47, 952, 96090, 765, 2809, 96391, 297, 4, 6044, 237, 22499, 441, 201, 181475, 5, 16, 992, 5062, 29486, 320, 46889, 22556, 108564, 7, 4, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 7, 765, 151878, 21286, 27226, 83080, 168, 7, 31075, 5, 15, 110361, 450, 10, 22556, 108564, 83, 10, 91, 94266, 21533, 10776, 23, 32628, 450, 613, 67688, 7, 70, 67824, 2481, 99, 6863, 27585, 74, 442, 83, 959, 70, 67824, 2481, 68034, 5, 16, 17106, 450, 23, 7086, 4, 70, 83080, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 10, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 831, 186, 40715, 3501, 70, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 7401, 5, 581, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 111, 10, 14361, 83, 123875, 289, 47, 6863, 46889, 136, 127298, 47, 6863, 21950, 4, 10, 66596, 214, 450, 70, 14361, 1556, 10, 53697, 46889, 9, 34609, 2481, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 70, 72761, 4567, 223, 111, 70, 14361, 83, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 314, 372, 74855, 111, 6863, 21950, 5, 228072, 4, 237, 70, 14361, 183278, 1636, 26866, 99, 10, 34475, 188347, 168, 7, 2481, 15, 73, 903, 27781, 4, 6, 183778, 5279, 64, 39, 4, 70, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 7401, 247, 6863, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 1221, 51312, 1286, 69405, 3501, 6863, 72761, 4567, 223, 5, 14847, 10, 14361, 111, 903, 168, 7, 2481, 1556, 55993, 19, 47, 10932, 64584, 19879, 38549, 23860, 7, 4, 6863, 72761, 4567, 223, 2806, 186, 645, 1865, 33, 390, 6863, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 4, 136, 4911, 7, 442, 2806, 3173, 10, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 5, 1650, 83, 17569, 450, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 7, 1884, 6097, 54, 959, 3173, 109312, 1295, 70, 67824, 3365, 127966, 111, 10, 234737, 111, 6057, 7, 5, 175399, 1836, 1543, 9842, 6897, 237, 164917, 4, 29486, 320, 9, 7, 29367, 22556, 108564, 7, 136, 55993, 150679, 390, 70, 50015, 107, 1363, 111, 26866, 4, 707, 3853, 111, 3789, 22556, 108564, 7, 5, 581, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 111, 70, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 99, 70, 30733, 49086, 11588, 83, 189275, 427, 19879, 140635, 7, 5, 124172, 42, 22556, 108564, 7, 765, 5045, 117396, 83080, 168, 7, 31075, 3501, 1601, 1510, 29888, 22556, 108564, 7, 5, 4263, 1632, 183278, 1636, 26866, 99, 72249, 168, 7, 2481, 15, 2347, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 111, 142, 34627, 4, 1672, 209, 5279, 64, 39, 74, 183693, 19, 6057, 7, 2843, 58359, 903, 168, 7, 2481, 247, 6044, 142, 183278, 1363, 2806, 6817, 28032, 6863, 10002, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 99, 1672, 136, 4911, 7, 2806, 186, 10, 29486, 320, 22556, 108564, 5, 62, 19336, 46889, 1556, 142, 111531, 19336, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 5, 62, 46889, 21373, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 15, 43452, 70141, 186768, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 137352, 43315, 4567, 223, 16, 83, 10, 72761, 171859, 450, 45831, 1257, 23, 70, 89383, 3232, 38472, 29806, 47, 119225, 25, 7, 44457, 28, 13722, 5256, 4, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 4567, 223, 13204, 449, 70, 19732, 6, 156634, 111, 10, 89383, 3232, 38472, 22556, 108564, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 62816, 48242, 4567, 223, 137272, 678, 11907, 102134, 939, 111, 46889, 5, 581, 44, 25452, 4205, 169, 3232, 38472, 4567, 223, 58, 15, 25452, 5, 627, 16, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 30839, 124931, 56, 17038, 89383, 3232, 38472, 4, 2750, 74481, 3674, 903, 24763, 29806, 100, 70, 154453, 111, 4537, 90816, 939, 23, 64104, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Parameters.", "Black hole classification by Schwarzschild radius.", "Supermassive black hole.", "Stellar black hole.", "Primordial black hole.", "Other uses.", "In gravitational time dilation.", "In Newtonian gravitational fields.", "In Keplerian orbits.", "Relativistic circular orbits and the photon sphere.", "Schwarzschild radius for Planck mass.", "Schwarzschild radius and the uncertainty principle on the Planck scale." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild obtained the exact solution to Einstein's field equations for the gravitational field outside a non-rotating, spherically symmetric body with mass formula_2 (see Schwarzschild metric). The solution contained terms of the form formula_3 and formula_4, which become singular at formula_5 and formula_6 respectively. The formula_7 has come to be known as the \"Schwarzschild radius\". The physical significance of these singularities was debated for decades. It was found that the one at formula_6 is a coordinate singularity, meaning that it is an artefact of the particular system of coordinates that were used, while the one at formula_5 is physical, and cannot be removed. The Schwarzschild radius is nonetheless a physically relevant quantity, as noted above and below. This expression had previously been calculated, using Newtonian mechanics, as the radius of a spherically symmetric body at which the escape velocity was equal to the speed of light. It had been identified in the 18th century by John Michell and by 19th century astronomers such as Pierre-Simon Laplace.", "The Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to the mass. Accordingly, the Sun has a Schwarzschild radius of approximately, whereas Earth's is only about and the Moon's is about. The observable universe's mass has a Schwarzschild radius of approximately 13.7 billion light-years.", "Any object whose radius is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is called a black hole. The surface at the Schwarzschild radius acts as an event horizon in a non-rotating body (a rotating black hole operates slightly differently). Neither light nor particles can escape through this surface from the region inside, hence the name \"black hole\". Black holes can be classified based on their Schwarzschild radius, or equivalently, by their density. As the radius is linearly related to mass, while the enclosed volume corresponds to the third power of the radius, small black holes are therefore much more dense than large ones. The volume enclosed in the event horizon of the most massive black holes has an average density lower than main sequence stars.", "A supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole, though there are few official criteria on how such an object is considered so, on the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses. (Supermassive black holes up to 21 billion have been detected, such as NGC 4889.) Unlike stellar mass black holes, supermassive black holes have comparatively low average densities. (Note that a black hole is a spherical region in space that surrounds the singularity at its center; it is not the singularity itself.) With that in mind, the average density of a supermassive black hole can be less than the density of water. The Schwarzschild radius of a body is proportional to its mass and therefore to its volume, assuming that the body has a constant mass-density. In contrast, the physical radius of the body is proportional to the cube root of its volume. Therefore, as the body accumulates matter at a given fixed density (in this example, 997 kg/m, the density of water), its Schwarzschild radius will increase more quickly than its physical radius. When a body of this density has grown to around 136 million solar masses, its physical radius would be overtaken by its Schwarzschild radius, and thus it would form a supermassive black hole. It is thought that supermassive black holes like these do not form immediately from the singular collapse of a cluster of stars. Instead they may begin life as smaller, stellar-sized black holes and grow larger by the accretion of matter, or even of other black holes. The Schwarzschild radius of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center is approximately 12 million kilometres.", "Stellar black holes have much greater average densities than supermassive black holes. If one accumulates matter at nuclear density (the density of the nucleus of an atom, about 10 kg/m; neutron stars also reach this density), such an accumulation would fall within its own Schwarzschild radius at about and thus would be a stellar black hole.", "A small mass has an extremely small Schwarzschild radius. A mass similar to Mount Everest has a Schwarzschild radius much smaller than a nanometre. Its average density at that size would be so high that no known mechanism could form such extremely compact objects. Such black holes might possibly be formed in an early stage of the evolution of the universe, just after the Big Bang, when densities were extremely high. Therefore, these hypothetical miniature black holes are called primordial black holes.", "", "Gravitational time dilation near a large, slowly rotating, nearly spherical body, such as the Earth or Sun can be reasonably approximated using the Schwarzschild radius as follows: where: The results of the Pound–Rebka experiment in 1959 were found to be consistent with predictions made by general relativity. By measuring Earth's gravitational time dilation, this experiment indirectly measured Earth's Schwarzschild radius.", "The Newtonian gravitational field near a large, slowly rotating, nearly spherical body can be reasonably approximated using the Schwarzschild radius as follows: and Therefore, on dividing above by below: where: On the surface of the Earth:", "For all circular orbits around a given central body: Therefore, but Therefore, where: This equality can be generalized to elliptic orbits as follows: where: For the Earth, as a planet orbiting the Sun:", "The Keplerian equation for circular orbits can be generalized to the relativistic equation for circular orbits by accounting for time dilation in the velocity term: This final equation indicates that an object orbiting at the speed of light would have an orbital radius of 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. This is a special orbit known as the photon sphere.", "For the Planck mass formula_24, the Schwarzschild radius formula_25 and the Compton wavelength formula_26 are of the same order as the Planck length formula_27.", "Then formula_29 or formula_30 Classification of black holes by type: A classification of black holes by mass:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4804, 3180, 2320, 83, 95134, 70, 10332, 525, 613, 177, 21533, 50491, 100, 3129, 2685, 83, 6, 227780, 109622, 77950, 4, 136, 23, 3060, 58555, 1543, 765, 2809, 32233, 38134, 21329, 712, 5, 581, 5201, 126371, 111, 6, 227780, 109622, 77950, 621, 23, 70, 3173, 7, 111, 143383, 178829, 7, 136, 14135, 47143, 7, 5, 1913, 1632, 373, 51626, 1764, 23, 9942, 607, 297, 47, 305, 4283, 335, 10854, 4, 1112, 1810, 111, 5390, 479, 66029, 238, 169569, 7, 14037, 1902, 1360, 3180, 2320, 108564, 7, 5, 52455, 479, 66029, 238, 136, 479, 49748, 60264, 1902, 24092, 7, 111, 2363, 169569, 45646, 17305, 2069, 4, 42459, 214, 450, 5941, 111, 8382, 28368, 297, 47, 70, 54053, 188545, 71, 5, 116267, 169569, 678, 10, 1360, 3180, 2320, 108564, 509, 14037, 99, 373, 51626, 1764, 4841, 3668, 1121, 75336, 15, 54431, 6229, 73706, 4, 217455, 16, 607, 297, 47, 70, 190, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 5, 5455, 3501, 106, 4, 4283, 1360, 19379, 14534, 169569, 7, 1295, 70, 54311, 4353, 75708, 14922, 15, 107, 55247, 214, 190, 47, 10662, 111, 756, 47002, 72944, 169569, 7, 16, 765, 2809, 51, 63127, 297, 87420, 70, 8999, 161063, 14713, 4, 602, 21547, 11, 4, 9098, 136, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 1360, 19379, 14534, 501, 88877, 186, 10617, 47, 25171, 11280, 7, 4, 1284, 24793, 136, 20020, 621, 2843, 33636, 297, 5, 62, 552, 434, 169569, 1740, 47, 138, 10700, 9, 36605, 335, 10854, 54799, 3129, 1360, 3180, 2320, 1902, 2809, 51339, 297, 509, 134053, 23, 9942, 5, 360, 70, 1286, 17309, 20028, 111, 1305, 67413, 21533, 479, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 12021, 31, 152644, 4, 77950, 100, 70, 41361, 111, 1360, 3180, 2320, 136, 142, 237, 62351, 674, 111, 3789, 501, 26372, 289, 8, 5037, 2320, 53088, 32497, 1295, 10, 96551, 111, 97264, 4, 26719, 72761, 501, 26372, 289, 47143, 7, 111, 373, 51626, 7, 4, 756, 34, 63239, 23, 47989, 31, 48461, 4927, 18244, 7, 136, 117729, 1295, 70, 1305, 9, 22796, 93, 289, 14922, 5, 2022, 4021, 2356, 6661, 38887, 68794, 1360, 3180, 592, 83, 2684, 39210, 538, 14037, 23, 70, 3493, 5073, 91944, 5256, 4, 6044, 237, 479, 9, 4153, 4398, 29394, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 1720, 9381, 29394, 87, 408, 4, 39501, 297, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 51529, 237, 87, 408, 4, 105866, 127067, 111, 50733, 5, 1650, 1556, 2843, 2809, 14037, 23, 70, 2758, 164, 408, 102668, 820, 2320, 15, 73, 5744, 9, 5636, 74291, 16, 136, 70, 8942, 11, 145359, 5, 360, 15044, 4, 3853, 6, 15182, 5305, 72325, 53, 13835, 71, 5, 1650, 7, 151497, 3956, 54940, 12021, 31, 152644, 19, 91944, 5256, 83, 5045, 92319, 4, 99, 19713, 73886, 9966, 1295, 70, 151878, 21286, 10846, 1360, 3180, 27686, 501, 88877, 450, 765, 2809, 51, 63127, 297, 5, 581, 6, 227780, 109622, 17164, 23, 12021, 31, 152644, 83, 53333, 96704, 297, 390, 70, 41361, 111, 169569, 842, 118, 57860, 136, 129344, 175100, 1810, 44, 11, 46327, 58, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 28368, 4, 47, 54543, 44, 29813, 3038, 169569, 7, 58, 136, 70, 1884, 111, 157364, 90, 136, 22, 13, 32747, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 38134, 21329, 712, 40250, 4, 58755, 3674, 23, 479, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 4927, 450, 46505, 25958, 8, 18695, 933, 79986, 4295, 69979, 14534, 678, 707, 85358, 214, 70, 73197, 297, 169569, 7, 111, 2363, 8, 88981, 297, 22, 13, 32747, 4, 707, 111, 70, 68869, 48242, 44116, 111, 110064, 289, 91519, 7, 5, 48752, 289, 12021, 31, 152644, 19, 29394, 7, 11814, 10, 169569, 9, 86147, 15, 69723, 19, 390, 6863, 353, 1132, 257, 141, 13579, 4, 44, 18, 39761, 95945, 150, 74054, 98, 3129, 169569, 7, 3542, 6, 75750, 6259, 23, 6, 15555, 7, 707, 3365, 316, 1779, 111, 109412, 33, 145054, 7, 5, 31267, 221, 4, 3060, 77950, 111, 111937, 13, 1360, 3180, 2320, 23, 12021, 31, 152644, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 7440, 70, 28368, 509, 38043, 16, 1556, 188545, 71, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 6, 227780, 109622, 110297, 91376, 111, 1360, 3180, 27686, 501, 88877, 509, 10, 72399, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 35187, 111, 40368, 40140, 18241, 192026, 297, 1295, 70, 45501, 62397, 219, 101120, 7, 390, 70, 103993, 82, 127, 157, 41382, 56, 25075, 339, 316, 40751, 169, 5, 147466, 96335, 12937, 297, 50218, 207487, 1295, 10, 37457, 111, 15271, 23, 180, 14263, 8355, 136, 9879, 82167, 4, 6044, 237, 5064, 1236, 31525, 4, 180, 14263, 8355, 136, 70, 13036, 104871, 14656, 1764, 111, 17629, 884, 89770, 5, 32964, 40140, 18241, 1295, 70, 384, 143, 3675, 587, 91944, 1363, 25, 7, 5368, 15534, 15, 143321, 21917, 1162, 67175, 10932, 59404, 335, 10854, 16, 117414, 70, 41361, 1556, 10, 140909, 53, 40250, 5, 62, 35187, 111, 1492, 27226, 9, 45215, 373, 51626, 7, 1295, 70, 239, 67, 51062, 14922, 99, 17629, 884, 89770, 103876, 71, 450, 70, 1360, 3180, 2320, 1902, 2809, 190659, 351, 9, 126472, 71407, 4, 136, 4, 16792, 48716, 53088, 1902, 2809, 11814, 136, 16792, 3060, 3395, 1902, 75204, 1286, 3501, 1632, 1360, 3180, 2320, 4, 103876, 71, 442, 1902, 2809, 16940, 195935, 538, 5, 360, 2875, 2852, 70, 47353, 47, 33636, 28007, 7, 98, 3395, 24189, 1836, 68, 71, 4, 70, 35187, 29481, 297, 450, 4527, 111, 1360, 3180, 2320, 237, 142, 172075, 111, 70, 11405, 7844, 30355, 170272, 289, 153552, 450, 959, 4989, 2685, 11, 46327, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 32997, 674, 111, 17629, 99041, 237, 70, 158978, 18150, 86757, 27585, 23, 70, 180, 11, 3798, 4398, 11192, 15534, 5, 24990, 39330, 7, 207487, 1295, 70, 57712, 91944, 1363, 10776, 111, 127067, 9022, 82167, 4, 190537, 136, 70, 15127, 4460, 1665, 4267, 73, 60243, 7639, 110, 77950, 111, 70, 199474, 214, 707, 314, 19514, 53088, 14037, 23, 9879, 136, 11192, 1760, 82167, 5, 175399, 4, 70, 479, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 57712, 198371, 11814, 142, 10, 2844, 29888, 61353, 450, 61585, 16065, 99, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 169569, 4, 6117, 19, 592, 70, 32881, 136, 68018, 138233, 26518, 442, 4, 21373, 47, 70, 27781, 7, 1295, 4960, 86093, 5, 52455, 169569, 7, 1295, 70, 57712, 10776, 5622, 1295, 70, 2795, 67413, 1771, 14922, 15, 408, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4804, 3180, 592, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 1360, 3180, 2320, 4, 1360, 19379, 19, 2320, 4, 1360, 19379, 592, 707, 20662, 10, 6818, 42, 108564, 15, 2347, 42792, 44, 2921, 3180, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 25074, 92265, 1295, 11214, 13, 1405, 42845, 44, 2921, 3180, 316, 58, 1295, 160600, 44, 15123, 3180, 191, 830, 218500, 44, 3422, 56, 4, 9620, 56, 18939, 83, 10, 613, 177, 21533, 113449, 23, 3129, 10, 108564, 83, 199474, 297, 707, 120948, 297, 3934, 70, 14135, 169569, 5, 581, 91177, 289, 138233, 2320, 111, 70, 6, 15182, 53208, 172554, 7, 70, 44, 26850, 41638, 58, 47, 85689, 16227, 44402, 62548, 47, 23, 39989, 26372, 289, 70997, 7, 707, 54452, 81147, 71, 59714, 45367, 2037, 1295, 142, 182260, 5, 1650, 1543, 2843, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Prehistoric evidence.", "Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.", "Ancient China.", "Medieval East Africa.", "Pre-modern Europe.", "Modern medical practices.", "Tools and methods.", "Risks.", "Voluntary trepanation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Trepanation is perhaps the oldest surgical procedure for which there is archaeological evidence, and in some areas may have been quite widespread. The main pieces of archaeological evidence are in the forms of cave paintings and human remains. At one burial site in France dated to 6500 BCE, 40 out of 120 prehistoric skulls found had trepanation holes. Many prehistoric and premodern patients had signs of their skull structure healing, suggesting that many of those subjected to the surgery survived. Another skull with a trepanation hole was found at burial site Chalaghantepe (Agdam Rayon, Azerbaijan) dated to the 5th millennium BCE. More than 1,500 trephined skulls from the Neolithic period (representing 5 to 10% of all Stone Age skulls) have been uncovered throughout the worldfrom Europe, Siberia, China and the Americas. Most of the trephined crania belong to adult males, but women and children are also represented. A cow skull dating to 3400-3000 BCE upon which trepanation had been performed was discovered in France.", "In the more recent times of postclassical pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, evidence for the practice of trepanation and an assortment of other cranial deformation techniques comes from a variety of sources, including physical cranial remains of burials, allusions in iconographic artworks and reports from the post-colonial period. Among New World societies trepanning is most commonly found in the Andean civilizations, such as pre-Incan cultures. For example, the Paracas culture Ica, situated in what is now known as Ica, located south of Lima. It has also been found in the Muisca Confederation (in modern-day Colombia) and the Inca Empire. In both, even cranioplasty existed. Its prevalence among Mesoamerican civilizations is much lower, at least judging from the comparatively few trepanated crania that have been uncovered. The archaeological record in Mesoamerica is further complicated by the practice of skull mutilation and modification carried out \"after\" the death of the subject, to fashion \"trophy skulls\" and the like of captives and enemies. This was a widespread tradition, illustrated in pre-Columbian art that occasionally depicts rulers adorned with or carrying the modified skulls of their defeated enemies, or of the ritualistic display of sacrificial victims. Several Mesoamerican cultures used a skull-rack (known by its Nahuatl term, \"tzompantli\"), on which skulls were impaled in rows or columns of wooden stakes. Even so, some evidence of genuine trepanation in Mesoamerica (i.e., where the subject was living) has survived. The earliest archaeological survey published of trepanated crania was a late 19th-century study of several specimens recovered from the Tarahumara mountains by the Norwegian ethnographer Carl Lumholtz. Later studies documented cases identified from a range of sites in Oaxaca and central Mexico, such as Tilantongo, Oaxaca and the major Zapotec site of Monte Albán. Two specimens from the Tlatilco civilization's homelands (which flourished around 1400 BCE) indicate the practice has a lengthy tradition. A study of ten low-status burials from the Late Classic period at Monte Albán concluded that the trepanation had been applied non-therapeutically, and, since multiple techniques had been used and since some people had received more than one trepanation, concluded it had been done experimentally. Inferring the events to represent experiments on people until they died, the study interpreted that use of trepanation as an indicator of the stressful sociopolitical climate that not long thereafter resulted in the abandonment of Monte Alban as the primary regional administrative center in the Oaxacan highlands. Specimens identified from the Maya civilization region of southern Mexico, Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula show no evidence of the drilling or cutting techniques found in central and highland Mexico. Instead, the pre-Columbian Maya apparently used an abrasive technique that ground away at the back of the skull, thinning the bone and sometimes perforating it, similar to the examples from Cholula. Many skulls from the Maya region date from the Postclassic period (ca. 950–1400 CE), and include specimens found at Palenque in Chiapas, and recovered from the Sacred Cenote at the prominent Postclassic site of Chichen Itza in northern Yucatán.", "As recently as 2007, archaeological evidence of trepanation in ancient China was nonexistent. Since Chinese culture mainly focuses only on traditional Chinese medicine that usually entails non-surgical treatments such as acupuncture, balancing Qigong, cupping, herbal remedies, etc., resulting in the misconception that trepanation was not practice in ancient China. However, in 2007, Han and Chen from the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences looked at six trepanned skulls spanning between the Neolithic period through the Bronze and Iron Ages (around 5000–2000 years ago) found in five different locations. Along with the discovery of these trepanned skulls, another collection of 13 trepanned skulls was discovered and dated to 3,000 years ago. In 2015, an intact 3,600-years old mummy with a trepanned skull was discovered. Meanwhile, the oldest trepanned skull (M382) analysed by Han and Chen was radiocarbon dated to around 5,000 years ago and discovered at the Fuija site in Guangrao, Shandong. The skull, which belonged to an adult male, exhibited a right parietal calvarial defect (31 x 25 mm) with evidence of scraping by a trephine-like tool. Additionally, bone regeneration and smooth edges suggest that the subject recovered from the surgery and lived a relatively long time afterward. The 3,600-year-old perforated skull of a mummified female dating to 1615 BC in the Xiaohe tomb in China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The only known female with a trepanned skull, shown signs of bone spurs growth and retraction of the edges suggest that she also survived the surgery. Found in a massive burial site, this mummy was one of the hundreds found in the \"Little River\" Tomb complex. The Bronze Age was found to be a period with the largest number of trepanned skulls in ancient China.", "Trephining has a long history in East Africa. Bones of depressed fractures were elevated by surgeons of Bunyoro-Kitara. The hair may or may not have been shaved depending upon the site of the operation.", "Trepanation was also practised in the classical and Renaissance periods. Hippocrates gave specific directions on the procedure from its evolution through the Greek age, and Galen also elaborates on the procedure. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, trepanation was practiced as a cure for various ailments, including seizures and skull fractures. Out of eight skulls with trepanations from the 6th to 8th centuries found in southwestern Germany, seven skulls show clear evidence of healing and survival after trepanation, suggesting that the survival rate of the operations was high and the infection rate was low. In the graveyards of pre-Christian (Pagan) Magyars, archeologists found a surprisingly high frequency (12.5%) of skulls with trepanation, although more than 90% only partial (these served probably ritual purposes). The trepanation was performed on adults only, with similar frequencies for males and females, but increasing frequency with age and wealth. This custom suddenly disappeared with the Magyars' conversion to Christianity. A small area near (modern) Rostov-on-Don, in southern Russia, may have been a centre for ritual trepanning, around 6000 years ago, according to archeologists who discovered remains of eight recipients of the practice, within a small area, all with the incision in the unusual obelion position, high on the back of the head.", "The prefrontal leucotomy, a precursor to lobotomy, was performed by cutting a trephine hole into the skull, inserting an instrument, and destroying parts of the brain. This was later made unnecessary by the development of the \"orbital transit\" lobotomy where a spike was inserted through the eye-sockets. Trepanation is a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas, and surgical access for certain other neurosurgical procedures, such as intracranial pressure monitoring. Although not illegal, medical neurosurgeons refuse to perform trepanation for the concern of losing their medical licenses. Modern surgeons generally use the term \"craniotomy\" for this procedure. However, unlike our ancestors, craniotomy must be done after diagnostic imaging (which included computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) pinpointed the issues within the brain. The preoperative imaging allows for accurate examination and evaluation. Unlike trepanation, the removed piece of skull is typically replaced as soon as possible. Trepanation instruments, nowadays being replaced with cranial drills, are now available with diamond-coated rims, which are less traumatic than the classical trephines with sharp teeth. They are smooth to soft tissues and cut only bone. Additionally, the specially designed drills come with safety feature prevents the drill from penetration into the brain tissue (through the dura matter). Along with antisepsis and prophylaxis of infection, modern neurosurgery is a common procedure for many reasons other than head trauma.", "As early as 7000 years ago, one of the alternative medicine practice was boring holes in the patient's neurocranium with the aim to cure and not to kill. Similar to bloodletting, trepanation was carried out for both medical reasons and mystical practice. In ancient times, trepanation instruments were less complex. Commonly made out of flint, obsidian, or harder material such as stone knives and later with metal such as bronze and copper. Additionally, the procedure was done by shamans or witch doctors utilizing \"tumi\" (ceremonial knife in early Peru), sharpened seashells (South Pacific), a trephine drill, bronze knife, etc. The Greeks and Romans were the first to designed medical instruments that use to penetrate the skull. Such instruments includes the \"terebra serrata\" made to perforate the cranium by manually rolling the instrument between the surgeon's hand. By the Renaissance period, when trepanation was routinely performed, a range of instruments was developed to accommodate the demand. As many as five main methods were found for trephination. The list includes (1) Rectangular intersecting cuts; (2) Scraping utilizing an abrasive instrument such as flint; (3) Circular grooving; (4) Boring and cutting by a circular trephine or crown saw; (5) Burr hole done by drilling several circle holes closely to create a space and then cut/chisel the bone between the hole. Scraping method was found to be the most common in prehistoric. The differences in method vary in the amount and depth of bone being removed. The trepanation surgical procedure includes exposure of the dura mater without damaging the underlying blood vessels, meninges, and brain. Over time, the skin will reform over the puncture site, but the hole in the skull will remain. The location of the trepanation on the skull varies by geographical region and period, common locations are the frontal and the occipital bones. In most cases, trepanation was singular events with only a small percentage of the trepanned skull have more than one surgery. Those with multiple openings, the extend of bone remodeling indicate whether the opening was done at around the same time or at different times during the individual's life.", "The procedure comes with severe repercussions such as direct or indirect perioperative complications includes increased damage to the brain, infection, blood loss, hemorrhage, and potentially death due to the trauma as the skull's protective covering is compromised. The operation leaves very minimal space for error and a high incidence of mortality if the dura matter is penetrated. Additionally, high risk of infection if conducted with contaminated tools or improper sanitary wound care. If the infection is not caught and treated immediately, it can be fatal or lead to significant and permanent brain damage. After surgery, hyperemia and osteoclastic activity are seen on the necrotic bone surround the trepanation site due to loss of blood supply. The perforations were found with the growth of fine bone spurs indicates that trepanation had been carried out on live subject than being a ritual conducted after death. There is evidence that some individuals survived multiple skull surgeries. With evidence of bone remodeling around the skull defects, corroborated by the smooth borders around the opening, sealed by a dense cortex of bone, denoting procedural success after trepanation. Furthermore, the survival rate of the operations was higher than expected and the infection rate relatively low. However, several skulls also show the risk of the operation with some indicates stopping mid-operation as the trephining is incomplete\".\"", "The practice of trepanning also continues today due to belief in various pseudoscientific medical benefits. Some proponents claim that trepanning results in increased blood flow. Individuals have practiced non-emergency trepanning for psychological purposes. A prominent proponent of the modern view is Peter Halvorson, who drilled a hole in the front of his own skull to increase \"brain blood volume\". One of the most prominent advocates of trepanning was Dutch librarian Bart Huges. In 1965, Huges drilled a hole in his own head with a dentist drill as a publicity stunt. Huges claimed that trepanning increases \"brain blood volume\" and thereby enhances cerebral metabolism in a manner similar to cerebral vasodilators such as ginkgo biloba. These claims are unsubstantiated by research. Huges and his girlfriend also made several comic books in the 1970s, which promoted trepanation. In a chapter of his book \"Eccentric Lives & Peculiar Notions\", esotericist John Michell cites Huges as pioneering the idea of trepanning in his 1962 monograph, \"Homo Sapiens Correctus\", which is often cited by advocates of self-trepanation. Among other arguments, Huges contends that children have a higher state of consciousness and since children's skulls are not fully closed, one can return to an earlier, childlike state of consciousness by self-trepanation. Further, by allowing the brain to freely pulsate Huges argues that a number of benefits will accrue. Michell quotes Joey Mellen's book, \"Bore Hole\". At the time the passage below was written, Joey and his partner, Amanda Feilding, had made two previous attempts at trepanning Mellen. The second attempt ended up placing Mellen in the hospital, where he was reprimanded severely and sent for psychiatric evaluation. After he returned home, Mellen decided to try again. He describes his third attempt at self-trepanation: After some time there was an ominous sounding schlurp and the sound of bubbling. I drew the trepan out and the gurgling continued. It sounded like air bubbles running under the skull as they were pressed out. I looked at the trepan and there was a bit of bone in it. At last! Feilding also performed a self-trepanation with a drill, while Mellen shot the operation for the short film \"Heartbeat in the Brain\", which was long thought to have been lost. Portions of the film can be seen in the documentary \"A Hole in the Head\". Michell also describes a British group that advocates self-trepanation to allow the brain access to more space and oxygen. Other modern practitioners of trepanation claim that it holds other medical benefits, such as a treatment for depression or other psychological ailments. In 2000, two men from Cedar City, Utah, were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license after they performed a trepanation on an English woman to treat her chronic fatigue syndrome and depression." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 42878, 1614, 216118, 1556, 2809, 79986, 71, 390, 5941, 12921, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 87420, 6863, 32692, 4, 12638, 32872, 214, 2363, 10002, 102880, 111, 86757, 91853, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 133698, 70, 56101, 16930, 4, 70, 107671, 214, 15, 10685, 154705, 16, 86757, 45646, 509, 153161, 93544, 4, 136, 5596, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 140280, 7, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 23732, 58732, 16, 450, 3542, 105237, 23131, 297, 390, 70, 56101, 136, 54631, 538, 117249, 3129, 3542, 109650, 538, 6226, 6259, 390, 10, 4000, 54631, 707, 21624, 160624, 47, 70, 56101, 145359, 4, 3129, 34658, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 95934, 38529, 939, 15, 21570, 1704, 73, 939, 16, 645, 70, 54631, 538, 117249, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 40191, 136, 27631, 70, 43396, 90, 111, 70, 54631, 538, 117249, 3542, 68894, 538, 78779, 297, 3934, 70, 42878, 32528, 5, 17006, 3542, 42564, 71, 3934, 144573, 140280, 7, 74, 27060, 3542, 131168, 71, 3934, 3525, 140280, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 149786, 4, 55578, 934, 289, 21979, 4, 167958, 107817, 4, 136, 78287, 59993, 21979, 4, 7228, 1257, 111, 48716, 54631, 538, 117249, 74, 10, 10846, 4, 26719, 2646, 46797, 4, 101719, 4, 90627, 5007, 4, 136, 14811, 48150, 4, 100512, 84797, 140280, 7, 5, 581, 3525, 163965, 111, 5596, 4, 3129, 21449, 3934, 37772, 98, 1381, 18982, 27631, 4, 7228, 5596, 10, 95934, 38529, 139869, 456, 57964, 5, 581, 3525, 456, 57964, 509, 2843, 159978, 71, 47, 186, 10, 44, 147547, 111, 46684, 740, 581, 171484, 111, 27631, 157167, 67175, 17721, 17262, 5201, 52895, 111, 117249, 12, 31288, 22836, 509, 75935, 98, 106, 18374, 49795, 1295, 70, 12911, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 144477, 9022, 103724, 7, 111, 9266, 2701, 22836, 5, 3561, 693, 5372, 1294, 4, 48402, 214, 70, 96362, 92265, 22, 180637, 7, 111, 663, 4607, 12640, 1294, 4, 43461, 2595, 4, 100408, 191, 136, 12576, 446, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 5596, 23, 47765, 136, 100512, 10, 69941, 181991, 53, 23, 38576, 5, 581, 57217, 206, 22, 180637, 111, 91657, 4688, 519, 107, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 10542, 166705, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 502, 9, 90278, 84616, 16177, 3674, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 9, 100038, 22, 180637, 7, 111, 40960, 1680, 136, 35271, 62, 47286, 4, 8, 18347, 2852, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 11341, 5153, 930, 3041, 136, 35271, 31901, 150, 5, 360, 40418, 4, 442, 509, 3398, 3355, 297, 390, 5596, 237, 70, 32528, 148503, 31667, 111, 930, 3041, 136, 35271, 31901, 150, 5, 581, 46684, 853, 40098, 25515, 4, 36327, 456, 125733, 5281, 70, 117249, 35509, 98, 147158, 9523, 124519, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 3525, 117249, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 903, 27992, 4, 9266, 2701, 22836, 10267, 122009, 6863, 9351, 678, 1136, 273, 71541, 14, 103724, 49814, 47, 3173, 81237, 66, 30854, 9, 10625, 66624, 5, 31288, 21979, 509, 75935, 678, 70, 42564, 42, 111, 31288, 22836, 678, 70, 12911, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 103724, 7, 111, 101719, 22836, 23, 36327, 5, 104219, 509, 75935, 678, 70, 42564, 42, 111, 16522, 1299, 103724, 136, 70, 170255, 11, 7803, 308, 5865, 111, 25134, 4171, 2514, 103724, 7, 111, 9266, 2701, 22836, 678, 81237, 66, 30854, 9, 10625, 66624, 5, 2646, 46797, 22836, 509, 456, 9, 53404, 297, 678, 70, 66044, 111, 103724, 7, 111, 50951, 1294, 136, 25134, 4171, 2514, 15, 158928, 34, 6238, 170255, 11, 7803, 308, 5865, 16, 136, 70, 96319, 2870, 308, 5865, 111, 1311, 60576, 7535, 103724, 1295, 70, 9266, 2701, 22836, 4, 70, 103724, 7, 111, 72598, 11, 316, 4, 11995, 11, 4717, 4, 23924, 4171, 2514, 136, 171810, 26573, 1295, 144326, 53, 22836, 4, 70, 25942, 9, 192, 15503, 2481, 103724, 7, 111, 1843, 1506, 4, 21421, 206, 474, 136, 16965, 1299, 208, 1295, 101719, 22836, 136, 70, 1311, 1478, 22836, 5, 581, 89205, 25426, 5844, 18481, 7, 4, 21172, 14, 97368, 18481, 7, 136, 13468, 587, 53, 18481, 3129, 3542, 101637, 71, 17721, 25134, 4171, 2514, 136, 16522, 1299, 103724, 7, 111, 9266, 2701, 22836, 3542, 25072, 297, 136, 131168, 71, 3934, 70, 69941, 181991, 53, 111, 92496, 99225, 1177, 4517, 5, 144326, 53, 22836, 509, 22, 320, 17704, 390, 70, 66044, 111, 6987, 41535, 1517, 22836, 136, 30683, 206, 22836, 4, 70, 88398, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 103724, 7, 111, 16321, 4717, 127152, 111, 167958, 21979, 136, 17238, 927, 89529, 10776, 111, 101719, 22836, 5, 149786, 136, 79275, 21647, 297, 43396, 90, 1295, 19560, 1991, 22836, 136, 68886, 1539, 136, 24453, 79275, 46684, 32528, 107013, 538, 136, 24233, 43396, 90, 111, 142064, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 10542, 166705, 5, 144326, 53, 22836, 509, 65450, 3934, 70, 147158, 9523, 117249, 111, 161454, 136, 15571, 41535, 1517, 98, 106, 4347, 23936, 390, 70, 144326, 53, 853, 40098, 25515, 5, 117436, 1760, 509, 100, 4806, 98, 106, 14487, 36102, 5, 581, 79275, 853, 40098, 25515, 4, 36236, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 1950, 28477, 98, 106, 7582, 136, 70, 12302, 111, 70, 144477, 9022, 103724, 7, 111, 79275, 47, 55578, 934, 289, 21979, 5, 581, 27992, 2843, 4331, 27686, 6, 239211, 237, 10, 69941, 181991, 53, 136, 70, 99764, 10323, 111, 79275, 136, 1950, 28477, 5, 9266, 2701, 22836, 509, 120514, 4806, 8671, 55372, 23, 31060, 5, 23924, 9, 13, 11, 48850, 117249, 111, 49377, 4717, 4, 10692, 18033, 395, 136, 4699, 31237, 3542, 100, 4806, 98, 952, 18982, 29172, 5, 2646, 46797, 22836, 509, 120514, 4806, 237, 105099, 23, 29733, 5, 2161, 611, 4347, 26527, 4, 602, 5508, 39, 100512, 70, 1039, 2208, 11341, 111, 70, 42878, 32528, 136, 70, 11341, 25, 7, 185610, 53, 509, 10, 40285, 67175, 5, 360, 22059, 4, 1172, 1946, 55807, 21979, 136, 1208, 1158, 2198, 100512, 117249, 98, 387, 22482, 4, 134629, 390, 2016, 11, 98, 496, 4347, 4, 12960, 18274, 204610, 69941, 181991, 53, 111, 2016, 11, 4, 930, 669, 136, 803, 34, 25, 7, 144477, 9022, 1119, 180637, 7, 25844, 3680, 136, 803, 34, 100512, 84797, 69941, 181991, 53, 237, 930, 669, 136, 803, 34, 5, 360, 7582, 88922, 17262, 3525, 117249, 3542, 75935, 74, 24, 110987, 4, 3751, 2943, 1814, 133842, 1295, 8394, 48850, 167958, 21979, 4, 156910, 66, 55807, 1295, 144477, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5596, 83, 10, 30361, 69941, 48402, 214, 1372, 117249, 136, 382, 69941, 43396, 90, 4, 100, 10, 3622, 111, 4039, 77630, 2449, 5, 581, 117249, 136, 69941, 43396, 90, 621, 53333, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 103724, 7, 136, 164917, 86757, 91853, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Pre-independence.", "1947–1950.", "States reorganisation (1951–1956).", "Post-1956.", "States and Union territories.", "Autonomous areas.", "Responsibilities and authorities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region. During the British Raj, the preceding (Mughal) administrative structure was mostly kept, and India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held \"de facto\" sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.", "Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a \"Union of States\". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:", "Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. Puducherry, comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé was transferred to India in 1954 and became a union territory in 1962. The french enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal. In the same year, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived \"de facto\" state Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, it was annexed by India as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State. The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal.", "Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became separate union territory as Daman and Diu. In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively. Orissa was renamed as Odisha and Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh. In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019. In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.", "", "The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous councils to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states. Most of these autonomous areas are located in Northeast India.", "The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1301, 13909, 7, 118055, 538, 100512, 6, 48461, 25958, 23509, 297, 4, 208479, 58093, 7, 111, 6, 48461, 7, 123666, 7, 80723, 47, 25944, 70, 17475, 7, 111, 167752, 4, 10, 5324, 678, 99764, 8753, 146984, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 62, 32566, 4, 10, 44, 4223, 58, 171332, 47, 6, 48461, 7, 123666, 7, 5, 62, 32566, 83, 17305, 5115, 53, 35509, 98, 167752, 4, 136, 23, 15824, 70, 62, 32566, 5324, 83, 10, 1601, 3509, 111, 70, 101805, 289, 167752, 5324, 4, 136, 62, 32566, 126381, 8110, 27992, 237, 167752, 126381, 5, 581, 158978, 92940, 111, 62, 32566, 645, 167752, 83, 450, 442, 87344, 10, 171332, 60875, 7514, 17721, 70, 24897, 136, 70, 14543, 42, 43257, 3501, 53371, 70, 167752, 5324, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 10, 92635, 111, 158, 62500, 100, 70, 5324, 4, 70, 8951, 94878, 114864, 100, 77546, 501, 21135, 38352, 7, 5, 581, 17932, 13036, 15549, 83, 450, 62, 32566, 4527, 7, 65450, 124161, 7, 4, 7440, 70, 29823, 136, 2053, 93402, 7, 111, 10, 167752, 124161, 621, 84797, 71, 5, 581, 20596, 1543, 25379, 5941, 29823, 93402, 7, 4, 136, 70, 27980, 9433, 90, 2856, 23, 12989, 5, 3293, 71864, 7, 4989, 8, 5259, 7, 4, 678, 70, 5324, 17, 19298, 4, 20271, 12301, 41018, 7, 5, 198387, 4, 167752, 5324, 3535, 2420, 6048, 83, 112892, 1029, 297, 5, 992, 5062, 167752, 5324, 124161, 7, 124901, 140909, 83, 9807, 118, 27686, 98, 10, 105823, 9, 1272, 9, 75457, 18231, 17368, 70, 90147, 10611, 4904, 136, 159, 70675, 4904, 26073, 7, 4, 62, 32566, 12302, 7, 621, 11343, 10, 48716, 111, 382, 390, 1636, 4989, 4, 136, 70, 3622, 140909, 83, 99201, 23, 70, 50336, 5, 27766, 9319, 4, 43257, 3501, 17368, 70, 32863, 43098, 4904, 136, 14107, 43098, 4904, 26073, 7, 100, 12638, 2565, 4, 2053, 83, 12302, 2822, 23, 46389, 7, 111, 22759, 501, 21135, 105823, 7, 15, 6460, 34153, 99, 62, 32566, 382, 17676, 38352, 247, 136, 76968, 7, 621, 107003, 4734, 17721, 46389, 7, 5, 201106, 4, 62, 32566, 114864, 15, 109585, 289, 23, 62, 32566, 53855, 136, 16655, 4, 81678, 1294, 23, 62, 32566, 17596, 16, 44, 8752, 8262, 29823, 214, 830, 91084, 450, 70, 29823, 136, 2053, 5324, 90, 621, 84797, 71, 221, 70, 29823, 93402, 14602, 959, 4527, 70, 5201, 29823, 64, 10135, 15, 12351, 16, 124519, 99, 756, 5, 3293, 83, 16940, 390, 154107, 142, 4173, 15045, 3137, 44, 294, 2506, 150501, 49990, 58, 5324, 645, 3129, 70, 6, 48461, 7, 185373, 831, 31089, 3525, 62, 32566, 50336, 7, 12960, 3789, 62, 32566, 2053, 83, 86608, 214, 645, 70, 5201, 2789, 29823, 64, 10135, 15, 12351, 16, 124519, 5, 3293, 50339, 23, 52295, 71, 128512, 62, 32566, 2053, 8305, 7077, 5, 3293, 6782, 136912, 23, 98323, 12301, 23718, 30482, 442, 138155, 100, 142, 62, 32566, 20596, 47, 12301, 168286, 7, 105237, 1295, 5426, 26959, 4, 12960, 10, 167752, 6, 48461, 7, 20596, 8110, 43658, 442, 1295, 5426, 26959, 47, 70, 20596, 25, 7, 1202, 98323, 5, 12353, 98323, 83, 7228, 19882, 17368, 70, 6, 48461, 7, 29823, 456, 192, 26783, 23180, 15, 43309, 618, 247, 3129, 6, 85729, 17514, 5201, 98323, 237, 44841, 100, 168286, 132096, 5, 581, 38132, 41170, 111, 5426, 98323, 19882, 47, 62, 32566, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 44, 284, 32566, 10, 1264, 6644, 740, 581, 62, 32566, 24897, 5117, 118775, 98, 1022, 15276, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 5426, 45443, 7, 35509, 98, 1061, 27853, 361, 24018, 436, 758, 436, 109928, 136, 69623, 106, 436, 910, 436, 109928, 1995, 14543, 4295, 5, 24018, 65508, 71, 62, 32566, 8060, 678, 70, 17, 141929, 103911, 69623, 106, 110537, 126, 98, 8055, 29620, 10586, 4, 136, 10, 199349, 111, 38742, 134629, 1295, 756, 70, 13036, 5426, 45443, 116366, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 1061, 27853, 361, 110537, 7831, 47, 8060, 62, 32566, 3542, 70, 124959, 107184, 6, 41195, 363, 4, 602, 294, 4859, 12183, 12147, 192616, 4, 136, 70, 91099, 21664, 76224, 310, 5, 24018, 8306, 121447, 142, 62, 32566, 9, 53339, 20051, 1061, 27853, 361, 110537, 126, 5, 6, 122112, 106804, 297, 70, 5117, 1061, 27853, 361, 62, 32566, 5426, 45443, 23, 7582, 10586, 237, 70, 44, 122112, 11107, 54458, 58, 35509, 98, 70, 124959, 107184, 6, 41195, 363, 110537, 126, 4, 134629, 4552, 69405, 390, 70, 44, 21290, 31, 1542, 436, 11663, 9, 41195, 363, 58, 2843, 35509, 98, 70, 124959, 6, 41195, 363, 110537, 126, 3129, 509, 5117, 47, 16839, 5, 241, 147, 538, 1202, 110537, 7831, 241599, 62, 32566, 8060, 99201, 70, 63137, 14, 1363, 310, 4757, 5097, 310, 304, 5955, 4, 138, 71, 420, 425, 5346, 25166, 31, 5458, 7816, 13, 4, 227593, 627, 44089, 26560, 4, 138, 397, 6114, 7, 8168, 229365, 116, 4, 24018, 17, 117525, 4, 6, 18909, 40741, 13, 36549, 4, 911, 2955, 425, 241925, 1995, 4, 136, 159, 363, 582, 1052, 11679, 527, 1542, 12477, 5, 31384, 39395, 62, 32566, 45443, 7, 11814, 6, 48461, 7, 14543, 4295, 88303, 10932, 167752, 136, 3542, 42856, 6, 80728, 71, 47, 62, 32566, 5, 3293, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 126381, 68073, 214, 10176, 1295, 70, 3525, 5324, 4, 678, 70, 4734, 136912, 11814, 8035, 70, 11251, 129890, 5324, 501, 21135, 4, 678, 6863, 16750, 214, 41929, 71, 8753, 146984, 645, 167752, 4, 136, 5324, 101780, 2481, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 6044, 126381, 3542, 70, 5346, 25166, 31, 5458, 7816, 13, 4, 310, 4757, 5097, 310, 304, 5955, 4, 241925, 1995, 4, 136, 159, 363, 582, 1052, 11679, 527, 1542, 12477, 5, 24018, 25, 7, 17, 117525, 509, 143726, 538, 82775, 47, 162471, 70, 3525, 62, 32566, 60213, 5423, 74, 23, 15824, 442, 509, 82775, 47, 168286, 4734, 1295, 62, 32566, 98323, 4, 20662, 167752, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 45443, 34844, 47, 29479, 15, 98908, 45443, 26959, 1902, 47, 28, 19908, 67, 62, 32566, 98323, 5, 16, 7244, 5117, 65508, 71, 62, 32566, 8060, 3934, 44, 43342, 9199, 143452, 12349, 152590, 116, 58, 15, 7285, 1052, 304, 11389, 6, 159019, 707, 112965, 571, 16, 1829, 70, 44, 76129, 161463, 21130, 124661, 47, 180, 38891, 304, 58, 110912, 5, 24372, 59911, 214, 70, 110912, 70, 3773, 9199, 5426, 100512, 44, 43342, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 9852, 123079, 27686, 189682, 7, 13791, 15, 284, 32566, 16, 509, 82775, 237, 10, 11192, 9, 175870, 6275, 9, 188, 9, 38496, 86723, 100, 243, 934, 214, 10, 1202, 20596, 47, 10, 13909, 5426, 4, 102917, 538, 47, 30793, 23, 70, 197108, 1830, 111, 138, 397, 13909, 6, 48461, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 7311, 538, 82775, 237, 10, 39457, 42, 47, 167752, 9, 50986, 94878, 7, 100, 1202, 126381, 5, 66016, 86097, 62, 32566, 1556, 2809, 161838, 538, 93402, 71, 1810, 23, 10862, 111, 167752, 25129, 15, 12233, 568, 13, 3142, 390, 4122, 105011, 4, 167752, 25129, 126381, 35462, 3674, 70, 16839, 136, 4734, 10, 10846, 62, 32566, 115774, 3542, 19882, 4, 678, 162808, 142901, 4295, 136, 15190, 9, 73, 45443, 89543, 155605, 36069, 10366, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Advantages over PCI.", "History.", "Versions.", "Official extensions.", "AGP Pro.", "64-bit AGP.", "Unofficial variations.", "Compatibility.", "Power consumption.", "Later use.", "Protocol.", "AGP command codes.", "In-band AGP requests using PIPE#.", "Side-band AGP requests using SBA[7:0].", "AGP responses.", "Connector pinout." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "As computers increasingly became graphically oriented, successive generations of graphics adapters began to push the limits of PCI, a bus with shared bandwidth. This led to the development of AGP, a \"bus\" dedicated to graphics adapters. AGP is heavily based on PCI, and in fact the AGP bus is a superset of the conventional PCI bus, and AGP cards must act as PCI cards. The primary advantage of AGP over PCI is that it provides a dedicated pathway between the slot and the processor rather than sharing the PCI bus. In addition to a lack of contention for the bus, the direct connection allows for higher clock speeds. The second major change is that AGP uses split transactions, where the address and data phases of a PCI transaction are separated. The card may send many address phases, and the host processes them in order. This avoids long delays, with the bus idle, during read operations. Third, PCI bus handshaking is simplified. Unlike PCI bus transactions whose length is negotiated on a cycle-by-cycle basis using the FRAME# and STOP# signals, AGP transfers are always a multiple of 8 bytes long, and the total length is included in the request. Further, rather than using the IRDY# and TRDY# signals for each word, data is transferred in blocks of four clock cycles (32 words at AGP 8× speed), and pauses are allowed only between blocks. Finally, AGP allows (optional in AGP 1.0 and 2.0, mandatory in AGP 3.0) \"sideband addressing\", meaning that the address and data buses are separated so the address phase does not use the main address/data (AD) lines at all. This is done by adding an extra 8-bit \"SideBand Address\" bus over which the graphics controller can issue new AGP requests while other AGP data is flowing over the main 32 address/data (AD) lines. This results in improved overall AGP data throughput. This great improvement in memory read performance makes it practical for an AGP card to read textures directly from system RAM, while a PCI graphics card must copy it from system RAM to the card's video memory. System memory is made available using the graphics address remapping table (GART), which apportions main memory as needed for texture storage. The maximum amount of system memory available to AGP is defined as the \"AGP aperture\".", "The AGP slot first appeared on x86-compatible system boards based on Socket 7 Intel P5 Pentium and Slot 1 P6 Pentium II processors. Intel introduced AGP support with the i440LX Slot 1 chipset on August 26, 1997, and a flood of products followed from all the major system board vendors. The first Socket 7 chipsets to support AGP were the VIA Apollo VP3, SiS 5591/5592, and the ALI Aladdin V. Intel never released an AGP-equipped Socket 7 chipset. FIC demonstrated the first Socket 7 AGP system board in November 1997 as the \"FIC PA-2012\" based on the VIA Apollo VP3 chipset, followed very quickly by the \"EPoX P55-VP3\" also based on the VIA VP3 chipset which was first to market. Early video chipsets featuring AGP support included the Rendition Vérité V2200, 3dfx Voodoo Banshee, Nvidia RIVA 128, 3Dlabs PERMEDIA 2, Intel i740, ATI Rage series, Matrox Millennium II, and S3 ViRGE GX/2. Some early AGP boards used graphics processors built around PCI and were simply bridged to AGP. This resulted in the cards benefiting little from the new bus, with the only improvement used being the 66 MHz bus clock, with its resulting doubled bandwidth over PCI, and bus exclusivity. Examples of such cards were the Voodoo Banshee, Vérité V2200, Millennium II, and S3 ViRGE GX/2. Intel's i740 was explicitly designed to exploit the new AGP feature set; in fact it was designed to texture only from AGP memory, making PCI versions of the board difficult to implement (local board RAM had to emulate AGP memory.) Microsoft first introduced AGP support into \"Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2\" (OSR2 version 1111 or 950B) via the \"USB SUPPLEMENT to OSR2\" patch. After applying the patch the Windows 95 system became \"Windows 95 version 4.00.950 B\". The first Windows NT-based operating system to receive AGP support was Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3, introduced in 1997. Linux support for AGP enhanced fast data transfers was first added in 1999 with the implementation of the AGPgart kernel module.", "Intel released \"AGP specification 1.0\" in 1997. It specified 3.3 V signals and 1× and 2× speeds. Specification 2.0 documented 1.5 V signaling, which could be used at 1×, 2× and the additional 4× speed and 3.0 added 0.8 V signaling, which could be operated at 4× and 8× speeds. (1× and 2× speeds are physically possible, but were not specified.) Available versions are listed in the adjacent table. AGP version 3.5 is only publicly mentioned by Microsoft under \"Universal Accelerated Graphics Port (UAGP)\", which specifies mandatory supports of extra registers once marked optional under AGP 3.0. Upgraded registers include PCISTS, CAPPTR, NCAPID, AGPSTAT, AGPCMD, NISTAT, NICMD. New required registers include APBASELO, APBASEHI, AGPCTRL, APSIZE, NEPG, GARTLO, GARTHI. There are various physical interfaces (connectors); see the Compatibility section.", "", "An official extension for cards that required more electrical power, with a longer slot with additional pins for that purpose. AGP Pro cards were usually workstation-class cards used to accelerate professional computer-aided design applications employed in the fields of architecture, machining, engineering, simulations, and similar fields.", "A 64-bit channel was once proposed as an optional standard for AGP 3.0 in draft documents, but it was dropped in the final version of the standard. The standard allows 64-bit transfer for AGP8× reads, writes, and fast writes; 32-bit transfer for PCI operations.", "A number of non-standard variations of the AGP interface have been produced by manufacturers.", "AGP cards are backward and forward compatible within limits. 1.5 V-only keyed cards will not go into 3.3 V slots and vice versa, though \"Universal\" cards exist which will fit into either type of slot. There are also unkeyed \"Universal\" slots that will accept either type of card. When an AGP Universal card is plugged-into an AGP Universal slot, only the 1.5 V portion of the card is used. Some cards, like Nvidia's GeForce 6 series (except the 6200) or ATI's Radeon X800 series, only have keys for 1.5 V to prevent them from being installed in older mainboards without 1.5 V support. Some of the last modern cards with 3.3 V support were the Nvidia GeForce FX series (FX 5200, FX 5500, FX 5700, some FX 5800, FX 5900 and some FX 5950), Geforce 6 Series (6200, 6600/6600 LE/6600 GT only) and the ATI Radeon 9500/9700/9800(R350) (but not 9600/9800(R360)). Some Geforce 6200 and Geforce 6600 cards will function with AGP 1.0 (3.3v) slots. AGP Pro cards will not fit into standard slots, but standard AGP cards will work in a Pro slot. Motherboards equipped with a Universal AGP Pro slot will accept a 1.5 V or 3.3 V card in either the AGP Pro or standard AGP configuration, a Universal AGP card, or a Universal AGP Pro card. Some cards incorrectly have dual notches, and some motherboards incorrectly have fully open slots, allowing a card to be plugged into a slot that does not support the correct signaling voltage, which may damage card or motherboard. Some incorrectly designed older 3.3 V cards have the 1.5 V key. There are some proprietary systems incompatible with standard AGP; for example, Apple Power Macintosh computers with the Apple Display Connector (ADC) have an extra connector which delivers power to the attached display. Some cards designed to work with a specific CPU architecture (e.g., PC, Apple) may not work with others due to firmware issues. Mark Allen of Playtools.com made the following comments regarding Practical AGP Compatibility for AGP 3.0 and AGP 2.0: \"...nobody makes AGP 3.0 cards, and nobody makes AGP 3.0 motherboards. At least not any manufacturers I can find. Every single video card I could find which claimed to be an AGP 3.0 card was actually a universal 1.5V AGP 3.0 card. And every motherboard which claimed to be an AGP 3.0 motherboard turned out to be a universal 1.5V AGP 3.0 motherboard. It makes sense, if you think about it, because if anyone actually shipped a consumer-oriented product which supported only 0.8 volts, they would end up with lots of confused customers and a support nightmare. In the consumer market, you'd have to be crazy to ship a 0.8 volt only product.\"", "Actual power supplied by an AGP slot depends upon the card used. The maximum current drawn from the various rails is given in the specifications for the various versions. For example, if maximum current is drawn from all supplies and all voltages are at their specified upper limits, an AGP 3.0 slot can supply up to 48.25 watts; this figure can be used to specify a power supply conservatively, but in practice a card is unlikely ever to draw more than 40 W from the slot, with many using less. AGP Pro provides additional power up to 110 W. Many AGP cards had additional power connectors to supply them with more power than the slot could provide.", "By 2010, few new motherboards had AGP slots. No new motherboard chipsets were equipped with AGP support, but motherboards continued to be produced with older chipsets with support for AGP. Graphics processors of this period use PCI-Express, a general-purpose (not restricted to graphics) standard that supports higher data transfer rates and full-duplex. To create AGP-compatible graphics cards, those chips require an additional PCIe-to-AGP bridge-chip to convert PCIe signals to and from AGP signals. This incurs additional board costs due to the need for the additional bridge chip and for a separate AGP-designed circuit board. Various manufacturers of graphics cards continued to produce AGP cards for the shrinking AGP user-base. The first bridged cards were the GeForce 6600 and ATI Radeon X800 XL boards, released during 2004–5. In 2009 AGP cards from Nvidia had a ceiling of the GeForce 7 Series. In 2011 DirectX 10-capable AGP cards from AMD vendors (Club 3D, HIS, Sapphire, Jaton, Visiontek, Diamond, etc.) included the Radeon HD 2400, 3450, 3650, 3850, 4350, 4650, and 4670. The HD 5000 AGP series mentioned in the AMD Catalyst software was never available. There were many problems with the AMD Catalyst 11.2 - 11.6 AGP hotfix drivers under Windows 7 with the HD 4000 series AGP video cards; use of 10.12 or 11.1 AGP hotfix drivers is the recommended workaround. Several of the vendors listed above make available past versions of the AGP drivers.", "An AGP bus is a superset of a 66 MHz conventional PCI bus and, immediately after reset, follows the same protocol. The card must act as a PCI target, and optionally may act as a PCI master. (AGP 2.0 added a \"fast writes\" extension which allows PCI writes from the motherboard to the card to transfer data at higher speed.) After the card is initialized using PCI transactions, AGP transactions are permitted. For these, the card is always the AGP master and the motherboard is always the AGP target. The card queues multiple requests which correspond to the PCI address phase, and the motherboard schedules the corresponding data phases later. An important part of initialization is telling the card the maximum number of outstanding AGP requests which may be queued at a given time. AGP requests are similar to PCI memory read and write requests, but use a different encoding on command lines C/BE[3:0] and are always 8-byte aligned; their starting address and length are always multiples of 8 bytes (64 bits). The three low-order bits of the address are used instead to communicate the length of the request. Whenever the PCI GNT# signal is asserted, granting the bus to the card, three additional status bits ST[2:0] indicate the type of transfer to be performed next. If the bits are codice_1, a previously queued AGP transaction's data is to be transferred; if the three bits are codice_2, the card may begin a PCI transaction or (if sideband addressing is not in use) queue a request in-band using PIPE#.", "Like PCI, each AGP transaction begins with an address phase, communicating an address and 4-bit command code. The possible commands are different from PCI, however: AGP 3.0 dropped high-priority requests and the long read commands, as they were little used. It also mandated side-band addressing, thus dropping the dual address cycle, leaving only four request types: low-priority read (0000), low-priority write (0100), flush (1010) and fence (1100).", "To queue a request in-band, the card must request the bus using the standard PCI REQ# signal, and receive GNT# plus bus status ST[2:0] equal to codice_2. Then, instead of asserting FRAME# to begin a PCI transaction, the card asserts the PIPE# signal while driving the AGP command, address, and length on the C/BE[3:0], AD[31:3] and AD[2:0] lines, respectively. (If the address is 64 bits, a dual address cycle similar to PCI is used.) For every cycle that PIPE# is asserted, the card sends another request without waiting for acknowledgement from the motherboard, up to the configured maximum queue depth. The last cycle is marked by deasserting REQ#, and PIPE# is deasserted on the following idle cycle.", "If side-band addressing is supported and configured, the PIPE# signal is not used. (And the signal is re-used for another purpose in the AGP 3.0 protocol, which requires side-band addressing.) Instead, requests are broken into 16-bit pieces which are sent as two bytes across the SBA bus. There is no need for the card to ask permission from the motherboard; a new request may be sent at any time as long as the number of outstanding requests is within the configured maximum queue depth. The possible values are: Sideband address bytes are sent at the same rate as data transfers, up to 8× the 66 MHz basic bus clock. Sideband addressing has the advantage that it mostly eliminates the need for turnaround cycles on the AD bus between transfers, in the usual case when read operations greatly outnumber writes.", "While asserting GNT#, the motherboard may instead indicate via the ST bits that a data phase for a queued request will be performed next. There are four queues: two priorities (low- and high-priority) for each of reads and writes, and each is processed in order. Obviously, the motherboard will attempt to complete high-priority requests first, but there is no limit on the number of low-priority responses which may be delivered while the high-priority request is processed. For each cycle when the GNT# is asserted and the status bits have the value codice_13, a read response of the indicated priority is scheduled to be returned. At the next available opportunity (typically the next clock cycle), the motherboard will assert TRDY# (target ready) and begin transferring the response to the oldest request in the indicated read queue. (Other PCI bus signals like FRAME#, DEVSEL# and IRDY# remain deasserted.) Up to four clock cycles worth of data (16 bytes at AGP 1× or 128 bytes at AGP 8×) are transferred without waiting for acknowledgement from the card. If the response is longer than that, both the card and motherboard must indicate their ability to continue on the third cycle by asserting IRDY# (initiator ready) and TRDY#, respectively. If either one does not, wait states will be inserted until two cycles after they both do. (The value of IRDY# and TRDY# at other times is irrelevant and they are usually deasserted.) The C/BE# byte enable lines may be ignored during read responses, but are held asserted (all bytes valid) by the motherboard. The card may also assert the RBF# (read buffer full) signal to indicate that it is temporarily unable to receive more low-priority read responses. The motherboard will refrain from scheduling any more low-priority read responses. The card must still be able to receive the end of the current response, and the first four-cycle block of the following one if scheduled, plus any high-priority responses it has requested. For each cycle when GNT# is asserted and the status bits have the value codice_14, write data is scheduled to be sent across the bus. At the next available opportunity (typically the next clock cycle), the card will assert IRDY# (initiator ready) and begin transferring the data portion of the oldest request in the indicated write queue. If the data is longer than four clock cycles, the motherboard will indicate its ability to continue by asserting TRDY# on the third cycle. Unlike reads, there is no provision for the card to delay the write; if it didn't have the data ready to send, it shouldn't have queued the request. The C/BE# lines \"are\" used with write data, and may be used by the card to select which bytes should be written to memory. The multiplier in AGP 2×, 4× and 8× indicates the number of data transfers across the bus during each 66 MHz clock cycle. Such transfers use source synchronous clocking with a \"strobe\" signal (AD_STB[0], AD_STB[1], and SB_STB) generated by the data source. AGP 4× adds complementary strobe signals. Because AGP transactions may be as short as two transfers, at AGP 4× and 8× speeds it is possible for a request to complete in the middle of a clock cycle. In such a case, the cycle is padded with dummy data transfers (with the C/BE# byte enable lines held deasserted).", "The AGP connector contains almost all PCI signals, plus several additions. The connector has 66 contacts on each side, although 4 are removed for each keying notch. Pin 1 is closest to the I/O bracket, and the B and A sides are as in the table, looking down at the motherboard connector. Contacts are spaced at 1 mm intervals, however they are arranged in two staggered vertical rows so that there is 2 mm space between pins in each row. Odd-numbered A-side contacts, and even-numbered B-side contacts are in the lower row (1.0 to 3.5 mm from the card edge). The others are in the upper row (3.7 to 6.0 mm from the card edge). PCI signals omitted are: Signals added are:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 18153, 83, 10, 1690, 106211, 38657, 10821, 4, 24887, 9393, 4, 117, 33, 93, 289, 50895, 9523, 18153, 5, 1650, 7, 9351, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 160600, 44, 12630, 7, 830, 91084, 44, 587, 434, 830, 44, 17574, 58, 3021, 5, 136, 44, 188, 282, 830, 10, 59226, 15, 2347, 42792, 242, 2982, 86, 73, 25, 91084, 44, 188, 59226, 74054, 3129, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 18153, 25, 7, 91, 47416, 5062, 31358, 7, 5, 64511, 3501, 42459, 297, 390, 6863, 14941, 39210, 9351, 4, 442, 83, 959, 10, 29568, 6, 86532, 5, 1650, 83, 24, 4935, 47, 25074, 6661, 72852, 7, 136, 55993, 7, 98, 70, 92142, 7, 111, 7464, 136, 191975, 98567, 7401, 7565, 47, 10, 6, 168867, 111, 1672, 138, 347, 5, 1650, 1556, 77233, 189067, 5, 44891, 37534, 3934, 23924, 21629, 237, 142, 122360, 289, 18153, 442, 1556, 5036, 24209, 10, 85583, 116000, 272, 642, 297, 23, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 16128, 136, 23, 63920, 111, 70, 109727, 23924, 25617, 5, 360, 8254, 4, 1632, 111, 6863, 24, 4935, 76726, 4, 442, 83, 142, 9667, 12060, 297, 114149, 4743, 47, 70, 104, 50777, 2069, 111, 6863, 117016, 5, 1650, 831, 2843, 186, 14037, 23, 32774, 130891, 4000, 538, 4, 100, 27781, 4966, 306, 223, 286, 86946, 2143, 99, 101774, 18, 84136, 7, 159, 98529, 98, 70, 9113, 55455, 18, 136, 1401, 660, 69766, 84136, 7, 581, 18153, 1556, 192617, 4, 6275, 297, 31358, 7, 1257, 47, 106, 106810, 4989, 4, 707, 1286, 5, 581, 31358, 7, 621, 1927, 1463, 35975, 23, 41421, 9, 7, 58994, 136, 10, 58944, 23, 6626, 6, 15555, 7, 33233, 70, 1690, 106211, 13450, 64, 37382, 5, 10660, 621, 51, 188, 818, 5252, 4, 95103, 10092, 14534, 136, 165292, 297, 5, 581, 23, 76352, 6964, 6620, 83, 286, 4063, 9, 5062, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 11001, 33949, 6, 132641, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 17262, 19932, 3716, 5, 581, 189067, 621, 20324, 136, 333, 91153, 4, 116, 47, 138, 1827, 36880, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 280, 1803, 9, 5062, 40, 5007, 7, 3129, 621, 77233, 678, 1011, 1728, 173, 5425, 5, 10660, 70560, 23, 70, 41896, 5, 581, 17262, 280, 60380, 621, 1884, 70, 40, 5007, 7, 1284, 208806, 150679, 5, 305, 20, 483, 1924, 18241, 5, 131947, 14794, 14597, 4, 305, 20, 483, 136, 161549, 25072, 297, 99, 70, 3647, 5, 14847, 26759, 13, 1836, 621, 995, 12171, 532, 136, 8374, 157272, 678, 10, 70560, 2517, 20623, 5, 180, 19393, 90, 621, 183851, 136, 14037, 6, 16275, 3055, 297, 645, 70, 75414, 71579, 111, 70, 2258, 5310, 58982, 4, 40494, 98, 70, 4122, 11049, 136, 121303, 7, 5, 151958, 83, 10, 18344, 9120, 133, 5, 581, 40, 297, 7, 765, 110, 22, 1140, 1264, 39, 136, 10, 80560, 352, 21731, 31, 5, 1650, 189067, 1295, 20414, 24189, 8055, 5, 44, 7235, 188, 2647, 286, 86946, 2143, 58, 83, 98174, 3674, 237, 142, 122360, 289, 7401, 8752, 18153, 5, 360, 63920, 111, 49002, 70, 1690, 106211, 306, 90, 621, 11814, 237, 15381, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4966, 306, 223, 286, 86946, 2143, 83, 70, 25074, 6661, 62814, 147, 49086, 136, 67009, 18153, 114149, 23, 70, 14449, 4966, 306, 189956, 5, 151301, 123055, 26698, 86608, 4209, 6, 86532, 707, 27689, 7, 6, 86532, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The plant is a rhizomatous, hairless, perennial aquatic plant. Its name is derived from Greek \"bous\", meaning \"cow\", \"ox\" etc. and \"tome\", a cut (the verb 'temnein' meaning \"to cut\"), which refers to the plant's swordlike leaves. Other than suggested by its English common name, it is not a true rush. It is native to Old World continents and grows on the margins of still and slowly moving water down to a depth of about 3 m. It has pink flowers. Introduced into North America as an ornamental plant it has now become a serious invasive weed in the Great Lakes area and in parts of the Pacific Northwest. In Israel, one of its native countries, it is an endangered species due to the dwindling of its habitat. It can also be found in Great Britain locally, for example Butomus umbellatus at Gwent Levels SSSI on the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels The plant has linear, pointed leaves up to 1 metre long, or more. The leaves are triangular in cross-section and arise in two rows along the rhizome/base. They are untoothed, parallel veined and twisted. The inflorescence is umbel-like consisting of a single terminal flower surrounded by three cymes. The flowers are regular and bisexual, 2 to 3 cm across. There are three petal-like sepals which are pink with darker veins. They persist in the fruit. The three petals are like the sepals but somewhat larger. 6 - 9 stamens. Carpels superior, 6 - 9 and slightly united at the base. When ripe they are obovoid and crowned with a persistent style. Ovules are numerous and found scattered over the inner surface of the carpel wall, except on the midrib and edges. Fruit is a follicle. The seeds have no endosperm and a straight embryo. It flowers from July until August.", "\"Butomus umbellatus\" is cultivated as an ornamental waterside plant. In parts of Russia the rhizomes are used as food." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 66016, 24635, 15790, 1444, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 305, 831, 67772, 15, 33554, 72403, 7, 237, 111, 101634, 12, 15790, 1444, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 427, 128274, 7, 12, 581, 43581, 15333, 111, 15790, 1444, 83, 353, 3238, 6387, 5659, 48536, 5, 62, 32786, 111, 70, 7142, 1419, 31016, 4, 2412, 91995, 71, 35425, 2852, 7142, 1419, 23, 10591, 76576, 11555, 64997, 272, 916, 4, 23, 23179, 1295, 2021, 47, 8432, 2022, 4021, 96362, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 15333, 7, 621, 12, 581, 44, 58, 24073, 60089, 23664, 18939, 83, 7108, 23, 70, 11698, 111, 15790, 1444, 5, 581, 92265, 20204, 191, 12349, 160404, 7, 70, 44, 59441, 13, 14113, 17094, 3598, 9459, 8, 15790, 1444, 830, 70, 142105, 24793, 25, 7, 101085, 23, 9942, 5, 581, 142, 45964, 11698, 111, 70, 59444, 83, 88303, 98, 10, 130473, 4, 678, 70, 144477, 5609, 8035, 1286, 57849, 3674, 3501, 70, 127067, 5609, 5, 1650, 83, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 6626, 96113, 7, 12, 70, 891, 133, 136, 70, 23868, 1212, 5, 15790, 1444, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 28811, 6, 30249, 9523, 46552, 4, 836, 1785, 1295, 70, 14941, 55969, 15, 86, 147, 12190, 9, 56003, 31, 4, 4860, 5861, 136, 12982, 12190, 9, 197558, 194, 15790, 1444, 1556, 70, 149067, 19, 111, 19441, 10, 88551, 15497, 12628, 18, 10932, 6863, 15789, 33816, 5, 3293, 15497, 12628, 18, 83, 10, 30312, 16128, 17721, 70, 26349, 27798, 15, 219, 9319, 168, 184, 16, 136, 70, 10588, 111, 6863, 27081, 16128, 15, 219, 9319, 28720, 194, 15790, 1444, 66139, 142, 77904, 1771, 153552, 5, 1914, 88354, 2320, 23, 15790, 1444, 83, 15286, 38526, 40715, 130807, 660, 3501, 23, 70, 171827, 63920, 111, 21689, 43013, 4, 58359, 214, 4734, 23552, 111, 70, 90926, 111, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 26349, 111, 7644, 41577, 4, 3129, 30482, 102044, 9146, 23, 15790, 1444, 215667, 47, 70, 90926, 111, 150679, 63920, 111, 171827, 102126, 5, 221431, 21974, 37457, 17721, 106, 4, 15128, 136, 56467, 2525, 77253, 538, 4, 3129, 83, 1672, 70, 41170, 111, 4262, 16532, 13, 75204, 390, 70, 26349, 111, 239, 38504, 86, 5, 360, 267, 4, 70, 75414, 43904, 111, 70, 26349, 509, 111, 1039, 133063, 12825, 23, 109261, 16037, 4, 70, 15790, 1444, 1940, 277, 12303, 289, 45646, 37067, 214, 15790, 1444, 678, 4828, 43573, 1272, 165473, 16145, 15, 76, 4806, 15790, 1444, 39447, 2955, 37035, 16, 54529, 297, 2678, 124940, 11591, 23, 109261, 16037, 136, 70, 57329, 17840, 16128, 54529, 297, 645, 361, 91578, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 15790, 1444, 1556, 70, 17932, 4271, 525, 9, 8407, 14775, 57329, 17840, 16128, 23, 9942, 7103, 219167, 136, 8108, 242965, 4, 164298, 136, 353, 5286, 5, 581, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 15790, 1444, 621, 35839, 44, 1052, 33, 30080, 58, 23, 92265, 5, 15790, 1444, 83, 18507, 47314, 237, 10, 26349, 111, 4927, 136, 32692, 5, 581, 105719, 11698, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 36770, 1774, 111, 70, 76512, 67987, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 60212, 17721, 70, 144477, 9022, 26349, 11698, 136, 70, 127067, 9022, 26349, 11698, 4743, 47, 70, 729, 1549, 11476, 4, 3129, 163684, 297, 2684, 111, 70, 5527, 1297, 2674, 297, 18276, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 456, 146049, 509, 16940, 23, 6, 34165, 4, 98, 10, 6, 120067, 1774, 5, 581, 127067, 9022, 2831, 4, 70, 70425, 525, 99, 903, 1733, 4, 509, 959, 456, 978, 24908, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 70, 44, 2500, 19929, 8, 6, 198715, 830, 5941, 44, 138591, 7, 46211, 7, 58, 3542, 88303, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 4, 70, 118513, 271, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 42762, 7, 148677, 7, 831, 186, 14037, 2685, 5, 196431, 7844, 89160, 23552, 9, 118, 26278, 297, 18276, 7, 621, 39501, 297, 102917, 538, 33233, 70, 33816, 7, 111, 12190, 9, 143568, 272, 474, 4, 12190, 9, 205503, 7, 4, 8, 12190, 9, 56003, 31, 4, 12190, 9, 22769, 2298, 15537, 4, 224, 67388, 7, 4, 115, 85853, 217, 107, 4, 13769, 1428, 818, 4, 12190, 9, 197558, 4, 8, 21, 436, 2317, 36711, 136, 10932, 70, 49476, 7, 111, 154073, 9, 6979, 238, 36331, 4, 224, 86022, 7, 4, 12190, 9, 7251, 86, 136, 2552, 7532, 56, 9, 693, 9, 8023, 939, 5, 581, 44, 28636, 19929, 8, 6, 198715, 58, 15, 169057, 45023, 136, 80209, 11698, 111, 21689, 43013, 4, 1388, 83, 70, 2684, 170277, 729, 927, 142642, 33976, 23, 15790, 1444, 5, 1650, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 7103, 10, 94176, 11476, 23, 13211, 450, 1543, 765, 2809, 143434, 390, 10, 12564, 1046, 11476, 71, 390, 10, 18782, 56, 20271, 10, 32837, 1363, 5, 1650, 18276, 7, 70, 15790, 1444, 52341, 111, 5787, 106398, 5, 581, 49476, 10932, 83, 88303, 98, 70, 54704, 289, 6, 159958, 5, 2161, 70, 65272, 4, 70, 41076, 8, 21, 3596, 5056, 15, 115411, 19449, 42834, 4, 128142, 33, 19, 2371, 341, 28912, 2077, 2161, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 44, 26951, 13, 12190, 9, 205503, 7, 58, 678, 89160, 23552, 9, 118, 26278, 297, 18276, 7, 12, 2161, 70, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 12, 581, 41076, 224, 86022, 7, 83, 13315, 71, 390, 127847, 7, 46211, 7, 678, 70, 3687, 85736, 603, 9, 693, 9, 8023, 939, 4, 83, 70, 31913, 111, 70, 5895, 538, 6957, 16839, 4, 70, 35856, 224, 86022, 7, 5, 799, 147, 70, 15790, 1444, 234120, 15, 408, 129763, 3041, 133, 12190, 9, 196243, 8, 15790, 1444, 16, 83, 70, 4518, 13, 115, 85853, 217, 107, 12, 2161, 903, 1615, 621, 70, 36770, 2907, 5, 990, 3132, 1608, 5310, 4, 5036, 70, 6, 177133, 23179, 136, 10, 59052, 1672, 70, 186768, 34754, 111, 15790, 1444, 136, 70, 219371, 12190, 9, 143568, 272, 474, 667, 24908, 1295, 70, 138, 4216, 47, 70, 427, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 70, 76512, 67987, 3542, 21334, 538, 163684, 297, 17721, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 136, 70, 128136, 7, 5, 41076, 12190, 9, 7251, 86, 15, 683, 2512, 33, 19, 5906, 1255, 9, 139701, 16, 25134, 9, 1177, 48850, 4, 44, 2729, 4518, 13, 12190, 9, 197558, 58, 128911, 76, 4806, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 15790, 1444, 15, 74, 2819, 21713, 31, 12, 44, 4332, 7, 10713, 56128, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 21689, 43013, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 9942, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 891, 133, 136, 70, 23868, 1212, 5, 15790, 1444, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 10776, 111, 21689, 43013, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 891, 133, 9, 126, 9, 89272, 16182, 130625, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Administration.", "Mayors.", "National representation.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Population.", "Sights.", "Historic centre.", "The Parlement de Bretagne and city hall area.", "The Place des Lices and cathedral area.", "Remains of the ramparts.", "Place Saint-Anne area.", "East: Thabor park area.", "South city centre.", "South of the Vilaine.", "Other sights.", "Parks and gardens.", "Economy.", "Culture.", "Concert halls.", "Museums and exhibition places.", "Media.", "Local culture.", "Local languages.", "Local food.", "Education.", "Transport.", "Public transport.", "Cycling.", "Roads.", "Railway.", "Airport.", "International relations.", "Twin towns – sister cities.", "Other forms of cooperation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Since 2015, Rennes is divided into 6 cantons (populations as of 2014): Rennes is divided into 12 quarters:", "The current mayor of Rennes is Nathalie Appéré. A member of the Socialist Party, she replaced retiring Socialist incumbent Daniel Delaveau, in office from 2008 to 2014. Among previous well-known mayors are: The \"\" (\"city hall\") is right in the centre of Rennes.", "The French Prison Service operates the \"Centre pénitentiaire de Rennes\", the largest women's prison in France.", "The ancient centre of the town is built on a hill, with the north side being more elevated than the south side. It is at the confluence of two rivers: the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is located on the European atlantic arc, 50 km from the English Channel (near Saint-Malo, Dinard and Mont Saint-Michel). Rennes has the distinction of having a significant Green Belt around its ring road. This Green Belt is a protected area between the city proper (rather dense) and the rest of its urban area (rather rural).", "Rennes features an oceanic climate. Precipitation in Rennes is considerably less abundant than in the western parts of Brittany, reaching only half of the levels of, e.g., the city of Quimper, which makes rainfall in Rennes comparable to the levels of larger parts of western Germany. Sunshine hours range between 1,700 and 1,850 annually, which is about the amount of sunshine received by the city of Lausanne.", "In 2018, the inner population of the city was of 221,272 inhabitants, the Rennes intercommunal structure connecting Rennes with 42 nearby suburbs (named Rennes Métropole) counted 450,593 inhabitants and the metropolitan area counted over 720,000 inhabitants. Rennes has the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in France after Toulouse and before Montpellier, Bordeaux and Nantes. The inhabitants of Rennes are called \"Rennais\" in French.", "Rennes is classified as a city of art and history.", "The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts. There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to the 1720 fire, which destroyed most of the timber framed houses in the northern part of the city. The rebuilding was done in stone, on a grid plan. The southern part, the poorest at this time, was not rebuilt. Due to the presence of the \"parlement de Bretagne\", many \"hôtels particuliers\" were built in the northern part, the richest in the 18th century. Most of the monuments historiques can be found there. Colourful traditional half-timbered houses are situated primarily along the roads of Saint-Sauveur, Saint-Georges, de Saint-Malo, Saint-Guillaume, des Dames, du Chapitre, Vasselot, Saint-Michel, de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ-Jacquet, des Lices, Saint-Anne and Rallier-du-Baty.", "The \"Parlement de Bretagne\" (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, ) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture. On the west, the Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Kêr): On the east, at the end of the \"Rue Saint-Georges\" with traditional half-timbered houses: On the south-east:", "The Place des Lices is lined by hôtels particuliers with the place Railler-du-Baty, is the location of the weekly big market, the marché des Lices. Near the Rennes Cathedral (cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Rennes) is the Rue du Chapitre: On this era are the former St. Yves chapel, now the tourism office and a museum about the historical development of Rennes and the Basilica Saint-Sauveur", "Built from the 3rd to the 12th centuries, the ramparts were largely destroyed between the beginning of the 16th century and the 1860s.", "Place Saint-Anne (Plasenn Santez-Anna) South-western, \"La Rue Saint-Michel\" nicknamed \"Rue de La Soif\" (\"Road of Thirst\") because there are bars all along this street. South-eastern, the Champ-Jacquet square, with Renaissance buildings and a statue of mayor Jean Leperdit ripping up a conscription list.", "Area of Saint-Melaine square Jardin botanique du Thabor (formal French garden, orangerie, rose garden, aviary) a botanical garden on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867. 17th century promenade \"la Motte à Madame\", and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor.", "The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th centuries constructions.", "The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola, by the Vilaine River. Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, and was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc. It houses the Brittany Museum (Musée de Bretagne), the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors, and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium.. At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales, a covered market from 1922, with one part converted into contemporary art gallery. The Mercure Hotel is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré-Botté, which was the prior location of Ouest-Éclair, and then of Ouest-France, a premier daily regional newspaper. There are large mills at Rue Duhamel, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902.", "To the northwest of Rennes, near Rue de Saint-Malo are the locks of the Canal d'Ille-et-Rance of 1843. There are two halls of the printer, Oberthür, built by Marthenot between 1870 and 1895 on Rue de Paris in the eastern part of the city. Oberthür Park is the second biggest garden in the city. The 17th century manor of Haute-Chalais, a granite château, is situated to the south of the city in Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny).", "Parc du Thabor contains a compact but significant botanical garden, the Jardin botanique du Thabor. The University of Rennes 1, with a campus in the city's eastern section, also contains a botanical garden and collections (the Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes).", "Local economy include car manufacturing, telecommunications, digital sector and agrofood. The ITC firm Orange (ex-France Telecom) is the largest private employer with 4,800 people. PSA Peugeot Citroën, is the second largest private employer in the metropolitan area of Rennes, with 3,000 people. PSA opened a manufacturing plant at La Janais in Chartres-de-Bretagne in 1961. Technicolor, one of the biggest firms in TV and cinema broadcasting in the world employs over 500 people. Rennes is the 2nd concentration of digital and ITC firms in France after Paris (with well-known companies and startups like Atos, Google, Neosoft, Orange S.A., Thales, Ericsson, Harmonic France, STmicroelectronics, Technicolor R&D, Ubisoft, Regionsjob, Capgemini, OVH, Dassault Systèmes, Delta Dore, Canon, Artefacto, Enensys Technologies, Exfo, Mitsubishi Electric R&D Europe, Digitaleo, CapGemini, Kelbillet, Klaxoon, Sopra Group, Niji, Airbus Cybersecurity,etc. ). Rennes was one of the first French cities to receive the French Tech label in November 2014. Moreover, Rennes hosts the 3rd public research potential in digital and ITC sectors in France, after Paris and Grenoble, with 3,000 people working in 10 laboratories, like well-known IRISA, IETR, IRMAR, DGA-MI (cyberdefense), SATIE, etc. It is also the 3rd innovation potential in agrofood French industry with lots of firms in this field (Lactalis, Triballat Sojasun, Coralis, Panavi, Bridor, Groupe Avril, Loïc Raison, Groupe Roullier, Sanders, etc.), an agro campus (Agrocampus Ouest) and a big international and professional expo, the Space (every year in September). Other large firms located in Rennes include the restaurant conglomerate Groupe Le Duff (owners of Brioche Dorée, Bruegger's, La Madeleine, Mimi's Cafe, Timothy's World Coffee), the first French newspaper Ouest France (800,000 daily copies) and Samsic Service (cleanliness, industrial safety, job search, etc.).", "Rennes is known to be one of the most festive cities of France. It invests heavily in arts and culture and a number of its festivals (such as the music festival \"Les Transmusicales\", \"Les Tombées de la Nuit\", \"Mythos\", Stunfest (fighting game competition) and \"Travelling (a cinematic festival)\") are well known throughout France. During the 80s, Rennes was often cited as the French town of rock and new wave music.", "Rennes is well equipped with musical facilities:", "There are also five museums in Rennes: In addition to this list, there are art facilities such as \"40mcube\" exhibition space or the Centre for contemporary art \"La Criée\". There are also miscellaneous cultural places: the dance dedicated place the \"Triange\", two \"Art et Essai\" - art house cinemas - cinemas called \"l'Arvor\" and \"Cine TNB\". Surrounding cities house many other cultural venues.", "Rennes was one of the first towns in France to have its own local television channel 'TV Rennes', created in 1987. Rennes has also local radio stations (Hit West, Radio Campus, Canal B, Radio Caroline, Radio Rennes, Radio Laser) and local newspapers or magazines (Ouest-France, Le Mensuel de Rennes, Place Publique, 20 Minutes Rennes).", "", "In Brittany, two regional languages are spoken: Breton and Gallo. In and around Rennes, Gallo was traditionally spoken as a local language, but Breton has always been spoken by regional migrants coming from the western part of the region. Nowadays, the Breton language is taught in two Diwan schools, some bilingual public and Catholic schools, in evening courses, and in university. The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 24 January 2008. In 2008, 2.87% of primary school children were enrolled in bilingual primary schools, and the number of pupils enrolled in these schools is steadily growing.", "Specialties from Rennes include: Many other Breton specialties (seafood, milk, vegetables, cheese, meat) are seen at the Marché des Lices, a weekly market held every Saturday morning (one of the most important markets in France).", "The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000). The city has two main universities; \"Université de Rennes 1\", which offers courses in science, technology, medicine, philosophy, law, management, and economics, and \"Université Rennes 2\", which has courses in the arts, literature, languages, communication, human and social sciences, and sport. The official website of Université Rennes 2 identifies that facility as \"the largest research and higher learning institution in Arts, Literature, Languages, Social Sciences and Humanities in the West of France.\" There are a few \"École Supérieures\" in Rennes, like the \"École Normale Supérieure de Rennes\" on the Ker Lann campus, just outside Rennes, the \"Institut d'études politiques de Rennes\" or the ESC Rennes School of Business. There is also branches of \"École Supérieure d'Électricité\" – Supélec and Telecom Bretagne in the east of the city (Cesson-Sévigné), a campus of the \"École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies\", a campus of the \"École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées\", and the \"grande école\" Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, which is next to the \"École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes\". The computer science and applied mathematics research institute, IRISA, is located on the campus of the Université des Sciences, near Cesson-Sévigné. The \"Délégation Générale pour l'Armement\" (defence procurement agency) operates the CELAR research centre, dedicated to electronics and computing, in Bruz, a neighbouring town. Catholic University of Rennes (\"Institut Catholique de Rennes\") is a Catholic university founded in 1989. The city is also home to an American study abroad program for high school students, School Year Abroad, in which students are immersed in French culture through five classes in the language and a nine-month home stay. The \"École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Rennes\" (レンヌ補習授業校 \"Rennu Hoshū Jugyō Kō\"), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the \"Collège Anne de Bretagne\" in Rennes.", "Rennes has well-developed national road, rail and air links.", "Local transport is based primarily on an extensive bus network (65 lines) and a light metro line that was inaugurated in March 2002 and cost €500 million to build. The driverless Rennes Metro (VAL) is in length and has 15 stations, including one designed by architect Norman Foster (La Poterie station). A second light metro line is being planned, it should be operational by 2020, and the construction began in 2014.", "Rennes provides other modes of local transport: a bike sharing system with 900 bicycles (named ). Rennes created the first system of modern French bike sharing (1998).", "The city is an important hub of Brittany's motorway network and is surrounded by a ring road: the Rocade (national road 136). The construction of the bypass was started in 1968 and completed in 1999. It is 31 km (18.5 mi) long, it has 2 lanes each way (sometimes 3 lanes) and toll free. Many other expressways are connected to the Rennes ring road for local and regional service. By road, Saint-Malo can be reached in 45 minutes, Nantes in 1 hour, Brest in 2 hours and 30 minutes, Paris in 4 hours, Bordeaux in 5 hours and Bruxelles in 6 hours and 30 minutes.", "Rennes has a major French railway station, the Gare de Rennes, opened in 1857. Since July 2, 2017, it is now one hour twenty-seven minutes by TGV high-speed train from Paris (after the extension of the High Speed Rail Line). Train service is available to other big cities in France such as Lyon, Marseille, Lille and Strasbourg. Rennes is also an important railway station for regional transport in Brittany. The TER Bretagne provides links to Saint-Malo, Nantes, Redon, Vitré, Saint-Brieuc, Vannes, Laval, Brest and many other regional cities. It is served by Gares station on the VAL Rennes Metro.", "Rennes is served by Rennes Brittany Airport (Saint-Jacques), located from the centre to the south-west in the commune Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande. It notably operates regular or seasonal flights to Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Rome-Fiumicino, Southampton, Dublin, Exeter, Manchester, Amsterdam Schiphol, Madrid Barajas, Birmingham, London-City, London-Gatwick and daily flights to London Southend Airport with Flybe.", "", "Rennes is twinned with:", "Friendly towns within France Pacts of cooperation Sponsorship Rennes also has the only Institut Franco-Américain in France." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 75686, 31182, 22282, 71, 99, 70, 3050, 46813, 28723, 13, 47004, 49674, 3408, 4, 72134, 23, 186868, 5, 129335, 5369, 14432, 4, 764, 150180, 71, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 1919, 18507, 5, 360, 109969, 4, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 10, 52625, 111, 28745, 79385, 1295, 70, 29693, 8, 9942, 5, 360, 163055, 75686, 31182, 214493, 297, 3050, 21555, 5861, 187384, 141, 99, 70, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 28745, 4, 136, 80723, 10, 4989, 133258, 678, 16162, 9, 8023, 17332, 824, 24044, 3683, 7, 4, 221, 20903, 450, 442, 509, 69201, 47, 157167, 1495, 70, 4488, 111, 40101, 332, 5, 10660, 124416, 538, 91376, 4442, 73048, 23, 70, 44, 39450, 71013, 7, 111, 70, 62903, 111, 28745, 830, 534, 7199, 17990, 7, 23, 70, 44, 7235, 30058, 73, 111, 70, 92265, 83230, 6827, 67081, 58, 136, 116, 124416, 7199, 17990, 7, 47, 70, 44, 139701, 8080, 111, 83230, 38904, 136, 165712, 7, 740, 581, 435, 1121, 2320, 132539, 7, 111, 8244, 425, 3542, 5117, 134053, 390, 75686, 31182, 136, 24044, 3683, 7, 23, 115275, 5, 75686, 31182, 136, 24044, 3683, 99764, 70, 62903, 111, 28745, 25, 7, 845, 11050, 2319, 731, 23, 66007, 100, 2363, 103882, 53, 111, 70, 75686, 31182, 1104, 294, 23894, 1755, 123996, 5, 24372, 66007, 1104, 9016, 24044, 3683, 7, 136, 75686, 31182, 91376, 10846, 124416, 43240, 4, 95134, 4743, 47, 70, 54704, 2967, 111, 230466, 111, 70, 75688, 111, 127752, 7, 47, 124416, 4488, 5, 75686, 31182, 189924, 41664, 61112, 2684, 111, 1919, 6897, 8108, 764, 100512, 262, 66, 111, 70, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 28745, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 219167, 23, 66007, 5, 75686, 31182, 25, 7, 67896, 150, 525, 25188, 142837, 70, 182342, 1430, 6133, 1294, 111, 2906, 11443, 136, 99665, 238, 2906, 7834, 90, 4, 70, 28368, 100, 70, 159688, 105207, 47, 1919, 22072, 2182, 5, 360, 219167, 4, 764, 136475, 1919, 72761, 136, 165045, 145456, 7, 47, 2906, 1029, 988, 4, 170368, 17996, 4, 17656, 38657, 90, 136, 552, 8079, 217773, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 22282, 71, 70, 128713, 90, 111, 31355, 79556, 136, 31355, 69043, 3827, 202, 72303, 238, 43840, 136, 6863, 28279, 7, 136, 175100, 1810, 20531, 25188, 98, 2878, 1363, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 136, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 48502, 1517, 5, 75686, 31182, 6782, 538, 33493, 3674, 70, 25297, 4527, 111, 64707, 1409, 2320, 5, 360, 117430, 4, 33976, 98, 70, 17309, 3530, 34610, 21533, 4488, 111, 70, 15672, 290, 6133, 4, 14631, 29642, 329, 4, 764, 134053, 450, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 10, 144851, 41170, 111, 300, 94558, 15, 162, 10, 60199, 54305, 16, 33493, 3674, 70, 66044, 111, 64707, 1409, 47, 49711, 70838, 111, 2684, 44603, 217773, 7, 5, 581, 456, 77391, 111, 44603, 6, 143961, 13, 17368, 64707, 1409, 99, 11192, 52768, 136, 81147, 83, 15700, 4527, 111, 300, 94558, 60199, 54305, 47, 27489, 435, 34414, 5, 3293, 83, 35839, 70, 75686, 31182, 132539, 136, 83, 11814, 23, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 47, 27489, 70, 63559, 7401, 15490, 456, 538, 214, 98, 31837, 1295, 70, 109270, 5, 6, 41872, 329, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11739, 10208, 75686, 31182, 563, 15396, 132, 18537, 16, 572, 46290, 9127, 15, 74, 190, 7582, 543, 12338, 46, 616, 8055, 24644, 16, 509, 10, 92265, 290, 6133, 4, 103122, 23, 3980, 408, 4503, 86, 5, 360, 62977, 4, 75686, 31182, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 33233, 678, 36216, 31945, 7456, 4216, 5, 75686, 31182, 509, 739, 3165, 2822, 100, 1919, 4488, 224588, 70, 64707, 1409, 2320, 111, 107554, 114149, 23, 70, 169424, 111, 12924, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Education.", "Research." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure, starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class. In 1880, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the College de France. In 1883 Sabatier succeeded Édouard Filhol at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Senderens, so close that it was impossible to distinguish the work of either man. They jointly published 34 notes in the \"Accounts of the Academy of Science\", 11 memoirs in the \"Bulletin of the French Chemical Society\" and 2 joint memoirs to the \"Annals of Chemistry and Physics\". The methanation reactions of COx were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. Sabatier and Senderen shared the Academy of Science's Jecker Prize in 1905 for their discovery of the Sabatier–Senderens Process. After 1905–06 Senderens and Sabatier published few joint works, perhaps due to the classic problem of recognition of the merit of contributions to joint work. Sabatier taught science classes most of his life before he became Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Toulouse in 1905.", "Sabatier's earliest research concerned the thermochemistry of sulfur and metallic sulfates, the subject for the thesis leading to his doctorate. In Toulouse, he continued his physical and chemical investigations to sulfides, chlorides, chromates and copper compounds. He also studied the oxides of nitrogen and nitrosodisulfonic acid and its salts and carried out fundamental research on partition coefficients and absorption spectra. Sabatier greatly facilitated the industrial use of hydrogenation. In 1897, building on the recent biochemical work of the American chemist, James Boyce, he discovered that the introduction of a trace amount of nickel (as a catalyst) facilitated the addition of hydrogen to molecules of most carbon compounds. The reduction of carbon dioxide using hydrogen at high temperature and pressure is another use of nickel catalyst to produce methane. This is called the Sabatier reaction and is used in the International Space Station to produce the necessary water without relying on stock from the earth. \\ce" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 58480, 35526, 27314, 206, 509, 103122, 23, 729, 19308, 3934, 10, 112924, 66, 9006, 1486, 40617, 214, 14449, 23, 70, 70819, 1042, 103724, 111, 5976, 3038, 1174, 4, 7068, 2831, 111, 70, 102374, 145359, 4, 5036, 82739, 5, 360, 543, 1819, 764, 509, 520, 6496, 70, 4000, 112924, 66, 9006, 1486, 142080, 237, 10, 48807, 61905, 5935, 4, 707, 167821, 57724, 4, 136, 1295, 2685, 764, 23409, 98, 47, 70, 26349, 111, 5177, 763, 13333, 23, 112924, 11, 5, 360, 543, 4015, 4, 764, 109133, 47, 70, 9006, 1486, 26908, 23, 2016, 51418, 272, 4, 136, 764, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 74334, 19, 4, 707, 26908, 57724, 4, 23, 543, 2588, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 70, 9006, 1486, 110, 2661, 13207, 528, 28943, 145739, 4, 764, 9325, 40765, 8054, 47, 70, 140228, 4, 678, 152132, 7, 47, 28702, 3134, 9006, 52164, 1295, 70, 99162, 152838, 566, 144429, 98, 70, 845, 114686, 26908, 5, 360, 543, 3882, 764, 109133, 47, 2076, 18403, 43110, 4, 7440, 764, 435, 5941, 1391, 5151, 8780, 136, 97384, 1286, 1672, 2363, 206019, 7, 111, 845, 114686, 84654, 30891, 35509, 98, 70, 10656, 66314, 136, 152131, 6402, 40250, 5, 581, 190647, 678, 71916, 19, 21533, 845, 19725, 91048, 35526, 27314, 206, 3934, 79612, 678, 2856, 5, 1529, 91376, 10, 12877, 4, 44, 53049, 23474, 136, 22546, 12734, 58, 15, 1723, 4854, 763, 13333, 4, 543, 131290, 3129, 106926, 297, 26548, 70, 156531, 660, 845, 114686, 18962, 11395, 111, 70, 71916, 17094, 7, 5, 360, 149635, 764, 36997, 71, 58332, 4, 7440, 764, 43799, 297, 5941, 845, 114686, 29053, 32032, 7, 5, 2161, 1919, 30646, 764, 47143, 297, 100, 6626, 5369, 23, 73138, 31, 8705, 4, 237, 10, 117914, 23, 70, 9006, 1486, 26908, 2685, 5, 1529, 7068, 23409, 47, 112924, 11, 136, 5808, 297, 10, 100510, 47, 80299, 10332, 9006, 1486, 43240, 4, 111, 3129, 40368, 118775, 23, 11246, 334, 763, 13333, 15, 12110, 36436, 16, 678, 24626, 390, 4049, 5, 360, 543, 10991, 764, 509, 70, 117914, 111, 70, 20020, 111, 602, 192, 28943, 145739, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 102374, 112924, 66, 9006, 52164, 4, 2750, 1632, 6602, 14432, 170198, 4049, 47, 6, 108210, 4855, 7934, 169, 515, 136, 47, 70, 165837, 289, 67081, 111, 2365, 6011, 237, 10, 202319, 332, 47, 25379, 47, 43799, 4912, 100, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 112924, 66, 9006, 52164, 5, 360, 543, 9323, 4, 35526, 27314, 206, 80723, 1119, 73427, 5256, 23, 70, 142, 45964, 405, 29089, 53, 111, 6725, 34, 61243, 16785, 133, 4, 136, 773, 3960, 5252, 5941, 10332, 47, 6492, 34165, 7, 4, 63043, 214, 450, 3060, 111, 2856, 607, 297, 1295, 70, 5117, 202032, 90, 111, 70, 39210, 1615, 5, 581, 25632, 6626, 5369, 3542, 66933, 23, 26983, 7, 8305, 70, 60570, 9381, 223, 4, 7440, 764, 13028, 433, 76622, 70, 38240, 1158, 18, 111, 70, 10332, 845, 114686, 142080, 136, 43799, 297, 5941, 167224, 29053, 32032, 7, 5, 1529, 23409, 237, 2060, 237, 1310, 76576, 4, 136, 176377, 23, 70642, 5442, 360, 14432, 5369, 764, 7228, 3789, 120696, 7, 111, 70, 5701, 31425, 4, 150080, 61527, 136, 3789, 76726, 5, 360, 2365, 6011, 764, 100512, 70, 34391, 111, 15967, 289, 583, 152349, 136, 111, 13207, 1436, 127, 12264, 31948, 4, 136, 12960, 3332, 86675, 23, 18899, 76, 764, 7228, 70, 54639, 7351, 3956, 111, 59176, 33876, 7680, 33, 19, 136, 3789, 1529, 143006, 191225, 7, 5, 360, 159983, 764, 36997, 71, 70, 19336, 9006, 1486, 26908, 23, 4772, 4652, 4, 5932, 4, 7440, 764, 65508, 71, 40368, 17690, 7, 5, 28090, 2685, 764, 23409, 47, 181103, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 6, 108210, 873, 8160, 136, 2843, 7228, 70, 54639, 7351, 3956, 111, 62, 5876, 11727, 845, 7532, 1303, 5, 1529, 176377, 47, 27875, 1919, 4568, 13312, 23, 6725, 34, 61243, 16785, 133, 4, 111, 3129, 2685, 5036, 47143, 4734, 10, 10846, 33976, 7, 136, 5941, 73573, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 35526, 27314, 206, 25, 7, 18276, 83, 7464, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 1764, 5, 35526, 27314, 206, 43799, 297, 10, 18410, 14012, 111, 1529, 143006, 4, 197212, 136, 121283, 17840, 29053, 32032, 7, 20271, 1919, 5941, 26983, 7, 23, 1919, 33938, 100, 77950, 50509, 214, 70, 40250, 7, 111, 1919, 3395, 5, 32255, 99201, 137107, 111, 845, 114686, 60525, 1295, 87420, 70, 102374, 145359, 23, 2367, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 23972, 35526, 27314, 206, 68220, 5, 18763, 77648, 68220, 70541, 7, 4912, 43799, 297, 1295, 70, 799, 147, 24453, 5, 18763, 19922, 34739, 3687, 1672, 6, 95037, 939, 5369, 8108, 199347, 34702, 33605, 25, 7, 1286, 170277, 24745, 47, 61527, 5, 3293, 44, 4233, 2271, 71, 35526, 27314, 206, 68220, 58, 70541, 7, 17480, 15128, 55769, 136, 83, 111, 190098, 34292, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 1919, 25188, 764, 100512, 162393, 98, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 6, 60502, 22230, 111, 70, 112924, 66, 9006, 52164, 2750, 764, 63043, 297, 1902, 174920, 23, 112924, 11, 8108, 70, 39210, 1615, 5, 581, 9006, 52164, 4, 127298, 4, 5809, 959, 186, 51592, 237, 28488, 2661, 100, 70, 119653, 55923, 1830, 111, 9716, 6637, 1836, 1902, 9615, 6259, 23, 112924, 11, 99, 6044, 142, 39395, 5622, 5, 18763, 3790, 10484, 117, 37316, 48141, 70, 102374, 109343, 29685, 450, 112924, 66, 9006, 52164, 53418, 186, 61689, 5281, 23, 9716, 25, 41649, 318, 55923, 1830, 136, 1836, 3542, 39041, 48141, 1295, 70, 173072, 5844, 72350, 7, 26548, 845, 19725, 5, 52455, 111, 1919, 90791, 7, 3542, 167956, 71, 109312, 7103, 1919, 47219, 4, 136, 8, 61518, 2363, 5526, 34292, 2685, 83, 7464, 17340, 7864, 53, 645, 5941, 111, 70, 60525, 764, 43799, 297, 5, 581, 102374, 9907, 103835, 59038, 71, 70, 77648, 35526, 27314, 206, 68220, 23, 157313, 4, 10, 10176, 1286, 3501, 10, 6602, 7103, 35526, 27314, 206, 25, 7, 47219, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 241437, 7, 23, 70, 35526, 27314, 206, 42486, 83, 10, 29053, 32032, 111, 70, 44, 82166, 555, 111, 36939, 139006, 7, 830, 142, 10, 13, 237398, 1747, 51606, 2320, 111, 66429, 6827, 163136, 59121, 23, 78182, 31, 9, 161974, 238, 390, 1632, 111, 70, 158036, 111, 70, 21693, 25612, 14, 30260, 7, 4, 112440, 82945, 4416, 219, 5, 35526, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 58480, 15, 284, 28948, 3915, 16, 1585, 59176, 35526, 27314, 206, 15, 13025, 143006, 123451, 19550, 163849, 20, 44, 284, 28948, 3915, 1585, 7525, 561, 583, 56128, 9006, 53, 329, 12, 536, 59667, 137350, 1258, 58037, 23569, 17999, 20, 44, 45475, 27402, 3915, 35526, 27314, 206, 18939, 21067, 15276, 132869, 88151, 509, 10, 170277, 9006, 1486, 6, 70035, 136, 145917, 271, 4, 43799, 748, 111, 142, 45964, 29053, 32032, 7, 4, 136, 10, 9006, 1486, 23493, 3915, 5, 1529, 509, 103122, 23, 70819, 1042, 4, 5976, 3038, 1174, 4, 7068, 158930, 23, 226185, 4, 136, 77681, 9615, 6259, 23, 6725, 34, 61243, 16785, 133, 4, 112924, 11, 5, 25203, 35526, 27314, 206, 111, 8302, 301, 509, 1919, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Works.", "Collections.", "The Odessa Collection.", "The First Collection.", "The Samaritan Collection.", "The Second Collection.", "Forgery Accusations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Abraham Firkovich was born in 1787 into a Crimean Karaite farming family in the Lutsk district of Volhynia, then part of the Russian Empire, now Ukraine. In 1818 he was serving the local Crimean Karaite communities as a junior hazzan, or religious leader, and from there he went on to the city of Eupatoria in Crimea. In 1822, he moved to the Karaite community in Gozleve, and he was appointed as hazan, or community leader, in 1825. Together with the Karaite noble Simha Babovich, he sent memoranda to the Czar, with proposals to relieve Karaites from the heavy taxes imposed on the Jewish community. In 1828 he moved to Berdichev, where he met many Hasidism and learned more about their interpretations of Jewish Scriptures based on the Talmud and rabbinic tradition. The encounter with Rabbinical Jews brought Firkovich into conflict with them. He published a book, \"Massah and Meribah\" (Yevpatoria, 1838) which argued against the predominant Jewish halakha of the Rabbinites. In 1830 he visited Jerusalem, where he collected many Jewish manuscripts. On his return he remained for two years in Constantinople, as a teacher in the Karaite community there. He then went to Crimea and organized a society to publish old Karaite works, of which several appeared in Yevpatoria (Koslov) with comments by him. In 1838 he was the teacher of the children of Sima Babovich, the head of the Russian Crimean Karaites, who one year later recommended him to Count Vorontzov and to the Historical Society of Odessa as a suitable man to send to collect material for the history of the Crimean Karaites. In 1839, Firkovich began excavations in the ancient cemetery of Çufut Qale, and unearthed many old tombstones, claiming that some of them dated from the first centuries of the common era. The following two years were spent in travels through the Caucasus, where he ransacked the genizot of the old Jewish communities and collected many valuable manuscripts. He went as far as Derbent, and returned in 1842. In later years he made other journeys of the same nature, visiting Egypt and other countries. In Odessa he became the friend of Bezalel Stern and of Simchah Pinsker, and while residing in Wilna he made the acquaintance of Samuel Joseph Fuenn and other Hebrew scholars. In 1871 he visited the small Karaite community in Halych, Galicia, where he introduced several reforms. From there he went to Vienna, where he was introduced to Count Beust and also made the acquaintance of Adolph Jellinek. He returned to pass his last days in Çufut Qale, of which there now remain only a few buildings and many ruins. However, Firkovich's house is still preserved in the site. Firkovich collected a vast number of Hebrew, Arabic and Samaritan manuscripts during his many travels in his search for evidence concerning the traditions of his people. These included thousands of Jewish documents from throughout the Russian Empire in what became known as the First Firkovich Collection. His Second Collection contains material collected from the Near East. His visit took place about thirty years before Solomon Schechter's more famous trip to Egypt. This \"Second Firkovich Collection\" contains 13,700 items and is of incredible value. As a result of his research he became focused on the origin of the ancestors of the Crimean Karaites who he claimed had arrived in Crimea before the common era. The Karaites, therefore, could not be seen as culpable for the crucifixion of Jesus because they had settled in Crimea at such an early date. His theories persuaded the Russian imperial court that Crimean Karaites cannot be accused in Jesus' Crucifixion and they were excluded from the restrictive measures against Jews. Many of his findings were disputed immediately after his death, and despite their important value there is still controversy over many of the documents he collected. The Russian National Library purchased the Second Firkovich Collection in 1876, a little more than a year after Firkovich's death. Among the treasures in the Firkovich collection is a manuscript of the \"Garden of Metaphors\", an aesthetic appreciation of Biblical literature written in Judeo-Arabic by one of the greatest of the Sephardi poets, Moses ibn Ezra. Firkovich's life and works are of great importance to Karaite history and literature. His collections at the Russian National Library are important to biblical scholars and to historians, especially those of the Karaite and Samaritan communities. Controversy continues regarding his alleged discoveries and the reliability of his works.", "Firkovich's chief work is his \"Abne Zikkaron,\" containing the texts of inscriptions discovered by him (Wilna, 1872). It is preceded by a lengthy account of his travels to Daghestan, characterized by Strack as a mixture of truth and fiction. His other works are \"Ḥotam Toknit,\" antirabbinical polemics, appended to his edition of the \"Mibḥar Yesharim\" by Aaron the elder (Koslov, 1835); \"Ebel Kabod,\" on the death of his wife and of his son Jacob (Odessa, 1866); and \"Bene Reshef\", essays and poems, published by Peretz Smolenskin (Vienna, 1871).", "Abraham Firkovich collected several distinct collections of documents. In sum the Firkovich collection contains approximately 15,000 items; of which many are fragmentary.", "This collection contains material from the Crimea and the Caucasus. It was largely collected between 1839 and 1840, but with additions from Firkovich as late as 1852. It was originally owned by the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities and was stored in the Odessa museum. Some of these documents deteriorated due to chemical treatment performed by Firkovich. Other documents which were suspected forgeries disappeared; Firkovich claimed they had been stolen. The collection was moved to the Imperial Public Library in 1863. In 1844 the Russian historian Arist Kunik, a leading anti-Normanist, and Bezalel Stern, an influential Russian Maskil, would study and partly describe the discovery. Briefly stated, the discoveries include the major part of the manuscripts described in Pinner's \"Prospectus der Odessaer Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Alterthum Gehörenden Aeltesten Hebräischen und Rabbinischen Manuscripte\" (Odessa, 1845), a rather rare work which is briefly described in \"Literaturblatt des Orients\" for 1847, No. 2. These manuscripts consist of:", "Contains material from the Crimea and the Caucasus largely collected between 1839 and 1841. It was purchased by the Imperial Public Library in 1862.", "Another collection of 317 Samaritan manuscripts, acquired in Nablus, arrived in the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy in 1867 (see Fürst, \"Geschichte des Karäerthums\", iii. pp. 176, Leipsic, 1869) In 1864 Firkovich acquired a large collection of Samaritan documents in Nablus. He sold the documents to the Imperial Public Library in 1870. In sum the collection contains 1,350 items.", "Contains material collected from the Near East. The material was collected between 1863 and 1865. Firkovich collected in Jerusalem, Aleppo and also in Cairo. Firkovich concealed where he obtained the documents. He possibly collected from the Cairo Geniza thirty years before Solomon Schechter discovered it. Firkovich sold this collection to the Imperial Public Library in 1873.", "Firkovich has come to be regarded as a forger, acting in support of Karaite causes. He wished to eliminate any connection between Rabbinic Judaism and the Karaites by declaring that the Karaites were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. Firkovich successfully petitioned the Russian government to exempt the Karaites from anti-Jewish laws on the grounds that Karaites had immigrated to Europe before the crucifixion of Jesus and thus could not be held responsible for his death. S. L. Rapoport has pointed out some impossibilities in the inscriptions (\"Ha-Meliẓ,\" 1861, Nos. 13-15, 37); A. Geiger in his \"Jüdische Zeitschrift\" (1865, p. 166), Schorr in \"He-Ḥaluẓ,\" and A. Neubauer in the \"Journal Asiatique\" (1862–63) and in his \"Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek\" (Leipzig, 1866) have challenged the correctness of the facts and the theories based upon them which Jost, Julius Fürst, and Heinrich Grätz, in their writings on the Karaites, took from Pinsker's \"Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot,\" in which the data furnished by Firkovich were unhesitatingly accepted. Further exposures were made by Strack and Harkavy (St. Petersburg, 1875) in the \"Catalog der Hebr. Bibelhandschriften der Kaiserlichen Oeffentlichen Bibliothek in St. Petersburg\"; in Harkavy's \"Altjüdische Denkmäler aus der Krim\" (ib. 1876); in Strack's \"A. Firkowitsch und Seine Entdeckungen\" (Leipsic, 1876); in Fränkel's \"Aḥare Reshet le-Baḳḳer\" (\"Ha-Shaḥar,\" vii.646 et seq.); in Deinard's \"Massa' Ḳrim\" (Warsaw, 1878); and in other places. In contradiction, Firkovich's most sympathetic critic, Chwolson, gives as a résumé of his belief, after considering all controversies, that Firkovich succeeded in demonstrating that some of the Jewish tombstones from Chufut-Kale date back to the seventh century, and that seemingly modern forms of eulogy and the method of counting after the era of creation were in vogue among Jews much earlier than had been hitherto suspected. Chwolson alone defended him, but he also was forced to admit that in some cases Firkovich had resorted to forgery. In his \"Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum\" (St. Petersburg, 1882; Russian ed., ib. 1884) Chwolson attempts to prove that the Firkovich collection, especially the epitaphs from tombstones, contains much which is genuine. In 1980, V. V. Lebedev investigated the Firkovich collection and came to the conclusion that forgery cannot be attributed to Firkovich, but rather it was done by the previous owners, in an attempt to increase the price of the manuscripts. For many years the manuscripts were not available to Western scholars. The extent of Firkovich’s forgeries is still being determined. Firkovich’s materials require careful examination on a case by case basis. His collection remains of great value to scholars of Jewish studies." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 11341, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 110680, 84495, 73, 2408, 111, 151606, 8, 29378, 362, 49350, 4, 24, 4806, 100, 9631, 111, 3164, 12190, 7, 24073, 58, 23, 5744, 82528, 21325, 13, 247, 10, 13036, 60213, 111, 6863, 184085, 2256, 5, 581, 9118, 68034, 509, 24, 4806, 390, 70, 88898, 42, 70783, 20828, 38720, 254, 45740, 151606, 83, 132988, 297, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 390, 70, 142740, 55609, 4, 678, 6863, 9631, 111, 3164, 12190, 7, 70, 142105, 23, 30089, 5, 9626, 70, 30089, 3378, 145359, 4, 442, 509, 876, 167457, 98, 70, 144477, 390, 70, 12163, 5120, 136, 390, 70, 845, 3181, 109757, 19, 528, 98, 70, 127067, 4, 1284, 151606, 5036, 48402, 90, 142, 105843, 115700, 6, 99091, 390, 3789, 117249, 111, 30089, 4, 3060, 111, 3129, 3542, 100, 4806, 1295, 442, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 4, 442, 83, 5036, 132988, 297, 15, 161063, 28, 4438, 47, 65272, 16, 390, 125551, 1081, 4, 884, 77436, 7, 4, 237467, 136, 19604, 34, 430, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 442, 83, 132988, 297, 390, 717, 36520, 5425, 5, 360, 70, 127067, 25617, 4, 442, 132988, 7, 235407, 4, 136, 23, 70, 127067, 442, 83, 132988, 297, 15, 161063, 28, 4438, 47, 65272, 16, 390, 165308, 36220, 136, 118125, 166653, 5, 581, 11341, 83, 41421, 297, 1295, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 390, 5941, 96113, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 2684, 5526, 83, 70, 11182, 22600, 4, 3129, 4034, 7, 23, 118125, 166653, 136, 127877, 8305, 171827, 151606, 8108, 201505, 214, 3934, 70, 142740, 17721, 125551, 1081, 136, 884, 77436, 7, 5, 15236, 56, 538, 4655, 297, 390, 7922, 71, 71908, 144009, 67788, 31648, 4, 70, 96113, 83, 4734, 46011, 2886, 47, 19336, 5744, 131346, 1284, 83, 7464, 30306, 47, 70, 187, 532, 65272, 16792, 442, 19686, 79850, 120384, 90, 7401, 20271, 34003, 7, 3229, 5941, 3789, 164917, 96113, 7, 36898, 1810, 5, 581, 184096, 158377, 25844, 75935, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 74336, 17990, 7, 23, 70, 8999, 74, 3789, 13036, 64707, 219945, 77635, 33233, 6863, 140909, 26698, 70, 14281, 220585, 126442, 219945, 113197, 136, 70, 87, 44966, 12056, 707, 105147, 2016, 8433, 208, 25844, 5, 151606, 25, 7, 20787, 48461, 289, 10776, 7, 48402, 13, 70, 142740, 87282, 74, 70, 5786, 6032, 10776, 24073, 4332, 238, 24306, 408, 965, 18939, 4567, 26518, 1295, 70, 9631, 111, 3164, 12190, 7, 4, 70, 1764, 111, 101087, 136, 47, 402, 13400, 98174, 1363, 74, 136, 70, 242, 4, 3129, 96853, 70, 25, 80938, 111, 151606, 25, 7, 2060, 14566, 5, 581, 11341, 83, 41421, 297, 1295, 144477, 47, 127067, 390, 70, 194631, 885, 112997, 1760, 15, 25, 247, 3129, 101637, 7, 442, 3934, 6626, 117781, 20787, 48461, 289, 75778, 5, 717, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 70, 221, 379, 83, 92895, 13, 136, 70, 102044, 123867, 186085, 5, 581, 171827, 16128, 83, 1286, 187, 532, 136, 6863, 156531, 67, 55670, 1363, 70, 242, 5, 581, 6083, 187, 532, 2481, 509, 6782, 538, 124632, 14534, 645, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 390, 70, 552, 434, 30885, 7, 25, 62122, 111, 72134, 56409, 73702, 7, 12638, 6602, 47, 52295, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 27689, 7, 5, 581, 4841, 14334, 194631, 885, 9907, 5227, 83, 5368, 47, 75073, 944, 44, 4, 37385, 6287, 678, 2288, 4517, 121303, 7, 3129, 621, 36997, 71, 100, 2363, 6083, 65998, 4, 1284, 100, 70, 2684, 2831, 70, 143033, 27289, 111, 70, 14566, 22304, 442, 47, 186, 5045, 40715, 126809, 3501, 70, 184085, 5, 581, 80573, 3609, 106294, 4, 23, 70, 144477, 111, 151606, 4, 42518, 7, 47, 10, 3622, 111, 111, 184085, 2256, 4, 7440, 68992, 3609, 111632, 90, 4, 115, 1444, 4, 96113, 7, 4, 68062, 2676, 7, 136, 63335, 7401, 89803, 5245, 621, 130807, 660, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 169424, 111, 70, 142740, 82507, 87282, 5, 581, 15497, 17119, 4, 10, 33816, 450, 37067, 7, 1572, 6261, 503, 587, 23, 70, 581, 142105, 9118, 98, 70, 30089, 3378, 184085, 4, 70, 9631, 111, 3164, 12190, 7, 15, 18939, 1556, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 90695, 7, 678, 143257, 46520, 90, 136, 55670, 1363, 5, 360, 6863, 81830, 12744, 6, 108047, 1785, 4, 442, 70541, 7, 9103, 90695, 7, 4, 53299, 7, 63335, 7401, 1295, 183851, 96113, 7, 136, 7359, 5447, 15, 157225, 538, 70, 1720, 16407, 2738, 971, 136, 8273, 11, 446, 16, 136, 101086, 90, 70, 5117, 10323, 111, 30089, 136, 70, 142105, 23, 70, 23924, 13, 4438, 4, 61356, 4, 136, 1286, 3501, 1492, 14834, 31075, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 142105, 46011, 2886, 9118, 23, 30089, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 40304, 13162, 7, 100, 74989, 6827, 29681, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 20324, 12562, 6659, 7, 4, 57646, 77253, 52768, 111, 136, 2412, 27805, 2822, 7401, 7, 5, 581, 9118, 64600, 67842, 5637, 3408, 50717, 4, 678, 75281, 7, 111, 53678, 41204, 111, 756, 12921, 52895, 4, 41866, 14880, 18313, 4, 79112, 1314, 4, 2926, 139098, 7, 4, 55, 18, 7158, 450, 13625, 7, 7, 9, 95665, 6863, 224128, 2256, 7401, 7, 98, 5786, 6032, 6, 180976, 7, 47, 70, 581, 1575, 37358, 106294, 4, 127067, 111, 61356, 4, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 493, 58349, 55670, 1363, 4, 34735, 7401, 7, 4, 90695, 7, 4, 9118, 7, 4, 184518, 456, 4240, 7, 136, 10, 4552, 41767, 47314, 113430, 5, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 16128, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 98174, 1363, 111, 70, 61956, 29700, 4, 707, 44, 7623, 11, 13, 164, 2497, 1212, 43362, 830, 47041, 76242, 71, 1295, 10542, 36941, 5, 1650, 83, 162711, 47, 61356, 136, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 11341, 390, 1592, 1294, 837, 9821, 136, 70, 8678, 9, 34479, 11192, 7514, 4, 70, 17932, 162145, 289, 11192, 7514, 33233, 70, 151606, 19, 184085, 4, 3129, 62, 10617, 70, 127067, 9022, 184085, 111, 151606, 4, 70, 2041, 123142, 106294, 479, 86687, 7, 162145, 289, 65678, 10363, 3387, 678, 31236, 1755, 111, 39063, 7, 111, 46520, 90, 9638, 48141, 390, 168, 184, 68992, 3609, 111632, 90, 4, 70, 142740, 87282, 4, 21334, 58555, 111, 642, 74041, 55670, 1363, 136, 172384, 21873, 5256, 4, 70, 6782, 756, 3387, 23, 70, 151994, 47, 65922, 70, 122785, 1363, 111, 70, 142740, 87282, 5, 167992, 33233, 60875, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 151606, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 1381, 117249, 111, 30089, 136, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 2831, 111, 70, 23295, 98, 70, 142740, 184085, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 201, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 30089, 3378, 11341, 390, 43904, 15, 11, 46327, 11182, 14281, 4, 118125, 166653, 4, 136, 12163, 8, 40185, 16, 136, 70, 190, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 390, 16128, 5, 151606, 25, 7, 10323, 83, 70, 26349, 111, 61356, 15, 82772, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 441, 3073, 54, 11182, 61356, 48, 151606, 8, 29378, 362, 49350, 830, 16060, 5, 44, 58, 115411, 111, 152239, 61279, 34639, 111, 3164, 12190, 7, 9631, 58, 74054, 105866, 98, 10, 16195, 18, 111, 3551, 38310, 214, 70, 9631, 111, 3164, 12190, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Geography.", "Regions.", "Coconut Coast.", "Bay of All Saints.", "Dendê Coast.", "Cacao Coast.", "Discovery Coast.", "Whale Coast.", "Diamantina Tableland.", "Climate.", "History.", "Politics.", "Demographics.", "Public Safety.", "Tourism and recreation.", "Education.", "Culture.", "Economy.", "Infrastructure.", "Airport.", "Highways.", "Port.", "Sports.", "Flag." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name of the state derives from the earlier captaincy of Bahia de Todos os Santos, named for Bay of All Saints (\"\" in modern Portuguese), a major feature of its coastline. The bay itself was named by the explorer Amerigo Vespucci", "Bahia is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, with its Bay of All Saints the largest in Brazil. Under the Brazilian Empire, it was bounded on the north by the Rio Real and by the Jequitinhonha on the south, but Bahia now comprises an irregular shape bound by other states of Brazil, some of which were formed from it. In the north, it is now bordered (from east to west) by Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco and Piauí. In the northwest, it is bordered by Tocantins. In the southwest, it borders Goiás, and in the south it is bordered (from east to west) by Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. The state is crossed from west to east by many rivers, but the most important is the São Francisco, which starts in Minas Gerais and runs through western Bahia before emptying into the Atlantic between Sergipe and Alagoas. Formerly plied by paddlewheel steamers, the river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons when many other smaller rivers dry out. The Sobradinho Dam created one of the largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex and the Itaparica or Luiz Gonzaga Dam.", "Bahia's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest; the maritime region (\"Recôncavo\") radiating from the Bay of All Saints, the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation; and the ', which includes the'region of Bahia's far interior. The state is crossed from north to south by the Diamantina Tableland ('), which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. To the east, the soil is fertile and the rain falls regularly. The western area is more arid and its predominate vegetation the '. The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the cowboys' habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass. The Chapada Diamantina National Park is home to picturesque \", plateaus with steep edges which are visited for their natural environment, but for the most part the tough conditions of the interior cause it to be much less developed than the coast.", "The Coconut Coast, in the north of Bahia, corresponds to a total of of coastline, where coconut groves, dunes, rivers, swamps and fresh water lagoons are abundant as well as the presence of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The Green Road, a road that connects Mangue Seco in the", "The largest bay on the Brazilian coast, the Bay of All Saints (\") has a large number of islands with tropical beaches and vegetation. In its 1,052 square km, it contains 56 islands, receives fresh water from numerous rivers and creeks (especially the Paraguaçú and Subaé) and bathes the first capital of Brazil and the largest in the Northeast, Salvador, and more than ten municipalities. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for nautical sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of and sheltered waters. The bay offers various leisure options, with hundreds of vessels of all different types, especially saveiros, schooners, motor boats, jet ski that criss-cross its crystalline waters on maritime excursions to the", "The Dendê Coast, south of Salvador, is surrounded by verdant vegetation, clear waters, islands, bays, coral reefs and a very diversified fauna. The name of the area refers to the cultivation of the palm oil, or \"Elaeis guineensis\", likely imported from West Africa. It is connected to Salvador and the southern part of the state by ferryboats and the BA-001 highway, the second ecological highway along the Bahian coast, which", "Along the southern coast of Bahia, the Cacao Coast preserves ecological sanctuaries with dozens of kilometers of beaches shaded by dense coconut groves, the Atlantic Forest, large areas of wetland vegetation and cacao plantations, the great allies in the struggle to defend the preservation of the Atlantic Forest. Walking along paths in the forest or along the beaches, horseback riding along the coast, boat", "The Discovery Coast preserves, virtually intact, the landscape seen by the Portuguese fleet described in the first pages of the history of Brazil. There are approximately of beaches, inlets, bays, cliffs, numerous rivers and streams surrounded by the verdant coconut groves, wetlands and the Atlantic Forest. Over land and sea the excursions are always associated with nature, and there are various types", "The Abrolhos archipelago in the extreme southern part of Bahia is an ecotourism attraction for diving and whale watching. Whales are frequent between July and November. This region contains one of", "The geographical center of Bahia is the Diamantina Tableland (\"\") region. In this mountainous region with a diversified topography, 90% of the rivers of the Paraguaçu, Jacuípe, and Rio das Contas basins have their source here. There are thousands of kilometers of clear waters that spring from these mountains and descend in cascades and waterfalls to plateaus and plains, forming natural pools. The vegetation mixes cactus species of the caatinga dry lands with rare examples of the mountain flora, especially bromeliads, orchids and \"sempre vivas\" (member of the strawflower family). On the area one can find the", "Tropical. In addition to its considerable size, it has the longest coastline of the country: 1,103 km long (685 miles; north coast: 143; Bay", "The Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral sighted Monte Pascoal (\"Easter Mountain\") near Itamaraju and landed at what is now Porto Seguro on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, claiming the territory for Portugal. In 1549, Portugal established the city of Salvador on a hill facing the Bay of All Saints. The city and surrounding captaincy served as the administrative capital of Portugal's colonies in the Americas until 1763. It remains the religious capital of Brazil's Roman Catholic hierarchy, with its archbishop serving as the national primate. Salvador holds the country's oldest cathedral and first medical college, as well as the highest number of churches per capita of any Brazilian state capital. Bahia's captaincy was the first to fail, with its lands reverting to the Portuguese crown in 1549. While Portugal was united with Spain, the Dutch East and West India companies tried to conquer Bahia but were largely defeated in the area, with Dutch Brazil restricted to Pernambuco. Bahia was a center of sugarcane cultivation from the 16th to the 18th centuries and contains a number of historic towns, such as Cachoeira, dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of", "After the end of military governments in Brazil in 1985, the state of Bahia was usually governed by", "According to IBGE data of 2008, there were 14,561,000 people residing in the state. The population density was. Urban population: 67.4% (2006); Population growth: 1.1% (1991–2000); Houses: 3,826,000 (2006). The last PNAD (National Census of", "The crime rate in Bahia is statistically higher than in another Brazilian states in the region and far more than the south region of the country that is considered the safest region in the nation.", "Bahia is the most important tourist center in the Northeast and the 2nd in the country as they are famous for their lands. The tourist product in Bahia, 50% of its global flow centered in Salvador, unites in a same space the characteristics of a natural landscape and a unique culture in the country, in which the typical culinary arts, the colonial architecture and popular feasts reveal a strong integration of elements of European and African origin in the formation and in the way of life of the people of Bahia. By its natural and historic-cultural attractions, Bahia presents an enormous potential for the development of the tourist activity. Owner of the biggest portion of seacoast of the country and of singular views in its interior, Bahia possesses specific cultural, folklore and religious characteristics, manifest in its extensive calendar of popular festivities, in its architectonic patrimony and in its typical food. Salvador, with its Historical Center registered by UNESCO as", "The literacy rate", "As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the Yoruba-derived religious system of Candomblé, the capoeira (martial art emerged in Quilombo dos Palmares, located in the Captaincy of Pernambuco), African-derived music such as samba (especially samba's Bahian precursor samba-de-roda), afoxé, and axé, and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa. Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians. Among the noted musical figures born in the state are Dorival Caymmi; João Gilberto; Gilberto Gil, the former (2003–08) country's Minister of Culture; Caetano Veloso and his sister Maria Bethânia (Gil and Veloso being the founders of the Tropicália movement (a native adaptation of the hippie movement) of the late 1960s and early 1970s, which ultimate gained international recognition); Gal Costa; Luis Caldas; Sara Jane; Daniela Mercury; Ivete Sangalo; Carlinhos Brown and Margareth Menezes. The city of Salvador is also home to groups known as \"blocos-afros\", including Olodum, Ara Ketu, É o Tchan!, and Ilê Aiyê. Additionally, groups such as Chiclete com Banana also are based in Bahia. The first well-known rock'n roll singer in Brazil was also from Bahia. Born Raul Seixas, he was known as \"Maluco Beleza\" or \"Peaceful Lunatic\" (being \"beleza (beauty)\" in this manner means to be either \"in peace\" or \"tranquil\"). During the 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian abolitionist poet and playwright Castro Alves, a native of the \"recôncavo\" city of Cachoeira, penned his poem, \"Navio negreiro\", about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian Romanticism and a central anti-slavery text. Other notable Bahian writers include playwright and screenwriter Dias Gomes, Gregório de Matos, who wrote during the 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. António Vieira, who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory. One of Brazil's most prominent writers of the 20th century, Jorge Amado, was born in the southeastern Bahian city of Itabuna, and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include \"Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon\"; \"Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands\"; and \"Tieta, the Goat Girl\", all of which became internationally renowned films. Other notable authors from Bahia include the fiction writers João Ubaldo Ribeiro and historic writer Euclides da Cunha, who wrote \"Os Sertões\". In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and Argentinian native Hector Julio Páride Bernabó, also known as Carybé (1911–1997). Fine examples of his work are visible in the Afro-Brazilian Museum in Salvador.", "In 2004, Bahia comprised 4.9% of the economic activity of Brazil and it has the biggest GDP of the states of the North and Northeast. The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 48.5%, followed by the service sector at 40.8%. Agriculture represents 10.7% of GDP (2004). Bahia exports: chemicals 22.4%, fuel 17.5%, mineral metallics 13%, paper 9.4%, cacao 5.6%, vehicles 4.8%, soybean 4.5% (2002). Bahia is the main producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil. In addition to important agricultural and industrial sectors, the state also has considerable mineral and petroleum deposits. In recent years, soy cultivation has increased substantially in the state. Bahia is the sixth largest economy in the country. During the colonial and imperial periods, Bahia was a center of Brazilian sugarcane production and slave trading. In the 19th century, the Bay of All Saints was also a whaling spot, as some species of whales used the bay as a mating ground. By that time, the province was also growing cotton, coffee, and tobacco with great success. Mandioc, rice, beans, and corn, saffron, oranges, mangoes, and other fruit were grown for local consumption. The arid interior was mostly used for cattle-farming, but this was ruined by a series of droughts caused in part by the custom of starting annual wildfires to improve the grass. Diamonds, gold, and amethysts were panned for in the rivers, while coal was mined on Itaparica. cacao was being farmed by the time of the First World War. As late as the mid-1950s, the Bahian economy could be considered a typical example of the primary-exporting model, which followed the subsistence production. For ten years, this dynamic was led by the cocoa crop, that used to be the state's main product and its most important source of income. With the acceleration of the industrialisation process in the 1970s, which started in the 1950s, the productive structure began to change. This process, which was not limited to the regional market, was inserted in the Brazilian industry matrix through the chemical (specially petrochemical) and metallurgical segment. Consequently, for the last twenty years, the dynamism of the Bahian economy has surpassed the national economy, yielding higher growth rates than those achieved by the national economy. The industrial sector is expected to continue to be the main contributor to this growth, particularly from 1999 on, when the investments that are being made now in the chemical, petrochemical and automotive segment, and in agroindustry and food production will be consolidated. The Bahian economy began 2005 in a very healthy state, with an exceptional trajectory of growth, once again presenting activity indicators superior to those of the Brazilian economy. Those numbers are the result of the endeavours of the Bahian Government, the result of increasing productive investment, and therefore, potential production, something that has been carried out through attractive enterprise policies in all segments of the economy, placing Bahia in a privileged position in the regional and national scenario. Today, the State has a differentiated economic profile. Bahian industry has continued to diversify and widen its productive base, with the implantation of new industrial segments, like the automobile and tyre industries, footwear and textiles, furniture, food and beverages, cosmetics and perfumes, information technology and naval development. Exceptional results can be seen in agriculture, commerce and tourism, where Bahia appears as one of the principal national destinations. For this to happen, the strategic position model of Bahia in the international tourism route was fundamental, with direct and regular flights to Europe, the United States, and the Southern Cone, due to the complementary governmental and private initiatives, besides the development of new tourist poles integrated to the local culture.", "", "Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport is located in an area of more than between sand dunes and native vegetation. The road route to the airport has already become one of the city's main scenic attractions. It lies north of downtown Salvador. In 2007, the airport handled 5,920,573 passengers and 91,043 aircraft movements, making it the fifth busiest airport in Brazil in terms of passengers. The airport's use has been growing at an average of 14% a year and now is responsible for more than 30% of passenger movement in northeastern Brazil. Nearly 35,000 people circulate daily through the passenger terminal. The airport generates more than 16,000 direct and indirect jobs, to serve a daily average of over 10,000 passengers, 250 takeoffs and landings of 100 domestic and 16 international flights. There", "BA- 001, BR-101, BR-116, BR-242, BR-251, BR-324, BR-342, BR-367, BR-407, BR-418, BR-420, BR-445, BR-498. Bahia's government is also inaugurating a large portion of the BA 001 between Morro de São Paulo and Itacare. The constructions began in September 2006 and were scheduled to finish mid-2009. That portion of the highway will allow travellers to save up to two hours on a trip from Salvador to Ilheus or Itacare. It was a controversial part of the constructions since a small portion of native rain forest", "With cargo volume that grows year after year following the same economic development rhythm implemented in the State, the Port of Salvador, located on the Bay of All Saints, holds status as the port with the highest movement of containers of the North/Northeast and the second-leading fruit exporter in Brazil.", "Football is the most popular sport. The two most popular football teams are Esporte Clube Bahia and Esporte Clube Vitoria. In 2013, Bahia and Vitoria play in the Brazilian Championship Serie A (first division/premier league). Bahia has won the two most important football national league: The Taça Brasil in 1959 and the Brazilian Championship Serie A (Campeonato Brasileiro) in 1988. Vitoria has never been a national champion but was runner up of the Brazilian", "The flag was officially adopted on 11 June 1960. The Bahian flag is influenced by the flag of the United States, as well as colors and symbolism from the 1789 separatist movement of Inconfidência Mineira and the 1798 Bahian slave rebellion of the Revolt of the Tailors." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 636, 4223, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 111, 122872, 9370, 9, 71115, 53303, 59338, 4, 98, 10, 6, 91854, 99, 70, 25737, 4620, 111, 70, 86991, 63192, 96113, 4, 3129, 16792, 70, 208124, 111, 70, 63192, 1104, 6433, 11999, 13315, 23, 18608, 16188, 7, 70, 8394, 48850, 30839, 132988, 678, 164111, 5, 581, 59444, 11698, 83, 105866, 1672, 144477, 111, 37061, 15, 670, 820, 194, 581, 14834, 16128, 48402, 90, 70, 39861, 2449, 111, 636, 4223, 27798, 4, 40550, 35613, 4, 89227, 420, 134585, 4, 136, 601, 202, 76233, 5, 89227, 420, 134585, 146381, 29398, 83, 10, 7279, 98, 70, 47574, 1314, 52260, 13, 1104, 156427, 11443, 18, 15, 670, 820, 16, 6, 68823, 7514, 13315, 149976, 390, 70, 44, 65979, 820, 1299, 1956, 56, 138745, 64658, 58, 2258, 25388, 5, 115966, 19929, 23, 70, 636, 4223, 10776, 1556, 2809, 144851, 71, 237, 2060, 4420, 237, 6, 63009, 5369, 5, 581, 6, 91854, 7, 62952, 6083, 165815, 136, 12441, 47, 10204, 41274, 7, 8035, 64549, 297, 54799, 2856, 5, 581, 30839, 1771, 213050, 7, 136, 10232, 157, 93, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 158930, 23, 70, 16128, 8108, 70, 151301, 14825, 5, 24372, 70, 180809, 92329, 4, 16792, 189275, 361, 927, 142642, 19831, 4, 70, 16128, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 70, 187414, 238, 44, 5267, 34, 978, 32929, 58, 109120, 90, 4, 2831, 111, 70, 10542, 187414, 238, 96103, 118, 37846, 1363, 3129, 14432, 3542, 35839, 3350, 37434, 23, 105459, 191, 97264, 5, 10660, 3542, 90698, 47, 186, 149307, 289, 17721, 70, 35843, 62806, 69125, 7, 136, 35843, 1779, 9615, 2069, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 581, 481, 33532, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 63192, 96113, 100512, 51529, 237, 44, 35484, 219, 636, 4223, 1500, 58, 24073, 94646, 111, 70, 636, 34, 978, 32929, 58, 23, 42845, 4, 28820, 127, 12, 44, 60348, 32868, 70193, 34, 937, 51029, 581, 10776, 509, 1379, 28820, 127, 6226, 390, 6, 185687, 1379, 70, 79986, 111, 70, 19604, 271, 5080, 89662, 10202, 87, 136, 1919, 775, 72605, 54028, 87, 70, 6163, 272, 5, 581, 9615, 19929, 68034, 509, 119056, 237, 10, 59444, 44, 9506, 34, 4223, 3116, 58, 136, 44, 866, 4284, 3116, 2780, 16145, 58, 23, 70, 3398, 16765, 111, 44, 117177, 126, 14438, 1143, 184, 13593, 120790, 56877, 14, 184843, 191, 58, 59121, 23, 70, 5369, 209, 1530, 20, 209, 1819, 15, 24658, 70, 79986, 111, 72605, 54028, 16, 390, 70, 105459, 191, 333, 10534, 136, 184843, 603, 19669, 126, 1727, 111, 6035, 184, 13593, 5, 581, 28820, 127, 79986, 4295, 1902, 10, 59517, 4848, 88303, 99, 70, 96113, 47, 6226, 442, 5, 51978, 72605, 54028, 144, 71516, 678, 31678, 56, 748, 71047, 4830, 47, 78431, 26548, 70, 35843, 62806, 3350, 37434, 109120, 90, 4, 28704, 297, 23, 70, 4382, 77699, 111, 527, 701, 35732, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 23, 702, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 184843, 1577, 4, 636, 4223, 509, 24, 4806, 44, 2347, 22799, 47, 70, 117604, 111, 164111, 58, 136, 237, 10, 28820, 127, 37515, 16200, 26548, 30839, 116000, 191, 5, 581, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 70193, 25995, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 534, 2357, 28174, 19831, 4, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 70, 28820, 127, 5080, 72605, 54028, 4830, 601, 1294, 111443, 47, 105416, 136, 96760, 70, 39746, 1236, 109120, 90, 111, 70, 1261, 7130, 708, 37846, 1363, 5, 262, 18601, 3674, 47, 12190, 62, 2465, 16466, 111, 210721, 4, 442, 149976, 237, 142, 5526, 11698, 100, 14949, 29752, 11, 10484, 19542, 59207, 23, 136, 168698, 70, 63192, 10776, 5, 9578, 70, 202032, 90, 4, 70193, 25995, 6557, 69347, 1810, 47, 186, 10, 133868, 64330, 100, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 79986, 4295, 5, 1650, 509, 41866, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 19604, 271, 7, 4, 5080, 7, 23, 70, 28820, 127, 15432, 66677, 140280, 115851, 214, 1257, 70, 63192, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 5, 70193, 25995, 6557, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 15432, 66677, 23, 534, 10991, 4, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 5080, 72605, 54028, 136, 70, 38551, 2320, 111, 164111, 5, 14847, 23, 534, 15748, 70, 2291, 3220, 590, 34, 6211, 6, 88940, 748, 120025, 92, 196393, 17817, 80399, 297, 15432, 66677, 47, 8060, 70, 775, 7, 111, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 1995, 70, 5443, 1340, 26548, 2363, 19604, 271, 193429, 7, 4, 764, 2843, 2855, 3674, 70193, 25995, 6557, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 63192, 237, 10, 5618, 420, 47, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 19604, 271, 7, 5, 30839, 46512, 47691, 111, 70, 10776, 172337, 297, 87420, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 136, 70, 9615, 19929, 100512, 156531, 660, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 5267, 4223, 740, 581, 602, 133, 39209, 5080, 45233, 70, 113132, 48141, 2855, 3674, 6863, 130367, 7, 59444, 219475, 7, 23, 427, 4046, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 45233, 25, 7, 775, 51978, 45233, 1995, 70, 3065, 10821, 23, 70, 427, 8894, 99381, 111, 27357, 3296, 4, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 19604, 271, 7, 3542, 110, 51713, 19048, 47, 76104, 2363, 73944, 19069, 5, 1326, 10, 16610, 1733, 4, 70193, 25995, 6557, 509, 1379, 70, 79986, 111, 51978, 89662, 10202, 4, 10, 27150, 56, 775, 111, 45233, 1995, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 1672, 1632, 6602, 14432, 136, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 70, 2907, 5, 7948, 25, 7, 84084, 23, 70193, 25995, 5, 360, 49537, 74758, 12977, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 5080, 72605, 54028, 1995, 82261, 257, 161, 77681, 26038, 59444, 136, 3551, 23, 915, 181606, 47, 70, 1301, 4398, 3378, 1108, 125082, 7, 111, 177375, 136, 63590, 964, 10534, 18899, 43264, 111, 5695, 112, 13593, 4, 124901, 84616, 1902, 52875, 297, 70193, 25995, 6557, 16792, 70, 427, 1197, 7, 5, 581, 177375, 1108, 125082, 7, 155605, 34739, 645, 6226, 136, 20271, 70, 239, 67, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 636, 4223, 149976, 237, 142, 5526, 7279, 98, 52350, 36439, 7, 1295, 70, 129435, 184085, 47, 98848, 136, 1295, 70, 32774, 56, 28820, 127, 45606, 329, 23, 189598, 47, 563, 101500, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 7103, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 59444, 25, 7, 7515, 5252, 7263, 390, 3428, 68818, 111, 31678, 56, 748, 28166, 7610, 23, 702, 13574, 4, 20271, 70, 151994, 17721, 70, 163628, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 636, 4223, 15, 16, 83, 10, 105719, 59444, 23, 70, 122872, 9370, 9, 71115, 53303, 59338, 111, 177375, 4, 102126, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 86757, 40, 257, 111, 44, 23135, 18, 58, 24073, 196352, 5844, 14834, 2481, 18939, 636, 4223, 5, 581, 59444, 4, 105866, 98, 70, 65272, 4620, 111, 70, 63192, 96113, 99, 70, 132988, 678, 164111, 4, 509, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 186768, 10776, 51529, 237, 70193, 25995, 6557, 4, 3129, 87344, 70, 9351, 100, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 28820, 127, 70193, 25995, 22591, 965, 112, 16070, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "History.", "Politics.", "Town council.", "Heraldry.", "Sights.", "Constructed.", "Natural." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Lebus is situated in the southeast of Märkisch-Oderland District, on a ridge at the left bank of the middle Oder river, which since the implementation of the Oder–Neisse line in 1945 marks the eastern German border with Poland. The town centre is located about north of Frankfurt (Oder). The municipal area comprises the localities of Lebus proper, Mallnow, Schönfließ, and Wulkow. Schönfließ Dorf station is a stop on the Eberswalde–Frankfurt (Oder) railway line served by the \"Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn\" carrier.", "Settlement in the Lebus region has been traced as far back as 3,000 years. The ridges provided natural defense and led to fortifications being constructed upon them. The Germanic Lombards and Semnoni are believed to have lived in the area before the Common Era. After the Migration Period, since approximately 7th century AD, the area was inhabited by the Slavic \"Leubuzzi\" tribes, part of the West Slavic Veleti federation which later were called Lutici in Saxon sources. They were considered to be transitional between the Polabian Slavs and Polans settling in the east. Their lands on both sides of the Oder river became known as \"Terra Lebusana\" (\"Land of the Leubuzzi\" in Latin, Polish: \"Ziemia Lubuska\"). The region was under Polish control by 966 under the rule of the Piast duke Mieszko I and his son Bolesław I the Brave. The settlement itself was mentioned as a town \"Liubusua\" and \"Libusua urbs\" in the annals of \"Thietmari merseburgiensis episcopi chronicon\" written in the years 1012 - 1018 (under the rule of Bolesław) by the Saxon bishop and chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg. The Polish rulers had a castellany built at the river to control it. Duke Bolesław allied with Emperor Otto III to fight against the Polabian Lutici tribes, sealed in the 1000 Congress of Gniezno. On the other hand, in 13th-century chronicles, Lebus was named \"the key to the Kingdom of Poland\" and as a Polish stronghold against German invasion. The Bishopric of Lubusz was founded in 1124-25 AD, during the reign of the Polish duke Bolesław III Wrymouth to counter and convert the resistant tribes of the Liutizi federation. Dedicated to Saint Adalbert of Prague, it served as an important centre for Christian missionaries preaching in and developing the Oder region. Over the centuries, Lubusz Land turned out to be a battleground for neighbouring rulers. It was especially influenced by the Silesian Piasts, dukes in the Polish Silesia province stretching up the Oder in the southeast. Lubusz Land became part of the Duchy of Silesia in 1138, after the death of duke Bolesław and the fragmentation of Poland. When in 1163 the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa campaigned Silesia to support the sons of Władysław II the Exile against their Piast cousins, he also granted Lubusz Land on both sides of the Oder as a fief to the Silesian Piasts. German colonization of the region proceeded throughout the 13th century and the settlement became predominantly known as \"Lebus\". The Silesian duke Henry the Bearded granted its citizens town privileges in 1226. After the death of Henry's son Duke Henry II the Pious in the 1241 Battle of Legnica, the Silesian Piasts were no longer able to maintain their dominant position. For a short time, Lubusz Land was under the rule of Duke Mieszko, a younger son of Henry II, who died about one year later and was buried in the St. Peter's Church in Lubusz. In 1248/49 the Silesian duke Bolesław II Rogatka finally gave town and land in pledge to the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg and Archbishop Wilbrand of Magdeburg, whose forces had attacked Lubusz Land since the 1230s. The Brandenburg margraves eventually took over control and during the Late Middle Ages, Lebus served as an important stop on trade routes from the Baltic coast to Italy and from the Greater Polish residence in Poznań to Flanders. However, after the destruction of the town's cathedral by troops of Emperor Charles IV in 1373, during the struggle between the Imperial Houses of Wittelsbach and Luxembourg Luxemburg over the Brandenburg heritage, the seat of the bishopric was moved from Lebus to Fürstenwalde. The populace became Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation, and the bishopric was finally secularized in 1555 following the death of the last Catholic bishop, Georg von Blumenthal. After the 16th century fires and political changes weakened the fortifications; the castle was decisively damaged by a lightning strike in 1713. Lebus gradually became a backwater locality. From 1701 onwards, Lebus was part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars, it was administered within the newly established Prussian Province of Brandenburg. During the last stage of World War II, Lebus, including its medieval center, was almost completely destroyed in the Battle of the Seelow Heights. While the town itself remained part of East Germany, the area east of the Oder passed to the Republic of Poland in 1945 according to the Potsdam Agreement. The parish church of Lebus was restored in 1954. Since the last administrative reform of Poland, one of the 16 Polish provinces has been named Lubusz Voivodeship or Province of Lebus.", "", "The town council of Lebus has 16 representatives. Seats upon 2014 local elections:", "The coat of arms of Lebus depicts a wolf carrying a sheep in its mouth.", "", "The \"Heimatstube Lebus\" has information about the history and tourism sights of the town.", "Nearby hills and ridges have provided natural defenses to the town for over a thousand years. The Turmberg offers a view of the Oder river valley." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 60271, 39, 2320, 83, 27983, 16940, 390, 57, 2676, 2069, 4, 3129, 83, 54529, 214, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 27781, 7, 9844, 4, 136, 13452, 214, 450, 14012, 98, 188, 10, 150679, 43904, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 25902, 1363, 2806, 186, 72694, 214, 3642, 5941, 831, 34204, 111, 10, 34475, 13267, 621, 23, 10, 47589, 35125, 5, 88949, 70, 113068, 111, 831, 34204, 46132, 70, 35125, 1543, 285, 53, 4, 70, 160073, 831, 54529, 70, 14012, 111, 831, 34204, 75693, 8305, 70, 47589, 4, 16916, 70, 13267, 111, 70, 35125, 4, 136, 44136, 282, 450, 10, 21373, 113068, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 70, 63920, 450, 831, 959, 186, 51592, 4, 2685, 1272, 20662, 142, 25902, 67, 111, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 831, 34204, 450, 5809, 186, 23, 70, 35125, 2174, 450, 479, 71836, 1363, 3542, 29568, 5, 60271, 120126, 831, 21373, 538, 186, 139392, 71, 390, 13452, 214, 50339, 1295, 160, 42458, 707, 110297, 7, 98, 188, 70, 64194, 43904, 5, 360, 20662, 142, 25902, 67, 4, 70, 69236, 83, 27983, 2684, 80234, 47, 139392, 10, 37457, 111, 7722, 184345, 7, 450, 83, 134995, 20174, 47, 186, 80234, 4, 1284, 959, 221, 134995, 450, 442, 83, 47041, 47, 186, 23, 2263, 27315, 67, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 31577, 47, 57767, 70, 14012, 111, 831, 34204, 23, 70, 35125, 4, 2174, 809, 2480, 53, 3542, 75693, 4, 136, 70, 3622, 21950, 111, 70, 35125, 115058, 47, 186, 1672, 214075, 20028, 237, 21334, 237, 70, 21950, 70541, 214, 70, 75693, 831, 34204, 4, 7068, 1632, 13648, 42856, 13452, 450, 2685, 3542, 10, 199823, 831, 34204, 23, 70, 35125, 5, 62771, 10, 13452, 1830, 4, 179140, 47, 39580, 70, 11001, 34292, 450, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 20903, 271, 47, 70, 8561, 34292, 4, 83, 35839, 10, 6275, 25902, 67, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 6275, 25902, 1363, 83, 47041, 47, 186, 214552, 4, 6637, 70, 121413, 13267, 2451, 73, 903, 7225, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 831, 34204, 450, 621, 75693, 2451, 164, 5792, 19336, 10, 14012, 47, 186, 9077, 450, 442, 14602, 959, 70541, 190312, 90, 450, 129927, 1295, 70, 43904, 237, 10, 28271, 5, 62, 42518, 214, 23755, 83, 142, 51514, 25902, 67, 4, 3129, 141621, 7, 10, 5045, 150679, 37457, 111, 97370, 2449, 4, 1284, 83, 5792, 134744, 47, 186, 80234, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 1632, 3542, 37170, 47, 25902, 67, 70, 169209, 111, 3395, 2750, 1884, 7841, 53, 4, 442, 2806, 123019, 186, 26785, 450, 70, 14012, 123867, 17721, 45234, 136, 1632, 75281, 33297, 5, 62771, 142, 25902, 67, 2806, 22691, 110, 196219, 4, 49903, 4, 47, 176256, 2750, 83, 31577, 47, 83324, 3642, 5941, 831, 34204, 47, 22113, 100, 10, 19085, 47, 186, 29966, 297, 390, 10, 75281, 3395, 5, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 35707, 53950, 2320, 98363, 7, 70, 9433, 111, 90791, 25902, 1636, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 1407, 56, 707, 92319, 6, 99091, 7, 100, 10, 102134, 939, 450, 53418, 12301, 20102, 186, 151575, 297, 134995, 538, 4, 136, 35707, 53950, 2320, 154453, 8, 16765, 678, 90791, 8781, 42, 32354, 7, 450, 621, 20903, 47, 3060, 96704, 297, 32354, 136, 450, 831, 22691, 80234, 25902, 1636, 5, 360, 80835, 7, 4, 142, 25902, 1290, 83, 70, 23113, 9351, 100, 70, 79986, 390, 3129, 142, 25902, 67, 83, 74481, 3674, 1295, 2053, 4, 136, 25902, 1363, 154453, 8, 16765, 678, 90791, 25902, 1636, 678, 4127, 183871, 5, 3293, 9433, 83, 11814, 23, 26073, 9433, 214, 4, 100, 35707, 53950, 26518, 142, 51, 3522, 86687, 71, 26073, 98, 70, 18231, 111, 142, 139999, 71, 26073, 70541, 214, 110, 3075, 5, 1326, 25902, 1363, 111, 14373, 9, 188, 9, 372, 139999, 71, 102134, 2449, 4, 225006, 214, 136, 92054, 1830, 621, 190659, 5, 62, 8002, 266, 2967, 4, 23, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 83, 1632, 50509, 214, 25902, 1363, 23, 44402, 3129, 205794, 83687, 20662, 105506, 297, 57767, 90, 1672, 102134, 2449, 450, 48903, 69201, 47, 9969, 6743, 34475, 84046, 19882, 4677, 5, 60271, 39, 2320, 83, 5526, 23, 8063, 136, 25313, 7, 4, 6637, 5792, 5941, 77336, 7, 32316, 47, 26366, 1810, 3642, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 69924, 1221, 85493, 5, 60271, 39, 2320, 23, 13452, 58136, 831, 186, 106480, 88551, 4, 6637, 38627, 100, 70, 113068, 111, 18940, 136, 100, 59038, 7, 111, 49649, 76319, 8110, 186, 7228, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 23, 41159, 47, 3714, 11907, 7722, 2967, 450, 1543, 1380, 1257, 5, 62, 24233, 41170, 111, 65514, 1221, 186, 19882, 100, 85358, 214, 1810, 10, 17311, 13452, 4, 20662, 442, 5526, 47, 113054, 707, 139392, 10, 11034, 25902, 67, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 30306, 80854, 111, 22, 33558, 3934, 70, 13452, 5, 581, 345, 5, 294, 5, 92416, 61417, 41159, 12133, 61924, 7, 10, 11034, 25902, 67, 237, 4, 44, 2347, 29334, 1363, 111, 11651, 11034, 80854, 4, 17368, 170920, 150624, 136, 35604, 2053, 4, 47, 25902, 67, 70, 22690, 84458, 111, 10, 1528, 4, 35509, 98, 2367, 83, 51529, 18925, 830, 136, 117729, 450, 44, 187466, 1771, 11034, 25902, 1916, 509, 222530, 13, 3229, 20662, 6, 90825, 115299, 23, 1030, 3181, 2852, 3525, 76519, 740, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 13452, 38627, 8110, 959, 1379, 72992, 67, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 13452, 4, 3129, 831, 16750, 23, 8, 5259, 7, 12960, 51, 1928, 27117, 621, 211394, 297, 4, 12488, 8110, 1836, 6782, 538, 645, 72992, 67, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 13452, 4, 707, 37076, 70, 51, 86, 297, 297, 65514, 1543, 738, 47, 509, 67, 5, 893, 152701, 25902, 67, 3229, 10176, 4677, 83, 19882, 83, 35839, 10, 57767, 14488, 67, 4, 6637, 70, 23, 3181, 1294, 24209, 7, 20903, 42, 47, 34166, 538, 57767, 214, 70, 35166, 5, 581, 44, 72992, 3674, 58, 24092, 4, 6, 3, 4, 83, 11814, 47, 4331, 2182, 450, 98169, 10941, 7, 621, 20903, 47, 70, 109650, 10941, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 60271, 39, 2320, 15, 748, 25902, 1916, 16, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 90791, 142, 25902, 67, 4, 707, 35707, 53950, 2320, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 34292, 450, 83, 1821, 2886, 100, 3060, 60042, 3853, 2174, 107730, 2053, 1543, 186, 82940, 46485, 4, 51, 106290, 73, 4, 707, 2234, 22819, 5, 581, 34292, 83, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 1821, 2886, 6637, 442, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 2965, 4677, 19882, 5, 33417, 71407, 4, 25902, 1363, 83687, 7, 44, 223, 214, 70, 34292, 111, 10, 80835, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 121413, 47, 25902, 67, 70, 34292, 111, 10, 42518, 214, 43904, 171859, 740, 581, 121413, 87344, 4677, 450, 831, 186, 30378, 71, 4, 8305, 67842, 23113, 707, 152701, 9433, 90, 4, 47, 83324, 10, 37457, 2684, 47041, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "How estimation is done.", "Uses of estimation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Estimation is often done by sampling, which is counting a small number of examples something, and projecting that number onto a larger population. An example of estimation would be determining how many candies of a given size are in a glass jar. Because the distribution of candies inside the jar may vary, the observer can count the number of candies visible through the glass, consider the size of the jar, and presume that a similar distribution can be found in the parts that can not be seen, thereby making an estimate of the total number of candies that could be in the jar if that presumption were true. Estimates can similarly be generated by projecting results from polls or surveys onto the entire population. In making an estimate, the goal is often most useful to generate a range of possible outcomes that is precise enough to be useful, but not so precise that it is likely to be inaccurate. For example, in trying to guess the number of candies in the jar, if fifty were visible, and the total volume of the jar seemed to be about twenty times as large as the volume containing the visible candies, then one might simply project that there were a thousand candies in the jar. Such a projection, intended to pick the single value that is believed to be closest to the actual value, is called a point estimate. However, a point estimation is likely to be incorrect, because the sample size—in this case, the number of candies that are visible—is too small a number to be sure that it does not contain anomalies that differ from the population as a whole. A corresponding concept is an interval estimate, which captures a much larger range of possibilities, but is too broad to be useful. For example, if one were asked to estimate the percentage of people who like candy, it would clearly be correct that the number falls between zero and one hundred percent. Such an estimate would provide no guidance, however, to somebody who is trying to determine how many candies to buy for a party to be attended by a hundred people.", "In mathematics, approximation describes the process of finding estimates in the form of upper or lower bounds for a quantity that cannot readily be evaluated precisely, and approximation theory deals with finding simpler functions that are close to some complicated function and that can provide useful estimates. In statistics, an estimator is the formal name for the rule by which an estimate is calculated from data, and estimation theory deals with finding estimates with good properties. This process is used in signal processing, for approximating an unobserved signal on the basis of an observed signal containing noise. For estimation of yet-to-be observed quantities, forecasting and prediction are applied. A Fermi problem, in physics, is one concerning estimation in problems which typically involve making justified guesses about quantities that seem impossible to compute given limited available information. Estimation is important in business and economics, because too many variables exist to figure out how large-scale activities will develop. Estimation in project planning can be particularly significant, because plans for the distribution of labor and for purchases of raw materials must be made, despite the inability to know every possible problem that may come up. A certain amount of resources will be available for carrying out a particular project, making it important to obtain or generate a cost estimate as one of the vital elements of entering into the project. The U.S. Government Accountability Office defines a cost estimate as, \"the summation of individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of a program, based on what is known today\", and reports that \"realistic cost estimating was imperative when making wise decisions in acquiring new systems\". Furthermore, project plans must not underestimate the needs of the project, which can result in delays while unmet needs are fulfilled, nor must they greatly overestimate the needs of the project, or else the unneeded resources may go to waste. An informal estimate when little information is available is called a guesstimate, because the inquiry becomes closer to purely guessing the answer. The \"estimated\" sign, ℮, is used to designate that package contents are close to the nominal contents." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 20387, 237626, 6236, 13038, 509, 88303, 17721, 28730, 136, 61540, 47, 107653, 63053, 3342, 4217, 25, 7, 198870, 1419, 4331, 23, 9865, 22029, 15130, 23, 210721, 209, 100, 10, 20387, 11090, 137845, 1363, 5, 581, 3551, 43573, 70, 10332, 7401, 43240, 1902, 2809, 59038, 71, 23, 60487, 4, 136, 70, 84084, 62458, 297, 3342, 4217, 47, 28282, 10, 21261, 4331, 100, 70, 106820, 5, 823, 1303, 25, 7, 5117, 4331, 23, 54566, 509, 68186, 71, 390, 70, 84084, 88, 14202, 1284, 6, 34590, 89829, 390, 70, 59444, 1774, 43148, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 25, 7, 4331, 99201, 142, 127451, 33976, 4, 10, 163198, 13, 136, 10, 37195, 9, 45804, 53, 47, 6488, 5, 3311, 903, 1733, 70, 128201, 238, 137374, 6, 34165, 1902, 2809, 21, 532, 1284, 4488, 98, 70, 5117, 2773, 33976, 6777, 959, 4034, 24189, 106, 20414, 60775, 5, 823, 1303, 1902, 96362, 16981, 111, 479, 9, 95650, 297, 122776, 237, 764, 1902, 79786, 98, 70, 106820, 23, 32211, 794, 135166, 4, 3129, 509, 88303, 23, 28730, 5, 65056, 8927, 21775, 7103, 903, 33976, 509, 26859, 70, 19574, 50930, 71, 9, 2271, 7612, 67, 2674, 297, 106820, 34658, 6863, 5117, 4516, 136, 70, 33976, 509, 75060, 297, 1379, 20334, 5, 581, 37195, 9, 45804, 53, 47, 6488, 83, 1660, 1379, 2273, 106384, 11192, 136, 70, 2663, 17262, 74912, 7, 49504, 67, 87219, 7, 5, 581, 4331, 96853, 144252, 126946, 58437, 7, 100, 70, 5117, 17262, 74912, 7, 4, 12960, 1407, 56, 74912, 7, 765, 21, 70764, 7, 100, 17203, 5, 581, 26582, 111, 70, 20387, 11090, 84084, 4, 10, 552, 8079, 1608, 13348, 450, 642, 6958, 7, 10044, 5279, 136, 9157, 7, 645, 6626, 106384, 43156, 4, 509, 231321, 3674, 136, 20600, 297, 98, 2663, 111, 70, 47, 6488, 23, 18237, 55591, 23, 70, 44, 159360, 6403, 30494, 111, 70, 97530, 1974, 740, 360, 41933, 70, 4331, 509, 456, 18244, 297, 390, 3291, 416, 124297, 5, 1529, 117176, 71, 70, 32628, 1379, 70, 106820, 450, 1902, 2809, 82775, 237, 10, 163198, 13, 3934, 10, 3365, 29381, 16219, 7440, 211088, 2780, 1779, 5809, 186, 4343, 71, 5, 581, 47, 6488, 509, 11814, 17721, 361, 136, 483, 4347, 18608, 237, 142, 60418, 2676, 458, 5977, 47, 6488, 20271, 70, 210721, 75, 22876, 214, 4, 3229, 442, 2412, 27805, 2822, 103655, 39746, 7154, 78431, 1314, 2750, 3542, 31577, 47, 28, 21605, 18, 70, 36, 143414, 38543, 30839, 84616, 1295, 70, 26349, 5, 187040, 70, 106820, 83, 10, 119326, 9, 80036, 43156, 33908, 13, 111, 46056, 390, 3342, 567, 6734, 4, 3129, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 109270, 33, 15876, 123046, 7, 111, 70, 10, 4594, 1577, 136, 103655, 40814, 90, 111, 70, 106922, 1363, 5, 581, 123046, 7, 21342, 3934, 70, 209349, 4, 7440, 2685, 83, 2843, 10, 33908, 13, 111, 1843, 10534, 3342, 335, 1566, 103073, 390, 70, 152319, 748, 212183, 34023, 5663, 5, 581, 152319, 82451, 65177, 5256, 621, 390, 156830, 7974, 1334, 238, 5, 581, 106820, 33976, 83, 11814, 100, 20387, 11090, 84084, 11374, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 2843, 11814, 100, 46876, 132073, 4, 59619, 7, 136, 3835, 80788, 5256, 5, 581, 32628, 35064, 70, 1608, 5310, 83, 7464, 11814, 237, 10, 3365, 29381, 16219, 5, 581, 10588, 111, 70, 33976, 7464, 96853, 11938, 28905, 7, 4, 10, 148205, 289, 33976, 136, 23179, 7, 5, 581, 163504, 33976, 1556, 2809, 151552, 237, 44, 10752, 67, 42539, 2874, 9, 1299, 31, 944, 6, 159958, 23, 70, 120069, 4, 155034, 27, 1284, 57289, 9393, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 20387, 237626, 6236, 13038, 4, 707, 20387, 101337, 91, 3422, 4, 83, 10, 20387, 11090, 106820, 23, 9865, 22029, 15130, 23, 210721, 4068, 1650, 509, 140528, 23, 61540, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 6024, 9, 137175, 289, 34754, 390, 107653, 63053, 3342, 4217, 23, 70, 198870, 1419, 20623, 5, 581, 43156, 4, 37195, 9, 45804, 53, 163504, 47, 6488, 136, 9219, 77843, 2258, 10484, 10, 10044, 5279, 552, 8079, 1608, 13348, 237, 10, 26582, 111, 70, 20387, 11090, 84084, 5, 581, 47, 6488, 509, 59335, 538, 11814, 47, 28282, 142, 30700, 5977, 29398, 20271, 70, 210721, 75, 22876, 214, 23, 18608, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Today." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Hus Congregational House was built between 1930 and 1935 to architect Pavel Janák's constructivist design in Dykova Street in Prague 10 for a Hussite congregation. The land near the old water works had been purchased in 1925, and the Church commissioned Janák to create a novel design for the church. Janek's first design in 1929 was accepted by the Church elders but rejected by the town planners. The following year's design included an apartment building, a theatre and a six-storey tower. By this time the symbolic foundation stone had been laid but work on the first real building did not start until 1 July 1932. Janek had previous experience of pre-stressed concrete as he had worked on the church in Vršovice, which was built in 1930. Fourteen months after this building was started the reinforced-concrete framed church held its first service and the building was delivered under budget. The six-storey tower is just under 35 metres high and the top three floors incorporate bells. The design includes spiral staircases for the first three floors, while upper floors have ladders for access. The symbol of the Hussite Church, a copper chalice that weighs 700 kg and stands over two metres tall, was consecrated and installed on top of the tower in June 1933 in the \"Celebration of the Goblet\". In 1938 the design was reworked by Jiri Jakub. He converted the space under the church that had been designed as a theatre into a columbarium where funeral urns could be stored. The tower was used between 7 and 9 May 1945 as an impromptu radio tower during the Prague uprising, when it sheltered Czech resistance fighters who were trying to evict the occupying German forces from the city.", "Inside the church is a 2.6-metre tall statue of Christ by Jan Znoj, which is surrounded by earthenware reliefs of the apostles and Czech heroes of the Reformation. The reliefs continue into the foyer, where there is also a statue of Bishop Jan Blahoslav by the sculptor František Bílek. The sculptural decorations are by Jaroslav Horejc. The church building is used for Hussite Church services, but it is also used for language courses, lectures and public exhibitions. The space below the chapel is still used as a columbarium. The rest of the building still includes clubrooms, a residential building and offices. The minimalist building has been described as \"Protestant anti-baroque architecture in the extreme, dramatic... but soulless\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 32964, 206019, 7, 621, 34475, 100, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 9351, 118125, 166653, 5, 1650, 32497, 1295, 44, 59076, 162, 655, 90863, 7, 166653, 830, 70, 36770, 9351, 111, 70, 190070, 140280, 24073, 59076, 90, 111, 70, 9082, 39076, 7, 51029, 1061, 10, 5117, 136, 1286, 39210, 100094, 261, 38949, 7, 450, 70, 9351, 42856, 26950, 44, 159342, 56713, 7, 830, 678, 70, 2565, 166653, 520, 6496, 237, 142, 606, 170, 100034, 47, 70, 5665, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 61261, 93403, 23, 40368, 13162, 7, 10932, 10, 150679, 10776, 5, 116267, 187136, 83, 450, 903, 124962, 7, 70, 6626, 21334, 20787, 48461, 289, 32628, 7, 3129, 43739, 71, 70, 11341, 23, 6863, 32692, 12, 70, 10776, 111, 70, 118125, 166653, 83, 23, 70, 144477, 111, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 10776, 111, 30089, 4, 3129, 2843, 70541, 7, 70, 117249, 111, 11182, 14281, 4, 12163, 8, 40185, 136, 165308, 36220, 5, 1650, 132988, 7, 98, 151606, 15, 157, 65158, 247, 235407, 15, 25617, 136, 144477, 25617, 247, 90863, 78822, 31, 54, 118125, 166653, 66139, 3060, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 96113, 7, 23, 30089, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 70, 11182, 22600, 4, 70, 1720, 1113, 136, 47, 10, 199, 2189, 192961, 4, 70, 12163, 984, 329, 5, 581, 11341, 2843, 16401, 7, 5941, 64707, 219945, 14537, 18153, 7, 4, 26719, 27766, 2658, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 167375, 37185, 23, 30089, 621, 23, 70, 101120, 37457, 7, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 11341, 4, 6044, 237, 54911, 48, 1572, 118, 126712, 136, 54911, 54, 8759, 965, 4, 450, 581, 103882, 53, 111, 70, 44, 71346, 9227, 47098, 26890, 47, 18790, 58, 15, 111678, 2146, 11350, 16, 165082, 7, 509, 10, 88551, 25153, 7934, 109622, 7413, 5, 581, 165082, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 140147, 4244, 1162, 71, 153630, 14037, 2678, 39063, 7, 60191, 324, 16, 1295, 70, 26349, 111, 4061, 102, 15, 74257, 7453, 76075, 4211, 11126, 247, 23, 70, 11341, 111, 118125, 166653, 23, 82490, 1650, 509, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 44, 52779, 1073, 11, 26890, 830, 10, 858, 516, 10299, 90698, 225073, 6637, 442, 1902, 216479, 71, 198371, 144419, 13, 110106, 7, 4, 26719, 337, 299, 182482, 98, 6863, 21722, 136, 79259, 182482, 33233, 6863, 25927, 13, 74, 6044, 128204, 820, 4432, 765, 2843, 2809, 14037, 581, 10776, 7440, 118125, 166653, 83, 18925, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 237, 4989, 6650, 237, 534, 4, 10700, 47, 106, 79674, 5369, 6650, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 25902, 3674, 32070, 111, 44, 21086, 5320, 830, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 14135, 165082, 14037, 23, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 3350, 5320, 509, 14037, 23, 1119, 73427, 5256, 23, 239, 763, 150644, 31981, 4, 10, 143383, 23, 70, 10776, 111, 66500, 11, 7789, 136, 29465, 151992, 31, 4, 23, 70, 115364, 16843, 111, 80034, 177645, 5, 360, 70, 10776, 111, 70, 14834, 31075, 111, 234409, 399, 4, 82508, 3723, 7453, 399, 4, 94130, 13403, 6332, 136, 3314, 1353, 153877, 4, 23, 70, 144477, 111, 70, 11341, 111, 118125, 166653, 4, 6, 227780, 109622, 1119, 73427, 5256, 765, 12441, 47, 25902, 1636, 450, 70, 61475, 9615, 19929, 74918, 2822, 17721, 106, 93712, 136, 106, 79674, 5369, 6650, 5, 13794, 214, 23, 903, 14922, 4, 15380, 62816, 48242, 7, 74216, 71, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 4527, 111, 6, 34165, 707, 32881, 4, 70, 166635, 111, 405, 29089, 3387, 136, 19336, 162048, 78, 2400, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 143383, 178829, 7, 5, 147466, 4, 1672, 22759, 360, 70, 190070, 1615, 4, 70, 30089, 3378, 14566, 509, 46512, 29367, 390, 82528, 21325, 13, 136, 179830, 5286, 5, 581, 30089, 3378, 86761, 6, 86532, 75, 42687, 297, 23, 142, 26794, 425, 111, 3525, 9615, 603, 7, 23, 33938, 111, 173, 5425, 111, 86761, 15, 3827, 63127, 297, 611, 121387, 136, 30203, 7, 4, 136, 14432, 879, 15882, 7, 3129, 1380, 1295, 70, 6083, 538, 74918, 2852, 20973, 8447, 316, 1486, 13950, 450, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 6782, 101935, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 32255, 104902, 47, 97551, 6, 167618, 111, 70, 75414, 33532, 136, 12441, 47, 70, 137374, 111, 40368, 3525, 54427, 7, 5, 360, 611, 14773, 4, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 11814, 22, 29505, 297, 101334, 18940, 47, 4034, 33976, 70, 164577, 5120, 4, 70, 44, 516, 16300, 33816, 4, 58, 450, 2806, 37067, 70, 11469, 7, 111, 162708, 111, 12163, 8, 40185, 136, 1720, 939, 47, 70, 23911, 9, 26932, 10776, 7, 111, 22929, 31, 61422, 4, 5406, 516, 4, 136, 4, 99, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 4, 194631, 885, 5, 135967, 47, 729, 1549, 4, 118125, 166653, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 84495, 73, 2408, 111, 11182, 129418, 15, 94068, 120514, 4806, 11182, 14281, 28, 118125, 8, 22929, 31, 194, 581, 5117, 10323, 111, 118125, 166653, 4, 136, 40, 257, 111, 70, 4000, 1957, 4, 509, 70, 26349, 111, 5379, 76, 74, 442, 509, 14432, 109133, 47, 23868, 92051, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 23868, 92051, 509, 70, 142105, 26349, 23, 30089, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 129551, 47, 70, 88874, 11679, 111, 43304, 2685, 3542, 17846, 11835, 26738, 3395, 3332, 86675, 23, 70, 11341, 5, 581, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 509, 5, 34469, 47691, 12, 107997, 100864, 74, 157890, 1363, 75678, 12, 615, 11267, 15, 76550, 1104, 13821, 3142, 13038, 7, 12, 190, 4, 16360, 93712, 100864, 5, 581, 4568, 436, 149300, 15, 137458, 42477, 100, 947, 33209, 111, 9343, 2624, 1577, 16, 149039, 7, 122273, 297, 70, 25632, 101935, 12, 483, 4, 6463, 93712, 22392, 3395, 9451, 12187, 247, 382, 4, 12231, 144274, 40218, 15, 50657, 43266, 26136, 16, 3395, 9451, 13465, 247, 106, 4, 4836, 79674, 10074, 3395, 15, 12678, 247, 6, 160012, 67009, 3395, 22085, 5, 125478, 4, 138, 144274, 70783, 19904, 66, 3395, 22085, 5, 125478, 5, 241, 927, 6402, 94407, 14037, 23, 118125, 166653, 26698, 12, 70783, 96008, 1779, 4, 82528, 21325, 13, 4, 101334, 7, 4, 89176, 7, 4, 30839, 7, 136, 636, 761, 7717, 5, 581, 82, 127, 6402, 166577, 111, 70, 43904, 41110, 7, 1295, 59444, 47, 59444, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 11302, 15666, 519, 54, 55890, 9716, 4, 10, 19336, 59444, 105866, 23, 70, 120069, 127067, 111, 118125, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 118125, 166653, 15, 16, 83, 10, 11341, 23, 25134, 13, 11, 48850, 30089, 5, 1650, 30648, 7, 237, 70, 17932, 2684, 132573, 223, 4, 70, 50960, 390, 55215, 85727, 12996, 15, 69731, 247, 136, 70, 22759, 927, 142105, 390, 16128, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 581, 11341, 25, 7, 10323, 136, 142105, 26349, 4, 80034, 177645, 4, 83, 10, 13036, 27081, 136, 82466, 27585, 23, 42845, 21629, 4, 136, 70, 37195, 927, 142105, 14834, 2481, 23, 30089, 4, 7103, 70, 162708, 111, 11182, 14281, 4, 12163, 8, 40185, 4, 61356, 4, 8233, 399, 136, 219161, 4, 1284, 6863, 57329, 17840, 16128, 83, 70, 50960, 142105, 23, 30089, 678, 1660, 645, 190, 4, 10253, 4, 9508, 23, 109261, 16037, 4, 7103, 8382, 111, 11182, 14281, 136, 12163, 8, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Location.", "Geography.", "Geology.", "Paleontology.", "History.", "Indigenous inhabitation.", "Colonial era.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Communications.", "Education.", "Culture.", "People.", "Cuisine.", "Museums.", "Music.", "Famous personalities.", "Infrastructure.", "Airport.", "Administrative center.", "Highways.", "Sports.", "Flag.", "Cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Two interpretations are given for the origin of the name Minas Gerais. It comes from \"Minas dos Matos Gerais\", the former name of the colonial province (\"Mines of the General Woods\"). So a first and more common understanding affirms that the name simply means \"General Mines\", with the word Gerais serving as an adjective to the mines, which were themselves spread in several spots around a larger region. Another explanation is that this ignores the two large geographical spaces which conformed the state in its history: the region of the", "Minas Gerais is in the north of the southeast region of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. It borders on Bahia (north), Goiás (west and northwest), Mato Grosso do", "Minas Gerais features some of the longest rivers in Brazil, most notably the São Francisco, the Paraná and to a lesser extent, the Rio Doce. The state also holds many hydroelectric power plants, including Furnas. Some of the highest peaks in Brazil are in the mountain ranges in the southern part of the state, such as Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Cervo, that", "", "The discovery of the \"Maxakalisaurus topai\" (Dinoprata) fossils was a significant paleontological find. The fossil is a genus of titanosaurid dinosaur found 45 kilometers (28 mi) from the city of Prata (Triângulo Mineiro), in the state of Minas Gerais in 1998. It was closely related to \"Saltasaurus\", a sauropod considered unusual because it had evolved apparently defensive traits, including bony plates on its skin and vertical plates along its spine; such osteoderms have also been found", "", "The region where Minas Gerais is today was inhabited by indigenous peoples as long ago as 11,400 to 12,000 years ago, based on the estimated age of \"Luzia\", the name of the oldest human fossil found in the Americas. Luzia was found in excavations in Lapa Vermelha, a cave in the region of Lagoa Santa and Pedro Leopoldo, in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte. In the region of the municipalities of Januária, Montalvânia, Itacarambi and Juvenília, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, archaeological excavations have led to estimates that the initial settlement occurred between 11,000 and 12,000 years ago. Starting in this period, cultural characteristics emerged, such as the use of stone or bone, the creation of cemeteries and small grain silos, as well as cave paintings. Later, about four", "In the colonial era, the Brazilian interior was colonized by Portuguese and bandeirantes. The Brazilian gold rush ushered in an influx of new settlers in search of veins of gold (discovered 1693) and gems, and later diamonds which come from the naturally occurring itacolumite rock that can be found in great numbers in the region. These helped to boost occupation of the inner lands and led to the foundation of several new villages. In 1697, the Portuguese used enslaved African labor to start building the Estrada Real, the \"royal road,\" that would connect the ports of cities of Rio de Janeiro and Paraty to the mineral-rich regions of Ouro Preto, Serro, and, at the northernmost point, Diamantina. Prior to 1720, Minas Gerais was part of the captaincy of São Vicente (later renamed São Paulo e Minas de Ouro). The first capital of Minas Gerais, and seat of the local see, was the city of Mariana; it was later moved to Vila Rica. In the late 18th century, Vila Rica was the largest city in Brazil and one of the most", "According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 19,765,000 people residing in the state. The population density was. Urbanization: 85% (2006); Population growth: 1.4% (1991–2000); Houses: 5,741,000 (2006). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 9,091,000 White people (46%), 8,927,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (45%), 1,802,000 Black people (9%), 40,000 Asian people (0.2%), 37,000 Amerindian people (0.2%). Ethnic groups found in Minas Gerais include: Amerindians, Portuguese, Africans, Italians, Germans and Lebanese. The ethnic composition of the population varies from town to town. For example, in Córrego do Bom Jesus, a small town located in the extreme south of Minas Gerais, White people make up 98.7% of the population. The South of Minas Gerais is both the most European and the most densely populated part of the state. On the other hand, in Setubinha, located in the northeast part of the state, 71.8% are mixed-race and 14.7% Blacks. It is historically explainable: southern Minas Gerais, in the border with São Paulo, received larger numbers of Portuguese farmers in colonial times. In the late 19th century, Italian immigrants also arrived. The north region, close to Bahia, was a place to the arrival of many African slaves since the 18th century. The central part of the state, where the capital Belo Horizonte is, has a more balanced ratio between Whites, Blacks and mixed people. The population of Minas Gerais is the result of an intense mixture of peoples, particularly between Black Africans and Portuguese. In colonial Minas Gerais, the population was divided in five different categories: \"Whites\", mostly Portuguese; \"Africans\", who often did not have a surname and were usually known for their region of origin (for example \"Francisca Benguela\" would refer to Benguela); \"Crioulos\" (Black people born in Brazil, usually to both African parents); Mulattoes (people of mixed Black and White ancestry, usually born to a Black mother and a Portuguese father) and \"Cabras\" (people of mixed ancestry, usually with high degree of Amerindian admixture). Blacks and Mulattoes predominated in the population after the beginning of the colonization. By the 19th century, however, whites were already the largest single group in the Minas Gerais population. Taking the population as a whole (all groups included), European genes account for the majority of the Minas Gerais genetic heritage, which has been explained on the basis of the extremely high mortality rates of the enslaved African population and lower reproductive rate of African slaves (the vast majority of them were males, among other reasons for their lower reproductive success). The Amerindian population was hit hard by the diseases brought by the European colonists and they did not have much of an impact either, especially in Minas Gerais, where European presence and colonization was massive. During the colonial period, the disproportion between the number of men and women was quite sharp. The census of 1738 in Serro do Frio, which included Diamantina, revealed that of the 9,681 inhabitants, 83.5% were men and 16.5% women. Among the slaves, women were only 3.1%. The number of free \"women of color\" (Blacks and Mulattoes) was very high. The same census revealed that 63% of the former slaves were women and only 37% men. Since interracial relationships between \"women of color\" and White men were widespread, the female slaves were more likely to be freed than the male slaves. The monogamous family structure that the Catholic Church tried to deploy in colonial Brazil was the exception in Minas Gerais. At that time cohabitation and temporary relationships predominated in Minas Gerais, as well as in Brazil as a whole. Monogamy and weddings in churches would only take root in Brazil in the 19th century, fitting the moral standards imposed by the Church. The role of women in colonial Minas Gerais was much more dynamic than it would be allowed by the standards of the time. Many women used to live on their own, were heads of family and worked, particularly the \"women of color\" and former slaves. The society of Minas Gerais provided a great social mobility to former slaves, mainly for women. In Tejuco, the percentage of White males who were head of family (37.7%) was very similar to the percentage of Black women who were head of family (38.5%). Many former slaves were able to accumulate goods and many of them became slave owners as well. Some Blacks and mainly Mulattos were able to integrate themselves in the highest social stratum of the society of Minas Gerais, once restricted to Whites. This happened through a process of \"whitening\" their descendence and through the assimilation of the culture of the White elite, like being members of Catholic brotherhoods. Cohabitation was the most common crime in Minas Gerais. The Catholic Church was strict in the punishment of this crime, in order to prevent the widespread miscegenation between White, mostly Portuguese males with Black or Mulatto women. According to a 2013 autosomal DNA study, the ancestral composition of the state of Minas Gerais can be described as: 59.20% European, 28.90% African and 11.90% Native American A genetic study (with a few samples and not covering the most populated part of the state, the South of Minas Gerais), suggested that the \"Whites\" from Minas Gerais would have slightly lower levels of European (at 71%) ancestry among the Brazilian regions and higher levels (at 16%) of African admixture, with significant Amerindian (13%) admixture, the European reference population in the study being 95% European, 2.8% Native American and 2.6% African, which would give an actual percentage of European ancestry of about 75% actual European ancestry, and less than 15% of each, Native American and African ancestries. According to another study, however, the European ancestry is \"dominant\" throughout Brazil at about 77%, Minas Gerais included (and this taking into account the whole of the population of Minas Gerais, \"white\", \"pardos\" and \"blacks\"). \"A new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific magazine \"American Journal of Human Biology\" by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin colour, colour of the eyes and colour of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies\". During the time of the gold rush, the largest European immigration of the colonial period to all of the Americas, about 600,000 Portuguese immigrated to Brazil during the gold rush, and most of them to Minas Gerais, the place where the gold rush activities took place. Most of them came from Entre Douro e Minho, in Northern Portugal. The reference book for a large number of these families is \"Velhos Troncos Mineiros\" (Old Mineiro Branches) by Raimundo Trindade. The Native American population of Minas Gerais was estimated to be at 97,000 in 1500, by the time the Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500 (John Hemming in \"\"Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians\"\").", "Minas Gerais is the second-largest consumer market in Brazil, behind the state of São Paulo. It shares 10.4% of the Brazilian consumer market. Companies of this Brazilian state have access to 49% of the Brazilian consumer market, with estimated consumption potential of 223 billion US dollars. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 47.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 44.1%. agriculture represents 8.8% of GDP (2004). Main exports: mineral products 44.4%, metals 15.8%, vegetable products 13%, precious metals 5.5%, foodstuffs 4.9%, transportation 3.5% (2012). Share of the Brazilian economy: 9% (2005). Minas Gerais (or simply Minas, as it is commonly called) is a major producer of milk, coffee and other agricultural commodities, as well as minerals. Electronics are also produced in Minas. The automakers Fiat and Mercedes-Benz have factories there. Tourism is also an important activity for the state: historical cities like Ouro Preto, Mariana, Sabará, Congonhas, Diamantina, Tiradentes, and Sao João del Rey, are major attractions for visitors interested in their colonial architecture. Other cities, like Araxá,", "As of April 2007, there are 11.3 million mobile phones and 4.2 million telephones", "Minas Gerais is home to some of the best schools in the country, both at the", "Minas Gerais may be called \"Deep Brazil\" by analogy with \"France profonde\". It has a distinctly more native flavour than cosmopolitan São Paulo, a more traditional slant than flashy Rio de Janeiro, and is more Portuguese than the South and São Paulo with their great influx of Italians and other Central Europeans, the North with its Native Americans, or the Northeast with its heavy Afro-Brazilian influence.", "Those born and raised in Minas Gerais, also called Mineiros, bear an unmistakable accent that sets them apart from fellow Brazilians, although people born in different regions of the state bear slightly different accents, some resembling those of neighboring states, such as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. They are", "Minas Gerais is known nationally for its cuisine. The cultural basis of its cuisine is the small farmhouse, and many of the dishes are prepared using locally produced vegetables and meats, especially chicken and pork. Traditional cooking is done using coal- or wood-fired ovens and cast iron pans, making for a particularly tasty flavor; some restaurant chains have adopted these techniques and made this type of food popular in other parts of the country. Many of the cakes and appetizers of the local cuisine use corn or cassava (known there as \"mandioca\") flour instead of wheat, as the latter did not adapt well to the local weather. The best-known dish from Minas", "Mariano Procópio Museum, in Juiz de Fora, and Centro", "Music is one of the most striking features of Minas Gerais and has been part of the history of the state since the early 16th and 17th centuries. From the 18th century, composers including Jose Joaquim Lobo de Mesquita, Francisco Gomes da Rocha, Marcos Coelho Neto and Manoel de Oliveira Dias reinforced the musical tradition of Minas with the composition of baroque pieces that are now revered as masterpieces. For classical music, the state features productions and performances of various orchestras and choirs. Among them there are the Symphonic Orchestra of Minas Gerais and the Coral Lírico de Minas Gerais, a State Choir, maintained by Clovis Salgado Foundation, an institution linked to the Secretary of State for Culture. These and other groups have a strong presence in the capital and throughout the state, working for the popularization and democratization of classical music. One of the most prolific contemporary composers was born in Minas Gerais, Prof. Dr. Andersen Viana, which music has been recognized most frequently abroad. The most varied rhythms", "Many famous Brazilian writers were born in Minas Gerais: Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Fernando Sabino, Pedro Nava, Murilo Mendes and João Guimarães Rosa. Aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont was born in Minas Gerais, as well as various politicians, such as Presidents Afonso Pena, Venceslau Brás, Delfim Moreira, Artur Bernardes, Juscelino Kubitschek, Tancredo Neves and", "", "Tancredo Neves International Airport is located in the municipalities of Lagoa Santa and Confins, 38 km (23 mi) from Belo Horizonte, and was opened in January 1984. It was planned from the start for future expansion in steps to meet growing demand. The airport has one of the lowest rates of shutdown for bad weather in the country. However, the Confins airport was not using much of its capacity until 2005, when it was decided that a large part of the Pampulha Airport flights (which is smaller and located inside Belo Horizonte's urban area) would move to Confins. The first step was undertaken with careful concern for the environment, including monitoring by specialized consultants,", "A new Administrative Center (Cidade Administrativa de Minas Gerais) was completed in March 2010, for the state of Minas Gerais. Designed by the internationally renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer, the center consists of four large buildings on an 800,000 square", "Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state that harbors the highest mileage of highways. The state highway network is 269,545 kilometers, of which only 11,396 on federal roads and 21,472 on state highways and state coincide, corresponding to all other municipal roads. Because of its central position,", "As in the rest of Brazil, football is the most popular sport among locals. Pelé, widely considered the best footballer of all time, was born in the Minas city of Três Corações. Belo Horizonte is home to two of the most successful teams in the country, and the city also has one of the biggest football stadiums in the world, the Mineirão, opened in 1965. Reopened after renovations in 2013, Mineirão was chosen as one of the venues for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and also the soccer tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics. Another stadium in Belo Horizonte, Independência Stadium, was one of the venues of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, where it hosted a legendary upset of the United States team over England. The biggest teams of Belo Horizonte and Minas as a whole are Atlético Mineiro, founded in 1908 and nicknamed \"Galo\" (rooster) after its mascot, and Cruzeiro, founded in 1921 as \"Palestra Itália\" by the members of the local Italian community - but renamed in the 1940s as the government of Getúlio Vargas forbid mentions of the Axis powers. Atlético won one edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 1971, two CONMEBOL Cups (the predecessor of the current Copa Sudamericana), is the biggest winner of the State Championship with 41 titles, one title of the Libertadores Cup Champion in 2013 and one Copa do", "The flag of the state of Minas Gerais is the oldest one adopted in Brazil that was devised by Brazilians. It was remembered by the Republican Party, which opposed the Brazilian Imperial Government, and adopted unofficially as the flag of the state. It has been the official state flag since 1963. The flag's Latin", "In spite of not being the largest state of Brazil and ranking second in population, Minas Gerais has the largest number of cities. Of the more than 5,500 municipalities in the country, Minas has 853 of them, a fact explained by the number of inhabitants and by the vast territory, comparable in area to Madagascar and larger than Metropolitan France. The most notable cities are: the capital Belo Horizonte, Contagem, Betim, Juiz de Fora, Varginha, Muriae, Montes Claros, Uberlândia, Governador Valadares, Ipatinga, Ouro Preto, Sete Lagoas, Uberaba, Araxá, Patos de Minas, Divinópolis, Barbacena, Pouso Alegre, Janaúba, Teófilo Otoni, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Mariana, Poços de Caldas and São João del Rei." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5177, 238, 12472, 30482, 40368, 91067, 7, 47, 70, 25269, 2517, 15, 44, 13, 14612, 40934, 65803, 3672, 18939, 47, 10, 42154, 133, 23, 12877, 4830, 111, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 15, 238, 5, 2668, 77269, 194, 360, 107184, 27446, 4488, 44, 11935, 28021, 58, 15, 238, 5, 57947, 77269, 16, 764, 61924, 7, 10, 25269, 2517, 237, 8035, 44, 11, 13315, 6044, 450, 110, 3789, 80560, 13315, 5809, 6817, 17721, 442, 136, 70, 9709, 272, 740, 78599, 282, 988, 15, 238, 5, 1372, 966, 46, 501, 5, 80454, 77269, 16, 14037, 70, 25269, 2517, 47, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 390, 179635, 70, 60875, 111, 10, 6275, 98567, 33233, 70, 9709, 272, 5, 360, 70, 611, 1197, 7, 8002, 2227, 126809, 70, 61353, 111, 44882, 161789, 47, 74481, 67, 25269, 35066, 136, 3789, 44402, 23, 114137, 136, 11814, 903, 47, 74481, 67, 25269, 35066, 47, 70, 121, 21098, 5, 581, 61353, 111, 44882, 864, 134393, 83, 21373, 47, 35971, 70, 60212, 17721, 26168, 115187, 136, 26168, 454, 304, 136, 61998, 449, 390, 10, 14537, 111, 26168, 454, 363, 5, 115769, 538, 68320, 10845, 7, 11814, 1919, 55300, 111, 3638, 7, 35509, 98, 70, 150556, 450, 70, 4567, 223, 111, 10, 42154, 133, 83, 11343, 3638, 47, 70, 42154, 133, 68034, 5, 32255, 150624, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 99710, 289, 44805, 223, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 52455, 3395, 162466, 71, 5, 30520, 56, 1405, 134053, 10, 4537, 55300, 111, 188304, 25269, 35066, 4, 390, 179635, 10, 9709, 272, 237, 151552, 390, 10, 98567, 6275, 124901, 78112, 83, 70, 31805, 660, 111, 40368, 8781, 42, 78112, 7, 5, 157370, 9, 919, 1603, 8250, 164, 8, 159, 57008, 136, 43041, 74151, 112, 14037, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 234873, 7, 100, 90791, 25269, 35066, 5, 27766, 9319, 34754, 7, 99201, 8382, 111, 4939, 23706, 164, 136, 114636, 335, 118201, 4, 105207, 47, 70, 154453, 111, 114636, 145076, 136, 38334, 84285, 636, 2566, 16523, 5, 893, 543, 3882, 80934, 111, 10, 25269, 2517, 509, 44, 11, 7108, 13315, 3129, 116281, 7, 10, 9709, 272, 4, 1284, 3129, 3229, 181653, 4, 14602, 959, 59226, 442, 740, 3293, 10332, 80934, 56282, 7, 23, 34334, 10763, 26847, 1295, 19441, 2499, 25269, 2517, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 2837, 45188, 297, 136, 70, 5744, 80934, 7, 621, 183234, 47, 8382, 111, 636, 2566, 16523, 2750, 61924, 71, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 237, 70, 13315, 8305, 10, 80836, 111, 54241, 21286, 20903, 26847, 98, 70, 9709, 272, 5, 581, 100270, 13, 110, 1363, 450, 10, 25269, 2517, 13315, 44, 185188, 90, 58, 10, 9709, 272, 831, 186, 7228, 1286, 143726, 390, 179635, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 80560, 124519, 15, 184, 36520, 124519, 16, 452, 6953, 8305, 6626, 26847, 4, 44, 284, 58, 136, 44, 571, 830, 8382, 450, 28127, 98, 70, 32354, 9709, 272, 5, 581, 25269, 2517, 99, 44, 284, 58, 83, 70, 17475, 3229, 6275, 44, 571, 58, 35707, 5134, 120126, 707, 17660, 7, 47, 44, 284, 740, 581, 6, 116311, 136, 36998, 7432, 111, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 56566, 7, 98, 10, 24233, 10644, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 156100, 7432, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 238778, 14, 41159, 1242, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 6626, 115339, 46552, 7, 23356, 99, 10, 189173, 6275, 15, 11, 493, 24371, 16, 7068, 2685, 83, 110, 36998, 538, 61924, 71, 25269, 2517, 99, 70, 493, 24371, 6637, 70, 17475, 111, 70, 187735, 111, 40, 36520, 124519, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 48225, 23, 3129, 44, 38496, 44, 571, 58, 58, 51515, 90, 70, 493, 24371, 5, 1913, 2684, 26847, 4, 70, 25269, 2517, 116281, 7, 70, 9709, 272, 15490, 41421, 214, 442, 15, 197271, 442, 1543, 4, 3229, 136475, 4, 41421, 70, 9709, 272, 99, 3789, 44677, 16065, 1295, 70, 6275, 111, 25269, 2517, 194, 62, 6275, 7440, 70, 25269, 2517, 15, 257, 903, 6275, 16, 41421, 90, 70, 9709, 272, 83, 35839, 142, 44, 73, 34334, 10763, 6275, 740, 163731, 7, 4, 121, 21098, 7, 4, 59058, 21098, 7, 136, 88, 95680, 90, 54, 959, 765, 2499, 23, 34334, 10763, 6275, 4, 1284, 1286, 96704, 297, 9709, 3132, 54, 765, 4, 1884, 70, 6, 41382, 111, 10, 314, 45966, 32354, 4, 3129, 1556, 66161, 1632, 23, 34334, 10763, 6275, 4, 707, 10, 157051, 48899, 4, 3129, 1556, 6626, 23, 34334, 10763, 26847, 117, 12638, 14922, 111, 70, 6634, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 442, 1543, 53383, 450, 70, 9709, 272, 400, 90, 167969, 98, 1632, 5609, 111, 10, 80560, 13315, 452, 6953, 8305, 10, 6275, 98, 442, 4, 136, 14373, 903, 80560, 13315, 83, 959, 10, 25269, 2517, 13315, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 7225, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 100, 10, 13315, 452, 6953, 8305, 70, 493, 24371, 111, 10, 1927, 109217, 136, 959, 1940, 39797, 1916, 442, 120262, 2451, 136913, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 14602, 959, 32316, 100, 70, 89397, 189050, 36917, 5, 360, 158, 272, 425, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 6044, 124519, 621, 35839, 8060, 214, 124519, 5, 581, 84183, 6827, 6528, 111, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 237, 70, 17475, 111, 40, 36520, 124519, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 98365, 100, 6, 140815, 289, 150624, 450, 621, 11814, 47, 7413, 25269, 2517, 124519, 143726, 538, 5, 581, 9655, 111, 90791, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 47, 10, 6, 41382, 4, 707, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 2967, 4, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 9879, 17582, 105207, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 44805, 223, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 70, 17932, 12877, 111, 1919, 44, 10429, 87739, 53, 830, 157370, 68320, 10845, 7, 111, 70, 2967, 111, 64549, 214, 70, 25269, 2517, 47, 10, 9709, 272, 4, 44, 37839, 87, 26055, 5154, 450, 903, 83, 959, 4734, 70, 2684, 80234, 136, 2684, 4537, 2967, 23, 700, 87739, 53, 450, 87, 3714, 4, 1284, 3853, 450, 87, 765, 17669, 104851, 71, 47, 3714, 740, 121691, 8364, 450, 10, 9709, 272, 83, 34475, 237, 70, 6, 41382, 111, 10, 32354, 4, 44, 53, 58, 2203, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 425, 51029, 717, 7413, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 99, 70, 6275, 44, 254, 58, 2203, 24073, 11, 830, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 11, 18939, 247, 16916, 15700, 43573, 1272, 6275, 44, 864, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 15, 748, 42856, 25269, 2517, 16, 47, 10, 47880, 9709, 272, 99, 10, 34475, 6275, 83, 70, 80560, 13315, 450, 44, 20314, 116281, 7, 58, 70, 9709, 272, 99, 450, 6275, 5, 636, 2566, 16523, 61924, 71, 442, 237, 70, 13315, 8305, 10, 80836, 111, 54241, 21286, 20903, 26847, 98, 70, 9709, 272, 5, 5455, 134995, 538, 4, 10, 80560, 13315, 83, 2804, 47, 186, 10, 25269, 2517, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 99, 10, 6275, 98, 70, 9709, 272, 2174, 70, 13315, 10922, 7, 8305, 70, 6275, 98, 70, 9709, 272, 136, 1556, 91, 89059, 4, 7440, 44, 420, 58, 83, 70, 30057, 4935, 111, 44, 420, 740, 62, 21373, 80934, 4027, 25720, 47, 32628, 9709, 3132, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Tangent line to a curve.", "Analytical approach.", "Intuitive description.", "More rigorous description.", "How the method can fail.", "Equations.", "Normal line to a curve.", "Angle between curves.", "Multiple tangents at a point.", "Tangent circles.", "Surfaces and higher-dimensional manifolds." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Euclid makes several references to the tangent ( \"ephaptoménē\") to a circle in book III of the \"Elements\" (c. 300 BC). In Apollonius work \"Conics\" (c. 225 BC) he defines a tangent as being \"a line such that no other straight line could fall between it and the curve\". Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC) found the tangent to an Archimedean spiral by considering the path of a point moving along the curve. In the 1630s Fermat developed the technique of adequality to calculate tangents and other problems in analysis and used this to calculate tangents to the parabola. The technique of adeqality is similar to taking the difference between formula_1 and formula_2 and dividing by a power of formula_3. Independently Descartes used his method of normals based on the observation that the radius of a circle is always normal to the circle itself. These methods led to the development of differential calculus in the 17th century. Many people contributed. Roberval discovered a general method of drawing tangents, by considering a curve as described by a moving point whose motion is the resultant of several simpler motions. René-François de Sluse and Johannes Hudde found algebraic algorithms for finding tangents. Further developments included those of John Wallis and Isaac Barrow, leading to the theory of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. An 1828 definition of a tangent was \"a right line which touches a curve, but which when produced, does not cut it\". This old definition prevents inflection points from having any tangent. It has been dismissed and the modern definitions are equivalent to those of Leibniz who defined the tangent line as the line through a pair of infinitely close points on the curve.", "The intuitive notion that a tangent line \"touches\" a curve can be made more explicit by considering the sequence of straight lines (secant lines) passing through two points, \"A\" and \"B\", those that lie on the function curve. The tangent at \"A\" is the limit when point \"B\" approximates or tends to \"A\". The existence and uniqueness of the tangent line depends on a certain type of mathematical smoothness, known as \"differentiability.\" For example, if two circular arcs meet at a sharp point (a vertex) then there is no uniquely defined tangent at the vertex because the limit of the progression of secant lines depends on the direction in which \"point \"B\"\" approaches the vertex. At most points, the tangent touches the curve without crossing it (though it may, when continued, cross the curve at other places away from the point of tangent). A point where the tangent (at this point) crosses the curve is called an \"inflection point\". Circles, parabolas, hyperbolas and ellipses do not have any inflection point, but more complicated curves do have, like the graph of a cubic function, which has exactly one inflection point, or a sinusoid, which has two inflection points per each period of the sine. Conversely, it may happen that the curve lies entirely on one side of a straight line passing through a point on it, and yet this straight line is not a tangent line. This is the case, for example, for a line passing through the vertex of a triangle and not intersecting it otherwise—where the tangent line does not exist for the reasons explained above. In convex geometry, such lines are called supporting lines.", "The geometrical idea of the tangent line as the limit of secant lines serves as the motivation for analytical methods that are used to find tangent lines explicitly. The question of finding the tangent line to a graph, or the tangent line problem, was one of the central questions leading to the development of calculus in the 17th century. In the second book of his \"Geometry\", René Descartes of the problem of constructing the tangent to a curve, \"And I dare say that this is not only the most useful and most general problem in geometry that I know, but even that I have ever desired to know\".", "Suppose that a curve is given as the graph of a function, \"y\" = \"f\"(\"x\"). To find the tangent line at the point \"p\" = (\"a\", \"f\"(\"a\")), consider another nearby point \"q\" = (\"a\" + \"h\", \"f\"(\"a\" + \"h\")) on the curve. The slope of the secant line passing through \"p\" and \"q\" is equal to the difference quotient As the point \"q\" approaches \"p\", which corresponds to making \"h\" smaller and smaller, the difference quotient should approach a certain limiting value \"k\", which is the slope of the tangent line at the point \"p\". If \"k\" is known, the equation of the tangent line can be found in the point-slope form:", "To make the preceding reasoning rigorous, one has to explain what is meant by the difference quotient approaching a certain limiting value \"k\". The precise mathematical formulation was given by Cauchy in the 19th century and is based on the notion of limit. Suppose that the graph does not have a break or a sharp edge at \"p\" and it is neither plumb nor too wiggly near \"p\". Then there is a unique value of \"k\" such that, as \"h\" approaches 0, the difference quotient gets closer and closer to \"k\", and the distance between them becomes negligible compared with the size of \"h\", if \"h\" is small enough. This leads to the definition of the slope of the tangent line to the graph as the limit of the difference quotients for the function \"f\". This limit is the derivative of the function \"f\" at \"x\" = \"a\", denoted \"f\" ′(\"a\"). Using derivatives, the equation of the tangent line can be stated as follows: Calculus provides rules for computing the derivatives of functions that are given by formulas, such as the power function, trigonometric functions, exponential function, logarithm, and their various combinations. Thus, equations of the tangents to graphs of all these functions, as well as many others, can be found by the methods of calculus.", "Calculus also demonstrates that there are functions and points on their graphs for which the limit determining the slope of the tangent line does not exist. For these points the function \"f\" is \"non-differentiable\". There are two possible reasons for the method of finding the tangents based on the limits and derivatives to fail: either the geometric tangent exists, but it is a vertical line, which cannot be given in the point-slope form since it does not have a slope, or the graph exhibits one of three behaviors that precludes a geometric tangent. The graph \"y\" = \"x\" illustrates the first possibility: here the difference quotient at \"a\" = 0 is equal to \"h\"/\"h\" = \"h\", which becomes very large as \"h\" approaches 0. This curve has a tangent line at the origin that is vertical. The graph \"y\" = \"x\" illustrates another possibility: this graph has a \"cusp\" at the origin. This means that, when \"h\" approaches 0, the difference quotient at \"a\" = 0 approaches plus or minus infinity depending on the sign of \"x\". Thus both branches of the curve are near to the half vertical line for which \"y\"=0, but none is near to the negative part of this line. Basically, there is no tangent at the origin in this case, but in some context one may consider this line as a tangent, and even, in algebraic geometry, as a \"double tangent\". The graph \"y\" = |\"x\"| of the absolute value function consists of two straight lines with different slopes joined at the origin. As a point \"q\" approaches the origin from the right, the secant line always has slope 1. As a point \"q\" approaches the origin from the left, the secant line always has slope −1. Therefore, there is no unique tangent to the graph at the origin. Having two different (but finite) slopes is called a \"corner\". Finally, since differentiability implies continuity, the contrapositive states \"discontinuity\" implies non-differentiability. Any such jump or point discontinuity will have no tangent line. This includes cases where one slope approaches positive infinity while the other approaches negative infinity, leading to an infinite jump discontinuity", "When the curve is given by \"y\" = \"f\"(\"x\") then the slope of the tangent is formula_7 so by the point–slope formula the equation of the tangent line at (\"X\", \"Y\") is where (\"x\", \"y\") are the coordinates of any point on the tangent line, and where the derivative is evaluated at formula_9. When the curve is given by \"y\" = \"f\"(\"x\"), the tangent line's equation can also be found by using polynomial division to divide formula_10 by formula_11; if the remainder is denoted by formula_12, then the equation of the tangent line is given by When the equation of the curve is given in the form \"f\"(\"x\", \"y\") = 0 then the value of the slope can be found by implicit differentiation, giving The equation of the tangent line at a point (\"X\",\"Y\") such that \"f\"(\"X\",\"Y\") = 0 is then This equation remains true if formula_16 but formula_17 (in this case the slope of the tangent is infinite). If formula_18 the tangent line is not defined and the point (\"X\",\"Y\") is said singular. For algebraic curves, computations may be simplified somewhat by converting to homogeneous coordinates. Specifically, let the homogeneous equation of the curve be \"g\"(\"x\", \"y\", \"z\") = 0 where \"g\" is a homogeneous function of degree \"n\". Then, if (\"X\", \"Y\", \"Z\") lies on the curve, Euler's theorem implies formula_19 It follows that the homogeneous equation of the tangent line is The equation of the tangent line in Cartesian coordinates can be found by setting \"z\"=1 in this equation. To apply this to algebraic curves, write \"f\"(\"x\", \"y\") as where each \"u\" is the sum of all terms of degree \"r\". The homogeneous equation of the curve is then Applying the equation above and setting \"z\"=1 produces as the equation of the tangent line. The equation in this form is often simpler to use in practice since no further simplification is needed after it is applied. If the curve is given parametrically by then the slope of the tangent is giving the equation for the tangent line at formula_26 as If formula_28 the tangent line is not defined. However, it may occur that the tangent line exists and may be computed from an implicit equation of the curve.", "The line perpendicular to the tangent line to a curve at the point of tangency is called the \"normal line\" to the curve at that point. The slopes of perpendicular lines have product −1, so if the equation of the curve is \"y\" = \"f\"(\"x\") then slope of the normal line is and it follows that the equation of the normal line at (X, Y) is Similarly, if the equation of the curve has the form \"f\"(\"x\", \"y\") = 0 then the equation of the normal line is given by If the curve is given parametrically by then the equation of the normal line is", "The angle between two curves at a point where they intersect is defined as the angle between their tangent lines at that point. More specifically, two curves are said to be tangent at a point if they have the same tangent at a point, and orthogonal if their tangent lines are orthogonal.", "The formulas above fail when the point is a singular point. In this case there may be two or more branches of the curve that pass through the point, each branch having its own tangent line. When the point is the origin, the equations of these lines can be found for algebraic curves by factoring the equation formed by eliminating all but the lowest degree terms from the original equation. Since any point can be made the origin by a change of variables (or by translating the curve) this gives a method for finding the tangent lines at any singular point. For example, the equation of the limaçon trisectrix shown to the right is Expanding this and eliminating all but terms of degree 2 gives which, when factored, becomes So these are the equations of the two tangent lines through the origin. When the curve is not self-crossing, the tangent at a reference point may still not be uniquely defined because the curve is not differentiable at that point although it is differentiable elsewhere. In this case the left and right derivatives are defined as the limits of the derivative as the point at which it is evaluated approaches the reference point from respectively the left (lower values) or the right (higher values). For example, the curve \"y\" = |\"x\" | is not differentiable at \"x\" = 0: its left and right derivatives have respective slopes –1 and 1; the tangents at that point with those slopes are called the left and right tangents. Sometimes the slopes of the left and right tangent lines are equal, so the tangent lines coincide. This is true, for example, for the curve \"y\" = \"x\", for which both the left and right derivatives at \"x\" = 0 are infinite; both the left and right tangent lines have equation \"x\" = 0.", "Two circles of non-equal radius, both in the same plane, are said to be tangent to each other if they meet at only one point. Equivalently, two circles, with radii of \"r\" and centers at (\"x\", \"y\"), for \"i\" = 1, 2 are said to be tangent to each other if", "The \"tangent plane\" to a surface at a given point \"p\" is defined in an analogous way to the tangent line in the case of curves. It is the best approximation of the surface by a plane at \"p\", and can be obtained as the limiting position of the planes passing through 3 distinct points on the surface close to \"p\" as these points converge to \"p\". More generally, there is a \"k\"-dimensional tangent space at each point of a \"k\"-dimensional manifold in the \"n\"-dimensional Euclidean space." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 87547, 10071, 39, 509, 103122, 99, 209, 43881, 17119, 23, 38660, 4970, 4, 2076, 92, 72567, 4, 70, 88, 18557, 29041, 111, 70, 77488, 76456, 20020, 111, 120025, 92, 10071, 39, 4, 10, 2258, 2278, 720, 64, 513, 20037, 136, 23213, 37700, 5, 581, 10071, 39, 14449, 158930, 43573, 38660, 4970, 619, 1775, 191, 15881, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 5, 18763, 82953, 120025, 92, 14631, 10071, 39, 100512, 10, 121392, 42179, 4, 136, 75935, 70, 44, 50344, 49086, 289, 171918, 58, 41260, 5, 360, 91255, 764, 80723, 29966, 214, 70, 25674, 5153, 19188, 98, 147697, 7, 62, 7612, 23, 38660, 4970, 15, 3957, 25674, 5153, 10696, 100512, 70, 25674, 5153, 102256, 19188, 678, 70, 37526, 1294, 10696, 141753, 70, 108405, 94037, 25674, 5153, 19188, 98, 100561, 86, 102736, 194, 360, 96903, 764, 509, 2855, 3674, 10, 32807, 57747, 320, 16070, 5, 360, 81139, 10071, 39, 25737, 10696, 47, 24209, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 2258, 2278, 720, 5, 10071, 39, 126809, 142, 33946, 23, 37511, 10792, 41637, 5, 10071, 39, 136, 1919, 82953, 7, 80723, 33976, 3299, 1831, 56379, 3129, 1836, 120384, 297, 47, 177592, 25, 7, 1775, 191, 19694, 15130, 19927, 5, 24372, 90791, 450, 1836, 5809, 113054, 10, 77546, 27167, 1836, 80723, 20662, 8951, 40575, 47, 115982, 99, 1775, 191, 29693, 4, 3129, 3542, 75060, 297, 23, 23410, 47, 71864, 110281, 214, 70, 35743, 111, 177592, 136, 70, 10696, 207048, 5, 32255, 69924, 12441, 4049, 47, 8035, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 70, 38660, 4970, 13293, 55061, 5868, 13, 7687, 23, 39395, 62977, 5, 18763, 163846, 9035, 237, 10, 3299, 37511, 5868, 13, 45367, 56, 167575, 3674, 23, 10, 332, 9, 3284, 1294, 214, 1978, 820, 3129, 764, 136, 27060, 99, 70, 11938, 88303, 23, 62977, 5, 82990, 538, 8108, 70, 4034, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 10071, 39, 113054, 297, 10, 19069, 237, 10, 19927, 9, 52347, 748, 2258, 2278, 720, 99, 70, 6470, 4861, 112, 1831, 56379, 14380, 3129, 509, 105866, 99, 70, 134331, 15534, 28779, 214, 61404, 23, 1401, 53, 80728, 4, 8018, 36840, 5, 18763, 81273, 33662, 12441, 47, 1919, 8035, 125568, 71, 47, 70, 188304, 23179, 4, 7440, 764, 66933, 70, 1631, 14922, 5, 24372, 70, 14380, 23409, 3934, 41931, 2320, 23, 56694, 4, 10071, 39, 509, 6, 212423, 390, 14787, 10639, 162, 53, 112, 4, 2750, 1902, 75935, 1919, 10002, 1831, 56379, 218343, 14380, 4, 3129, 509, 102778, 100, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 10639, 162, 53, 112, 77879, 5868, 13, 5, 360, 7582, 61242, 10071, 39, 33284, 297, 70, 96139, 56, 5345, 56379, 33734, 15, 94068, 96139, 56, 35340, 8520, 53, 16, 35509, 99, 4171, 87180, 5227, 17119, 23, 87703, 1507, 54799, 99321, 90, 237, 10, 22962, 8167, 46526, 45211, 5, 18763, 5117, 4331, 509, 70, 27939, 177, 1179, 4, 70, 36272, 111, 3129, 12441, 47, 1919, 8035, 6, 140545, 297, 185256, 51517, 23, 60487, 5, 360, 60487, 4, 23, 125413, 678, 47192, 26729, 24816, 4, 96139, 56, 25, 7, 332, 66398, 14364, 4, 10071, 39, 126809, 10, 3173, 111, 12924, 50961, 450, 11814, 124416, 297, 43333, 7, 237, 10, 64720, 56, 136, 8781, 42, 30700, 47, 79003, 297, 45646, 7, 5, 133698, 1919, 188513, 99, 96139, 56, 764, 509, 102778, 100, 70, 166635, 111, 7221, 12921, 52895, 111, 1831, 56379, 4, 111, 3129, 10, 3622, 111, 116, 102525, 3542, 142901, 71, 5, 2022, 4021, 1919, 39395, 4331, 7, 3542, 70, 8352, 9613, 4, 78315, 2721, 141, 4, 59285, 5914, 4, 49307, 136, 27766, 53, 5, 1913, 1632, 1733, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 14885, 117, 21126, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 23, 70, 6, 104667, 3542, 82775, 390, 10071, 39, 5, 1529, 7068, 109133, 98, 47, 4331, 214, 37511, 5868, 90, 450, 2806, 24209, 121935, 7164, 7, 111, 70, 6, 104667, 23, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 26719, 70, 96139, 56, 11872, 12056, 86, 4, 96139, 56, 33417, 497, 191, 136, 96139, 56, 37446, 525, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 185118, 7, 2750, 79786, 678, 10071, 39, 99, 96139, 56, 3542, 10868, 120025, 92, 14231, 15, 94068, 47, 4331, 70, 14941, 89917, 30948, 592, 247, 1734, 6387, 4129, 1507, 15, 94068, 47, 4331, 70, 175961, 34997, 7460, 56588, 116, 136, 130891, 25, 7, 5117, 1831, 9, 188, 9, 7341, 18025, 1340, 4, 70, 34997, 7460, 31143, 420, 5544, 247, 211524, 151466, 15, 513, 73, 297, 4908, 516, 23, 44500, 136, 14432, 47, 186, 185256, 51517, 111, 70, 4908, 516, 48138, 4398, 247, 73969, 4841, 42454, 15, 33970, 15516, 185256, 51517, 99, 96139, 56, 23, 44321, 16, 136, 10868, 12452, 1261, 2594, 4293, 15, 206, 29469, 13452, 185118, 20271, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 14432, 47, 186, 185256, 185118, 99, 34997, 7460, 194, 17106, 70, 11872, 12056, 86, 4, 87547, 10071, 39, 109133, 1295, 70, 55556, 111, 70, 333, 5868, 13, 47, 158, 99736, 6635, 22460, 5868, 13, 6, 202523, 1831, 56379, 5, 581, 16750, 509, 450, 78431, 1314, 18738, 434, 4271, 56, 4, 136, 678, 70, 52295, 71, 87907, 55556, 111, 70, 1733, 4, 77546, 4, 136, 5809, 186, 7228, 1286, 103494, 538, 3501, 17669, 5, 581, 96139, 56, 185118, 17819, 10934, 246, 206, 509, 102778, 100, 20949, 70, 11872, 12056, 86, 3934, 36049, 23, 6, 129980, 101935, 8108, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 1631, 4, 7103, 142, 36298, 9, 59636, 214, 19922, 47, 70, 26289, 65676, 18153, 23, 226395, 23, 44500, 5, 62, 4393, 20, 13267, 96139, 56, 11872, 12056, 86, 143126, 1556, 2809, 158012, 43573, 70, 32547, 99321, 90, 4, 38660, 4970, 4, 47, 3486, 34639, 10868, 87547, 10071, 39, 25, 7, 1831, 56379, 5, 14847, 70, 33417, 497, 191, 25, 7, 4331, 5117, 74216, 71, 136, 30957, 297, 91, 91526, 1900, 4516, 4, 20279, 7, 100512, 107419, 450, 2685, 509, 154630, 42, 139100, 56, 136, 121857, 214, 99, 11192, 38352, 7, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 19069, 214, 111, 70, 99162, 98719, 56, 15865, 107, 87907, 23, 78219, 4552, 20903, 47, 70, 6, 14775, 74855, 5, 581, 177907, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 47, 26983, 99, 77546, 38352, 7, 136, 34831, 46683, 12551, 83259, 93425, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 127125, 111, 70, 5155, 4, 1284, 678, 1919, 19336, 4331, 7175, 111, 1632, 75281, 43032, 99, 96139, 56, 4, 10071, 39, 145755, 47, 86869, 6097, 44402, 136, 3249, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 87547, 10071, 39, 4, 313, 20090, 4, 90147, 13, 294, 11516, 8055, 154140, 1530, 11994, 36236, 16, 509, 142, 14941, 37511, 10792, 70760, 185118, 2750, 162466, 71, 47, 5941, 96139, 56, 1831, 56379, 4331, 7, 4, 1295, 70, 333, 5868, 90, 111, 70, 23031, 7, 47, 55, 18, 78431, 1314, 5, 6561, 106480, 135818, 1831, 56379, 764, 82775, 509, 70, 96139, 56, 11872, 12056, 86, 6, 202523, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early years.", "Aviation career.", "Hurricane.", "Typhoon.", "Tempest.", "Sea Fury.", "Postwar.", "Harrier.", "Hunter.", "Final years.", "Death.", "Personal life.", "Tributes.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Sydney Camm was born at 10 Alma Road in Windsor, Berkshire, the eldest child of the twelve children of Frederick Camm, a carpenter/joiner and Mary Smith. The Camm family lived near Windsor & Eton Central railway station. His brother Frederick James Camm became a technical author, and created the \"Practical Wireless\" magazine. In 1901 he began attending the Royal Free School on Bachelors Acre in Windsor (The Royal Free school became the Royal Free Middle School with the secondary school becoming the Princess Margaret Royal Free School on Bourne Avenue). In 1906 he was granted a Foundation Scholarship. In 1908 Camm left school to become an apprentice carpenter. Camm developed an interest in aeronautics. Camm and his brothers began building model aircraft which they supplied to Herbert's Eton High Street shop. After finding that they could obtain a higher price they began making direct sales to boys at Eton College, which were delivered in secret to avoid attracting the attention of Herbert and the school authorities. These activities led him to being one of the founders of the Windsor Model Aeroplane Club in early 1912. His accomplishments as a model aeroplane builder culminated in a man-carrying glider which he and others at the club built in 1912.", "Shortly before the start of World War I Camm obtained a position as a shop-floor carpenter at the Martinsyde aircraft company which was located at the Brooklands racing circuit in Weybridge, Surrey. His ability soon led to his being promoted to the drawing office, where he spent the war period. After the company went into liquidation in 1921, Camm was employed by George Handasyde, who had created his own aircraft manufacturing company, which was responsible for the creation of the Handasyde Monoplane. In November 1923 Camm joined the Hawker Aircraft Company (later Hawker Siddeley) based at Canbury Park Road in Kingston upon Thames as a senior draughtsman. His first design was the Cygnet, the success of which led to his being appointed chief designer in 1925. In 1925, in association with Fred Sigrist, Hawker's managing director, Camm developed a form of metal construction that used jointed tubes as a cheaper and simpler alternative to welded structures. During his employment at Hawker he was responsible for the creation of 52 different types of aircraft, of which a total of 26,000 were manufactured. Among his early designs were the Tomtit, Hornbill, Nimrod, Hart and Fury. At one time in the 1930s 84 per cent of the aircraft in the RAF were designed by Camm. He then moved on to designing aeroplanes that would become mainstays of the RAF in the Second World War including the Hawker Hurricane, Hawker Typhoon and Hawker Tempest. Among the engineers who worked with Camm at Hawker were Sir Frederick Page (later to design the English Electric Lightning), Leslie Appleton (later to design the advanced Fairey Delta 2 and Britain's first air-to-air missile, the Fairey Fireflash), Stuart Davies (joined Avro in 1936 and later to be chief designer of the Avro Vulcan), Roy Chaplin (became chief designer at Hawker in 1957) and Sir Robert Lickley (chief project engineer during the war, and later to be chief engineer at Fairey).", "With the Hurricane, Sydney Camm moved from the technology of the biplane to contemporary monoplane fighter aircraft. The result was that fighters flew faster, and with the improved engine technology of the time, higher, and could be made more deadly than ever. The Hawker engineer Frank Murdoch was responsible for getting the Hurricane into production in sufficient numbers before the outbreak of the war, after an eye-opening visit to the MAN diesel plant in Augsburg in 1936. A full - size Hawker Hurricane replica has been placed near the River Thames, Windsor, to honour Sir Sydney Camm's aircraft.", "When the Typhoon's design first emerged and entered squadron service, pilots became aware that there was elevator flutter and buffeting at high speeds, due to the positioning of the heavy Napier Sabre engine intake very close to the wing root. The engineering of the aircraft to travel at higher speeds and handle compressibility effects was one of the challenges of the day, but with his small design team of one hundred members at Hawker, Camm managed to solve these problems and make the Typhoon an effective combat weapon even at these speeds. As operational requirements changed, the Typhoon was used more as a fighter-bomber, in which role its low level performance, weapon-carrying capabilities and ability to absorb damage made it very effective. It was much used in the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, in which ground-attack aircraft proved very destructive. German losses were so severe that most of France was retaken less than two weeks after the conclusion of this operation.", "The lessons learned from the Hawker Typhoon were incorporated into its successor, the Hawker Tempest. As soon as the Typhoon entered service, the Air Ministry requested a new design. Camm recommended that they keep the existing design of the Typhoon for the most part, with modifications to the aerofoil. He also considered the new and powerful Napier Sabre and Bristol Centaurus engines as the powerplant. Camm decided that both engines would be used: the Tempest Mk 5 was fitted with the Napier Sabre, while the Tempest Mk 2 had the Bristol Centaurus. The design modifications to be made to the aircraft to switch from one engine type to another were minimal, so that little assistance was needed in ferrying these aircraft all the way to India and Pakistan, in the final days of the conflict.", "This was a higher performance development of the Tempest with a reduced wing area, a Centaurus engine, and a considerably improved view for the pilot. Named the Fury, only the carrier-based Hawker Sea Fury went into service, serving with the Royal Navy from 1947 to 1955.", "After the Second World War, Camm created many jet-powered designs which would become important aircraft in the Cold War era.", "Notable among Camm's post-war work is his contribution to the design of the Hawker Siddeley P.1127 / Kestrel FGA.1, the progenitor of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The Harrier is a well-known vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft designed at Hawker Siddeley, which would later merge into British Aerospace, now known as BAE Systems. The Harrier was one of the radical aircraft which took shape in postwar Britain, which required the bringing together of many important technologies, such as vectored thrust engines like the Bristol Siddeley (later Rolls-Royce) Pegasus and technologies like the Reaction Control System. Camm played a major role in determining these and other vital Harrier systems. In 1953, Camm was knighted for these and other achievements and his contribution to British Aviation. The P.1127 first flew on 21 October 1960. Working with Camm on this aircraft and the Hunter was Professor John Fozard, who became head of the Hawker design office in 1961 and would write a biography of Camm in 1991.", "Camm worked on many aircraft built by Hawker before the Harrier, including what is probably his most significant aircraft after the Second World War, the Hawker Hunter.", "Sydney Camm was knighted 2 June 1953, on the occasion of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Camm was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) from 1954 to 1955. Since 1971 the RAeS has held the biennial Sir Sydney Camm Lecture in June, given by the current commander-in-chief of RAF Air Command. Camm retired as chief designer at Hawker in 1965 and was succeeded by John Fozard. He, however, remained on the board of its successor, Hawker Siddeley until his death. Before he died, Camm was planning the design of an aircraft to travel at Mach 4, having begun his life in aircraft design with the building of a man-carrying glider in 1912, just nine years after the first powered flight. In 1966, Camm was awarded the Guggenheim Gold Medal, which had to be presented posthumously.", "Camm died in his 73rd year on 12 March 1966 whilst playing golf at the Richmond Golf Club. He was buried in Long Ditton Cemetery, Long Ditton, in the County of Surrey.", "Camm lived at Thames Ditton in Surrey. He married Hilda Starnes in 1915 and they had a daughter in 1922.", "'Camm Gardens' road in Kingston-upon-Thames was named after Sydney Camm, with a memorial in situ to his memory of a World War 2 propeller engine hub. In 2012 a full size replica of a Hawker Hurricane was erected near Alexandra Gardens, in Camm's home town of Windsor, near to his childhood home. In 1984, Camm was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. A bronze bust by Ambrose Barber was placed in Kingston Library (2014).", "Notes Bibliography" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 225198, 6344, 23909, 87282, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 28820, 127, 54427, 111, 225198, 6344, 23909, 4, 3129, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 100, 525, 136, 509, 31895, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 14135, 9615, 19929, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 225198, 6344, 23909, 26950, 44, 58, 173473, 68718, 58, 58, 23, 28820, 127, 5, 581, 9351, 36418, 7, 1295, 70, 35011, 109412, 33, 1926, 1916, 332, 748, 170920, 23, 70, 54427, 390, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 1995, 2377, 478, 1717, 1966, 4, 70, 18813, 111, 164111, 2750, 79986, 71, 70, 23295, 1295, 702, 15276, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 616, 10289, 136, 105945, 7730, 98, 1926, 1916, 24745, 7, 23, 70, 100, 525, 5, 581, 5744, 113852, 3378, 9351, 100, 70, 100, 525, 83, 25, 132, 247, 102971, 15044, 70, 113852, 3378, 207048, 136, 46015, 4527, 70, 51521, 102374, 9351, 25, 132, 16, 1295, 8108, 70, 2837, 166589, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 100052, 29087, 9351, 22422, 6562, 64, 9185, 70902, 58, 80172, 515, 40744, 7, 41918, 114405, 1436, 64, 16882, 11, 179612, 23909, 87282, 58, 99, 70, 46015, 51521, 1467, 22469, 5, 200451, 71, 1372, 7582, 12453, 42946, 29087, 2740, 2161, 70, 28820, 127, 5609, 4, 2831, 111, 70, 225198, 6344, 23909, 87282, 83, 30312, 237, 70, 225198, 6344, 23909, 9907, 5227, 15, 247, 678, 142, 16128, 111, 1672, 5, 8622, 83, 2843, 70, 225198, 6344, 23909, 90040, 13, 15, 247, 678, 10, 27140, 111, 33976, 7, 24145, 6, 157272, 390, 70, 6, 89929, 7, 111, 49002, 20271, 70, 9148, 5256, 111, 164111, 5, 1913, 13379, 4, 10, 3018, 136, 17666, 678, 10, 2258, 9201, 83, 105866, 2685, 5, 44583, 71, 9742, 7, 3934, 70, 81113, 538, 30312, 58555, 111, 70, 9201, 831, 186, 137356, 71, 98, 57616, 4, 15528, 707, 390, 111649, 9, 86905, 19, 2258, 1651, 429, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 37838, 106, 91578, 104279, 55577, 135474, 7, 19922, 70, 28820, 127, 2831, 111, 70, 100, 525, 77253, 538, 15, 115095, 84428, 111, 2856, 621, 1295, 3789, 76726, 194, 2022, 4021, 70, 110281, 17514, 621, 263, 71, 35414, 214, 678, 4000, 707, 93, 24948, 106622, 7, 4, 70, 18227, 47, 139999, 41207, 263, 6468, 4, 17198, 177, 1176, 36, 27751, 150556, 7, 4, 100244, 2464, 191, 23, 2363, 6083, 65998, 4, 136, 36387, 429, 237, 5299, 237, 2258, 1651, 429, 51894, 7, 4, 678, 10, 3948, 73702, 5, 70523, 31425, 17997, 7, 831, 2843, 186, 14037, 23, 70, 43573, 1272, 27081, 70880, 5, 11330, 7, 621, 7722, 756, 6602, 68807, 5, 581, 5700, 54427, 111, 225198, 6344, 23909, 400, 90, 28032, 70, 100, 525, 5, 44, 58, 26950, 44, 2347, 35011, 47, 6488, 58, 23, 25074, 28820, 127, 5, 2161, 70, 113852, 3378, 5609, 4, 70, 100, 525, 83, 30312, 237, 70, 88845, 9728, 127, 7, 41918, 114405, 1436, 9907, 5227, 678, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 581, 56458, 4, 81113, 538, 30312, 4, 16128, 29256, 7, 138, 11991, 4, 70, 20288, 111, 15913, 3674, 4527, 29620, 13961, 4, 136, 70, 135474, 1771, 20288, 136, 25313, 20288, 70163, 71, 138, 12187, 74, 70, 9907, 5227, 136, 6661, 182999, 20897, 48402, 90, 5, 581, 10336, 167565, 1314, 99, 8322, 12995, 301, 26698, 139915, 53, 135094, 136, 10, 71321, 7440, 28811, 2464, 191, 15, 107, 143669, 106357, 71, 3934, 70, 9201, 23, 54566, 247, 298, 1881, 15, 11, 36137, 9, 41123, 71, 111649, 247, 56409, 337, 147, 4, 50005, 1544, 66, 50120, 136, 3789, 23, 15386, 79357, 85825, 1543, 186, 21455, 297, 23, 22, 170224, 7, 111, 2363, 6083, 117016, 5, 62, 3525, 99, 117474, 2685, 83, 10, 2356, 42552, 25, 7, 59052, 678, 44, 397, 297, 102706, 169, 58, 15, 2347, 24453, 187414, 238, 105416, 17365, 111, 160960, 40111, 194, 581, 64194, 16128, 111, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 14713, 509, 7311, 538, 127918, 390, 142, 45964, 109412, 1760, 21373, 47, 450, 111, 70, 225198, 6344, 23909, 87282, 5, 992, 3675, 1672, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 26983, 8305, 70, 109412, 1760, 509, 84046, 47, 96113, 36439, 7, 74, 33816, 7, 136, 6, 80728, 7, 118775, 5045, 14432, 5, 80433, 1926, 1916, 38109, 3542, 2855, 3674, 87420, 70, 100, 525, 23, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 70, 100, 525, 100512, 10, 57266, 111, 60097, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 1995, 2377, 478, 1717, 1966, 5, 62, 109412, 33, 332, 748, 23, 225198, 6344, 23909, 100512, 1919, 211190, 20271, 10, 3412, 6261, 115203, 21068, 23, 616, 4046, 5, 581, 5117, 17164, 297, 63847, 111, 27047, 1363, 98, 70, 48431, 111, 70, 100, 525, 112474, 47, 423, 10991, 4, 3229, 10, 12937, 31089, 71, 390, 26729, 164, 26770, 87, 32872, 297, 70, 47219, 203249, 100, 160, 934, 214, 10, 2464, 191, 5, 581, 18813, 2843, 88303, 10, 3525, 109412, 33, 1926, 1916, 332, 748, 23, 10, 54427, 111, 225198, 6344, 23909, 4, 3129, 100512, 70, 123055, 28088, 100, 70, 28271, 27140, 5, 66016, 25, 282, 10133, 70, 44, 148477, 47, 6488, 830, 70, 42518, 214, 25, 30145, 19309, 7, 237, 70, 44, 2472, 525, 111, 70, 35011, 47, 6488, 740, 581, 68718, 111, 14065, 12222, 25983, 7, 98, 70, 113852, 3378, 5609, 4, 88303, 111, 4842, 876, 41537, 4, 83, 2843, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 22392, 68718, 15, 25, 16, 3853, 21208, 442, 509, 8306, 35011, 4, 95134, 35971, 70, 9351, 1295, 70, 242, 5, 581, 100, 525, 509, 159978, 71, 10, 1926, 1916, 76875, 23, 423, 8894, 47, 59959, 2464, 191, 5, 360, 423, 12243, 4, 70, 100, 525, 178727, 509, 31089, 71, 4, 1379, 3129, 10, 5361, 45443, 509, 170920, 47, 160477, 100, 525, 127689, 5, 360, 611, 9323, 4, 18813, 158895, 7, 26253, 7610, 31089, 71, 70, 44, 16882, 11, 179612, 23909, 121678, 100, 525, 8, 7612, 13, 58, 15, 25, 194, 581, 12937, 4092, 71, 756, 280, 162, 10840, 38043, 23, 70, 100, 525, 23, 121122, 100, 2363, 4516, 237, 242, 4, 707, 121678, 100, 43855, 7, 5, 10660, 3542, 2843, 4092, 71, 111, 152838, 23, 121122, 100, 35971, 517, 111, 70, 100, 525, 5, 581, 100, 525, 509, 101637, 71, 98, 188, 427, 1927, 1463, 35975, 58555, 24073, 18939, 678, 10, 11698, 23, 225198, 6344, 23909, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 1690, 38529, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 225198, 6344, 23909, 87282, 15, 74, 2819, 1388, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4568, 136, 142105, 47143, 214, 63920, 111, 70, 119883, 13, 20809, 1405, 100, 525, 450, 24145, 115851, 297, 36880, 70, 28811, 8950, 73, 5, 581, 100, 525, 83, 5368, 47, 7607, 28811, 2464, 191, 4, 14713, 25, 7, 764, 14677, 525, 3551, 26249, 5, 46015, 25, 7, 1572, 136, 70, 10257, 157695, 91377, 4331, 27686, 70, 28820, 127, 10257, 157695, 118886, 25, 73, 28506, 136, 70, 113852, 3378, 10257, 157695, 118886, 25, 73, 106540, 360, 24635, 70, 113852, 3378, 10257, 157695, 118886, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 16128, 111, 4, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 149307, 4, 373, 18234, 136, 56458, 75778, 5, 581, 100, 525, 1556, 2809, 4331, 27686, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Nature protection.", "Białowieża National Park, Poland.", "Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park, Belarus.", "History.", "20th-century wartime damage and restoration.", "Named oaks.", "Logging." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Białowieża Forest is named after the Polish village of Białowieża, which is located in the middle of the forest and was probably one of the first human settlements in the area. Białowieża means \"\"White Tower\"\" in Polish. The name stems from the white wooden hunting manor established in the village by Władysław II Jagiełło, the King of Poland who ruled the country from 1386 until his death in 1434 and enjoyed going on hunting trips in the forest. The modern Belarusian name for the forest is'(), although both the Belarusian authorities and UNESCO use the official Russian name'() from before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref name=\"list/33\">\"Belovezhskaya Pushcha/Białowieża Forest\" at the UNESCO official webpage. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</ref>", "", "On the Polish side, part of the Białowieża Forest is protected as the Białowieża National Park (), with an area of about. There is also the Białowieża Glade (), with a complex of buildings once owned by the tsars of Russia during the Partitions of Poland. At present, a hotel and restaurant with a car park is located there. Guided tours into the strictly protected areas of the park can be arranged on foot, bike or by horse-drawn carriage. Approximately 120,000–150,000 tourists visit the Polish part of the forest annually (about 10,000 of them are from other countries). Among the attractions are birdwatching with local ornithologists, the chance to observe rare birds, pygmy owl observations, watching bison in their natural environment, and sledge as well as carriage rides, with a bonfire. Expert nature guides can also be found in the nearby urban centres. Tours are possible all year round. The popular village of Białowieża lies within the forest. \"\" means \"the white tower\" in Old Polish.", "On the Belarusian side, the forest is protected as the Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park with an area of. The core, strictly protected, area covers 38%, the zone of regulated use 26,1%, and the touristic zone and economic zone combined 36%; the National Park and World Heritage Site comprises. The headquarters at Kamieniuki include laboratory facilities and a zoo where European bison (reintroduced into the park in 1929), konik (a semi-wild horse), wild boar, Eurasian elk and other indigenous animals may be viewed in enclosures of their natural habitat. A new attraction there is a New Year's museum with \"Ded Moroz\" (the East Slavic counterpart of Father Christmas).", "The entire area of northeastern Europe was originally covered by ancient woodland similar to that of the Białowieża Forest. Until about the 14th century, travel through the woodland was limited to river routes; roads and bridges appeared much later. Limited hunting rights were granted throughout the forest in the 14th century. In the 15th century the forest became a property of king Władysław II Jagiełło. A wooden manor in Białowieża became his refuge during a plague pandemic in 1426. The first recorded piece of legislation on the protection of the forest dates to 1538, when a document issued by Sigismund I instituted the death penalty for poaching a bison. The King also built a new wooden hunting manor in a village of Białowieża, which became the namesake for the whole complex. Since'means the \"white tower\", the corresponding'translates as the \"forest of the white tower\". The Tower of Kamyenyets on the Belarusian side, built of red brick, is also referred to as the White Tower (') even though it was never white, perhaps taking the name from the '. The forest was declared a hunting reserve in 1541 to protect bison. In 1557, the forest charter was issued, under which a special board was established to examine forest usage. In 1639, King Vladislaus IV issued the \"Białowieża royal forest decree\" ('). The document freed all peasants living in the forest in exchange for their service as ', or royal foresters. They were also freed of taxes in exchange for taking care of the forest. The forest was divided onto 12 triangular areas (\"\") with a centre in Białowieża. Until the reign of King John II Casimir, the forest was mostly unpopulated. However, in the late 17th century, several small villages were established for development of local iron-ore deposits and tar production. The villages were populated with settlers from Masovia and Podlaskie and many of them still exist. After the Partitions of Poland, Tsar Paul I turned all the foresters into serfs and handed them over to various Russian aristocrats and generals along with the parts of forest where they lived. Also, a large number of hunters were able to enter the forest, as all protection was abolished. Following this, the number of bison fell from more than 500 to fewer than 200 in 15 years. However, in 1801, Tsar Alexander I reintroduced the reserve and hired a small number of peasants to protect the animals, and by the 1830s there were 700 bison. However, most of the foresters (500 out of 502) took part in the November Uprising of 1830–31, and their posts were abolished, leading to a breakdown of protection. Tsar Alexander II visited the forest in 1860 and decided to re-establish the protection of bison. Following his orders, locals killed all predators: wolves, bears and lynx. Between 1888 and 1917, the Russian tsars owned all of primaeval forest, which became the royal hunting reserve. The tsars sent bison as gifts to various European capitals, while at the same time populating the forest with deer, elk and other animals imported from around the empire. The last major tsarist hunt took place in 1912.", "During World War I the forest suffered heavy losses. The German army seized the area in August 1915 and started to hunt the animals. During three years of German occupation, of railway tracks were laid in the forest to support the local industry. Three lumber mills were built, in Hajnówka, Białowieża and Gródek. Up to 25 September 1915, at least 200 bison were killed, and an order was issued forbidding hunting in the reserve. However, German soldiers, poachers and Soviet marauders continued the slaughter until February 1919 when the area was captured by the Polish army. The last bison had been killed just a month earlier. Thousands of deer and wild boar had also been shot. After the Polish–Soviet War in 1921, the core of the forest was declared a National Reserve. In 1923, Professor Józef Paczoski, a pioneer of the science of phytosociology, became a scientific manager of the forest reserves in the Białowieża Forest. He carried out detailed studies of the structure of forest vegetation there. In 1923 it was known that only 54 European bison survived in zoos all around the world, none of them in Poland. In 1929, a small herd of four was bought by the Polish state from various zoos and from the Western Caucasus (where the bison was to become extinct just a few years later). These animals were of the slightly different Caucasian subspecies (\"Bison bonasus caucasicus\"). To protect them, in 1932 most of the forest was declared a national park. The reintroduction proved successful, and by 1939 there were 16 bison in Białowieża National Park. Two of them, from the zoo in Pszczyna, were descendants of a pair from the forest given to the Duke of Pszczyna by Tsar Alexander II in 1865. In 1939 the local inhabitants of Polish ethnicity were deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union and replaced by Soviet forest workers. In 1941 the forest was occupied by Germans and the Russian Soviet inhabitants were also expelled. Hermann Göring planned to create the largest hunting reserve in the world there. After July 1941 the forest became a refuge for both Polish and Soviet partisans and Nazi authorities organised mass executions. A few graves of people who were killed by the Gestapo can still be seen in the forest. In July 1944 the area was overtaken by the Red Army. Withdrawing Wehrmacht troops demolished the historic Białowieża hunting manor. After the war, part of the forest was divided between Poland and the Belarusian SSR of the Soviet Union. The Soviet part was put under public administration while Poland reopened the Białowieża National Park in 1947. \"\" was protected under Decision No. 657 of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, 9 October 1944; Order No. 2252-P of the USSR Council of Ministers, 9 August 1957; and Decree No. 352 of the Byelorussian SSR Council of Ministers, 16 September 1991. In December 1991, the Belavezha Accords, the decision to dissolve the Soviet Union, were signed at a meeting in the Belarusian part of the reserve by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus.", "The forest contains a number of large, ancient pedunculate oaks (\"Quercus robur\"), some of which are individually named. Trunk circumferences are measured at breast height, above the ground.", "Some 84% of the of Polish forest is outside the national park; almost half of all the wood in the forest is dead – 10 times more than in managed forests – with half the 12,000 species depend on decaying logs, including the near-threatened beetle \"Cucujus cinnaberinus\". Traditional forest management would remove the dead wood, as a fire risk. In 2011, Zdzisław Szkiruć, director of the Białowieża National Park, said that cutting and replanting allows for re-establishment of the forest in 50 years, rather than the 300–400 years that nature would require; environmentalist Janusz Korbel argued that the unique nature of the primeval forest demands a lighter style of management. Andrzej Kraszewski, Poland's Environment Minister from February 2010 to November 2011, sought to increase protection over the whole forest, starting with a more modest expansion, against opposition from the local community and the Forestry Service. Environmentalists say that logging is threatening the flora and fauna in the forest, including species of rare birds, such as the white-backed woodpecker, who lost 30% of their population in forestry-managed areas in the 1990s and 2000s. Poland's state forestry board claims the logging is for protection and for ecological reasons, protecting against the European spruce bark beetle. From 2012, the amount of wood that can be extracted by foresters annually was reduced from about to just and most of it is sold locally, mainly as firewood. On 25 March 2016, Jan Szyszko, Poland's Environment Minister, former forester and forestry academic, announced that he would approve a tripling of logging in the forest, from the 2012–21 limit of – almost exhausted at the time – to, again described as being necessary to combat an infestation of the bark beetle. Robert Cyglicki, head of Greenpeace Polska, argued that logging to fight the bark beetle would \"bring more damage than benefits\", gathering more than 120,000 signatures to petition Prime Minister Beata Szydło to reverse Szyszko's move. Greenpeace also said the logging could trigger the EU to launch punitive procedures against Poland for violating its Natura 2000 programme, though Szyszko claims that the logging plans would not apply to strictly protected areas, and claims that, rather than being 8,000 years old, as scientists claim, parts of the forest had been created by an \"enterprising hand of man\" on lands that centuries ago included fields of wheat and millet. Large-scale logging started in 2017. 190 cubic metres of wood (160,000 to 180,000 trees) was felled, the largest volume of logging since 1988. The Polish government has ignored pleas from UNESCO to stop logging the old-growth parts of the forest, as well as a court order of the European Court of Justice to halt the logging activities. The final verdict fell on 17 April 2018, ruling that EU law has been infringed." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 12506, 430, 11048, 8, 21, 159, 32833, 175791, 509, 70, 46517, 111, 10, 42840, 14191, 4, 55337, 5379, 174072, 86946, 4, 14037, 56, 111, 41561, 226772, 289, 8, 136050, 1952, 8, 1735, 17151, 15, 294, 93322, 39181, 56187, 111, 136050, 67, 90, 111, 2907, 5, 33876, 194, 24372, 10, 19922, 47, 70, 103302, 23, 170612, 4, 174072, 86946, 176377, 1295, 98848, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 33976, 10, 106820, 191722, 390, 70, 25526, 11048, 99, 137314, 188, 5, 581, 1747, 184, 6, 136791, 111, 70, 106820, 4, 9458, 297, 390, 163117, 7, 4, 509, 186, 6967, 953, 11994, 156999, 4, 98, 70, 8395, 111, 2907, 5, 33876, 4, 47, 70, 4331, 111, 70, 107653, 22600, 8, 73212, 146, 166167, 4, 124901, 1774, 509, 100, 10, 159960, 1771, 15226, 1405, 106820, 111, 10, 5570, 3173, 5, 581, 1747, 184, 6, 136791, 509, 140528, 8108, 166167, 25, 7, 199747, 2320, 98, 543, 11994, 163055, 4, 3229, 42080, 26336, 8558, 41591, 71, 153579, 100, 6863, 4331, 4, 3129, 764, 98816, 53560, 538, 5, 26336, 428, 80723, 4488, 98, 70, 106820, 23, 163055, 1284, 509, 959, 6, 140545, 297, 136422, 31068, 24189, 166555, 5, 2161, 70, 28368, 111, 70, 111531, 4989, 50961, 14922, 4, 26336, 8558, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 456, 79466, 12, 44, 31852, 23282, 83, 959, 23, 10, 3587, 1294, 1242, 14847, 26336, 8558, 68, 71, 23, 70777, 4, 70, 25526, 11048, 509, 17721, 423, 136, 714, 33297, 28484, 5, 24372, 26336, 8558, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 4488, 136475, 1379, 70, 48225, 111, 9343, 78387, 238, 1832, 5739, 27488, 7, 17, 6524, 7, 24189, 206735, 297, 390, 70, 195374, 18543, 5550, 23, 44500, 5, 16995, 7, 111, 70, 51, 48310, 67175, 25526, 11048, 136, 26336, 8558, 25, 7, 115774, 136, 42819, 3542, 163684, 297, 20271, 70, 1631, 390, 168655, 28556, 206, 64370, 5, 581, 13379, 4331, 83, 35509, 98, 122905, 89829, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 38627, 450, 3542, 96865, 297, 23, 10, 11476, 237, 5299, 237, 98, 5744, 6, 202444, 7, 5, 66016, 27712, 4, 70, 107653, 7, 107197, 72742, 1500, 4, 67371, 7090, 151235, 2460, 1090, 4, 176196, 10529, 126, 17, 6389, 14, 136, 107197, 23660, 64712, 765, 175100, 98, 70, 4488, 5, 581, 166116, 1363, 509, 82775, 390, 128871, 667, 9392, 3923, 5, 581, 43581, 14364, 136, 775, 111, 176196, 10529, 126, 4, 53232, 10529, 126, 17, 151459, 11490, 4, 1556, 2809, 39864, 214, 13909, 7, 3934, 70, 4331, 136, 50961, 9433, 16792, 70, 15643, 7, 5, 7880, 7362, 1294, 111, 2356, 138059, 21265, 7, 237, 130922, 136422, 136, 42477, 56, 5, 113793, 26775, 54889, 390, 821, 5, 25852, 36331, 7, 4, 1775, 7, 11951, 1061, 24838, 136, 70, 189353, 141, 55337, 5379, 8273, 14, 22898, 7, 122329, 13, 70, 47823, 289, 65335, 988, 5, 5755, 9, 57332, 53232, 100453, 150, 34739, 645, 237, 185256, 107653, 23, 12453, 581, 9879, 50808, 307, 202, 1916, 509, 140528, 23, 3576, 136, 70, 5201, 66211, 7, 16792, 7068, 765, 2809, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 30334, 41185, 307, 7136, 7, 136, 1747, 184, 5, 4, 4488, 142156, 297, 98, 70, 41421, 214, 136, 8060, 214, 45646, 100, 70, 5201, 2288, 13, 8705, 111, 9716, 46056, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 127067, 9022, 22, 170224, 111, 70, 9879, 50808, 4, 3129, 1221, 24209, 70, 46173, 1294, 65335, 112, 5, 581, 106820, 12008, 7, 6863, 1764, 678, 70, 159, 32833, 175791, 19188, 7, 33976, 4, 10, 10696, 7311, 538, 82775, 390, 26336, 8558, 23, 95007, 100, 70, 20020, 111, 70, 50961, 133325, 5, 853, 116292, 297, 23, 5726, 1295, 70, 8394, 48850, 107767, 111, 70, 1764, 47, 70, 127067, 9022, 107767, 4, 70, 33976, 5036, 18276, 7, 142, 80788, 1363, 5, 127873, 107653, 53232, 100453, 150, 171530, 23, 18374, 918, 450, 50961, 83, 2358, 33297, 28484, 136, 1556, 30957, 297, 6863, 2704, 93402, 111, 40129, 214, 37195, 119883, 13, 2288, 13, 99726, 5, 581, 2288, 13, 99726, 136, 2684, 111, 70, 106820, 25, 7, 45646, 621, 47, 186, 140528, 390, 387, 4046, 4, 70, 21126, 33, 93, 289, 111, 26336, 8558, 25, 7, 47219, 74, 237, 111, 10, 505, 25902, 67, 4, 156347, 13, 80854, 5608, 186, 28484, 390, 42066, 707, 387, 6460, 5, 28896, 1290, 14018, 3956, 108112, 111, 2505, 1837, 47, 2505, 1549, 82466, 70, 77253, 50961, 20334, 111, 2505, 2588, 39, 96222, 5, 40139, 9, 41567, 71, 4331, 55556, 1556, 2809, 11814, 47, 197108, 13, 50961, 111, 70, 33976, 5, 114063, 55556, 114864, 6, 34165, 47, 186, 115700, 71, 5773, 9, 11090, 390, 10, 90959, 8877, 449, 36279, 4, 7440, 162, 23, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 70, 6, 34165, 509, 2258, 4126, 390, 3535, 5, 360, 43304, 3060, 10670, 157272, 168655, 107653, 7, 204797, 71, 1870, 1916, 50961, 47, 15072, 26336, 8558, 25, 7, 7311, 4331, 7, 4, 3129, 102971, 1836, 3542, 959, 146353, 5844, 136, 3542, 2878, 25958, 163684, 297, 4, 765, 2809, 2878, 25958, 122905, 89829, 23, 17309, 5369, 5, 360, 267, 4, 70, 6, 34165, 10644, 44841, 100, 70, 50961, 509, 14037, 23, 10, 2799, 56216, 23, 129091, 7, 85763, 4, 43573, 40316, 4293, 4, 30715, 5, 66016, 24159, 6, 65298, 11192, 9, 175870, 25550, 7, 765, 115081, 43573, 70, 159, 32833, 175791, 8305, 10, 80208, 450, 127877, 9149, 10519, 70, 11698, 111, 5755, 5, 581, 80208, 25, 7, 50961, 4, 3129, 80723, 98, 1381, 11994, 36404, 509, 189353, 141, 5, 581, 185236, 111, 16934, 27985, 7, 111, 84740, 24073, 114986, 1515, 846, 8, 9572, 2611, 18939, 63043, 297, 70, 13452, 87279, 110, 10512, 47, 70, 106820, 5, 159, 32833, 175791, 185118, 7, 136, 107653, 7, 217573, 71, 4, 54433, 2685, 509, 110, 142027, 450, 70, 80208, 2806, 959, 52490, 70, 40780, 53, 111, 70, 33976, 5, 581, 62554, 111, 70, 159, 32833, 175791, 24073, 8335, 36867, 257, 8, 21, 159, 32833, 175791, 18939, 136, 70, 205277, 125413, 44, 65298, 4203, 27668, 116235, 58, 15, 65298, 390, 70, 106294, 16, 1902, 12441, 10, 80399, 26548, 903, 36439, 100, 70, 6, 65298, 4, 15490, 36272, 5, 360, 18374, 36404, 70, 80208, 3017, 214, 36279, 157578, 70, 106820, 1379, 64330, 1379, 70, 31913, 111, 70, 33976, 25, 7, 7893, 65335, 112, 5, 12349, 8305, 70, 80208, 509, 33428, 3674, 98, 382, 18982, 10520, 69182, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 12506, 430, 11048, 8, 21, 159, 32833, 175791, 15, 20370, 19642, 12, 2819, 2819, 15, 25, 63473, 14, 11048, 111, 70, 152239, 59745, 25, 16, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 159, 32833, 175791, 4, 83, 10, 21334, 51, 48310, 67175, 12610, 129574, 43967, 25526, 11048, 23, 5755, 4, 128342, 43265, 4, 84740, 5, 11724, 297, 390, 195374, 64, 20370, 19642, 107653, 42080, 26336, 8558, 7435, 12744, 74668, 85416, 4, 1919, 4488, 98, 70, 33976, 83, 2831, 111, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 5, 2161, 361, 7582, 36404, 11584, 13, 125829, 32974, 231321, 3674, 70, 106820, 136, 502, 164779, 297, 442, 10, 43967, 25526, 11048, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Background.", "Construction.", "Construction status.", "Recent history.", "AVE tunnel.", "Consecration.", "Fire.", "Pandemic.", "Design.", "Plan.", "Spires.", "Façades.", "Nativity Façade.", "Passion Façade.", "Glory Façade.", "Interior.", "Organ.", "Geometric details.", "Symbolism.", "Appraisal.", "World Heritage status.", "Visitor access.", "International masses.", "Funding and building permit." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The Basílica de la Sagrada Família was the inspiration of a bookseller, Josep Maria Bocabella, founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph). After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by the basilica at Loreto. The apse crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St. Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form. The apse crypt was completed before Villar's resignation on 18 March 1883, when Antoni Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically. Gaudi began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884.", "On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: \"My client is not in a hurry.\" When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete. After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940, the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The illumination was designed by Carles Buïgas. The current director and son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, has been introducing computers into the design and construction process since the 1980s. Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher. Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Maria Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades. Barcelona-born Jordi Fauli took over as chief architect in 2012. The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse., work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main steeple of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave, which will become the Glory façade. The church shares its site with the Sagrada Família Schools building, a school originally designed by Gaudí in 1909 for the children of the construction workers. Relocated in 2002 from the eastern corner of the site to the southern corner, the building now houses an exhibition.", "Chief architect Jordi Fauli announced in October 2015 that construction is 70 percent complete and has entered its final phase of raising six immense steeples. The steeples and most of the church's structure are to be completed by 2026, the centennial of Gaudí's death; as of a 2017 estimate, decorative elements should be complete by 2030 or 2032. Visitor entrance fees of €15 to €20 finance the annual construction budget of €25million. Computer-aided design technology has been used to accelerate construction of the building. Current technology allows stone to be shaped off-site by a CNC milling machine, whereas in the 20th century the stone was carved by hand. In 2008, some renowned Catalan architects advocated halting construction to respect Gaudí's original designs, which although they were not exhaustive and were partially destroyed, have been partially reconstructed in recent years. In 2018, the stone type needed for the construction was found in a quarry in Brinscall, near Chorley, England.", "", "Since 2013, AVE high-speed trains have passed near the Sagrada Família through a tunnel that runs beneath the centre of Barcelona. The tunnel's construction, which began on 26 March 2010, was controversial. The Ministry of Public Works of Spain (\"Ministerio de Fomento\") claimed the project posed no risk to the church. Sagrada Família engineers and architects disagreed, saying there was no guarantee that the tunnel would not affect the stability of the building. The Board of the Sagrada Família (\"Patronat de la Sagrada Família\") and the neighborhood association \"AVE pel Litoral\" (AVE by the Coast) had led a campaign against this route for the AVE, without success. In October 2010, the tunnel boring machine reached the church underground under the location of the building's principal façade. Service through the tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013. Track in the tunnel makes use of a system by Edilon Sedra in which the rails are embedded in an elastic material to dampen vibrations. No damage to the Sagrada Família has been reported to date.", "The main nave was covered and an organ installed in mid-2010, allowing the still-unfinished building to be used for religious services. The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6,500 people. A further 50,000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica, where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to offer Holy Communion. Starting on 9 July 2017, there is an international mass celebrated at the basilica on every Sunday and holy day of obligation, at 9 a.m, open to the public (until the church is full). Occasionally, Mass is celebrated at other times, where attendance requires an invitation. When masses are scheduled, instructions to obtain an invitation are posted on the basilica's website. In addition, visitors may pray in the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and Penitence.", "On 19 April 2011, an arsonist started a small fire in the sacristy which forced the evacuation of tourists and construction workers. The sacristy was damaged, and the fire took 45 minutes to contain.", "On 11 March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, construction was stopped and the basilica was closed indefinitely. This is the first time the construction has been halted since the Spanish Civil War. The Gaudí House Museum in Park Güell was also closed.", "The style of la Sagrada Família is variously likened to Spanish Late Gothic, Catalan Modernism or Art Nouveau. While the Sagrada Família falls within the Art Nouveau period, Nikolaus Pevsner points out that, along with Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, Gaudí carried the Art Nouveau style far beyond its usual application as a surface decoration.", "While never intended to be a cathedral, the Sagrada Família was planned from the outset to be a cathedral-sized building. Its ground-plan has obvious links to earlier Spanish cathedrals such as Burgos Cathedral, León Cathedral and Seville Cathedral. In common with Catalan and many other European Gothic cathedrals, the Sagrada Família is short in comparison to its width, and has a great complexity of parts, which include double aisles, an ambulatory with a chevet of seven apsidal chapels, a multitude of steeples and three portals, each widely different in structure as well as ornament. Where it is common for cathedrals in Spain to be surrounded by numerous chapels and ecclesiastical buildings, the plan of this church has an unusual feature: a covered passage or cloister which forms a rectangle enclosing the church and passing through the narthex of each of its three portals. With this peculiarity aside, the plan, influenced by Villar's crypt, barely hints at the complexity of Gaudí's design or its deviations from traditional church architecture. There are no exact right angles to be seen inside or outside the church, and few straight lines in the design.", "Gaudí's original design calls for a total of eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles, the Virgin Mary, the four Evangelists and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ. Eight spires have been built, corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity façade and four apostles at the Passion façade. According to the 2005 \"Works Report\" of the project's official website, drawings signed by Gaudí and recently found in the Municipal Archives, indicate that the spire of the Virgin was in fact intended by Gaudí to be shorter than those of the evangelists. The spire height will follow Gaudí's intention, which according to the report will work with the existing foundation. The Evangelists' spires will be surmounted by sculptures of their traditional symbols: a winged bull (Saint Luke), a winged man (Saint Matthew), an eagle (Saint John), and a winged lion (Saint Mark). The central spire of Jesus Christ is to be surmounted by a giant cross; its total height () will be less than that of Montjuïc hill in Barcelona, as Gaudí believed that his creation should not surpass God's. The lower spires are surmounted by communion hosts with sheaves of wheat and chalices with bunches of grapes, representing the Eucharist. Plans call for tubular bells to be placed within the spires, driven by the force of the wind, and driving sound down into the interior of the church. Gaudí performed acoustic studies to achieve the appropriate acoustic results inside the temple. However, only one bell is currently in place. The completion of the spires will make Sagrada Família the tallest church building in the world.", "The Church will have three grand façades: the Nativity façade to the East, the Passion façade to the West, and the Glory façade to the South (yet to be completed). The Nativity Façade was built before work was interrupted in 1935 and bears the most direct Gaudí influence. The Passion façade was built according to the design that Gaudi created in 1917. The construction began in 1954, and the steeples, built over the elliptical plan, were finished in 1976. It is especially striking for its spare, gaunt, tormented characters, including emaciated figures of Christ being scourged at the pillar; and Christ on the Cross. These controversial designs are the work of Josep Maria Subirachs. The Glory façade, on which construction began in 2002, will be the largest and most monumental of the three and will represent one's ascension to God. It will also depict various scenes such as Hell, Purgatory, and will include elements such as the Seven deadly sins and the Seven heavenly virtues.", "Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity façade was the first façade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaudí's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in its own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the façade, and are symbolic of change. The façade faces the rising sun to the northeast, a symbol for the birth of Christ. It is divided into three porticos, each of which represents a theological virtue (Hope, Faith and Charity). The Tree of Life rises above the door of Jesus in the portico of Charity. Four steeples complete the façade and are each dedicated to a Saint (Matthias, Barnabas, Jude the Apostle, and Simon the Zealot). Originally, Gaudí intended for this façade to be polychromed, for each archivolt to be painted with a wide array of colours. He wanted every statue and figure to be painted. In this way the figures of humans would appear as much alive as the figures of plants and animals. Gaudí chose this façade to embody the structure and decoration of the whole church. He was well aware that he would not finish the church and that he would need to set an artistic and architectural example for others to follow. He also chose for this façade to be the first on which to begin construction and for it to be, in his opinion, the most attractive and accessible to the public. He believed that if he had begun construction with the Passion Façade, one that would be hard and bare (as if made of bones), before the Nativity Façade, people would have withdrawn at the sight of it. Some of the statues were destroyed in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, and subsequently were reconstructed by the Japanese artist Etsuro Sotoo.", "In contrast to the highly decorated Nativity Façade, the Passion Façade is austere, plain and simple, with ample bare stone, and is carved with harsh straight lines to resemble the bones of a skeleton. Dedicated to the Passion of Christ, the suffering of Jesus during his crucifixion, the façade was intended to portray the sins of man. Construction began in 1954, following the drawings and instructions left by Gaudí for future architects and sculptors. The steeples were completed in 1976, and in 1987 a team of sculptors, headed by Josep Maria Subirachs, began work sculpting the various scenes and details of the façade. They aimed to give a rigid, angular form to provoke a dramatic effect. Gaudí intended for this façade to strike fear into the onlooker. He wanted to \"break\" arcs and \"cut\" columns, and to use the effect of chiaroscuro (dark angular shadows contrasted by harsh rigid light) to further show the severity and brutality of Christ's sacrifice. Facing the setting sun, indicative and symbolic of the death of Christ, the Passion Façade is supported by six large and inclined columns, designed to resemble Sequoia trunks. Above there is a pyramidal pediment, made up of eighteen bone-shaped columns, which culminate in a large cross with a crown of thorns. Each of the four steeples is dedicated to an apostle (James, Thomas, Philip, and Bartholomew) and, like the Nativity Façade, there are three porticos, each representing the theological virtues, though in a much different light. The scenes sculpted into the façade may be divided into three levels, which ascend in an \"S\" form and reproduce the stations of the Cross (Via Crucis of Christ). The lowest level depicts scenes from Jesus' last night before the crucifixion, including the Last Supper, Kiss of Judas, Ecce homo, and the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The middle level portrays the Calvary, or Golgotha, of Christ, and includes The Three Marys, Saint Longinus, Saint Veronica, and a hollow-face illusion of Christ on the Veil of Veronica. In the third and final level the Death, Burial and the Resurrection of Christ can be seen. A bronze figure situated on a bridge creating a link between the steeples of Saint Bartholomew and Saint Thomas represents the Ascension of Jesus. The façade contains a magic square based on the magic square in the 1514 print Melencolia I. The square is rotated and one number in each row and column is reduced by one so the rows and columns add up to 33 instead of the standard 34 for a 4x4 magic square.", "The largest and most striking of the façades will be the Glory Façade, on which construction began in 2002. It will be the principal façade and will offer access to the central nave. Dedicated to the Celestial Glory of Jesus, it represents the road to God: Death, Final Judgment, and Glory, while Hell is left for those who deviate from God's will. Aware that he would not live long enough to see this façade completed, Gaudí made a model which was demolished in 1936, whose original fragments were base for the development of the design for the façade. The completion of this façade may require the partial demolition of the block with buildings across the Carrer de Mallorca. To reach the Glory Portico the large staircase will lead over the underground passage built over Carrer de Mallorca with the decoration representing Hell and vice. On other projects Carrer de Mallorca will have to go underground. It will be decorated with demons, idols, false gods, heresy and schisms, etc. Purgatory and death will also be depicted, the latter using tombs along the ground. The portico will have seven large columns dedicated to gifts of the Holy Spirit. At the base of the columns there will be representations of the Seven Deadly Sins, and at the top, The Seven Virtues. This facade will have five doors corresponding to the five naves of the temple, with the central one having a triple entrance, that will give the Glory Façade a total seven doors representing the sacraments: In September 2008, the doors of the Glory façade, by Subirachs, were installed. Inscribed with the Lord's prayer, these central doors are inscribed with the words \"Give us our daily bread\" in fifty different languages. The handles of the door are the letters \"A\" and \"G\" that form the initials of Antoni Gaudí within the phrase \"lead us not into temptation\".", "The church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles. The central nave vaults reach while the side nave vaults reach. The transept has three aisles. The columns are on a 7.5metre (25 ft) grid. However, the columns of the apse, resting on del Villar's foundation, do not adhere to the grid, requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns. The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of twelve hyperboloids (currently under construction). The central vault reaches. The apse is capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching. Gaudí intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave, crossing, and apse; thus the graduated increase in vault loft. There are gaps in the floor of the apse, providing a view down into the crypt below. The columns of the interior are a unique Gaudí design. Besides branching to support their load, their ever-changing surfaces are the result of the intersection of various geometric forms. The simplest example is that of a square base evolving into an octagon as the column rises, then a sixteen-sided form, and eventually to a circle. This effect is the result of a three-dimensional intersection of helicoidal columns (for example a square cross-section column twisting clockwise and a similar one twisting counter-clockwise). Essentially none of the interior surfaces are flat; the ornamentation is comprehensive and rich, consisting in large part of abstract shapes which combine smooth curves and jagged points. Even detail-level work such as the iron railings for balconies and stairways are full of curvaceous elaboration.", "In 2010 an organ was installed in the chancel by the Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat organ builders. The instrument has 26 stops (1,492 pipes) on two manuals and a pedalboard. To overcome the unique acoustical challenges posed by the church's architecture and vast size, several additional organs will be installed at various points within the building. These instruments will be playable separately (from their own individual consoles) and simultaneously (from a single mobile console), yielding an organ of some 8000 pipes when completed.", "The steeples on the Nativity façade are crowned with geometrically shaped tops that are reminiscent of Cubism (they were finished around 1930), and the intricate decoration is contemporary to the style of Art Nouveau, but Gaudí's unique style drew primarily from nature, not other artists or architects, and resists categorization. Gaudí used hyperboloid structures in later designs of the Sagrada Família (more obviously after 1914). However, there are a few places on the nativity façade—a design not equated with Gaudí's ruled-surface design—where the hyperboloid crops up. For example, all around the scene with the pelican, there are numerous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). And finally, the \"bishop's mitre\" spires are capped with hyperboloid structures. In his later designs, ruled surfaces are prominent in the nave's vaults and windows and the surfaces of the Passion façade.", "Themes throughout the decoration include words from the liturgy. The steeples are decorated with words such as \"Hosanna\", \"Excelsis\", and \"Sanctus\"; the great doors of the Passion façade reproduce excerpts of the Passion of Jesus from the New Testament in various languages, mainly Catalan; and the Glory façade is to be decorated with the words from the Apostles' Creed, while its main door reproduce the entire Lord's Prayer in Catalan, surrounded by multiple variations of \"Give us this day our daily bread\" in other languages. The three entrances symbolize the three virtues: Faith, Hope and Love. Each of them is also dedicated to a part of Christ's life. The Nativity Façade is dedicated to his birth; it also has a cypress tree which symbolizes the tree of life. The Glory façade is dedicated to his glory period. The Passion façade is symbolic of his suffering. The apse steeple bears Latin text of Hail Mary. All in all, the Sagrada Família is symbolic of the lifetime of Christ. Areas of the sanctuary will be designated to represent various concepts, such as saints, virtues and sins, and secular concepts such as regions, presumably with decoration to match.", "The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in the 1960s, referred to Gaudí's buildings as growing \"like sugar loaves and anthills\" and describes the ornamenting of buildings with shards of broken pottery as possibly \"bad taste\" but handled with vitality and \"ruthless audacity\". The building's design itself has been polarizing. Assessments by Gaudí's fellow architects were generally positive; Louis Sullivan greatly admired it, describing Sagrada Família as the \"greatest piece of creative architecture in the last twenty-five years. It is spirit symbolised in stone!\" Walter Gropius praised the Sagrada Família, describing the building's walls as \"a marvel of technical perfection\". \"Time\" magazine called it \"sensual, spiritual, whimsical, exuberant\", However, author and critic George Orwell called it \"one of the most hideous buildings in the world\", Author James A. Michener called it \"one of the strangest-looking serious buildings in the world\" and British historian Gerald Brenan stated about the building \"Not even in the European architecture of the period can one discover anything so vulgar or pretentious.\" The building's distinctive silhouette has nevertheless become symbolic of Barcelona itself, drawing an estimated 3 million visitors annually.", "Together with six other Gaudí buildings in Barcelona, part of la Sagrada Família is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as testifying \"to Gaudí's exceptional creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology\", \"having represented el Modernisme of Catalonia\" and \"anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century\". The inscription only includes the Crypt and the Nativity Façade.", "Visitors can access the Nave, Crypt, Museum, Shop, and the Passion and Nativity steeples. Entrance to either of the steeples requires a reservation and advance purchase of a ticket. Access is possible only by lift (elevator) and a short walk up the remainder of the steeples to the bridge between the steeples. Descent is via a very narrow spiral staircase of over 300 steps. There is a posted caution for those with medical conditions. As of June 2017, online ticket purchase has been available. As of August 2010, there had been a service whereby visitors could buy an entry code either at Servicaixa ATM kiosks (part of CaixaBank) or online. During the peak season, May to October, reservation delays for entrance of up to a few days are not unusual.", "The Archdiocese of Barcelona holds an international mass at the Basilica of the Sagrada Família every Sunday and on holy days of obligation.", "Construction on Sagrada Família is not supported by any government or official church sources. Private patrons funded the initial stages. Money from tickets purchased by tourists is now used to pay for the work, and private donations are accepted through the Friends of the Sagrada Família. The construction budget for 2009 was €18 million. In October 2018, Sagrada Família trustees agreed to pay €36 million in payments to the city authorities, to land a building permit after 136 years of construction. Most of the funds would be directed to improve the access between the church and the Barcelona Metro. The permit was issued by the city on 7 June 2019." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 174837, 96959, 39055, 3542, 100, 4806, 23, 18374, 31060, 390, 4950, 7, 101275, 1419, 6470, 41961, 56, 136, 47617, 1991, 41550, 10091, 1507, 5, 14847, 61765, 133, 25876, 25, 7, 7311, 101275, 1419, 4, 6470, 25, 7, 82953, 95932, 19, 41961, 56, 25737, 70, 104713, 136, 176377, 47, 1919, 24, 4935, 262, 8540, 4, 2363, 31095, 4, 52999, 7, 83664, 13, 1760, 4830, 200316, 71, 100, 10, 101275, 58585, 136, 2843, 100, 10, 149186, 58585, 5, 24372, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 33938, 100, 10, 101275, 1419, 4, 70, 8753, 5809, 959, 28288, 17721, 70, 2704, 6626, 25469, 90, 4, 99455, 663, 19256, 136, 91308, 41961, 56, 15, 157, 41911, 47, 6470, 194, 1650, 509, 42459, 297, 450, 1836, 9790, 15044, 101275, 92865, 44, 20314, 47, 1957, 2367, 442, 102678, 1884, 740, 191144, 4209, 1295, 70, 138241, 37105, 45730, 111, 174715, 13950, 53918, 11226, 581, 3164, 669, 67921, 7, 14298, 4, 174837, 96959, 39055, 99201, 37515, 80854, 111, 161838, 13950, 4, 136, 2843, 111, 7262, 136, 54704, 289, 19612, 5, 24372, 70, 8753, 43032, 54397, 40368, 42459, 297, 8753, 123055, 98, 6626, 155434, 7, 111, 15122, 4, 6470, 41961, 56, 171739, 1632, 2565, 1295, 12638, 5303, 46, 242, 1456, 4745, 96959, 25, 136, 242, 284, 1495, 25, 5, 360, 39395, 19340, 4, 70, 8753, 111670, 71, 142, 73432, 13162, 100, 62723, 16915, 8705, 5, 1650, 7, 101275, 1419, 4, 52927, 55391, 10074, 17678, 4, 14432, 170198, 174837, 96959, 39055, 47, 108558, 1310, 343, 155484, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 120592, 2856, 111670, 10, 17164, 35142, 678, 262, 11210, 64, 155900, 89916, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 1456, 4745, 96959, 39055, 830, 509, 121447, 23, 14487, 19340, 5, 6561, 6602, 14432, 4, 70, 21115, 121447, 44, 159742, 3964, 37926, 740, 581, 8753, 16320, 12225, 60091, 538, 23, 29172, 678, 44, 7614, 14336, 830, 2363, 167375, 158012, 42805, 23, 70, 17274, 37340, 7, 110373, 15, 4904, 21320, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 43374, 71, 390, 70, 120709, 111, 44, 8912, 7030, 7, 58, 237, 70, 44, 32168, 13950, 7156, 111, 70, 6602, 830, 2843, 44, 77888, 56101, 37340, 58, 24073, 150141, 43943, 13676, 56, 51029, 581, 8753, 3542, 20949, 21640, 1030, 164779, 100, 2363, 6867, 23718, 7, 237, 1836, 21647, 297, 5700, 2481, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 8753, 1902, 5036, 186, 6967, 47, 11301, 13036, 67675, 7, 237, 10336, 79852, 7, 5, 44, 1456, 4745, 96959, 65056, 58, 236939, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 17164, 15490, 108558, 1310, 343, 155484, 4, 237, 70, 8753, 68872, 47, 27489, 70, 7156, 61261, 5, 360, 14487, 29733, 4, 70, 8753, 121447, 10, 41929, 6867, 7156, 4, 44, 70567, 25512, 7, 740, 8622, 509, 142, 7156, 121447, 35839, 44, 1456, 4745, 96959, 39055, 9251, 23, 17443, 19379, 7, 830, 3129, 509, 10, 8891, 47, 21855, 5977, 29398, 7, 1284, 8306, 54324, 23, 4343, 7, 5, 11205, 4989, 7103, 4, 101275, 1419, 91308, 41961, 56, 25737, 70, 8753, 5, 24372, 456, 133266, 214, 41961, 56, 678, 101275, 1419, 103012, 13, 74403, 13, 28394, 15, 3355, 9, 55376, 247, 70, 8753, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 70, 7082, 136, 17164, 297, 44, 116959, 25, 7, 70, 65787, 58, 5173, 88151, 5, 44, 209848, 297, 360, 58, 5173, 83904, 4, 181653, 390, 8352, 145058, 71, 4, 24124, 70, 8753, 98567, 98186, 7082, 32977, 9, 32491, 181991, 53, 136, 70, 21115, 80723, 9742, 214, 678, 10, 149186, 58585, 5, 28506, 25, 7, 44, 46568, 30715, 58, 176377, 47, 70, 89160, 174837, 96959, 39055, 20623, 5, 44, 919, 32001, 14231, 1833, 58, 15, 124168, 16, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 4568, 7156, 111, 903, 14922, 450, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 360, 25695, 4, 7103, 5369, 111, 195935, 7156, 7, 4, 70, 8753, 68872, 47, 30646, 47, 6863, 74855, 7, 678, 44, 5021, 57549, 350, 177417, 31143, 830, 70, 5117, 47, 186, 181653, 390, 1310, 343, 155484, 16792, 44, 7614, 14336, 58, 23, 29172, 5, 581, 7156, 70541, 297, 5201, 538, 52336, 59121, 390, 103012, 13, 74403, 13, 28394, 136, 6470, 41961, 56, 5, 581, 8753, 66933, 37195, 21775, 20662, 70, 11737, 7156, 4, 44, 127794, 8647, 214, 58, 3129, 509, 121447, 23, 22482, 15643, 5, 21072, 34, 2822, 390, 6, 155900, 47, 3249, 1286, 60091, 19612, 4, 99455, 663, 19256, 4, 103012, 13, 74403, 13, 28394, 136, 41550, 10091, 1507, 36510, 297, 47, 164938, 271, 64, 965, 408, 6562, 6470, 41961, 56, 450, 1836, 203251, 47, 172310, 10, 37105, 5367, 56, 248, 12912, 669, 4, 4911, 7, 173072, 214, 6470, 41961, 56, 25, 7, 115, 2449, 47, 4950, 7, 101275, 4734, 5, 41961, 56, 29131, 51, 2886, 47, 8060, 6044, 38627, 136, 151552, 70, 19069, 764, 509, 8035, 3884, 23, 237, 44, 309, 510, 2886, 740, 77168, 214, 10, 8753, 41714, 99, 1919, 18276, 4, 6470, 41961, 56, 1235, 71, 14380, 678, 70, 8753, 5, 70599, 71407, 4, 70, 8753, 8306, 172310, 297, 70, 26171, 71, 12912, 669, 136, 41961, 56, 4, 23, 1919, 1324, 1809, 964, 87168, 4, 151552, 70, 16648, 237, 44, 2271, 36716, 5844, 2837, 2179, 2317, 740, 41961, 56, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 164938, 271, 136, 108171, 1419, 4939, 185912, 191, 4, 36770, 538, 111, 59745, 4, 18813, 26315, 39, 1681, 4, 186004, 53, 13703, 4, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 136, 345, 5, 605, 5, 44, 18444, 26278, 70, 6163, 272, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 7071, 26771, 136, 60213, 71, 185912, 191, 25, 7, 37105, 108171, 7, 98, 1660, 1632, 11531, 4, 102971, 20271, 7156, 104227, 764, 1902, 122399, 52336, 6044, 237, 44, 25178, 13, 10592, 7, 70, 133903, 214, 58, 450, 2806, 155605, 74703, 43077, 3229, 121447, 98, 14237, 25, 7, 24427, 34377, 7156, 5, 185912, 191, 6777, 959, 21342, 678, 174837, 96959, 39055, 107314, 70, 7156, 104227, 136, 64457, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 14237, 5, 185912, 191, 509, 91995, 71, 98, 70, 44, 18444, 26278, 70, 6163, 272, 58, 9742, 390, 70, 36770, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 164938, 271, 4804, 3104, 147424, 56, 5, 22376, 33284, 214, 70, 8753, 509, 117776, 4420, 214, 108171, 1419, 4, 150165, 121665, 141, 4, 2750, 1902, 44028, 98, 15044, 70, 44, 127794, 8647, 214, 58, 136, 44, 18444, 26278, 70, 6163, 272, 58, 7156, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 174837, 96959, 39055, 621, 10, 56101, 13950, 8753, 2750, 69307, 71, 36272, 23, 70, 39395, 136, 4122, 9, 106438, 7, 5, 581, 481, 5700, 7156, 7, 99201, 44, 1456, 4745, 96959, 39055, 58, 15, 106438, 247, 44, 159742, 3964, 37926, 58, 5173, 87905, 4, 44, 7614, 14336, 58, 15, 123599, 247, 44, 1456, 4745, 96959, 65056, 58, 236939, 4, 44, 116959, 25, 7, 70, 65787, 58, 5173, 88151, 4, 136, 44, 46568, 30715, 58, 5173, 83904, 5, 174837, 96959, 39055, 621, 959, 297, 100, 2363, 1119, 41745, 272, 4527, 111, 182, 432, 299, 138241, 37105, 101275, 7, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 110281, 214, 39108, 107265, 8753, 7, 16792, 101681, 75781, 136, 113417, 14231, 1902, 112730, 25842, 23, 70, 47935, 71, 91157, 7, 23, 36236, 5, 581, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Formation and rise to fame (1969–1980).", "Line-up changes (1981–1986).", "Reunions and departures (1987–1994).", "Reunion years to present (1995–present).", "Martin Turner - (Ex Wishbone Ash).", "Special events." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Wishbone Ash were formed in October 1969 by bass guitarist Martin Turner and drummer Steve Upton. When Tanglewood's original guitarist, Martin's brother Glenn Turner left the trio and returned to his native Devon, their manager, Miles Copeland III advertised for a guitar player and also for a keyboard player. After an extensive search for a guitarist, the band could not decide between the final two candidates, Andy Powell and Ted Turner (no relation to Martin). It was suggested that they try both guitar players \"just to see what it sounds like\". Differing from the twin lead sound of Southern rock pioneer The Allman Brothers Band, Wishbone Ash included strong elements of progressive rock, and also of folk and classical music. After the band members wrote several suggested band names on two sheets of paper, Martin Turner picked one word from each list – 'Wishbone' and 'Ash'. In early 1970, the band secured an opening spot for Deep Purple. Its guitarist, Ritchie Blackmore, later recommended Wishbone Ash to producer Derek Lawrence, as well as helping them secure a record deal with Decca/MCA Records. The band's debut album, \"Wishbone Ash\", was released in December 1970. One year later, the group released \"Pilgrimage\". The band peaked commercially in 1972 with \"Argus\", their highest placed entry in the UK Albums Chart (#3). The album was voted by the readers of \"Sounds\" as the \"best rock album of the year\", also \"Top British Album\" (\"Melody Maker\"). The band were getting international acclaim for their live performances as they gained popularity around the world. The band had now begun to play major arenas as headliners. \"Wishbone Four\" (1973) was the band's first record without producer Derek Lawrence, as the band decided to produce the album themselves. In December 1973, the band released a double live album, \"Live Dates\". There was an album released called \"Wishbone Ash Live in Memphis\", which was a promo to FM radio stations but never sold in stores. Not long after, guitarist Ted Turner left the band. After replacing Turner with guitarist Laurie Wisefield (ex-Home), the band relocated to the US and recorded \"There's the Rub\" (1974). \"Locked In\" (1976), produced by Tom Dowd, saw the band moving towards US soft-rock territory and the group began touring with a keyboard player. 1976's \"New England\" returned to the traditional Wishbone Ash style. \"Front Page News\" (1977) was the band's last album of this period that was recorded in the US. In 1978, after years of experimental albums, the band decided to return to its roots with \"No Smoke Without Fire\", the first to be produced by Derek Lawrence since \"Argus\" in 1972. The album contained mainly songs written by Laurie Wisefield and Martin Turner. The band spent six months making the next album, \"Just Testing\" which was released in February 1980. Pressured by MCA to make more commercial music, Andy Powell, Laurie Wisefield and Steve Upton expressed to bassist/vocalist Martin Turner that they planned to recruit a lead singer / frontman, thus restricting Martin Turner's duties to bass guitar only. Turner felt unable to support such plans and described the position he was being put in as \"untenable\". Following a band meeting at his house, Martin Turner parted company with the band. Ironically, the band never recruited the proposed frontman and Turner, in his 2012 autobiography, described the situation as \"constructive dismissal\".", "Turner was replaced by bassist and vocalist John Wetton, formerly of Family, King Crimson, Roxy Music, Uriah Heep and U.K. \"Number the Brave\" was released in April 1981 and featured Wetton's lead vocals on just one song, although during album sessions he had offered songs such as \"Here Comes the Feeling\" that would eventually sell millions when released on Asia's 1982 debut album. Wetton did not continue with Wishbone Ash beyond the album sessions and instead co-founded Asia. Wetton was replaced on the \"Number the Brave\" tour by the former Uriah Heep bassist Trevor Bolder. Also joining the band was female backing vocalist, Claire Hamill, who had sung on both the \"Just Testing\" and \"Number the Brave\" albums. In 1982, after Hamill's departure, the band experimented with heavy metal on the \"Twin Barrels Burning\" album. It became the highest charting Wishbone Ash album in years (UK #22). Bolder left the group to rejoin Uriah Heep in 1983, to be replaced by bassist/vocalist Mervyn Spence (ex-Trapeze). The group continued with a rock side on 1985's \"Raw to the Bone\", which became the first Wishbone Ash album not to make the charts. Not long after, Wisefield left after serving as guitarist in the band for eleven years, going on to a varied career that would include work with Tina Turner, Joe Cocker, Roger Chapman, Jeff Wayne and the Queen musical \"We Will Rock You\". He was replaced by Jamie Crompton, who in turn was succeeded briefly by Phil Palmer. Early in 1986, Mervyn Spence quit as well, to be replaced by ex-Kinks bassist Andy Pyle.", "In 1987, I.R.S. Records founder and original Wishbone manager Miles Copeland III began a series of albums entitled \"No Speak\", which featured all instrumental music. To launch the label successfully, Copeland needed a big name band that would bring publicity to the project. Copeland approached the four founding members of Wishbone Ash about having the original line-up record an all-instrumental album. For the first time in fourteen years, Andy Powell and Steve Upton joined forces with Martin Turner and Ted Turner to record the album \"Nouveau Calls\", released in February 1988. The original line-up's tour of 1988 was a huge success, as the band played large venues for the first time since the late 1970s. In August 1989, the band released a reunion album with vocals entitled \"Here to Hear\", featuring mainly songs written by Ted and Martin Turner. In 1990 the band went back into the studio to record the follow-up to \"Here to Hear\". The band were shocked when founding member Upton, the band's drummer for their entire career, announced his retirement from the music industry. They enlisted drummer Robbie France, but replaced him with Ray Weston when it was determined that personal conflicts between France and Martin Turner could not be resolved. \"Strange Affair\" was released in May 1991, featuring mainly songs written by Andy Powell and Ted Turner. Later in 1991, the band decided to continue without founding member Martin Turner, with the bassist/vocalist being replaced by returnee Andy Pyle, who had been in the band years earlier. The band toured throughout 1992/93, releasing the live album \"The Ash Live in Chicago\". 1994 saw the second and final departure of Ted Turner. Following Turner's departure, Pyle and Weston also left the band.", "At this stage Andy Powell was the only original member left in Wishbone Ash. Powell enlisted guitarist/songwriter Roger Filgate, bassist/vocalist Tony Kishman, and drummer Mike Sturgis. The new line-up debuted on a short UK/European tour in spring 1995. By the time of the band's 25th anniversary tour in late 1995, Tony Kishman was finding touring difficult due to other performing engagements in the United States. Founding member Martin Turner replaced him on bass and vocals for the duration of the tour, before Kishman returned to record lead vocals for the band's next album. \"Illuminations\" was released in 1996 and featured the Powell, Filgate, Kishman, Sturgis line-up. Powell relied on fan donations and outside assistance to help finance the album. In 1997, Filgate, Kishman, and Sturgis departed, so Powell brought former drummer Weston back into the fold, along with new members guitarist Mark Birch and bassist Bob Skeat. Wishbone Ash then went on to release two electronic dance albums on UK indie label Invisible Hands Music. The albums contained electronic beats blended with Wishbone Ash guitar riffs. \"Trance Visionary\" was the first of the pair, spawning a 12\" single of four mixes that was a clubland smash and reached number 38 on the UK dance chart. \"Psychic Terrorism\" followed. The band then released an acoustic album of classic and new songs entitled \"Bare Bones\" before hitting the road in 2000 to celebrate their 30th anniversary. A filmed show was held at Shepherds Bush Empire in London, where the band welcomed special guests Wisefield and Hamill as well as other friends for a star-studded concert that resulted in \"Live Dates 3\" and a live DVD. In 2001, Mark Birch was replaced by Finnish guitarist Ben Granfelt. The band hit the road for their most extensive touring schedule in years. Wishbone Ash returned to the studio in 2002 for the \"Bona Fide\" album. 2003 saw the band touring across the world with Savoy Brown, playing their largest number of American dates since the 1980s. Ben Granfelt left the band in 2004 to continue working on his solo career. Granfelt's mentor, Muddy Manninen joined the band. In late 2006, the band released a new studio album entitled \"Clan Destiny\". In 2007, longtime drummer Ray Weston left the band, stating that he was tired of constant touring and wanted to concentrate on different things. He was replaced by Joe Crabtree, known for his work with Pendragon and King Crimson violinist David Cross. In late 2007, the band released \"Power of Eternity\"; their first with new member Joe Crabtree. On 25 November 2011 Wishbone Ash released their 23rd album, the well received \"Elegant Stealth\", which is also the first album to be recorded by the same line up as the predecessor since 1989. In 2013 a court case relating to a trade mark infringement and the use of the name 'Martin Turner's Wishbone Ash' was decided. The court ruled in favour of Andy Powell with the comprehensive judgement forming a clear history of the band since its inception. On 19 February 2014 the 24th studio album \"Blue Horizon\" was released. The reviews for this album were generally very positive indeed. As of 2014 this line-up of the band, having been together since 2007, became the longest-lasting line-up of Wishbone Ash in the group's history. On 16 May 2015, Wishbone Ash recorded a live to vinyl album at Metropolis Studios. On 21–23 May 2015, Wishbone Ash recorded the DVD \"Live in Paris\" at Le Triton in France. The performance included additional percussion and guitar contributions from Andy's son Aynsley Powell. In May 2017, it was announced that Mark Abrahams, a long time Wishbone Ash fan, would be joining on guitar duties. Abrahams is a guitarist who previously owned Vision Guitars, a guitar shop in Castleford, West Yorkshire, England. On 25 June 2019, \"The New York Times Magazine\" listed Wishbone Ash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On September 24, 2019, it was announced that Wishbone Ash were signed to Steamhammer/SPV and will release \"Coat of Arms\", their first studio album in six years, on February 28, 2020. The album's lead single, \"We Stand as One\", was premiered on to the band's 50th anniversary in the fall of 2019 and was released on January 10, 2020.. The second single \"Back in the Day\" was released on February 07, 2020. The album cover has been created by a heraldry artist Olaf Keller in the Regal Coat of Arms design studio.", "Martin Turner began touring in 2004 with \"Martin Turner's Wishbone Ash\", performing material by the classic line ups of the band. Occasionally Ted Turner and Laurie Wisefield have joined his group on stage as guests. He published his autobiography in 2012. In 2013 Andy Powell as the sole remaining original member of Wishbone Ash and following protracted discussions with Martin Turner and his representatives took legal action to protect the Wishbone Ash registered trademark and prevent Martin Turner from using his chosen group name. The court ruled in favour of Andy Powell. Martin Turner appealed the courts decision but his submitted application to appeal was refused. Since then he has complied with the courts ruling and toured and recorded with his band as Martin Turner - (Ex Wishbone Ash).", "Wishbone Ash have developed two group gatherings, AshCon in the UK and AshFest in the United States. These began in 1994 and have developed into gatherings of the 'faithful' and have since become annual fixtures." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9082, 31068, 2182, 100, 70, 48748, 111, 70, 41021, 15, 158271, 3378, 61475, 7, 12, 6, 84324, 9434, 4, 1284, 1286, 39210, 538, 1660, 35839, 70, 236508, 16, 509, 51521, 538, 14037, 297, 98, 496, 8055, 31100, 4, 390, 262, 7612, 13, 128811, 108355, 111, 70, 20703, 14, 28483, 111, 70, 32774, 9907, 151169, 53, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 1902, 479, 86927, 4295, 7730, 4420, 47, 8055, 26748, 4, 25632, 18813, 11617, 25, 7, 1311, 2037, 5, 1650, 7, 11341, 71, 60042, 509, 47, 44, 112, 6211, 71, 139869, 158, 75616, 7, 136, 142027, 70, 81900, 111, 70, 16554, 19, 41021, 25, 7, 47806, 26548, 15044, 70796, 136, 173591, 22, 13, 32747, 1242, 581, 236508, 509, 75935, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 159, 31922, 12927, 4, 70, 541, 64831, 397, 105416, 9, 130687, 25072, 5, 581, 159, 31922, 12927, 41018, 23, 16554, 4, 35839, 92343, 1090, 12339, 451, 24073, 3957, 19745, 92343, 2873, 74054, 509, 12441, 24189, 31100, 390, 541, 64831, 397, 46512, 583, 154797, 86653, 141, 48170, 5, 581, 5117, 31068, 111, 70, 236508, 509, 541, 64831, 397, 4537, 130838, 12264, 24493, 13, 15, 57332, 44, 683, 2733, 4293, 3796, 49078, 1744, 265, 830, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 55956, 35663, 87038, 51029, 154797, 86653, 141, 48170, 15, 1272, 7068, 10, 4537, 16, 136, 15700, 134349, 93324, 4, 49953, 9082, 36061, 29678, 12894, 4, 34658, 70, 8, 7077, 53, 14364, 16070, 7, 5, 96513, 2991, 51716, 509, 70, 5117, 236508, 104463, 53, 5, 1301, 36061, 2371, 7, 15596, 19, 110421, 17378, 4, 44, 91306, 1632, 14602, 959, 27689, 254, 70, 31486, 111, 68894, 68180, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 134349, 66631, 7, 12264, 24493, 13, 49078, 1744, 265, 15, 55956, 35663, 87038, 16, 136, 154797, 86273, 1336, 23, 70, 81979, 111, 20870, 23, 16554, 20271, 70, 2684, 189026, 79062, 1419, 14922, 4, 136, 2363, 3357, 94878, 7, 678, 130838, 84414, 1478, 979, 34, 9, 397, 1334, 136, 43032, 111, 1919, 22, 28889, 4588, 4, 442, 83, 34844, 47, 28219, 70, 59665, 7, 136, 70, 31486, 111, 70, 236508, 740, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 5941, 111, 70, 97957, 111, 70, 236508, 3542, 36770, 25674, 48748, 72110, 15, 76, 4806, 44, 159342, 31068, 2182, 111, 147715, 72110, 58, 2451, 58, 397, 2149, 114655, 9082, 451, 10, 10827, 28616, 8, 30190, 11, 20712, 58, 23, 16554, 19, 16, 43032, 5, 33306, 4, 8108, 4989, 4, 4378, 35663, 87038, 12989, 297, 35672, 2750, 1902, 149976, 70, 185610, 53, 25, 7, 35206, 23, 2499, 177399, 34784, 297, 4, 136, 23, 70, 44677, 111, 70, 25674, 48748, 72110, 1055, 4, 764, 1274, 2822, 187, 37379, 43032, 111, 70, 16554, 19, 84158, 271, 31016, 15, 12233, 1052, 247, 47, 63284, 3622, 160624, 939, 28032, 70, 53702, 5, 581, 236508, 613, 272, 2298, 3956, 34739, 3687, 23, 12921, 48322, 12, 4537, 6, 130687, 613, 272, 2298, 3956, 24073, 149239, 31998, 35593, 108163, 451, 4537, 451, 830, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 44, 294, 5, 568, 5, 724, 1242, 3142, 25343, 53, 6, 130687, 613, 272, 2298, 3956, 24073, 149239, 31998, 35593, 108163, 451, 25343, 21511, 830, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 44, 294, 5, 568, 5, 683, 1242, 3142, 34735, 7154, 11435, 24073, 192, 31396, 8, 120600, 830, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 44, 594, 5, 856, 1242, 3142, 11651, 613, 272, 2298, 3956, 60140, 24073, 1140, 147, 8, 14796, 416, 107, 11651, 451, 830, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 44, 397, 5, 1062, 5, 568, 1242, 3142, 30388, 60140, 24073, 1140, 147, 8, 140801, 74054, 70, 30388, 8035, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 142, 32872, 13, 4, 10, 17986, 4, 10, 10696, 707, 10, 14380, 74, 7225, 60140, 24073, 1140, 147, 8, 171464, 74054, 70, 30388, 7, 8035, 36770, 68894, 101085, 1314, 4, 36770, 70599, 135440, 43032, 4, 167821, 53702, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 74, 136, 12830, 60140, 24073, 1140, 147, 8, 94195, 74054, 30388, 214, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 494, 525, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 360, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 70, 236508, 83184, 297, 10, 106750, 80399, 47, 106507, 1810, 45, 63481, 23, 16554, 4, 45258, 1916, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 43904, 678, 279, 60744, 107282, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 134598, 5470, 7, 678, 65925, 6, 130687, 184641, 247, 291, 42072, 5256, 4, 123789, 74854, 4, 3835, 38395, 5256, 4, 22, 139108, 66398, 79612, 17721, 33180, 7, 111, 70, 43904, 4, 3835, 157996, 2320, 111, 109091, 37379, 7, 4, 143033, 33, 297, 6, 182316, 16070, 136, 70, 456, 48448, 111, 3853, 70, 19336, 525, 28995, 30891, 111, 23, 215131, 390, 91768, 16765, 5, 101153, 19, 70, 13579, 44, 73, 1708, 141949, 58, 509, 11814, 390, 70, 236508, 47, 98363, 109091, 37379, 7, 678, 77546, 53019, 4, 6044, 237, 40466, 136, 152363, 25921, 4, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 14364, 7, 136, 172647, 7, 2750, 233, 144429, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 111, 70, 16554, 19, 84158, 271, 31016, 5, 180946, 21094, 3542, 2843, 11814, 47, 156568, 45, 63481, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 81887, 47, 67153, 11192, 9, 36467, 214, 72104, 748, 37859, 85463, 1342, 16615, 11, 4, 2750, 75204, 6626, 47219, 149357, 7, 1295, 16554, 23, 25695, 4, 136, 98, 124901, 10336, 63154, 82586, 18271, 8, 7612, 297, 10, 20802, 61612, 111, 6626, 19879, 7082, 86258, 5, 2369, 16865, 10463, 7834, 136, 2758, 302, 1727, 144, 9, 724, 11262, 1029, 12638, 49814, 1632, 1286, 19879, 86258, 47, 70, 152750, 5, 360, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 236508, 51521, 7, 747, 17704, 538, 1274, 2822, 24856, 70, 21763, 289, 47, 110938, 2182, 1342, 16615, 11, 5, 59591, 71, 42805, 3934, 44556, 136, 23179, 7, 136, 70, 18153, 214, 111, 11948, 26551, 7, 509, 15700, 308, 49086, 70, 236508, 11814, 47, 125663, 4677, 1295, 70, 4537, 43904, 5, 10142, 26551, 77104, 7, 3542, 124374, 538, 12983, 297, 4, 136, 756, 70796, 136, 21640, 83319, 136, 5501, 425, 36398, 7, 3542, 1940, 19462, 297, 5, 360, 8055, 27193, 4, 3229, 70, 3291, 34, 70237, 552, 289, 881, 1314, 25, 69941, 7, 23409, 98, 153350, 4, 40368, 119893, 68, 71, 170176, 21286, 4, 136, 442, 509, 14432, 134053, 450, 236508, 22072, 7, 1902, 28368, 297, 2856, 47, 43606, 9, 67403, 13, 290, 271, 1193, 9, 7092, 7, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 765, 2856, 85493, 27968, 5, 24372, 127319, 121297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 236508, 15, 4, 16554, 19, 100, 44, 4233, 20287, 939, 18939, 509, 70, 5700, 13579, 100, 70, 41048, 202, 503, 16820, 90812, 23888, 941, 15, 4657, 17365, 674, 111, 22836, 48748, 247, 70, 23410, 35206, 122921, 111, 70, 7142, 1419, 47806, 111, 16554, 5, 6422, 538, 4, 8108, 70, 52287, 271, 63647, 4, 16554, 19, 23410, 35206, 509, 35839, 30190, 11, 41794, 23888, 941, 5, 1650, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 496, 8055, 31100, 4, 678, 4358, 1295, 70, 134349, 541, 64831, 397, 4, 12960, 16554, 509, 138155, 538, 1379, 70, 6096, 126140, 25, 7, 6, 167618, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 645, 927, 15555, 111, 109502, 63154, 82586, 18271, 23, 13501, 4, 70, 391, 15268, 158930, 98, 24189, 12898, 4, 3229, 223606, 190238, 10, 27165, 456, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Founding.", "Method.", "Downfall.", "Subdivisions.", "General Directorate for Technical Operations.", "Directorate for Counterespionage.", "Directorate for Foreign Intelligence.", "Directorate for Penitentiaries.", "Directorate for Internal Security.", "National Commission for Visas and Passports.", "Directorate for Security Troops.", "Directorate for Militia.", "Directorate V." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The General Directorate for the Security of the People (Romanian initials: DGSP, but more commonly just called the Securitate) was officially founded on 30 August 1948, by Decree 221/30 of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly. However, it had precursors going back to August 1944, following King Michael's Coup. Its stated purpose was to \"defend democratic conquests and guarantee the safety of the Romanian People's Republic against both internal and external enemies.\" The Securitate was created with the help of SMERSH, the NKVD counter-intelligence unit. The SMERSH operation in Romania, called Brigada Mobilă (\"The Mobile Brigade\"), was led until 1948 by NKVD colonel Alexandru Nicolschi. The first Director of the Securitate was NKVD general Gheorghe Pintilie (born \"Panteleymon Bondarenko\", nicknamed \"Pantiușa\"). Alexandru Nicolschi (by then a general) and another Soviet officer, Major General Vladimir Mazuru, held the deputy directorships. Wilhelm Einhorn was the first Securitate secretary. As Vladimir Tismăneanu says, \"If one does not grasp the role of political thugs such as the Soviet spies Pintilie Bondarenko (Pantiușa) and Alexandru Nikolski in the exercise of terror in Romania during the most horrible Stalinist period, and their personal connections with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and members of his entourage, it is difficult to understand the origins and the role of the Securitate\". Initially, many of the agents of the Securitate were former Royal Security Police (named \"General Directorate of Safety Police\"—\"Direcția Generală a Poliției de Siguranță\" in Romanian) members. However, before long, Pantiușa ordered anyone who had served the monarchy's police in any capacity arrested, and in the places of the Royal Security Policemen, he hired ardent members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), to ensure total loyalty within the organization.", "The Securitate surveillance took place in different ways: general intelligence surveillance (\"supraveghere informativă generală\", abbreviated \"S.I.G.\"); priority intelligence surveillance (\"supraveghere informativă prioritară\", abbreviated \"S.I.P.\"); clearance file (\"mapă de verificare\", abbreviated \"M.V.\"); individual surveillance dossier (\"dosar de urmarire individuală\", abbreviated \"D.U.I.\"); target dossier (\"dosar de obiectiv\"), the target being, for example, an institute, a hospital, a school or a company; case dossier (\"dosar de problemă\"), the targets being former political prisoners, former Iron Guard members, religious organizations, etc.; and element dossier (\"dosar de mediu\"), targeting writers, priests, etc. In the 1980s, the Securitate launched a massive campaign to stamp out dissent in Romania, manipulating the country's population with vicious rumors (such as supposed contacts with Western intelligence agencies), machinations, frameups, public denunciations, encouraging conflict between segments of the population, public humiliation of dissidents, toughened censorship and the repression of even the smallest gestures of independence by intellectuals. Often the term \"intellectual\" was used by the Securitate to describe dissidents with higher education, such as college and university students, writers, directors and scientists who opposed the philosophy of the Romanian Communist Party. Assassinations were also used to silence dissent, such as the attempt to kill high-ranking defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, who received two death sentences from Romania in 1978, and on whose head Ceaușescu decreed a bounty of two million US dollars. Yasser Arafat and Muammar al-Gaddafi each added one more million dollars to the reward. In the 1980s, Securitate officials allegedly hired Carlos the Jackal to assassinate Pacepa. Forced entry into homes and offices and the planting of microphones was another tactic the Securitate used to extract information from the general population. Telephone conversations were routinely monitored, and all internal and international fax and telex communications were intercepted. In August 1977, when the Jiu Valley coal miners' unions went on strike, several leaders died prematurely, and it was later discovered that Securitate doctors had subjected them to five-minute chest X-rays in an attempt to have them develop cancer. After birth rates fell, Securitate agents were placed in gynecological wards while regular pregnancy tests were made mandatory for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy. The Securitate's presence was so ubiquitous that it was believed one out of four Romanians was an informer. In truth, the Securitate deployed one agent or informer for every 43 Romanians, which was still large enough to make it practically impossible for dissidents to organize. The regime deliberately fostered this sense of ubiquity, believing that the fear of being watched was sufficient to bend the people to Ceaușescu's will. For example, one shadow group of dissidents limited itself to only three families; any more than that would have attracted Securitate attention. In truth, the East German Stasi was even more ubiquitous than the Securitate; counting informers, the Stasi had one spy for every 6.5 East Germans.", "After Ceaușescu was ousted, Securitate lived on until 1991, when Parliament approved a law reorganizing the Securitate into a few special and secret services like the SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service) (with internal tasks such as counterespionage), the SIE (Foreign Intelligence Service), the SPP (Protection and Guard Service) (the former Directorate V), the STS (Special Telecommunications Service) (the former General Directorate for Technical Operations), etc. Nonetheless, in early 1991, large numbers of protesters converged on Securitate offices throughout the country to demand access to the agency's files. Today, the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (abbreviated CNSAS, for Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii) \"is the authority that administrates the archives of the former communist secret services in Romania and develops educational programs and exhibitions with the aim of preserving the memories of victims of the communist regime.\"", "", "The General Directorate for Technical Operations was a key part of the Securitate. Created with Soviet assistance in 1954, it monitored all voice and electronic communications in and out of Romania. They bugged telephones and intercepted all telegraphs and telex messages, as well as placing microphones in both public and private buildings.", "The Directorate for Counterespionage surveyed all foreigners in Romania, and did their utmost to impede contact between foreigners and Romanians. Contact that was impossible to stop was instead monitored. It enforced a variety of measures to prevent Romanians living with foreign nationals, one of these being the requirement to report any known foreigners to the Securitate within 24 hours. One of the tasks of this Directorate was to stop Romanians from seeking asylum in foreign embassies.", "The Directorate for Foreign Intelligence conducted Romania's espionage operations in other countries, such as those of Western Europe. Among those operations sanctioned by the Communist government were industrial espionage to obtain nuclear technology, and plots to assassinate dissidents, such as Matei Pavel Haiducu was tasked with, though he informed French authorities, faking the assassinations before defecting to France.", "The Directorate for Penitentiaries operated Romania's prisons, which were notorious for their horrendous conditions. Prisoners were routinely beaten, denied medical attention, had their mail taken away from them, and sometimes even administered lethal doses of poison.", "The Directorate for Internal Security was originally given the task of monitoring the activities going on in the PCR. But after Ion Mihai Pacepa's defection in 1978 and his exposing details of the Ceaușescu regime, such as the collaboration with Arab radical groups, massive espionage on American industry targets and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support, international infiltration and espionage in the Securitate only increased, much to Ceaușescu's anger. In order to solve this problem the entire Division was reorganized and was charged with rooting out dissent in the PCR. A top secret division of this Directorate was formed from forces loyal personally to Ceaușescu and charged with monitoring the Securitate itself. It acted almost as a Securitate for the Securitate, and was responsible for bugging the phones of other Securitate officers and PCR officials to ensure total loyalty.", "The National Commission for Visas and Passports controlled all travel and immigration in and out of Romania. In effect, traveling abroad was all but impossible for anyone but highly placed Party officials, and any ordinary Romanian who applied for a passport was immediately placed under surveillance. Many Jews and ethnic Germans were given passports and exit visas through tacit agreements with the Israeli and West German governments.", "The Directorate for Security Troops acted as a 20,000-strong paramilitary force for the government, equipped with artillery and armoured personnel carriers. The security troops selected new recruits from the same annual pool of conscripts that the armed services used. The police performed routine law enforcement functions including traffic control and issuance of internal identification cards to citizens. Organized in the late 1940s to defend the new regime, in 1989 the security troops had 20,000 soldiers. They were an elite, specially trained paramilitary force organized like motorized rifle (infantry) units equipped with small arms, artillery, and armored personnel carriers, but their mission was considerably different. The security troops were directly responsible through the Minister of the Interior to Ceaușescu. They guarded important installations including PCR judet and central office buildings and radio and television stations. The Ceaușescu regime presumably could call the security troops into action as a private army to defend itself against a military coup d'état or other domestic challenges and to suppress antiregime riots, demonstrations, or strikes. To ensure total loyalty amongst these crack troops, there were five times as many political officers in the Directorate for Security Troops than there were in the regular army. They adhered to stricter discipline than in the regular military, but they were rewarded with special treatment and enjoyed far superior living conditions compared to their countrymen. They guarded television and radio stations, and PCR buildings and in the event of a coup, would have been called in to protect the regime. After the Revolution, the Directorate for Security Troops was disbanded and replaced first by the Guard and Order Troops (\"Trupele de Pază și Ordine\"), and in July 1990 by the Gendarmerie.", "The Directorate for Militia controlled Romania's Miliția, the standard police force, which carried out regular policing tasks such as traffic control, public order, etc. In 1990 it was replaced by the Romanian Police.", "Directorate V were bodyguards for important governmental officials." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 12021, 82471, 11, 3542, 24145, 17569, 47, 186, 28, 137089, 6635, 81814, 2182, 3173, 7, 17721, 67241, 1158, 10133, 136, 36939, 1158, 10133, 4, 1284, 5036, 1836, 621, 17569, 47, 186, 8, 48281, 67, 707, 112892, 1029, 297, 435, 42280, 11, 5, 581, 481, 13176, 27686, 21, 26091, 621, 21373, 47, 70, 11113, 318, 28483, 111, 1360, 39499, 988, 4, 136, 2363, 70796, 127664, 1363, 83, 21373, 47, 2367, 96276, 23, 70, 71919, 2408, 271, 7, 111, 1360, 39499, 988, 5, 12021, 82471, 66, 27583, 1556, 10, 27226, 6, 69657, 9, 69246, 15, 89858, 194, 3293, 41170, 83, 21373, 47, 13176, 63614, 4, 1284, 13176, 63614, 17660, 47, 186, 2394, 34, 11030, 2182, 5, 64511, 7, 33444, 13, 2409, 82471, 11, 47, 10, 21115, 26719, 42230, 12472, 7, 4, 50829, 9893, 7, 4, 136, 682, 9928, 10133, 5, 581, 6626, 5201, 2409, 82471, 66, 94407, 621, 70, 60897, 1033, 98571, 136, 70, 12426, 497, 21986, 22902, 5, 64511, 94407, 68018, 99201, 23, 70, 12021, 82471, 11, 621, 70, 153782, 82471, 11, 136, 70, 77879, 67301, 188, 1158, 11, 5, 77879, 67301, 188, 1158, 10133, 58055, 111, 10, 11001, 76811, 59121, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 111, 10, 114149, 450, 1556, 959, 2809, 51592, 16792, 5, 1301, 6044, 4, 5941, 133325, 92814, 450, 1836, 621, 10, 2773, 21115, 5, 1301, 151552, 4, 70, 26249, 1902, 4734, 10, 11001, 135355, 111, 108055, 13, 5, 119148, 7567, 1158, 11, 4, 707, 45, 2408, 195, 532, 2409, 82471, 10133, 4, 621, 14037, 23, 70, 108, 11727, 19040, 98687, 7, 111, 91, 94385, 136, 162264, 7332, 90, 5, 10660, 37457, 1295, 10, 10846, 8877, 29089, 7, 4989, 678, 214075, 47, 6, 95037, 939, 38750, 7, 450, 26698, 14798, 6, 235923, 38750, 7, 136, 10, 4989, 9879, 42238, 4935, 38750, 35839, 142, 10, 5134, 289, 38750, 5, 3293, 10, 5134, 289, 38750, 1543, 85493, 10, 91153, 538, 3934, 98210, 5037, 146459, 90, 707, 442, 1543, 27489, 56125, 7, 136, 106217, 450, 15970, 9, 2875, 118, 119066, 47, 27489, 10, 13176, 27686, 34128, 8702, 5037, 21, 26091, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 12663, 12, 44, 14055, 2408, 11883, 830, 44, 683, 184, 9198, 2408, 11883, 58, 136, 44, 14055, 2408, 195, 16270, 11, 740, 101828, 25667, 77950, 42459, 7, 450, 903, 6, 34053, 4689, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 44, 15363, 22014, 2955, 3089, 1158, 11, 5, 12426, 497, 21986, 22902, 621, 14037, 23, 70, 14361, 32628, 7, 111, 67842, 122084, 131983, 13, 2844, 1636, 26719, 108055, 13, 32628, 7, 4, 738, 9169, 7, 4, 38240, 7535, 54547, 31667, 6818, 433, 13, 5, 3293, 60875, 62976, 113660, 27980, 160275, 1363, 111, 12921, 114149, 5, 581, 2965, 51529, 111, 12426, 497, 21986, 22902, 83, 70, 121, 11090, 111, 22473, 17991, 6057, 7, 5, 581, 6024, 539, 11030, 2182, 6002, 2408, 118, 289, 36541, 60742, 28032, 108055, 90, 136, 32628, 7, 111, 70, 738, 9169, 1284, 831, 93403, 3934, 121641, 5, 1650, 113660, 70, 219776, 111, 130965, 1495, 40354, 1294, 136, 56125, 7, 47, 22304, 160275, 1363, 15, 2347, 11280, 738, 9169, 7, 621, 56104, 220, 16670, 89829, 194, 581, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 56033, 432, 28483, 85493, 3934, 1286, 56033, 432, 3390, 390, 8781, 38551, 2320, 74, 99, 3060, 6275, 4, 1836, 28288, 47, 738, 17688, 5, 581, 6002, 2408, 4526, 621, 8314, 13, 60744, 15, 1399, 9319, 11280, 707, 117776, 247, 1284, 27150, 6002, 2408, 4526, 831, 57574, 13, 47, 27489, 15044, 11280, 136, 117776, 5, 581, 11280, 7, 621, 13176, 27686, 136, 164917, 3501, 70, 117776, 7, 5, 581, 117776, 7, 136, 70, 11280, 7, 31358, 70, 130965, 1495, 136, 29968, 23, 70, 15520, 5, 6098, 6259, 106217, 30957, 7, 70, 117776, 136, 92895, 20650, 7, 70, 183851, 806, 2408, 1636, 5, 98423, 806, 2408, 271, 27489, 7, 10, 19336, 13176, 27686, 21, 26091, 3129, 30482, 6863, 3917, 47, 15700, 6057, 5, 581, 8584, 13, 111, 1632, 111, 6097, 114149, 46, 44, 4153, 1952, 32320, 13315, 14, 58, 46, 1556, 2809, 40, 26513, 37534, 5, 581, 12426, 9482, 24762, 30185, 1543, 186, 8, 48281, 67, 42230, 12472, 11324, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 12021, 82471, 11, 15, 6953, 35975, 12, 2409, 82471, 66, 16, 621, 26948, 75449, 4, 11324, 9, 5062, 26685, 111, 122084, 131983, 13, 2844, 1636, 5, 9082, 538, 4, 6097, 6, 57278, 4, 19264, 29888, 195629, 7, 58055, 111, 10, 124, 2832, 820, 39, 15, 6056, 56, 135355, 16, 111, 13176, 27686, 38750, 7, 206990, 1632, 707, 1286, 42238, 4935, 38750, 7, 5, 25755, 12649, 6650, 4, 12021, 82471, 11, 3542, 18507, 47314, 237, 10, 6, 34053, 4689, 5, 101828, 25667, 6, 34053, 112537, 53, 96335, 4, 49903, 4, 765, 127887, 450, 70, 759, 824, 93905, 2409, 82471, 10133, 621, 22460, 34053, 133, 9523, 4, 136, 74216, 71, 23, 70, 2091, 22014, 2955, 3089, 1158, 11, 237, 114015, 111, 70, 56709, 22014, 1158, 11, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Evolution.", "Groupings.", "Rhombozoan mesozoans.", "Orthonectid mesozoans." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Mesozoa were once thought to be evolutionary intermediate forms between Protozoans and Metazoans, but now they are thought to be degenerate or simplified metazoa. Their ciliated larva are similar to the miracidium of trematodes, and their internal multiplication is similar to what happens in the sporocysts of trematodes. Mesozoan DNA has a low GC-content (40%). This amount is similar to ciliates, but ciliates tend to be binucleate. Others relate mesozoa to a group including annelids, planarians, and nemerteans.", "The two main mesozoan groups are the Dicyemida and the Orthonectida. Other groups sometimes included in the Mesozoa are the Placozoa and the Monoblastozoa. Monoblastozoans consist of a single description written in the 19th century of a species that has not been seen since. As such, many workers doubt that they are a real group. As described, the animal had only a single layer of tissue.", "Rhombozoa, or dicyemid mesozoans, are found in the nephrid tracts of squid and octopuses. They range from a few millimeters long with twenty to thirty cells that include anterior attachment cells and a long central reproductive cell called an axial cell. This axial cell may develop asexually into vermiform juveniles or it may produce eggs and sperm that self-fertilize to produce a ciliated infusiform larva. There are three genera: \"Dicyema\", \"Pseudicyema\" and \"Dicyemennea\". Molecular evidence suggests that this phylum are derived from the \"Lophotrochozoa.", "Orthonectida are found in the body spaces of various marine invertebrates including tissue spaces, gonads, genitorespiratory bursae. This pathogen causes host castration of different species. The best known of Orthonectida is the parasite of brittle stars. The multinucleate syncytial stage lives within tissues and spaces of the gonad but can spread into arms. It causes the destruction of starfish ovary and eggs to cause castration (the male gonads are usually unaffected). The stages of the plasmodium develop into more plasmodia by simple fragmentation; at some point, they decide to go sexual. The syncytia are dioecious (either male or female), but young syncytia can fuse to produce both male and female. The males are ciliated and smaller than the females. The females and the males leave the starfish and mate in the sea. Tailed sperm enters the female and fertilizes the numerous oocytes. Each oocyst produces a small ciliated larva which makes its way to another star. The genome of one of these species – \"Intoshia linei\" – has been sequenced. The Orthonectids may be degenerate annelid worms." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 21109, 5076, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 197540, 23082, 111, 70, 12801, 51978, 111, 99510, 5, 93726, 29966, 297, 11192, 10696, 23, 222226, 100, 37195, 5369, 8108, 8035, 4027, 982, 24494, 71, 99, 32070, 423, 47, 6885, 2347, 23762, 90, 5, 360, 141745, 4, 764, 23409, 47, 41474, 21777, 41123, 98, 70, 43157, 111, 6900, 26932, 4, 236386, 4, 7440, 764, 80723, 47, 35187, 70, 54704, 7, 5, 24372, 10, 53333, 6602, 237, 142, 6885, 2347, 3284, 53, 99, 2501, 1314, 43573, 15830, 22341, 23, 70, 82975, 42, 16128, 7435, 12424, 132869, 84308, 4, 764, 66933, 10, 16610, 1733, 99, 70, 11192, 10696, 23, 222226, 136, 100512, 10, 9836, 111, 1602, 25443, 99, 70, 141626, 90, 111, 191869, 4, 845, 76, 136, 10271, 4, 67229, 214, 23, 166304, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 1602, 25443, 23, 184007, 4, 80299, 214, 44, 4233, 73, 165, 13485, 555, 122, 7484, 7372, 12389, 58, 98, 131455, 5, 24372, 70, 21721, 1830, 111, 1919, 10696, 214, 4, 21109, 5076, 80723, 10, 14922, 111, 26983, 7, 450, 24124, 4049, 27198, 1295, 71321, 106622, 64, 152351, 271, 47, 20787, 41382, 56, 5, 1529, 80723, 44457, 4488, 23, 70, 170027, 66, 4, 32562, 120820, 111, 1919, 134858, 5, 32255, 120820, 12441, 47, 10, 12447, 237, 10, 26983, 214, 105757, 100, 70, 44, 153128, 20879, 7560, 108365, 58, 24073, 441, 14071, 86, 34419, 74054, 3129, 62952, 4049, 70, 26950, 100, 53333, 26983, 5, 21109, 5076, 352, 1299, 12225, 98, 40368, 55812, 5256, 4, 70, 140909, 14, 525, 136, 2684, 5526, 8035, 1919, 186868, 9444, 6873, 24745, 47, 23924, 21629, 4, 39485, 4, 136, 82167, 5, 3293, 24745, 509, 10, 174548, 6275, 23, 21109, 5076, 25, 7, 80997, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 70, 79507, 111, 3395, 111, 30839, 59665, 23, 21629, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 23166, 25617, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3789, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 23, 23924, 21629, 5, 1529, 181653, 10, 59121, 15426, 111, 1919, 26983, 7, 23, 157313, 4, 44, 294, 3492, 71, 67, 9, 7030, 12783, 46744, 1312, 7370, 44887, 58, 15, 147161, 1340, 111, 44156, 90, 136, 105141, 7, 23, 23924, 21629, 247, 3129, 2806, 4358, 137633, 70, 44457, 111, 15380, 700, 87168, 5, 129551, 47, 21109, 5076, 4, 162708, 621, 70, 2965, 3687, 47, 35187, 3395, 6637, 6897, 83, 44, 2661, 1067, 71, 4, 375, 11856, 297, 4, 136, 197108, 297, 58, 23, 162708, 4, 136, 1836, 19095, 1810, 70, 44, 7134, 11, 6954, 4, 2965, 4, 2684, 222201, 128746, 111, 3395, 740, 21109, 5076, 1902, 26983, 297, 47, 162708, 6044, 237, 2356, 5753, 4, 62704, 4, 176547, 4, 17955, 4, 217605, 4, 28166, 1507, 4, 2356, 118732, 4, 136, 1735, 22600, 5, 345, 5416, 1919, 30646, 23, 168707, 4, 21109, 5076, 100512, 10, 59619, 42, 23, 700, 87168, 99, 70, 101044, 289, 19694, 19188, 23, 186806, 5, 360, 157313, 4, 764, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 195644, 16030, 4, 7068, 49175, 47, 4393, 16030, 23, 109969, 5, 51404, 99, 186806, 4, 21109, 5076, 181653, 40368, 42840, 136, 170920, 1919, 80997, 237, 142, 108858, 5, 360, 145769, 4, 764, 68186, 71, 142, 164306, 99, 108089, 12535, 5, 18763, 59619, 7, 3542, 38134, 538, 29966, 297, 4, 959, 78458, 390, 70, 26794, 80973, 15672, 20787, 41382, 56, 78196, 209800, 503, 33209, 5, 21109, 5076, 181653, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 14135, 700, 87168, 23, 1919, 6626, 9, 23232, 282, 44, 7251, 42294, 771, 429, 118392, 58, 23, 156999, 136, 145081, 5, 3293, 4488, 509, 1239, 158288, 297, 390, 5941, 111, 1919, 25921, 4, 105233, 10, 14012, 111, 156444, 72694, 64370, 5, 1529, 91376, 1919, 4488, 98, 68894, 700, 87168, 4, 44, 106144, 31570, 2206, 118392, 830, 23, 117430, 5, 1650, 509, 23, 903, 4488, 450, 21109, 5076, 65508, 71, 23755, 7, 450, 162466, 71, 47, 25938, 48135, 136, 7142, 131455, 8780, 5, 18763, 17262, 21950, 4488, 44, 3957, 65786, 111, 1572, 68347, 58, 509, 91376, 23, 14941, 23, 121049, 136, 70541, 297, 645, 76094, 40881, 22, 52152, 5180, 136, 456, 10015, 2886, 17656, 306, 5674, 927, 87168, 5, 21109, 5076, 136475, 1919, 4488, 99, 108089, 24189, 1919, 8932, 555, 47219, 98, 8055, 483, 4, 96929, 23, 62, 6947, 1760, 4, 102126, 5, 21109, 5076, 4, 10, 191225, 111, 153450, 13, 108858, 33946, 4, 509, 10, 1924, 309, 206, 30839, 5, 133698, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 36160, 9, 683, 6563, 39209, 1631, 23, 111994, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 187, 1176, 136, 509, 148, 167457, 186351, 20271, 70, 1631, 5, 360, 18026, 6620, 71, 390, 5351, 1314, 26719, 131455, 136, 71321, 106622, 108890, 158465, 110781, 2590, 4, 764, 91376, 40368, 15122, 7, 5, 2022, 4021, 2856, 83, 70, 34666, 44, 5267, 776, 7, 48135, 58, 5173, 100991, 50509, 214, 3530, 429, 87168, 4, 105233, 10, 137374, 100, 70, 36998, 538, 30839, 20117, 111, 208076, 28021, 12, 44, 10429, 31, 18448, 740, 21109, 5076, 25, 7, 32562, 7, 60754, 297, 678, 70, 75678, 111, 30839, 25297, 8780, 7103, 70, 36160, 9, 683, 6563, 39209, 1631, 136, 70, 221419, 33938, 100, 16839, 7, 450, 91048, 442, 3934, 130412, 678, 130891, 5, 18763, 32562, 7, 149976, 237, 81907, 1660, 41274, 100, 109343, 14700, 66, 6889, 5, 360, 18026, 6620, 71, 390, 70, 15672, 20787, 41062, 271, 74733, 100790, 56, 15571, 19, 4, 21109, 5076, 54397, 111, 44654, 5256, 100, 30839, 24, 1405, 58359, 4, 53520, 214, 450, 15520, 14537, 509, 15970, 9, 7, 5394, 14653, 4, 237, 70, 18348, 1295, 52350, 2806, 8783, 100, 70, 1143, 62956, 122084, 4, 51, 5062, 3551, 14537, 5, 21109, 5076, 25, 7, 6528, 111, 44, 12248, 316, 58, 15, 65421, 16, 2806, 55993, 1810, 111, 1919, 107554, 11341, 145520, 5, 18763, 39395, 23755, 111, 44, 53047, 7, 48135, 58, 509, 959, 68894, 707, 25313, 1284, 41205, 136, 673, 26136, 15889, 1419, 14700, 66, 6889, 5, 581, 44, 12248, 316, 9, 31494, 58, 83, 10, 186768, 538, 9, 33926, 214, 37772, 4, 25944, 214, 3395, 7, 678, 6782, 44, 196661, 58, 47, 6083, 538, 71062, 5, 43045, 4, 100, 21109, 5076, 4, 509, 10, 307, 6261, 23755, 4, 3790, 2264, 71407, 51, 99091, 297, 5, 44, 12248, 316, 58, 509, 61924, 71, 237, 7440, 30839, 3395, 7, 6867, 4, 136, 3789, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 93726, 21109, 5076, 15, 212840, 496, 4, 543, 12465, 46, 8055, 483, 4, 96929, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 20787, 41382, 56, 136, 82, 127, 157, 41382, 56, 4, 135818, 100, 5117, 17368, 70, 13579, 44, 5267, 776, 7, 48135, 58, 24073, 150, 6496, 32628, 18939, 23, 70, 10422, 450, 70, 9907, 7142, 64370, 14432, 2806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Writings.", "Selected bibliography." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Ratzel's father was the head of the household staff of the Grand Duke of Baden. Friedrich attended high school in Karlsruhe for six years before being apprenticed at age 15 to apothecaries. In 1863, he went to Rapperswil on the Lake of Zurich, Switzerland, where he began to study the classics. After a further year as an apothecary at Moers near Krefeld in the Ruhr area (1865–1866), he spent a short time at the high school in Karlsruhe and became a student of zoology at the universities of Heidelberg, Jena and Berlin, finishing in 1868. He studied zoology in 1869, publishing \"Sein und Werden der organischen Welt\" on Darwin. After the completion of his schooling, Ratzel began a period of travels that saw him transform from zoologist/biologist to geographer. He began field work in the Mediterranean, writing letters of his experiences. These letters led to a job as a traveling reporter for the \"Kölnische Zeitung\" (\"Cologne Journal\"), which provided him the means for further travel. Ratzel embarked on several expeditions, the lengthiest and most important being his 1874-1875 trip to North America, Cuba, and Mexico. This trip was a turning point in Ratzel's career. He studied the influence of people of German origin in America, especially in the Midwest, as well as other ethnic groups in North America. He produced a written account of his travels in 1876, \"Städte-und Kulturbilder aus Nordamerika\" (Profile of Cities and Cultures in North America), which would help establish the field of cultural geography. According to Ratzel, cities are the best place to study people because life is \"blended, compressed, and accelerated\" in cities, and they bring out the \"greatest, best, most typical aspects of people\". Ratzel had traveled to cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond, Charleston, New Orleans, and San Francisco. Upon his return in 1875, Ratzel became a lecturer in geography at the Technical High School in Munich. In 1876, he was promoted to assistant professor, then rose to full professor in 1880. While at Munich, Ratzel produced several books and established his career as an academic. In 1886, he accepted an appointment at Leipzig University. His lectures were widely attended, notably by the influential American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple. Ratzel produced the foundations of human geography in his two-volume \"Anthropogeographie\" in 1882 and 1891. This work was misinterpreted by many of his students, creating a number of environmental determinists. He published his work on political geography, \"Politische Geographie\", in 1897. It was in this work that Ratzel introduced concepts that contributed to Lebensraum and Social Darwinism. His three volume work \"The History of Mankind\" was published in English in 1896 and contained over 1100 excellent engravings and remarkable chromolithography. Ratzel continued his work at Leipzig until his sudden death on August 9, 1904 in Ammerland, Germany. Ratzel, a scholar of versatile academic interest, was a staunch German. During the outbreak of Franco-Prussian war in 1870, he joined the Prussian army and was wounded twice during the war.", "Influenced by thinkers including Darwin and zoologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, he published several papers. Among them is the essay \"Lebensraum\" (1901) concerning biogeography, creating a foundation for the uniquely German variant of geopolitics: \"Geopolitik\". Ratzel's writings coincided with the growth of German industrialism after the Franco-Prussian war and the subsequent search for markets that brought it into competition with Britain. His writings served as welcome justification for imperial expansion. Influenced by the American geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan, Ratzel wrote of aspirations for German naval reach, agreeing that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would pay for the merchant marine, unlike land power. Ratzel's idea of \"Raum\" (space) would grow out of his organic state conception. His early concept of \"lebensraum\" was not political or economic but spiritual and racial nationalist expansion. The \"Raum-motiv\" is a historically-driving force, pushing peoples with great \"Kultur\" to naturally expand. Space, for Ratzel, was a vague concept, theoretically unbounded. \"Raum\" was defined as where German peoples live, and other weaker states could serve to support German peoples economically, and German culture could fertilize other cultures. However, it ought to be noted that Ratzel's concept of \"raum\" was not overtly aggressive, but he theorized simply as the natural expansion of strong states into areas controlled by weaker states. The book for which Ratzel is acknowledged all over the world is \"Anthropogeographie\". It was completed between 1872 and 1899. The main focus of this monumental work is on the effects of different physical features and locations on the style and life of the people.", "Here are his other notable writings:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 636, 147, 509, 103122, 3934, 10, 86991, 9, 67413, 14449, 99, 109383, 31, 7514, 4, 23924, 9020, 4, 70, 5551, 77968, 67, 111, 952, 20020, 15, 2940, 27150, 525, 47, 188545, 16, 111, 35512, 91865, 159, 1728, 20574, 136, 217217, 127, 636, 147, 4, 10, 31837, 6369, 1728, 36770, 538, 20697, 100, 70, 14449, 101087, 18831, 14653, 8063, 5, 1529, 509, 165249, 390, 1919, 88, 18557, 114015, 4, 2843, 24, 4806, 35512, 4, 952, 5369, 1919, 22962, 5, 217217, 127, 636, 147, 134620, 1257, 114977, 214, 47, 70, 9020, 68804, 104758, 23, 70, 25313, 1257, 82463, 1405, 25632, 70, 113157, 1771, 34210, 74, 36, 14775, 47, 70, 14449, 25, 7, 5036, 1286, 84046, 82466, 7, 4, 636, 147, 136, 1919, 114015, 3542, 56065, 47, 31358, 70, 14449, 5368, 4, 126055, 47126, 112363, 4, 136, 6867, 25842, 3229, 764, 509, 10, 17704, 22759, 5, 35512, 54, 3674, 98, 38157, 136, 136475, 47, 27992, 237, 10, 42732, 100, 4049, 24189, 604, 47219, 4, 3229, 764, 509, 39555, 836, 5369, 111, 32070, 5, 636, 147, 134729, 297, 1295, 6897, 10617, 16227, 261, 134225, 17514, 5, 28090, 70, 32070, 111, 37195, 764, 134729, 297, 103351, 44, 79139, 960, 58, 25277, 133, 112569, 40, 1418, 30891, 4, 136, 22508, 1861, 1814, 4, 237, 927, 192, 4, 136, 20271, 14432, 6897, 4, 2878, 289, 44948, 7432, 5, 636, 147, 122446, 1919, 5117, 40, 1418, 3408, 99, 10, 44075, 43573, 19694, 42118, 678, 1919, 67373, 5, 581, 19732, 35006, 297, 136, 352, 88500, 7, 5281, 4049, 5, 636, 147, 29131, 6897, 10617, 2497, 24908, 136, 80358, 13, 100, 1919, 25277, 133, 112569, 35431, 5, 18763, 25171, 879, 10484, 117414, 450, 764, 11343, 10422, 71, 70, 1260, 126, 111, 10, 40, 1418, 3408, 23, 1733, 47, 87388, 66570, 1295, 3835, 21455, 5, 14847, 636, 147, 509, 1672, 59671, 5369, 10332, 764, 80723, 47, 7639, 24092, 7, 111, 105774, 4, 144681, 4743, 47, 70, 23, 271, 41159, 111, 1919, 29041, 44462, 5, 1529, 134729, 297, 1295, 14922, 7, 111, 141591, 54159, 67703, 399, 3129, 764, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 2347, 37611, 6468, 1242, 636, 147, 509, 21771, 188304, 44, 2472, 179967, 136, 96967, 58, 390, 70, 1733, 764, 509, 10, 17704, 611, 136, 33662, 126809, 3934, 10, 85583, 44, 748, 93, 927, 109622, 8167, 46526, 45211, 58, 6, 212423, 390, 70, 5880, 109622, 67081, 136, 7068, 1295, 543, 6460, 47, 543, 8659, 390, 70, 241, 147, 141, 111, 172539, 4, 2750, 93544, 10, 14375, 453, 33730, 478, 99, 1919, 97761, 4, 70829, 7, 4293, 19449, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 5117, 13036, 263, 71, 22104, 47, 79442, 263, 6468, 1295, 2773, 6867, 263, 6468, 4, 64457, 111, 21722, 7, 5, 636, 147, 25, 7, 5117, 104345, 4, 91376, 3229, 764, 509, 953, 5369, 10332, 4, 509, 44, 24687, 68567, 5256, 111, 70, 59745, 111, 57248, 2310, 24750, 13, 4, 707, 2392, 16210, 7, 58, 23, 149635, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 158036, 707, 93, 927, 109622, 22104, 7, 111, 1919, 1615, 4, 764, 189924, 72542, 2016, 52366, 217982, 2843, 22231, 1916, 47, 4939, 2016, 52366, 25, 7, 43240, 136, 509, 154186, 390, 3060, 47, 70, 6083, 1419, 4939, 14631, 62, 13017, 8345, 5, 18763, 46223, 22553, 150844, 3674, 5792, 5045, 47, 4488, 678, 6044, 22619, 1830, 98, 70, 5885, 188304, 7, 136, 82, 59207, 7, 111, 182482, 11814, 23, 400, 927, 87168, 4, 4911, 7, 764, 69347, 47, 212790, 178829, 136, 26983, 5, 2022, 4021, 3789, 26983, 7, 4, 764, 36997, 71, 200955, 136, 61527, 20271, 129706, 1104, 12977, 4, 136, 9742, 297, 5596, 20271, 172457, 1104, 6873, 4, 26719, 10, 59335, 8, 28889, 47, 1845, 53, 4759, 5, 51404, 26983, 2069, 764, 181653, 21334, 102134, 2449, 111, 134855, 297, 509, 127, 188304, 7, 23, 10, 117781, 5844, 20623, 4, 3129, 764, 117176, 71, 14432, 23, 1919, 12275, 3934, 29700, 136, 7401, 22796, 474, 178829, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 28412, 7, 100, 1919, 42840, 5, 18763, 212790, 20623, 27983, 45831, 16912, 678, 37515, 4262, 20016, 4, 678, 108938, 69822, 7, 111, 134855, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 153459, 136, 163055, 636, 147, 66933, 1919, 51065, 7, 98, 17629, 88342, 6781, 4, 10, 101120, 98, 70, 132988, 17721, 70, 140434, 31186, 19, 111, 2371, 44924, 136, 70, 89176, 10776, 111, 213050, 53, 5, 18763, 29700, 178829, 44, 3957, 8950, 5425, 111, 213050, 53, 1295, 17629, 88342, 6781, 58, 83, 23, 70, 39055, 432, 34677, 25946, 23, 42673, 5, 194397, 6056, 1919, 6897, 4, 764, 136475, 47, 112518, 147115, 5, 1529, 1902, 10, 6897, 10617, 130970, 47, 58755, 67, 5531, 299, 1681, 25, 7, 85745, 7, 74, 43573, 70, 3564, 111, 1919, 6897, 4, 10, 21950, 678, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 164156, 7, 509, 91376, 5, 360, 543, 13023, 636, 147, 80723, 10, 120696, 3934, 70, 89176, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 26983, 2069, 8305, 70, 169047, 4, 51651, 4, 62, 11911, 18339, 4, 143339, 184, 4, 5787, 53588, 4, 219371, 102, 4, 203439, 4, 136, 63457, 20102, 5, 360, 3357, 73048, 4, 25842, 678, 188304, 7, 4, 636, 147, 914, 9319, 297, 1919, 49128, 7, 98, 70, 89176, 3917, 111, 6897, 4, 7262, 40250, 7, 4, 136, 70, 62607, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 42762, 7, 5, 6619, 17311, 33946, 47, 636, 147, 509, 70, 62, 11911, 18339, 4, 3129, 764, 36997, 71, 23, 543, 11548, 4, 8305, 70, 23342, 2063, 15, 159360, 3922, 4, 62, 9728, 70386, 4, 22700, 7680, 35481, 4, 35792, 11, 13400, 16, 136, 70, 37385, 916, 111, 40914, 944, 276, 75813, 15, 174830, 583, 45, 22986, 516, 136, 884, 44571, 4342, 247, 390, 142, 10332, 2412, 4517, 28560, 111, 70, 2412, 94266, 6468, 5, 636, 147, 169361, 10, 63926, 206, 111, 70, 92264, 54427, 111, 884, 372, 678, 101057, 602, 75504, 4, 136, 151552, 70, 92264, 54427, 111, 37060, 157, 4, 678, 70, 37702, 133, 111, 27860, 22796, 9222, 35462, 1916, 70, 18410, 111719, 111, 66500, 7680, 44924, 4, 3129, 509, 3568, 122009, 10, 10846, 5369, 14432, 47, 125568, 120767, 141, 34754, 5, 1913, 66812, 45, 22986, 516, 4, 636, 147, 151552, 70, 41710, 7464, 7432, 111, 70, 101120, 7, 136, 70, 34923, 25526, 11048, 5, 636, 147, 102917, 538, 112730, 70, 16569, 4, 1284, 764, 2843, 112730, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38157, 636, 147, 21204, 4347, 543, 1530, 4, 109383, 31, 7514, 46, 1702, 18982, 142399, 4, 1735, 26973, 16, 509, 142, 14941, 22104, 4, 17, 217319, 4, 19612, 3378, 4, 42179, 136, 30260, 4, 5036, 51529, 153161, 100, 1919, 82575, 53, 351, 100033, 23, 30260, 1294, 136, 117303, 136, 41866, 1919, 46844, 41537, 7, 4, 10, 3173, 764, 5700, 52021, 5, 18763, 7893, 58555, 111, 4488, 237, 142, 22104, 3542, 17262, 42822, 12, 237, 10, 8167, 46526, 45211, 6, 212423, 47, 58755, 67, 263, 6468, 136, 85825, 74, 20662, 134855, 297, 188304, 7, 20271, 1919, 120696, 7, 4, 3129, 764, 456, 18244, 297, 14432, 4, 68018, 237, 182482, 100, 1919, 26983, 42840, 74, 237, 10, 15, 1249, 748, 16, 17, 217319, 111, 74733, 4, 47443, 5531, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Artist.", "\"Illustrated Excursions in Italy\" (1842–46).", "Composer and musician.", "Relationships.", "San Remo and death.", "Author.", "Portrayals." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Lear was born into a middle-class family at Holloway, North London, the penultimate of 21 children (and youngest to survive) of Ann Clark Skerrett and Jeremiah Lear, a stockbroker formerly working for the family sugar refining business. He was raised by his eldest sister, also named Ann, 21 years his senior. Jeremiah Lear ended up defaulting to the London Stock Exchange in the economic upheaval following the Napoleonic Wars; owing to the family's now more limited finances, Lear and his sister were required to leave the family home, Bowmans Lodge, and live together when he was aged four. Ann doted on Edward and continued to act as a mother for him until her death, when he was almost 50 years of age. Lear suffered from lifelong health afflictions. From the age of six he suffered frequent \"grand mal\" epileptic seizures, and bronchitis, asthma, and during later life, partial blindness. Lear experienced his first seizure at a fair near Highgate with his father. The event scared and embarrassed him. Lear felt lifelong guilt and shame for his epileptic condition. His adult diaries indicate that he always sensed the onset of a seizure in time to remove himself from public view. When Lear was about seven years old he began to show signs of depression, possibly due to the instability of his childhood. He suffered from periods of severe melancholia which he referred to as \"the Morbids.\"", "Lear was already drawing \"for bread and cheese\" by the time he was aged 16 and soon developed into a serious \"ornithological draughtsman\" employed by the Zoological Society and then from 1832 to 1836 by the Earl of Derby, who kept a private menagerie at his estate, Knowsley Hall. He was the first major bird artist to draw birds from real live birds, instead of skins. Lear's first publication, published when he was 19 years old, was \"Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots\" in 1830. One of the greatest ornithological artists of his era, he taught Elizabeth Gould whilst also contributing to John Gould's works and was compared by some to the naturalist John James Audubon. His eyesight deteriorated too much to work with such precision on the fine drawings and etchings of plates used in lithography, thus he turned to landscape painting and travel. Among other travels, he visited Greece and Egypt during 1848–49, and toured India during 1873–75, including a brief detour to Ceylon. While travelling he produced large quantities of coloured wash drawings in a distinctive style, which he converted later in his studio into oil and watercolour paintings, as well as prints for his books. His landscape style often shows views with strong sunlight, with intense contrasts of colour. Between 1878 and 1883 Lear spent his summers on Monte Generoso, a mountain on the border between the Swiss canton of Ticino and the Italian region of Lombardy. His oil painting \"The Plains of Lombardy from Monte Generoso\" is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. Throughout his life, he continued to paint seriously. He had a lifelong ambition to illustrate Tennyson's poems; near the end of his life, a volume with a small number of illustrations was published.", "In 1842 Lear began a journey into the Italian peninsula, travelling through the Lazio, Rome, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily. In personal notes, together with drawings, Lear gathered his impressions on the Italian way of life, folk traditions, and the beauty of the ancient monuments. Of particular interest to Lear was the Abruzzo, which he visited in 1843, through the Marsica (Celano, Avezzano, Alba Fucens, Trasacco) and the plateau of Cinque Miglia (Castel di Sangro and Alfedena), by an old sheep track of the shepherds. Lear drew a sketch of the medieval village of Albe with Mount Sirente, and described the medieval village of Celano, with the castle of Piccolomini dominating the vast plain of Lago Fucino, which was drained a few years later to promote agricultural development. At Castel di Sangro, Lear described the winter stillness of the mountains and the beautiful basilica.", "Lear primarily played the piano, but he also played the accordion, flute, and small guitar. He composed music for many Romantic and Victorian poems, but was known mostly for his many musical settings of Tennyson's poetry. He published four settings in 1853, five in 1859, and three in 1860. Lear's were the only musical settings that Tennyson approved of. Lear also composed music for many of his nonsense songs, including \"The Owl and the Pussy-cat,\" but only two of the scores have survived, the music for \"The Courtship of the Yonghy-Bonghy-Bò\" and \"The Pelican Chorus\". While he never played professionally, he did perform his own nonsense songs and his settings of others' poetry at countless social gatherings, sometimes adding his own lyrics (as with the song \"The Nervous Family\"), and sometimes replacing serious lyrics with nursery rhymes.", "Lear's most fervent and painful friendship was with Franklin Lushington. He met the young barrister in Malta in 1849 and then toured southern Greece with him. Lear developed an infatuation for him that Lushington did not wholly reciprocate. Although they remained friends for almost forty years, until Lear's death, the disparity of their feelings constantly tormented Lear. Indeed, Lear's attempts at male companionship were not always successful; the very intensity of Lear's affections may have doomed these relationships. The closest he came to marriage was two proposals, both to the same woman 46 years his junior, which were not accepted. For companions, he relied instead on friends and correspondents, and especially, during later life, on his Albanian Souliote chef, Giorgis, a faithful friend and, as Lear complained, a thoroughly unsatisfactory chef. Another trusted companion in San Remo was his cat, Foss, who died in 1886 and was buried with some ceremony in a garden at Villa Tennyson.", "Lear travelled widely throughout his life and eventually settled in San Remo, on his beloved Mediterranean coast, in the 1870s, at a villa he named \"Villa Tennyson.\" Lear was known to introduce himself with a long pseudonym: \"Mr Abebika kratoponoko Prizzikalo Kattefello Ablegorabalus Ableborinto phashyph\" or \"Chakonoton the Cozovex Dossi Fossi Sini Tomentilla Coronilla Polentilla Battledore & Shuttlecock Derry down Derry Dumps\" which he based on \"Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos\". After a long decline in his health, Lear died at his villa in 1888 of heart disease, from which he had suffered since at least 1870. Lear's funeral was said to be a sad, lonely affair by the wife of Dr. Hassall, Lear's physician, none of Lear's many lifelong friends being able to attend. Lear is buried in the Cemetery Foce in San Remo. On his headstone are inscribed these lines about Mount Tomohrit (in Albania) from Tennyson's poem \"To E.L. [Edward Lear], On His Travels in Greece\": The centenary of his death was marked in Britain with a set of Royal Mail stamps in 1988 and an exhibition at the Royal Academy. Lear's birthplace area is now marked with a plaque at Bowman's Mews, Islington, in London, and his bicentenary during 2012 was celebrated with a variety of events, exhibitions and lectures in venues across the world including an International Owl and Pussycat Day on his birth anniversary.", "In 1846 Lear published \",\" a volume of limericks which went through three editions and helped popularize the form and the genre of literary nonsense. In 1871 he published \"Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets\", which included his most famous nonsense song, \"The Owl and the Pussycat,\" which he wrote for the children of his patron Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby. Many other works followed. Lear's nonsense books were quite popular during his lifetime, but a rumour developed that \"Edward Lear\" was merely a pseudonym, and the books' true author was the man to whom Lear had dedicated the works, his patron the Earl of Derby. Promoters of this rumour offered as evidence that both men were named Edward, and that \"Lear\" is an anagram of \"Earl.\" Lear's nonsense works are distinguished by a facility of verbal invention and a poet's delight in the sounds of words, both real and imaginary. A stuffed rhinoceros becomes a \"diaphanous doorscraper.\" A \"blue Boss-Woss\" plunges into \"a perpendicular, spicular, orbicular, quadrangular, circular depth of soft mud.\" His heroes are Quangle-Wangles, Pobbles, and Jumblies. One of his most famous verbal inventions, the phrase \"runcible spoon,\" occurs in the closing lines of \"The Owl and the Pussycat,\" and is now found in many English dictionaries: Though famous for his neologisms, Lear used a number of other devices in his works in order to defy reader expectations. For example, \"Cold Are the Crabs\" conforms to the sonnet tradition until its dramatically foreshortened last line. Today, limericks are invariably typeset as five lines. Lear's limericks, however, were published in a variety of formats; it appears that Lear wrote them in manuscript in as many lines as there was room for beneath the picture. For the first three editions, most are typeset as, respectively, two, five, and three lines. The cover of one edition bears an entire limerick typeset in two lines: In Lear's limericks, the first and last lines usually end with the same word rather than rhyming. For the most part they are truly nonsensical and devoid of any punch line or point. They are completely free of the bawdiness with which the verse form is now associated. A typical thematic element is the presence of a callous and critical \"they.\" An example of a typical Lear limerick: Lear's self-description in verse, \"How Pleasant to know Mr. Lear,\" ends with this stanza, a reference to his own mortality: Five of Lear's limericks from the Book of Nonsense, in the 1946 Italian translation by Carlo Izzo, were set to music for choir a cappella by Goffredo Petrassi in 1952.", "Edward Lear has been played in radio dramas by Andrew Sachs in \"The Need for Nonsense\" by Julia Blackburn (BBC Radio 4, 9 February 2009) and by Derek Jacobi in \"By the Coast of Coromandel\" by Lavinia Murray (BBC Radio 4, 21 December 2011)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 15236, 56, 538, 136, 67842, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 683, 1606, 5259, 830, 44, 139117, 1018, 18, 830, 44, 139117, 1018, 927, 830, 136, 44, 139117, 13, 5259, 58, 70, 71119, 127, 25, 7, 9351, 83, 111, 51, 106290, 73, 59665, 74, 3060, 97264, 42459, 10, 30057, 1363, 40101, 1295, 70, 21689, 188, 6402, 2565, 44, 3166, 735, 1181, 830, 44, 77922, 107, 830, 707, 1295, 44, 13409, 13, 2828, 830, 44, 402, 172, 11048, 830, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 13036, 106820, 247, 68034, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 160600, 144860, 5463, 44, 402, 172, 15904, 740, 33306, 4, 3060, 50695, 4745, 3687, 9, 11627, 42840, 42459, 44, 683, 3405, 1192, 25, 7, 109412, 64, 119488, 214, 830, 1295, 70, 25074, 14941, 3357, 9351, 44, 683, 3405, 1192, 830, 44, 119488, 214, 830, 136, 44, 133, 1292, 127, 830, 44, 25876, 740, 31692, 32784, 27252, 121694, 136, 3805, 6387, 21204, 65283, 621, 17164, 297, 96362, 10010, 33992, 111, 70, 9351, 5, 581, 69704, 1771, 153648, 83, 44, 683, 1298, 164, 1746, 740, 129756, 4293, 1556, 2667, 11, 28692, 59665, 7, 5, 62, 1608, 5310, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 2809, 170920, 390, 70, 305, 927, 9, 32359, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 120552, 2667, 92, 4, 12190, 12969, 73, 99, 10, 1764, 43573, 10, 7401, 9146, 98, 70, 22392, 85186, 27646, 51529, 237, 70, 10699, 12397, 7, 5, 145733, 129756, 4293, 21, 22824, 158, 99736, 6635, 209806, 442, 1543, 765, 2809, 4, 33233, 581, 129756, 4293, 43198, 17007, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 3253, 1970, 1603, 43198, 17007, 707, 70, 15790, 12176, 434, 72567, 43198, 17007, 4, 3542, 37842, 23, 129756, 4293, 23, 611, 14773, 5, 132556, 3542, 158, 686, 89829, 136, 43606, 3542, 10756, 297, 136, 7068, 96865, 18, 98, 70, 2902, 41566, 15497, 5, 581, 481, 47143, 7, 3542, 373, 46572, 99, 9920, 8420, 1507, 47832, 23, 70, 65272, 581, 81207, 135555, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 4, 69347, 129756, 4293, 1295, 10, 19336, 16839, 59444, 47, 142, 5526, 25297, 59444, 23, 70, 72399, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 7, 31913, 110281, 297, 14941, 48137, 144044, 74, 177705, 7, 1295, 6631, 42, 72567, 136, 70, 194953, 7, 578, 297, 3934, 10, 59444, 450, 122399, 74464, 47, 24793, 136, 20020, 5, 33306, 4, 5795, 92, 77736, 1810, 111, 54543, 23, 729, 5039, 5, 581, 48137, 7, 101089, 297, 47, 70, 97751, 1363, 190655, 15, 408, 7088, 107, 16, 9638, 27751, 7, 35839, 44, 683, 1606, 4293, 740, 9626, 70, 133465, 111, 14978, 1311, 9821, 7435, 6463, 9444, 121387, 4, 129756, 4293, 100512, 70, 8999, 11698, 100, 86997, 20662, 5, 581, 11192, 9, 45215, 131720, 71, 642, 11, 7864, 3268, 52021, 61261, 23, 53560, 18782, 7, 7103, 729, 5039, 4, 167575, 1916, 23, 70, 165523, 44, 148545, 21533, 5550, 58, 111, 543, 1549, 5, 9578, 57877, 1830, 4, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 9638, 27751, 16839, 136, 10, 4537, 105774, 23, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 12441, 47, 121392, 65572, 450, 34390, 71, 70, 131011, 111, 642, 11, 7864, 5, 200541, 538, 70, 48137, 144044, 47143, 297, 23, 6226, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 8363, 927, 142642, 642, 11, 6496, 1902, 24209, 70, 59444, 25, 7, 7893, 53099, 5, 581, 129756, 4293, 642, 11, 7864, 25, 2684, 170277, 38742, 3542, 70, 9638, 27751, 7, 4, 3129, 136355, 70, 129756, 4293, 9876, 22766, 7228, 54543, 2886, 7103, 8035, 6, 23432, 19, 390, 10, 27150, 44109, 31485, 5, 262, 61518, 8035, 111, 10, 190655, 14, 4331, 136, 142901, 71, 23, 3789, 63920, 111, 14713, 4, 70, 120, 147, 138810, 9, 5062, 103510, 33662, 100512, 51529, 390, 129756, 4293, 25, 7, 9351, 36880, 70, 171827, 8999, 5, 106073, 70, 9638, 27751, 7, 36069, 20051, 1810, 111, 54543, 23, 70, 111994, 7, 4, 70, 129756, 4293, 103510, 47143, 7, 142, 5526, 26582, 111, 70, 59444, 12, 70, 129756, 4293, 25946, 76104, 7, 10, 88551, 42486, 111, 70, 7311, 9638, 27751, 7, 23, 903, 4331, 4, 136, 442, 1556, 2809, 11814, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 23, 70, 5744, 7643, 111, 15790, 12176, 434, 72567, 70615, 4, 70, 4000, 180210, 5, 129551, 47, 84092, 944, 36060, 686, 9, 97315, 223, 7, 4, 32565, 98, 70, 32692, 111, 190655, 150207, 8080, 25, 7, 642, 11, 6496, 53088, 1902, 2809, 151552, 23, 42840, 4, 1284, 23, 10, 4552, 51, 73, 1708, 7883, 2661, 46876, 5, 4939, 6921, 9494, 91376, 23, 47114, 10, 12877, 24, 4806, 150207, 8080, 4, 10, 148027, 23, 93951, 9, 183921, 360, 18026, 69098, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 33444, 90, 70, 190655, 150207, 8080, 32692, 136, 3642, 6097, 150207, 8080, 93403, 98, 70, 28811, 30318, 20271, 70, 20099, 7236, 142642, 5, 581, 12877, 194397, 6863, 642, 11, 6496, 135488, 19, 2481, 4, 129756, 4293, 21647, 297, 110, 80272, 939, 237, 8035, 10, 80109, 13, 136, 208806, 53560, 59444, 136, 17721, 543, 2485, 136, 543, 1549, 100512, 70, 28302, 111, 10, 26368, 6827, 5550, 5, 200541, 6, 241522, 4, 39395, 52350, 7, 69941, 8780, 136, 17690, 214, 932, 289, 21449, 25842, 47, 27489, 46889, 32837, 5256, 4, 377, 1405, 1294, 124666, 7565, 70, 11192, 48800, 4, 3835, 1427, 30591, 136, 110324, 7, 100, 1360, 11, 1681, 5, 43101, 2320, 1295, 70, 14922, 117414, 7, 450, 645, 927, 15555, 111, 70, 27759, 509, 3853, 49432, 3674, 390, 3060, 5, 581, 642, 11, 7864, 111, 129756, 4293, 3542, 68782, 36457, 23, 70, 242, 148545, 21533, 581, 25313, 52028, 111, 543, 8894, 1104, 11548, 5962, 129756, 4293, 7941, 237, 2684, 111, 70, 48137, 7, 8633, 18, 7565, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 48137, 144044, 4, 12661, 111, 25837, 23409, 4620, 9167, 18, 5, 62, 128274, 111, 70, 43904, 509, 98, 70425, 123046, 5, 581, 56195, 33744, 4, 10868, 12452, 1460, 583, 68872, 47, 27992, 5, 1529, 111670, 71, 78301, 9458, 7, 100, 123046, 136, 9325, 1919, 10002, 99638, 13, 47, 70, 26349, 47, 1601, 41079, 6863, 113068, 5, 1529, 122991, 71, 44109, 31485, 47, 95549, 129756, 4293, 38742, 129756, 4293, 134729, 297, 99162, 388, 5908, 23, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 5, 581, 59444, 25, 7, 1631, 21502, 141, 509, 82775, 390, 10868, 12452, 2091, 9013, 56, 15, 126340, 97264, 129756, 4293, 509, 2843, 70, 1764, 111, 142, 45559, 450, 26038, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 129756, 4293, 15, 2819, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 59444, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 65272, 9879, 61187, 15534, 111, 176637, 5, 135016, 3674, 144477, 111, 70, 95932, 14, 18234, 6163, 90, 4, 70, 59444, 132988, 7, 70, 26349, 111, 181787, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 136, 6363, 4028, 1577, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 22392, 85186, 27646, 4, 10, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 32547, 313, 538, 112, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history.", "Witch Trials.", "Industrial Revolution.", "Origins of Paisley Shawls.", "Political Radicalism.", "Economic Hardship.", "First World War.", "Paisley Snail.", "Second World War.", "Industrial Decline.", "Regeneration.", "Geography and climate.", "Economy.", "Landmarks.", "Civic buildings.", "Religious sites.", "Other.", "Education.", "Religion.", "Notable people.", "Media.", "Sport.", "Transport.", "Government and politics.", "Public services.", "International relations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Formerly and variously known as \"Paislay\", \"Passelet\", \"Passeleth\", and \"Passelay\" the burgh's name is of uncertain origin; some sources suggest a derivation either from the Brittonic word \"pasgill\", \"pasture\", or from \"passeleg\", \"basilica\", (i.e. major church), itself derived from the Greek βασιλική \"basilika\". However, some Scottish place-name books suggest \"Pæssa's wood/clearing\", from the Old English personal name \"Pæssa\", \"clearing\", and \"leāh\", \"wood\". Pasilege (1182) and Paslie (1214) are recorded previous spellings of the name. The Gaelic translation is \"Pàislig\". Paisley has monastic origins. A chapel is said to have been established by the 6th-/7th-century Irish monk, Saint Mirin at a site near a waterfall on the White Cart Water known as the Hammils. Though Paisley lacks contemporary documentation it may have been, along", "The Paisley witches, also known as the Bargarran witches or the Renfrewshire witches, were tried in Paisley in 1697. Seven were convicted and five were hanged and then burnt on the Gallow Green. Their remains were buried at Maxwelton Cross in the west", "The Industrial Revolution, based on the textile industry, turned Paisley from a small market town to an important industrial town in the late 18th century. Its location attracted English mill owners; immigrants from Ayrshire and the Highlands poured into a town that offered jobs to women and children. However, silk fell out of fashion in 1790. The mills switched to the imitation Kashmir (cashmere) shawls called \"Paisley\". Under the leadership of Thomas Coats (1809-1893), Paisley became the world centre for thread making. The high-status skilled weavers mobilised themselves in radical protests after 1790, culminating in the failed \"Radical War\" of 1820. Overproduction, the collapse of the shawl market and a general depression in the textile industry led to technical changes that reduced the importance of weavers. Politically the mill owners remained in control of the town.", "By the mid-19th century weaving had become the town's principal industry. The Paisley weavers' most famous products were the shawls, which bore the Paisley Pattern made fashionable after being worn by a young Queen Victoria. Despite being of a Kashmiri design and manufactured in other parts of Europe, the teardrop-like pattern soon became known by Paisley's name across the western world. Although the shawls dropped out of fashion in the 1870s, the Paisley pattern remains an important symbol of the town: the Paisley Museum maintains a significant collection of the original shawls in this design, and it has been used, for example, in the modern logo of Renfrewshire Council, the local authority. According to Monique Lévi-Strauss, informations on the history of Kashmir Shawls's weaving techniques had been described in books, but in a very unintelligible language. John Irwin published in 1955 a book named Shawls, a Study in Indo-European Influences, in which he relates the Kashmir Shawls history and how these Shawls spread on the European Market during the XIX° century. The book", "Through its weaving fraternity, Paisley gained notoriety as being a literate and somewhat radical town and between 1816 and 1820 became the scene of a Radical War. Political intrigue, early trades unionism and reforming zeal came together to produce mass demonstrations, cavalry charges down the high street, public riots and trials for treason. Documentation from the period indicates that overthrow of the government was even contemplated by some. The weavers of Paisley were certainly active in the 'Radical", "The economic crisis of 1841–43 hit Paisley hard as most of the mills shut down. Among the mill owners, 67 of 112 went bankrupt. A quarter of the population was on poor relief. The Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel decided to act. He secured additional funds for relief and sent his own representative to the city to supervise its distribution. He convinced Queen Victoria to wear Paisley products", "Paisley suffered heavy losses in the First World War. The town's war memorial was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer (other sources", "Paisley was also the site of an incident that gave rise to a major legal precedent. In a Paisley cafe in 1928, a woman allegedly found a dead snail in a bottle of ginger beer, and became ill. She sued the manufacturer for negligence. At the time", "Owing to its industrial roots, Paisley, like many industrial towns in Renfrewshire, became a target for German \"Luftwaffe\" bombers during World War II. Although it was not bombed as heavily as nearby Glasgow (see Clydebank Blitz), air raids still occurred periodically during the early years of the war, killing nearly", "Paisley, as with other areas in Renfrewshire, was at one time famous for its weaving and textile industries. As a consequence, the Paisley pattern has long symbolic associations with the town. Until the Jacquard loom was introduced in the 1820s, weaving was a cottage industry. This innovation led to the industrialisation of the process and many larger mills were created in the town. Also as a consequence of greater mechanisation, many weavers lost their livelihoods and left for Canada and Australia. Paisley was for many years a centre for the manufacture of cotton sewing thread. At the heyday of Paisley thread manufacture in the 1930s, there were 28,000 people employed in the huge Anchor and Ferguslie mills of J & P Coats Ltd, said to be the largest of their kind in the world at that time. In the 1950s, the mills diversified into the production of synthetic threads but production diminished rapidly as a result of less expensive imports from overseas and the establishment of mills in India and Brazil by J & P Coats. By the end of the 1993, there was", "In 2015, the town launched its bid to become UK City of Culture in 2021. On 15 July 2017 Paisley was announced as one of five shortlisted candidates, however", "Paisley sits primarily on an expanse of low ground around 12 metres (40 ft) above sea level surrounding the White Cart Water, which runs through the town centre. There are some hills and ridges which have been absorbed as the town has expanded. The settlement is historically centred on Oakshaw, an area surrounding a hill to the north of the current High Street. Oakshaw is a conservation area, and on the high ground many of Paisley's significant buildings can be found, such as the High Kirk, the Coats Observatory and the former John Neilson Institution, which was once a school and is now converted into residential flats. Around the centre there are a large number of older residential buildings. The town centre, Whitehaugh, Seedhill and Charleston areas contain many examples of Scottish tenement flats. Three to four storeys tall, with shops on the ground floor and constructed of local pale and red sandstone, these tenement flats have been extensively restored and modernised over the last two decades. Paisley expanded steadily,", "Public sector organisations in Paisley include the headquarters of Renfrewshire Council, the largest campus of the University of the West of Scotland, the Paisley campus of West College Scotland and the Royal Alexandra Hospital. Glasgow Airport, located on the northern edge of Paisley, is also a significant employer and part", "", "As the administrative centre of the county of Renfrewshire, Renfrew District and, currently, Renfrewshire council area, Paisley is home to many significant civic buildings. Paisley Town Hall, adjacent to the Abbey, was funded by the will of George Aitken Clark, one of the Clark family, owners of the Anchor Mills. In competition, Sir Peter Coats funded the construction of the modern Paisley Museum and Central Library (1871), also in a neo-Classical style. The Clarks and Coats families dominated Paisley industry until their companies merged in 1896. Renfrewshire's former County Buildings, Police Station and Jail", "Most noticeable among the buildings of Paisley is its medieval Abbey in the centre of the town dating from the 12th century. The earliest surviving architecture is the south-east doorway in the nave from the cloister, which has a round arched doorway typical of Romanesque or Norman architecture which was the prevalent architectural style before the adoption of Gothic. The choir (east end) and tower date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries and are examples of Gothic Revival architecture. They were reconstructed in three main phases of restorations with the tower and choir conforming to the designs of Dr Peter MacGregor Chalmers. The roof in the nave is the most recent of restorations with the plaster ceiling by Rev Dr Boog which was added in the 1790s being replaced", "Dating from circa 1160 Blackhall Manor is the oldest building in Paisley. It was given to the Burgh of Paisley by the Shaw-Stewart family in 1940, but was threatened with demolition in 1978. It was privately purchased in 1982 and fully restored as a private dwelling. As a result of its historic textile industry, Paisley has many examples of Victorian industrial architecture. Most notable is the Category A listed Anchor Mills, built in 1886. The building was converted in 2005 into residential flats. Textiles have a longer history in Paisley, represented by the Sma' Shot cottages complex on Shuttle Street: a small public museum of weaving from its 18th-century origins as a cottage industry. Another landmark connected with the textile industry is the Dooslan Stane or Stone. The stone was a", "Paisley is the main site for the modern University of the West of Scotland, which was created from a merger between the University of Paisley and Bell College in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. The University of Paisley was granted university status in 1992, having existed previously as a central institution known as Paisley College of Technology. The further education college West College Scotland has a campus in the town; this institution was previously known as Reid Kerr College. There are currently four comprehensive state", "Paisley is home to a number of religious denominations and is an important historical centre for the Christian faith in Scotland. The town's historic patron saint is Saint Mirin (or Mirren); according to legendary accounts, Mirin settled in Paisley as a missionary sent from Ireland in the 6th century and was instrumental in bringing the relics of St Andrew to Scotland. Paisley Abbey, one of the towns most significant landmarks, was constructed as a priory in the 12th century and raised to abbey status in the 13th. It served as an ecclesiastical centre for a wide area surrounding the county of Renfrewshire for centuries until the Reformation when such religious centres were reduced to the status of parish churches. For the Church of Scotland, Paisley forms part of the Presbytery of Greenock and", "Historically, Paisley was notable as the religious home of the Stewart family who descended from Walter FitzAlan, the first High Steward of Scotland and founder of Paisley Abbey, eventually becoming the Scottish and British Royal Family. The Stewarts once resided at a castle in nearby Renfrew. All six of the High Stewards are buried in the Abbey, as", "Paisley has one local daily newspaper, the Paisley Daily Express, which is owned by the Trinity Mirror Group. Various local radio stations have operated at times, including Q96 from 1992 to 2007 – serving the", "St Mirren F.C. is Paisley's sole professional association football team. As of 2018, it plays in the Scottish Premiership. In 2009, the team moved from their Love Street stadium to a new 8,029 capacity stadium, known formally as St Mirren Park, on Greenhill Road. The stadium was later renamed as The Paisley 2021 Stadium to mark the town's bid to be UK City of Culture in 2021. St Mirren last won the Scottish Cup on 16 May 1987. Since then, the club has won the Scottish First Division title twice, in 1999–2000 and in 2005–06, as well as winning the Challenge Cup in 2005. The club won the Scottish League Cup for the first time in its history on 17 March 2013. In addition to professional football, the club is also involved in youth development and social projects in the town. Another professional football team, Abercorn F.C., was based in Paisley until its decline and liquidation in 1920. Basketball has a strong history in Paisley. St Mirren is a leading basketball team, currently competing in Division 1 of the Scottish National League. The team was formed in 1997 and are regular challengers at the top of the table. They have won the National League title once, in 2000, and have won the Scottish Cup three times", "Paisley is connected to the motorway network and the National Rail network, and contains Glasgow Airport within its boundaries. Paisley is connected by road to the UK motorway network, with the M8 running along the northern edge of the town, providing access to Greenock to the west and Glasgow to the east. This forms part of the unsigned E05 Euroroute from Greenock to Gibraltar. Many major A roads converge through the town, including the A726, A737 and A761. The Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, a public body, has direct operational responsibilities covering the area, such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services in Paisley and across Strathclyde. The town has four railway stations and is linked by rail to Glasgow city centre as well as Inverclyde and the", "Paisley is the administrative centre for the council area of Renfrewshire Council, and also lies within the registration county of the same name. The town is divided into Community Councils for representation at the most local", "Paisley lies within the Renfrewshire and Inverclyde Division of the Scottish police service and is one of three Area Commands in that division. Paisley is divided into five community policing areas: Paisley North-west (incorporating Glasgow Airport); Paisley South-west; Paisley East and Ralston; Paisley South; Gallowhill (as part of Renfrew and Gallowhill). Gallowhill is covered by the Renfrew Area Command. For judicial purposes, the area forms part of the sheriffdom of North Strathclyde and public prosecutions are directed by the Procurator Fiscal for Argyll and Clyde. There is a", "Paisley is twinned with: http://www.paisley.org.uk/" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14787, 313, 5, 2291, 47126, 509, 103122, 23, 62704, 98, 8055, 534, 4, 64972, 4, 775, 111, 12452, 136, 62, 56818, 379, 15, 166334, 7, 16, 2291, 47126, 4, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 69190, 191, 111, 4939, 57418, 2408, 111558, 4, 70, 37195, 927, 34202, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 136, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 7134, 257, 69190, 191, 111, 4939, 111558, 4, 70, 17932, 34202, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 44, 28848, 14787, 25, 7, 127319, 4, 1919, 42732, 54397, 47, 604, 992, 11030, 45233, 12, 242, 20861, 7, 10336, 83, 10, 46889, 111, 6, 122077, 7, 3129, 1221, 3249, 4049, 6713, 4552, 157167, 67175, 3229, 4, 237, 10, 33984, 10332, 232432, 4, 764, 1661, 7, 54799, 70, 1585, 206, 179645, 214, 87338, 5, 25, 44, 194397, 903, 31330, 2412, 2843, 73342, 7, 3642, 2291, 47126, 75204, 1919, 9351, 12, 44, 13025, 83, 47, 186, 24, 4806, 14787, 2041, 26404, 100, 759, 82953, 4, 237, 70, 2291, 47126, 14449, 6777, 959, 16916, 450, 87, 509, 70, 12096, 111, 3445, 47, 27489, 10, 4127, 22072, 4, 136, 221, 70488, 70, 9351, 378, 98385, 268, 100, 759, 82953, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 21763, 25, 7, 68073, 7673, 132, 11193, 47126, 20986, 138577, 5, 581, 2291, 47126, 25, 21449, 1295, 10, 42592, 429, 111, 157167, 67175, 22072, 7, 450, 80723, 3229, 70, 5117, 4939, 2291, 47126, 21449, 47, 70, 23295, 1295, 8446, 7, 42118, 4, 77261, 4, 30715, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 18763, 775, 4, 1773, 5, 4939, 2291, 47126, 4, 107154, 12535, 150180, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 24209, 10, 22072, 136, 9842, 70, 216473, 111, 70, 4939, 27762, 20540, 7, 15, 11193, 47126, 20986, 19721, 1104, 10461, 5, 33306, 4, 44, 205503, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 10, 183093, 4, 1284, 14787, 509, 70, 5117, 32786, 111, 70, 14449, 47, 28, 7560, 434, 70, 27165, 740, 28090, 1919, 1809, 964, 87168, 15, 11193, 47126, 20986, 247, 442, 83, 97384, 450, 2291, 47126, 30957, 297, 107154, 29693, 23, 61786, 678, 10, 202104, 23, 14941, 136, 15672, 163136, 5, 24372, 25975, 26518, 23, 60775, 4, 2291, 47126, 36663, 47, 237360, 10, 80997, 237, 10, 73962, 669, 678, 10, 44, 36791, 86595, 23, 70, 6817, 678, 25031, 87416, 22392, 111, 70, 31678, 28957, 4, 195459, 4, 58, 17067, 25643, 13, 830, 58, 1284, 6637, 111, 70, 262, 48448, 70, 73962, 5809, 110, 51713, 18645, 4049, 70, 12447, 4, 137802, 2291, 47126, 51, 212423, 15, 11193, 47126, 38576, 12, 21320, 5, 44, 4153, 24644, 4, 764, 139505, 156946, 59797, 2750, 47143, 297, 1919, 6897, 10617, 146731, 4755, 740, 2291, 47126, 149976, 23, 70, 353, 1405, 118886, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 74, 100, 44, 160018, 5369, 136, 10, 23552, 98, 36457, 115, 939, 4, 1286, 3501, 6626, 3542, 66933, 23, 75101, 111, 19336, 109923, 7, 81810, 71, 23, 2874, 22144, 44503, 13, 1631, 44937, 136, 70, 8453, 111, 134698, 53, 41018, 7, 58, 15, 11193, 47126, 38576, 23837, 194, 106073, 764, 149976, 100, 70, 115, 30494, 111, 70, 1631, 4, 764, 14432, 36510, 297, 23, 1919, 1809, 964, 87168, 450, 764, 1902, 44, 464, 10974, 6620, 678, 70, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 111, 70, 24, 1405, 1791, 147, 7668, 136, 1919, 2837, 85, 73, 100, 23082, 8, 1042, 93324, 7, 4, 41866, 8382, 23, 57495, 15182, 9523, 90356, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 121691, 538, 89499, 7, 740, 51404, 2291, 47126, 509, 99, 107154, 29693, 4, 44, 1264, 29860, 7, 70, 2684, 8951, 79507, 98, 14787, 237, 142, 1379, 88610, 2182, 509, 1919, 14941, 121314, 56159, 24073, 45901, 299, 18939, 8, 5346, 188, 740, 44, 205503, 27, 509, 110281, 297, 47, 8, 5346, 188, 25, 7, 43515, 1672, 70, 111719, 7, 136, 70, 1645, 14, 10484, 4, 1284, 1286, 4, 47, 70, 8561, 2481, 111, 70, 60742, 111, 3395, 136, 70, 15672, 62816, 237, 36510, 297, 23, 4122, 1177, 48850, 32562, 5, 360, 5941, 48322, 4, 5792, 4, 14787, 30666, 297, 70, 144996, 8780, 7, 111, 8, 5346, 188, 4, 70, 1810, 19364, 538, 337, 19656, 10821, 47, 1444, 15, 8789, 959, 100, 40101, 70, 97551, 56, 1419, 13893, 2481, 16, 136, 70, 28780, 19, 111, 91768, 11, 6562, 60971, 3826, 238, 58, 450, 83, 51592, 23, 1919, 12877, 111, 30260, 1294, 44, 3957, 52334, 206, 1391, 5076, 58, 215046, 5, 4, 2291, 47126, 100512, 60892, 23, 19633, 25443, 390, 38043, 23, 142, 65998, 7440, 3395, 621, 103210, 6, 144729, 111, 2265, 91582, 5, 2291, 47126, 98363, 7, 1919, 14018, 3956, 47, 19633, 25443, 237, 44, 11, 26866, 111, 18227, 74, 707, 43257, 4, 87, 4163, 3934, 19633, 25443, 6637, 87, 1902, 33720, 11522, 47, 54, 58, 15, 11193, 47126, 38576, 12, 21320, 5, 155484, 33876, 115730, 56, 1681, 4, 10, 3530, 1430, 6133, 136, 30355, 106622, 2750, 18822, 71, 450, 756, 41664, 7, 5608, 186, 35509, 98, 10, 51, 47314, 5423, 111, 70, 4524, 70760, 136, 55300, 109622, 24702, 1577, 4, 509, 142, 5526, 79507, 42, 98, 2291, 47126, 80280, 5, 2291, 47126, 4, 678, 110, 12447, 136, 33720, 47, 54, 4, 29966, 297, 115730, 56, 1681, 25, 7, 28622, 99, 107154, 1632, 5155, 136, 509, 109312, 39958, 390, 1919, 59619, 5, 2291, 47126, 509, 2843, 79507, 7, 390, 43552, 540, 1507, 4347, 31, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 95486, 297, 47, 16454, 7, 390, 197097, 2265, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 7, 5, 28090, 6097, 16454, 7, 4, 2291, 47126, 126809, 1919, 144239, 450, 64457, 111, 21373, 31075, 23, 29394, 7, 4, 44, 39, 27417, 7, 111, 70, 14135, 114149, 20697, 23, 21373, 170420, 1902, 41371, 538, 75935, 70, 21373, 38016, 7, 1242, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 2291, 47126, 33284, 297, 10, 35107, 21115, 99, 107154, 35839, 70, 52668, 188, 163731, 4, 3129, 509, 12441, 390, 115730, 56, 1681, 136, 191722, 390, 70, 4488, 111, 10729, 41347, 31, 52668, 188, 5, 115730, 56, 1681, 27983, 45252, 297, 10729, 41347, 31, 52668, 188, 23, 1919, 59619, 7, 5, 52668, 188, 509, 10, 30355, 106622, 142837, 678, 25313, 113068, 5, 52668, 188, 25, 7, 3790, 10484, 136, 115730, 56, 1681, 25, 7, 59619, 7, 79507, 71, 2291, 47126, 25, 5117, 12877, 4, 44, 7251, 44891, 10763, 47, 52668, 188, 830, 552, 9, 916, 24948, 2822, 678, 145042, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14787, 32221, 1264, 2291, 47126, 15, 212840, 534, 4, 64972, 46, 4347, 30777, 13501, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 30355, 106622, 4, 14037, 56, 111, 123166, 289, 19633, 25443, 136, 10, 13036, 114142, 42, 47, 70, 2265, 121122, 154453, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Ancestry.", "Personal life.", "Education and Becoming a Sociologist.", "Teaching.", "Theoretical Agenda and General Argument.", "\"The Human Group\".", "The Exchange Theory.", "Albert Chavannes and the Exchange Theory.", "\"Social Behavior\".", "The Success Proposition.", "The Stimulus Proposition.", "The Value Proposition.", "The Deprivation-Satiation Proposition.", "The Aggression-Approval Propositions.", "The Rationality Proposition.", "Legacy.", "Quotes by Homans." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "George C. Homans was born in Boston on August 11, 1910, son of Robert and Abigail (Adams) Homans, great-great grandson of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, and great-great-great grandson of John Adams, the second President of the United States. \"At George's birth, his mother wrote to her Uncle Henry: 'His head is a mass of lumps which will make him look very distinguished when, as a bald old gentleman, he sits upon the bench dispensing justice.' \" Through this letter she also explains how Homans received his name: \"He is to be named George Caspar for my brother, as the Homans family did not consider that I was the sort of person to produce a good doctor, and so reserved the name [John] for my brother-in-law Jack's benefit...\"(Homans 1984:1). The Homans' came from a lineage of distinguished doctors that began when the first John Homans came to the country from Ramsgate, Kent, England in the 18th century. His son, Dr. John Homans, Harvard University graduate, was the first to become a doctor and begin the reputation of the John Homanses (Homans 1984:1–2). However, \"George's father was a lawyer, but George was the first member of the family to eschew the law\".", "From his autobiography (Homans 1984), it is learned that Homans entered Harvard College in 1928 with a concentration in English and American literature. After graduating in 1932, Homans wanted to pursue a career as a newspaperman with a \"job beginning in the fall with William Allen White of the Emporia, Kansas,\"Gazette\",\" but because of the Depression the newspaper could no longer offer him the job, leaving Homans unemployed (Homans 1962:3). \"In 1941, he married Nancy Cooper who remained his lifelong compatible partner\". Homans served in the Naval Reserve during World War II; for \"four years and a half on active duty, more than two were spent in command of small ships engaged in antisubmarine warfare and the escort of convoy operations\" (Homans 1962:50). Although he served for the duration of the war, he later expressed in his autobiography that he had \"impatience with the constraints of the naval hierarchy and his disdain for staff desk officers, especially those in bureaucratic branches such as the Supply Corps\".", "While Homans was at Harvard College, \"perhaps the most direct influence on George as an undergraduate was his English tutor Bernard (\"Benny\") de Voto\". \"George... was attracted to de Voto's stories about the plains and the prairies, but more, to the actuality of the lives of people and the American character as expressed in midwestern writing. In many ways, too, George adopted the mannerisms of de Voto, the outwardly boisterous tones (but not for either the boosterist mentality) and the scorn of intellectualist rhetoric\" that is seen in his book of poetry \"The Witch Hazel\" (1988)., Homans became interested in sociology by living in an environment where people are highly conscious of social relations. Homans describes his entrance to sociology as \"a matter of chance; or rather, I got into sociology because I had nothing better to do\" (Homans 1962:3). Lawrence Joseph Henderson, a biochemist and sociologist who believed that all sciences should be based on a unified set of theoretical and methodological principles, was an important influencer on Homans perspective. Homans, with no job and nothing to do, attended Henderson's seminar at Harvard one day and was immediately taken by his lecture. Homans was also influences by Professor Elton Mayo, where he was assigned to readings by prominent social anthropologists. From these readings, Homans developed his belief that instead of similarities in cultures, \"members of the human species working in similar circumstances had independently created the similar institutions.\" As a result, Homans joined a discussion group at Harvard called the Pareto Circle, which was led by Henderson and inspired by the work of Vilfredo Pareto. Henderson often discussed Vilfredo Pareto in his lectures. Pareto was a sociologist concerned with economic distribution. Pareto's theories and Henderson's lectures influenced Homans' first book, \"An Introduction to Pareto\", co-authored with fellow Circle member Charles P. Curtis. From 1934 to 1939 Homans was a Junior Fellow of the newly formed Society of Fellows at Harvard, undertaking a variety of studies in various areas, including sociology, psychology, and history. For his Junior Fellowship project Homans undertook an anthropological study of rural England, later published as \"English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century\" (1941) (see Homans 1984: 167). Homans was taken into the graduate program at Harvard; Pitirim Sorokin, founder of Harvard's sociology department in 1930, was credited with bringing Homans and Robert Merton into the program. From this knowledge gained, \"the key idea that Homans took away from these studies was the centrality of interaction and the way sentiments developed between individuals as a consequence on interaction.\"", "In 1939 Homans became a Harvard faculty member, a lifelong affiliation in which he taught both sociology and medieval history \"as well as studied poetry and small groups.\" This teaching brought him in contact with new works in industrial sociology and exposed him to works of functional anthropologists. He was an instructor of sociology until 1941 when he left to serve in the U.S. Navy to support the war effort. After four years away, he came back to Boston and continued his teaching as an associate professor from 1946 to 1953, and a full professor of sociology after 1953. He was also a visiting professor at the University of Manchester in 1953, at Cambridge University from 1955 to 1956, and at the University of Kent in 1967. By virtue of his theoretical writings (discussed below), he was elected 54th president of the American Sociological Association in 1964. He retired from teaching in 1980.", "As a theorist, Homans' overall intellectual ambition was to create a more unified social science on a firm theoretical basis. His approach to theory developed in two phases, usually interpreted by commentators as inductive and deductive. Although this is a bit of an oversimplification, it provides a framework for outlining his theoretical contributions. In its mature (1974) form, Homans' theory rests upon two metatheoretical claims: (1) the basic principles of social science must be true of individuals as members of the human species, not as members of particular groups or cultures; and (2) any other generalizations or facts about human social life will be derivable from these principles (and suitable initial conditions). He argued that large-scale structures can be understood if we understand elementary social behavior. Another way to grasp his argument is to interpret it as striving to explain spontaneous social order, a point developed in detail by Fararo (2001). Homans' approach is an example of methodological individualism in social science, also favored by some more recent influential social theorists, particularly those who have adopted some form of rational choice theory (e.g., James S. Coleman) that enables greater deductive fertility in theorizing—albeit often with a cost in terms of some loss of realism.", "Homans was impressed by Henderson's notion of a conceptual scheme. A conceptual scheme consists of a classification of variables (or concepts) that need to be taken into account when studying a set of phenomena. It also consists of a sketch of the given conditions within which the phenomena are to be analyzed. It also must contain a statement that the variables are related to one another—and following Pareto, that relationship is usually seen as one of mutual dependence. Homans was very interested in Henderson's conceptual scheme as a way of classifying phenomena and applied it to his own study of small groups. Henderson's teachings were included in Homans' work \"The Human Group\" (1950). This book's ultimate goal was to move from a study of the social system as it is exemplified in single groups toward a study of the system as it is exemplified in many groups, including groups changing in time. The work has a theme of, \"the way group norms develop and the ways a group, consciously or unconsciously, seeks to maintain the cohesion of the group when members depart from group norms.\" Homans establishes that, \"the general propositions would have to meet only one condition: in accordance with my original insight, they should apply to individual human beings as members of a species.\" Homans said, “If we wanted to establish the reality of a social system as a complex of mutually dependent elements, why not begin by studying a system small enough so that we could, so to speak, see all the way around it, small enough so that all the relevant observations could be made in detail and at first hand?” He fulfilled this study throughout \"The Human Group\". This book allowed him to make certain generalizations, including the idea that the more frequently people interact with one another, when no one individually initiates interactions more than others, the greater is their liking for one another and their feeling of ease in one another's presence. Although this wasn't Homans' greatest piece of work, it allowed him to become more familiar with this type of methodology and led him to explain elementary social behavior. In this work, Homans also proposes that social reality should be described at three levels: social events, customs, and analytical hypotheses that describe the processes by which customs arise and are maintained or changed. Hypotheses are formulated in terms of relationships among variables such as frequency of interaction, similarity of activities, intensity of sentiment, and conformity to norms. Using notable sociological and anthropological field studies as the grounding for such general ideas, the book makes a persuasive case for treating groups as social systems that can be analyzed in terms of a verbal analogue of the mathematical method of studying equilibrium and stability of systems. In his theoretical analyses of these groups, he begins to use ideas that later loomed large in his work, e.g., reinforcement and exchange. Along the way, he treats important general phenomena such as social control, authority, reciprocity, and ritual.", "The Exchange Theory is the \"perspective that individuals seek to maximize their own private gratifications. It assumes that these rewards can only be found in social interactions and thus people seek rewards in their interactions with each other\". Homans' Exchange Theory propositions are partially based on B.F. Skinner's behaviorism. Homans took B.F. Skinner's propositions about pigeon behavior and applied it to human interactions. The heart of Homans' Exchange Theory lies in propositions based on economic and psychological principles. According to Homans, they are psychological for two reasons: first, because they are usually tested on people who call themselves psychologists and second, because of the level at which they deal with the individual in society. He believed that a sociology built on his principles would be able to explain all social behavior. Homans said, \"An incidental advantage of an exchange theory is that it might bring sociology closer to economics\" (Homans 1958:598). Overall, Homans' exchange theory, \"can be condensed to a view of the actor as a rational profit seeker.\" He regretted that his theory was labeled \"Exchange Theory\" because he saw this theory of social behavior as a behavioral psychology applied to specific situations. Homans looked to Émile Durkheim's work for guidance as well, but often disagreed in the end with particular components of Durkheim's theories. For example, Durkheim believed that although individuals are clearly the component parts of society, society is more than the individuals who constitute it. He believed that society could be studied without reducing it to individuals and their motivations. Homans, through his Exchange Theory, believed that individual beings and behavior are relevant to understanding society.", "Although George Homans contributed greatly to the Exchange Theory and his work on it is greatly admired, he was not the first person to study this theory. \"From 1883 to 1885 Albert Chavannes published in \"The Sociologist\" a series of papers titled 'Studies in Sociology' which treated 'The Law of Exchange' and three other social laws.\" Chavannes' work on the theory was similar to what Homans did. However, he focused more on empirical sociology, and he did not contribute to it in the same way as Homans (Knox 1963: 341). Although Homans may have not have been the first to work on this theory, his contributions make the Exchange Theory what it is today.", "Homans's next major work was \"Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms\". He wrote this book in 1961 and revised it in 1974. This was based on the principles of behavioral psychology, and helped explain the \"sub-institutional,\" or elementary, forms of social behavior in small groups. This explanation of social behavior first appeared in an article Homans published titled \"Social Behavior as Exchange\" in 1958. He believed his Exchange Theory was derived from both behavioral psychology and elementary economics. Homans had come to the view that theory should be expressed as a deductive system, in this respect falling under the influence of the logical empiricist philosophers of that period. Substantively, he argued that a satisfactory explanation in the social sciences is based upon \"propositions\"—principles—about individual behavior that are drawn from the behavioral psychology of the time. Homans didn't believe that new propositions are needed to explain social behavior. The laws of individual behavior developed by Skinner in his study of pigeons explain social behavior as long as we take into account the complications of mutual reinforcement. \"Social Behavior is an exchange of goods, material goods, but also non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them.\" (Homans 1958:606). Social behavior as exchange means that a plurality of individuals, each postulated to behave according to the stated behavioral principles, form a system of interaction. Social approval is the basic reward that people can give to one another. In much greater detail, he developed this approach in his book \"Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms\" (1961, revised 1974). Homans gives an example of this type of social behavior below: \"Suppose that two men are doing paperwork jobs in an office. According to the office rules, each should do his job by himself, or, if he needs help, he should consult the supervisor. One of the men, whom we shall call Person, is not skillful at the work and would get it done better and faster if he got help from time to time. In spite of the rules he is reluctant to go to the supervisor, for to confess his incompetence might hurt his chances for promotion. Instead he seeks out the other man, whom we shall call Other for short, and asks him for help. Other is more experienced at the work than is Person; he can do his work well and quickly and be left with time to spare, and he has reason to suppose that the supervisor will not go out of his way to look for a breach of rules. Other gives Person help and in return Person gives Other thanks and expressions of approval. The two men have exchanged help and approval.\" (Homans, 1961:31–32) Focusing on this situation, and basing his ideas on Skinner's findings, Homans developed several propositions.", "\"For all actions taken by persons, the more often a particular action of a person is rewarded, the more likely the person is to perform that action.\" (Homans, 1974:16) In terms of his \"Person-Other\" example, this proposition means that a person is more likely to ask others for advice if past advice has been useful. Also, the more often a person received useful advice in the past, the more often they will request more advice and be willing to give advice. The success proposition involves three stages: (1) a person's action, (2) a rewarded result, and (3) a repetition of the original action.", "\"If in the past the occurrence of a particular stimulus, or set of stimuli, has been the occasion on which a person's action has been rewarded, then the more similar the present stimuli are to the past ones, the more likely the person is to perform the action, or some similar action.\" (Homans, 1974:23) One may look at Homans' example: If in the past, the Person and Other found the giving and getting of advice rewarding, they are likely to engage in similar actions and in similar situations in the future. Homans' example: \"A fisherman who has cast his line into a dark pool and has caught a fish becomes more apt to fish in dark pools again\" (1974:23). Homans was interested in the process of generalization, or the tendency to extend behavior to similar circumstances; but he was also concerned with the process of discrimination. For example, Person and Other may only give useful advice in the same room as in the past because they think that particular situation brought the most success.", "\"The more valuable to a person is the result of his action, the more likely he is to perform the action.\" (Homans, 1974:25) If the rewards each offers to the other are considered valuable, the actors are more likely to perform the desired behaviors than they are if the rewards are not valuable. Homans introduced the concepts of rewards and punishments. Rewards are actions with positive values and punishments are actions with negative values. Rewards can either be materialistic (money) or altruistic (helping others) He found punishment to be an inefficient means of getting people to change their behavior, because people may react in undesirable ways to punishment.", "\"The more often in the recent past a person has received a particular reward, the less valuable any further unit of that reward becomes for him.\" (Homans, 1974:29) In the office, Person and Other may reward each other so often for giving and getting advice that the rewards cease to be valuable to them. Time is important—people are less likely to become satiated if particular rewards are stretched over a long period of time. Homans then defined cost and profit. Cost of any behavior is defined as the rewards lost in forgoing alternative lines of action. Profit in social exchange is seen as the greater number of rewards gained over costs incurred.", "\"Proposition A: When a person's action does not receive the rewards as expected, or receives punishment he did not expect, he will be angry. He becomes more likely to perform aggressive, and the results of such behavior become more valuable to him.\" (Homans, 1974:37) If Person does not get the advice they expected and Other does not receive the praise they anticipated, both are likely to be angry. \"Proposition B: When a person's action receives the reward they expected, especially a greater reward than they expected, or does not receive punishment he expected, he will be pleased. He becomes more likely to perform approving behavior, and the results of such behavior become more valuable to him.\" (Homans, 1974:39) When Person gets the advice they expect, and Other gets the praise they expect, both are more likely to get or give advice. Proposition A on aggression-approval refers to negative emotions, whereas Proposition B deals with more positive emotions.", "\"In choosing between alternative actions, a person will choose that one for which, as perceived by him at the time, the value, V, of the result, multiplied by the probability, p, of getting the result, is the greater.\" (Homans, 1974:43) When earlier propositions rely on behaviorism, the rationality proposition demonstrates the influence of rational choice theory on Homans' approach. In economic terms, actors who act in accord with the rationality proposition are maximizing their utilities. People examine and make calculations about alternative actions open to them. They compare the amount of rewards associated with each course of action and calculate the likelihood that they will receive the rewards. In other words, there is a relationship between the value of the reward and the likelihood of the attainment. The rationality proposition tells us that people will perform an action depending of their perception of the probability of success. Durkheim agreed with Homans' understanding of rationality. He believed that rationalism is an aspect of individualism. Durkheim said that all development of individualism has the effect of opening moral consciousness to new ideas and rendering it more demanding. Homans worked off of Durkheim's thoughts throughout the development of certain propositions.", "He died of a heart ailment on May 29, 1989, in Cambridge, Massachusetts; at his death, he left behind his wife, Nancy, and three children as well as four grandchildren. George C. Homans left to the sociological world many works on social theory, and is best known for his Exchange Theory and his works on social behavior. The impact he had on his students and colleagues and people he came in contact with is described by Charles Tilly in \"George Caspar Homans and the Rest of Us\": \"His students inherited distrust of theory for its own sake and theories about theories. Even when they disagreed, his students and readers came away stimulated and refreshed. George was a vivifier, a life-giver\" (Tilly, 1990:264). Also, Homans' election as president of the American Sociological Association in 1964 allowed him to have a greater impact on sociology. As Tilly also noted: \"His differences made a difference to us, his colleagues, his friends, and successors. George was not, it is true, above rejoicing in his own talents, and thereby shaming or intimidating those about him\" (Tilly, 1990:266).", "\"\"Sociology is the profession of studying and teaching about what happens when at least two persons are in a position to influence one another\"\" (Homans, 1962:103) \"\"Given the chance, I have always deserted anything that might have contemporary practical importance or that might lead to reforms. I have deserted the twentieth century for the thirteenth, social pathology for primitive kinship, industrial sociology for the study of small groups. It may have been mere escapism... My nerves may have been too weak for the modern world. What never failed to interest me was not sociology as an agent of change or as a means of understanding my immediate environment but sociology as a generalizing science. What were the best possibilities for establishing generalizations? What were the main intellectual issues? By what handle shall we lay hold on it? \"\" \"\"As far as what good my work does people, I’m sorry to say that it does much more by way of alerting people to what may go wrong than it does in telling them what they can do about it.\"\" \"\"When you’re talking about reforming an industrial system, you have to talk about something that can be operated across the board. With much attention, very skilled people, small groups, reform always can be successful in some sense. But then people jump from this to something that’s going to operate across the board and reform the whole industrial system. They forget the Homans principle that no society, no governmental system, or no industrial system can work successfully if it depends on extraordinary abilities on the part of the people who run it. It has to be operable by ordinary damn fools like me.\"\" \"\"In human terms, it is hopeless. All of us believe in determinism at times—that is, experimentally believe in it. At other times, we believe we’re free. Our behavior is completely, but it doesn’t make damn bit of difference to me because I can’t predict it. I can’t show how the behavior of different men, behavior of exemplifying the same general propositions, combines over time to produce particular results. The trouble is that the past behavior that affects—determines if you will—present behavior is linked together in complex chains, creating the illusion of freedom.\"\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 222226, 400, 90, 64557, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 627, 82625, 4, 136, 39555, 64557, 98, 70, 26655, 56, 627, 82625, 8950, 73, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 70, 4252, 147695, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 136, 2843, 400, 90, 98, 70, 132988, 7, 111, 70, 341, 119120, 75094, 105207, 47, 70, 182688, 10074, 87282, 5, 581, 627, 82625, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 2684, 5526, 200513, 36439, 7, 4, 3173, 7, 70, 171827, 17475, 7, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 107314, 3129, 28127, 70, 59444, 7, 111, 46540, 2104, 21263, 34, 136, 601, 44285, 127, 444, 117182, 23, 70, 30839, 11341, 111, 627, 82625, 1760, 9, 8335, 159299, 67, 5, 581, 26349, 11698, 83, 1672, 1295, 70, 96113, 4, 237, 72350, 71, 1295, 70, 34618, 46149, 15, 118565, 68305, 194, 32964, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 627, 82625, 4, 70, 48172, 136, 70, 436, 5983, 169, 4, 86608, 8305, 70, 26349, 1295, 70, 341, 119120, 75094, 47, 155605, 33284, 70, 627, 82625, 5, 581, 26349, 400, 90, 99, 142, 144, 35810, 17721, 805, 136, 138, 4015, 347, 15, 86, 147, 70, 36398, 7, 47, 6488, 23, 70, 165473, 275, 111, 98654, 33601, 23962, 31731, 194, 1650, 7, 20787, 48461, 289, 176866, 90, 621, 2819, 70, 7218, 927, 95103, 127877, 8305, 70, 26349, 11698, 4, 3129, 3884, 7, 442, 99, 70, 5701, 21, 35810, 237, 5045, 111, 70, 25730, 1104, 225221, 46684, 132988, 4, 70, 162708, 154503, 15, 441, 98516, 247, 7270, 15, 160392, 247, 68744, 47446, 15, 191697, 53, 247, 136, 162692, 19, 978, 481, 15, 170649, 194, 1650, 7, 15411, 83, 94419, 390, 10, 6, 34165, 136, 112518, 297, 13315, 23, 70, 44, 42378, 13384, 134077, 58, 15, 561, 4158, 5007, 9201, 194, 581, 3622, 16128, 111, 70, 26349, 83, 4, 8311, 329, 442, 83, 70, 496, 927, 142105, 26349, 23, 102126, 72350, 71, 390, 3551, 16128, 5, 581, 4989, 525, 144477, 9, 49760, 927, 62488, 83, 136, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 9, 25617, 48225, 5, 222226, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 27081, 16128, 111, 222226, 64, 683, 2472, 169, 9491, 4, 47, 3129, 24233, 3789, 59444, 7, 23, 70, 103724, 111, 222226, 6044, 237, 19528, 206, 2317, 4, 17158, 30410, 4, 26085, 510, 21231, 4, 136, 117182, 824, 12216, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 26349, 111, 436, 2472, 169, 9491, 4, 186, 10617, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 203251, 678, 70, 5381, 329, 47, 6488, 24073, 25452, 2400, 7, 18939, 99, 70, 27585, 136, 2789, 48800, 7, 4567, 26518, 1810, 1295, 442, 1884, 70, 113091, 7, 111, 10, 160298, 4, 707, 70, 57230, 7, 111, 10, 18344, 6238, 1207, 4, 221, 450, 1632, 128911, 11627, 100, 222226, 23, 30839, 83, 70, 44, 7260, 26349, 58, 24073, 919, 973, 5372, 47704, 51029, 78289, 5510, 756, 111, 6097, 48800, 7, 188545, 47, 903, 5155, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 26349, 108802, 4, 23, 6, 186518, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 222226, 6, 186518, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 72350, 111, 62488, 450, 41591, 7, 26983, 83, 4734, 7722, 33233, 4567, 289, 48800, 7, 136, 33233, 115339, 10, 68334, 7, 10932, 70, 11698, 5, 581, 26349, 11698, 83, 70, 10332, 525, 2831, 111, 59444, 136, 400, 90, 127067, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 23, 70, 68587, 660, 61924, 71, 390, 300, 86, 111, 70, 4567, 289, 48800, 7, 5, 581, 9879, 2831, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 127877, 28, 4438, 9, 25617, 4, 678, 6626, 148, 5180, 4, 12638, 99, 10, 201, 55936, 55291, 4, 8951, 297, 127067, 13, 4438, 136, 127067, 25617, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 95103, 678, 70, 48800, 7, 16188, 214, 70, 337, 6990, 10484, 111, 70, 68587, 660, 13204, 449, 70, 26349, 27585, 194, 581, 16839, 6, 108047, 400, 90, 98, 70, 48800, 51042, 127067, 1295, 70, 5381, 329, 47, 17158, 30410, 5, 581, 16839, 6, 108047, 1556, 70, 59444, 23664, 24073, 12248, 18, 18391, 18939, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 70, 5201, 90205, 66, 106820, 24073, 86124, 64859, 4986, 14241, 118360, 18939, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 136, 70, 47, 6492, 111, 1784, 125082, 28166, 4830, 25031, 23, 10, 242810, 23, 70, 33976, 7, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 222226, 8035, 1632, 111, 4734, 17262, 21334, 162708, 23, 102126, 7440, 33976, 7, 621, 21, 532, 1810, 23, 70, 16169, 67413, 21533, 20623, 5, 581, 16128, 144477, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 83, 10, 9201, 136, 100, 525, 5, 34525, 538, 70, 16128, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 35060, 71, 111, 80583, 7, 136, 100, 525, 7, 4, 3060, 111, 3129, 47143, 4, 1284, 70, 222226, 43975, 111, 46473, 15, 151645, 297, 23, 543, 88942, 4, 33384, 10237, 5481, 1830, 101740, 83932, 4, 136, 148205, 289, 58555, 765, 2809, 88303, 2685, 5, 581, 16128, 65272, 111, 70, 5381, 329, 83, 5036, 153161, 148205, 289, 5, 222226, 134858, 142, 77904, 1771, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 44, 441, 420, 275, 18939, 136, 6863, 41710, 153552, 83, 2717, 820, 4, 154186, 47, 2684, 3789, 30839, 162708, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 627, 82625, 9, 26951, 4097, 16128, 5, 79428, 7, 621, 2843, 739, 3055, 3501, 234311, 23, 70, 23295, 136, 442, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4262, 93, 525, 162708, 23, 102126, 4, 1884, 70, 627, 82625, 9, 8335, 159299, 67, 16128, 5, 1914, 88354, 2320, 83, 39555, 3853, 538, 93403, 87420, 70, 6602, 5, 360, 43304, 70, 92949, 29398, 23, 222226, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 172852, 16792, 157313, 4, 509, 155738, 74, 442, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 92949, 29398, 23, 117182, 824, 12216, 4, 127067, 111, 222226, 5, 129551, 47, 37254, 4, 70, 9351, 44, 32759, 8080, 18202, 13, 830, 3129, 3900, 19309, 7, 237, 44, 84068, 1577, 26, 64722, 13, 58, 707, 44, 84068, 1577, 25, 88669, 830, 509, 34475, 47, 70, 3525, 26349, 7103, 10, 1926, 1916, 24745, 3229, 1784, 125082, 28166, 4830, 25031, 111, 99510, 9, 397, 474, 25054, 4323, 350, 1295, 10, 48869, 23, 3129, 764, 48869, 18, 111, 14037, 214, 1919, 3525, 26349, 5, 62, 143834, 111, 903, 13765, 140526, 450, 764, 88303, 70, 3525, 5381, 329, 47, 7413, 88669, 1295, 1919, 58386, 5, 28166, 25031, 14037, 297, 70, 26349, 98, 18237, 21567, 729, 1837, 4, 7103, 10, 167956, 678, 70, 130367, 7, 111, 1919, 96362, 10323, 4, 24344, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 222226, 15, 4, 4, 2819, 36770, 538, 160093, 297, 25075, 7, 18202, 13, 16, 83, 70, 17932, 9, 320, 177, 525, 26349, 111, 70, 30839, 30361, 11341, 111, 99510, 9, 143189, 7103, 6863, 10323, 111, 89890, 4, 136, 6863, 1936, 128188, 12231, 23, 109261, 16037, 3249, 442, 70, 952, 271, 142105, 26349, 111, 102126, 5, 2161, 70, 7108, 4620, 111, 70, 627, 82625, 4, 70, 26349, 400, 90, 43573, 70, 92265, 9, 191697, 132988, 4, 17721, 70, 14912, 9491, 64, 866, 1674, 41044, 2420, 6211, 158, 99609, 2320, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 136, 70, 172567, 64, 15017, 8266, 158, 99609, 2320, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 142105, 26349, 111, 99510, 4, 10, 105719, 10776, 24, 4806, 7103, 2291, 3220, 402, 555, 120304, 23, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Climate.", "History.", "Population.", "Main sights.", "Government.", "Justice.", "Public health.", "Economy.", "Internet activities.", "Transport.", "Jewish community.", "Karlsruhe and the Shoah.", "Education.", "Technology, engineering, and business.", "The arts.", "International education.", "European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).", "University of Education.", "Culture.", "International relations.", "Twin towns—sister cities.", "Partnerships.", "Events." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the Rhine, and almost completely on the Upper Rhine Plain. It contains the Turmberg in the east, and also lies on the borders of the Kraichgau leading to the Northern Black Forest. The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of Maximiliansau and Wörth am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The city centre is about from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the Alb and the Pfinz, flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine. The city lies at an altitude between 100 and 322 m (near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are ; the 49th parallel runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the Canada–United States border, the cities Vancouver (Canada), Paris (France), Regensburg (Germany), and Hulunbuir (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the \"Stadtgarten\" (municipal park). The total area of the city is, hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north-south distance is and in the east-west direction. Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the district of Karlsruhe such as Bruchsal, Ettlingen, Stutensee, and Rheinstetten, as well as the city of Pforzheim, belong. The city was planned with the palace tower (\"Schloss\") at the center and 32 streets radiating out from it like the spokes of a wheel, or the ribs of a folding fan, so that one nickname for Karlsruhe in German is the \"fan city\" (\"Fächerstadt\"). Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in metric geometry, Karlsruhe metric refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre. The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east-west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest (i.e., parallel with the streets marking the boundaries of the quadrant defining the city center). The market square lies on the street running south from the palace to Ettlingen. The market square has the town hall (\"Rathaus\") to the west, the main Lutheran church (\"Evangelische Stadtkirche\") to the east, and the tomb of Margrave Charles III William in a pyramid in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in the neoclassical style. The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (founded in 1825), Wildparkstadion football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential.", "Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfb\") and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the Rhine-Ruhr area. Summers are also hotter than elsewhere in the country and it is one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the Rhine-Palatinate area. Precipitation is almost evenly spread throughout the year. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been operating since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten, south of Karlsruhe.", "According to legend, the name \"Karlsruhe\", which translates as \"Charles’ repose\" or \"Charles' peace\", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach woke from a dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife. Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach, and, in 1771, of the united Baden until 1945. Built in 1822, the \"Ständehaus\" was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there. Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France; when Pierre Charles L'Enfant was planning the layout of Washington, D.C., Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit. In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city. Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II, but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the postwar Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, established in 1945. In 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe.", "The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners residing in the city of Karlsruhe by country.", "The \"Stadtgarten\" is a recreational area near the main railway station (\"Hauptbahnhof\") and was rebuilt for the 1967 Federal Garden Show (\"Bundesgartenschau\"). It is also the site of the Karlsruhe Zoo. The \"Durlacher Turmberg\" has a look-out tower (hence its name). It is a former keep dating back to the 13th century. The city has two botanical gardens: the municipal \"Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe\", which forms part of the Palace complex, and the \"Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe\", which is maintained by the university. The \"Marktplatz\" has a stone pyramid marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe. The city is nicknamed the \"fan city\" (\"die Fächerstadt\") because of its design layout, with straight streets radiating fan-like from the Palace. The Karlsruhe Palace (\"Schloss\") is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent \"Schlossgarten\" includes the Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north. The so-called \"Kleine Kirche\" (Little Church), built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre. The architect Friedrich Weinbrenner designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the \"Rondellplatz\" with its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicated to Baden's first constitution in 1818, which was one of the most liberal of its time. The \"Münze\" (mint), erected in 1826/27, was also built by Weinbrenner. The St. Stephan parish church is one of the masterpieces of neoclassical church architecture in. Weinbrenner, who built this church between 1808 and 1814, orientated it to the Pantheon, Rome. The neo-Gothic Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896, is a mausoleum rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest. The main cemetery of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The crematorium was the first to be built in the style of a church. Karlsruhe is also home to a natural history museum (the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe), an opera house (the Baden State Theatre), as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The State Art Gallery, built in 1846 by Heinrich Hübsch, displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is one of the most important art museums in Baden-Württemberg. Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest literary society in Germany. Today the \"Prinz-Max-Palais\", built between 1881 and 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation and includes its museum. Due to population growth in the late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas (\"Vorstadt\") in the \"Gründerzeit\" and especially art nouveau styles of architecture, with many preserved examples. Karlsruhe is also home to the \"Majolika-Manufaktur\", the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany. Founded in 1901, it is located in the \"Schlossgarten\". A 'blue streak' (\"Blauer Strahl\") consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects the studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork. Another tourist attraction is the Centre for Art and Media (\"Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie\", or ZKM), which is located in a converted ammunition factory.", "", "Karlsruhe is the seat of the German Federal Constitutional Court \"(Bundesverfassungsgericht)\" and the highest Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases, the \"Bundesgerichtshof\". The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of Baden and Württemberg were merged. Stuttgart, capital of Württemberg, became the capital of the new province (Württemberg-Baden in 1945 and Baden-Württemberg in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court.", "There are four hospitals: The municipal \"Klinikum Karlsruhe\" provides the maximum level of medical services, the \"St. Vincentius-Kliniken\" and the \"Diakonissenkrankenhaus\", connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private \"Paracelsus-Klinik\" basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning.", "Germany's largest oil refinery is located in Karlsruhe, at the western edge of the city, directly on the river Rhine. The \"Technologieregion Karlsruhe\" is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote high tech industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in research and development. EnBW, one of Germany's biggest electric utility companies and a revenue of 19.2 billion € in 2012, is headquartered in the city.", "Due to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology providing services until the late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the \"internet capital\" of Germany. The DENIC, Germany's Network Information Centre, has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where DE-CIX is located. Two major internet service providers, WEB.DE and schlund+partner/1&1, now both owned by United Internet AG, are located at Karlsruhe. The library of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology developed the Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog, the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide (for free) to search multiple library catalogues worldwide. In the year 2000 the regional online \"newspaper\" \"ka‐news.de\" was created. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas. In addition to established companies, Karlsruhe has a vivid and spreading startup community with well-known startups like STAPPZ. Together, the local high tech industry is responsible for over 22.000 jobs.", "The Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (VBK) operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising seven tram routes and a network of bus routes. This network is well developed and all city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The Turmbergbahn funicular railway, to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. The VBK is also a partner, with the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft and Deutsche Bahn, in the operation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like Ettlingen, Wörth am Rhein, Pforzheim, Bad Wildbad, Bretten, Bruchsal, Heilbronn, Baden-Baden, and even Freudenstadt in the Black Forest right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is well known in transport circles around the world for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve a more effective and attractive public transport system, to the extent that this is often known as the Karlsruhe model tram-train system. Karlsruhe is well-connected via road and rail, with Autobahn and Intercity Express connections going to Frankfurt, Stuttgart/Munich and Freiburg/Basel from Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof. Since June 2007 it has been connected to the TGV network, reducing travel time to Paris to only three hours (previously it had taken five hours). Two ports on the Rhine provide transport capacity on cargo ships, especially for petroleum products. The nearest airport is part of the Baden Airpark (officially \"Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden\") about southwest of Karlsruhe, with regular connections to airports in Germany and Europe in general. Frankfurt International Airport can be reached in about an hour and a half by car (one hour by Intercity Express); Stuttgart Airport can be reached in about one hour (about an hour and a half by train and S‐Bahn). Two interesting facts in transportation history are that both Karl Drais, the inventor of the bicycle, as well as Karl Benz, the inventor of the automobile were born in Karlsruhe. Benz was born in Mühlburg, which later became a borough of Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz also studied at the Karlsruhe University. It also is interesting that Benz’s wife Bertha took the world's first long distance-drive with an automobile from Mannheim to Karlsruhe-Grötzingen and Pforzheim (see Bertha Benz Memorial Route). Their professional lives led both men to the neighboring city of Mannheim, where they first applied their most famous inventions.", "Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding. They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717. A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of Metz at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers. As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the commons, but on the wayside only. Nethanael Weill was a rabbi in Karlsruhe from 1750 until his death. In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden, the Jews ceased to be serfs, and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the \"Todfall\" tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805. In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the Napoleonic era, had become the Grand Duchy of Baden granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group. The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry (Oberrat der Israeliten Badens), with its seat in Karlsruhe, and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden. The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837. Complete emancipation was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the 'Hep-Hep' riots that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist Leo Kahn studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s. Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi. Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park.", "On 28 October 1938, all Jewish men of Polish extraction were expelled to the Polish border, their families joining them later and most ultimately perishing in the ghettoes and concentration camps. On Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938), the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, the main synagogue was damaged, and Jewish men were taken to the Dachau concentration camp after being beaten and tormented. Deportations commenced on 22 October 1940, when 893 Jews were loaded onto trains for the three-day journey to the Gurs concentration camp in France. Another 387 were deported in 1942-45 to lzbica in the Lublin district (Poland), Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. Of the 1,280 Jews deported directly from Karlsruhe, 1,175 perished. Another 138 perished after deportation from other German cities or occupied Europe. In all, 1,421 of Karlsruhe’s Jews died during the Shoah. A new community was formed after the war by surviving former residents, with a new synagogue erected in 1971. It numbered 359 in 1980.", "Karlsruhe is a renowned research and study centre, with one of Germany's finest institutions of higher education.", "The Karlsruhe University (\"Universität Karlsruhe-TH\"), the oldest technical university in Germany, is home to the \"Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe\" (Karlsruhe Research Center), where engineering and scientific research is performed in the areas of health, earth, and environmental sciences. The Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (\"Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS\") is the largest university of technology in the state of Baden-Württemberg, offering both professional and academic education in engineering sciences and business. In 2009, the University of Karlsruhe joined the \"Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe\" to form the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).", "The Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe is one of the smallest universities in Germany, with average 300 students, but it is known as one of the most significant academies of fine arts. The Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design (HfG) was founded to the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (\"Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie\"). The HfG teaching and research focuses on new media and media art. The Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe is a music conservatory that offers degrees in composition, music performance, education, and radio journalism. Since 1989 it has been located in the Gottesaue Palace.", "The Karlshochschule International University (formerly known as \"Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule\") was founded in 2004. As a foundation-owned, state-approved management school, Karlshochschule offers undergraduate education in both German and English, focusing on international and intercultural management, as well as service- and culture-related industries. Furthermore, an international consecutive Master of Arts in leadership studies is offered in English.", "Karlsruhe hosts one of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology's Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs) focusing on sustainable energy. Other co‐centres are based in Grenoble, France (CC Alps Valleys); Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and Leuven, Belgium (CC Benelux); Barcelona, Spain (CC Iberia); Kraków, Poland (CC PolandPlus); and Stockholm, Sweden (CC Sweden).", "The Karlsruhe University of Education was founded in 1962. It is specialized in educational processes. The University has about 3700 students and 180 full-time researchers and lecturers. It offers a wide range of educational studies, like teaching profession for primary and secondary schools (both optional with a European Teaching Certificate profile), Bachelor programs that specializes in Early Childhood Education and in Health and Leisure Education, Master programs in Educational Science, Intercultural Education, Migration and Multilingualism. Furthermore, the University of Education Karlsruhe offers a Master program for Biodiversity and Environmental Education.", "In 1999 the ZKM (\"Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie\", Centre for Art and Media) was opened. Within a short time it built up a worldwide reputation as a cultural institution. Linking new media theory and practice, the ZKM is located in a former weapons factory. Among the institutes related to the ZKM are the \"Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung\" (State University of Design), whose president is philosopher Peter Sloterdijk and the Museum for Contemporary Art.", "", "Karlsruhe is twinned with:", "The city is also in a partnership relationship with:", "Every year in July there is a large open-air festival lasting three days called simply \"Das Fest\" (\"The Festival\"). The Baden State Theatre has sponsored the Händel Festival since 1978. The city hosted the 23rd and 31st European Juggling Conventions (EJC) in 2000 and 2008. In July the African Summer Festival is held in the city's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied children's programme, and musical performances take place during the three days festival. In the past Karlsruhe has been the host of LinuxTag (the biggest Linux event in Europe) and until 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference. Visitors and locals watched the total solar eclipse at noon on August 11, 1999. The city was not only located within the eclipse path but was one of the few within Germany not plagued by bad weather. Karlsruhe co-hosted the FIBA EuroBasket 1985." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 80835, 7, 163136, 4, 80835, 289, 170933, 6023, 134234, 11301, 7, 10, 20531, 31486, 5, 581, 115723, 13315, 111, 31635, 214, 83, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 893, 30700, 9433, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 12, 581, 6626, 9433, 90, 621, 183234, 5, 581, 36770, 9433, 509, 92940, 10821, 23, 70, 11015, 3229, 4734, 23180, 7, 111, 3034, 80835, 7, 99, 39210, 37242, 2481, 159399, 7, 16200, 7, 3542, 19882, 5, 1650, 107003, 10, 51957, 47, 186, 7228, 15490, 70, 74481, 1363, 111, 10, 37242, 2481, 5, 1650, 509, 160370, 13, 100, 18507, 18244, 136, 100, 41018, 289, 4527, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 104, 110410, 100, 13416, 214, 50339, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 9433, 28702, 297, 98, 1119, 41745, 272, 23180, 7, 707, 98, 181135, 43315, 8060, 959, 11343, 19882, 5, 581, 143726, 74481, 1363, 111, 10, 37242, 2481, 83, 80234, 100, 13416, 214, 5, 581, 74481, 5256, 621, 5036, 1927, 686, 25958, 51339, 297, 678, 95307, 10975, 5, 581, 60212, 23, 70, 6626, 9433, 90, 190659, 47, 70, 6436, 71232, 60813, 58437, 27781, 15, 372, 17336, 2077, 581, 36770, 13416, 83, 160370, 13, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 76199, 10, 1286, 185688, 187136, 111, 70, 2053, 136, 70, 31635, 15400, 70, 60813, 58437, 83, 8035, 12765, 297, 5, 581, 60212, 17721, 26946, 214, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 136, 42856, 35782, 214, 47, 456, 75161, 442, 83, 5526, 5, 581, 44, 120540, 47, 456, 75161, 58, 18614, 25443, 127308, 7, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 10, 351, 9, 203258, 14, 36520, 16750, 87344, 110, 3917, 47, 83324, 3129, 111, 70, 6626, 170933, 5908, 83, 29568, 4, 221, 756, 450, 831, 186, 103876, 71, 83, 450, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 1556, 959, 2809, 6, 34590, 89829, 5, 581, 113860, 44, 2263, 19462, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 58, 1543, 42459, 442, 1556, 2809, 77443, 42856, 6637, 442, 1556, 959, 2809, 2837, 66187, 71, 4, 10, 62775, 289, 81255, 2408, 51529, 237, 70, 10750, 1295, 80523, 3956, 5, 992, 9393, 10, 3034, 678, 106480, 11192, 14537, 83, 11814, 4, 70, 6528, 111, 44, 2263, 19462, 214, 58, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 83, 47041, 47, 186, 214552, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 70, 18614, 25443, 83, 479, 85540, 87420, 80835, 7, 4, 7440, 70, 91084, 20653, 179140, 83, 5299, 217064, 5, 581, 9433, 90, 151552, 3688, 621, 169123, 160370, 13, 100, 181135, 1363, 5, 10660, 147115, 124789, 15390, 70, 4331, 111, 28007, 7, 177229, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 106480, 130306, 450, 95307, 121413, 13267, 7, 186, 25902, 3674, 8108, 55080, 214, 70, 28007, 5, 581, 113860, 44, 6954, 111, 12330, 3956, 58, 509, 43780, 297, 390, 80835, 3378, 90062, 169247, 5, 581, 44, 254, 58, 9, 27494, 13, 83, 70, 37242, 2481, 450, 10, 34475, 16750, 15, 748, 10, 1286, 88551, 16750, 16, 2806, 74918, 1379, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 5154, 450, 10, 44075, 43780, 83, 3034, 297, 100, 44075, 7432, 15, 2347, 56574, 170933, 6023, 194, 1913, 10, 12330, 3956, 17366, 111, 89678, 758, 4, 70, 44075, 43780, 2806, 186, 84751, 47, 15, 73, 32399, 15390, 538, 16, 456, 75161, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 23, 1672, 106, 1810, 111, 11907, 387, 109921, 5, 581, 44, 254, 58, 9, 27494, 13, 14602, 959, 22691, 70, 37242, 2481, 450, 40101, 170933, 6023, 83, 26785, 15, 11, 39210, 31344, 111, 169463, 194, 4263, 70, 44, 254, 58, 9, 27494, 13, 83, 40715, 3501, 70, 19667, 19, 12330, 3956, 159399, 7, 16200, 15, 13, 3181, 85540, 538, 4, 2174, 70, 139999, 71, 3034, 80835, 83, 23, 70, 130306, 10776, 247, 7068, 642, 5154, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 83, 6, 34590, 89829, 99, 70, 19667, 19, 17366, 111, 12330, 3956, 5, 853, 236, 10763, 111, 70, 56574, 170933, 6023, 83, 10, 93192, 5, 3293, 83, 1884, 10, 44, 1234, 379, 939, 58, 493, 61669, 23, 10, 49602, 110324, 12, 70, 77950, 83, 6, 129980, 47, 456, 75161, 23, 54387, 6620, 4, 4911, 7, 502, 6496, 2497, 24908, 5, 1401, 13648, 26946, 70, 30700, 170933, 6023, 15, 2940, 70, 25188, 170933, 6023, 194, 4263, 70, 44, 254, 58, 9, 27494, 13, 83, 44, 10869, 58, 40715, 3501, 70, 19667, 19, 12330, 3956, 159399, 7, 16200, 15, 13, 3181, 85540, 538, 4, 2174, 70, 139999, 71, 126124, 28021, 621, 98893, 23, 7968, 53, 35401, 2684, 42486, 7, 111, 2053, 5, 3293, 83, 105950, 538, 29568, 111, 170933, 6023, 134234, 3129, 831, 1660, 40383, 93192, 7, 3853, 3229, 110, 57456, 154453, 32316, 7, 5, 360, 70, 40073, 3251, 1916, 26156, 27781, 4, 442, 509, 44, 3522, 10023, 223, 58, 450, 110, 60212, 13835, 71, 17721, 15, 12397, 92, 578, 297, 3934, 26156, 16, 136, 15, 17615, 578, 297, 3934, 124111, 194, 581, 2053, 2304, 61669, 297, 70, 44, 3522, 10023, 223, 740, 5120, 8999, 86685, 111, 170933, 6023, 134234, 26698, 12, 126124, 21533, 170933, 6023, 134234, 11301, 7, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 28271, 111, 80835, 7, 136, 23, 80835, 289, 53498, 6620, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 51300, 5761, 186348, 23, 10, 8347, 111, 70, 20531, 15122, 390, 799, 53, 669, 136, 1460, 147, 1681, 5173, 119959, 17378, 12, 44, 6433, 814, 2347, 9393, 4, 8, 61518, 2363, 44, 91306, 70, 27759, 56065, 80835, 289, 50491, 7, 47, 85358, 1631, 592, 67967, 7, 1884, 8382, 98, 125694, 4, 2684, 53498, 6620, 150624, 2806, 765, 4989, 67967, 7, 160463, 1242, 3293, 30843, 1363, 4027, 25720, 47, 170933, 6023, 109921, 136, 30700, 7, 47, 2856, 5, 581, 65771, 170933, 6023, 3034, 83, 137272, 678, 10, 37242, 2481, 136, 10, 10644, 9, 568, 18499, 34515, 5, 581, 93192, 44, 39, 22553, 58, 186, 44691, 5, 581, 93192, 111, 70, 3034, 83, 4734, 237, 18652, 237, 70, 121413, 54799, 3129, 442, 83, 35509, 5, 581, 4331, 111, 70, 28007, 83, 130306, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 241957, 93425, 765, 2809, 139999, 71, 26719, 12, 62, 80835, 289, 114137, 111, 1239, 14507, 6238, 2053, 27489, 7, 1239, 14507, 6238, 93192, 7, 5, 581, 31089, 111, 2053, 31897, 831, 186, 1286, 1614, 17991, 5, 360, 225006, 214, 100, 27781, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 106689, 98, 10, 72350, 111, 225006, 61689, 219, 2408, 5, 360, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 10, 133238, 7, 72350, 674, 4, 110, 51957, 35509, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 80835, 289, 170933, 6023, 4, 68018, 35839, 42570, 31667, 2053, 114137, 4, 83, 10, 170933, 6023, 450, 83, 3034, 2886, 98, 70, 18231, 111, 66339, 214, 10, 9433, 450, 83, 3299, 297, 1829, 10, 5423, 111, 96759, 77336, 7, 5, 62, 80835, 289, 170933, 6023, 3034, 83, 10, 55300, 111, 80835, 289, 53498, 6620, 5, 151301, 538, 4, 6626, 80835, 289, 2053, 5423, 7, 621, 154186, 4, 707, 10, 2053, 5423, 113054, 297, 390, 57, 2676, 2069, 83, 154186, 26548, 10, 142518, 13, 9523, 2053, 5423, 1295, 142, 6397, 29367, 3299, 5, 893, 30700, 170933, 6023, 83, 26171, 71, 100, 70, 80835, 289, 9, 107, 57860, 16070, 17721, 70, 6626, 2053, 9, 3509, 7, 4, 136, 83, 154186, 47, 142, 6397, 29367, 56574, 170933, 6023, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "The testing process.", "Interpretation.", "Use and importance.", "Cautions.", "Examples.", "Human sex ratio.", "Lady tasting tea.", "Courtroom trial.", "Philosopher's beans.", "Clairvoyant card game.", "Radioactive suitcase.", "Definition of terms.", "Variations and sub-classes.", "History.", "Early use.", "Modern origins and early controversy.", "Early choices of null hypothesis.", "Null hypothesis statistical significance testing.", "Criticism.", "Alternatives.", "Philosophy.", "Education." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In the statistics literature, statistical hypothesis testing plays a fundamental role. The usual line of reasoning is as follows: An alternative process is commonly used: The two processes are equivalent. The former process was advantageous in the past when only tables of test statistics at common probability thresholds were available. It allowed a decision to be made without the calculation of a probability. It was adequate for classwork and for operational use, but it was deficient for reporting results. The latter process relied on extensive tables or on computational support not always available. The explicit calculation of a probability is useful for reporting. The calculations are now trivially performed with appropriate software. The difference in the two processes applied to the Radioactive suitcase example (below): The former report is adequate, the latter gives a more detailed explanation of the data and the reason why the suitcase is being checked. The difference between accepting the null hypothesis and simply failing to reject it is important. The \"fail to reject\" terminology highlights the fact that the a non-significant result provides no way to determine which of the two hypotheses is true, so all that can be concluded is that the null hypothesis has not been rejected. The phrase \"accept the null hypothesis\" may suggest it has been proved simply because it has not been disproved, a logical fallacy known as the argument from ignorance. Unless a test with particularly high power is used, the idea of \"accepting\" the null hypothesis is likely to be incorrect. Nonetheless the terminology is prevalent throughout statistics, where the meaning actually intended is well understood. The processes described here are perfectly adequate for computation. They seriously neglect the design of experiments considerations. It is particularly critical that appropriate sample sizes be estimated before conducting the experiment. The phrase \"test of significance\" was coined by statistician Ronald Fisher.", "The \"p\"-value is the probability that a given result (or a more significant result) would occur under the null hypothesis. For example, say that a fair coin is tested for fairness (the null hypothesis). At a significance level of 0.05, the fair coin would be expected to (incorrectly) reject the null hypothesis in about 1 out of every 20 tests. The \"p\"-value does not provide the probability that either hypothesis is correct (a common source of confusion). If the \"p\"-value is less than the chosen significance threshold (equivalently, if the observed test statistic is in the critical region), then we say the null hypothesis is rejected at the chosen level of significance. Rejection of the null hypothesis is a conclusion. This is like a \"guilty\" verdict in a criminal trial: the evidence is sufficient to reject innocence, thus proving guilt. We might accept the alternative hypothesis (and the research hypothesis). If the \"p\"-value is \"not\" less than the chosen significance threshold (equivalently, if the observed", "Statistics are helpful in analyzing most collections of data. This is equally true of hypothesis testing which can justify conclusions even when no scientific theory exists. In the Lady tasting tea example, it was \"obvious\" that no difference existed between (milk poured into tea) and (tea poured into milk). The data contradicted the \"obvious\". Real world applications of hypothesis testing include: Statistical hypothesis testing plays an important role in the whole of statistics and in statistical inference. For example, Lehmann (1992) in a review of the fundamental paper by Neyman and Pearson (1933) says: \"Nevertheless, despite their", "\"If the government required statistical procedures to carry warning labels like those on drugs, most inference methods would have long labels indeed.\" This caution applies to hypothesis tests and alternatives to them. The successful hypothesis test is associated with a probability and a type-I error rate. The conclusion \"might\" be wrong. The conclusion of the test is only as solid as the sample upon which it is based. The design of the experiment is critical. A number of unexpected effects have been observed including: A statistical analysis of misleading data produces misleading conclusions. The issue of data quality can be more subtle. In forecasting for example, there is no agreement on a measure of forecast accuracy. In the absence of a consensus measurement, no decision based on measurements will be without controversy. The book \"How to Lie with Statistics\"", "", "The earliest use of statistical hypothesis testing is generally credited to the question of whether male and female births are equally likely (null hypothesis), which was addressed in the 1700s by John Arbuthnot (1710), and later by Pierre-Simon Laplace (1770s). Arbuthnot examined birth records in London for each of the 82 years from 1629 to 1710, and applied the sign test, a simple non-parametric test. In every year, the number of males born in London exceeded the number of females.", "In a famous example of hypothesis testing, known as the \"Lady tasting tea\", Dr. Muriel Bristol, a female colleague of Fisher claimed to be able to tell whether the tea or the milk was added first to a cup. Fisher proposed to give her eight cups, four of each variety, in random order. One could then ask what the probability was for her getting", "A statistical test procedure is comparable to a criminal trial; a defendant is considered not guilty as long as his or her guilt is not proven. The prosecutor tries to prove the guilt of the defendant. Only when there is enough evidence for the prosecution is the defendant convicted. In the start of the procedure, there are two hypotheses formula_2: \"the defendant is not guilty\", and formula_3: \"the defendant is guilty\". The first one, formula_2, is called the \"null hypothesis\", and is for the time being accepted. The second one, formula_3, is called the \"alternative hypothesis\". It is the alternative", "The following example was produced by a philosopher describing scientific methods generations before hypothesis testing was formalized and popularized. Few beans of this handful are white. Most beans in this bag are white. Therefore: Probably, these beans were taken from another bag. This is an hypothetical inference. The beans in the bag are the population. The handful are the sample. The null hypothesis is that the sample originated from the population. The criterion for rejecting the null-hypothesis is the \"obvious\" difference in appearance (an informal difference in the mean). The interesting result is that consideration of a real population and a real sample produced an imaginary bag. The philosopher was considering logic rather than probability. To be a real", "A person (the subject) is tested for clairvoyance. They are shown the reverse of a randomly chosen playing card 25 times and asked which of the four suits it belongs to. The number of hits, or correct answers, is called \"X\". As we try to find evidence of their clairvoyance, for the time being the null hypothesis is that the person is not clairvoyant. The alternative is: the person is (more or less) clairvoyant. If the null hypothesis is valid, the only thing the test person can do is guess. For every card, the probability (relative frequency) of any single suit appearing is 1/4. If the alternative is valid, the test subject will predict the suit correctly with probability greater than 1/4. We will call the probability of guessing correctly \"p\". The hypotheses, then, are: and When the test subject correctly predicts all 25 cards, we will consider them clairvoyant, and reject the null hypothesis. Thus also with 24 or 23 hits. With only 5 or 6 hits, on the other hand, there is no cause to consider them so. But", "As an example, consider determining whether a suitcase contains some radioactive material. Placed under a Geiger counter, it produces 10 counts per minute. The null hypothesis is that no radioactive material is in the suitcase and that all measured counts are due to ambient radioactivity typical of the surrounding air and harmless objects. We can then calculate how likely it is that we would observe 10 counts per minute if the null hypothesis were true. If the null hypothesis predicts (say) on average 9 counts per minute, then according to the Poisson distribution typical for radioactive decay there is about 41% chance of recording 10 or more counts. Thus we can say that the suitcase is compatible with the null hypothesis (this does not guarantee that there is no radioactive material, just that we don't have enough evidence to suggest there is). On the other hand, if the null hypothesis predicts 3 counts per minute (for which the Poisson distribution predicts only 0.1% chance of recording 10 or more counts) then the suitcase is not compatible with the null hypothesis, and there are likely", "The following definitions are mainly based on the exposition in the book by Lehmann and Romano: A statistical hypothesis test compares a test statistic (\"z\" or \"t\" for examples) to a", "Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of both frequentist inference and Bayesian inference, although the two types of inference have notable differences. Statistical hypothesis tests define a procedure that controls (fixes) the probability of incorrectly \"deciding\" that a default position (null hypothesis) is incorrect. The procedure is based on how likely it would be for a set of observations to occur if the null hypothesis were true. Note that this probability of making an incorrect decision is \"not\" the probability that the null hypothesis is true, nor whether any specific alternative hypothesis is true. This contrasts with other possible techniques of decision theory", "", "While hypothesis testing was popularized early in the 20th century, early forms were used in the", "Modern significance testing is largely the product of Karl Pearson (\"p\"-value, Pearson's chi-squared test), William Sealy Gosset (Student's t-distribution), and Ronald Fisher (\"null hypothesis\", analysis of variance, \"significance test\"), while hypothesis testing was developed by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson (son of Karl). Ronald Fisher began his life in statistics as a Bayesian (Zabell 1992), but Fisher soon grew disenchanted with the subjectivity involved (namely use of the principle of indifference when determining prior probabilities), and sought to provide a more \"objective\" approach to inductive inference. Fisher was an agricultural statistician who emphasized rigorous experimental design and methods to extract a result from few samples assuming Gaussian distributions. Neyman (who teamed with the younger Pearson) emphasized mathematical rigor and methods to obtain", "Paul Meehl has argued that the epistemological importance of the choice of null hypothesis has gone largely unacknowledged. When the null hypothesis is predicted by theory, a more precise experiment will be a more severe test of the underlying theory. When the null hypothesis defaults to \"no difference\" or \"no effect\", a more precise experiment is a less severe test of the theory that motivated performing the experiment. An examination of the origins of the latter practice may therefore be useful: 1778: Pierre Laplace compares the birthrates of boys and girls in multiple European cities. He states: \"it is natural to conclude that these possibilities are", "An example of Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing can be made by a change to the radioactive suitcase example. If the \"suitcase\" is actually a shielded container for the transportation of radioactive material, then a test might be used to select among three hypotheses: no radioactive source present, one present, two (all) present. The test could be required for safety, with actions required in each case. The Neyman–Pearson lemma of hypothesis testing says that a good criterion for the selection of hypotheses is the ratio of their probabilities (a likelihood ratio). A simple method of solution is to select the hypothesis with the highest probability for the Geiger counts observed. The typical result matches intuition: few counts imply no source, many counts imply two sources and intermediate counts imply one source. Notice also that usually there are problems for proving a negative. Null hypotheses should be at least falsifiable. Neyman–Pearson theory can accommodate both prior probabilities and the costs of actions resulting from decisions. The former allows each test to consider the results of earlier tests (unlike Fisher's significance tests). The latter allows the consideration of economic issues (for example) as well as probabilities. A likelihood ratio remains a good criterion for selecting among hypotheses. The two forms of hypothesis testing are based on different problem formulations. The original test is analogous to a true/false question; the Neyman–Pearson test is more like multiple choice. In the view of Tukey the former produces a conclusion on the basis of only strong evidence while the latter", "Criticism of statistical hypothesis testing fills volumes citing 300–400 primary references. Much of the criticism can be summarized by the following issues: Critics and supporters are largely in factual agreement regarding the characteristics of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST): While it can provide critical information, it is \"inadequate as the sole tool for statistical analysis\". \"Successfully rejecting the null hypothesis may offer no support for the research hypothesis.\" The continuing controversy concerns the selection of the best statistical practices for the near-term future given the (often poor)", "A unifying position of critics is that statistics should not lead to an accept-reject conclusion or decision, but to an estimated value with an interval estimate; this data-analysis philosophy is broadly referred to as estimation statistics. Estimation statistics can be accomplished with either frequentist or Bayesian methods. One strong critic of significance testing suggested a list of reporting alternatives: effect sizes for importance, prediction intervals for confidence, replications and extensions for replicability, meta-analyses for generality. None of these suggested alternatives produces a conclusion/decision. Lehmann said that hypothesis testing theory can be presented in terms of conclusions/decisions, probabilities, or confidence intervals. \"The distinction between the... approaches is largely one of reporting and interpretation.\" On one \"alternative\" there is no disagreement: Fisher himself said, \"In relation to the test of significance, we may say that a phenomenon is experimentally demonstrable when we know how to conduct an experiment which will rarely fail to give us a statistically significant result.\" Cohen, an influential critic of significance testing, concurred, \"... don't look for a magic alternative to NHST \"[null hypothesis significance testing]\"... It doesn't exist.\" \"... given the problems of statistical induction, we must finally rely, as have", "Hypothesis testing and philosophy intersect. Inferential statistics, which includes hypothesis testing, is applied probability. Both probability and its application are intertwined with philosophy. Philosopher David Hume wrote, \"All knowledge degenerates into probability.\" Competing practical definitions of probability reflect philosophical differences. The most common application of hypothesis testing is in the", "Statistics is increasingly being taught in schools with hypothesis testing being one of the elements taught. Many conclusions reported in the popular press (political opinion polls to medical studies) are based on statistics. Some writers have stated that statistical analysis of this kind allows for thinking clearly about problems involving mass data, as well as the effective reporting of trends and inferences from said data, but caution that writers for a broad public should have a solid understanding of the field in order to use the terms and concepts correctly. An introductory college statistics class places much emphasis on hypothesis testing – perhaps half of the course. Such fields as literature and divinity now include findings based on statistical analysis (see the Bible Analyzer). An introductory statistics class teaches hypothesis testing as a cookbook process. Hypothesis testing is also taught at the postgraduate level. Statisticians learn how to create good statistical test procedures (like \"z\", Student's \"t\", \"F\" and chi-squared). Statistical hypothesis testing is considered a mature area within statistics, but a limited amount of development continues. An academic study states that the cookbook method of teaching introductory statistics leaves no time for history, philosophy or controversy. Hypothesis testing has been taught as received unified method. Surveys showed that graduates of the class were filled with philosophical misconceptions (on all aspects of statistical inference) that persisted among instructors. While the problem was addressed more than a decade ago, and calls for educational reform continue, students still graduate from statistics classes holding fundamental misconceptions about hypothesis testing. Ideas for improving the teaching of hypothesis testing include encouraging students to search for statistical errors in published papers, teaching the history of statistics and emphasizing the controversy in a generally dry subject." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 509, 11814, 23, 5941, 43780, 9, 21473, 3674, 187, 23662, 27528, 1295, 13501, 8305, 98147, 62, 7157, 34242, 40478, 248, 23166, 7514, 37992, 10752, 184, 34242, 64511, 581, 384, 13439, 110537, 3542, 9969, 150, 1236, 678, 70, 13501, 31464, 73750, 7, 189682, 7, 136422, 3408, 5570, 4, 136, 23, 70, 39395, 11704, 7, 3542, 11814, 23, 23182, 9, 67919, 384, 62056, 1202, 552, 63923, 748, 45443, 7, 100, 16265, 9, 85470, 4, 7244, 3773, 4, 136, 159, 9688, 992, 4084, 5, 360, 10, 12898, 5582, 98, 6, 48461, 7, 123666, 7, 4, 44, 12233, 57832, 58, 113771, 450, 70, 4271, 525, 45443, 7, 100, 94410, 1916, 4396, 85427, 3034, 43079, 3542, 35509, 98, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 5, 581, 16244, 11, 113793, 151581, 41382, 4, 26368, 223, 17170, 100474, 136, 26368, 223, 4265, 100474, 173591, 159, 170687, 6, 48461, 7, 126381, 100, 4129, 4727, 21579, 1495, 13909, 7, 3542, 2843, 35509, 98, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 5, 7550, 105742, 14, 11814, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 23, 70, 6, 56367, 758, 15, 12724, 11, 3041, 3443, 16, 1202, 38931, 5, 26906, 7228, 142, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 71834, 23, 22059, 136, 18592, 47, 122991, 27528, 6, 114014, 6044, 237, 70616, 136, 503, 208, 47, 33022, 138, 397, 27528, 136, 28282, 10, 3525, 130250, 16839, 5, 360, 22059, 26906, 62952, 70, 5117, 32837, 1363, 111, 29568, 2773, 9, 6032, 138, 397, 27528, 678, 135137, 45730, 93425, 98, 10, 3357, 13909, 15, 12233, 247, 17368, 10, 19336, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 123666, 20596, 15, 85763, 297, 44, 3957, 160808, 6493, 51029, 581, 160808, 6493, 509, 82775, 237, 70, 18231, 111, 10, 6712, 34754, 5426, 100, 130250, 7, 136, 237, 10, 6107, 125907, 20596, 23, 6863, 10002, 7108, 5, 581, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 4, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 1549, 215046, 4, 87344, 40368, 156856, 9035, 26719, 142, 101758, 100, 10, 5361, 6, 48461, 7, 21917, 26518, 6275, 552, 63923, 748, 4, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 12012, 194076, 5, 581, 158978, 32354, 111, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 12012, 83, 47, 63769, 70, 384, 13439, 109356, 6, 159958, 47, 139392, 11192, 31897, 17262, 9, 157955, 6896, 397, 16, 6, 48461, 7, 5, 581, 23718, 17366, 111, 1496, 19879, 95378, 5170, 117, 17932, 509, 175961, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 581, 44, 1052, 302, 43264, 18, 58, 2022, 1758, 111938, 20596, 1295, 109816, 29888, 50246, 94266, 16765, 619, 23752, 8060, 297, 1257, 47, 22759, 384, 13439, 109356, 1549, 4, 100, 4527, 23, 20513, 50081, 40226, 5256, 5, 581, 59420, 509, 2843, 11814, 23, 70, 2022, 1758, 62, 2357, 963, 6, 48461, 7, 20596, 14037, 23, 70, 62, 143589, 35509, 992, 4084, 4488, 41311, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 384, 13439, 109356, 963, 4, 121447, 23, 21735, 4, 83, 70, 5117, 11720, 2661, 6, 48461, 7, 14543, 42, 78779, 297, 61404, 5, 219065, 297, 390, 31464, 73750, 7, 4, 442, 83, 10, 4393, 2789, 9, 3137, 14543, 42, 3129, 96853, 6, 48461, 7, 9, 49133, 297, 167934, 221, 442, 831, 21265, 237, 10, 70163, 71, 86039, 136, 162808, 5, 1650, 509, 11814, 237, 6044, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 11192, 9, 58395, 13, 187, 23662, 27528, 26719, 44, 30404, 71, 1773, 14, 2082, 25, 830, 44, 101398, 1803, 4440, 2848, 830, 136, 44, 112394, 13043, 830, 136, 23, 23182, 9, 67919, 1202, 197108, 748, 126381, 100, 90540, 6107, 146731, 7, 23, 70, 39395, 11704, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Uses.", "Arcade games.", "Video cards and accelerators.", "Attempted game console.", "TMS34020." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The TMS34010 was used in many coin-operated arcade games from 1989 through 1995. Atari Games Williams / Midway MicroProse Games Other", "The TMS chips were compliant with the 1989 Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture standard, and in the early 1990s were used in professional-level TIGA video coprocessor boards for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, and SCO Unix. In a 1991 article on graphics adapters, \"PC Magazine\" reported that the fastest boards for regenerating AutoCAD test images were based on the TMS34010. The Aura Scuzzygraph, Radius PowerView and Radius SuperView external SCSI graphics cards for Apple Macintosh computers were also based on the TMS34010. Sun386i used TMS34010 in the CG5 (Roadracer) videocard.", "TI made an unsuccessful effort in 1987 and 1988 to convince games makers such as Nintendo and Sega to write 3D games and create a new console market. In 1987 TI provided the first demonstration of true real-time 3D games with stereo sound effects on a personal computer (PC), using a small TMS34010 adapter card (called \"The Flippy\"). The Flippy was designed as the basis of a game development system for consoles and as a PC gaming card in its own right.", "The successor to the TMS34010, the TMS34020 (1988), provides several enhancements including an interface for a special graphics floating point coprocessor, the TMS34082 (1989). The primary function of the TMS34082 is to allow the TMS340 architecture to generate high quality three-dimensional (3D) graphics. The performance level of 60 million vertices per second was advanced at the time. The \"Rambrandt\" Amiga extension card from Progressive Peripherals & Software supported up to four TMS34020, for use in virtual reality simulations. The chip was also used in the Amiga A2410 graphics card found in the A2500 based Unix workstation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 182747, 83, 51529, 1672, 70, 6897, 111, 10077, 7921, 5, 31267, 1919, 11913, 1687, 33, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 74, 764, 1556, 2809, 35839, 15044, 154027, 223, 136, 62, 67478, 4, 678, 70, 21, 3055, 8035, 1286, 65933, 55356, 5, 31384, 45559, 289, 125195, 7, 23, 1919, 44, 4657, 79816, 58, 42459, 450, 764, 158930, 1379, 70, 1690, 38529, 7, 111, 163094, 136, 208932, 223, 74, 3129, 83, 39563, 297, 390, 1919, 91067, 47, 70, 160600, 219600, 581, 266, 1681, 237, 8035, 78684, 23, 1919, 10332, 32070, 5, 1650, 83, 959, 51529, 678, 2499, 24233, 939, 7440, 764, 158930, 5, 1529, 1556, 2809, 207487, 237, 70, 7722, 78598, 42, 111, 10, 17202, 34165, 23, 51651, 4, 1284, 442, 1556, 2843, 2809, 134598, 450, 764, 158930, 23, 19291, 96959, 184, 2902, 202, 4, 6637, 764, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 114149, 111, 27888, 24073, 1727, 10591, 18939, 3129, 4, 59499, 47, 63677, 299, 4, 509, 24, 4935, 47, 450, 10776, 5, 1650, 83, 92814, 7844, 36766, 764, 17823, 1814, 297, 54411, 66570, 4, 136, 102971, 10077, 7921, 37202, 47, 98363, 136, 67330, 1919, 10002, 29874, 150556, 7, 167244, 297, 390, 16981, 4, 72742, 2104, 66, 17378, 450, 1919, 21950, 7, 99201, 756, 12096, 7, 111, 82575, 53, 26866, 7, 4, 136, 3853, 6, 177849, 136, 116338, 36322, 41637, 5, 6619, 70, 183851, 21950, 7, 111, 1919, 28, 235620, 4, 4734, 1632, 47143, 7, 202810, 4, 1919, 176016, 71, 85689, 3075, 44, 20320, 119210, 58, 24073, 4657, 79816, 51029, 44, 3957, 4488, 26, 7, 22, 192876, 60867, 238, 70767, 28960, 7, 70, 1927, 15866, 67, 91853, 111, 54411, 99, 70, 1733, 237, 170920, 390, 45644, 771, 187906, 136, 1301, 11030, 12455, 988, 292, 68, 18, 4, 6, 163414, 238, 25443, 4, 136, 54053, 1242, 1650, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 136659, 42840, 5, 360, 70, 44, 10752, 31, 195, 6664, 58, 707, 39864, 1363, 47, 44, 4657, 79816, 58, 2685, 83, 142, 39395, 35107, 111, 70, 89515, 329, 111, 154453, 47, 29874, 41361, 136, 70, 38280, 136, 158, 7, 111, 15044, 26249, 28007, 2320, 136, 14135, 28007, 2320, 5, 10077, 7921, 45252, 90, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 70, 7225, 111, 56889, 66847, 232, 136, 1004, 1544, 2816, 1952, 4, 2750, 764, 237, 33657, 7, 17823, 1814, 297, 29878, 7, 58994, 5, 360, 70, 39734, 111, 70997, 4, 10077, 7921, 25, 7893, 55300, 509, 47, 139999, 136, 39544, 645, 70, 41018, 7, 111, 58806, 4, 136, 47, 15913, 67, 43257, 3501, 233, 78381, 2856, 4, 29024, 14, 6496, 450, 3820, 814, 35060, 71, 85590, 538, 23, 142, 71834, 111, 70, 14361, 47, 104250, 5773, 3060, 87131, 71, 22304, 4, 136, 450, 4, 2174, 959, 165, 202, 53, 193943, 71, 678, 4, 70, 9433, 2806, 121011, 13, 23, 10, 11341, 111, 16227, 5, 2161, 46505, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 764, 6, 65665, 538, 67330, 7, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 117906, 5310, 74, 1919, 91736, 100, 59714, 95, 19514, 136, 7398, 208, 42991, 621, 21, 532, 7565, 678, 22443, 136, 22619, 1830, 74, 136, 5941, 111, 70, 91736, 764, 479, 34601, 7, 3542, 959, 4552, 12921, 1295, 8382, 7464, 23, 4527, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 18763, 4488, 70541, 7, 185688, 76811, 7, 111, 70, 153698, 136, 12921, 285, 68794, 111, 3820, 814, 4, 136, 764, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 182304, 70, 200103, 24092, 7, 111, 6, 203932, 51529, 237, 44, 159360, 7921, 120, 18, 5589, 111, 6, 203932, 58, 12, 44, 408, 1484, 58, 15, 145750, 927, 247, 44, 246, 1484, 58, 15, 74908, 247, 44, 2555, 748, 58, 15, 7, 19256, 214, 16, 136, 44, 882, 3422, 58, 15, 2822, 7432, 136, 59058, 11, 32868, 194, 1529, 60899, 3934, 6782, 22443, 118861, 70, 212485, 111, 183851, 142, 45964, 186526, 65669, 34204, 26719, 70, 212485, 111, 233, 846, 30185, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 764, 98363, 7, 5941, 106, 271, 142642, 12610, 613, 177, 21533, 50491, 7, 3129, 99201, 49146, 1405, 111, 10, 377, 867, 47013, 4, 39734, 100, 72679, 820, 3474, 1444, 4, 136, 70, 53550, 111, 588, 238, 54889, 5, 133698, 70, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 4, 5941, 4816, 1779, 63043, 297, 450, 10077, 7921, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 224128, 2256, 3098, 7, 83, 23, 70, 24763, 27585, 111, 70, 36298, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 10077, 7921, 7228, 110, 29458, 63805, 1672, 70, 19069, 111, 70, 224128, 2256, 3098, 7, 4, 136, 1919, 6524, 15595, 9, 158271, 158, 99736, 11, 10484, 6777, 28219, 450, 70, 3098, 7, 83, 105866, 47, 70, 12912, 5, 45644, 771, 187906, 11814, 70, 160600, 2565, 155841, 235, 20, 44, 1153, 92, 430, 2245, 830, 91084, 501, 16977, 707, 501, 7092, 84433, 4, 47, 15005, 47, 186470, 1236, 57412, 7, 237, 2258, 44924, 1510, 5, 1650, 509, 10077, 7921, 2750, 3900, 143, 3674, 70, 160600, 13579, 3934, 70, 42845, 27968, 4, 2843, 91084, 501, 16977, 5, 581, 5117, 28412, 297, 79737, 111, 10077, 7921, 25, 4488, 509, 91376, 23, 616, 19051, 5, 18763, 20623, 1556, 2809, 5045, 73275, 297, 237, 8035, 105950, 23, 7398, 2481, 136, 69443, 329, 47, 450, 111, 70, 2965, 6, 70035, 7, 111, 70, 8055, 66, 32070, 5, 22376, 4, 10077, 7921, 54397, 10, 121392, 4488, 98, 6, 177849, 4, 98, 3129, 11554, 316, 4523, 2831, 538, 35509, 1919, 44, 4657, 853, 13832, 7636, 1242, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 67478, 74352, 3834, 10077, 7921, 15, 714, 77269, 836, 19831, 16, 509, 10, 12610, 22, 192876, 763, 297, 1419, 4, 51529, 100, 1919, 1119, 18211, 29874, 4488, 4, 44, 4657, 79816, 830, 3129, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 70, 4734, 613, 686, 6496, 40059, 111, 10, 5045, 150679, 28, 235620, 5, 581, 44, 4657, 79816, 58, 83, 10, 158978, 31344, 98, 68, 18, 4, 220505, 4, 54053, 136, 62548, 44457, 7, 4, 136, 442, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 97264, 50509, 214, 29874, 51359, 23, 70, 12610, 8999, 5, 581, 72856, 126826, 7, 111, 1919, 28, 235620, 47041, 99201, 21950, 7, 98, 6, 177849, 4, 27165, 4, 60971, 3826, 238, 4, 136, 116338, 81693, 5, 1529, 7228, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 40865, 1363, 111, 14135, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Nothing is known about the life of Celsus. Even his praenomen is uncertain; he has been called both Aurelius and Aulus, with the latter being more plausible. Some incidental expressions in his \"De Medicina\" suggest that he lived under the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius; which is confirmed by his reference to the Greek physician Themison as being recently in his old age. It is not known with any certainty where he lived. He has been identified as the possible dedicator of a gravestone in Rome, but it has also been supposed that he lived in Narbonese Gaul, because he refers to a species of vine (\"marcum\") which, according to Pliny, was native to that region. It is doubtful whether he practised medicine himself, and although Celsus seems to describe and recommend his own medical observations sanctioned by experience, Quintilian says that his volumes included all sorts of literary matters, and even agriculture and military tactics.", "Of the numerous volumes of his encyclopedia, only one remains intact, his celebrated treatise \"On Medicine\" (\"De Medicina\"). \"The work’s encyclopedic arrangement follows the tripartite division of medicine at the time as established by Hippocrates and Asclepiades — diet, pharmacology, and surgery.\" It is divided into eight books. In the \"Prooemium\" or introduction to \"De Medicina\" there is an early discussion of the relevance of theory to medical practice and the pros and cons of both animal experimentation and human experimentation. Celsus discusses, for example, the case of Herophilos and Erasistratos, who he asserts practised vivisection. In the treatment of disease, Celsus' principal method was to observe and watch over the operations of Nature, and to regulate rather than oppose them, conceiving that fever consisted essentially in an effort of the body to throw off some morbid cause, and that, if not unduly interfered with, the process would terminate in a state of health. On occasions, however, he boldly recommends the use of the scalpel; his rules for blood letting and purgatives are laid down with detail and precision; and many of the rules he prescribes were not very different from those still in use at the beginning of the 19th century. His work contains detailed descriptions of the symptoms and different varieties of fever, and he is credited with recording the cardinal signs of inflammation known as \"Celsus tetrad of inflammation\": \"calor\" (warmth), \"dolor\" (pain), \"tumor\" (swelling) and \"rubor\" (redness and hyperaemia). He goes into great detail regarding the preparation of numerous ancient medicinal remedies including the preparation of opioids. In addition, he describes many 1st century Roman surgical procedures which included removal of a cataract, treatment for bladder stones, and the setting of fractures. During the twentieth century, many historians claimed that Celsus believed that the crystalline lens is in the exact center of the eye. In fact, Celsus made no specific statement about the position of the crystalline lens, and his Graeco-Roman contemporaries did understand that the lens is located to the front. Hippocrates used the Greek word καρκίνος - \"karkínos\", meaning crab or crayfish, to refer to malignant tumors as carcinomas. It was Celsus who translated the Greek term into the Latin cancer, also meaning crab. The first printed edition of Celsus' work was published in 1478. His style has been much admired as being equal in purity and elegance to that of the best writers of the Augustan age. Also, Celsus wrote a technical work on agriculture, on which Columella partly based his \"De Re Rustica.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 12989, 15, 247, 23, 70, 7225, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 903, 5582, 4, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 47, 70, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 116338, 12989, 7, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 144851, 70, 9351, 111, 2363, 49894, 4420, 47, 450, 111, 70, 129574, 167821, 12989, 7, 5, 81206, 7, 80723, 47, 186, 75935, 44, 712, 8589, 58, 136, 23, 10, 1286, 29685, 538, 31425, 5, 31384, 3542, 2563, 538, 20338, 6635, 136, 128839, 538, 70, 44, 12283, 4188, 58, 111, 6097, 12989, 7, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 70, 125413, 16, 80723, 47, 186, 51529, 152701, 538, 237, 44, 80596, 7, 740, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 5744, 149067, 19, 17721, 44, 80596, 7, 58, 136, 44, 112, 10517, 21094, 58, 707, 44, 73, 31304, 399, 58, 1556, 24209, 208806, 41725, 42, 2822, 5, 51404, 3060, 44, 80596, 7, 58, 18925, 112033, 73, 70, 7311, 110, 1363, 111, 8035, 142, 125413, 707, 100510, 111, 79165, 4, 27060, 3249, 110, 149067, 19, 136, 142, 44, 80596, 58, 1543, 3853, 186, 70, 9351, 111, 10, 65177, 1363, 5, 17006, 105719, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 21980, 538, 10, 209274, 23, 10, 21115, 4, 205794, 10, 158, 6000, 22766, 2481, 5, 360, 10, 10846, 97629, 28811, 12989, 7, 4, 209274, 83, 707, 509, 2843, 84046, 23, 14012, 5, 186132, 5256, 8731, 3815, 765, 6044, 205969, 7, 5, 81206, 7, 27983, 1380, 23, 48716, 61112, 4, 26719, 472, 54350, 7, 136, 138758, 23, 97751, 1363, 111, 70, 7311, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 5, 18799, 15889, 12989, 7, 4, 12989, 7, 111, 75688, 4, 136, 65177, 5256, 4, 74216, 71, 1295, 70, 29394, 111, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 170920, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 7311, 538, 70, 116338, 12989, 7, 111, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 136, 70, 22684, 7, 12649, 4, 2750, 23, 15504, 3514, 434, 1810, 111, 70, 7311, 129574, 167821, 12989, 7, 5, 51404, 6097, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 3542, 44, 45388, 13, 2449, 4, 145042, 16070, 7, 136, 40466, 7, 111, 472, 54350, 7, 830, 14037, 297, 390, 70, 152239, 6872, 707, 28811, 185610, 7, 23, 97751, 1363, 111, 70, 116338, 12989, 7, 111, 70, 41649, 7, 12649, 4, 2855, 1916, 209274, 23, 6044, 38887, 68794, 128839, 538, 126809, 3934, 142, 3486, 34639, 450, 5809, 186, 2965, 2600, 71, 23, 230466, 111, 4516, 707, 47, 63284, 70, 160624, 939, 111, 10, 24233, 16361, 133, 5, 31384, 111, 5744, 14713, 25, 7, 167375, 3486, 34639, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 81206, 111, 70, 43114, 22964, 32405, 4, 30715, 25, 7, 81206, 111, 70, 6389, 720, 4, 146864, 25, 7, 81206, 111, 70, 12701, 68743, 18, 136, 176637, 25, 7, 81206, 111, 70, 3293, 17991, 4, 3542, 75935, 20271, 450, 1615, 5, 10660, 3542, 85590, 538, 29685, 538, 23, 31425, 4, 62816, 52021, 390, 20903, 3357, 91582, 17721, 70, 12989, 7, 25, 43032, 136, 70, 12989, 7, 25, 95934, 38529, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 231119, 4, 2684, 28811, 185610, 7, 1902, 40101, 163629, 71, 142, 144573, 12989, 111, 1658, 1405, 1294, 4, 707, 75935, 3525, 64333, 111, 2363, 10002, 4, 47, 152750, 160624, 117907, 66, 136, 41866, 116338, 51521, 7, 5, 62771, 12989, 7, 47143, 297, 1810, 111, 58359, 47, 70, 4537, 3835, 4, 49903, 4, 237, 8035, 111, 110, 2661, 30648, 707, 127319, 509, 56104, 10, 479, 107, 3181, 11090, 47, 8035, 36456, 3674, 5, 360, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 6097, 25647, 128839, 538, 98816, 136, 70, 12989, 7, 126809, 1295, 44, 9482, 34639, 2886, 38887, 68794, 58, 47, 75693, 3486, 34639, 7, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 903, 128839, 34754, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 6626, 12989, 7, 14037, 297, 390, 5379, 175264, 111, 66724, 5, 51404, 70, 67485, 53, 81206, 111, 5379, 175264, 21067, 68518, 509, 9803, 47, 2499, 224, 56, 6496, 116338, 93324, 211460, 111, 2265, 59665, 4, 136, 2806, 80731, 44759, 7, 111, 110, 83259, 47, 8382, 2750, 6777, 959, 21771, 765, 2856, 4, 70, 81206, 111, 12190, 56174, 111, 175055, 21067, 88235, 7464, 56065, 450, 1632, 1902, 47, 765, 99, 19713, 22759, 58093, 7, 111, 110, 2661, 6, 60502, 22230, 5, 50605, 18925, 5941, 68728, 28692, 12989, 7, 621, 2855, 3674, 390, 121678, 87143, 47, 41965, 53, 79165, 100, 4516, 136, 69307, 9035, 5, 360, 8719, 304, 113157, 75935, 70, 187707, 1830, 104, 25, 160945, 15, 5267, 735, 191, 111, 13015, 34639, 247, 3129, 5809, 186, 70318, 297, 47, 2499, 3445, 4, 211460, 111, 10778, 4, 100, 1620, 104643, 23, 30641, 707, 100, 387, 5369, 111, 157167, 67175, 4516, 5, 51404, 7464, 112033, 14653, 5941, 87631, 5180, 111, 142, 12989, 111, 1658, 1405, 1294, 4, 442, 509, 70, 5117, 5744, 15889, 12989, 111, 75688, 136, 83, 7464, 9942, 25, 7, 167375, 70318, 18925, 5, 581, 92265, 206010, 111, 13015, 34639, 149976, 237, 70, 3299, 100, 183851, 5744, 12989, 7, 111, 75688, 23, 70, 65925, 8999, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 81206, 111, 151992, 23, 199458, 7435, 91887, 136, 70, 81206, 111, 70, 56101, 145359, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 5173, 59741, 5, 17065, 14, 79850, 4, 12989, 7, 111, 75688, 35509, 98, 70, 92265, 206010, 111, 13015, 34639, 205794, 112033, 73, 43606, 61112, 23, 213246, 678, 62122, 7, 111, 1658, 1405, 12259, 12989, 7, 5, 360, 52287, 271, 76726, 4, 12989, 7, 111, 75688, 56104, 1380, 23, 1632, 47, 17262, 44000, 7, 4, 678, 4734, 10, 6494, 429, 6, 23432, 19, 678, 707, 15490, 10, 57230, 8345, 98, 70, 290, 271, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 52287, 271, 12989, 111, 75688, 509, 70, 1632, 9, 67413, 81206, 111, 96125, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 5173, 62946, 5, 992, 5062, 65925, 12989, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 52287, 271, 12989, 7, 5809, 186, 70318, 297, 1286, 3501, 24145, 47, 142, 11651, 5, 24372, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 134349, 21230, 4, 2684, 24453, 9022, 28811, 76726, 39531, 3674, 47, 70, 65925, 9, 40946, 12989, 7, 7311, 538, 170920, 8108, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 60013, 8780, 5, 38396, 5941, 76726, 765, 3060, 3173, 111, 12989, 111, 75688, 707, 15889, 65177, 5256, 5, 149766, 33020, 25, 7, 81206, 111, 70, 22392, 12701, 68743, 18, 136, 15758, 25, 7, 81206, 111, 70, 24116, 214, 7550, 621, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 12989, 83, 10, 75693, 3486, 34639, 70318, 297, 390, 10, 95934, 38529, 11341, 4, 185610, 4, 68728, 28692, 121678, 18276, 707, 49894, 47, 10, 3445, 4, 205794, 23, 230466, 111, 11651, 75688, 4, 450, 27983, 32497, 678, 117781, 5844, 194242, 11, 6044, 237, 65780, 4295, 4, 40501, 7, 4, 6494, 4188, 4, 136, 57, 114942, 6, 23432, 19, 390, 134003, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "History.", "Orders by fount of honour.", "Dynastic orders.", "Orders by type.", "Orders of merit." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The word order (), in the case referred to in this article, can be traced back to the chivalric orders, including the military orders, which in turn trace the name of their organisation back to that of the Catholic religious orders. Orders began to be created \"ad hoc\" and in a more courtly nature. Some were merely honorary and gradually the \"badges\" of these orders (i.e. the association) began to be known informally as \"orders\". As a result, the modern distinction between \"orders\" and \"decorations\" or \"insignia\" has become somewhat blurred. While some \"orders\" today retain the original notion of being an association or society of individuals, others make no distinction and an \"order\" may even be the name of a decoration. Most historic chivalric orders imply a membership in a group, typically a confraternity. In a few exclusive European orders, membership is or was also limited in number. Decorations seldom have such limitations. Orders often come in multiple classes, including knights and dames in imitation of the original chivalric orders.", "Modern national orders, orders of merit, and decorations, emerged from the culture of chivalric orders established in the Middle Ages, originally the military orders of the Middle Ages and the crusades, who in turn grew out of the original Catholic religious orders. While these chivalric orders were \"societies, fellowships and colleges of knights\", founded by the Holy See or European monarchs in imitation of the military orders of the Crusades, granting membership in such societies gradually developed into an honour that could be bestowed in recognition of service or to ensure the loyalty of a certain clientele. Some of modern Europe's highest honours, such as the Order of the Golden Fleece, England's Order of the Garter, Denmark's Order of the Elephant and Scotland's Order of the Thistle, were created during that era. They were essentially courtly in nature, characterised by close personal relations between the orders' members and the orders' sovereign.", "", "By the time of the Renaissance, most European monarchs had either acquired an existing order of chivalry, or created new ones of their own, to reward loyal civilian and especially military officials. Such orders remained out of reach to the general public, however, as being of noble rank or birth was usually a prerequisite to being admitted. In the 18th century, these ideas gradually changed and the orders developed from \"honourable societies\" to visible honours. An example of this gradual development can be seen in two orders founded by Maria Theresa of Austria. While the Military Order of Maria Theresa (1757) was open to any deserving military officer regardless of social origin, and would grant titles of nobility to those who did not already have them, the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (1764) still required that one had to have at least four generations of noble ancestors. Still today many dynastic orders are granted by royal families to worthy individuals for service and achievements.", "", "In 1802 Napoleon created the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour), which could be awarded to any person, regardless of status, for bravery in combat or for 20 years of distinguished service. While still retaining many trappings of an order of chivalry, it was the first modern national order of merit and is still France's highest award today. The French Legion of Honour served as the model for numerous modern orders of merit in the Western world, such as the Order of Leopold in Belgium (1832) and the Order of the British Empire in the United Kingdom (1917). Curiously, orders of merit based on the French Legion of Honour typically retain five classes in accordance with habits of chivalric orders. In communist countries, orders of merit usually come in one to three grades, with only a badge worn with or without a ribbon on the chest. An example of a communist order of merit was the one-class Order of Lenin of the Soviet Union (1930). Unlike Western orders, however, communist orders could be awarded more than once to an individual. After the collapse of the Soviet bloc, most Eastern European countries reverted to the Western-style orders originally established before the rise of communism. Today many countries have some form of order of merit or national decorations. Both Thailand's Order of the White Elephant and Japan's Order of the Rising Sun are over 100 years old. In Canada and some Commonwealth Realms, the Order of Merit is the highest civilian honour. Canada has the Order of Canada and provincial orders such as the Order of Nova Scotia. Australia has the Order of Australia, and New Zealand awards the Order of New Zealand and the New Zealand Order of Merit. The Order of Mapungubwe is the highest honour in South Africa, while the Orders of Luthuli, and the Baobab exist alongside other decorations. The United States awards the Medal of Honor to members of its military for acts of valour, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal to civilians. The Legion of Merit is the only United States decoration which may be issued in award degrees (much like an Order of chivalry or certain Orders of Merit), but award degrees are only made to foreign nationals, typically senior military officers or government officials. Switzerland does not award any orders. Article 12 of the 1848 Swiss Constitution prohibited the acceptance of honours and titles by Swiss citizens. The current Constitution of 1999 has no specific prohibition, but a federal statute effectively continues the prohibition by barring holders of foreign orders from holding public office. In 1974 the Cabinet of Sweden passed a regulation forbidding the Monarch of Sweden from awarding membership in orders to Swedish citizens. The orders themselves were not abolished, but only the Royal Orders of the Seraphim and the Polar Star (both established in 1748) continue to be awarded, and only to foreign citizens and stateless individuals. In 1995 the regulation was altered, allowing the Monarch to bestow the two remaining active Orders to members of the Swedish Royal Family. Modern orders are usually open to all citizens of a particular country, regardless of status, sex, race or creed; there may be a minimum age for eligibility. Nominations are made either by private citizens or by government officials, depending on the country. An order may be revoked if the holder is convicted of a crime or renounces citizenship. Some people nominated for an award refuse it." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1429, 2179, 2227, 64370, 101637, 40501, 7, 3934, 99, 19713, 59671, 61112, 12, 23972, 243, 525, 297, 23, 14941, 23, 423, 19051, 4, 70, 2565, 44, 159587, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 102256, 92265, 44, 10528, 85, 2186, 830, 68034, 1295, 89176, 44, 4806, 123375, 830, 136, 20654, 37838, 1295, 70, 1305, 9, 67413, 21533, 42845, 44, 159587, 399, 830, 91084, 10, 43780, 41965, 23552, 10, 168, 116613, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 159587, 45486, 58, 15, 13448, 271, 243, 525, 297, 23, 14941, 23, 611, 71716, 1556, 70, 5701, 20654, 67, 30057, 1363, 4, 1284, 903, 1733, 8305, 70, 89176, 44, 282, 85, 24571, 86, 830, 91084, 44, 320, 429, 40501, 740, 8622, 621, 6626, 3790, 10484, 237, 100, 70, 82, 4650, 25443, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 159587, 399, 58, 12, 70, 5117, 8035, 450, 70, 42845, 44, 159587, 399, 58, 68034, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 44, 12333, 4086, 58, 91084, 44, 12333, 141, 58, 707, 44, 22000, 19298, 56128, 70, 17932, 8035, 450, 44, 4806, 123375, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 48138, 1970, 42845, 44, 185790, 13, 11, 15, 43260, 102, 16, 830, 91084, 44, 130143, 15, 587, 73, 16, 58, 136, 450, 1295, 42845, 44, 185790, 316, 830, 3129, 83, 70, 45137, 15032, 111, 70, 160600, 62753, 3223, 169911, 24073, 185790, 191, 74054, 44, 11, 5665, 740, 97299, 25958, 40501, 7, 621, 106507, 297, 678, 2160, 90, 98, 10, 114561, 12924, 6, 79023, 707, 1774, 65735, 4, 707, 37702, 1295, 10, 931, 52366, 5, 581, 29569, 1294, 4, 3129, 56104, 96853, 31330, 214, 4, 83, 205794, 23, 27226, 123046, 4, 144, 372, 217, 27983, 77546, 3501, 98, 43780, 7, 12, 80433, 9, 14660, 1363, 40501, 7, 1543, 186, 91, 173964, 23, 119140, 297, 24725, 7, 6, 190358, 1286, 12924, 2837, 23935, 674, 3501, 23, 43780, 7, 181653, 100, 46889, 191175, 23, 10, 11001, 24725, 5, 209449, 42, 40501, 7, 621, 2684, 39210, 74, 148734, 10393, 320, 40501, 7, 621, 27983, 51529, 237, 144231, 46954, 5, 581, 44, 112, 587, 30494, 58, 52895, 27983, 4527, 3789, 115700, 7, 4, 41866, 41421, 90, 136, 6057, 7, 5, 32255, 23, 17311, 56104, 1380, 678, 10, 72179, 1830, 40956, 4, 136, 10, 38134, 134855, 297, 57230, 8345, 678, 10, 34196, 99, 70, 2663, 4, 100, 243, 934, 214, 47, 203538, 6, 23432, 19, 98, 70, 290, 271, 5, 581, 5201, 707, 12912, 71579, 111, 10, 40501, 83, 24117, 71, 70, 995, 37676, 4, 136, 1543, 70541, 10, 196, 87929, 4, 8834, 77275, 28302, 4, 707, 3789, 29569, 33233, 678, 142, 6, 101287, 5, 581, 39531, 184, 4, 707, 4420, 71579, 111, 70, 40501, 4, 83, 959, 11343, 11814, 136, 1543, 186, 25737, 44237, 707, 1543, 70541, 10, 37526, 1294, 4331, 5, 1650, 83, 959, 51, 277, 3796, 47, 7413, 4734, 142, 84172, 89159, 214, 98, 70, 995, 37676, 4, 12960, 756, 41653, 136, 3789, 4677, 100, 70, 40501, 621, 23, 34601, 71, 98, 70, 39531, 184, 5, 581, 24045, 83, 14037, 4734, 46505, 25958, 6, 212423, 47, 44116, 142, 6, 101287, 6044, 237, 10, 146631, 4, 494, 3033, 16188, 4, 22, 52152, 56, 26582, 4, 10, 1192, 8889, 26, 7, 16188, 214, 4, 707, 10, 36549, 14012, 5, 165605, 7, 450, 621, 179140, 47, 186, 80756, 1295, 10, 57230, 8345, 2843, 26698, 10, 19336, 72179, 1830, 63847, 99, 70, 7359, 271, 678, 3129, 47, 40956, 10, 72179, 1830, 15789, 8305, 5, 1650, 83, 8305, 70, 15789, 450, 10, 57230, 8345, 83, 11675, 707, 18344, 48141, 221, 70, 40501, 1543, 10756, 120642, 5, 165605, 7, 6520, 14534, 47, 70, 57262, 4527, 4734, 10, 19336, 59226, 111, 57230, 8345, 450, 83, 220642, 47, 10, 2663, 1909, 7440, 70, 7155, 3581, 6520, 83, 261, 55923, 297, 5, 4792, 1909, 7, 1543, 186, 204105, 1379, 70, 57230, 8345, 221, 1836, 621, 959, 75693, 4, 186, 10, 111719, 75186, 1295, 3129, 70, 57230, 8345, 6, 232254, 7, 4, 707, 1543, 3853, 186, 156347, 13, 47, 110633, 70, 4331, 98, 70, 40501, 5, 31384, 2663, 1909, 7, 621, 121151, 13, 136, 70541, 10, 28271, 4331, 51, 188, 61261, 5, 42911, 731, 1556, 2809, 70, 2684, 39210, 4912, 6, 212423, 100, 40501, 7, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 44075, 27167, 37457, 4, 7920, 41159, 4, 28, 6991, 678, 3129, 47, 4488, 3229, 176050, 4, 136, 70, 128386, 185, 25820, 41159, 33306, 4, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 3789, 2450, 765, 2843, 2809, 11814, 5, 2552, 7966, 12924, 7, 765, 2809, 6, 212423, 4, 6044, 237, 115392, 4, 133782, 316, 4, 136, 86761, 4, 3229, 32599, 214, 47, 15190, 34292, 107314, 70, 2563, 84172, 8, 1434, 10763, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3647, 12924, 7, 136, 24286, 4778, 6044, 237, 552, 8079, 4, 70910, 7, 4, 193, 191, 4, 64344, 78603, 4, 37105, 4, 97, 38893, 4, 300, 94558, 4, 136, 280, 434, 720, 5, 165605, 7, 450, 621, 7228, 678, 23, 83613, 33, 29888, 4912, 13648, 186, 6, 8726, 48141, 4, 115392, 9, 9189, 297, 4, 1608, 5281, 4, 707, 122799, 23, 10, 96551, 111, 3789, 48322, 47, 52295, 2363, 170894, 5, 165605, 7, 765, 2843, 2809, 7228, 111, 13950, 4, 30203, 34165, 4, 17, 3104, 53, 4, 47589, 4, 196, 43252, 73, 4, 8025, 552, 2310, 4, 552, 289, 4, 109412, 4, 15122, 4, 17404, 583, 4, 52879, 27227, 15876, 4, 136, 32204, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 51529, 110527, 111, 10, 40501, 8035, 70318, 297, 32497, 1295, 70, 4816, 19, 33876, 223, 2750, 4, 32562, 4989, 7103, 70, 19732, 4, 15426, 7, 450, 23, 70, 22759, 927, 142642, 335, 10854, 4, 70, 19694, 2319, 525, 86452, 12441, 70, 1529, 143006, 7, 23, 36442, 111, 42814, 70, 32774, 4, 136, 450, 23, 30646, 100, 903, 4, 42814, 44, 27, 12832, 47, 86452, 27, 20338, 6635, 70318, 7, 4, 237, 10, 158044, 77679, 4, 3129, 442, 83, 114122, 47, 8337, 70, 60097, 25, 7, 29842, 7, 1055, 1242, 12610, 6, 88940, 25251, 11814, 15044, 116338, 70318, 7, 111, 40501, 7, 4, 136, 68894, 18466, 7, 111, 40501, 45486, 7, 450, 3542, 1884, 4552, 21334, 43780, 7, 4, 56104, 23, 86761, 707, 115392, 4, 136, 68, 9, 7, 173964, 1884, 43780, 7, 5, 149766, 6097, 136, 8561, 158044, 43780, 7, 3542, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 40501, 707, 40501, 45486, 83, 10, 19336, 168627, 84172, 36746, 4, 10, 6117, 19, 17116, 4, 3638, 538, 111, 12924, 4, 85358, 214, 10, 4331, 4, 56104, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 5, 10660, 205794, 765, 10, 159202, 4935, 60042, 111, 3060, 8562, 4, 136, 5941, 621, 34475, 237, 70318, 7, 5, 10660, 1543, 186, 179140, 47, 186, 6, 23432, 19, 4, 45890, 297, 1295, 203538, 707, 55, 19256, 26976, 23, 3060, 3917, 5, 10660, 1543, 186, 91, 173964, 1884, 10, 43780, 390, 14792, 707, 68, 9, 55741, 23, 10, 931, 52366, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Main types.", "Etymology.", "Features.", "History.", "Military medals and decorations.", "Table medals and other large forms.", "Fraternal jewels.", "Different metals.", "Medals as art." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Numismatists divide medals into at least seven classes:", "First attested in English in 1578, the word \"medal\" is derived from the Middle French \"médaille\", itself from Italian \"medaglia\", and ultimately from the post-classical Latin \"medalia\", meaning a coin worth half a denarius. The word \"medallion\" (first attested in English in 1658) has the same ultimate derivation, but this time through the Italian \"medaglione\", meaning \"large medal\". There are two theories as for the etymology of the word \"medalia\": the first being that the Latin \"medalia\" itself is derived from the adjective \"medialis\" meaning \"medial\" or \"middle\"; the second being that \"medaglia\" comes from the Vulgar Latin \"metallea (moneta)\", meaning \"metal (coin)\" and that from Latin \"metallum\", which is the latinisation of the Greek μέταλλον (\"metallon\"), \"a mine\".", "Traditionally medals are stamped with dyes on a durable metal flan or planchet, or cast from a mould. The imagery, which usually includes lettering, is typically in low relief, albeit often higher than on coins: Limited-edition medals may be struck in repeated impacts allowing more metal displacement than in coins produced for mass circulation in a single impact. Circular medals are most common; rectangular medals are often known as plaquettes. The \"decoration\" types often use other shapes, especially crosses and stars. These in particular usually come with a suspension loop, and a wide coloured ribbon with a clip at the top, for attaching to clothing worn on the chest. The main or front surface of a medal is termed the obverse, and may contain a portrait, pictorial scene, or other image along with an inscription. The reverse, or back surface of the medal, is not always used and may be left blank or may contain a secondary design. It is not uncommon to find only an artistic rendering on the obverse, while all details and other information for the medal are inscribed on the reverse. The rim is found only occasionally employed to display an inscription such as a motto, privy mark, engraver symbol, assayer’s marking, or a series number. Medals that are intended to be hung from a ribbon also include a small suspension piece at the crest with which to loop a suspension ring through. It is through the ring that a ribbon is run or folded so the medal may hang pendent. Medals pinned to the breast use only a small cut of ribbon that is attached to a top bar where the brooch pin is affixed. Top bars may be hidden under the ribbon so they are not visible, be a plain device from which the ribbon attaches, or may even be decorative to complement the design on the medal. Some top bars are elaborate and contain a whole design unto themselves. Bronze has been the most common material employed for medals, due to its fair price range, durability, ease with which to work when casting, and the ample availability However, a wide range of other media have also been used. Rarer metals have been employed, such as silver, platinum, and gold, when wishing to add value beyond the mere artistic depiction, as well as base metals and alloys such as copper, brass, iron, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, and pewter. Medals that are made with inexpensive material might be gilded, silver-plated, chased, or finished in a variety of other ways to improve their appearance. Medals have also been made of rock, gemstone, ivory, glass, porcelain, terra cotta, coal, wood, paper, enamel, lacquerware, and plastics.", "The first known instance of a medal being awarded comes from the historian Josephus who, writing long after the event, accounts that in the fourth century BCE, the High Priest Jonathan led the Hebrews in aid of Alexander the Great, and that in return for this, Alexander \"...sent to Jonathan... honorary awards, as a golden button, which it is custom to give the king's kinsmen.\" Roman emperors used both military awards of medals, and political gifts of medallions that were like very large coins, usually in gold or silver, and die-struck like coins. Both these and actual golden coins were often set as pieces of jewellery, worn by both sexes. The bracteate is a type of thin gold medal, usually plain on the reverse, found in Northern Europe from the so-called \"Dark Ages\" or Migration Period. They often have suspension loops and were clearly intended to be worn on a chain as jewellery. They imitate, at a distance, Roman imperial coins and medallions, but have the heads of gods, animals, or other designs. The Liudhard medalet, produced around AD 600 in Anglo-Saxon England, is an isolated example, known from a single copy, of a Christian medal, featuring an inscription naming Liudhard (or \"Saint Letard\"), the first priest among the Anglo-Saxons, and most likely presented to converts. The surviving example is mounted for wearing as jewellery. In Europe, from the late Middle Ages on, it became common for sovereigns, nobles, and later, intellectuals to commission medals to be given simply as gifts to their political allies to either maintain or gain support of an influential person. The medals made be made in a range of metals, such as gold, silver-gilt, silver, bronze, and lead, depending on the status of the recipient. They were typically up to about three inches across, and usually featured the head of the donor on the obverse, surrounded by an inscription with their name and title, and their emblem on the reverse, with a learned motto inscribed round the edges. Such medals were not usually intended to be worn, although they might have been set as pendants on a chain. From the 16th century onward, medals were made, both by rulers for presentation and private enterprise for sale, to commemorate specific events, including military battles and victories, and from this grew the practice of awarding military medals specifically to combatants, though initially only a few of the much higher-ranking officers. The medieval revival seems to have begun around 1400 with the extravagant French prince Jean, Duc de Berry, who commissioned a number of large classicising medals that were probably produced in very small numbers, or a unique cast. Only casts in bronze from the originals in precious metal survive, although it is known that at least some medals were also set with jewels, and these may well have been worn on a chain. At the same period, the first known post-classical medal commemorating a victory was struck for Francesco Carrara (Novello) on the occasion of the capture of Padua in 1390. The Italian artist Pisanello, generally agreed to be the finest medallist of the Renaissance, began in 1438 with a medal, celebrating the unprecedented visit of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos to Italy. This was presumably a commercial venture, but his later medals were mostly commissioned for distribution as gifts by rulers or nobles. Like almost all early Renaissance medals, it was cast rather than die-struck. With each successive cast the medal became slightly smaller, and the numbers that could be produced were probably not large. A lead \"proof\" was probably often used. The association between medals and the classical revival began to take a rather different form, and the exchange of medals became associated with Renaissance Humanism. Princes would send humanist writers and scholars medals in recognition of their work, and the humanists began to make their own medals, normally in bronze, to send to their patrons and peers. The fashion remained restricted to Italy until near the end of the 15th century, when it spread to other countries. By the 16th century, medals were increasingly produced by rulers or cities for propaganda purposes. In 1550, a die-stamping machine, using steel dies, was introduced in Augsburg, Germany, and soon this process became standard. The artist now cut an intaglio die rather than modelling in relief. By the 16th century, the wearing of smaller medals on a chain was a persistent fashion for both sexes, and a variety of medals were produced commercially for the purpose, commemorating persons or events, or just with non-specific suitable sentiments. German artists had been producing high-quality medals from the beginning of the century, while the French and British were slower to produce fine work. However, by the late 17th century, most parts of Western Europe could produce fine work. Some medals were also collected, which continues to the present day. Official medals, from which specialized military awards descended, were increasingly produced, but the real growth in military medals did not come until the 19th century. Devotional medals also became very popular in Catholic countries. During the Reformation there had also been a vigorous tradition of Protestant medals, more polemical than devotional, which continued with the Geuzen medals produced in the Dutch Revolt.", "Military decorations, service awards, and medals are often mistakenly confused with one another. \"Decoration\" is a term for awards which require specific acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star), whereas a \"service award\" or \"campaign medal\" is awarded for serving in a particular capacity in a particular geographical area and time frame (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal. The Roman Republic adopted an elaborate system of military awards that included medals called phalerae to be issued to soldiers and units for a variety of achievements. The practice was revived in the Early Modern period, and medals began to be worn on the chest as part of standard military uniform. The United States Continental Congress awarded the Fidelity Medallion as early as 1780, to three specified men for a particular incident, as a one-off award, which was characteristic of early military decorations. In 1782, the Badge of Military Merit was established, and mostly awarded to non-officers. The Légion d'honneur instituted by Napoleon I in 1802 had some of the characteristics of the old military orders, but was intended to be far more inclusive, and was awarded to rank and file soldiers for bravery or exceptional service. Other nations followed with decorations such as the British Army Gold Medal from 1810, though this only went to senior officers, and the Prussian Iron Cross from 1813. Medals were not awarded to all combatants in a war or battle until the 19th century, when the Waterloo Medal was the first British medal given to all present, at the Battle of Waterloo and all associated actions in 1815. By the middle of the 19th century, the number of awards used had greatly expanded in most countries to something near modern levels. An order tends to be the most elaborate of military decorations, typically awarded for distinguished services to a nation or to the general betterment of humanity. Orders are distinguished from other forms of decoration in that they often imply membership in an organization or association of others that have received the same award. Two of the most well known and commonly awarded orders are the \"Légion d'honneur\" of France (military and civil) and the civil Order of the British Empire. The practice of conferring orders originates with the mediaeval fraternities of knighthood, some of which still exist and are still awarded. While most modern orders have no roots in knighthood, they still tend to carry over the terms of their historic counterparts, and terms such as knight, commander, officer, members, and so on are still commonly found as ranks. A military order may use a medal as its insignia, however, most tend to have a unique badge or a type of plaque specifically designed for an emblem. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States Government, and is an example of a decoration that is modeled as a military order, even though not expressly defining itself as one. It is bestowed on a member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself, \"conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States.\" Each of the three departments of the American armed forces has a unique picture displayed on a medal, which is in turn displayed upon a star-shaped heraldic badge. The medal of the U.S. Army depicts the head of Minerva, the U.S. Navy medal shows a scene of Minerva doing battle with Discord, and the U.S. Air Force depicts the Statue of Liberty upon its medal. Military decorations, including medals and orders, are usually presented to the recipient in a formal ceremony. Medals are normally worn on more formal occasions and are suspended from a ribbon of the medal's colours on the left breast, while a corresponding ribbon bar is to be worn to common events where medals would be inappropriate or impractical to wear.", "Medallion is a vague term, often used for larger, usually circular, medals, which might be worn as pendants round the neck. It is the correct term for such medals from the late Roman Empire, typically distributed by the emperor and bearing his image, but in later periods larger medals are best termed just as medals. Generally circular, table medals are issued for artistic, commemoration, or souvenir purposes, not for commerce, and are too large to be plausibly worn. Tokens and Table Medals of coin-like appearance are part of the Exonumia subcategory of Numismatics, while Orders, Decorations, and Medals are considered Militaria (military related). The Nobel Foundation, the organization awarding the prestigious Nobel Prize, presents each winner, \"an assignment for the amount of the prize, a diploma, and a gold medal...\" This medal would be displayed framed like a picture, on a table, wall or in a cabinet, rather than be worn by the winner. The Carnegie Hero Foundation is the issuer of a bravery medal, most commonly issued in the US, Canada, and the UK. This large bronze table medal features Andrew Carnegie's likeness on the obverse and the name of the awardee and citation engraved on the reverse. It is usually issued for lifesaving incidents. In the U.S. Military, challenge coins are a type of relatively unofficial medal given to boost morale, and sometimes to act as convenient passes for unit members. Also related are plaques and plaquettes, which may be commemorative, but especially in the Renaissance and Mannerist periods were often made for purely decorative purposes, with often crowded scenes from religious, historical or mythological sources. While usually metal, table medals have been issued in wood, plastic, fibre, and other compositions. The US Government awards gold medals on important occasions, with bronze copies available for public sale.", "Amongst the many fraternal organisations which wear ceremonial regalia, the use of medals is commonplace. In many prominent fraternal organisations, fraternal medals are known as \"jewels\". Their purpose varies, and may include use as a badge of membership, an indication of rank, a symbol of office within the fraternity, or an indication of support having been given to a designated charitable cause (so-called \"charity jewels\"). Common secular fraternities using jewels (medals) in the English-speaking world include Freemasonry, the Orange Order, the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes, and the Oddfellows. There are also religious fraternal organisations attached to certain Christian denominations (for example, the Catenian Association), also using medals as jewels of their Orders. Many of these organisations advertise jewels (medals) for sale on their corporate websites. Fraternal jewels may be worn as military-style medals, on ribbons, from the left breast, or more prominently on collars or collarettes as part of the organisation's regalia. Historic examples of such medals and jewels may be found in many museums, particularly museums dedicated to fraternal organisations. There is extensive trade in fraternal jewels and medals, with societies and associations existing to promote such trade, and to encourage the sharing of resources, and on-line resources available to support the hobby.", "Traditionally, medals are made of the following metals, in order of decreasing value: Many medals were and are made in several different metals, either representing awards for different places in a competition, or standards or classes, as with the Olympic medals, or simply different price levels for medals made for sale or donation by the commissioner. Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. The gold, silver and bronze Olympic medals for first, second and third places were first used at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals. The medals for the London 2012 Summer Olympics are the largest ever, reflecting a trend for increasing size in Olympic medals.", "The first well-known great artist to create medals was the Italian painter Antonio Pisano, also known as Pisanello, who modelled and cast a number of portrait medals of princes and scholars in the 1440s. Many other artists followed his example, in places such as Italy, the Low Countries, Germany, and France. In the seventeenth century medals were extensively used to commemorate events and glorify rulers. In the eighteenth century prize medals became common. In the 19th century art medals exploded in popularity. In the early part of the aforementioned century, David d'Angers produced a great series of portrait medals of famous contemporaries and in the latter part of the century, Jules-Clément Chaplain and Louis-Oscar Roty were among many highly regarded medalists. The early twentieth century saw art medals flourish, particularly in France, Italy, and Belgium, while later in the century Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, the USA, Canada, and England produced much high quality work." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 78822, 11063, 420, 26859, 75169, 4950, 7, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 423, 3229, 764, 100512, 23902, 678, 10, 47617, 1991, 136, 10, 101275, 58585, 5, 10660, 3542, 16487, 100, 10, 4950, 7, 58585, 4, 221, 764, 123997, 1919, 5117, 4950, 7, 136, 26859, 79, 58838, 678, 29256, 7, 111, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 4, 70, 79703, 90, 4, 136, 70, 1884, 5, 10660, 127918, 52336, 1295, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 4, 70, 79703, 90, 4, 35340, 582, 60744, 4, 1193, 20499, 4, 581, 115449, 93069, 7, 4, 136, 27060, 5, 31384, 1733, 14432, 4, 764, 68872, 47, 31358, 23, 15673, 111, 90791, 10, 17305, 22023, 8753, 678, 1286, 6867, 75169, 107893, 4, 7068, 764, 435, 11852, 68933, 136, 1919, 8753, 77648, 43153, 4, 678, 136565, 764, 26859, 75169, 5, 581, 8753, 33662, 33284, 297, 84616, 678, 36770, 17170, 3584, 929, 101275, 1419, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 136, 30666, 297, 70, 9351, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 678, 70, 7311, 13315, 2037, 8035, 11852, 68933, 15, 17086, 867, 7, 64, 38965, 16765, 247, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 15, 17086, 867, 7, 247, 78822, 11063, 420, 15, 5918, 7, 16, 136, 360, 519, 78473, 5548, 150242, 15, 131453, 7, 194, 78822, 11063, 420, 33022, 7, 3060, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 52336, 4, 3129, 3542, 61475, 538, 153161, 11814, 237, 335, 9, 8752, 7, 4, 1284, 16792, 44, 1052, 10545, 217, 7650, 25, 18, 10592, 71975, 58, 15, 143321, 70541, 297, 138, 52336, 22299, 297, 47, 111246, 247, 28560, 7, 59121, 390, 4049, 621, 186085, 13379, 98, 2363, 7156, 7, 5, 360, 1392, 78822, 11063, 420, 678, 35378, 1177, 33, 8753, 51339, 297, 23, 200955, 5, 133698, 450, 1733, 4, 764, 33233, 678, 3493, 14, 1310, 164, 136, 345, 150, 1461, 3232, 1902, 17164, 297, 44, 116527, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 740, 360, 505, 764, 136, 1919, 145042, 8753, 29968, 7, 11852, 68933, 4, 11617, 1519, 1205, 4, 947, 7, 1436, 8022, 7, 73086, 4, 3493, 14, 1310, 164, 4, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 136, 39096, 37300, 2661, 1902, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 242, 27559, 2676, 875, 7, 14098, 25, 161802, 191, 11330, 5, 78822, 11063, 420, 25, 7, 5117, 5609, 13452, 509, 215072, 103149, 7440, 764, 112730, 15044, 4950, 7, 136, 6, 239530, 101275, 7, 5, 10660, 121447, 2363, 5117, 7156, 4, 44, 115729, 2594, 103149, 830, 23, 82490, 1529, 112730, 4950, 7, 98, 70, 5117, 6626, 7156, 7, 111, 10462, 1234, 53, 108171, 1419, 188531, 3362, 1928, 25, 7, 13452, 4, 44, 284, 118237, 3478, 830, 31089, 71, 23, 6789, 136, 55021, 1529, 112730, 98, 4143, 31655, 1529, 4517, 43032, 25, 137356, 71, 178992, 289, 11389, 111, 44, 294, 10836, 87180, 58, 121447, 98, 1202, 23, 55197, 1529, 2843, 79786, 678, 70, 8753, 154812, 127, 29321, 4, 3129, 121447, 23, 5726, 2363, 5117, 7156, 44, 13025, 67987, 136, 149987, 7, 58, 98, 3129, 111246, 112730, 70, 31486, 7, 111, 164938, 271, 4, 101275, 1419, 136, 108558, 4, 7068, 13438, 98, 70, 44, 9506, 46401, 89715, 7, 58, 7156, 121447, 23, 25499, 18763, 2684, 17309, 28117, 141775, 83, 1919, 4950, 7, 17086, 867, 9, 3584, 11680, 297, 5609, 9, 95322, 4, 44, 73484, 223, 78822, 11063, 420, 25, 7, 96742, 73, 2113, 1314, 740, 360, 24635, 78822, 11063, 420, 51339, 297, 678, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 23, 217339, 13, 4, 80380, 136, 25632, 442, 4, 51339, 297, 23, 76726, 6044, 237, 49002, 4, 15758, 4, 28173, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 360, 780, 764, 51339, 297, 678, 38334, 25612, 5, 78822, 11063, 420, 25, 7, 75169, 20623, 1556, 2809, 51529, 47, 26698, 197097, 4950, 7, 59801, 4, 136, 46505, 25958, 764, 1556, 10, 2639, 6044, 237, 23, 44, 13025, 11, 3033, 47331, 15, 29598, 581, 36293, 16, 58, 707, 44, 647, 11, 15592, 25066, 5153, 830, 3129, 83, 1632, 111, 1919, 2684, 170277, 5, 1529, 83, 51529, 47, 4527, 15044, 1919, 51287, 7, 136, 10, 39580, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 11531, 5, 1529, 186085, 4527, 7, 10, 39580, 100, 70, 1286, 80560, 2472, 19364, 4, 8781, 4950, 7, 124519, 4, 237, 23, 44, 568, 42335, 13538, 58, 707, 44, 127794, 10, 59784, 48838, 830, 136, 51287, 7, 100, 1286, 37105, 9, 50986, 75169, 4, 237, 98, 44, 647, 11, 15592, 25066, 5153, 58, 707, 44, 201960, 2600, 33, 740, 18763, 75169, 20623, 71062, 297, 98, 1632, 111, 35378, 1177, 33, 25, 7, 1286, 17309, 7156, 7, 44, 15017, 13, 1264, 111, 70, 132556, 26824, 7, 20, 581, 84671, 2408, 830, 7440, 5941, 1286, 4950, 7, 2639, 7, 136, 37105, 63920, 621, 49782, 4, 1884, 44, 4153, 99017, 1572, 830, 44, 187459, 70, 153543, 58, 136, 3853, 3060, 57115, 4950, 7, 98, 70, 5117, 11001, 44, 594, 4295, 5, 3430, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 44, 17903, 73, 25, 2005, 58, 1295, 44, 683, 14068, 667, 73163, 7, 2016, 62, 1081, 830, 7440, 1632, 831, 36802, 57115, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 35378, 1177, 33, 25, 7, 17116, 87168, 5, 180358, 214, 3525, 25647, 100, 70, 52336, 4, 764, 509, 66747, 71, 54433, 47, 70, 44, 6696, 1803, 189635, 58, 12, 44, 8912, 282, 70141, 87, 91, 80060, 2856, 3934, 759, 14288, 24089, 7440, 814, 87, 444, 99, 36766, 442, 186, 98, 10, 64848, 4, 4420, 7, 16852, 4, 707, 174653, 37076, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 6957, 42486, 111, 66360, 17447, 136, 1286, 57, 4126, 1257, 136, 87, 1774, 47, 12096, 756, 6097, 1810, 3229, 87, 2046, 5368, 1242, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 111246, 7948, 78822, 11063, 420, 15, 57332, 111246, 7948, 40607, 11063, 420, 74, 103122, 952, 6088, 31017, 4, 33112, 16, 83, 10, 30839, 19612, 3378, 136, 11531, 70035, 4, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 4950, 7, 101275, 1419, 4, 4420, 214, 108171, 1419, 136, 14037, 214, 32786, 111, 14537, 12924, 8753, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 4734, 6626, 47143, 214, 7311, 43032, 2750, 765, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 8753, 16792, 2363, 27643, 4, 70, 3789, 8035, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 24189, 3640, 3229, 14037, 214, 32786, 11852, 68933, 456, 513, 73, 297, 70, 8753, 5, 111246, 78822, 11063, 420, 25, 7, 14449, 43032, 82424, 6867, 23, 25134, 36941, 4, 25730, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 136, 102126, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Side projects.", "Playing style." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Grosskopf started playing bass at the age of 15 when he became friends with a drummer and a guitar player. They were looking for a bass player, so he bought his first bass and started jamming with covers of the Sex Pistols, the Ramones, and the like. They covered songs from the Sex Pistols, the Ramones, Sid Vicious, XTC, The Stranglers, and others. Some time later, he decided to leave in hope of finding a heavier band with more live playing opportunities, then he met Kai Hansen and his band Second Hell, with whom he started playing. The band soon joined forces with former Powerfool guitarist Michael Weikath and adopted the name Helloween, with the original lineup being Kai Hansen (guitars/vocals), Michael Weikath (guitars), Grosskopf (bass) and Ingo Schwichtenberg (drums). Grosskopf writes some of the band's songs, which were initially mostly used as B-sides, but since \"Rabbit Don't Come Easy\" (which contained 3 songs credited to Markus), tracks written by him are regularly present on their albums. In 2011 Grosskopf with Helloween band performed in Greece. During that time, he along with Andi Deris and Uli Kusch had recorded \"Master of the Rings\". In 2017 he and his fellow band mates Kai Hansen, Michael Kiske, Sascha Gerstner, Andi Deris, Michael Weikath and Dani Löble had participated in the 'Pumpkins United' Reunion Tour.", "Grosskopf's first side project was Shockmachine where he played both bass and rhythm guitars. They released their first album, \"Shockmachine\", in 1998. He played bass on the first two albums of Edguy vocalist Tobias Sammet's project, \"Avantasia\", issued in 2001 and 2002. He played on Uriah Heep members' arranged orchestral version of \"Salisbury\" released on video in 2001. He also worked with the band Kickhunter, which released in 2002 their first album \"Hearts and Bones\" on which Markus played the roles of bassist, guitarist and producer, then again on the \"Little Monsters\" album released in 2007. His most recent endeavour is his bassguitar-focused side-project, \"Markus Grosskopf's Bassinvaders\". In 2015, Grosskopf performed with Judas Priest in Belgrade, Serbia and following it, performed in countries such as Russia, Japan, Australia and the United States. In 2016 he performed with Gotthard.", "Grosskopf's playing style has been known to include prominent basslines, and occasionally he has a solo such as in \"Heavy Metal (Is The Law)\" or \"Eagle Fly Free\", which is one of his most famous. He is known to use both his fingers and a pick, depending on the song. He regularly uses a pick for the more straightforward, simple bass lines, as in \"I Want Out\" or \"Just a Little Sign\", and fingers for more lead-type playing, as on \"Eagle Fly Free\" or \"Halloween\". His playing style expanded on one of Helloween's more recent albums \"Keeper of the Seven Keys - The Legacy\", where many more bass solos and lead parts are heard, like \"Invisible Man\", \"Light the Universe\" and even some slap bass on the first single \"Mrs. God\", as well as \"Goin' Home\" from \"Pink Bubbles Go Ape\", where one can hear slap for the first time in Helloween's discography. Regarding new ideas for the songs, he was quoted saying to the \"Metal Insider\": \"Sometimes I shout them into my mobile phone wherever I am at whether it be on a toilet, backstage, or somewhere else. There is a big collection of riffs and more saved up and I plan to sort all these out when I get home.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 140280, 7, 111, 71006, 621, 110, 51713, 51521, 538, 86757, 25072, 7, 4, 1284, 621, 11814, 3229, 13416, 214, 43904, 13267, 4, 44951, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 70, 140280, 4, 70, 54529, 53, 136, 70, 14834, 2481, 756, 765, 31943, 6827, 132988, 7, 136, 29256, 142, 16128, 111, 138, 135224, 1785, 304, 6896, 135224, 1785, 304, 3229, 39041, 6238, 70, 21, 9248, 136, 96113, 7, 194, 212078, 83, 70, 4734, 187951, 54529, 53, 450, 83, 959, 606, 35485, 297, 390, 10, 54529, 53, 215394, 5, 175399, 4, 70, 14834, 2481, 83, 66211, 297, 678, 70, 6, 240906, 111, 10, 54529, 53, 4, 26719, 3835, 16227, 517, 136, 3835, 6181, 5, 581, 5201, 10, 464, 111, 70, 47064, 141598, 13, 62554, 83, 47, 45201, 14580, 70, 109458, 5423, 23, 15889, 44951, 7, 390, 70, 118893, 6063, 136, 70, 92416, 4, 47, 176866, 13, 70, 33946, 7, 136, 125568, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 4, 47, 137633, 18150, 109458, 136, 46002, 32116, 70, 4743, 9433, 111, 27165, 23, 70, 45064, 111, 12638, 7225, 5, 581, 47064, 141598, 13, 62554, 83, 10, 92416, 122921, 10336, 297, 390, 10, 62493, 42, 5, 133698, 10, 110324, 14922, 70, 47064, 70615, 125034, 7, 100, 212078, 1556, 2809, 216479, 71, 47, 125034, 7, 100, 10, 28379, 70615, 4, 91084, 450, 442, 1556, 41591, 71, 24233, 66211, 7, 1295, 70, 47064, 141598, 13, 62554, 5, 209683, 125034, 7, 621, 152431, 47, 70, 54529, 3387, 111, 205451, 240090, 136, 142327, 20271, 70, 110324, 14922, 5, 581, 43606, 2684, 132573, 223, 39861, 2449, 111, 212078, 47064, 23, 1532, 12, 212078, 47064, 23, 86151, 3674, 6863, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 1295, 70, 140280, 111, 212078, 5, 14847, 442, 83, 127887, 678, 10, 121678, 13081, 7710, 442, 33636, 7, 70, 47064, 141598, 13, 62554, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 212078, 47064, 15, 16, 83, 10, 54529, 53, 707, 44, 42144, 58, 111, 71006, 5, 212078, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 129435, 27414, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 5973, 1760, 4, 136, 83, 70, 142105, 111, 71006, 25, 7, 90695, 7, 5, 6, 108210, 3387, 621, 56104, 1614, 9, 97368, 48141, 3934, 14834, 31075, 4, 1284, 212078, 47064, 4734, 58055, 7, 111, 1632, 14834, 2481, 12, 212078, 18319, 2481, 5, 212078, 47064, 83, 70, 4734, 54529, 53, 23, 71006, 450, 83, 959, 23131, 297, 390, 10, 54529, 53, 215394, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 34831, 7, 70, 66211, 7, 450, 621, 120262, 34831, 71, 390, 70, 54529, 53, 215394, 4, 5201, 538, 16227, 517, 136, 3835, 6181, 5, 18852, 3789, 54529, 3387, 4, 212078, 1556, 10, 47064, 141598, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Province.", "Administration.", "Politics.", "Localities in order of size.", "Heraldry." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The provinces of Sweden are no longer officially administrative units, but are used when reporting population size, politics, etc. In this case the province, the county and the municipality all have identical borders and cover an area of 3151 km2 (3151 km2 when excluding the lakes and rivers).", "Gotland is the only Swedish county that is not administered by a county council. Instead, the municipality is tasked with the responsibilities of a county, including public health care and public transport. The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government agency headed by a Governor.", "During a trial period the County Council provisions for Gotland has been evolved to provisions for a Regional Council, meaning that it has assumed certain tasks from the County Administrative Board. Similar provisions are applicable to the counties of Västra Götaland and Skåne during the trial period.", "The five most populous localities of Gotland County in 2010:", "Gotland County inherited its coat of arms from the province of Gotland. When it is shown with a royal crown it represents the County Administrative Board." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 233025, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 47, 70, 44, 441, 56, 11030, 52668, 188, 830, 10, 11938, 170920, 23, 28745, 663, 390, 25921, 137272, 678, 29971, 113712, 4, 142, 82, 127, 157, 9, 122772, 1419, 5351, 9, 1076, 92, 14037, 297, 23, 18982, 28015, 390, 62, 16442, 8, 3419, 31, 1419, 136, 3789, 2060, 9, 54969, 126663, 7, 5, 581, 113666, 133, 509, 170920, 23, 6088, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 390, 990, 2187, 54231, 18, 4, 33233, 678, 3789, 25921, 192586, 13, 47, 70, 25737, 9, 14775, 4347, 28015, 51, 56644, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 33662, 33284, 297, 390, 16162, 9, 1723, 3132, 636, 21713, 796, 4, 11555, 195608, 6261, 4, 143608, 11, 15537, 114162, 13, 4, 707, 14787, 7, 9, 841, 33, 416, 31649, 7, 36331, 5, 581, 113666, 133, 1902, 10932, 496, 43032, 23, 70, 41710, 111, 19340, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 22690, 14037, 214, 43032, 111, 70, 7687, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 435, 99, 70, 100307, 3050, 46813, 119349, 104, 25, 169057, 2320, 15, 33081, 16, 17721, 29172, 136, 27898, 4, 54940, 2856, 636, 21713, 796, 4, 45233, 8, 1734, 26513, 4, 16162, 9, 115043, 180611, 4, 803, 63052, 23788, 3166, 4, 707, 56159, 29678, 73, 5, 360, 29733, 4, 17262, 43032, 111, 70, 113666, 133, 2451, 571, 12631, 4, 636, 21713, 796, 4, 136, 56159, 29678, 73, 2451, 18, 46572, 47, 122991, 8, 3419, 31, 1419, 47, 30957, 44951, 7, 4, 3129, 764, 187, 37379, 538, 128120, 71, 5, 581, 233025, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 509, 75935, 237, 44, 109153, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 58, 98, 209, 20414, 27898, 390, 16162, 9, 1723, 3132, 636, 21713, 796, 4, 990, 2187, 54231, 18, 4, 45233, 8, 1734, 26513, 4, 11555, 195608, 6261, 4, 136, 27060, 5, 581, 14037, 1314, 150180, 71, 1295, 11192, 9, 36467, 297, 115215, 136, 90698, 61261, 2831, 111, 142, 100307, 5351, 32216, 678, 70, 39210, 13452, 111, 71337, 223, 214, 15889, 1419, 25647, 28032, 70, 3835, 6, 157695, 4, 136, 520, 6496, 237, 3126, 17721, 29971, 113712, 4, 154909, 44951, 7, 136, 22962, 3835, 23179, 7, 23, 9942, 5, 73223, 40224, 2264, 33284, 297, 70, 7687, 23, 26527, 5, 168407, 26527, 4, 636, 21713, 796, 149976, 237, 10, 9782, 53294, 100, 70, 33744, 111, 70, 123024, 4, 31577, 47, 194314, 1919, 68894, 25647, 23, 86757, 117729, 5, 360, 25534, 111, 70, 89055, 1830, 111, 10, 4000, 35187, 4, 764, 3126, 297, 70, 2265, 37348, 2577, 71, 390, 70, 26349, 111, 30448, 67, 119782, 9, 1577, 9, 856, 40255, 7, 678, 6, 199417, 4, 1284, 70, 3790, 10484, 3542, 47, 14534, 390, 1919, 1791, 147, 7668, 23, 70, 2704, 11389, 5, 360, 11994, 28506, 4, 49903, 4, 636, 21713, 796, 145755, 47, 765, 142, 5582, 98, 70, 44, 165439, 164031, 111, 6, 199417, 58, 91376, 23, 70, 41260, 44, 169057, 2320, 830, 75204, 390, 756, 70, 92265, 15853, 93660, 7, 5, 1311, 9, 5429, 75639, 390, 636, 21713, 796, 136, 143464, 86196, 12600, 4, 70, 5582, 151552, 6, 199417, 237, 44, 1065, 7522, 214, 268, 237, 5941, 707, 1286, 44402, 23, 70, 4989, 13579, 237, 442, 86869, 7, 830, 136, 51636, 297, 98, 70, 44, 12421, 157, 9, 93782, 58, 125861, 7, 47, 157353, 12, 44, 73, 70, 22690, 4, 70, 150385, 76875, 1221, 186, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 148814, 271, 76726, 4, 7440, 70, 43904, 83, 40715, 12479, 379, 2886, 1242, 6300, 1177, 33, 27898, 136, 24427, 4, 70, 7687, 77049, 71, 47, 2363, 108870, 7, 183851, 11192, 9, 36467, 214, 3835, 187646, 7, 136, 39624, 10133, 4, 3129, 33636, 297, 23552, 111, 70, 160675, 7, 4, 33233, 678, 32485, 7, 4, 108858, 7, 136, 8063, 1055, 5, 2022, 4021, 2856, 3542, 990, 3132, 6955, 2746, 11, 4, 44767, 2177, 16466, 4, 143464, 16522, 1674, 4, 58807, 29678, 8918, 71, 4, 161597, 206414, 73, 4, 44767, 262, 149194, 4, 16162, 75625, 50086, 126, 4, 62, 16442, 64337, 2397, 4, 44767, 19369, 29270, 39428, 4, 157370, 77879, 1294, 4, 16162, 9, 154598, 583, 16162, 86, 10186, 4, 204990, 1311, 34, 272, 8, 10934, 10745, 4, 111954, 100453, 107, 4, 62, 16442, 821, 23157, 446, 4, 171338, 73281, 4757, 34, 4, 707, 16162, 9, 193206, 8022, 6504, 73, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 27898, 136, 25695, 4, 70, 187735, 23, 70, 3835, 189413, 13, 111, 44767, 19369, 29270, 39428, 4, 7068, 70, 33744, 111, 70, 123024, 4, 831, 186, 150380, 297, 23, 2831, 47, 70, 79507, 111, 70, 7687, 136, 70, 205297, 46193, 1486, 4, 19369, 29270, 39428, 21334, 538, 1059, 1916, 2363, 43240, 23, 1919, 25695, 12877, 44, 866, 25, 131888, 653, 25, 525, 61150, 315, 1229, 2831, 740, 44, 168407, 5596, 47, 114749, 830, 33022, 7, 19369, 29270, 39428, 4, 44, 289, 840, 18, 756, 35011, 43904, 7, 765, 70, 5701, 15380, 59665, 136, 142, 82, 127, 19, 109622, 29842, 16070, 39563, 297, 390, 70, 29458, 113068, 111, 59714, 94407, 1242, 33306, 4, 34955, 111, 70, 4000, 79507, 111, 70, 7687, 32786, 990, 2187, 54231, 18, 4, 2750, 149976, 237, 142, 360, 16711, 1290, 9082, 99, 70, 185236, 111, 70, 123024, 1379, 19369, 29270, 39428, 136, 14949, 129573, 18, 4, 70, 51521, 44930, 111, 70, 27759, 98, 6, 199417, 47143, 297, 153161, 111, 1810, 58359, 111, 70, 7687, 25, 7, 79507, 5, 581, 12877, 44, 2729, 48267, 944, 115, 118645, 58, 24073, 3957, 73826, 7, 111, 38043, 74054, 91376, 23, 24849, 1379, 70, 48225, 111, 262, 1734, 26513, 4, 78114, 71, 1295, 29971, 113712, 3790, 10484, 98, 30355, 964, 25443, 4, 101412, 72694, 8780, 136, 2265, 131455, 8780, 5, 581, 5701, 6602, 4, 45233, 8, 1734, 26513, 509, 77049, 71, 98, 70, 92265, 1910, 82575, 53, 22120, 7639, 44, 284, 4594, 28437, 35412, 58, 47, 29865, 70, 205297, 46193, 1486, 5, 581, 5701, 6602, 4, 49903, 4, 10, 2450, 80399, 26548, 70, 205297, 46193, 1486, 136, 70, 7687, 4, 8, 3165, 60636, 70, 44, 6609, 7668, 271, 52193, 4450, 90, 58, 111, 70, 92265, 207048, 82649, 71, 2363, 3835, 216473, 23, 9942, 5, 581, 36696, 6827, 29361, 111, 70, 7687, 99, 903, 14922, 509, 10, 6002, 7612, 1814, 39, 111, 16169, 9, 136317, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 233025, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 15, 39798, 25958, 44, 3957, 313, 21135, 47832, 52562, 74054, 36770, 538, 7687, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 15, 164056, 1104, 5357, 247, 83, 10, 92265, 2060, 9, 54969, 15889, 26697, 5351, 32216, 14037, 297, 23, 27898, 136, 65903, 48141, 390, 45233, 8, 1734, 26513, 5, 581, 53702, 125568, 7, 142, 44, 100743, 141, 16169, 9, 62051, 9494, 1419, 58, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 3173, 111, 25313, 26697, 8780, 37515, 538, 1013, 19, 3674, 678, 82, 127, 6402, 15889, 8780, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Background: 1968–1973.", "Emergence: 1974–1979.", "Club de l'Horloge: 1980–2014.", "Renaming and revival: 2015–present.", "Views.", "Lysenko Prize." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The origin of the Carrefour de l'Horloge can be traced back to the \"Cercle Pareto\", a club established in Science Po by students associated with GRECE, an ethno-nationalist think-tank founded in January 1968 by Alain de Benoist and other far-right militants. The Cercle was established in September of the same year by Yvan Blot, along with other students hostile to the left-wing May 1968 unrests. He was soon joined by Jean-Yves Le Gallou, Daniel Garrigue, Guillaume Faye, or Georges-Henri Bousquet. The Cercle had around 30 members in the winter of 1970. Many of the future founding members of the Club de l'Horloge met at the elite École Nationale d'Administration (ENA) between 1972 and 1974, among them Le Gallou, Henry de Lesquen, Jean-Paul Antoine, Didier Maupas, or Bernard Mazin. In 1973, three members of the Cercle—Blot, Le Gallou, and Bernard Mazin—tried to convince de Benoist to enter politics, which he ardently refused.", "The Carrefour de l'Horloge was created as \"Club de l'Horloge\" on 10 July 1974 by Jean-Yves Le Gallou, Yvan Blot, Henry de Lesquen, Daniel Garrigue, and others. The founders graduated from high-ranked schools and considered themselves part of an elite think tank with the common project of diffusing nationalist ideas within the public sphere, and serving as link between GRECE, mainstream politics and senior public offices in France. Bruno Mégret joined the Club in 1975.From 1975, Le Gallou served as a civil administrator for the Minister of the Interior, trying to diffuse his political ideas in administrative reports. In charge of the redaction of a local study, he linked the social issues faced by the city of Chanteloup-les-Vignes with immigration, but the theories were toned by his hierarchy in the final version. In March 1976, however, Le Gallou managed to have an article on the \"economic assessment of immigration\" published in the magazine \"Administration\", received by all the French Prefects. Co-written by Le Gallou and Philippe Baccou, the article described immigration as \"[posing] as many or more problems in the long term as it solves\", and insisted on the \"ethno-cultural\" barriers to integration: \"in the future, the labour reserve will be situated in the remotest countries, where the population is less assimilable.\" Between 1974 and 1982, the Club invited to their conferences numerous high-ranking public servants and politicians, which represented half of the attendants, along with journalists, academics and businessmen. Among them were Yves Guéna, Michel Jobert, Philippe Malaud, Pierre Mazeaud, Raymond Marcellin, Michel Debré, Jean Lecanuet, Alain Madelin, Michel Poniatowski, René Monory, Jean-Marcel Jeanneney, Maurice Couve de Murville, Edgar Faure, Alain Juppé, Lionel Stoléru, or Jean-Louis Gergorin. Between 1974 and 1978, the progression in the public discourse of Michel Poniatowski, then the Minister of the Interior, can be attributed in part to the influence of the Club and the Nouvelle Droite, Poniatowski largely citing their works in his 1978 book \"L'avenir n'est écrit nulle part\". \"From India to Iceland\", writes Poniatowski, \"almost all white populations have the same cultural origin and an ethnological kinship confirmed by the specific distribution of blood groups.\" However, apart of the local influence of the Club member Yvan Blot, who served as an Inspector General at the Ministry of the Interior under Poniatowski and Christian Bonnet, the official policy of the government on immigration remained mostly of out reach of the Club's influence. The book \"La Politique du vivant\" (\"The Politics of living\"), published in 1979 under the direction of De Lesquen, stemmed from GRECE theories on sociobiology, genetic determinism and social Darwinism. The same year, Henry de Lesquen was invited on the French TV literary talk show \"Apostrophes\" to debate the Nouvelle Droite. The same year, however, a media campaign against the Nouvelle Droite and the Club, denouncing the \"Vichyst sympathies\" of the French authorities damaged their public reputation in France. The ideological agenda of the Club at this period was a syncretism of neo-liberalism, right-wing nationalism, and eugenistic doctrines. Their advocacy of liberalism gradually clashed with the philosophy of and GRECE and de Benoist, who associated it with Americanism and materialism. Dismissing the long-term meta-political strategy of Alain de Benoist and his GRECE—whose Le Gallou and Blot were former members—the Club de l'Horloge aimed at more immediate results, and instead favoured rapid entryism inside the two French mainstream right-wing parties of the period: namely the Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the Union for French Democracy (UDF). Since the years 1979–80, the Club de l'Horloge has distanced itself from the neo-paganism and anti-capitalism of GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite, promoting instead a form of economic liberalism strongly tainted with ethnic nationalism.", "The Club's strategy of entryism began to show some success in the 1980s: Le Gallou entered the UDF in the early 1980s while many other lead members, such as Mégret (from 1975 to 1982), De Lesquen (1977–85), or Blot (1979–88), were already part of the RPR. Le Gallou grew in importance, developed and promoted the concept of \"national preference\", and served as a link between the Club and the far-right party Front National (FN), which he joined in 1985. The Club de l'Horloge was also during some time under the protection of French Minister of the Interior Michel Poniatowski. The Club de l'Horloge created in 1990 the \"Lysenko prize\", in reference to Soviet pseudo-scientist Trofim Lysenko. The satirical award has since been attributed each year to a public figure who has, in their view, \"contributed to spreading scientific or historical misinformation, with ideological methods and arguments\". Bruno Mégret coined in 1997 the word \"re-information\" to designate nationalist news outlets that opposed the mainstream media, a term that has since been widely used by far-right online websites in France.", "In September 2015, the Club de l'Horloge was renamed \"Carrefour de l'Horloge\", and merged with the smaller associations \"Voix des Français\", \"Renaissance 95\", \"SOS Identité\" and the \"Mouvement associatif pour l'union de la droite\". The first meeting under the new name was organized on 16 January 2016 with Charles Beigbeder, Christian Vanneste, Blot, De Lesquen, and Le Gallou. The National Liberal party (PNL) was founded in 2017 and publicly announced the following year to promote national liberal ideas, and restore traditional French values and liberal economics through ideological influence rather than elected office. During the 2017 presidential election, Philippe Baccou, one of the prominent members of the club, was among the most influential political advisers of FN candidate Marine Le Pen. Carrefour de l'Horloge's president Henry de Lesquen runs a YouTube channel totaling several million views through which he participated in popularizing the concept of \"remigration\" in France, and racialist theories built on anthropologist Carleton S. Coon's works.", "The Carrefour de l'Horloge recognizes what they call twelve \"mentors\": The think thank promotes economic liberalism, nationalism and popular democracy. Political scientist Fiammetta Venner labeled the club \"national radical\" in 2006. Historian Nicolas Lebourg and Jean-Yves Camus wrote in 2017 that its ideology was originally inspired by social Darwinism, and that they merged neoliberalism with racialism to eventually create an \"integral neo-Darwinism\". The club's economic theory, Lebourg and Camus added, \"gradually became liberal-national.\" The adoption of economic liberalism by the Club de l'Horloge was conducive to the doctrinal break with GRECE, which denounced economic liberalism as a \"[destroyer of] collective identities and ‘rooted’ cultures and [...] a generator of uniformity\". The common of defence of identity, however, allowed the Club and GRECE to operate as different factions within the wide Nouvelle Droite. The club is a supporter of popular democracy and theorized the citizens' initiative referendum back in 1986. The following year, Yvan Blot introduced a bill in the lower house to permit popular-initiative referenda, but failed to gain enough support. The club praises \"popular common sense\" against what they call the \"confiscation of democracy\" by uprooted elites. Blot's ideas have been influential on the Front National, which portrayed itself as the best defender of democracy.\"", "Since 1990, the Carrefour de l'Horloge awards each year the satirical \"Lysenko Prize\" to an author or person who \"has contributed the most to scientific and historical misinformation, using ideological methods and arguments.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2161, 7582, 24645, 12839, 4, 509, 189893, 5, 360, 70, 11704, 7, 4, 40368, 27980, 11627, 7, 86658, 23, 44, 7290, 5, 1179, 58, 3542, 36457, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 10010, 2069, 1810, 10, 113860, 678, 70, 63920, 111, 10, 27980, 11627, 47, 3173, 10, 77758, 85526, 100512, 5299, 170920, 5, 2161, 41626, 4, 4347, 138, 4, 5726, 4, 509, 189893, 47, 28282, 5, 72127, 60744, 2806, 14432, 21647, 6226, 111, 70, 8, 150, 3521, 5, 223, 77758, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 9201, 297, 16792, 7071, 744, 4, 5726, 4, 70, 5155, 70, 5, 223, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 15, 71013, 1294, 18151, 2663, 9, 67919, 77758, 16, 509, 142096, 47, 17932, 9, 67919, 164498, 7, 5, 40469, 5, 164, 83, 10, 2750, 164, 6713, 2037, 4516, 4, 114141, 214, 70, 189893, 101785, 16070, 4677, 111, 10, 77758, 5, 1650, 509, 170920, 18237, 427, 4, 5726, 136, 189893, 47, 142, 29823, 23, 48627, 4, 114749, 5, 2161, 18982, 616, 4, 86097, 70, 40111, 18481, 2665, 141888, 456, 23253, 297, 5, 238, 425, 77758, 164498, 100, 129517, 1764, 738, 257, 184, 5, 238, 425, 4, 10, 77758, 3129, 11814, 44, 184, 5, 238, 425, 58, 47, 3173, 70, 2565, 44, 13802, 740, 581, 77758, 509, 7311, 538, 189893, 23, 55482, 209683, 123055, 1902, 2809, 11814, 100, 249, 30794, 15271, 6044, 237, 30202, 184, 5, 238, 425, 707, 7968, 184, 5, 238, 425, 74, 23, 3060, 50218, 4, 5, 1863, 15, 441, 731, 206, 47806, 16, 707, 5, 23563, 15, 8139, 29346, 127, 4384, 16, 621, 161740, 297, 100, 5, 238, 425, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 56206, 73, 85526, 58, 509, 43780, 297, 390, 115136, 40641, 329, 3135, 98, 7582, 138, 4, 4821, 47, 29459, 44, 66, 51, 2271, 57241, 289, 77758, 9351, 450, 4527, 7, 63920, 3789, 3501, 70, 159, 30693, 15, 191633, 17366, 77758, 16, 707, 50960, 17366, 77758, 47, 28282, 70, 44759, 111, 70, 77758, 9351, 1242, 57163, 38, 163629, 71, 98, 18237, 616, 4, 73584, 136, 98, 14487, 483, 4, 35652, 2161, 6088, 534, 4, 56434, 9351, 10723, 7, 100, 5, 282, 3542, 102329, 297, 390, 87, 12048, 47, 70, 92416, 111, 209123, 4, 678, 10, 6626, 9, 46799, 149307, 14922, 100, 144573, 5, 9076, 123055, 47, 186, 12302, 2822, 47, 5, 282, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 5117, 98441, 39958, 23, 8, 13158, 38543, 5, 282, 1118, 509, 47, 28282, 5, 14481, 5, 282, 237, 10, 77758, 32628, 100, 3357, 15271, 5, 52455, 38516, 77758, 85526, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 25003, 5, 282, 58, 136, 44, 86527, 5, 282, 830, 3542, 34658, 4420, 390, 70, 21478, 53, 237, 55941, 123055, 100, 14432, 531, 10763, 5, 6561, 5, 282, 77758, 85526, 27781, 83, 5, 2161, 14487, 423, 4, 1877, 1815, 83184, 297, 6863, 10002, 31862, 16610, 39060, 1379, 70, 77758, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 15497, 1760, 5, 12639, 221419, 538, 83184, 297, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 199458, 5, 360, 918, 1815, 11814, 70, 77758, 85526, 1563, 238, 5, 50878, 169, 100, 2363, 3525, 538, 83184, 297, 76569, 4626, 8942, 5, 5, 27985, 214, 678, 27774, 5, 538, 4, 70, 2356, 5753, 19114, 83184, 297, 142, 31862, 16610, 39060, 23, 72399, 1877, 1379, 70, 77758, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 176145, 5, 581, 3871, 47, 21265, 16610, 56, 31862, 7, 100, 3610, 509, 1059, 3674, 237, 10, 31635, 100, 70, 16610, 39060, 5, 360, 11994, 36404, 9907, 16934, 6436, 83184, 297, 6863, 10002, 31862, 16610, 39060, 1379, 70, 77758, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 83775, 70867, 5, 581, 653, 5, 10287, 77758, 83, 82424, 11814, 47, 3126, 47, 142, 541, 17255, 13765, 9191, 390, 6863, 11338, 136, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 16610, 525, 7722, 77758, 85526, 7, 5, 360, 72399, 36404, 4129, 83184, 297, 10, 31862, 16610, 39060, 99, 70, 77758, 4, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 84740, 4, 23, 10, 21373, 25813, 47, 1815, 25, 7, 738, 31, 5, 11016, 5, 992, 5062, 738, 31, 5, 11016, 4, 3129, 83, 3835, 136, 831, 186, 11814, 100, 2499, 1467, 29823, 4, 752, 19, 5, 90, 83, 11814, 4734, 100, 72975, 135668, 31862, 16610, 33, 214, 5, 118282, 2843, 4527, 7, 70, 31862, 82990, 39060, 4, 17368, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 29774, 4, 47, 3126, 47, 22104, 4, 89543, 4, 215692, 7, 4, 7156, 7, 136, 52336, 5, 166478, 4527, 7, 678, 5, 5019, 8035, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 111, 25134, 26320, 5, 360, 2684, 50218, 4, 164498, 111, 6097, 16610, 77758, 123055, 28702, 90, 98, 70, 4527, 111, 23295, 18151, 2663, 9, 67919, 77758, 7, 15, 10060, 41445, 397, 7, 247, 12638, 111, 3129, 1556, 10, 36998, 6626, 9, 63049, 6, 42485, 56, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 30482, 4527, 111, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 9405, 15, 218128, 69919, 136, 70, 25134, 13552, 69696, 18481, 7, 16, 47, 160093, 44, 9883, 7, 830, 30482, 4527, 111, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 271, 15, 294, 3680, 8352, 446, 136, 242644, 16, 47, 160093, 44, 39473, 830, 4527, 7, 70, 5, 3630, 706, 41445, 397, 47, 160093, 44, 30441, 9480, 13, 830, 30482, 4527, 111, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 302, 15, 7614, 39, 2787, 16, 47, 160093, 70, 9351, 111, 16186, 9, 2420, 2852, 4516, 44, 173466, 830, 30482, 4527, 111, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 217, 15, 568, 102, 538, 16, 47, 160093, 44, 73866, 163, 30698, 442, 830, 4527, 7, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 302, 15, 7614, 39, 2787, 16, 136, 4527, 7, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 223, 15, 225221, 46684, 16, 136, 53371, 442, 100, 1614, 56206, 5425, 678, 4092, 70496, 4, 4527, 7, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 538, 15, 104820, 395, 16, 47, 160093, 44, 1708, 538, 58, 15, 11, 5700, 56101, 216810, 289, 13579, 100, 113976, 247, 136, 3060, 111, 2290, 837, 30442, 9, 40946, 29569, 24351, 7, 450, 3564, 2363, 9351, 678, 242, 9, 837, 30442, 25, 133784, 425, 1543, 4527, 70, 6, 10060, 41445, 397, 5, 882, 15, 92141, 3478, 16, 47, 160093, 2363, 10002, 9351, 5, 581, 50960, 9, 67919, 77758, 7, 4, 136, 3249, 4527, 111, 70, 159, 30693, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 77758, 85526, 83, 10, 77758, 9351, 450, 42459, 7, 10, 2565, 4, 113860, 4, 707, 9351, 3229, 158, 4460, 33, 26518, 6626, 707, 1286, 123594, 16797, 90926, 111, 450, 77758, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 136, 4, 17368, 70, 6, 20941, 31821, 10821, 23295, 9, 40899, 77758, 7, 44, 5, 6468, 58, 136, 44, 5, 133, 830, 42459, 70, 34153, 44, 91157, 7, 58, 136, 44, 3355, 11, 33209, 58, 107013, 538, 5, 360, 903, 43701, 4, 70, 2565, 44, 139509, 58, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 501, 27571, 88308, 15, 162, 23, 56037, 449, 247, 959, 142, 162471, 707, 36356, 9, 73, 15, 162, 23, 48031, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "International names.", "Other languages." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "On November 23, 1992, was registered. In the 1990s, several hostnames ending in \"pla.net\" were active. The concept of spelling out a phrase with the parts of a hostname to form a domain hack became well established. On Friday, May 3, 2002, was registered to create. Delicious would later gain control of the delicio.us domain, which had been parked since April 24, 2002, the day the.us ccTLD (country code top-level domain) was opened to second-level registrations. Who.is is a whois lookup service, indicating the registered ownership information of a domain. It was established June 12, 2002 and registered to an address in Reykjavík, Iceland. On January 14, 2004, the Christmas Island Internet Administration revoked.cx domain registration for shock site goatse.cx, a domain which used \"se.cx\" to form the word \"sex\". The domain was originally registered in 1999. Similar names had been used for parody sites such as oralse.cx or analse.cx; in some cases,.cz (Czech Republic) or.kz (Kazakhstan) are substituted for.cx. The term \"domain hack\" was coined by Matthew Doucette on November 3, 2004 to mean \"an unconventional domain name that uses parts other than the SLD (second level domain) or third level domain to create the title of the domain name.\" Yahoo! acquired on June 14, 2005, and on December 9, 2005. On September 11, 2007, name servers for.me were delegated by IANA to the Government of Montenegro, with a two-year transition period for existing.yu names to be transferred to.me. One of the first steps taken in deploying.me online was to create.its.me as a domain space for personal sites. Many potential domain hacks, such as \"love.me\" and \"buy.me\", were held back by the registry as premium names for later auction. One.me domain hack example is. On December 15, 2009 Google launched its own URL shortener under the domain using the ccTLD of Greenland. YouTube subsequently launched using the ccTLD of Belgium. In 2015 Google used the domain hack abc.xyz for their newly launched Alphabet Inc.. Working with Bit.ly, the New York Times launched an URL shortener in late 2009 under the domain using the ccTLD of Montserrat. The need to serve shorter URLs for Twitter was cited as a reason for the shortener. In March 2010, National Public Radio launched its own URL shortener under the domain using the ccTLD of Puerto Rico. The n.pr domain is currently used to link to an NPR story page by its ID and is one of the shortest possible domain hacks. In late 2010, Apple launched a URL shortener at the domain, using the ccTLD of Spain, in a similar move to Google's goo.gl. Unlike goo.gl, which is public and can be used for any web address, itun.es is used only for iTunes Ping URL shortening. Spotify also uses the URL Shortener, using the ccTLD of Finland, to link to artist, partners, playlists, albums and songs. Flickr uses with.kr being the ccTLD of South Korea.", "In most cases, registration of these short domain names relies on the use of country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), each of which has a unique two-letter identifier. For example, makes use of the ccTLD.gs (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) to spell \"blogs\", makes use of the ccTLD.st (São Tomé and Príncipe) to spell \"fast\", uses the.one gTLD to spell \"everyone\", makes use of the ccTLD.am (Armenia) to spell the name of photo-sharing service \"Instagram\", makes use of the ccTLD.it (Italy) to spell \"help me learn it\", uses ccTLD.am (Armenia) and uses ccTLD.us (United States) and sharing it for subdomains with free hosting, uses ccTLD.ly (Libya) to spell \"telly\" (a popular British colloquial term for television), and some of Danbooru-style imageboards that end their name with '-booru' suffix may use the ccTLD.ru (Russia) to spell their own name. The third-level domains, and make use of the SLDs, and from the ccTLDs.us (United States),.to (Tonga) and.it (Italy) to spell \"delicious\", \"crypto\" and \"exploit\" respectively. In some cases, an entire ccTLD has been re-purposed in its international marketing, such as.am (Armenia),.fm (Federated States of Micronesia),.cd (Democratic Republic of the Congo),.dj (Djibouti), and.tv (Tuvalu) for sites delivering various forms of audiovisual content. Libya's ccTLD (.ly) has been used for English words that end with suffix \"ly\", such as sil.ly. Popular URL shortening services bit.ly, brief.ly, name.ly and ow.ly use this hack. In 2010, Libyan registry suspended an adult oriented.ly link shortener.", "In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland the domain.ag for Antigua and Barbuda is used by corporations in the legal form of Aktiengesellschaft (commonly abbreviated as AG). The American Samoa domain.as is popular in countries where AS, A/S (or ⅍) (Aktieselskab/Aksjeselskap) is the legal suffix for stock-based corporations in Denmark and Norway, so companies of those countries often use it. The \"a. s.\" (akciová společnost/akciová spoločnosť) is also abbreviation for Czech or Slovak stock-based company, but those countries usually don't use it. Neither do Estonian stock-based companies (Aktsiaselts). Some organisations situated in Switzerland use TLDs to specifically refer to their canton (such as the Belgian TLD.be for the Canton of Berne). In Turkish, \"biz\" means \"we\", and can be used for emphasis at the end of \"we are\" sentences. Family names in many Slavic languages written in internationalized variant end with \"ch\" (i.e. -ich, -vich, -vych, -ovich). This \"ch\" comes from Slavic \"ć\", \"č\", \"ч\", or \"ћ\". Therefore, the Swiss.ch ccTLD is an option. Another use case of.ch is for English words that end in \"ch\", e.g. tech, punch, search, crunch, rich. Examples of such domains are,, and. Since the introduction of.eu domains (\"eu\" meaning \"I\" in Romanian, Galician and Portuguese), these domains have become popular in Romania, with people registering their names with the.eu extension. In French, Italian and Portuguese, \"là\" or \"lá\" mean \"there\". As the.la domain (Laos) is available for second-level registration worldwide, this can be an easy way to get a short, catchy name such as \"go there\". In Italy some TLDs are identical to Italian Provinces' identifier, such as.to (Turin) or.tv (Treviso) and are thus extensively used for web domains in the area. The Canadian domain.ca is also trivial to use as \"cá\" or \"cà\" (\"here\"), respectively in Portuguese and Neapolitan, or \"ça\" (\"that\"), in French; however, unlike some countries, Canada's.ca registrar requires local Canadian presence to use this domain. Hungarian domains sometimes use the Moroccan top level domain.ma (meaning \"today\"). The Moldovan domain,.md, is used by doctors and medical companies, such as doctors.md, after a legal fight to allow such usage outside of Moldova. A fad amongst French-speakers was to register their names in the Niue TLD.nu, which in French and Portuguese means \"nude\" or \"naked\"; however,, Niue authorities have revoked many of these domain names. The handful that remain are joke domains without actual nudity. French speakers often use the Jersey TLD.je, since \"je\" means \"I\" in French. In addition,.je is used in the Netherlands, as it can mean both \"you\" or \"your\", and \"small\", since the addition of -je to most nouns produces a diminutive form (e.g. huis.je, or the defunct iPhone app feest.je (feestje meaning \"party\"). Likewise, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish speakers sometimes use.nu, because it means \"now\" in these languages. The TLD is still used by many Swedish sites, as prior to 2003 it was impossible for individuals (and difficult for organizations) to register arbitrary domains under the.se TLD. In Russian, \"net\" (as \"нет\", or \"nyet\" transliterated character for character) means \"no\" or \"there isn't,\" so there are many domains in the format \"something.net\" (e.g. redaktora.net meaning \"[there is] no editor\"). There are many words ending with \"ga\" (Cyrillic: \"га\"), including some highly popular (\"книга/kniga\" meaning \"book\", \"дорога/doroga\" meaning \"road\"). Gabon's.ga domain is free for registration, which has led to wide adoption of such domain hacks. In Czech, Polish and Slovak, \"to\" means \"it\", so there are many domains using Tonga's.to in the format \"do-something.to\" (e.g., zrobie.to, meaning \"I will do it\" in the Polish language or prestahujeme.to meaning \"We will move it\" as Slovak moving service). Notably, Czech file sharing service uloz.to was founded in 2007, and its name \"ulož to\" means \"save it\". In Slovenian, \"si\" is a dative form of the reciprocal personal pronoun and a second person form of the verb \"to be\". As.si is a Slovenian ccTLD, domain hacks are abundant. Additionally, the domain is attractive to speakers of Romance languages, because it is a conjunction, pronoun or an affirmative interjection in many. ARNES limits the use of the domain to residents and entities of Slovenia. In Spanish and Portuguese, \"ar\" is the ending of the infinitive of many verbs, so hacks with Argentina's TLD.ar are common (e.g. educ.ar, meaning \"to educate\"). Similarly, another such verb suffix is \"ir\", TLD of Iran. One of the earliest commercial ISPs in Finland used the domain sci.fi — a reference to science fiction. In Latin, many second-declension nouns in the nominative singular case end in the suffix -us, which is echoed in the TLD.us. So it is possible to create Latin-word domain names, such as obscur.us, which resembles the Latin word obscurus, which means dark, obscure, or unknown. Some registries allow Emoji in domains, permitting the creation of emoji domains. Many browsers display these domains as punycode for security reasons. With the rise of new TLDs, some companies have registered entire TLDs in order to create a hack for their name. Most prominent is.gle, created for Google to be used as goo.gle." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 150732, 10884, 83, 70, 6520, 9298, 6315, 47691, 111, 70, 76438, 124850, 4, 3129, 29459, 44, 13025, 11, 1353, 538, 17652, 58, 707, 44, 18537, 71, 111, 179030, 740, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 9351, 83, 160608, 13, 5, 6561, 7262, 82, 4650, 25443, 83, 450, 442, 509, 142, 7622, 4588, 47, 70, 65842, 1771, 15521, 30260, 10022, 15127, 66, 4, 124901, 44, 9506, 63748, 58, 96853, 70, 51389, 44, 27, 8, 17365, 214, 1295, 70, 17652, 111, 179030, 99, 15063, 19, 7673, 581, 3551, 7440, 150732, 10884, 83, 105866, 18925, 509, 75935, 23, 17721, 18351, 9, 178028, 18471, 390, 216489, 2320, 111, 67842, 96113, 7, 22, 33558, 70, 15520, 99, 116723, 14, 16965, 420, 4, 26719, 70, 146762, 32547, 4, 3129, 30957, 297, 70, 9803, 15520, 23, 903, 16128, 99, 1632, 6275, 5, 581, 50961, 111, 70, 12801, 73908, 1379, 70, 1832, 14, 68728, 8946, 104902, 70, 22690, 34754, 111, 150732, 10884, 237, 70, 26944, 13028, 1295, 133698, 70, 2396, 214, 68728, 8946, 23175, 12465, 2947, 48105, 150732, 10884, 1914, 17928, 6644, 707, 44, 1511, 13885, 58, 15, 16, 509, 170920, 23, 729, 2588, 4, 136, 150732, 10884, 47064, 509, 170920, 28032, 360, 543, 13683, 4, 76438, 79063, 1314, 45443, 297, 44, 3957, 1172, 15555, 830, 10, 76438, 9, 157272, 109923, 189893, 23, 34854, 21415, 12403, 214, 70, 56101, 49938, 136, 92610, 297, 111, 105901, 2408, 4, 220845, 177, 2069, 4, 136, 111, 8035, 81810, 71, 23, 70, 233, 6664, 52350, 5, 10660, 141621, 71, 427, 453, 136, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 2856, 5, 360, 57553, 4, 70, 56101, 136, 92265, 9325, 17863, 837, 9821, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 226336, 10868, 11617, 503, 35801, 474, 47, 141621, 70, 2561, 34, 10204, 7, 43573, 150732, 10884, 23, 4347, 543, 10057, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 5117, 2831, 111, 70, 77648, 2331, 6664, 5550, 23, 18237, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 70, 56101, 136, 92265, 479, 12344, 6259, 4, 136, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 2371, 33, 52352, 3542, 181141, 4, 3129, 142096, 2371, 33, 52352, 15, 16734, 66, 10884, 16, 47, 110613, 52350, 5, 581, 85689, 3387, 3542, 12540, 47314, 390, 70, 25356, 66, 2242, 449, 31678, 56, 748, 23, 128136, 4, 136, 150732, 10884, 509, 23113, 538, 142096, 47, 32774, 130891, 136, 9942, 4, 136, 4911, 7, 47, 70, 50782, 8999, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 125800, 136, 33418, 4, 130891, 136, 9942, 3542, 2161, 20414, 496, 4, 43357, 4, 150732, 10884, 77736, 47, 15758, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 77648, 92249, 9, 6979, 76248, 184, 5550, 4, 1284, 509, 959, 167969, 95699, 34, 138518, 4, 237, 70, 148926, 100, 70, 2684, 2831, 15072, 297, 110613, 121215, 7, 24189, 24644, 4, 3229, 70, 15672, 136, 56101, 121215, 7, 3542, 95699, 34, 138518, 5, 360, 70, 51065, 111, 34578, 4, 2685, 74918, 2822, 10, 13036, 52028, 23, 2393, 365, 9, 6979, 76248, 184, 91582, 678, 70, 2371, 33, 52352, 360, 36079, 5, 2161, 18237, 616, 4, 34578, 4, 70, 163628, 148926, 126140, 613, 42, 167457, 136, 46389, 712, 297, 70, 56101, 121215, 645, 70, 125142, 289, 111, 70, 56101, 207048, 47, 3535, 645, 47, 70, 148926, 37195, 76438, 2750, 1902, 110938, 27686, 10, 4000, 538, 197097, 148926, 57119, 1290, 4, 136, 1902, 39958, 211190, 23, 70, 56101, 121215, 5, 1326, 10, 1733, 4, 70, 34578, 52028, 118775, 47041, 47, 22304, 142, 2393, 365, 9, 6979, 76248, 184, 1631, 4, 41866, 3229, 117729, 111, 70, 960, 2921, 257, 674, 390, 70, 148926, 126140, 111, 56101, 28368, 7, 32599, 214, 47, 31358, 707, 30957, 70, 121215, 118775, 23, 70, 56101, 24234, 5, 581, 52028, 134620, 3229, 70, 56101, 56195, 33744, 799, 10745, 177467, 16442, 509, 360, 70, 135668, 10884, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 111, 70, 76438, 18543, 5550, 4, 70, 26349, 509, 141621, 71, 7103, 1702, 21974, 111, 181952, 5, 581, 84158, 271, 7, 34739, 150732, 10884, 98, 18982, 423, 4, 45604, 5, 28090, 45604, 47, 22482, 42610, 4, 150732, 10884, 509, 10, 14834, 2481, 105237, 1379, 70, 6226, 111, 70, 9879, 27759, 5, 360, 18374, 50940, 4, 1218, 49255, 2356, 13791, 51521, 538, 142096, 6863, 1911, 7, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 84428, 9, 1507, 1592, 1294, 174920, 99, 2356, 6982, 47231, 5, 360, 22482, 42610, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 44, 91127, 257, 636, 2631, 1326, 19364, 58, 136, 150732, 10884, 25, 7, 4127, 25297, 137374, 4, 150732, 10884, 509, 49504, 3674, 3934, 1529, 19937, 192859, 136, 1529, 19937, 192859, 509, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 150732, 10884, 100, 136659, 5369, 5, 133698, 70, 14922, 4, 1379, 70, 60505, 1363, 111, 70, 22836, 70615, 4, 70, 26349, 111, 150732, 10884, 29479, 297, 10, 84797, 44930, 100, 9879, 58136, 4, 3129, 509, 41371, 111, 1529, 19937, 192859, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 31461, 3387, 136, 40466, 7, 23, 150732, 10884, 109133, 47, 1529, 19937, 4, 64406, 21286, 52490, 214, 150732, 10884, 25, 7, 25313, 34754, 5, 360, 18982, 28980, 4, 4743, 47, 44, 4692, 2500, 2320, 4, 150732, 10884, 83, 105866, 33233, 70, 65272, 184085, 111, 70, 116723, 14, 16965, 420, 4, 16487, 1810, 47, 70, 140280, 7, 41115, 40235, 136, 85949, 31, 592, 36880, 8382, 7401, 7, 4, 132988, 297, 390, 134288, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 136, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 98, 756, 5609, 7, 390, 1529, 19937, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 6863, 8394, 48850, 132988, 4, 70, 116723, 14, 27414, 5, 17106, 10, 21, 35810, 17163, 214, 1295, 138, 114707, 4442, 25, 47, 6, 201121, 423, 25, 541, 4, 136, 152050, 13, 17163, 214, 1295, 534, 121403, 6260, 25, 47, 534, 114707, 5742, 25, 241, 4, 70, 3622, 16128, 83, 5, 8622, 83, 111, 184085, 2256, 136, 111, 3551, 132988, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 99, 70, 144477, 9022, 3564, 111, 70, 12801, 73908, 111, 9098, 4, 3129, 37067, 7, 678, 70, 146762, 32547, 136, 4954, 15143, 32547, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 83, 137567, 49878, 4, 136, 68062, 2676, 53, 43573, 70, 184085, 4, 1284, 130473, 53, 23, 70, 2060, 144477, 4, 7440, 70, 25970, 71175, 7, 109749, 112, 3934, 144477, 9022, 150732, 10884, 5, 581, 167375, 6275, 23, 70, 14834, 2481, 83, 3291, 34, 6238, 162737, 15, 16, 23, 3291, 47064, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 132988, 678, 1529, 19937, 4, 99, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 150732, 10884, 15, 247, 75939, 21286, 6315, 29367, 237, 2371, 33, 52352, 4, 83, 10, 14834, 2481, 136, 10, 184085, 289, 57329, 164, 23, 182688, 9098, 98, 70, 6, 134369, 111, 70, 116723, 14, 27414, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 300, 86, 15889, 9879, 162708, 23, 12321, 1760, 9098, 4, 678, 10, 3622, 43904, 25902, 3674, 99, 106, 104629, 3117, 4, 5955, 23, 6360, 1650, 7, 88303, 9, 2037, 24073, 748, 23205, 18939, 16128, 4, 7228, 1257, 111, 427, 9879, 103724, 7, 15, 5584, 1284, 1853, 15663, 4, 3291, 119543, 4, 821, 214, 15251, 136, 94686, 1106, 247, 509, 5368, 47, 427, 4, 202498, 4, 7739, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 780, 136, 83, 2843, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 1702, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 1377, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "History.", "Early history.", "Qing dynasty.", "Opening up as a treaty port.", "Second Sino-Japanese War.", "Post World War II.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Measures to improve air quality.", "Administrative divisions.", "Politics.", "Economy.", "Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area.", "Tianjin Export Processing Zone.", "Tianjin Airport Economic Area.", "Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone.", "Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area.", "Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone.", "Agriculture.", "Resources.", "Binhai New Area.", "Demographics.", "Media.", "Previous newspapers.", "Censorship capital.", "Tourism.", "Landmarks and attractions.", "Culture.", "Cuisine.", "Transport.", "Airport.", "Port of Tianjin.", "Trams.", "Metro.", "Rail.", "Bus.", "Roads and expressways.", "Religion.", "Sports.", "Martial arts.", "Education.", "Colleges and universities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Tianjin is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters, which mean \"Heavenly Ford\" or \"Ford of Heaven\". The origin of the name is obscure. One folk etymology is that it was an homage to the patriotic Chu poet Qu Yuan, whose \"Li Sao\" includes the verse \"... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn...\"", "", "The land where Tianjin is located today was created in between 900-1300 CE by sedimentation of various rivers entering the sea at Bohai Gulf, including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in this area at one point. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin as the canal ran from", "During the Qing dynasty (16441911) Tianjin Prefecture or \"Zhou\" () was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within", "In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded \"The Arrow\", a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong flying the British flag and suspected of piracy, smuggling, and of being engaged in the opium trade. They captured 12 men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture the Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the Treaty of Tientsin were signed, which opened Tientsin (Tianjin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860, and Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France, and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were", "On July 30, 1937, Tianjin fell to Japan, as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese for the most part respected foreign concessions until 1941, when the American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, there occurred a major crisis in Anglo-Japanese relations with the Tientsin Incident. On June 14, 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator, and had taken refuge in the British concession. For a time, the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press. The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was", "In the Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Communists took Tianjin on January 15, 1949. From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the \"Great Leap Forward\" and Tianjin's good industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province and Hebei Province was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a large number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, adversely affecting Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to \"preparation,", "Tianjin is located along the west coast of the Bohai Gulf, looking out to the provinces Shandong and Liaoning across those waters, bordered by Beijing to the northwest, and is surrounded on all sides by Hebei, with the exception of its eastern border, the Bohai Sea. With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N, and longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area is. There is of coastline and of land border. It lies at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China, which connects with the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the Yan Mountains intrude into northern Tianjin. The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak () in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of. The Hai River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River (), Daqing River (), Yongding River, North Grand Canal, and South Grand Canal, and enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality, as well in Tanggu District. Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in Dagang District) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north in Ji County.", "Tianjin has a semi-arid climate (Köppen \"BSk\" bordering on \"Dwa\"). It has a four-season, monsoon-influenced climate, typical of East Asia, with cold, windy, very dry winters reflecting the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone, and hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon. Spring in the city is dry and windy, occasionally seeing sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert, capable", "In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several restrictions on days of severe pollution; halving", "Tianjin is divided into 16 county-level divisions, which are all districts. In addition, the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but", "The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland China. The", "Tianjin's GDP reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over 2013. The city of Tianjin recorded China's highest per-capita GDP with $17,126, followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847. Major industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking. EADS Airbus is an important manufacturer, and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners, operational since 2009. Tianjin also hit the news in 2010, as the current fastest supercomputer in the world, Tianhe-1A, is located at the National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin. GDP in 2009 hit ¥750.1 billion, with a per capita of RMB¥62,403.", "As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It enjoys relevant state preferential policies with", "Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council on April 27, 2000. This is a special enclosed zone where the Customs conduct 24-hour administration on commodities transported into and out of the zone and relevant", "Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the", "Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the largest free trade zone in northern China as well as the only free trade zone in", "Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992, and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995, it", "A heavy and chemical industry base and harbor; an important part of the \"dual-city, dual-harbor\"space development strategy", "Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area.", "Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing important oilfields. Salt production is also important,", "Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) is located in the juncture of the Beijing-Tianjin City Belt and the Circum-Bohai City Belt.", "At the end of 2009, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28 million, of which 9.8 million were residential holders of Tianjin \"hukou\" (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.99 million were urban, and 3.81 million were rural. Tianjin has recently shifted to rapid population growth, its population", "Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of North China, part of East and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million. Tianjin Television, the local television station, broadcasts on nine channels. It also boasts a paid digital channel, featuring home improvement programs. Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October 2002. Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao (literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively. There are also three English-language magazines: \"Jin\", \"Tianjin Plus\" and \"Business Tianjin\", mostly directed at ex-pats resident in the city.", "The first German newspaper in northern China, \"Tageblatt für Nordchina\", was published in Tianjin. In 1912 Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and 5 daily newspapers in other languages; none of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers, three were in English and one each was in", "More and more, China's leading Internet information providers (usually located in Beijing), including social network Sina Weibo, Douban and the online video website", "The city has many sights; its streetscapes – an assemblage of historic nineteenth – and early twentieth-century European architecture, juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China – are its most engrossing attraction. Though wide swaths of the city are being redeveloped, much of the colonial architecture has been placed under protection, and the shopping opportunities, especially for antiques, just about justify a day-trip from the capital, an hour away by train. In the nineteenth century, the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers, who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. With well-armed gunboats, they were assured of victory, and the Treaty of Tianjin, signed in 1856, gave", "Sights outside the old city urban", "People from Tianjin speak the Tianjin dialect of Mandarin, from which it is derived. Despite its proximity to Beijing, the Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from the Beijing dialect, which provides the basis for Putonghua or Standard Chinese. Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera, one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera. Tianjin is famous for its stand-up comedy and comedians including Guo Degang and Ma Sanli. Ma Sanli (1914–2003), an ethnic Hui and longtime resident of Tianjin, is renowned for his \"xiangsheng\", a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment akin to comedy. Ma Sanli", "Tianjin cuisine places a heavy focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (), smooth (), and high (). Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls (), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes, and the Four Great Stews (), actually referring", "", "Tianjin Binhai International Airport is located in Dongli District roughly away from downtown area. The city will also be served by the new Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing, currently under construction and to be completed by late 2019. Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building which covers an area", "Tianjin port is the world's top-level and China's largest artificial deep water harbor, and the throughput capacity ranks fifth in", "Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern, high speed rubber tired tram system, which is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006, this marked", "The Tianjin Metro is formerly operated by two companies, Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However, in 2017, the two companies merged as Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. They are currently under heavy expansion from five to nine lines. Six lines are currently operating both in the City and the Binhai area. As of April 2019, the entire network of Tianjin Metro has 155 stations and 6 lines. Construction work on the Tianjin Metro", "There are several railway stations in the city, Tianjin railway station being the principal one. It was built in 1888. The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang (). The station was later moved to Laolongtou () on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892, so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was rebuilt from scratch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987 and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position. In January 2007, the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility and as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project involving", "There were over 900", "Some roads and bridges have retained names that hark back to the Republic of China era (1912–1949) such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road. Like with most cities in China, many roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Also, Tianjin is unlike Beijing, in that very few roads run parallel to the major four cardinal directions. Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are", "Residents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religions, such as the veneration of the goddess Mazu. In addition, Tianjin has a Buddhist Temple of Great Compassion, a Catholic St. Joseph's Cathedral (Laoxikai Church), a Catholic Our Lady of Victory Church (Wanghailou Church). A Roman Catholic Diocese", "Sports teams based in Tianjin include: Chinese Super League China Baseball League Chinese Basketball Association Chinese Volleyball League The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2013 East Asian Games, and the 2017 National", "Together with Beijing, Tianjin had been for many centuries considered a center for traditional Chinese martial arts. Many past and present masters of arts such as Bajiquan, Pigua Zhang, Xing", "", "Under the National Ministry of Education: Under the municipal government: Under the national Civil" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1913, 70, 7621, 927, 121129, 289, 189857, 54530, 98, 22482, 382, 4, 86097, 62, 17086, 40455, 171530, 450, 2412, 509, 7730, 47, 4488, 98, 10, 28960, 9, 2037, 7156, 47, 44, 71713, 14, 48398, 58, 128829, 5, 4687, 11341, 71, 604, 5201, 6528, 100, 70, 13452, 509, 47, 44, 13, 3784, 272, 237, 142, 22104, 136, 10, 37831, 6635, 830, 3129, 509, 39958, 1295, 10, 85745, 2412, 54397, 20271, 581, 126165, 20051, 11330, 119845, 5, 360, 142, 33683, 678, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 41260, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 36510, 297, 45, 1192, 1814, 1021, 10763, 678, 158, 99736, 6635, 19612, 4, 237, 55556, 44, 10557, 175961, 68034, 221, 2499, 37873, 831, 186, 10, 5367, 56, 740, 12613, 7, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 34739, 24668, 46517, 7, 1295, 10332, 9, 48738, 39644, 4, 107265, 136, 57289, 115923, 51339, 297, 390, 604, 23031, 7, 1104, 113108, 7, 102728, 7, 4, 26719, 19893, 478, 62827, 4, 180, 1814, 6096, 6238, 4, 17158, 11, 14631, 136, 93340, 21736, 169, 1505, 27245, 4, 3129, 2412, 21455, 297, 237, 44, 94922, 450, 6183, 1902, 26498, 740, 717, 28282, 10, 44, 927, 15555, 12620, 58, 678, 80854, 111, 10332, 9, 48738, 30773, 7, 70163, 71, 678, 44, 11, 5744, 9, 5636, 165292, 830, 62, 17086, 40455, 9325, 120820, 47, 12921, 108558, 7, 450, 2412, 15673, 71, 5809, 4358, 604, 678, 70, 48225, 2412, 509, 35971, 100, 70, 13452, 4, 22, 139108, 66398, 2856, 47, 28007, 4, 456, 132894, 136, 28282, 10, 5744, 57289, 12319, 5, 4687, 61475, 538, 203251, 47, 158, 118435, 70, 7156, 3934, 10, 11001, 4, 1286, 44, 2407, 13534, 2886, 58, 17116, 4, 49903, 4, 2412, 71062, 297, 44, 152470, 47, 91692, 7, 58, 237, 10, 41929, 7156, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 17116, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 57119, 3674, 678, 26177, 72720, 108558, 7, 26719, 22828, 26521, 4, 52774, 168369, 4, 8620, 10528, 4, 136, 7880, 33276, 1681, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 17006, 52336, 1295, 70, 5117, 23552, 49504, 67, 3328, 19, 121413, 7, 47, 28282, 44, 12196, 15145, 136, 10332, 58, 102678, 5, 22828, 26521, 9655, 297, 2174, 62, 17086, 40455, 509, 16031, 678, 1919, 4488, 4, 21208, 2412, 1902, 51529, 111, 1919, 39644, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 4488, 678, 46294, 4612, 42, 23, 72399, 9, 97057, 7, 136, 39395, 9, 70779, 7, 5, 360, 57553, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 36663, 604, 7156, 47, 79442, 46517, 7, 1295, 26521, 25, 7, 11531, 44, 6979, 13894, 6003, 214, 58, 136, 959, 297, 450, 2363, 133258, 100512, 1919, 5117, 1733, 44, 43210, 214, 3934, 70, 242, 33554, 25, 8999, 740, 1326, 70, 44, 143534, 7, 136, 28730, 7, 9, 1704, 279, 372, 58, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 17932, 17116, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 7175, 297, 1257, 678, 4989, 6032, 108558, 58923, 165956, 4, 2750, 181653, 62, 17086, 40455, 25, 7, 96362, 7156, 44, 71713, 14, 48398, 740, 360, 69822, 47, 70, 5117, 17116, 4, 70, 17932, 1632, 58055, 7, 111, 756, 6867, 182304, 7, 15490, 17368, 121413, 7, 15, 76228, 70, 131527, 111, 44, 54694, 1459, 669, 58, 241599, 10, 121413, 111, 44, 63031, 5935, 619, 48511, 159, 14775, 73, 25, 98, 10, 582, 86, 51029, 54877, 214, 104227, 111, 70, 13452, 80723, 23, 18982, 3295, 136, 134620, 450, 7071, 4, 35971, 3687, 99, 4841, 13348, 54877, 214, 137869, 136, 581, 54877, 75628, 23, 3731, 31754, 4, 39897, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 99, 3789, 12275, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 3164, 52336, 1295, 44, 152470, 47, 91692, 7, 58, 3542, 17164, 297, 17368, 1250, 119296, 4732, 363, 1528, 136, 16940, 678, 10, 103527, 821, 147061, 130250, 678, 14610, 36743, 9, 7, 4084, 107730, 7, 5, 62, 17086, 40455, 25, 7, 108171, 7, 3542, 17164, 297, 17368, 10, 10142, 54881, 33, 241, 94202, 144019, 11948, 26551, 4, 144681, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 142, 109236, 191, 276, 10342, 479, 9, 25133, 5, 103687, 56, 50695, 23604, 206, 4, 2750, 162466, 71, 47, 62, 17086, 40455, 25, 7, 96362, 12275, 7156, 44, 71713, 14, 48398, 830, 509, 37170, 47, 30646, 100, 70, 36049, 111, 44, 152470, 47, 91692, 7, 740, 33306, 4, 764, 128120, 71, 70, 18645, 3229, 62, 17086, 40455, 206398, 71, 47, 8783, 1831, 44937, 100, 4049, 136, 1919, 22, 28889, 4588, 47, 12403, 1810, 47, 3731, 31754, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 10, 36356, 34695, 111, 2363, 76755, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 62, 17086, 40455, 99201, 70, 11531, 44, 919, 5, 1062, 5, 294, 5, 294, 1242, 15, 66, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 47, 44, 919, 75554, 2583, 50695, 23604, 206, 18939, 98, 70, 7156, 4, 3129, 23604, 206, 21455, 297, 237, 44, 4453, 1448, 1771, 740, 129551, 47, 62, 17086, 40455, 136, 70, 36049, 7175, 4, 44, 152470, 47, 91692, 7, 58, 123840, 79507, 7, 1295, 23031, 7, 74668, 2839, 7, 39644, 136, 57289, 19612, 5, 33306, 4, 19612, 35778, 7, 207487, 70, 17164, 237, 10, 7426, 4, 136, 627, 1230, 571, 7156, 678, 21373, 31075, 47, 23936, 7, 4, 19340, 7, 136, 15643, 7, 7156, 7, 5, 984, 9893, 65927, 19770, 32562, 100, 44, 3957, 81589, 58, 17569, 450, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 23755, 44, 164, 221, 38134, 237, 47, 186, 91084, 9393, 830, 12960, 5406, 1151, 120725, 1295, 44, 683, 497, 33, 4084, 2356, 19114, 58, 154186, 44, 152470, 47, 91692, 7, 58, 25, 24668, 20623, 47, 13950, 8753, 581, 130904, 25, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 7156, 5173, 90419, 5, 581, 5117, 23552, 17116, 49504, 1636, 37515, 80854, 1295, 26177, 72720, 4, 27081, 4, 171759, 214, 89160, 136, 158, 99736, 6635, 627, 1230, 571, 5, 1650, 66139, 3328, 19, 121413, 7, 136, 738, 11337, 681, 481, 7, 4, 20662, 442, 45730, 1884, 44, 11, 115, 8946, 10332, 193289, 7156, 830, 59499, 47, 102531, 540, 164, 1010, 1295, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 740, 17006, 52336, 1295, 70, 17116, 187016, 121413, 7, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 44, 194583, 6056, 2583, 830, 44, 294, 30394, 19946, 42, 939, 58, 136, 44, 919, 5, 1062, 5, 294, 5, 294, 1242, 44, 76978, 90, 1215, 151615, 11, 4061, 53, 58, 241599, 41550, 17686, 25876, 66139, 10, 738, 11337, 681, 481, 23, 6863, 70767, 4, 12960, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 26828, 47, 91692, 7, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 15672, 5367, 56, 134062, 62, 17086, 40455, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 8055, 483, 4, 65942, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 8305, 6, 110325, 89916, 237, 10, 41929, 7156, 5, 68546, 449, 237, 159354, 108558, 4, 2412, 22, 12897, 71, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 108558, 7, 4, 26719, 22828, 26521, 4, 52774, 168369, 4, 30520, 77330, 4, 7880, 33276, 1681, 4, 136, 58923, 165956, 5, 54877, 214, 104227, 80723, 23, 18982, 3295, 136, 134620, 450, 7071, 4, 35971, 3687, 99, 40368, 12275, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and development.", "Recording and production.", "Music and lyrics.", "Artwork and release.", "Promotion.", "Live performances and tour.", "Singles.", "Critical reception.", "Accolades.", "Commercial performance.", "Impact and legacy.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8, 2004, Aguilera announced that she was going to work on a follow-up album to \"Stripped\" (2002). She stated her main idea for the project was to \"evolve as an artist and a visionary\", which was taken from a poem she wrote during The Stripped Tour (2003). In an interview with \"Billboard\" magazine, Aguilera expressed dissatisfaction with contemporary music, as technology \"has advanced itself so anybody can be a singer\". Thus, Aguilera took musical inspirations from old-school jazz, blues and soul records performed by her 1920s–1950s idols, including Billie Holiday, Otis Redding, Etta James and Ella Fitzgerald, which she viewed as \"music that really had heart\".", "To create a \"throwback\" with elements of old-school genres combined with \"a modern-day twist\", Aguilera sent letters to different producers that she hoped could help her with the direction she was taking for the project, encouraging them to experiment, reinvent and create a modern soul feel. She initially planned to condense the album into a single, more \"affordable\" disc, however, she expanded \"Back to Basics\" as a double album. For the first disc, Aguilera collaborated with hip hop producers including DJ Premier, Rich Harrison, Kwamé, and Mark Ronson for the first time. Most songs from the first half incorporate horn samples to create \"gritty and old\" sounds. DJ Premier questioned if Aguilera was familiar with his work, though she had known of his jazz-influenced work with Gang Starr in late-1980s and early-1990s. In response, Aguilera wanted her album to draw inspirations from Premier's song \"Jazz Thing\" and noted that their collaboration became his first time \"venturing into the 'pop' world\". For the \"1920s and 1930s-era vibe\"-influenced second disc, Aguilera teamed up with longtime producer Linda Perry, who produced Aguilera's previous album \"Stripped\". In contrast to the first disc, the second one consists of all live recordings without using samples (with the exception of \"Candyman\" featuring a sample of \"Tarzan & Jane Swingin' on a Vine\"). Recording sessions of the project began in January 2006 and ended that April, taking place at Chalice Recording Studios and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, California, as well as at other studios in the United States and the United Kingdom. All songs from \"Back to Basics\" were recorded using Pro Tools HD3 program and done with a SSL J9000 console with ninety-six inputs. Aguilera's vocals were recorded using a Telefunken ELAM 251 microphone, possibly in conjunction with an Avalon M-5 pre-amp. Producer Scott Storch, who contributed to Aguilera's previous studio album \"Stripped\", was asked to return for the production of \"Back to Basics\". However, he refused the offer when Aguilera declined to pay airfare for him and his entourage to fly out to Los Angeles, which led to a breakdown of their relationship. Subsequently, Aguilera included the song \"F.U.S.S.\" (an abbreviation to \"Fuck You Scott Storch\") on the album, which Storch viewed as \"pathetic\".", "According to Aguilera and the production team, \"Back to Basics\" draws influences from 1920s–1940s jazz and soul music. However, music critics identified the record as a pop, and R&B album with similarities to 1960s, 1970s and 1980s albums. Dorian Lyskey writing for \"The Guardian\" thought that the album's concept \"is so wide as to be meaningless\", while Serene Dominic from \"Phoenix New Times\" compared \"Back to Basics\"' musical style to rock band The Beatles' self-titled album (1968). The first half disc incorporates strong elements from hip hop, urban, blending traditional and contemporary R&B. It features horn samples and gospel choirs, making it sound like \"a dusty old vinyl album\", according to Jenny Eliscu from \"Rolling Stone\". Most songs from the disc employ samples, with the exception of \"Without You\", \"Still Dirrty\" and \"F.U.S.S.\" \"Makes Me Wanna Pray\" featuring Steve Winwood features a gospel choir in its arrangement, while the pop/R&B and funk number \"Ain't No Other Man\" features \"aerobic oomph\" that is similar to Beyoncé's \"Crazy in Love\". \"Understand\" is an R&B ballad, featuring soul influences that are similar to ballads done by Gladys Knight, while \"Slow Down Baby\" blends traditional and contemporary R&B with hip hop and soul elements. The three follow-ups \"Oh Mother\", \"On Our Way\", and \"Without You\" are piano ballads. \"Still Dirrty\" was described as a \"filthy... strut\" with hip hop elements. The second disc of \"Back to Basics\" opens with \"Enter the Circus\", described as a \"carnival-creepy orchestration that sounds like Danny Elfman soundtracking Cabaret\" by \"Tampa Bay Times\", and followed by the soft rock-inspired \"Welcome\". \"Candyman\" draws inspirations from jazz, blues and swing, and was musically inspired by The Andrews Sisters' song \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" (1941). Similarly, \"Nasty Naughty Boy\" also contains elements of jazz and blues and features \"blaring horn section\" in its arrangement. On \"I Got Trouble\", Aguilera sings over a blues-inspired theme that is reminiscent of songs by Bessie Smith. \"Mercy on Me\" features gospel elements, while the acoustic track \"Save Me from Myself\" is inspired by country rock, different from other tracks on \"Back to Basics\". Most songs from \"Back to Basics\" were inspired by real-life events that Aguilera had experienced. The track \"Oh Mother\" talks about Aguilera's childhood with her abusive father; its lyrical theme was compared to Madonna's \"Oh Father\" (1989). Her marriage with Jordan Bratman was the main theme of the album, with tracks inspired by the event including \"Makes Me Wanna Pray\", \"Ain't No Other Man\", \"On Our Way\", \"Without You\", \"Mercy on Me\", \"Save Me from Myself\" and \"The Right Man\". On \"The Right Man\", Aguilera expresses that she has found \"the right man\" for her imagined daughter as she hopes that the child would not have to experience an abusive childhood like her, singing: \"One day, My little girl will reach out her hand and she'll know I found the right man\". Aguilera expresses excitement toward old-school music on \"Back in the Day\", where she names classic artists including Etta James, Marvin Gaye, Coltrane and Aretha Franklin. \"F.U.S.S.\" (which stands for \"Fuck You Scott Storch\"), is directed toward producer Scott Storch, who didn't accept Aguilera's offer to produce \"Back to Basics\", containing lyrics such as: \"Looks like I didn't need you / Still got the album out\". In the lyrics of \"Slow Down Baby\", Aguilera tells a \"lusty\" man to leave her alone as she sings: \"If you knew anything you'd realize I'm wearing a ring\". \"Still Dirrty\" was described as a sequel to Aguilera's song \"Dirrty\" (2002), in which Aguilera sings about her \"sexual independence\": \"Why is a woman's sexuality always under so much scrutiny / Why can't she do exactly as she please\" and claims that she's \"still got the nasty\" in her. \"Here to Stay\" tells how Aguilera is \"not just a flash in the pan pop starlet\", while \"Thank You (Dedication to Fans...)\" features voice mails from Aguilera's fans, such as \"You're so amazing\" or \"You inspired me to carry on living...\"", "For \"Back to Basics\", Aguilera decided to portray her different image and persona from her previous stage name Xtina by adopting a new alter ego called Baby Jane, named after a character of the film \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\" (1962). She also changed her public appearance as she removed her piercings, and dyed her hair platinum blonde, inspired by classic Hollywood movie stars such as Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard and Greta Garbo. The album's cover artwork was taken by German photographer Ellen von Unwerth during three days; on the first and second days, the photos were shot at the Hollywood Dell hotel. Aguilera and von Unwerth moved to Forty Deuce in Hollywood to take images inspired by 1920s burlesque clubs on the last day of the session. The album's cover artwork was revealed in late June 2006, featuring Aguilera with bright red lipstick and curly blonde hair dressed in white and lounging on a bed. Greg Kot from \"The Baltimore Sun\" labelled the cover artwork as \"a classy retro look, a sign that [Aguilera] is ready for her close-up as the leading lady of the teen brat pack that emerged in the late '90s\". It also received criticism for being too similar to the artwork of Madonna's sixth studio album, \"Bedtime Stories\" (1994). In mid-2006, Virgin Media reported that \"Back to Basics\" would be released on August 14, 2006. TMZ later reported that \"Back to Basics\" was planned to be released on August 15, 2006 in the United States. The album was leaked in full on August 3.", "", "Aguilera began her promotion of \"Back to Basics\" with a live performance of \"Ain't No Other Man\" at the 2006 MTV Movie Awards on June 8, 2006. On July 20, Aguilera held a forty-minute concert at Camden Palace Theatre in London, where she performed five songs from her then-upcoming album and two previous singles. On August 16, Aguilera held a release party for the album in New York City, New York. Aguilera performed \"Hurt\" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards on August 31. On September 8, she performed \"Candyman\" and \"Bennie and the Jets\" at the Fashion Rocks charity event; the latter was a duet with Elton John. Aguilera also sang \"Ain't No Other Man\", \"Hurt\" and \"Steppin' Out with My Baby\" with Tony Bennett on \"Saturday Night Live\" on November 11, 2006. \"Hurt\" was also sung on the NBC Christmas Thanksgiving Special in November, and the German television series \"Wetten, dass..?\" in December 2006. On December 31, 2006, Aguilera appeared on \"Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve\" and performed \"Candyman\" and \"Fighter\". On February 10, 2007, Aguilera sang \"Makes Me Wanna Pray\" and \"Candyman\" at the Clive Davis' Pre-Grammy Awards Party. She also performed \"Candyman\" on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". Between late 2006 and late 2008, Aguilera visited North America, Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Middle East during her Back to Basics Tour. It was promoted by the telecommunications companies Orange and Sony Ericsson. The eighty-one-show tour received positive reviews from critics, who complimented it as the strongest of her career. Grossing over $90 million worldwide, it became the ninth highest-grossing tour ever for a female artist and the most profitable world tour by a female artist in 2007. In February 2008, the live video album \"\" was released.", "The first track from the album to be made available to the public was \"Ain't No Other Man\", which was released as the lead single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on June 6, 2006. Aguilera was featured in Pepsi's commercial advertisement, which used \"Here to Stay\", a track from \"Back to Basics\" as its main theme. Shot in multiple territories around the world, including Saudi Arabia, Prague, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, and India, the sixty-second advertisement premiered worldwide on July 14, 2006. Alongside the commercial, \"Here to Stay\" was made available for digital download on mobile phones as a promotional record to then-upcoming \"Back to Basics\". \"Hurt\" and \"Candyman\" were serviced as the album's second and third international singles on September 17, 2006, and February 20, 2007, respectively. \"Slow Down Baby\" was released exclusively in Australia on July 28, 2007, while \"Oh Mother\" was released in several European countries in late 2007. In January 2008, Aguilera released a music video for the track \"Save Me from Myself\", following giving birth to her son Max Bratman.", "On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \"Back to Basics\" received an average score of 69, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\", based on 17 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic appreciated the album's production, commenting that the project was \"all the more impressive\" coming after the \"near career suicide of \"Stripped\"\". \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Jody Rosen opined that Aguilera \"can make her own glorious kind of 21st-century noise\" and compared Aguilera's vocal ability on the album to that of Mariah Carey. Mike Joseph of PopMatters felt that Aguilera \"still shouts at times when a coo will do\", but felt that her choice in collaborators made for an \"ultimately rewarding listen\". Sputnikmusic's Amanda Murray noted \"Back to Basics\" as another \"transitional\" and \"innovative\" record for Aguilera. Lucy Davies from BBC Music said that Aguilera has a \"stunning voice\", but stated that she could be more varied by cutting out some of the \"y-e-e-eeeh, woah yeh's\" on the second album. Thomas Innskeep from Stylus Magazine preferred the first disc of the album over the \"ridiculously overblown ballads\" on the second disc, adding that \"Back to Basics\" was \"one of 2006's best when Linda Perry's fingerprints aren't present\". Similarly, Yahoo! Music's Dan Gennoe described the first disc as a \"low-down and dirty masterpiece\", but said the second disc found Aguilera \"crashing straight back down again\". Paul Flynn from \"The Observer\" provided a mixed review, saying that the beginning of the album was \"all craft and very little heart\"; however, he found the collaborations between her and Perry to be \"deeply cinematic\". \"Rolling Stone\"s Jenny Eliscu opined that the release was \"overindulgent and self-important\", but would have been \"masterful\" had it been condensed into a single disc. Kelefa Sanneh from \"The New York Times\" gave a mixed review, stating that it \"contains a roughly even number of great songs and lousy ones\", and sait that \"her homages to World War II-era pop music resemble skits more than songs\". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine criticized Aguilera for using a sexual image to overshadow her vocals, but commented that \"Back to Basics\" was more \"cohesive\" than \"Stripped\". Robert Christgau provided a negative review, classifying the album as a \"dud\" ().", "\"Back to Basics\" received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards (2007) and won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Ain't No Other Man\". At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards the following year, \"Candyman\" was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. \"Back to Basics\" was named the best pop album of 2006 by iTunes. On June 17, 2008, \"Entertainment Weekly\" listed the album at number eighty of the hundred best albums of the last twenty-five years.", "Upon its release, \"Back to Basics\" reached number one in over fifteen countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. With 346,000 copies sold in its first week, the album debuted atop the US \"Billboard\" 200, being Aguilera's second number-one album after her self-titled debut album (1999) and her highest debut-week sales. It remained on the chart for forty-four weeks, falling off after a final position of number 164. The album was ranked at numbers fifty-nine and seventy-three on the \"Billboard\" 200 year-end charts in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Additionally, \"Back to Basics\" debuted at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, spending forty-six weeks on the chart. The album went on to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies in the United States. As of 2018, it has sold 1,724,000 copies in the country. With first-week sales of 24,000, \"Back to Basics\" also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart. It was certified triple platinum in the country, selling over 300,000 copies. \"Back to Basics\" achieved similar success in Europe, peaking at number one on the European Top 100 Albums. In the United Kingdom, it became Aguilera's first album to debut atop the UK Albums Chart. It charted for thirty-three weeks within the top seventy-five, and was eventually certified platinum in the country by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The album placed at numbers fifty-six and one-hundred-and-twenty-seven on the year-end UK Albums Chart in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In Finland, \"Back to Basics\" charted for eighteen weeks on the Suomen virallinen lista, peaking at number six. It debuted at number ten on the French Albums Chart, where it spent fifty-two weeks. The album proved be less successful in Portugal, where it peaked at number twenty-six and charted for two weeks. The album achieved success in major markets in Oceania. It debuted at number one on the Australian Albums Chart and charted for forty weeks, while debuting at number two on the New Zealand Albums Chart and charting for twenty-seven weeks. The album reached numbers forty-five and thirty-four on Australian year-end charts in 2006 and 2007, respectively; while charting at number forty-three in New Zealand in 2007. \"Back to Basics\" went on the reach double platinum certification in the former and platinum in the latter. \"Back to Basics\" debuted at number seven on the Oricon Albums Chart in Japan with first-week sales of 32,241 units. It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 100,000 copies. According to RCA Records frontman Clive Davis, the album has sold approximately five million copies worldwide as of November 2013.", "Various publications published articles about \"Back to Basics\" to celebrate its tenth anniversary of release, including Idolator and Fuse. In an article published on August 9, 2016, Katherine Barner of Idolator wrote that the album \"put [Aguilera's] talent and musical diversity at the forefront\" and that it \"set Aguilera apart from her pop peers\" such as Britney Spears, Pink, Janet Jackson, Christina Milian and Paris Hilton. On August 15, 2016, Jeff Benjamin of Fuse called \"Back to Basics\" Aguilera's \"riskiest album\", and stated: \"While Aguilera shows the world who she truly was on \"Stripped\", \"BTB\" appeared to be the first time Xtina got to truly create her own universe.\"", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Back to Basics\". Notes Sampling credits", "Credits adapted from AllMusic." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10091, 1507, 6610, 186827, 151552, 70, 21261, 237, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 23552, 9, 246, 3121, 158036, 21261, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 830, 136, 456, 79466, 450, 59049, 5423, 100, 927, 70, 60042, 111, 44, 68016, 7950, 4757, 19736, 58, 23, 70, 44, 19273, 40404, 58, 12, 717, 19364, 7, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 21261, 4, 59049, 73342, 7, 70, 4488, 25, 7, 645, 147, 59207, 45646, 12, 581, 21261, 70541, 7, 67842, 1614, 105710, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 5201, 86997, 83, 70, 13765, 111, 1119, 9, 2271, 21605, 18, 16162, 4769, 236, 66, 4, 2750, 24209, 7, 10, 37772, 100, 4127, 23, 70, 8999, 1284, 53418, 144281, 1919, 49602, 11015, 5, 581, 21261, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 43606, 21950, 7, 4, 12638, 21950, 101637, 71, 3934, 40368, 42840, 4, 136, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 139539, 7, 4, 100, 10, 3622, 111, 4572, 42840, 136, 27728, 139539, 7, 5, 98423, 139539, 83, 35845, 538, 16610, 4, 39210, 538, 110, 51713, 3501, 10, 10846, 37967, 5, 581, 21261, 237, 10, 28271, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 17669, 59121, 4, 678, 6, 161689, 4, 157376, 34153, 23, 70, 7311, 92265, 5, 59049, 189050, 1919, 130970, 7, 100, 70, 21261, 47, 1919, 89176, 80299, 56, 12, 5455, 3501, 10, 128274, 111, 70, 21261, 2451, 1272, 1632, 54529, 6, 187413, 111, 116, 4, 190384, 37967, 2451, 164, 30396, 3674, 47, 34666, 7, 450, 187, 6261, 10, 14392, 6275, 707, 44116, 59049, 25, 7, 22, 192876, 60867, 238, 51359, 1284, 54, 959, 129745, 70, 23577, 4, 12488, 3853, 10, 1614, 105710, 4, 10, 55300, 59049, 11814, 23, 6044, 3789, 43240, 237, 44, 3957, 10453, 206, 12620, 111, 52151, 67388, 58, 136, 44, 7763, 34759, 7, 111, 70, 27414, 740, 6561, 3530, 41382, 56, 959, 297, 450, 44, 2347, 45, 148448, 7, 111, 38240, 223, 621, 72546, 158003, 297, 740, 581, 28451, 7, 59049, 29823, 90, 26698, 20450, 19656, 297, 167821, 12989, 7, 4, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 7270, 40, 42844, 4, 187, 9904, 4, 136, 70, 48800, 2780, 66624, 7, 111, 7270, 5, 581, 1632, 1672, 158, 16274, 7, 764, 44759, 7, 44, 28636, 33, 2347, 6023, 58, 47, 110342, 70, 155255, 47, 6863, 66617, 133, 157000, 47, 70, 13765, 13315, 5, 59049, 30396, 1636, 15700, 953, 139539, 7, 15, 73668, 15537, 1995, 4, 27432, 87, 16, 47, 142, 15426, 111, 2451, 2940, 10, 216569, 98, 70, 3687, 23, 32692, 111, 2451, 2347, 99381, 111, 27646, 47673, 4, 70, 133868, 28394, 3129, 59049, 36997, 71, 23, 893, 45559, 59049, 195812, 297, 23, 543, 4235, 75412, 17262, 10708, 26255, 136, 10, 35206, 93324, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 10708, 26255, 509, 10, 332, 2750, 1902, 6, 116496, 10, 459, 2407, 111, 179967, 4, 21373, 47, 16162, 4769, 236, 66, 5, 581, 93324, 509, 35971, 4049, 47, 70, 53865, 5, 581, 6117, 4240, 2843, 24124, 70, 42732, 136, 76849, 75169, 678, 12638, 3789, 3129, 2806, 186, 142, 46517, 100, 11213, 10325, 136, 1311, 62809, 5, 59049, 28987, 71, 70, 6897, 111, 70, 332, 23, 79, 379, 136, 70, 42732, 136, 76849, 39958, 16065, 1295, 12638, 3789, 5, 4769, 236, 66, 25, 7, 62816, 83, 5078, 1428, 53, 35509, 98, 70, 6897, 111, 70, 1119, 9, 2271, 21605, 18, 5177, 134725, 115065, 582, 29713, 864, 5, 582, 29713, 864, 100512, 70, 10336, 111, 142, 1379, 63127, 35206, 25072, 136, 14432, 14037, 297, 9942, 25, 7, 5117, 14375, 149, 100034, 122921, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 10, 8063, 669, 136, 509, 38134, 538, 959, 297, 100, 1919, 2265, 90364, 136, 44171, 1414, 42294, 6493, 5, 582, 29713, 864, 2843, 191722, 59049, 25, 7, 44, 101956, 6955, 10999, 58, 136, 44, 5267, 1310, 50216, 11992, 104, 25, 309, 238686, 58, 24073, 3957, 21672, 10013, 111, 10, 1657, 4545, 14534, 1572, 51029, 360, 543, 3882, 4, 582, 29713, 864, 4, 21771, 158003, 297, 4, 57, 4126, 1632, 111, 70, 133325, 23, 1919, 15122, 31461, 53, 390, 6, 177691, 10, 99162, 41718, 98, 1919, 5608, 1314, 237, 4769, 236, 66, 14602, 5, 59049, 25, 7, 76811, 111, 4769, 236, 66, 6, 114777, 214, 10, 57, 3632, 98, 70, 44, 19060, 1830, 58, 169361, 39555, 2565, 100, 2565, 98, 10, 162141, 239, 33276, 318, 10389, 25, 7, 31330, 28852, 23709, 6044, 142, 45559, 5, 59049, 11814, 32743, 1353, 34, 8, 81949, 19813, 21067, 14226, 132869, 133029, 4, 70, 1843, 10534, 111, 49688, 86, 20271, 70, 1733, 23, 3129, 4769, 236, 66, 190647, 7, 2646, 159053, 4, 237, 70, 3299, 100, 2646, 159053, 5, 59049, 1902, 581, 13765, 9842, 7, 23, 543, 1837, 23, 49688, 86, 4, 237, 70, 16320, 36800, 16162, 4769, 236, 66, 4, 1660, 121447, 1295, 953, 5369, 25, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 23, 70, 19413, 86, 111, 717, 202, 191, 2451, 1029, 272, 100, 67788, 2069, 179967, 100, 1919, 6057, 6496, 114015, 136, 604, 14449, 136, 22759, 8927, 1286, 100, 183851, 144281, 81887, 7, 2451, 164, 69347, 16065, 390, 2083, 184308, 7, 6637, 1919, 205811, 452, 10033, 16188, 7, 4049, 237, 10, 36770, 158, 21605, 18, 5, 1529, 60268, 7, 98, 70, 48800, 4, 348, 1294, 136, 114309, 5, 49688, 86, 25, 7, 1585, 57662, 660, 1843, 10534, 2646, 159053, 76199, 4049, 2412, 1277, 56, 5, 1913, 17431, 4, 4769, 236, 66, 127877, 5773, 678, 2646, 159053, 25, 7, 115392, 15876, 5, 14847, 70, 35206, 141621, 4769, 236, 66, 4, 2646, 159053, 48339, 7, 450, 764, 1556, 34475, 70, 115392, 15876, 47, 4769, 236, 66, 136, 30501, 7, 4049, 47, 5646, 6626, 115392, 7841, 133, 69880, 7, 237, 5299, 4, 237, 2174, 764, 1902, 240764, 47, 5646, 2856, 5, 581, 35206, 26946, 1919, 187136, 136, 31358, 5, 2646, 159053, 14192, 7, 4769, 236, 66, 450, 1919, 6897, 4769, 236, 66, 144281, 7, 4, 83, 173915, 987, 297, 4, 136, 83, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 5, 581, 60097, 375, 561, 1636, 1919, 149357, 47, 28054, 105335, 9233, 100, 6897, 5, 51404, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 23, 70, 19413, 86, 111, 717, 202, 191, 4, 4769, 236, 66, 4, 99, 6782, 3357, 10512, 4, 6, 114777, 90, 10, 57, 3632, 156892, 23, 70, 109923, 25, 7, 1427, 36659, 5, 24990, 102, 22230, 11782, 100, 1919, 54452, 5, 4769, 236, 66, 106287, 7, 1919, 10002, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1734, 7950, 4757, 19736, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 92265, 186768, 21261, 390, 36216, 59049, 4, 5117, 91376, 23, 195616, 4, 450, 83, 90698, 1632, 111, 70, 158036, 21261, 7, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Novel form.", "Digressions.", "Hugo's sources.", "Plot.", "Volume I: Fantine.", "Volume II: Cosette.", "Volume III: Marius.", "Volume IV: The Idyll in the Rue Plumet and the Epic in the Rue St. Denis.", "Volume V: Jean Valjean.", "Characters.", "Friends of the ABC.", "The narrator.", "Contemporary reception.", "Adaptations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Upton Sinclair described the novel as \"one of the half-dozen greatest novels of the world\", and remarked that Hugo set forth the purpose of \"Les Misérables\" in the \"Preface\": Towards the end of the novel, Hugo explains the work's overarching structure: The novel contains various subplots, but the main thread is the story of ex-convict Jean Valjean, who becomes a force for good in the world but cannot escape his criminal past. The novel is divided into five volumes, each volume divided into several books, and subdivided into chapters, for a total of 48 books and 365 chapters. Each chapter is relatively short, commonly no longer than a few pages. The novel as a whole is one of the longest ever written, with 655,478 words in the original French. Hugo explained his ambitions for the novel to his Italian publisher:", "More than a quarter of the novel—by one count 955 of 2,783 pages—is devoted to essays that argue a moral point or display Hugo's encyclopedic knowledge but do not advance the plot, nor even a subplot, a method Hugo used in such other works as \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" and \"Toilers of the Sea\". One biographer noted that \"the digressions of genius are easily pardoned\". The topics Hugo addresses include cloistered religious orders, the construction of the Paris sewers, argot, and the street urchins of Paris. The one about convents he titles \"Parenthesis\" to alert the reader to its irrelevance to the story line. Hugo devotes another 19 chapters (Volume II, Book I) to an account of—and a meditation on the place in history of—the Battle of Waterloo, the battlefield which Hugo visited in", "An incident Hugo witnessed in 1829 involved three strangers and a police officer. One of the strangers was a man who had stolen a loaf of bread, similar to Jean Valjean. The officer was taking him to the coach. The thief also saw the mother and daughter playing with each other which would be an inspiration for Fantine and Cosette. Hugo imagined the life of the man in jail and the mother and daughter taken away from each other. Valjean's character is loosely based on the life of the ex-convict Eugène François Vidocq. Vidocq became the head of an undercover police unit and later founded France's first private detective agency. He was also a businessman and was widely noted for his social engagement and philanthropy. Vidocq also inspired Hugo's \"Claude Gueux\" and \"Le Dernier jour d'un condamné\" (\"The Last Day of a Condemned Man\"). In 1828, Vidocq, already pardoned, saved one of the workers in his paper factory by lifting a heavy cart on his shoulders as Valjean does. Hugo's description of Valjean rescuing a sailor on the \"Orion\" drew almost word for word on a Baron La Roncière's letter describing such an incident. Hugo used Bienvenu de Miollis (1753–1843), the Bishop of Digne during the time in which Valjean encounters Myriel, as the model for Myriel. Hugo had", "", "The story begins in 1815 in Digne, as the peasant Jean Valjean, just released from 19 years' imprisonment in the Bagne of Toulon—five for stealing bread for his starving sister and her family and fourteen more for numerous escape attempts—is turned away by innkeepers because his yellow passport marks him as a former convict. He sleeps on the street, angry and bitter. Digne's benevolent Bishop Myriel gives him shelter. At night, Valjean runs off with Myriel's silverware. When the police capture Valjean, Myriel pretends that he has given the silverware to Valjean and presses him to take two silver candlesticks as well, as if he had forgotten to take them. The police accept his explanation and leave. Myriel tells Valjean that his life", "Valjean escapes, is recaptured, and is sentenced to death. The king commutes his sentence to penal servitude for life. While imprisoned in the Bagne of Toulon, Valjean, at great personal risk, rescues a sailor caught in the ship's rigging. Spectators call for his release. Valjean fakes his own death by allowing himself to fall into the ocean. Authorities report him dead and his body lost. Valjean arrives at Montfermeil on Christmas Eve. He finds Cosette fetching water in the woods alone and walks with her to the inn. He orders a meal and observes how the Thénardiers abuse her, while pampering their own daughters Éponine and Azelma, who mistreat Cosette for playing with their doll. Valjean leaves and returns to make Cosette a present of an expensive new doll which, after some hesitation, she happily accepts. Éponine and Azelma are envious. Madame Thénardier is furious with Valjean, while her husband", "Eight years later, the Friends of the ABC, led by Enjolras, are preparing an act of anti-Orléanist civil unrest (i.e. the Paris uprising on 5–6 June 1832, following the death of General Lamarque, the only French leader who had sympathy towards the working class. Lamarque was a victim of a major cholera epidemic that had ravaged the city, particularly its poor neighborhoods, arousing suspicion that the government had been poisoning wells). The Friends of the ABC are joined by the poor of the \"Cour des miracles\", including the Thénardiers' eldest son Gavroche, who is a street urchin. One of the students, Marius Pontmercy, has become alienated from his family (especially his royalist grandfather M. Gillenormand) because of his Bonapartism views.", "After Éponine's release from prison, she finds Marius at \"The Field of the Lark\" and sadly tells him that she found Cosette's address. She leads him to Valjean's and Cosette's house on Rue Plumet, and Marius watches the house for a few days. He and Cosette then finally meet and declare their love for one another. Thénardier, Patron-Minette and Brujon manage to escape from prison with the aid of Gavroche (a rare case of Gavroche helping his family in their criminal activities). One night, during one of Marius's visits with Cosette, the six men attempt to raid Valjean's and Cosette's house. However, Éponine, who has been sitting by the gates of the house, threatens to scream and awaken the whole", "Valjean arrives at the barricade and immediately saves a man's life. He is still not certain if he wants to protect Marius or kill him. Marius recognizes Valjean at first sight. Enjolras announces that they are almost out of cartridges. When Gavroche goes outside the barricade to collect more ammunition from the dead National Guardsmen, he is shot dead. Valjean volunteers to execute Javert himself, and Enjolras grants permission. Valjean takes Javert out of sight, and then shoots into the air while letting him go. Marius mistakenly believes that Valjean has killed Javert. As the barricade falls, Valjean carries off the", "", "A revolutionary student club. In French, the letters", "Hugo does not give the narrator a name and allows the reader to identify the narrator with the novel's author. The narrator occasionally injects himself into the narrative or reports facts outside the time of the narrative to emphasize that he is recounting historical events, not entirely fiction. He introduces his recounting of Waterloo with several paragraphs describing the narrator's recent approach to the battlefield: \"Last year (1861), on a beautiful May morning, a traveller, the person who is telling this story, was coming from Nivelles...\" The narrator describes how \"[a]n observer, a dreamer, the author of this book\" during the 1832 street fighting was caught in crossfire: \"All that he had to protect him from the", "The appearance of the novel was a highly anticipated event as Victor Hugo was considered one of France's foremost poets in the middle of the nineteenth century. The \"New York Times\" announced its forthcoming publication as early as April 1860. Hugo forbade his publishers from summarizing his story and refused to authorize the publication of excerpts in advance of publication. He instructed them to build on his earlier success and suggested this approach: \"What Victor H. did for the Gothic world in \"Notre-Dame of Paris\" [\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\"], he accomplishes for the modern world in \"Les Miserables\"\". A massive advertising campaign preceded the release of the first two volumes of \"Les Misérables\" in Brussels on 30 or 31 March and in Paris on 3 April 1862. The remaining volumes appeared on 15 May 1862. Critical reactions", "Since its original publication, \"Les Misérables\" has been the subject of a large number of adaptations in numerous types of media, such as books, films, musicals, plays and games. Notable examples of these adaptations include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 145501, 56, 80723, 75169, 23180, 69686, 3229, 764, 509, 37195, 5369, 10332, 4, 52080, 1295, 1919, 67373, 4, 4518, 5876, 11727, 145501, 56, 136, 82953, 4, 109808, 145501, 56, 2750, 3542, 2843, 2663, 66724, 19, 92865, 4, 20662, 2856, 6397, 23189, 89543, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 72134, 1810, 4, 145501, 56, 100512, 5299, 9, 7864, 297, 75169, 15044, 678, 136, 26548, 4989, 2147, 6423, 1884, 1919, 82953, 5, 24372, 22466, 214, 2663, 23, 183851, 11001, 7, 136, 41929, 7, 233547, 7, 4, 764, 23742, 70, 6052, 43609, 7, 6661, 161912, 34658, 23, 7270, 186, 26518, 25134, 133915, 62884, 503, 9, 841, 68129, 23, 70, 2704, 47, 6, 92768, 206, 70, 8999, 44759, 5, 172794, 145501, 56, 509, 10, 5518, 538, 456, 35613, 19, 100, 1919, 119883, 13, 112419, 23, 4516, 136, 53299, 4, 3129, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 129058, 22231, 22230, 47, 1919, 36272, 5, 18763, 21265, 7, 3542, 2843, 3060, 111, 70, 4734, 450, 621, 9932, 18211, 538, 8437, 136, 456, 538, 31247, 538, 98, 75014, 3760, 53, 4, 43257, 3501, 31577, 47, 1274, 112, 70, 16446, 5, 18763, 520, 6496, 1556, 2809, 73275, 297, 136, 1645, 52021, 390, 70, 1884, 7, 111, 1261, 34, 6955, 5674, 1463, 5, 360, 142, 33683, 4, 7103, 8035, 37170, 1672, 3642, 764, 28282, 7, 1919, 21265, 7, 4, 764, 45739, 71, 4426, 157, 13691, 2740, 58, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 568, 48869, 1672, 2856, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 58, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 4552, 5299, 51529, 100, 19441, 10, 118208, 2517, 50960, 16446, 52875, 450, 79786, 23, 51, 40514, 678, 1919, 21265, 7, 5, 18763, 20623, 83, 4552, 124030, 13, 136, 4271, 4, 237, 764, 11301, 7, 71358, 111, 46389, 7, 136, 105416, 9, 11400, 7, 4, 233, 144429, 47, 72803, 56, 120472, 7, 5, 1529, 1902, 10, 4552, 4127, 100, 13, 12336, 136, 4420, 12336, 5, 1529, 509, 15072, 297, 390, 70, 76438, 92865, 100, 1919, 190098, 21265, 136, 50960, 16446, 4, 3129, 1836, 3542, 1631, 53, 111, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 5299, 51529, 100, 8035, 10, 4552, 36322, 70760, 136, 91768, 289, 58585, 5, 1311, 2037, 6259, 678, 10, 1620, 272, 136, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 52101, 4, 764, 1556, 143434, 5941, 1257, 3509, 7, 136, 1380, 12620, 7, 645, 70, 5369, 5, 360, 70, 128274, 9, 33870, 111, 70, 6052, 6661, 112997, 118843, 161912, 7, 4, 764, 21449, 1257, 26548, 1632, 111, 70, 2663, 40, 297, 7, 23, 70, 233547, 136, 36770, 8999, 102995, 74, 59246, 1261, 39988, 5, 24372, 8035, 100776, 7565, 23, 27528, 4, 764, 3853, 297, 442, 1257, 99, 151847, 4, 136, 7068, 172337, 297, 47, 30098, 201, 14858, 26847, 99, 305, 9193, 7565, 5, 1529, 34739, 450, 6712, 702, 16675, 5, 17106, 70, 27528, 99, 6, 163496, 4, 172794, 145501, 56, 34739, 6712, 361, 158, 686, 60636, 538, 99, 534, 10342, 136, 42658, 297, 98, 188, 70, 36137, 9, 33870, 7, 5, 1529, 7068, 2577, 71, 21415, 39286, 12522, 4, 136, 145755, 47, 30098, 10, 14858, 6275, 99, 427, 16675, 23, 70, 2704, 6712, 5, 1529, 7068, 34739, 70, 6712, 616, 9955, 136, 210435, 538, 70, 14858, 5, 360, 70, 2704, 4, 764, 112730, 26548, 25134, 133915, 681, 8079, 4, 62884, 947, 13, 9, 3038, 2247, 4, 3129, 764, 23742, 32233, 158, 686, 60636, 538, 99, 7306, 5442, 1529, 2804, 903, 19916, 509, 150380, 297, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 764, 1556, 1902, 10, 5915, 111, 16981, 26548, 903, 8562, 111, 20623, 4, 237, 764, 178308, 112730, 678, 123378, 1401, 4084, 214, 4, 10, 145042, 66724, 19, 15889, 7175, 32786, 5, 14847, 37170, 1672, 1919, 212615, 23718, 4, 145501, 56, 6868, 297, 4, 44, 568, 831, 14192, 398, 70, 23410, 100, 759, 6661, 161912, 44759, 23, 70, 6602, 6052, 27, 568, 509, 23, 5161, 136, 398, 3714, 136, 903, 83, 2843, 9803, 7, 5941, 5941, 1911, 7, 136, 30482, 5941, 8966, 7722, 1242, 1529, 127298, 83, 70, 5117, 66724, 19, 16792, 22758, 12439, 5761, 23, 43357, 47, 19916, 70, 6661, 161912, 43609, 7, 5, 9925, 6602, 4, 764, 509, 43374, 71, 66724, 19, 39170, 669, 111, 70, 42552, 136, 133291, 23, 9098, 237, 44, 3957, 2684, 5700, 110613, 29681, 669, 740, 360, 37771, 764, 14037, 297, 70, 172794, 145501, 56, 62903, 23, 78473, 13, 21393, 20903, 47, 181103, 4, 10, 23189, 11698, 3129, 83, 2843, 5368, 47, 117406, 159, 47207, 82237, 161154, 136, 159, 47207, 2907, 14900, 2594, 5, 145501, 56, 91376, 1919, 12877, 23, 34975, 44, 618, 2886, 118843, 12, 13785, 1295, 10, 6661, 205002, 740, 43609, 7, 1111, 25, 7, 107172, 7, 37286, 297, 107172, 7, 11399, 145501, 56, 136, 6300, 5516, 2758, 14191, 765, 6626, 20020, 4, 10, 25299, 4, 47801, 54311, 23, 1877, 136, 10, 23040, 4, 799, 11, 145055, 23, 12453, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 172794, 145501, 56, 15, 57332, 6088, 29835, 29172, 23, 62357, 56, 11059, 47704, 4, 66724, 16, 83, 10, 23180, 69686, 58585, 136, 36770, 8999, 102995, 1295, 66724, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career.", "Tournament history and credentials.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Schlager began playing table tennis when he was six years old, learning from his father, Rudolph Schlager and brother, Harald Schlager who were also top Austrian players, making them ideal training partners. In fact, starting out, Schlager became well-versed playing both with and against long pips like his brother. After placing top in numerous singles and doubles tournaments, he won the 2003 Singles World Championship held in Paris beating South Korean Joo Se-Hyuk in the final to clinch the world title. Werner Schlager was avidly renown for his immense skill in service and receive, which was one of the biggest contributors to his success. His serves were also some of the only that are blatantly legal and rely solely on creativity, rather than trying to hide the ball. His serving has been admired and praised by the likes of Liu Guoliang. In an interview, after being asked about how he creates his serves, he responded <nowiki>\"</nowiki>I dream about them<nowiki>\"</nowiki>. He was also very well known for having a magnificent third ball attack that worked in unison with his serves. His style is very aggressive and fast, as he plays lots of blocks and counter-hits, opposed to slower strokes. He had a very good forehand and backhand. He was respected by the Chinese players for his incredible serve and third ball, which they were wary of. He is also well known for being a very tactical and intellectual player. Coupled with a brave and enthusiastic spirit, he has caused many upsets and comebacks over the years. In the quarter-final of the 2003 World Table Tennis Championships, he came up against one of the top seeds in the tournament and former world champion; Wang Liqin. After being 3-1 down in games, he evened it up at 3-2, and then proceeded to save 4 match points at 6-10 down. He took that game 13-11. With the games at 3-3, Werner Schlager took game 7 convincingly at 11-5 and progressed onto the semi-finals. He then faced Kong Linghui, and managed to save a match point at 12-11 in the final game. He then took the game 14-12 and consequently the match. In the final, he played against South Korean chopper, Joo Sae-hyuk, which he won quite convincingly at 4-2. He said this win was attributed to the fact that he has had a lot of experience against this kind of style, as he constantly played with Chen Weixing, a fellow Austrian national team member. When asked about his surprising performance, Schlager commented, \"I can tell you the secret for my World Championship title in the year 2003...I was in love and you know and this is also opens many many doors and makes many things possible.\" He therefore is the first Austrian since Richard Bergmann in 1937 to win the World Championship Singles. That year, he was voted Austrian Sportsman of the Year and selected in China as \"The most popular foreign sportsman\". In 2009, he founded the Werner Schlager Academy in Schwechat close to Vienna, a training centre which is also home to clubs SVS Niederösterreich and SVS Ströck. Schlager published his book in 2011, \"Table Tennis: Tips from a World Champion\".", "Singles Men's Doubles Mixed Doubles Team", "Schlager and Bettina Mueller have two children, a boy, Nick Neo in 2009 and a girl, Nea Nika in 2012." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 45233, 53598, 37214, 24479, 1172, 12018, 8, 1734, 26513, 115, 436, 9393, 164, 9, 441, 73395, 509, 103122, 98, 106, 18982, 45604, 23, 13791, 9, 866, 395, 6743, 53, 4, 102706, 13400, 4, 7068, 10, 92265, 182146, 2182, 4, 70, 775, 111, 58807, 8, 1734, 26513, 115, 436, 9393, 164, 9, 441, 73395, 4, 10, 4537, 111, 70, 92265, 126140, 136, 14245, 9, 63344, 13, 7674, 191, 8, 7354, 192, 50718, 5, 149766, 1919, 67373, 136, 42732, 3542, 1295, 110, 2661, 6499, 1507, 87143, 5, 262, 1734, 26513, 25, 7, 57988, 289, 9963, 9, 432, 9319, 4, 10071, 2186, 11214, 76, 4, 509, 103122, 190537, 19, 136, 6083, 29367, 92265, 5, 262, 1734, 26513, 30957, 297, 63306, 20489, 45602, 23, 28015, 4, 7068, 85168, 297, 10, 192360, 23, 25313, 7, 136, 33284, 297, 70, 3050, 46813, 40567, 104, 25, 137858, 15, 33081, 16, 23, 27898, 5, 17106, 1919, 34391, 1295, 6, 33081, 16162, 9, 1723, 3132, 636, 21713, 796, 4, 262, 1734, 26513, 14037, 297, 70, 7687, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 23, 20414, 27898, 5, 180423, 84382, 70, 23550, 9, 170272, 7, 111, 62, 16442, 8, 3419, 31, 1419, 25, 7, 29971, 113712, 4, 70, 7687, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 1300, 4806, 99, 122776, 50339, 4, 10862, 214, 42805, 8780, 46132, 70, 92265, 154909, 7108, 9, 14775, 68036, 111, 70, 14922, 12, 70, 131224, 100, 70, 47806, 15, 1052, 17255, 16, 136, 70, 32528, 100, 92265, 240596, 5, 581, 12877, 44, 2729, 48267, 944, 115, 118645, 58, 24073, 3957, 73826, 7, 111, 38043, 74054, 91376, 23, 24849, 1379, 70, 48225, 111, 262, 1734, 26513, 4, 169361, 79507, 1295, 29971, 113712, 3790, 10484, 98, 30355, 964, 25443, 4, 101412, 72694, 8780, 136, 2265, 1011, 9494, 8780, 5, 581, 5701, 6602, 4, 764, 42938, 297, 678, 62, 16442, 8, 3419, 31, 1419, 23, 70, 92265, 1910, 82575, 53, 22120, 7639, 44, 284, 4594, 28437, 35412, 58, 1672, 70, 205297, 46193, 1486, 5, 66016, 70, 5369, 24849, 84632, 4, 70, 7687, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 1556, 62488, 71, 68034, 1295, 29971, 113712, 4, 8891, 1916, 64457, 142, 44, 165439, 26697, 8780, 37515, 538, 1013, 19, 3674, 678, 15889, 8780, 1242, 28090, 27898, 47, 25695, 4, 262, 1734, 26513, 1556, 2809, 23, 25534, 111, 70, 1528, 57495, 100, 70, 92265, 11192, 102966, 99, 70, 185236, 111, 73357, 674, 5, 1529, 100512, 10336, 111, 70, 57495, 111, 14579, 7, 4, 49649, 76319, 136, 290, 6133, 1294, 99, 70, 185236, 111, 81163, 7, 1295, 24849, 47, 26819, 5, 262, 1734, 26513, 1556, 2809, 2843, 10, 59619, 42, 23, 25313, 7, 99, 28745, 7, 663, 1295, 25695, 47, 22059, 5, 360, 20986, 4, 764, 100512, 8, 7077, 53, 14364, 111, 82466, 7, 100, 70, 26349, 111, 7270, 5, 360, 903, 19069, 4, 764, 128120, 71, 23, 14487, 21735, 47, 139999, 10, 15393, 25, 7, 156568, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 69778, 180, 55870, 875, 13, 136, 4, 59499, 47, 195812, 90, 4, 25737, 70, 17155, 20271, 70, 405, 26973, 299, 5, 360, 22059, 4, 764, 509, 27154, 3674, 390, 15333, 111, 7270, 117085, 5585, 20251, 104463, 53, 9, 180300, 111, 70, 44, 94833, 16934, 104, 25, 284, 65803, 4588, 674, 82, 8, 195769, 58, 15, 670, 98701, 16, 136, 47143, 297, 99, 903, 19069, 24189, 96145, 360, 103844, 262, 1734, 26513, 100512, 10, 14834, 215394, 748, 23, 236389, 4, 7440, 764, 113091, 1810, 26548, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 3835, 185517, 77635, 5, 360, 56434, 764, 1556, 2809, 3163, 89829, 13918, 111, 7108, 9, 14775, 5977, 29398, 6436, 52341, 5380, 3629, 4, 1295, 3129, 764, 509, 628, 14437, 23, 505, 7103, 70, 17340, 39799, 90, 206990, 1919, 79169, 289, 80399, 5, 62, 68062, 7, 8193, 23, 501, 21135, 90825, 78112, 98, 10, 22443, 111, 70, 42238, 1363, 111, 10, 190, 927, 142642, 77269, 1295, 3453, 2643, 4, 203587, 5, 28848, 70, 3564, 111, 24635, 262, 1734, 26513, 171530, 1919, 144848, 2408, 47, 70, 505, 79169, 289, 81843, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 21775, 4, 764, 110281, 297, 2450, 35743, 390, 20662, 10, 14012, 111, 29416, 4935, 152132, 7, 4, 63043, 214, 450, 237, 13918, 4, 764, 2806, 163684, 70, 197465, 68718, 74, 44, 105236, 58, 9942, 25, 7, 150385, 18151, 4, 3129, 764, 16916, 142, 6, 174408, 47, 6, 98659, 16070, 136, 237, 91, 7737, 2069, 11651, 14788, 939, 4, 136, 3398, 3355, 199458, 136, 211546, 5, 262, 1734, 26513, 2843, 49814, 450, 764, 2806, 4599, 44, 86, 8407, 19612, 58, 1295, 27759, 9, 177030, 297, 226347, 7, 2451, 73, 1919, 21455, 70, 44, 94922, 678, 10, 17688, 6, 239530, 4, 125195, 111, 70, 57289, 111, 70, 101334, 3395, 56128, 26719, 26177, 9, 58052, 4, 12924, 136, 13950, 136, 21972, 4, 3129, 764, 151552, 237, 44, 148477, 3395, 25, 7, 70670, 19612, 4, 450, 149528, 7, 47, 70, 10958, 24493, 66, 78574, 740, 1529, 509, 155605, 149357, 71, 47, 10, 106, 102525, 9, 73810, 5885, 23, 18982, 505, 100, 23, 47959, 674, 47, 673, 26136, 1256, 2822, 136, 136346, 408, 8160, 168, 15403, 5, 360, 11994, 505, 4, 262, 1734, 26513, 678, 7090, 434, 1919, 144848, 2408, 23, 10862, 111, 101715, 6, 142117, 115065, 140423, 191, 4, 26548, 70, 44, 7840, 432, 74132, 66, 1194, 1970, 7668, 58, 136, 47, 44, 5165, 23, 70, 3917, 111, 88503, 740, 1734, 26513, 127877, 10, 25941, 86723, 4, 3622, 2069, 40368, 19879, 16912, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 36510, 90, 1919, 68894, 3790, 10484, 136, 1556, 110281, 297, 10, 5915, 111, 27150, 3395, 2750, 67967, 61261, 70, 44, 11670, 1811, 43576, 1734, 26513, 21460, 58, 24073, 68016, 26513, 1419, 116233, 51029, 1529, 14037, 297, 10, 68894, 112664, 23, 267, 4, 70, 9907, 9, 104820, 56, 289, 19085, 15, 683, 39102, 74, 92265, 44, 58229, 14, 9907, 9, 104820, 4757, 289, 74054, 3129, 131264, 99, 8891, 1916, 15889, 26697, 25647, 4, 136, 14359, 2852, 89160, 92265, 142424, 136, 26697, 25313, 7, 8305, 36696, 6827, 79507, 43257, 3501, 3163, 89829, 23179, 5, 345, 6953, 193, 6833, 136, 29416, 4935, 26582, 8780, 27255, 47, 70, 10544, 9, 1052, 22553, 112664, 4, 70, 7643, 111, 1919, 19085, 97751, 1636, 70, 44, 232958, 7, 64859, 58, 11814, 390, 70, 116, 2208, 29581, 4378, 4383, 127152, 44, 61022, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 45233, 8, 1734, 26513, 15, 57332, 106, 18982, 45604, 16, 83, 10, 92265, 39624, 66, 5, 62, 90223, 71, 51521, 136, 36770, 5977, 27980, 4, 262, 1734, 26513, 1556, 2809, 70, 13918, 111, 70, 233025, 8, 96, 25, 91658, 45614, 4, 10, 15889, 26697, 5351, 32216, 4, 16792, 20231, 5, 62, 21995, 136, 12639, 42, 16792, 70, 1532, 7, 4, 764, 1556, 42938, 297, 23, 5700, 72219, 70, 23755, 111, 44, 107, 58849, 30494, 58, 23, 9942, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 93403, 214, 6, 90936, 6562, 23755, 7, 88303, 98, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 25075, 13, 1507, 159, 5, 1311, 191, 25, 7, 3790, 10484, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early life and education.", "Carrefour de l'Horloge.", "Public career.", "2017 presidential election.", "Online fame and influence.", "Private life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Henry Bertrand Marie Armand de Lesquen du Plessis-Casso was born on 1 January 1949 in Port-Lyautey, Morocco, then a French protectorate, the son of Pierre de Lesquen du Plessis-Casso, a general of the French Army and Anne-Marie Huon de Kermadec. Both his father and mother were from noble Breton families. De Lesquen's maternal grand-mother, Camille Medina, was born Guatemalan and naturalized French. De Lesquen entered Polytechnique in 1968, then earned a bachelor in economics and joined the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in 1974.", "With his friend from ENA Jean-Yves Le Gallou, De Lesquen founded the Club de l'Horloge in July 1974. Criticizing the meta-politics of Alain de Benoist's GRECE, the Club de l'Horloge aimed at concrete results, favoring entryism inside the French mainstream right-wing parties of the period: the Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the Union for French Democracy. The book \"La Politique du vivant\" (\"The Politics of living\"), published in 1979 under the direction of De Lesquen, drew influence from GRECE theories on sociobiology, genetic determinism and social darwinism. The same year, he participated with Alain de Benoist in the French TV literary talk show \"Apostrophes\" about the Nouvelle Droite. Since the years 1979-80, the Club de l'Horloge has distanced itself from GRECE, promoting instead an \"economic liberalism strongly tainted with nationalism.\"", "From 1974 to 1978, De Lesquen has been in charge of the program bureau for the French highways at the Ministry of Equipment. He became head of the bureau of energies, raw materials and chemistry at the Ministry of Finances from 1979 to 1983. De Lesquen has been also a lecturer in economics at Sciences Po from 1978 to 1987. In 1984, he became deputy director of finances for the city of Paris. In this position, he refused in December 1986 to observe a minute's silence after the death of Malik Oussekine and, according to witnesses, left the room during the ceremony. In 1987, he was nominated by mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac secretary-general of the \"Office Public d'Aménagement et de Construction\" (OPAC) and remained at this position until 1990. In 2001, De Lesquen became a municipal councilor in Versailles, where he spoke out against the city's public housing projects. In 2007, he has been elected president of right-wing radio station Radio Courtoisie, from which he was ousted in 2017 after the controversies surrounding his presidential campaign.", "A swastika in clockwise motion on a detail of the reproduction of a 5th century BC from Vače, Slovenia.At the end of 2015, De Lesquen announced his candidacy to the 2017 presidential election. In the following months, he attracted media attention by making a number of provocative proposals, claiming that as president, he would destroy the Eiffel Tower; \"burn\" France's labour code, which he consider an obstacle to entrepreneurship and as stifling individual liberty, and annex Belgium and Luxembourg. De Lesquen also added that he would ban \"negro music\" from government-sponsored broadcasts—in his view the \"music with a sexual rhythm, expression of the soul of the African people\"; including hip-hop, metal and rock and roll, which he described as \"white people's negro music, that appeals to the reptilian brain\". He was eventually sentenced to a 16,000-euro fine in January 2017 for incitement to racial hatred and holocaust denial. In March 2017, De Lesquen withdrew his candidacy in favor of LR runner François Fillon, against the \"cosmopolitan oligarchy\" and to \"stand in the way of Macron\".", "Lesquen runs a Youtube channel, totalling several million views, in which he expresses his political theories and has attracted a lot of young people who label themselves the \"Jeunesses Lesquenistes\" (\"Lesquenist Youth\"). He founded a political movement in 2018, the National-Liberal party (PNL; French \"Parti National-Libéral\"), which aims at promoting national liberal ideas, and restoring traditional French values and liberal economics through ideological influence rather than elected office. Using irony and provocative symbolism akin to the Alt-Right movement, the logo of his party imitates the \"Wolfsangel\" used by the 2nd SS Panzer Division \"Das Reich\" in WWII. Through his online videos, Lesquen participated in popularizing the concept of \"remigration\" in France and spreading racialist theories built on anthropologist Carleton S. Coon's works. De Lesquen also introduced the word \"candaule\" as a French equivalent for the Alt-Right term \"cuckservative\". Similar to its American counterpart, the term is used as a distinction between the \"true ring-wingers\", who \"oppose anti-racist laws\" and \"favor remigration\", and the \"losers of the right\". At the end of 2018, he decided to support the \"Yellow Vests\", denouncing over-taxation and describing the movement as made up of \"French people from French ancestors\". In March 2020, Lesquen stated \"there is worse than coronavirus: judeovirus\" at a meeting of the \"Swiss Resistance\" organization.", "Henry de Lesquen is a traditionalist Catholic. He broke off relations with his daughter, Clélie, after she married a Jew." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 3687, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 16792, 70, 190, 927, 142642, 77269, 5, 360, 12610, 20028, 70, 9615, 19929, 7, 3542, 35839, 44, 17903, 6587, 316, 58, 136, 44, 25178, 82110, 11, 740, 24372, 70, 180809, 92329, 563, 1334, 4757, 47064, 509, 70, 2831, 111, 70, 62, 1961, 13714, 24869, 67, 4, 12960, 70, 187414, 238, 136, 32774, 80981, 3378, 169424, 83, 167956, 71, 5, 15, 116959, 83, 110, 31344, 100, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 3687, 8108, 70, 72399, 209, 927, 142642, 5, 16, 360, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 6863, 42845, 9351, 509, 44, 56475, 149611, 164, 58, 64, 58, 56475, 31951, 11, 740, 581, 59444, 509, 142, 5526, 83629, 27022, 10763, 17721, 43157, 100586, 136, 43157, 9539, 6620, 4, 40368, 52350, 36439, 7, 12441, 1295, 3688, 47, 70, 57116, 7, 136, 98848, 4, 136, 47, 102001, 136, 181103, 5, 15, 7763, 5636, 4, 70, 59444, 83, 10, 27022, 10763, 111, 59671, 6, 68823, 52562, 124519, 5, 16, 12801, 54041, 71774, 596, 111, 70, 229506, 68728, 8946, 509, 70, 109650, 645, 1484, 71, 111, 756, 59671, 20480, 109120, 90, 1284, 23, 50081, 79986, 71, 4734, 2831, 111, 70, 25072, 297, 181991, 53, 5, 1529, 1300, 4806, 47, 78779, 13, 175055, 3934, 14949, 65925, 14713, 390, 456, 146049, 70, 11341, 59499, 47, 70, 65925, 68894, 136, 2265, 115774, 5, 71774, 596, 14037, 297, 70, 112465, 66, 59444, 23, 14819, 304, 98, 22759, 931, 748, 1760, 90695, 7, 17721, 70, 2902, 145, 75973, 136, 6863, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 159, 3973, 62579, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 112465, 66, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 2290, 34, 372, 5, 1529, 2843, 1902, 10, 19336, 6, 34165, 37702, 133, 88303, 5, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 509, 5117, 119056, 23, 10, 12937, 390, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 205201, 4, 805, 1126, 4, 237, 44, 56475, 181107, 7, 740, 56174, 87, 111, 175055, 2855, 3674, 59444, 38109, 47, 70, 9615, 19929, 4, 613, 42, 167457, 70, 59444, 678, 10, 1774, 92, 58982, 4, 136, 14037, 297, 10, 10696, 136, 10, 6, 124722, 53, 5, 9626, 1919, 79986, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 12610, 105397, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 219371, 80723, 15, 217, 509, 88303, 17721, 805, 363, 136, 209, 131290, 5, 581, 9615, 19929, 1902, 1672, 138, 4, 4283, 23, 109261, 16037, 99, 903, 1733, 136, 509, 70, 121678, 40, 257, 100, 75281, 7, 111, 5369, 5, 6260, 60097, 7, 3542, 8374, 157272, 23, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 15, 2347, 4568, 1632, 23, 423, 85416, 136, 423, 60097, 7, 3542, 373, 46572, 3688, 15, 2347, 4568, 1632, 23, 423, 125136, 5, 360, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 59444, 78737, 297, 4, 106820, 90, 4, 6, 124722, 3387, 4, 136, 18276, 7, 3542, 88303, 5, 1650, 509, 142, 5526, 29398, 98, 70, 8111, 113240, 36439, 47, 70, 152239, 6557, 5, 131911, 1995, 31089, 71, 70, 43114, 33672, 3688, 23, 427, 4015, 5, 581, 33672, 99201, 70, 38109, 111, 110, 13566, 136, 70, 115, 2449, 111, 70, 60097, 4, 136, 70, 163965, 111, 175055, 509, 35509, 98, 442, 24189, 129706, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 154186, 47, 30715, 25, 7, 140699, 110373, 11, 5, 133698, 70, 198373, 360, 330, 6889, 111, 175055, 21204, 8894, 1104, 109589, 10461, 4, 70, 205491, 4295, 5809, 959, 2046, 20903, 47, 70, 37702, 133, 12, 30613, 19, 79986, 71, 198373, 1631, 416, 25251, 5809, 959, 2046, 8305, 70, 206990, 1108, 114942, 6637, 111, 199349, 214, 143434, 390, 21501, 1916, 108203, 5, 360, 70, 702, 927, 1104, 1837, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 70, 59444, 78737, 297, 4, 136, 40368, 5381, 5170, 3542, 88303, 5, 360, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 509, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 26349, 58982, 7, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 18813, 10556, 939, 3215, 26205, 108504, 4, 70, 30839, 187, 1176, 111, 6, 91578, 453, 111, 46540, 2104, 66, 205491, 71, 175055, 5, 10660, 175961, 3934, 70, 26498, 111, 175055, 136, 141621, 71, 70, 26349, 111, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 4, 3129, 764, 57, 76622, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 47, 6492, 111, 18813, 10556, 939, 3215, 4, 3129, 509, 93544, 2685, 5, 18763, 40530, 39111, 5204, 7, 3542, 7464, 2234, 50958, 1029, 297, 678, 70, 12266, 7944, 136, 128120, 71, 47, 738, 100, 35971, 102001, 5, 1529, 176377, 47, 70, 145359, 23, 72399, 14487, 136, 70, 112465, 66, 3428, 68818, 16177, 3674, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 23, 70, 11737, 6602, 5, 581, 71047, 47126, 158, 944, 2822, 70, 26349, 7103, 10, 4989, 1329, 429, 23, 423, 11548, 136, 4734, 7103, 10, 57, 12097, 134620, 23, 2684, 111, 70, 86841, 7, 26719, 70, 47749, 42, 4, 121793, 3323, 58997, 4, 8035, 56776, 297, 1810, 390, 180187, 53, 130367, 7, 30783, 214, 1836, 13648, 73106, 70, 148, 101445, 111, 70, 71047, 47126, 390, 10, 140909, 53, 1329, 429, 5, 10660, 134053, 7103, 613, 18280, 2852, 4, 49903, 4, 450, 70, 71047, 47126, 3542, 959, 15490, 10, 10422, 100, 1658, 1405, 1294, 136, 8382, 102778, 100, 8633, 19514, 70, 86841, 7, 1810, 3542, 3884, 47, 47219, 5, 218288, 100, 10, 16610, 14922, 23, 611, 6746, 3229, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 509, 44188, 944, 2822, 390, 142, 187, 1176, 12441, 390, 155484, 111, 129091, 95360, 4, 70, 26349, 47143, 297, 1379, 180, 139891, 86052, 100, 47964, 5369, 4, 24189, 611, 12772, 4, 678, 70, 71047, 47126, 8035, 479, 6652, 1010, 138518, 678, 70, 5455, 66, 5550, 5, 581, 71047, 47126, 163684, 297, 2684, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 1836, 8, 82925, 67175, 70, 7515, 5252, 7263, 136, 70, 121678, 5381, 329, 4, 136, 1836, 34777, 11, 17704, 70, 97545, 111, 60097, 7, 23, 70, 7515, 5252, 7263, 5, 10660, 24, 4806, 70, 26349, 44, 80172, 44286, 58, 24073, 148477, 26349, 830, 1295, 80380, 19, 80637, 16, 136, 88303, 7304, 7162, 5, 360, 70, 611, 927, 1104, 2489, 927, 202032, 90, 442, 54811, 1884, 10, 22458, 26349, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 7311, 43904, 18738, 71, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 57, 45676, 11698, 23, 85250, 19, 192859, 237, 44, 5114, 26391, 93, 217339, 58, 20271, 180, 139891, 79986, 5, 581, 26349, 80723, 47, 78737, 13438, 4734, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 1902, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 26349, 111, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 15, 247, 51529, 216810, 25958, 237, 173844, 23260, 24073, 148477, 37702, 133, 74054, 105866, 23, 9879, 175055, 4, 83, 70, 14610, 927, 142105, 26349, 111, 70, 23295, 74, 18150, 10323, 111, 15881, 11062, 549, 22985, 11, 74, 136, 70, 11698, 111, 563, 1334, 4757, 54529, 53, 136, 159, 121197, 90, 140971, 23260, 59338, 5, 581, 16128, 83, 142, 5526, 6, 68823, 136, 33816, 27022, 10763, 17721, 43157, 100586, 136, 43157, 9539, 6620, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Pre-Hungarian.", "Early Hungarian.", "Ottoman period.", "Habsburg Monarchy.", "Interwar period.", "World War II.", "After WWII.", "Population.", "Politics.", "List of mayors.", "Sport.", "Transport.", "Twin towns - Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The place has been inhabited since the 5th century BC. In Roman times the settlements were called \"Gorsium\" and \"Herculia\". After the Migration Period Fejér County was the part of the Avar Khaganate, while the Slavic and Great Moravian presence is disputed. (There is no source for the name of the place before the late 10th century.) In the Middle Ages its Latin name was \"Alba Regalis\"/\"Alba Regia\". The town was an important traffic junction between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence, several trade routes led from here to the Balkans and Italy, and to Buda and Vienna. (Today, the town is a junction of seven railroad lines.)", "Grand Prince Géza of the Árpád dynasty was the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes but in reality ruled only part of the united territory. He aimed to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe by rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social models. Géza founded the Hungarian town in 972 on four moorland islands between the Gaja stream and its tributary, the Sárvíz, one of the most important Hungarian tributaries of the Danube. He also had a small stone castle built. Székesfehérvár was first mentioned in a document by the Bishopric of Veszprém, 1009, as \"Alba Civitas\". Stephen I of Hungary granted town rights to the settlement, surrounded the town with a plank wall, and founded a school and a monastery. Under his rule the construction of the Romanesque Székesfehérvár Basilica began (it was built between 1003 and 1038). The settlement had about 3,500 inhabitants at this time and was the royal seat for hundreds of years. 43 kings were crowned in Székesfehérvár (the last one in 1526) and 15 kings were buried here (the last one in 1540). In the 12th century, the town prospered, churches, monasteries, and houses were built. It was an important station on the pilgrim route to the Holy Land. András II issued the Golden Bull here in 1222. The Bull included the rights of nobles and the duties of the king, and the Constitution of Hungary was based on it until 1848. It is often compared to England's Magna Charta. During the Mongol Invasion of Hungary (1241–1242), the invaders could not get close to the castle: Kadan ruled Mongol warriors could not get through the surrounding marshes because of flooding caused by melting snow. In the 13th–15th centuries, the town prospered, and several palaces were built. In the 14th century, Székesfehérvár was surrounded by city walls. After the death of King Mátyás (1490), the German army of 20,000 men of Maximilian invaded Hungary. They advanced into the heart of Hungary and captured the city of Székesfehérvár, which he sacked, as well as the tomb of King Mátyás, which was kept there. His Landsknechts were still unsatisfied with the plunder and refused to go for taking Buda. He returned to the Empire in late December and the Hungarian troops liberated Székesfehérvár in the next year.", "The Ottomans conquered the city after a long siege in 1543 and only after a sally ended in most of the defenders including the commander, György Varkoch, being locked out by wealthy citizens fearing they might incur the wrath of the Ottomans by a lengthy siege. They discovered after surrendering, however, that the Ottomans were not without a sense for chivalry and those responsible for shutting the defenders out were put to death. Except for a short period in 1601 when Székesfehérvár was reconquered by an army led by Lawrence of Brindisi, the city remained under Ottoman administration for 145 years, until 1688, with the Ottomans being preoccupied with the Morean War. The Ottomans destroyed most of the city, they demolished the cathedral and the royal palace, and they pillaged the graves of kings in the cathedral. They named the city \"Belgrade\" (\"white city\", from Serbian Beograd) and built mosques. In the 16th–17th centuries it looked like a Muslim city. Most of the original population fled. It was a sanjak centre in Budin Province as \"İstolni Belgrad\" during Ottoman rule.", "The city began to prosper again only in the 18th century. It had a mixed population: Hungarians, Germans, Serbs, and Moravians. By 1702, the cathedral of Nagyboldogasszony was blown up, thus destroying the largest cathedral in Hungary at that time, and the coronation temple. By the Doctrine of the Holy Crown, all kings of Hungary were obliged to be crowned in this cathedral, and to take part in coronation ceremony in the surroundings of the cathedral. The coronations after that time were held in Pozsony (now Bratislava). In 1703, Székesfehérvár regained the status of a free royal town. In the middle of the century, several new buildings were erected (Franciscan church and monastery, Jesuit churches, public buildings, Baroque palaces). Maria Theresa made the city an episcopal seat in 1777. By the early 19th century, the German population was assimilated. On 15 March 1848, the citizens joined the revolution. After the revolution and war for independence, Székesfehérvár lost its importance and became a mainly agricultural city. In 1909 \"The Times Engineering Contract List\" noted a bridge construction contract valued at £12,000 to be overseen by the Chief Magistrate.", "New prosperity arrived between the two world wars, when several new factories were opened. In 1922 a radio station was established. It used two masts insulated against ground, each with a height of 152 metres. The last mast of the station was demolished in 2009.", "In 1944, after the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, the city's Jewish population was confined to a ghetto and was eventually deported to the Auschwitz death camp, together with further 3,000 Jews from the area. The pre-war Jewish population consisted of Neolog (Reform) and Orthodox communities with their respective synagogues, and some of its members were active Zionists. In December 1944, Fehérvár came under Russian artillery fire, and stiff fighting broke out as the Red Army advanced on the city. The Germans had chosen to concentrate their forces to protect the 15 mile gap between Fehérvár and Lake Balaton. Whereas most of the gap consisted of marsh and difficult ground, Fehérvár was the node for eight highways and six railways. Despite the heavy German defences, a Russian flying column broke through and occupied the city on 23 December; the Germans were able to push them out on 22 January 1945. In March 1945, the area was the battleground for the last major German offensive of World War II; but following its failure Marshal Tolbukhin broke through the German lines once more and recaptured the city on 22 March. A Soviet airfield was established at nearby Szabadbattyán.", "In August 1951 over 150 people were killed when two trains collided in Fehérvár. After World War II, the city was subject to industrialization, like many other cities and towns in the country. The most important factories were the Ikarus bus factory, the Videoton radio and TV factory, and the Könnyűfémmű (colloquially Köfém) aluminium processing plant, since acquired by Alcoa. By the 1970s, Székesfehérvár had swelled to more than 100,000 inhabitants (in 1945 it had only about 35,000). Several housing estates were built, but the city centre preserved its Baroque atmosphere. The most important Baroque buildings are the cathedral, the episcopal palace and the city hall. In the past few decades, archaeologists have excavated medieval ruins (that of the Romanesque basilica and the mausoleum of St. Stephen of Hungary); they can now be visited. At the end of the Socialist regime, all the important factories were on the verge of collapse (some eventually folded) and thousands of people lost their jobs. However, the city profited from losing the old and inefficient companies, as an abundance of skilled labour coupled with excellent traffic connections and existing infrastructure attracted numerous foreign firms seeking to invest in Hungary. Székesfehérvár became one of the prime destinations for multinational companies setting up shop in Hungary (Ford and IBM are some of them), turning the city into a success story of Hungary's transition to a market economy. A few years later Denso, Alcoa, Philips, and Sanmina-SCI Corporation also settled in the city.", "Ethnic groups (2001 census): Religions (2001 census):", "The current mayor of Székesfehérvár is András Cser-Palkovics (Fidesz). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 21 members (1 Mayor, 14 Individual constituencies MEPs and 6 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:", "List of City Mayors from 1990:", "Alba Regia Sportcsarnok is an indoor stadium in the city. It hosts a number of sport clubs from amateur to professional level, with 2017 Hungarian basketball championship winner Alba Fehérvár being its most notable tenant. Other city sports clubs include:", "Székesfehérvár is an important hub for the Hungarian railway system (\"MÁV\"). Trains depart to the Northern Coast of Lake Balaton and towards the capitol. The city is also reachable by regional buses from other major national destinations. There are numerous local buslines operating 7 days a week, operated by the company that also operates the regional buses in the region, KNYKK Zrt. (\"Közép-Nyugat Magyarországi Közlekedési Központ).\"", "Székesfehérvár is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 42666, 169935, 2806, 22, 46741, 36049, 111, 1601, 27649, 7, 23, 61770, 820, 28007, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 181268, 28129, 1900, 173883, 820, 15, 866, 73265, 194, 581, 5117, 127877, 111, 70, 339, 73265, 14037, 110, 198395, 9, 309, 69723, 19, 2878, 66695, 3789, 3501, 70, 2673, 9815, 7, 337, 1681, 3129, 509, 21771, 92610, 297, 47, 32316, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 20744, 13293, 4, 136, 127298, 110, 77950, 100, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 5, 360, 80581, 150624, 26698, 70, 33938, 100, 10, 28123, 39108, 45, 37035, 3095, 15, 17610, 594, 16, 23, 70, 51529, 20744, 13293, 2878, 66695, 4, 3129, 831, 10, 58944, 3229, 70, 20744, 13293, 915, 26147, 78974, 7, 678, 70, 1601, 230612, 238, 2878, 66695, 5, 581, 43581, 2965, 158, 2816, 4288, 98, 70, 77556, 19, 39108, 45, 37035, 3095, 3884, 442, 47, 186, 164917, 3501, 209, 28, 1280, 3931, 4, 183234, 47, 10, 6, 176302, 2481, 47, 3525, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 99, 70, 1413, 856, 105994, 136, 14858, 214, 450, 111, 70, 43581, 2965, 915, 26147, 61770, 14202, 5, 62, 28123, 241, 31246, 23, 2499, 20531, 915, 26147, 26847, 98186, 1733, 9, 107, 814, 2317, 54567, 1916, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 136, 127298, 2843, 41935, 9, 4861, 3019, 15123, 200265, 1829, 70, 313, 22693, 70, 58391, 5, 62771, 241, 31246, 28007, 7, 621, 2843, 5045, 1286, 117906, 2886, 3501, 101805, 289, 915, 26147, 197108, 25251, 136, 18645, 10, 138155, 30700, 47, 96391, 214, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 107314, 70, 5570, 3299, 237, 197108, 748, 28007, 7, 24209, 118055, 538, 11034, 538, 136, 96704, 297, 47, 76104, 5, 32255, 90791, 7, 242980, 5941, 6, 34053, 27744, 64370, 4, 2750, 18822, 71, 450, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 15, 2940, 3789, 3790, 10484, 456, 538, 214, 54799, 442, 16, 3542, 390, 2060, 70, 2684, 64004, 214, 3790, 10484, 100, 44, 54936, 58, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 136, 1902, 15673, 71, 100, 24092, 7, 111, 241957, 50339, 1295, 6097, 127877, 5, 15236, 56, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 132756, 1208, 11395, 379, 8294, 420, 669, 23409, 237, 2060, 237, 2780, 9966, 70, 70, 4524, 70760, 26908, 47, 33938, 100, 3525, 25647, 136, 26946, 450, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 509, 10, 165523, 154453, 5, 3293, 33153, 83, 959, 32813, 538, 68186, 71, 678, 3060, 25188, 1314, 42459, 214, 450, 903, 44, 84832, 7432, 58, 52028, 509, 170176, 13, 6637, 67842, 74481, 5256, 3542, 5792, 63274, 1771, 1672, 70, 17475, 7, 111, 23860, 7, 3129, 2806, 63769, 10, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 35509, 29806, 5, 717, 44188, 83797, 70, 92635, 111, 195935, 77950, 100, 16817, 62428, 4, 3060, 25188, 1314, 42459, 450, 70, 79315, 154453, 212790, 5809, 765, 10, 14537, 27165, 80835, 289, 50065, 98, 32977, 16817, 62428, 116987, 69407, 47, 21334, 142424, 15, 112, 96819, 98, 70, 14012, 111, 204105, 8916, 16817, 62428, 116987, 44457, 7, 22231, 1916, 47, 70, 32977, 69407, 194, 4263, 903, 83, 24941, 71, 678, 142, 142, 42294, 18695, 64209, 674, 450, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 642, 344, 105994, 959, 204839, 10, 31461, 17721, 116, 136, 190, 1295, 6863, 72350, 71, 34292, 15, 162, 106926, 297, 390, 97135, 8202, 82, 144, 5, 247, 7068, 70, 2673, 9815, 7, 46889, 83, 198932, 1257, 47, 70, 193280, 939, 111, 15732, 2206, 856, 12960, 2684, 5213, 26147, 7, 621, 198932, 47, 142424, 107314, 70, 43581, 58359, 111, 339, 73265, 5, 893, 131527, 74918, 7, 100, 1274, 9815, 7, 41331, 3129, 21647, 46889, 959, 1295, 16817, 62428, 116987, 1284, 43257, 1295, 89778, 191619, 86869, 7, 70, 16817, 62428, 842, 2967, 5, 30948, 1274, 9815, 172, 157, 80836, 36049, 23, 125413, 678, 7941, 61475, 11341, 55, 18, 4567, 2320, 37105, 7, 47, 10, 32977, 198274, 9, 31304, 45, 12653, 1507, 1001, 55, 18, 1001, 132283, 3900, 37676, 48302, 26073, 5, 62771, 142, 89978, 37202, 47, 186, 108975, 214, 23, 43581, 110588, 2053, 678, 58166, 108642, 111, 78779, 297, 84901, 2481, 5, 8622, 621, 183851, 6, 88322, 306, 33, 109622, 98365, 7, 100, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 20903, 47, 70, 77556, 1177, 344, 105994, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 121392, 98365, 7, 100, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 99, 2499, 105994, 5, 4265, 4861, 3019, 15123, 20903, 47, 70, 77556, 1177, 344, 105994, 10, 27641, 64829, 90, 70, 1791, 147, 7668, 2967, 450, 261, 134225, 7, 70, 20744, 13293, 5, 360, 70, 20744, 13293, 4, 70, 77556, 1177, 344, 105994, 53299, 7, 38040, 10821, 5586, 2594, 9, 7, 57965, 110436, 26785, 17514, 5, 581, 139999, 71, 1791, 147, 7668, 17721, 70, 77556, 1177, 344, 105994, 136, 70, 5586, 2594, 105994, 8110, 186, 69307, 71, 678, 76134, 53, 5885, 370, 592, 5, 360, 10, 1601, 230612, 238, 154453, 4, 98, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 5586, 2594, 9, 7, 57965, 110436, 26785, 17514, 53017, 17721, 89543, 136, 1601, 27649, 7, 15, 31, 14775, 47, 10, 26948, 24092, 137272, 678, 1592, 35883, 6402, 40956, 7, 194, 581, 1791, 147, 7668, 17721, 70, 77556, 1177, 344, 105994, 136, 70, 5586, 2594, 105994, 83, 69307, 71, 23, 10, 6083, 144996, 4, 15490, 11113, 31292, 223, 5885, 9, 458, 592, 5, 581, 6528, 450, 70, 33835, 429, 954, 3019, 15123, 94407, 51, 40383, 99, 11192, 9, 39060, 3432, 83, 35839, 12801, 51, 41274, 154453, 5, 360, 70, 20744, 13293, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 642, 344, 4, 37515, 136, 77556, 155116, 1771, 14974, 33992, 35782, 47, 51, 40383, 99, 11192, 48302, 5, 360, 10, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 154453, 4, 70, 51042, 111, 70, 33835, 429, 14974, 33992, 621, 73197, 297, 4, 136, 134995, 11192, 9, 39060, 3432, 51, 41274, 111, 70, 33835, 429, 14974, 33992, 83, 69307, 71, 5, 581, 73197, 297, 51042, 2843, 87344, 10, 6083, 191619, 100, 4567, 45023, 77556, 1177, 344, 954, 3019, 15123, 116987, 5, 1413, 856, 9, 7, 57965, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 15, 19670, 1183, 71, 678, 10, 81604, 13, 954, 3019, 15123, 16, 205794, 87344, 10, 25469, 13, 43334, 26866, 915, 26147, 99, 10, 46889, 105994, 74729, 678, 70, 42, 2749, 456, 9120, 130807, 3956, 74481, 5256, 5, 4265, 4861, 3019, 15123, 83, 2843, 167729, 297, 390, 51347, 47, 40368, 70, 4524, 70760, 44402, 4, 100, 137567, 101904, 5941, 224, 481, 2886, 291, 140363, 70760, 183871, 4, 136, 100, 22, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 915, 26147, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 15, 70603, 1723, 16, 83, 10, 158, 75161, 34, 2822, 76755, 17721, 6626, 62822, 61112, 111, 131830, 53, 2878, 66695, 12, 337, 42182, 4, 3129, 765, 142, 892, 1505, 9, 27494, 297, 25927, 4, 136, 1592, 39, 17514, 4, 3129, 765, 10, 23552, 9, 6191, 1505, 25927, 5, 62, 10644, 111, 32628, 6032, 954, 3019, 15123, 4, 1601, 4861, 3019, 15123, 83, 10, 7722, 25469, 13, 100, 165, 164, 63127, 297, 915, 26147, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 136, 51592, 390, 3060, 6, 34053, 27744, 64370, 237, 142, 27650, 29806, 47, 5941, 43581, 44402, 23, 915, 26147, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 2174, 39563, 297, 26785, 4, 3129, 5809, 103608, 67842, 58555, 7440, 43581, 3790, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Motivations.", "Prospective benefits.", "The hierarchy problem.", "Gauge coupling unification.", "Dark matter.", "Other technical motivations.", "History.", "Applications.", "Extension of possible symmetry groups.", "The supersymmetry algebra.", "The Supersymmetric Standard Model.", "Gauge-coupling unification.", "Supersymmetric quantum mechanics.", "Supersymmetry in condensed matter physics.", "Supersymmetry in optics.", "Supersymmetry in dynamical systems.", "Supersymmetry in mathematics.", "Supersymmetry in quantum gravity.", "General supersymmetry.", "Extended supersymmetry.", "Supersymmetry in alternate numbers of dimensions.", "Fractional supersymmetry.", "Current status." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Direct confirmation would entail production of superpartners in collider experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The first runs of the LHC found no previously-unknown particles other than the Higgs boson which was already suspected to exist as part of the Standard Model, and therefore no evidence for supersymmetry. Indirect methods include the search for a permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) in the known Standard Model particles, which can arise when the Standard Model particle interacts with the supersymmetric particles. The current best constraint on the electron electric dipole moment put it to be smaller than 10 e·cm, equivalent to a sensitivity to new physics at the TeV scale and matching that of the current best particle colliders. A permanent EDM in any fundamental particle points towards time-reversal violating physics, and therefore also CP-symmetry violation via the CPT theorem. Such EDM experiments are also much more scalable than conventional particle accelerators and offer a practical alternative to detecting physics beyond the standard model as accelerator experiments become increasingly costly and complicated to maintain. These findings disappointed many physicists, who believed that supersymmetry (and other theories relying upon it) were by far the most promising theories for \"new\" physics, and had hoped for signs of unexpected results from these runs. Former enthusiastic supporter Mikhail Shifman went as far as urging the theoretical community to search for new ideas and accept that supersymmetry was a failed theory. This opinion is not universally accepted with some researchers suggesting that this \"naturalness\" crisis was premature because various calculations were too optimistic about the limits of masses which would allow a supersymmetry based solution. To reconcile the lack of experimental evidence for SUSY, some researchers suggest that the string theory landscape could have a power law statistical pull on soft SUSY breaking terms to large values (depending on the number of hidden sector SUSY breaking fields contributing to the soft terms). If this is coupled with an anthropic requirement that contributions to the weak scale not exceed a factor between 2 and 5 from its measured value (as argued by Agrawal et al.), then the Higgs mass is pulled up to the vicinity of 125 GeV while most sparticles are pulled to values beyond the current reach of LHC. An exception occurs for higgsinos which gain mass not from SUSY breaking but rather from whatever mechanism solves the SUSY mu problem. Light higgsino pair production in association with hard initial state jet radiation leads to a soft opposite-sign dilepton plus jet plus missing transverse energy signal. Such an excess seems to be appearing in current Atlas data with 139 fb of integrated luminosity.", "There are numerous phenomenological motivations for supersymmetry close to the electroweak scale, as well as technical motivations for supersymmetry at any scale.", "Supersymmetry close to the electroweak scale ameliorates the hierarchy problem that afflicts the Standard Model. In the Standard Model, the electroweak scale receives enormous Planck-scale quantum corrections. The observed hierarchy between the electroweak scale and the Planck scale must be achieved with extraordinary fine tuning. In a supersymmetric theory, on the other hand, Planck-scale quantum corrections cancel between partners and superpartners (owing to a minus sign associated with fermionic loops). The hierarchy between the electroweak scale and the Planck scale is achieved in a natural manner, without miraculous fine-tuning.", "The idea that the gauge symmetry groups unify at high-energy is called Grand unification theory. In the Standard Model, however, the weak, strong and electromagnetic couplings fail to unify at high energy. In a supersymmetry theory, the running of the gauge couplings are modified, and precise high-energy unification of the gauge couplings is achieved. The modified running also provides a natural mechanism for radiative electroweak symmetry breaking.", "TeV-scale supersymmetry (augmented with a discrete symmetry) typically provides a candidate dark matter particle at a mass scale consistent with thermal relic abundance calculations.", "Supersymmetry is also motivated by solutions to several theoretical problems, for generally providing many desirable mathematical properties, and for ensuring sensible behavior at high energies. Supersymmetric quantum field theory is often much easier to analyze, as many more problems become mathematically tractable. When supersymmetry is imposed as a \"local\" symmetry, Einstein's theory of general relativity is included automatically, and the result is said to be a theory of supergravity. It is also a necessary feature of the most popular candidate for a theory of everything, superstring theory, and a SUSY theory could explain the issue of cosmological inflation. Another theoretically appealing property of supersymmetry is that it offers the only \"loophole\" to the Coleman–Mandula theorem, which prohibits spacetime and internal symmetries from being combined in any nontrivial way, for quantum field theories like the Standard Model with very general assumptions. The Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem demonstrates that supersymmetry is the only way spacetime and internal symmetries can be combined consistently.", "A supersymmetry relating mesons and baryons was first proposed, in the context of hadronic physics, by Hironari Miyazawa in 1966. This supersymmetry did not involve spacetime, that is, it concerned internal symmetry, and was broken badly. Miyazawa's work was largely ignored at the time. J. L. Gervais and B. Sakita (in 1971), Yu. A. Golfand and E. P. Likhtman (also in 1971), and D. V. Volkov and V. P. Akulov (1972), independently rediscovered supersymmetry in the context of quantum field theory, a radically new type of symmetry of spacetime and fundamental fields, which establishes a relationship between elementary particles of different quantum nature, bosons and fermions, and unifies spacetime and internal symmetries of microscopic phenomena. Supersymmetry with a consistent Lie-algebraic graded structure on which the Gervais−Sakita rediscovery was based directly first arose in 1971 in the context of an early version of string theory by Pierre Ramond, John H. Schwarz and André Neveu. Finally, Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino (in 1974) identified the characteristic renormalization features of four-dimensional supersymmetric field theories, which identified them as remarkable QFTs, and they and Abdus Salam and their fellow researchers introduced early particle physics applications. The mathematical structure of supersymmetry (graded Lie superalgebras) has subsequently been applied successfully to other topics of physics, ranging from nuclear physics, critical phenomena, quantum mechanics to statistical physics. It remains a vital part of many proposed theories of physics. The first realistic supersymmetric version of the Standard Model was proposed in 1977 by Pierre Fayet and is known as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model or MSSM for short. It was proposed to solve, amongst other things, the hierarchy problem.", "", "One reason that physicists explored supersymmetry is because it offers an extension to the more familiar symmetries of quantum field theory. These symmetries are grouped into the Poincaré group and internal symmetries and the Coleman–Mandula theorem showed that under certain assumptions, the symmetries of the S-matrix must be a direct product of the Poincaré group with a compact internal symmetry group or if there is not any mass gap, the conformal group with a compact internal symmetry group. In 1971 Golfand and Likhtman were the first to show that the Poincaré algebra can be extended through introduction of four anticommuting spinor generators (in four dimensions), which later became known as supercharges. In 1975, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem analyzed all possible superalgebras in the general form, including those with an extended number of the supergenerators and central charges. This extended super-Poincaré algebra paved the way for obtaining a very large and important class of supersymmetric field theories.", "Traditional symmetries of physics are generated by objects that transform by the tensor representations of the Poincaré group and internal symmetries. Supersymmetries, however, are generated by objects that transform by the spin representations. According to the spin-statistics theorem, bosonic fields commute while fermionic fields anticommute. Combining the two kinds of fields into a single algebra requires the introduction of a Z-grading under which the bosons are the even elements and the fermions are the odd elements. Such an algebra is called a Lie superalgebra. The simplest supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré algebra is the Super-Poincaré algebra. Expressed in terms of two Weyl spinors, has the following anti-commutation relation: and all other anti-commutation relations between the \"Q\"s and commutation relations between the \"Q\"s and \"P\"s vanish. In the above expression are the generators of translation and \"σ\" are the Pauli matrices. There are representations of a Lie superalgebra that are analogous to representations of a Lie algebra. Each Lie algebra has an associated Lie group and a Lie superalgebra can sometimes be extended into representations of a Lie supergroup.", "Incorporating supersymmetry into the Standard Model requires doubling the number of particles since there is no way that any of the particles in the Standard Model can be superpartners of each other. With the addition of new particles, there are many possible new interactions. The simplest possible supersymmetric model consistent with the Standard Model is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) which can include the necessary additional new particles that are able to be superpartners of those in the Standard Model. One of the main motivations for SUSY comes from the quadratically divergent contributions to the Higgs mass squared. The quantum mechanical interactions of the Higgs boson causes a large renormalization of the Higgs mass and unless there is an accidental cancellation, the natural size of the Higgs mass is the greatest scale possible. This problem is known as the hierarchy problem. Supersymmetry reduces the size of the quantum corrections by having automatic cancellations between fermionic and bosonic Higgs interactions. If supersymmetry is restored at the weak scale, then the Higgs mass is related to supersymmetry breaking which can be induced from small non-perturbative effects explaining the vastly different scales in the weak interactions and gravitational interactions. In many supersymmetric Standard Models there is a heavy stable particle (such as neutralino) which could serve as a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter candidate. The existence of a supersymmetric dark matter candidate is related closely to R-parity. The standard paradigm for incorporating supersymmetry into a realistic theory is to have the underlying dynamics of the theory be supersymmetric, but the ground state of the theory does not respect the symmetry and supersymmetry is broken spontaneously. The supersymmetry break can not be done permanently by the particles of the MSSM as they currently appear. This means that there is a new sector of the theory that is responsible for the breaking. The only constraint on this new sector is that it must break supersymmetry permanently and must give superparticles TeV scale masses. There are many models that can do this and most of their details do not matter. In order to parameterize the relevant features of supersymmetry breaking, arbitrary soft SUSY breaking terms are added to the theory which temporarily break SUSY explicitly but could never arise from a complete theory of supersymmetry breaking.", "One piece of evidence for supersymmetry existing is gauge coupling unification. The renormalization group evolution of the three gauge coupling constants of the Standard Model is somewhat sensitive to the present particle content of the theory. These coupling constants do not quite meet together at a common energy scale if we run the renormalization group using the Standard Model. After incorporating minimal SUSY, joint convergence of the coupling constants is projected at approximately 10 GeV.", "\"Supersymmetric quantum mechanics\" adds the SUSY superalgebra to quantum mechanics as opposed to quantum field theory. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics often becomes relevant when studying the dynamics of supersymmetric solitons, and due to the simplified nature of having fields which are only functions of time (rather than space-time), a great deal of progress has been made in this subject and it is now studied in its own right. SUSY quantum mechanics involves pairs of Hamiltonians which share a particular mathematical relationship, which are called \"partner Hamiltonians\". (The potential energy terms which occur in the Hamiltonians are then known as \"partner potentials\".) An introductory theorem shows that for every eigenstate of one Hamiltonian, its partner Hamiltonian has a corresponding eigenstate with the same energy. This fact can be exploited to deduce many properties of the eigenstate spectrum. It is analogous to the original description of SUSY, which referred to bosons and fermions. We can imagine a \"bosonic Hamiltonian\", whose eigenstates are the various bosons of our theory. The SUSY partner of this Hamiltonian would be \"fermionic\", and its eigenstates would be the theory's fermions. Each boson would have a fermionic partner of equal energy.", "SUSY concepts have provided useful extensions to the WKB approximation. Additionally, SUSY has been applied to disorder averaged systems both quantum and non-quantum (through statistical mechanics), the Fokker–Planck equation being an example of a non-quantum theory. The'supersymmetry' in all these systems arises from the fact that one is modelling one particle and as such the'statistics' do not matter. The use of the supersymmetry method provides a mathematical rigorous alternative to the replica trick, but only in non-interacting systems, which attempts to address the so-called 'problem of the denominator' under disorder averaging. For more on the applications of supersymmetry in condensed matter physics see Efetov (1997).", "Integrated optics was recently found to provide a fertile ground on which certain ramifications of SUSY can be explored in readily-accessible laboratory settings. Making use of the analogous mathematical structure of the quantum-mechanical Schrödinger equation and the wave equation governing the evolution of light in one-dimensional settings, one may interpret the refractive index distribution of a structure as a potential landscape in which optical wave packets propagate. In this manner, a new class of functional optical structures with possible applications in phase matching, mode conversion and space-division multiplexing becomes possible. SUSY transformations have been also proposed as a way to address inverse scattering problems in optics and as a one-dimensional transformation optics", "All stochastic (partial) differential equations, the models for all types of continuous time dynamical systems, possess topological supersymmetry. In the operator representation of stochastic evolution, the topological supersymmetry is the exterior derivative which is commutative with the stochastic evolution operator defined as the stochastically averaged pullback induced on differential forms by SDE-defined diffeomorphisms of the phase space. The topological sector of the so-emerging supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics can be recognized as the Witten-type topological field theory. The meaning of the topological supersymmetry in dynamical systems is the preservation of the phase space continuity—infinitely close points will remain close during continuous time evolution even in the presence of noise. When the topological supersymmetry is broken spontaneously, this property is violated in the limit of the infinitely long temporal evolution and the model can be said to exhibit (the stochastic generalization of) the butterfly effect. From a more general perspective, spontaneous breakdown of the topological supersymmetry is the theoretical essence of the ubiquitous dynamical phenomenon variously known as chaos, turbulence, self-organized criticality etc. The Goldstone theorem explains the associated emergence of the long-range dynamical behavior that manifests itself as noise, butterfly effect, and the scale-free statistics of sudden (instantonic) processes, such as earthquakes, neuroavalanches, and solar flares, known as the Zipf's law and the Richter scale.", "SUSY is also sometimes studied mathematically for its intrinsic properties. This is because it describes complex fields satisfying a property known as holomorphy, which allows holomorphic quantities to be exactly computed. This makes supersymmetric models useful \"toy models\" of more realistic theories. A prime example of this has been the demonstration of S-duality in four-dimensional gauge theories that interchanges particles and monopoles. The proof of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem is much simplified by the use of supersymmetric quantum mechanics.", "Supersymmetry is part of superstring theory, a string theory of quantum gravity, although it could in theory be a component of other quantum gravity theories as well, such as loop quantum gravity. For superstring theory to be consistent, supersymmetry seems to be required at some level (although it may be a strongly broken symmetry). If experimental evidence confirms supersymmetry in the form of supersymmetric particles such as the neutralino that is often believed to be the lightest superpartner, some people believe this would be a major boost to superstring theory. Since supersymmetry is a required component of superstring theory, any discovered supersymmetry would be consistent with superstring theory. If the Large Hadron Collider and other major particle physics experiments fail to detect supersymmetric partners, many versions of superstring theory which had predicted certain low mass superpartners to existing particles may need to be significantly revised.", "Supersymmetry appears in many related contexts of theoretical physics. It is possible to have multiple supersymmetries and also have supersymmetric extra dimensions.", "It is possible to have more than one kind of supersymmetry transformation. Theories with more than one supersymmetry transformation are known as extended supersymmetric theories. The more supersymmetry a theory has, the more constrained are the field content and interactions. Typically the number of copies of a supersymmetry is a power of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8...). In four dimensions, a spinor has four degrees of freedom and thus the minimal number of supersymmetry generators is four in four dimensions and having eight copies of supersymmetry means that there are 32 supersymmetry generators. The maximal number of supersymmetry generators possible is 32. Theories with more than 32 supersymmetry generators automatically have massless fields with spin greater than 2. It is not known how to make massless fields with spin greater than two interact, so the maximal number of supersymmetry generators considered is 32. This is due to the Weinberg–Witten theorem. This corresponds to an \"N\" = 8 supersymmetry theory. Theories with 32 supersymmetries automatically have a graviton. For four dimensions there are the following theories, with the corresponding multiplets (CPT adds a copy, whenever they are not invariant under such symmetry):", "It is possible to have supersymmetry in dimensions other than four. Because the properties of spinors change drastically between different dimensions, each dimension has its characteristic. In \"d\" dimensions, the size of spinors is approximately 2 or 2. Since the maximum number of supersymmetries is 32, the greatest number of dimensions in which a supersymmetric theory can exist is eleven.", "Fractional supersymmetry is a generalization of the notion of supersymmetry in which the minimal positive amount of spin does not have to be but can be an arbitrary for integer value of \"N\". Such a generalization is possible in two or fewer spacetime dimensions.", "Supersymmetric models are constrained by a variety of experiments, including measurements of low-energy observables – for example, the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon at Fermilab; the WMAP dark matter density measurement and direct detection experiments – for example, XENON-100 and LUX; and by particle collider experiments, including B-physics, Higgs phenomenology and direct searches for superpartners (sparticles), at the Large Electron–Positron Collider, Tevatron and the LHC. In fact, CERN publicly states that if supersymmetry \"is correct, supersymmetric particles should appear in collisions at the LHC.\" Historically, the tightest limits were from direct production at colliders. The first mass limits for squarks and gluinos were made at CERN by the UA1 experiment and the UA2 experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron. LEP later set very strong limits, which in 2006 were extended by the D0 experiment at the Tevatron. From 2003-2015, WMAP's and Planck's dark matter density measurements have strongly constrained supersymmetry models, which, if they explain dark matter, have to be tuned to invoke a particular mechanism to sufficiently reduce the neutralino density. Prior to the beginning of the LHC, in 2009, fits of available data to CMSSM and NUHM1 indicated that squarks and gluinos were most likely to have masses in the 500 to 800 GeV range, though values as high as 2.5 TeV were allowed with low probabilities. Neutralinos and sleptons were expected to be quite light, with the lightest neutralino and the lightest stau most likely to be found between 100 and 150 GeV. The first run of the LHC found no evidence for supersymmetry, and, as a result, surpassed existing experimental limits from the Large Electron–Positron Collider and Tevatron and partially excluded the aforementioned expected ranges. In 2011–12, the LHC discovered a Higgs boson with a mass of about 125 GeV, and with couplings to fermions and bosons which are consistent with the Standard Model. The MSSM predicts that the mass of the lightest Higgs boson should not be much higher than the mass of the Z boson, and, in the absence of fine tuning (with the supersymmetry breaking scale on the order of 1 TeV), should not exceed 135 GeV. The LHC result seems problematic for the minimal supersymmetric model, as the value of 125 GeV is relatively large for the model and can only be achieved with large radiative loop corrections from top squarks, which many theorists consider to be \"unnatural\" (see naturalness (physics) and fine tuning). Some researchers seek to reconcile the current situation with the concept of \"stringy naturalness\", where the Higgs mass is pulled via string landscape effects up to 125 GeV and sparticles masses pulled beyond the current LHC reach." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 25031, 1950, 8789, 18, 4, 142, 4927, 117914, 23, 126642, 4, 30715, 4, 26168, 3674, 186547, 1212, 23, 117430, 5, 1950, 8789, 18, 36663, 10, 351, 9, 48855, 214, 26580, 53, 100, 1919, 152319, 3408, 25921, 5, 1529, 75935, 10, 351, 9, 74735, 4, 122175, 13, 4, 32977, 136, 960, 133, 2886, 26580, 53, 450, 6777, 959, 36898, 3229, 172554, 71, 47, 1831, 5, 1950, 8789, 18, 75204, 10, 33407, 23, 122815, 136, 60091, 36049, 26859, 99, 10, 31461, 53, 23, 126642, 25133, 1507, 23, 33418, 5, 581, 7311, 186547, 1212, 509, 3514, 53, 5, 65056, 134855, 7, 3542, 181653, 100, 61475, 11473, 47, 70, 3835, 5, 186547, 1212, 509, 5700, 678, 20020, 4, 509, 38134, 538, 11814, 23, 115215, 100, 128169, 4927, 4, 136, 1556, 14037, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 3789, 4527, 7, 15, 2472, 27781, 931, 202, 6238, 37702, 7, 100, 14015, 56, 4, 136, 32204, 7, 194, 186547, 1212, 83, 189275, 119675, 11876, 6048, 23882, 15, 139788, 25958, 8089, 6423, 316, 247, 10662, 42628, 13, 316, 55, 12097, 4, 21280, 46844, 4, 10662, 2515, 60768, 136, 10662, 67788, 12259, 43840, 5, 1650, 53418, 186, 182, 555, 297, 390, 809, 2852, 4, 21501, 933, 3229, 172554, 71, 47, 80097, 4, 136, 83, 42009, 39, 2886, 99, 77546, 52768, 7, 5, 1950, 8789, 18, 33407, 297, 10, 12921, 26168, 1363, 23, 64911, 4, 3129, 49814, 4323, 929, 122417, 7, 47, 8337, 32204, 1212, 10, 37515, 56, 166577, 179140, 100, 67896, 76329, 7, 4, 136, 237, 10, 122175, 13, 184897, 100, 4323, 7030, 7, 136, 96865, 7, 5, 581, 1950, 8789, 18, 14380, 16839, 297, 186547, 1212, 237, 10, 20020, 25, 7, 72713, 390, 27024, 214, 3299, 2069, 24448, 7, 35509, 98, 124850, 1295, 20020, 25, 7, 43515, 4, 6044, 237, 438, 27376, 4, 70, 8414, 5, 1111, 136, 22017, 71, 42562, 113132, 5, 581, 7311, 186547, 1212, 31461, 53, 509, 163684, 297, 390, 11476, 23, 36102, 136, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 5744, 33976, 5, 581, 1950, 8789, 18, 14380, 181653, 186547, 1212, 23, 126642, 25133, 1507, 24189, 26819, 4, 3229, 36049, 509, 109133, 47, 33020, 5, 581, 51193, 5037, 7, 14380, 509, 70, 13036, 15672, 86872, 13, 111, 186547, 1212, 1295, 24849, 24189, 99, 19713, 20986, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 10, 12921, 94207, 92, 217773, 143434, 10, 12996, 23, 25553, 6892, 2408, 4, 136, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 11389, 509, 90698, 44157, 47, 70, 7311, 17664, 5, 22928, 91157, 109451, 7, 6456, 238, 163629, 71, 186547, 1212, 8305, 6863, 59038, 111, 7948, 4378, 4, 1950, 8789, 18, 25, 7, 49129, 14380, 5, 360, 9571, 4, 7656, 1708, 123997, 22928, 91157, 136, 70, 8796, 509, 54324, 47, 19210, 6369, 141, 24890, 4, 170277, 100, 6863, 3299, 112518, 7, 136, 101785, 111, 70, 5345, 55923, 3299, 24448, 8796, 5, 29927, 481, 9335, 56851, 86872, 71, 70, 8796, 1295, 19210, 6369, 141, 23, 4078, 136, 15421, 309, 74694, 186547, 1212, 5, 1650, 163629, 71, 70, 8796, 1810, 54969, 4, 3229, 19210, 6369, 141, 23409, 3934, 86052, 10, 6602, 14432, 5, 62, 21373, 12996, 4, 44, 58, 112463, 271, 9, 140290, 56786, 50828, 58, 58, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 150696, 45803, 247, 509, 26868, 297, 390, 86914, 10404, 275, 111, 186806, 4, 102126, 4, 23, 109969, 5, 3293, 12996, 83, 7464, 19882, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 58, 103791, 19, 206, 1679, 116644, 150696, 45803, 58, 58, 15, 10685, 93, 206, 22104, 7, 25, 150696, 45803, 194, 360, 98848, 4, 70, 12996, 44, 683, 31525, 58, 83, 2843, 16839, 297, 237, 44, 58, 72325, 14, 10061, 58, 58, 136, 12008, 7, 70, 5201, 150380, 90, 111, 186547, 1212, 5, 11356, 9, 8331, 127, 4, 3129, 83, 35509, 98, 21917, 474, 4, 28279, 136, 7401, 4, 19014, 7, 98, 197826, 47, 1831, 5, 360, 9942, 4, 442, 83, 7228, 390, 1840, 7568, 4, 136, 16839, 297, 237, 150696, 61198, 5, 186547, 1212, 136, 21373, 76319, 621, 27983, 11814, 23, 26580, 53, 6, 114205, 5, 6561, 111, 6863, 5201, 58008, 16037, 83, 62, 5861, 669, 187852, 7, 25, 47801, 5227, 4, 2750, 11814, 124850, 40030, 297, 23, 186547, 1212, 23, 1919, 22759, 33598, 9, 69986, 23706, 8509, 136, 14854, 4007, 16610, 54180, 44, 284, 12801, 10013, 13538, 58, 194076, 4, 44, 3957, 601, 35133, 119671, 7, 1314, 58, 202727, 4, 44, 284, 153335, 7224, 272, 58, 175454, 136, 44, 284, 39162, 56, 111, 2091, 2407, 136, 96719, 58, 94834, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 60213, 1346, 44, 3957, 85879, 13, 111, 70, 1401, 107, 9, 1052, 10545, 217, 58, 117593, 5, 3293, 61353, 83, 5700, 538, 51529, 237, 26580, 4650, 2320, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 136, 83, 10, 3173, 111, 7279, 78112, 6, 114205, 5, 186547, 1212, 9, 5062, 76319, 621, 149528, 214, 47, 10127, 22230, 6637, 70, 4912, 831, 186, 11814, 678, 28, 6991, 12, 442, 83, 931, 52366, 2886, 20174, 47, 28282, 10, 62816, 4, 110677, 20174, 47, 63769, 450, 62816, 47, 25813, 23, 5941, 48322, 4, 136, 168, 184, 20174, 47, 112033, 73, 6863, 115700, 72546, 3229, 70163, 71, 678, 10, 1439, 13, 23532, 6644, 4, 136, 14602, 959, 6, 76681, 1379, 8010, 12275, 6, 177476, 5, 186547, 1212, 83, 11814, 23, 4989, 88203, 136, 162738, 88203, 130412, 7, 47, 4358, 51521, 7, 83324, 2174, 70, 28813, 22230, 621, 20662, 8437, 88203, 7, 5, 62, 242, 69442, 1290, 45443, 25, 83, 158012, 107314, 136, 161549, 36917, 70, 5646, 9, 16713, 13315, 5, 581, 121303, 7, 111, 903, 621, 1608, 39, 2875, 297, 136, 121303, 71, 678, 32204, 1212, 5, 4263, 142, 67945, 46485, 31358, 7, 10, 16188, 23, 70, 32204, 1212, 4, 442, 83, 90698, 6, 98869, 450, 70, 88203, 509, 10, 5775, 202, 4, 136, 70, 81887, 83, 959, 72350, 71, 5, 186547, 1212, 83, 11814, 43257, 3501, 19096, 4, 221, 450, 40368, 45443, 7, 1543, 186, 133888, 23, 129745, 12, 2174, 10, 45443, 83, 94419, 442, 1543, 186, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 156100, 297, 45443, 109312, 47, 71864, 7645, 38543, 70, 130412, 4, 1284, 120260, 70, 94419, 45443, 19882, 23, 7225, 111, 127125, 5, 893, 172075, 45443, 83, 11814, 4, 43257, 3501, 10, 38134, 43613, 111, 32204, 1212, 4, 237, 903, 87344, 10, 11037, 57616, 214, 5608, 70, 67945, 46485, 29954, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 186547, 1212, 83, 10, 3884, 939, 9, 5062, 3299, 2069, 4912, 7228, 1295, 97377, 316, 28279, 7, 4, 42628, 13, 316, 55, 12097, 136, 923, 14612, 9523, 43840, 7, 5, 186547, 1212, 83, 11814, 100, 20020, 25, 7, 11301, 136, 237, 10, 3299, 2069, 57646, 100, 1286, 23113, 707, 28123, 45646, 7, 5, 88949, 111, 6863, 351, 9, 48855, 214, 57266, 4, 442, 83, 10, 5700, 44126, 111, 4912, 100, 7279, 9, 105401, 6, 114205, 4, 26719, 40368, 33598, 9, 69986, 54180, 390, 47801, 5227, 5, 581, 8796, 9, 11627, 26580, 53, 83, 68018, 119056, 23, 56101, 19612, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 72325, 2624, 86, 89826, 7, 58, 23, 70, 130904, 25, 44, 116742, 53, 23, 70, 17689, 678, 69124, 7, 830, 70, 180, 41413, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Similar products.", "Uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "William Harbutt, an art teacher in Bath, England, formulated Plasticine in 1897. Harbutt wanted a non-drying clay for his sculpture students. He created a non-toxic, sterile, soft and malleable clay that did not dry when exposed to air. Harbutt received a patent in 1899 and commercial production started at a factory in Bathampton in 1900. The original Plasticine was grey. Four colours were produced for initial sale to the public. Plasticine was popular with children, was widely used in schools for teaching art, and has found a wide variety of other uses (for example moulding casts for plaster, and plastics). Plasticine is approximately 65% bulking agent (principally gypsum), 10% petroleum jelly, 5% lime, 10% lanolin and 10% stearic acid. It cannot be hardened by firing, melts when exposed to heat, and is flammable at higher temperatures. Harbutt patented a different formulation in 1915, which added wool fibres to give plasticine a stronger composition intended for ear plugs, and as a sterile dressing for wounds and burns. The Harbutt company marketed Plasticine as a children's toy by producing modelling kits based on characters from children's stories, such as Noddy, the Mr. Men and Paddington Bear. The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building. The Harbutt company produced Plasticine in Bathampton until 1983, when production was moved to Thailand. The Colorforms company was the major American licensee of Plasticine from 1979 until at least 1984. The use of a different chalk compound caused a product inconsistency, and the U.S. version was considered inferior to the original mix. Bluebird Toys plc acquired Plasticine through its purchase of Peter Pan, Harbutt's parent company. In 1998, Mattel bought Bluebird and the brand was sold to Humbrol Ltd, famous for its model paints and owner of the Airfix model kit brand. Flair Leisure licensed the brand from Humbrol in 2005 and relaunched Plasticine. It acquired the brand outright, when Humbrol went into administration a year later.", "A similar product, \"\"Kunst-Modellierthon\"\" (known as Plastilin), was invented by Franz Kolb of Munich, Germany, in 1880. This product is still available, known as \"\"Münchner Künstler Plastilin\"\" (Munich artists' Plastilin). In Italy, the product \"Pongo\" is also marketed as \"\"plastilina\"\" and shares the main attributes of Plasticine. Play-Doh, which is based on flour, salt and water, dries on exposure to air. In France, it is made by Herbin, and marketed as Plastiline.", "Plasticine and similar materials are often used in clay animation. One of its main proponents is Aardman Animations' Nick Park, who used characters modelled in Plasticine in his four Oscar-winning Wallace and Gromit short films \"A Grand Day Out\" (1989), \"The Wrong Trousers\" (1993), \"A Close Shave\" (1995) and \"A Matter of Loaf and Death\" (2008), as well as the feature film \"The Curse of the Were-Rabbit\" (2005). This technique is popularly known as claymation in the US, and is a form of stop motion animation. Plasticine-like materials are appealing to animators because the material can be used with ease: it is mouldable enough to create a character, flexible enough to allow that character to move in many ways, and dense enough to retain its shape easily when combined with a wire armature, and does not melt under hot studio lighting. Plasticine is used in long jump and triple jump competitions to help officials determine if the competitors are making legal jumps. A 'indicator board' is placed beyond and slightly above the take-off line. The edges of this are chamfered and edged with plasticine. If an athlete leaves a mark in the plasticine, it is considered proof that the jump was a foul, and the attempt is not measured. Plasticine is used rather than sand, so that several boards may be prepared in advance: if a board is marked it may be replaced by a smoothed board immediately to avoid delaying the competition, but keeping the marked board available in case of challenges. An indicator board is used, rather than a wide strip of plasticine, as this provides a firm footing should the athlete step on it. Plasticine-like clays are also used in commercial party games such as Barbarossa. Television presenter James May together with Chris Collins, Jane McAdam Freud, Julian Fullalove and around 2000 members of the public created a show garden made entirely of Plasticine for the 2009 Chelsea Flower Show. Called 'Paradise in Plasticine', it took 6 weeks and 2.6 tons of Plasticine in 24 colours to complete. May said, \"This is, to our knowledge, the largest and most complex model of this type ever created.\" It couldn't be considered as part of the standard judging criteria as it contained no real plants, but was awarded an honorary gold award made from Plasticine. The garden was extremely popular with the public and went on to win the Royal Horticultural Society's 'peoples choice' for best small garden. During World War II, Plasticine was used by bomb disposal officer Major John P. Hudson R.E. as part of the defuzing process for the new German \"Type Y\" battery-powered bomb fuze. The \"Type Y\" fuze has an anti-disturbance device that had to be disabled before the fuze could be removed. Plasticine was used to build a dam around the head of the fuze to hold some liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen cooled the battery down to a temperature at which it would no longer function; with the battery out of commission, the fuze could be removed safely." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 83, 12937, 297, 23, 14941, 16792, 427, 16360, 15, 257, 67, 14437, 23, 2393, 365, 9, 2729, 2311, 1295, 6, 247, 136, 36418, 7, 1295, 25074, 92265, 2858, 93657, 74, 5744, 92265, 4, 1957, 35064, 247, 68034, 1295, 92264, 42845, 4, 111, 51, 106290, 73, 59665, 4, 95134, 10, 45, 34731, 4935, 111, 42845, 242, 5974, 320, 4, 6, 34165, 125861, 25, 5, 152201, 56, 1884, 70, 199, 2189, 1992, 4745, 674, 35839, 70, 31837, 7, 4, 70, 34777, 30675, 35060, 71, 111, 113633, 71, 109412, 33, 45443, 7, 3173, 214, 108564, 7, 8305, 3129, 70, 10336, 136, 64, 748, 67842, 32060, 16145, 3542, 183540, 297, 74, 7068, 70, 45443, 7, 3542, 56776, 297, 25842, 47, 111670, 70, 157364, 13, 5, 13289, 365, 10484, 3542, 5423, 1257, 47, 16401, 3395, 23, 222422, 7, 4, 41421, 52562, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 3835, 44677, 5, 10660, 3542, 27983, 158012, 98, 13651, 7, 47, 51312, 3835, 108625, 939, 111, 70, 3445, 5, 101153, 19, 10, 22466, 5861, 22443, 214, 70, 46824, 509, 158012, 43573, 1272, 74, 6097, 1992, 4745, 9035, 137567, 21, 14437, 4734, 10, 10846, 21974, 5, 360, 8035, 168861, 47, 1585, 71, 40225, 136, 47593, 2363, 10336, 136, 44540, 1810, 23, 12912, 111, 2856, 4, 29114, 14202, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 2806, 765, 2809, 111531, 51, 277, 17883, 2886, 20271, 2363, 1992, 4745, 674, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 5201, 60042, 23, 118620, 49602, 7, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 509, 47, 3835, 538, 157996, 2182, 2856, 5, 2161, 103882, 214, 450, 70, 34777, 30675, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 4, 3395, 2806, 102417, 538, 914, 9319, 23, 70, 222422, 47, 54643, 18, 4, 120, 6991, 136, 94518, 99, 70, 29114, 820, 98, 44116, 5, 139661, 2750, 914, 9319, 297, 47, 39544, 70, 1992, 4745, 674, 205794, 36663, 47, 3249, 70, 29114, 820, 25, 7, 16981, 237, 51, 8705, 162, 1236, 237, 7722, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 8035, 55, 56, 297, 136, 931, 76622, 4, 8382, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 13648, 186, 4203, 3674, 678, 20788, 510, 15381, 4, 51400, 4, 111, 8710, 4, 103494, 85825, 4, 136, 26249, 1119, 7612, 674, 5, 160193, 3395, 3542, 152388, 707, 409, 4806, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 6637, 131126, 7, 5809, 2046, 5792, 48673, 136, 4203, 18, 70, 29114, 820, 678, 3474, 1444, 4, 14799, 22824, 136, 3789, 169907, 36746, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 3229, 11555, 262, 3584, 13, 509, 149357, 71, 47, 70, 34777, 30675, 23, 20390, 363, 100, 40, 46182, 10821, 400, 4063, 4, 764, 509, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 40814, 390, 70, 131126, 136, 509, 4203, 3674, 678, 189067, 5, 581, 49602, 5809, 2843, 186, 149357, 71, 47, 53333, 1992, 4745, 9035, 12960, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 12, 157996, 2320, 390, 9638, 6496, 5773, 3060, 707, 756, 24887, 707, 20324, 98782, 1992, 4745, 674, 132, 7, 247, 959, 78458, 49938, 4523, 1363, 15, 2347, 34777, 30675, 520, 6496, 237, 70, 44, 434, 979, 26783, 1305, 18939, 707, 3853, 28123, 842, 118, 57860, 6044, 237, 8796, 214, 707, 19441, 142, 67896, 59226, 5773, 15, 15322, 26783, 247, 237, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 4939, 12506, 18, 44726, 5, 360, 75198, 1236, 29394, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 23, 70, 192286, 3378, 76726, 247, 70, 34777, 30675, 2806, 186, 70, 8999, 538, 2831, 111, 10, 106820, 1992, 4745, 674, 5, 581, 146, 73, 26513, 18, 2806, 127298, 5117, 21265, 70, 230907, 141, 2831, 111, 1919, 1992, 4745, 674, 98, 70, 34777, 30675, 1585, 206, 23, 70, 106820, 68034, 4, 136, 7068, 186, 3535, 297, 47, 70, 8999, 538, 207048, 47, 186, 6, 99091, 47, 70, 12224, 39, 19330, 133, 15, 39798, 25958, 12, 44, 40798, 282, 82224, 18939, 100, 3835, 157996, 2320, 5, 360, 543, 2485, 4, 4527, 111, 70, 34777, 30675, 509, 173072, 297, 23, 30715, 47, 1992, 4745, 674, 100, 117, 461, 1294, 707, 166, 57332, 2320, 5, 581, 34777, 30675, 509, 23113, 538, 10, 40285, 67175, 237, 10, 3173, 111, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 30715, 136, 82588, 23, 543, 10945, 4, 1284, 70, 31837, 7, 47143, 297, 23, 4527, 4, 21208, 111531, 23, 12176, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 24189, 170612, 5, 581, 4568, 3445, 47, 186, 34777, 3929, 297, 23, 30715, 509, 7948, 14631, 66235, 53, 4, 2750, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 44, 41123, 7844, 136, 6, 66157, 117, 461, 1294, 58, 23, 149635, 5, 1529, 509, 122399, 70, 44126, 111, 59671, 5369, 25, 28054, 6181, 2320, 707, 1632, 56816, 23, 70, 34777, 30675, 4, 136, 19667, 70, 21, 3055, 5, 360, 9942, 4, 1733, 23, 70, 44, 5974, 3929, 58, 509, 56104, 84046, 47, 6626, 21974, 5, 1650, 509, 91995, 71, 23, 196208, 390, 44, 101338, 830, 136, 10, 40285, 67175, 23, 543, 6460, 5, 32964, 52895, 111, 128779, 3542, 11814, 12, 18852, 3789, 28123, 20939, 19481, 100, 72761, 1992, 4745, 674, 4, 70, 34777, 30675, 509, 27983, 158012, 197097, 538, 136, 64549, 297, 1286, 56303, 37838, 3501, 63559, 5, 1650, 149976, 237, 10, 26582, 111, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 80209, 207048, 4, 136, 6863, 9454, 141, 169424, 509, 51592, 237, 10, 8, 720, 15724, 4, 1884, 28123, 914, 41566, 7, 100, 207048, 22, 246, 24243, 678, 11192, 87338, 5, 360, 15604, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 44, 18144, 10632, 166684, 830, 136, 2685, 621, 42762, 7, 111, 6782, 131011, 6637, 1836, 621, 51529, 16792, 70, 12610, 20028, 5, 62544, 25958, 4, 1836, 621, 105866, 98, 70, 5201, 6, 108047, 111, 70, 59444, 4, 136, 64, 748, 23, 12912, 111, 10, 13036, 106820, 707, 10, 5381, 329, 5, 10660, 621, 7228, 111, 6, 34165, 678, 10, 3365, 316, 19, 136, 70, 2663, 2258, 4126, 5, 100457, 474, 61828, 621, 90698, 13036, 4000, 42762, 7, 4, 40368, 123019, 81148, 214, 70, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 111, 10, 60097, 707, 41, 33, 5, 581, 5701, 83, 29568, 111, 6863, 36770, 46512, 3387, 4, 959, 78458, 23, 30089, 15, 73, 6863, 36770, 10323, 4, 61356, 4, 70, 28271, 10332, 128274, 83, 51529, 237, 100457, 34, 166684, 16, 136, 36941, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 117081, 66509, 25, 7, 10332, 10323, 4, 92124, 9539, 528, 247, 11343, 237, 26582, 7, 111, 121678, 14537, 5, 360, 84740, 442, 509, 35839, 44, 90710, 102, 740, 581, 34777, 30675, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 34777, 30675, 83, 10, 75186, 7228, 111, 10, 109412, 33, 707, 12924, 170846, 3657, 89829, 98, 10, 1305, 4, 678, 108564, 7, 100, 134149, 449, 70, 10336, 136, 44540, 4, 36770, 538, 11814, 100, 1992, 4745, 674, 390, 3835, 157996, 2320, 136, 27983, 53333, 72761, 128431, 5, 581, 34777, 30675, 83, 62548, 47, 70, 31837, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Description.", "Uses.", "Similar humiliation devices.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word is documented in English since 1274 (attested in Anglo-Latin from ), and stems from Old French (1168; modern French, see below), itself from medieval Latin, of uncertain origin, perhaps a diminutive of Latin 'pillar, stone barrier'.", "Rather like the lesser punishment called the stocks, the pillory consisted of hinged wooden boards forming holes through which the head and/or various limbs were inserted; then the boards were locked together to secure the captive. Pillories were set up to hold people in marketplaces, crossroads, and other public places. They were often placed on platforms to increase public visibility of the person. Often a placard detailing the crime was placed nearby; these punishments generally lasted only a few hours. In being forced to bend forward and stick their head and hands out in front of them, offenders in the pillory would have been extremely uncomfortable during their punishment. However, the main purpose in putting criminals in the pillory was to publicly humiliate them. On discovering that the pillory was occupied, people would excitedly gather in the marketplace to taunt, tease and laugh at the offender on display. Those who gathered to watch the punishment typically wanted to make the offender's experience as unpleasant as possible. In addition to being jeered and mocked, those in the pillory might be pelted with rotten food, mud, offal, dead animals, and animal excrement. Sometimes people were killed or maimed in the pillory because crowds could get too violent and pelt the offender with stones, bricks and other dangerous objects. However, when Daniel Defoe was sentenced to the pillory in 1703 for seditious libel, he was regarded as a hero by the crowd and was pelted with flowers. The criminal could also be sentenced to further punishments while in the pillory: humiliation by shaving off some or all hair or regular corporal punishment(s), notably flagellation (the pillory serving as the \"whipping post\") or even permanent mutilation such as branding or having an ear cut off (cropping), as in the case of John Bastwick. In Protestant cultures (such as in the Scandinavian countries), the pillory would be the worldly part of a church punishment. The delinquent would therefore first serve the ecclesiastical part of his punishment on the pillory bench in the church itself, and then be handed to the worldly authorities to be bound to the Skampåle (literally: \"Shame Pole\") for public humiliation.", "In 1816, use of the pillory was restricted in England to punishment for perjury or subornation. The pillory was formally abolished as a form of punishment in England and Wales in 1837, but the stocks remained in use, though extremely infrequently, until 1872. The last person to be pilloried in England was Peter James Bossy, who was convicted of \"wilful and corrupt perjury\" in 1830. He was offered the choice of seven years' penal transportation or one hour in the pillory, and chose the latter. In France, time in the \"pilori\" was usually limited to two hours. It was replaced in 1789 by \"exposition\", and abolished in 1832. Two types of devices were used: Like other permanent apparatus for physical punishment, the pillory was often placed prominently and constructed more elaborately than necessary. It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities, and its continual presence was seen as a deterrent, like permanent gallows for authorities endowed with high justice. In Portugal, it is called \"Pelourinho\", and there are monuments of great importance because they are known since the Roman times. Usually, they are located on the main square of the town, and/or in front of a major church or a palace. They are made of stone with a column and the top carved. Pelourinhos are considered major local monuments, several clearly bearing the coat of arms of a king or queen. The same is true of its former colonies, notably in Brazil (in its former capital, Salvador, the whole old quarter is known as Pelourinho) and Africa (e.g. Cape Verde's old capital, Cidade Velha), always as symbols of royal power. In Spain it was called \"picota\". The pillory was also in common use in other western countries and colonies, and similar devices were used in other, non-Western cultures. According to one source, the pillory was abolished as a form of punishment in the United States in 1839, but this cannot be entirely true because it was clearly in use in Delaware as recently as 1901. Governor Preston Lea finally signed a bill to abolish the pillory in Delaware in March 1905. Punishment by whipping-post remained on the books in Delaware until 1972, when it became the last state to abolish it. Delaware was the last state to sentence someone to whipping in 1963; however, the sentence was commuted. The last whipping in Delaware was in 1952.", "There was a variant (rather of the stocks type), called a barrel pillory, or Spanish mantle, used to punish drunks, which is reported in England and among its troops. It fitted over the entire body, with the head sticking out from a hole in the top. The criminal is put in either an enclosed barrel, forcing him to kneel in his own filth, or an open barrel, also known as \"barrel shirt\" or \"drunkards collar\" after the punishable crime, leaving him to roam about town or military camp and be ridiculed and scorned. Although a pillory, by its physical nature, could double as a whipping post to tie a criminal down for public flagellation (as used to be the case in many German sentences to \"staupenschlag\" ), the two as such are separate punishments: the pillory is a sentence to public humiliation, whipping is an essentially painful corporal punishment. Sometimes a single structure was built with separate locations for the two punishments, with a whipping post on the lower level and a pillory above (see image at right). When permanently present in sight of prisoners, whipping posts were thought to act as a deterrent against bad behaviour, especially when each prisoner had been subjected to a \"welcome beating\" on arrival, as in 18th-century Waldheim in Saxony (12, 18 or 24 whip lashes on the bare posterior tied to a pole in the castle courtyard, or by birch rod over the \"\"bock\"\", a bench in the corner). Still a different penal use of such constructions is to tie the criminal down, possibly after a beating, to expose him for a long time to the elements, usually without food and drink, even to the point of starvation.", "While the pillory has left common use, the image remains preserved in the figurative use, which has become the dominant one, of the verb \"to pillory\" (attested in English since 1699), meaning \"to expose to public ridicule, scorn and abuse\", or more generally to humiliate before witnesses. Corresponding expressions exist in other languages, \"e.g.\", \"clouer au pilori\" \"to nail to the pillory\" in French, or \"mettere alla gogna\" in Italian, or \"poner en la picota\" in Spanish. In Dutch it's \"aan de schandpaal nagelen\" or \"aan de kaak stellen\", placing even greater emphasis on the predominantly humiliating character as the Dutch word for pillory, \"schandpaal\", literally meaning \"pole of shame\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 160600, 2565, 83, 20652, 54209, 39839, 24073, 839, 1292, 9392, 3215, 830, 6, 247, 97308, 20652, 54209, 103605, 24073, 839, 1292, 9392, 709, 988, 830, 6, 194, 1650, 122, 60877, 1295, 24933, 48787, 1598, 24073, 1113, 12651, 74054, 44, 188, 86608, 830, 707, 24933, 245197, 4601, 24073, 19, 27253, 11, 74054, 44, 16428, 592, 7401, 740, 44, 4645, 7144, 58, 1556, 40368, 14941, 92217, 5256, 12, 4, 4, 4, 5, 353, 7144, 7, 3542, 27983, 70, 36746, 111, 187, 1436, 1771, 4000, 58984, 7, 4, 225415, 20051, 237, 85590, 47, 118103, 5, 112860, 136, 29526, 99, 38162, 9, 4390, 9, 4588, 52446, 90, 171332, 2363, 29041, 4745, 56776, 7, 47, 70, 4000, 24, 7144, 111, 70, 31576, 5, 360, 44677, 1884, 75438, 11, 2363, 7401, 7, 25, 68869, 46622, 7, 5180, 3542, 22299, 297, 678, 49846, 289, 29874, 183871, 5, 82821, 7, 3542, 68869, 538, 3568, 157272, 2685, 5, 146785, 7, 13648, 186, 39501, 297, 390, 142, 45964, 31576, 7, 5, 353, 7144, 7, 5809, 186, 169907, 12, 3905, 2512, 111, 70, 44, 7614, 519, 58, 26, 7, 172040, 509, 72856, 3229, 764, 509, 39958, 390, 24, 7144, 7, 102919, 3674, 390, 1919, 62607, 24073, 21231, 164156, 51029, 581, 24, 7144, 7, 3542, 2843, 51529, 47, 80788, 18, 55, 7779, 223, 112884, 90, 5, 19635, 59869, 223, 25, 7, 13765, 111, 24, 7144, 55, 7779, 223, 53, 509, 450, 111, 10, 2412, 94266, 71, 4, 930, 11727, 2706, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 100306, 111, 438, 7605, 707, 241, 4834, 1606, 74, 930, 11727, 2706, 1902, 98, 40368, 46505, 7, 2809, 51, 1021, 8962, 7844, 47, 438, 7605, 136, 237, 52758, 429, 2412, 28123, 538, 44948, 297, 4049, 5, 581, 6, 5264, 11727, 6565, 192, 10794, 29892, 297, 1840, 192, 11727, 5914, 18031, 136, 57574, 297, 678, 4049, 3229, 764, 37842, 47, 144281, 5, 581, 7401, 6, 5264, 11727, 137272, 678, 17311, 31576, 7, 509, 51529, 756, 8305, 14713, 23, 44677, 678, 110, 8951, 94878, 678, 200955, 4, 613, 686, 6496, 23, 70, 202395, 5299, 7, 111, 144477, 25617, 14713, 450, 765, 2809, 15265, 18601, 3674, 47, 12190, 7, 4, 136, 23, 70, 92264, 13892, 223, 1212, 5, 80490, 7362, 49573, 26847, 1810, 4, 44, 186048, 23, 70, 44, 24687, 7144, 58, 378, 52219, 5, 617, 1104, 1126, 268, 3786, 223, 11782, 7, 70, 2355, 7, 3934, 10, 89845, 38526, 98, 101057, 68237, 223, 4, 442, 83, 959, 4734, 70, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 142297, 1779, 2750, 1380, 33233, 4, 1284, 2843, 756, 70, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 136, 756, 70, 96113, 7, 74, 180, 350, 62298, 75447, 47143, 7, 99, 1919, 29398, 830, 160600, 36802, 1314, 125296, 71, 903, 566, 171702, 939, 237, 70, 30260, 25, 7, 59058, 61217, 4, 3129, 502, 164779, 297, 70, 32813, 14537, 111, 3786, 223, 645, 70, 142, 45964, 6083, 8999, 12, 44, 2347, 225415, 111, 6097, 8, 31075, 4, 58, 7362, 49573, 39563, 7, 4, 44, 164, 84046, 4734, 390, 70, 15824, 450, 1836, 621, 23, 184, 2500, 78458, 207487, 678, 10, 29458, 4000, 2481, 1242, 12452, 181689, 7, 122399, 10, 30355, 170272, 289, 16454, 111, 70, 39210, 759, 927, 9, 50986, 23, 3129, 10, 759, 4450, 238, 60097, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 71500, 38543, 10, 24, 7144, 136, 14037, 214, 10, 26349, 12, 442, 509, 70, 3525, 538, 174920, 572, 166702, 1660, 151138, 2363, 169424, 5, 581, 5161, 7, 136, 29892, 90, 111, 3786, 223, 4, 59499, 47, 181689, 7, 25, 16454, 7, 4, 17164, 70, 15811, 48538, 214, 111, 142, 45964, 4000, 58984, 7, 390, 142297, 19, 64333, 15, 178712, 90, 47114, 4, 44, 13409, 464, 51029, 1061, 4, 23, 70, 4420, 9, 86385, 111, 70, 759, 927, 111, 1172, 1035, 19005, 4, 3905, 45616, 223, 4, 10, 60097, 111, 70, 51366, 8962, 7, 4, 139505, 3751, 150, 549, 61122, 4, 10, 24, 7144, 4, 2750, 136355, 4049, 107790, 1151, 5, 1172, 1035, 19005, 1902, 1286, 3501, 23335, 1294, 67573, 16981, 678, 70, 24, 7144, 7, 12, 3229, 1919, 186, 90, 68, 71, 23, 581, 1192, 538, 4, 764, 23409, 47, 75463, 2856, 5, 18763, 10, 9109, 15901, 8805, 433, 77049, 71, 4049, 35064, 70, 7401, 25, 7, 71579, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 509, 5252, 678, 7401, 1295, 10, 155241, 141, 31576, 136, 34475, 67660, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 70, 353, 7144, 7, 15, 74, 1388, 621, 10, 10644, 111, 117776, 52101, 4, 707, 6, 5264, 11727, 4, 113671, 449, 645, 5775, 22278, 5425, 4, 5299, 7, 4, 31576, 7, 4, 75973, 7, 4, 6, 172525, 7, 136, 3789, 337, 34204, 111, 63335, 7401, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Mythology.", "Interpretation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Greek word is Ναϊάς (\"Nāïás\", ), plural Ναϊάδες (\"Nāïádes\", ). It derives from νάειν (\"náein\"), \"to flow\", or νᾶμα (\"nâma\"), \"running water\". \"Naiad\" has several English pronunciations:,,,.", "Naiads were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs. Naiads could be dangerous: Hylas of the \"Argo\"’s crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty (\"see illustration\"). The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus's story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. The nymph Salmacis raped Hermaphroditus and fused with him when he tried to escape. The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine. Walter Burkert points out, \"When in the \"Iliad\" [xx.4–9] Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station\", Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: \"the worship of these deities,\" Burkert confirms, \"is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality.\"", "Robert Graves offered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, \"passim\"). So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene. Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 200541, 538, 4, 70, 24250, 87040, 83, 65450, 17721, 70, 14834, 31075, 111, 59315, 56, 11911, 18488, 15, 33189, 19, 16, 136, 3698, 13, 40676, 1803, 15, 42272, 1606, 194, 1650, 83, 70, 50960, 9, 84396, 525, 101120, 111, 70, 2076, 24366, 47413, 7, 7103, 70, 43573, 1272, 77481, 8560, 147, 51716, 136, 4733, 66489, 51716, 4, 107013, 538, 427, 136, 382, 1785, 16065, 5, 4966, 1295, 43157, 12613, 19, 4, 136, 70, 117396, 2831, 111, 70, 31186, 19, 111, 71342, 4, 442, 83, 70, 2684, 158, 44689, 1010, 10821, 136, 70, 43573, 525, 111, 70, 2076, 24366, 32629, 1760, 37185, 74, 678, 10, 155955, 60212, 111, 138, 4, 10715, 347, 17721, 70, 184679, 136, 70, 59444, 111, 5337, 4478, 33, 5, 3293, 4, 136, 70, 120069, 2288, 4517, 7432, 111, 70, 144477, 2577, 4, 111670, 71, 100, 442, 142, 39395, 216473, 100, 23, 113041, 14, 83259, 5, 581, 24250, 87040, 83, 70, 171827, 840, 18, 136, 167375, 6275, 111, 10, 67722, 1771, 209, 1785, 58982, 35462, 1916, 70, 118666, 4778, 111, 59315, 56, 11911, 18488, 136, 169816, 583, 52260, 5, 581, 58982, 83, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 6, 143420, 674, 111, 3060, 111, 70, 129058, 144477, 2577, 7, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 4, 678, 70, 51175, 19, 206, 9451, 4, 44141, 347, 16, 136, 241, 21358, 6896, 4, 206331, 347, 16, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 24250, 87040, 4, 136, 645, 64747, 7, 70, 118666, 4778, 47, 6863, 144477, 390, 10, 155955, 111, 1257, 47, 138, 1785, 5, 581, 24250, 87040, 83, 189275, 305, 1785, 1295, 70, 241, 21358, 74, 678, 70, 184679, 111, 70, 51175, 19, 206, 17721, 70, 6626, 101120, 7, 4, 38704, 1785, 1295, 70, 24250, 87040, 5, 581, 58982, 83, 65042, 297, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 390, 70, 3698, 13, 40676, 23816, 136, 47, 70, 65272, 390, 70, 59315, 56, 11911, 18488, 23706, 5, 581, 60212, 111, 144, 35810, 17721, 70, 53894, 118666, 53, 111, 59315, 56, 11911, 18488, 15, 10253, 347, 16, 136, 70, 184679, 83, 106480, 75693, 1295, 70, 16128, 111, 8904, 60722, 5, 28090, 70, 118666, 53, 74912, 4, 65272, 111, 70, 1163, 47022, 4, 70, 144, 35810, 21647, 83, 1286, 3501, 138, 1785, 100, 10, 124001, 62488, 111, 201, 1785, 5, 581, 212790, 7, 10932, 70, 24250, 87040, 621, 111531, 69822, 297, 5, 175399, 111, 70, 95378, 117459, 223, 6, 51606, 113212, 7, 111, 70, 144477, 9, 25617, 4, 70, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 5609, 74216, 7, 1295, 70, 1407, 56, 108203, 7, 111, 70, 4733, 66489, 48130, 14393, 56, 99, 10932, 138, 4, 4283, 11903, 7, 5, 581, 387, 1785, 4989, 118666, 53, 111, 4733, 66489, 98, 70, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 83, 64557, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 136, 2843, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 3789, 21373, 169783, 56, 118666, 4778, 5, 581, 28271, 16128, 11764, 1636, 70, 142105, 169783, 27686, 16128, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 23, 14713, 5, 360, 543, 1662, 4, 70, 82953, 7, 67538, 126741, 2858, 84453, 132869, 88942, 136, 5389, 45757, 223, 134816, 4, 775, 7, 111, 67538, 126741, 134816, 21067, 9323, 132869, 63258, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 10, 98870, 1143, 62956, 14449, 111, 89516, 916, 4, 33233, 678, 40368, 187646, 7, 136, 10, 89826, 171739, 1257, 99, 37410, 102, 18488, 4, 5117, 157578, 70, 4769, 1606, 390, 3917, 111, 70, 106185, 1428, 4, 136, 41421, 297, 70, 7473, 206, 28872, 4, 10, 169783, 56, 27875, 645, 70, 32629, 1935, 66489, 48130, 14393, 56, 4, 47, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 37300, 18, 15439, 118666, 53, 5, 8622, 4, 1836, 49814, 6626, 4000, 1608, 432, 164, 1926, 23962, 4, 71140, 164, 122397, 33, 136, 33876, 7422, 1814, 4, 47, 2363, 19085, 136, 37317, 297, 70, 37300, 18, 15439, 5374, 20013, 8108, 58359, 214, 70, 4733, 66489, 13448, 19, 15, 2347, 65272, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 4733, 66489, 48130, 14393, 56, 247, 7440, 1836, 170920, 70, 3647, 11491, 4, 144477, 111, 70, 4733, 66489, 51716, 5, 24372, 70, 37410, 102, 18488, 89826, 509, 9325, 4420, 75447, 645, 70, 37300, 18, 15439, 5374, 20013, 4, 70, 19085, 77681, 157578, 70, 184679, 111, 70, 24250, 87040, 390, 70, 46037, 1803, 58653, 141, 98, 8055, 1031, 10660, 7068, 456, 95665, 297, 70, 6626, 10922, 7, 24, 4806, 47, 2363, 6275, 111, 8, 2500, 6644, 23, 4769, 1606, 4, 136, 23409, 5368, 13438, 645, 70, 106185, 1428, 5, 581, 120696, 509, 10, 2684, 76134, 53, 1632, 100, 70, 1733, 4, 136, 3060, 3445, 7, 159399, 434, 92814, 7, 99, 6863, 28484, 36272, 5, 717, 9615, 133, 6097, 4, 15700, 55812, 1363, 509, 1379, 1865, 33, 23, 543, 1530, 5, 360, 903, 70, 6626, 775, 7, 4, 126741, 21067, 12183, 132869, 119959, 136, 38334, 54359, 21067, 11591, 132869, 83679, 4, 111, 67538, 126741, 134816, 4, 112730, 70, 185256, 63920, 5, 24372, 142, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 81887, 4, 8, 88981, 297, 390, 6494, 92949, 4, 23, 70, 15411, 111, 3129, 70, 32629, 20702, 513, 206, 509, 41421, 297, 186351, 15, 100231, 36439, 8035, 5045, 1286, 8951, 3501, 70, 4989, 8, 28889, 8305, 70, 37300, 18, 15439, 1803, 247, 126741, 4, 678, 70, 6626, 4769, 1606, 1926, 23962, 15, 284, 365, 164, 122397, 56, 136, 33876, 7422, 1814, 247, 10, 37410, 102, 18488, 89826, 24, 4806, 126756, 62, 5125, 109833, 4, 136, 10, 20625, 133, 332, 4, 333, 24375, 11, 76622, 98, 10, 105774, 98, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 6, 91854, 111, 70, 77481, 8560, 147, 51716, 5, 4997, 5155, 15, 212840, 611, 16, 70, 28271, 19085, 81887, 297, 70, 237, 16797, 111, 70, 77481, 8560, 147, 51716, 1295, 70, 83112, 56, 40012, 446, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 390, 3917, 111, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 6, 91854, 4, 1284, 134816, 4, 146353, 297, 4, 47143, 297, 50155, 5, 581, 25632, 5155, 70, 19085, 41421, 297, 70, 98654, 51716, 5374, 20013, 47, 70, 4733, 66489, 48130, 14393, 56, 4, 1284, 6494, 92949, 7068, 3884, 142, 3564, 47, 53333, 77635, 5, 1913, 10, 333, 24375, 2263, 4, 31895, 1660, 198274, 70, 13379, 3692, 24749, 399, 97595, 4, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 19085, 4, 19441, 1380, 645, 70, 32629, 20702, 513, 206, 136, 70, 98654, 51716, 5374, 20013, 4, 33284, 297, 70, 77481, 8560, 147, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 24250, 87040, 24073, 192, 6382, 4, 107368, 74054, 99, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 184679, 7, 111, 70, 2076, 24366, 47413, 7, 4, 105866, 17721, 70, 144477, 9022, 31186, 19, 111, 71342, 136, 70, 127067, 9022, 31186, 19, 111, 4769, 1606, 4, 23552, 7514, 17721, 5337, 4478, 33, 136, 3698, 90, 206, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 70, 241, 21358, 136, 51175, 19, 206, 4, 70, 24250, 87040, 3173, 7, 10, 106750, 58982, 111, 101120, 7, 645, 64747, 214, 70, 2076, 24366, 32629, 1760, 136, 70, 140434, 22387, 8918, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 117781, 5844, 143839, 7, 111, 70, 140434, 47413, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geographic setting.", "Climbing history.", "Ascent by James Phillpotts in 1863.", "Jungfraujoch and tourism.", "Climbing routes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Politically, the Jungfrau is split between the municipalities of Lauterbrunnen (Bern) and Fieschertal (Valais). It is the third-highest mountain of the Bernese Alps after the nearby Finsteraarhorn and Aletschhorn, respectively 12 and 8 km away. But from Lake Thun, and the greater part of the canton of Bern, it is the most conspicuous and the nearest of the Bernese Oberland peaks; with a height difference of 3,600 m between the summit and the town of Interlaken. This, and the extreme steepness of the north face, secured for it an early reputation for inaccessibility. The Jungfrau is the westernmost and highest point of a gigantic 10 km wall dominating the valleys of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. The wall is formed by the alignment of some of the biggest north faces in the Alps, with the Mönch (4,107 m) and Eiger (3,967 m) to the east of the Jungfrau, and overlooks the valleys to its north by a height of up to 3 km. The Jungfrau is approximately 6 km from the Eiger; with the summit of the Mönch between the two mountains, 3.5 km from the Jungfrau. The wall is extended to the east by the Fiescherwand and to the west by the Lauterbrunnen Wall. The difference of altitude between the deep valley of Lauterbrunnen (800 m) and the summit is particularly visible from the area of Mürren. From the valley floor, west of the massif, the altitude gain is more than 3 km for a horizontal distance of 4 km. The landscapes around the Jungfrau are extremely contrasted. Instead of the vertiginous precipices of the north-west, the south-east side emerges from the upper snows of the Aletsch Glacier at around 3,500 meters. The 20 km long valley of Aletsch on the south-east is completely uninhabited and also surrounded by other similar glacier valleys. The whole area constitutes the largest glaciated area in the Alps as well as in Europe.", "In 1811, the brothers Johann Rudolf (1768–1825) and Hieronymus Meyer, sons of Johann Rudolf Meyer (1739–1813), the head of a rich merchant family of Aarau, along with several servants and a porter picked up at Guttannen, first reached the Valais by way of the Grimsel, and crossed the Beich Pass, a glacier pass over the Oberaletsch Glacier, to the head of the Lötschen valley. There, they added two local chamois hunters, Alois Volken and Joseph Bortis, to their party and traversed the Lötschenlücke before reaching the Aletschfirn (the west branch of the Aletsch Glacier), where they established the base camp, north of the Aletschhorn. After the Guttannen porter was sent back alone over the Lötschenlücke, the party finally reached the summit of the Jungfrau by the Rottalsattel on August 3. They then recrossed the two passes named to their point of departure in Valais, and went home again over the Grimsel. The journey was a most extraordinary one for the time, and some persons threw doubts at its complete success. To settle these, another expedition was undertaken in 1812. In this the two sons, Rudolf (1791–1833) and Gottlieb (1793–1829), of Johann Rudolf Meyer, played the chief parts. After an unsuccessful attempt, defeated by bad weather, in the course of which the Oberaarjoch was crossed twice (this route being much more direct than the long detour through the Lötschental), Rudolf, with the two Valais hunters (Alois Volker and Joseph Bortis), a Guttannen porter named Arnold Abbühl, and a Hasle man, bivouacked on a depression on the southeast ridge of the Finsteraarhorn. Next day (August 16) the whole party attempted the ascent of the Finsteraarhorn from the Studer névé on the east by way of the southeast ridge, but Meyer, exhausted, remained behind. The following day the party crossed the Grünhornlücke to the Aletsch Glacier, but bad weather then put an end to further projects. At a bivouac, probably just opposite the present Konkordia Hut, the rest of the party, having come over the Oberaarjoch and the Grünhornlücke, joined the Finsteraarhorn party. Gottlieb, Rudolf's younger brother, had more patience than the rest and remained longer at the huts near the Märjelensee, where the adventurers had taken refuge. He could make the second ascent (September 3) of the Jungfrau, the Rottalsattel being reached from the east side as is now usual, and his companions being the two Valais hunters. The third ascent dates from 1828, when several men from Grindelwald, headed by Peter Baumann, planted their flag upon the summit. Next came the ascent by Louis Agassiz, James David Forbes, Heath, Desor, and Duchatelier in 1841, recounted by Desor in his \"Excursions et Séjours dans les Glaciers\". Gottlieb Samuel Studer published an account of the next ascent made by himself and Bürki in 1842. In 1863, a party consisting of John Tyndall, J. J. Hornby, and T. H. Philpott, successfully reached the summit and returned to the base camp of the Faulberg (located near the actual position of the Konkordia Hut) in less than 11 hours. In the same year Mrs Stephen Winkworth became the first woman to climb the Jungfrau. She also slept overnight in the Faulberg cave prior to the ascent as there was no hut at that time. Before the construction of the Jungfraujoch railway tunnel, the approach from the glaciers on the south side was very long. The first direct route from the valley of Lauterbrunnen was opened in 1865 by Geoffrey Winthrop Young, H. Brooke George with the guide Christian Almer. They had to carry ladders with them in order to cross the many crevasses on the north flank. Having spent the night on the rocks of the Schneehorn (3,402 m) they gained next morning the Silberlücke, the depression between the Jungfrau and Silberhorn, and thence in little more than three hours reached the summit. Descending to the Aletsch Glacier they crossed the Mönchsjoch, and passed a second night on the rocks, reaching Grindelwald next day. This route became a usual until the opening of the Jungfraujoch. The first winter ascent was made on 23 January 1874, by Meta Brevoort and W. A. B. Coolidge with guides Christian and Ulrich Almer. They used a sled to reach the upper Aletsch Glacier, and were accompanied by Miss Brevoort's favorite dog, Tschingel. The Jungfrau was climbed via the west side for the first time in 1885 by Fritz and Heinrich von Allmen, Ulrich Brunner, Fritz Graf, Karl Schlunegger and Johann Stäger—all from Wengen. They ascended the Rottal ridge (\"Innere Rottalgrat\") and reached the summit on 21 September. The more difficult and dangerous northeast ridge that connects the summit from the Jungfraujoch was first climbed on 30 July 1911 by Albert Weber and Hans Schlunegger. In July 2007 six Swiss Army recruits, part of the Mountain Specialists Division 1, died in an accident on the normal route. Although the causes of the deaths was not immediately clear, a report by the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research concluded that the avalanche risk was unusually high due to recent snowfall, and that there was \"no other reasonable explanation\" other than an avalanche for the incident.", "In July 1863 James Surtees Phillpotts, a young graduate later to become Headmaster of Bedford School, climbed the Jungfrau together with his friends Chaytor and Robertson. It seems probable that the “T.H. Philpott” referred to in John Ball's 1869 guidebook (see above) was in fact James Phillpotts. The trio had three guides, Peter Baumann, Herr Kaufmann and Herr Rubi, and slept in the Faulberg cave during the nights before and after the ascent. Their expedition is described in a letter dated Sunday 26 July which James Phillpotts wrote to his friend and colleague Alexander Potts (subsequently Headmaster of Fettes College). The following extracts are from that letter. The Virgin certainly did not smile on the poor \"fools who rushed in\" on her sacred heights, i.e. in plain British, we had the treadmill slog, the biting wind, the half frost-bitten feet and the flayed faces that generally attend an Alpine ascent. We got to the Faulberg hole about dark, and enjoyed the coffee the longman (Kauffmann) made, as one would in a hole in a rock in a cold evening. The \"Faulberg Nachtlager\" consists of two holes and a vestibule to the upper hole. The Upper Hole in which we lodged just contained Chay[tor], the Guv [Robertson] and myself, stretched at full length on a little hay over a hard rock mattress, convex instead of concave at the point where one likes to rest one's weight. Chaytor was in the middle, and as we were very close was warm and slept. The Guv and I courted Nature's soft nurse in vain. At two we got up and methodically put our feet into the stocks, i.e. our boots, breakfasted and shivered, then started (unwashed of course, as the cold gave us malignant hydrophobia) a little after 3:30. The hole was about 150 feet up one of the loose stone cliffs one now knows so well. So we groped our way down it and over the moraine – the stars still lingering, as day was just dawning. We could not start at 1:30, the proper time, as there was no moon and we wanted light as we had to tramp the glacier at once. Rubi led, and off we went, roped and in Indian file, in the old treadmill way over the slippery ploughed-field-like snow that lay on the upper glacier, for a pull without a check of one or two hours. At last we came to the region of \"bergschrunds\" and crevasses. They seemed to form at first an impassable labyrinth, but gradually the guides wound in and out between the large rifts, which were exquisitely lovely with their overhanging banks of snow and glittering icicles, and then trod as on pins and needles over a snowbridge here and there, or had to take a jump over the more feasible ones – and we found ourselves at the foot of the mountain; trudged up on the snow which ought to have been crisp but was even then more or less fresh fallen and sloppy; had to creep over about three crevasses, and after a tiresome pull, dragging one leg after another out of ankle or knee deep snow, we got on a crest of snow at right angles to the slope we had just come up. That slope with its crevasses on one side, and on the other a shorter and much steeper one which led in a few steps to a precipice. All along this crest went a snakelike long crevasse, for which we had continually to sound, and go first one side and then the other; then we got to the foot of the saddle. Some twenty or thirty steps, some cut, some uncut, soon took us up a kind of hollow, and we got on a little sloping plateau of some six feet large, where we left the grub and the knapsack, keeping my small flask of cognac only. Then up a steep ice slope, very steep I should say, down which the bits of ice cut out of the steps hopped and jumped at full gallop and then bounded over to some bottomless place which we could not see down. Their pace gave one an unpleasant idea of the possible consequence of a slip. Here we encountered a biting bitter wind. Peter Baumann cut magnificent steps, at least he and Rubi did between them, the one improving on the other's first rough blows. After Rubi came Chaytor with Kauffmann behind him, then the Guv, and then myself, the tail of the string. Each step was a long lift from the last one, and as the snow was shallow they had to be cut in the ice which was like rock on this last slope. Suddenly there burst upon us, on lifting our heads over the ridge, the green and cheerful valleys of Lauterbrunnen and Interlaken, of Grindelwald and a distant view of others equally beautiful stretching on for ever in one vast panorama. On the other side in grim contrast there was a wild and even awful scene. One gazed about one and tried in vain to see to the bottom of dark yawning abysses and sheer cliffs of ice or rock.", "While the mountain peak was once difficult to access, the Jungfraubahn cog railway now goes to the Jungfraujoch railway station at, the highest in Europe. The Jungfraujoch is the lowest pass between the Jungfrau and Mönch. In 1893 Adolf Guyer-Zeller conceived of the idea for a railway tunnel to the Jungfraujoch to make the glaciated areas on the south more accessible. The building of the tunnel took 16 years and the summit station was not opened before 1912. The goal was in fact to reach the summit of the Jungfrau with an elevator from the highest railway station inside the mountain. The complete project was not realized because of the outbreak of the World War I. The train into the mountain leaves from Kleine Scheidegg, which can be reached by trains from Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen via Wengen. The train enters the tunnel running eastward through the Eiger shortly above Kleine Scheidegg. Before arriving at the Jungfraujoch, it stops for a few minutes at two other stations, \"Eigerwand\" (on the north face of the Eiger) and \"Eismeer\" (on the south side), where passengers can see through the holes excavated from the mountain. The journey from Kleine Scheidegg to Jungfraujoch takes approximately 50 minutes including the stops; the downhill return journey taking only 35 minutes. A large complex of tunnels and buildings has been constructed at the Jungfraujoch, mostly into the south side of the Mönch. There is a hotel, two restaurants, an observatory, a research station, a small cinema, a ski school, and the \"Ice Palace\", a collection of elaborate ice sculptures. Another tunnel leads outside to a flat, snow-covered area, where one can walk around and look down to the Konkordiaplatz and the Aletsch Glacier, as well as the surrounding mountains. Apart from the Jungfraujoch, many facilities have been built in the two valleys north of the Jungfrau (the commonly named \"Jungfrau Region\"). In 1908, the first public cable car in the world opened at the foot of the Wetterhorn, but was closed seven years later. The Schilthorn above Mürren or the Männlichen above Wengen offer good views of the Jungfrau and other summits.", "The normal route follows the traces of the first climbers, but the long approach on the Aletsch Glacier is no longer necessary. From the area of the Jungfraujoch the route to the summit takes only a few hours. Most climbers start from the Mönchsjoch Hut. After a traverse of the Jungfraufirn the route heads to the Rottalsattel (3,885 m), from where the southern ridge leads to the Jungfrau. It is not considered a very difficult climb but it can be dangerous on the upper section above the Rottalsattel, where most accidents happen. The use of the Jungfrau railway can cause some acclimatization troubles as the difference of altitude between the railway stations of Interlaken and Jungfraujoch is almost 3 km." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 30839, 9351, 44, 154973, 56, 51716, 58, 83, 24, 4806, 100, 39162, 56, 1803, 136, 32123, 2227, 18, 15, 66029, 6827, 538, 44, 154973, 58, 44, 289, 80654, 10548, 24293, 830, 70, 183114, 44, 4383, 9, 58, 83, 10, 479, 40322, 194, 360, 70, 4, 28412, 297, 390, 58685, 210126, 23, 423, 4633, 4, 70, 118666, 53, 83, 67967, 6259, 44, 154973, 56, 1803, 830, 1284, 70, 101120, 1556, 70, 42845, 9351, 44, 46674, 7, 143942, 223, 58, 136, 70, 30839, 9351, 44, 186432, 590, 114123, 830, 44, 186432, 24259, 58, 8035, 70, 30839, 9351, 111, 62, 5964, 70237, 15, 161063, 44, 212840, 11, 78894, 13333, 13294, 7, 7, 4160, 830, 5744, 62, 5964, 194, 581, 390, 43041, 26085, 36655, 76199, 4734, 44, 46674, 7, 143942, 223, 740, 581, 92265, 9351, 44, 441, 56, 2082, 830, 1295, 3129, 70, 89176, 13579, 44, 441, 56, 91552, 58, 122, 60877, 4, 36418, 7, 1295, 70, 42845, 15, 748, 44, 46674, 7, 100973, 66, 223, 74054, 7440, 44, 10801, 330, 58, 26950, 44, 2472, 525, 56128, 903, 509, 6, 66157, 297, 47, 44, 104475, 2082, 58, 136, 7068, 44, 63771, 2082, 740, 581, 15549, 111, 70, 5117, 31330, 44, 7, 58, 47, 44, 238, 58, 83, 150380, 297, 47, 86425, 329, 37768, 733, 61669, 8, 6987, 7, 56851, 4, 2750, 17569, 70, 2565, 509, 62548, 47, 44, 112, 56, 58, 15, 919, 982, 206, 12, 44, 3443, 420, 58, 136, 89176, 12, 44, 3443, 965, 51029, 9265, 16378, 13207, 603, 170933, 7, 29367, 23, 581, 39162, 56, 51716, 1556, 6626, 117781, 184679, 7, 4, 39501, 297, 99, 40101, 3564, 111, 10, 172554, 71, 13950, 53, 7359, 271, 3129, 3173, 7, 70, 89176, 64, 294, 16196, 7, 132988, 5, 360, 8055, 729, 12231, 4, 70, 46980, 2187, 153443, 271, 136, 88898, 42, 86425, 329, 37768, 733, 61669, 8, 6987, 7, 56851, 7228, 70, 5117, 72350, 674, 111, 70, 39162, 56, 51716, 25, 7, 155955, 4, 17368, 10, 1100, 18211, 136, 10, 121293, 93403, 1810, 98, 70, 19635, 10360, 169783, 56, 5, 1529, 74481, 3674, 6863, 155955, 237, 5, 360, 166304, 70, 89176, 185118, 9593, 2980, 5174, 6651, 3922, 72350, 71, 10, 155955, 111, 390, 26950, 111, 10, 1143, 16820, 53, 1909, 102220, 4, 3129, 764, 1902, 39958, 47, 70, 184679, 5, 581, 786, 160018, 22288, 4, 3129, 509, 7103, 19364, 7, 134629, 390, 70, 89176, 110297, 25251, 4, 26038, 237, 70, 155955, 111, 70, 140434, 184679, 5, 360, 8272, 4, 70, 184679, 155955, 509, 134995, 538, 83324, 71, 47, 186, 99, 36917, 15520, 17366, 390, 17368, 13453, 99428, 214, 12353, 55556, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 9926, 91227, 27331, 15, 77888, 111, 581, 39162, 56, 51716, 1556, 10, 242810, 289, 115700, 678, 22759, 2577, 7, 110518, 7808, 214, 70, 22759, 375, 13409, 26847, 5, 129335, 111, 2856, 15, 157, 65158, 4, 28, 4438, 136, 65272, 16, 621, 98, 70, 140434, 5609, 111, 70, 132988, 136, 7401, 67175, 15, 154973, 56, 1803, 118666, 53, 16, 136, 1632, 111, 2856, 15, 49760, 927, 16, 83, 98, 70, 89176, 5609, 111, 70, 132988, 15, 42272, 28889, 2415, 1430, 118666, 53, 194, 581, 144477, 2577, 645, 64747, 7, 70, 32629, 2902, 4063, 51716, 19107, 1785, 16065, 16, 36880, 70, 567, 14311, 18, 48130, 14393, 56, 136, 118666, 53, 15, 21552, 272, 32123, 2227, 18, 247, 70, 28, 4438, 2577, 645, 64747, 7, 70, 12035, 1679, 48130, 14393, 56, 5426, 17721, 70, 12035, 1679, 71867, 136, 17629, 29641, 15, 177981, 5844, 538, 209, 136, 729, 1785, 16065, 16, 36880, 70, 19635, 10360, 28872, 4, 70, 65272, 2577, 645, 64747, 7, 70, 1407, 56, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 567, 14311, 18, 48130, 14393, 56, 17721, 70, 1575, 18, 217394, 136, 70, 1575, 18, 104, 25, 841, 4757, 1755, 15, 177981, 5844, 538, 361, 136, 201, 1785, 16065, 16, 136, 70, 127067, 2577, 12912, 7, 70, 70634, 59444, 111, 6499, 34, 379, 9, 441, 56, 67777, 11, 136, 645, 64747, 7, 10, 4127, 126826, 111, 70, 4769, 28889, 2415, 1430, 5, 581, 39162, 56, 51716, 14602, 959, 3173, 10, 15787, 6, 108047, 242810, 4, 237, 70, 144477, 136, 127067, 2577, 7, 621, 91257, 3501, 70, 65272, 136, 28, 4438, 2577, 7, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 2577, 7, 54, 959, 20653, 23356, 98, 70, 184679, 1284, 621, 162711, 390, 10, 37682, 80036, 9, 10617, 124001, 65272, 1104, 13, 4438, 6, 91854, 17721, 70, 144477, 136, 127067, 2577, 7, 5, 581, 39162, 56, 51716, 25, 7, 2577, 7, 621, 2288, 4517, 4, 136, 4734, 19336, 110912, 90, 111, 108203, 136, 6, 2980, 501, 2069, 47, 2856, 74, 20324, 73881, 52828, 7, 25379, 70, 108203, 7565, 47, 183278, 67, 98, 70, 169783, 1314, 99, 70, 3647, 111, 12638, 2577, 4, 70, 142105, 111, 3129, 621, 70, 150192, 2227, 18656, 1974, 40676, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 2831, 111, 70, 567, 14311, 18, 48130, 14393, 56, 4, 136, 70, 39162, 56, 51716, 48130, 14393, 56, 47, 70, 144477, 5, 105508, 56, 169783, 1314, 28127, 99, 70, 3647, 111, 70, 127067, 2577, 15, 2347, 61187, 56, 39162, 56, 51716, 48130, 14393, 56, 16, 136, 70, 28, 4438, 2577, 15, 309, 76, 4806, 194, 360, 903, 16128, 4, 70, 132988, 17721, 236386, 136, 98848, 60754, 90, 678, 70, 5201, 165548, 13, 7401, 67175, 4, 38310, 214, 70, 8167, 885, 429, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 119148, 86, 98, 70, 144477, 15, 71721, 16840, 60791, 66, 27414, 16, 136, 450, 111, 70, 663, 98, 70, 127067, 15, 22409, 1651, 9523, 27414, 194, 581, 144477, 5609, 83, 3568, 122009, 390, 70, 567, 14311, 18, 31731, 15, 25617, 136, 144477, 2577, 7, 16, 136, 70, 12035, 81472, 8305, 70, 27766, 9815, 31731, 15, 13, 4438, 2577, 247, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 119148, 86, 8305, 70, 15, 154973, 56, 16, 7275, 763, 5, 581, 127067, 5609, 136, 2577, 83, 3568, 122009, 390, 70, 1784, 17678, 124225, 4, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 663, 8305, 70, 115014, 7345, 17615, 15, 748, 44, 397, 50724, 3424, 2312, 13, 51029, 581, 581, 39162, 56, 51716, 83, 142, 54015, 3674, 101120, 5, 88949, 111, 6863, 19069, 98, 70, 5201, 165548, 13, 7401, 67175, 136, 6863, 6782, 155955, 4, 70, 39162, 56, 51716, 83, 172554, 71, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 15, 4, 2819, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 101120, 111, 70, 47413, 7, 4, 6363, 4028, 2069, 70, 5201, 7401, 67175, 136, 132988, 17721, 236386, 136, 98848, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 21334, 4, 43573, 9, 230612, 238, 242810, 289, 280, 344, 23, 70, 65042, 297, 17629, 29641, 16128, 111, 70, 123513, 1212, 47413, 7, 4, 124901, 184679, 83, 11192, 4, 20662, 442, 1632, 111, 70, 167375, 184679, 7, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 136, 14713, 5, 581, 22759, 2288, 4517, 2577, 7, 4, 9588, 214, 36917, 70, 206990, 169783, 1314, 4, 2577, 70, 22759, 375, 13409, 26847, 136, 621, 65450, 390, 70, 44, 841, 7118, 19, 150, 830, 44, 919, 474, 49783, 830, 44, 5267, 3630, 58, 64, 58, 866, 1830, 830, 136, 44, 1511, 14311, 18, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Names.", "Height.", "Geography.", "Weather.", "Geology.", "Formation.", "Rocks.", "Tourism and trekking.", "Climbing history.", "Before the first ascent.", "First ascent.", "Second ascent.", "Other ascents.", "Ridges.", "Faces.", "Casualties on the Matterhorn.", "Legacy-beginning of mountain culture.", "Climbing routes.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The German name \"Matterhorn\" is named for Mattertal and Zermatt (historically \"Matt\" \"alpine meadow\", the prefix \"zer-\" is a preposition). In the, printed by Sebastian Münster in 1545, the valley is labelled \"Mattertal\", but the mountain has the Latin name \"Mons Silvius\" and the German name \"Augstalberg\", \"Augstal\" being the German name of Aosta Valley (from \"Augusta Praetoria Salassorum\", modern Aosta). The by Johannes Stumpf gives only \"Mons Silvius\". The French name \"Cervin\", from which the Italian term \"Cervino\" derives, stems from the Latin (or \"Mons Sylvanus\"), where \"silva\" means \"forest\"; this was corrupted to \"Selvin\" and then \"Servin\". The change of the first letter \"s\" to \"c\" is attributed to Horace Bénédict de Saussure, who thought the word was related to \"deer\" (French: \"cerf\" and Italian: \"cervo\"). Josias Simler hypothesized in", "The Matterhorn has two distinct summits, situated at either end of a exposed rocky crest which forms the Italian/Swiss border. In August 1792, the Genevan geologist and explorer Horace Bénédict de Saussure made the first measurement of the Matterhorn's height, using a sextant and a chain spread out on the Theodul glacier. He calculated its height as. In 1868 the Italian engineer Felice Giordano measured a height of by means of a mercury barometer, which he had taken to the summit. The Dufour map, which was afterwards followed by the Italian surveyors, gave as the height of the Swiss summit. In 1999, the summit height was precisely determined to be at above sea level by using Global Positioning System technology as part of the TOWER Project (Top of", "The Matterhorn has a pyramidal shape with four faces nearly facing the four compass points. Three of them (north, east and west) are on the Swiss side of the border and watershed (Mattertal valley) and one of them (south) is on the Italian side of the border (Valtournenche valley). The north face overlooks the Ober Gabelhorn (7 km away) across the Zmutt Glacier and valley (above Zermatt), the east face overlooks the Gorner Glacier system between the Gornergrat and Monte Rosa (respectively 10 and 17 km away) across the Theodul Pass, the west face overlooks the upper basin of the Zmutt Glacier between the Dent Blanche and the Dent d'Hérens (respectively 7 and 4 km away) and the south face fronts the resort town of Breuil-Cervinia and overlooks a good portion of the Valtournenche. The Matterhorn does not form a perfect square pyramid, as the north and south faces are wider than the west and east faces. Moreover, the latter faces do not actually meet on the summit but are connected by a 100-metre-long horizontal west–east ridge between the north and south faces. The Matterhorn's faces are steep, and only small patches of snow and ice cling to them; regular avalanches send the snow down to accumulate on the glaciers at the base of each face, the largest of which are the Tiefmattengletscher to the west, part of the Zmutt Glacier, and the Matterhorn Glacier to the north. Smaller glaciers lie at the base of the south face (the Lower Matterhorn Glacier) and the east face (unnamed). In this area, the border between Switzerland and Italy coincides with the main Alpine watershed, separating the drainage basin of the Rhone on the north (Mediterranean Sea) and that of the Po on the south (Adriatic Sea). The north side is drained by the Zmuttbach (west and north faces) and the Gornera through the Furggbach (east face), tributaries of the Rhone through the (Matter) Vispa. The south side and face is drained by the Marmore torrent, tributary of the Po through the Dora Baltea (or \"Doire baltée\"). The", "The Matterhorn is an isolated mountain. Because of its position on the main Alpine watershed and its great height, the Matterhorn is exposed to rapid weather", "Apart from the base of the mountain, the Matterhorn is composed of gneiss belonging to the Dent Blanche klippe, an isolated part of the Austroalpine nappes, lying over the Penninic nappes. The Austroalpine nappes are part of the Apulian plate, a small continent which broke up from Africa before the Alpine orogeny. For this reason the Matterhorn has been popularized as an African mountain. The Austroalpine nappes are mostly common in the Eastern Alps. The Swiss explorer and geologist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, inspired by the view of the Matterhorn, anticipated the modern theories of geology:", "The formation of the Matterhorn (and the whole Alpine range) started with the break-up of the Pangaea continent 200 million years ago into Laurasia (containing Europe) and Gondwana (containing Africa). While the rocks constituting the nearby Monte Rosa remained in Laurasia, the rocks constituting the Matterhorn found themselves in Gondwana, separated by the newly formed Tethys Ocean. 100 million years ago the extension of the Tethys Ocean stopped and the Apulian plate broke from Gondwana and moved toward the European continent. This resulted in the closure of the western Tethys by subduction under the Apulian plate (with the Piemont-Liguria Ocean first and Valais Ocean later). The subduction of the oceanic crust", "Most of the base of the mountain lies in the Tsaté nappe, a remnant of the Piedmont-Liguria oceanic crust (ophiolites) and its sedimentary rocks. Up to 3,400 metres the mountain is composed of successive layers of", "Since the eighteenth century the Alps have attracted more and more people and fascinated generations of explorers and climbers. The Matterhorn remained relatively little known until 1865, but the successful ascent followed by the tragic accident of the expedition led by Edward Whymper caused a rush on the mountains surrounding Zermatt. The construction of the railway linking the village of Zermatt from the town of Visp started in 1888. The first train reached Zermatt on July 18, 1891 and the entire line was electrified in 1930. Since 1930 the village is directly connected to St. Moritz by the Glacier Express panoramic train. However there is no connection with the village of Breuil-Cervinia on the Italian side. Travellers have to hire mountain guides to cross the 3,300-metre-high glaciated Theodul Pass, separating the two resorts. The town of Zermatt remains almost completely free of internal combustion vehicles and can be reached by train only. (Apart from the local police service which uses a Volkswagen car, only electric vehicles are used locally). Rail and cable-car facilities have been built to make some of the summits in the area more accessible. The Gornergrat railway, reaching a record altitude of 3,100 metres, was inaugurated in 1898. Areas served by cable car are the Unterrothorn and the Klein Matterhorn (\"Little Matterhorn\") (3,883 m, highest transportation system in Europe). The Hörnli", "The Matterhorn was one of the last of the main Alpine mountains to be ascended, not because of its technical difficulty, but because of the fear it inspired in early mountaineers. The first serious attempts were all from the Italian side, although despite appearances the southern routes are technically harder. The main figures were Jean-Antoine Carrel and his uncle Jean-Jacques Carrel, from the Valtournenche area, who made the first attempts in 1857 and 1858, reaching on the latter occasion. In July 1860, three brothers from Liverpool attempted the mountain, Alfred, Charles and Sandbach Parker, but they turned back at about. In August of the same year, Jean-Jacques Carrel returned to guide, with, Vaughan Hawkins and John Tyndall to about before turning back. In 1861 the Carrels managed to reach the \"Crête du Coq\" at. In July 1862, Jean-Antoine, together with César Carrel, accompanied as porters (sic) John Tyndall, Anton Walters and J.J. Bennen to Matterhorn's \"Shoulder\" at, which was subsequently named Pic Tyndall in honor of the client. Edward Whymper joined the efforts in August 1861, but in his first 7 attempts with a variety of companions could only reach a maximum height of. However, on July 14, 1865, in what is considered the last ascent of the golden age of alpinism, he was able to reach the summit by an ascent of the Hörnli ridge in Switzerland, guided by the famed French mountaineer Michel Croz and the Swiss father and son Peter Taugwalder Sr. and Jr., and accompanied by the British gentlemen Charles Hudson, Lord Francis Douglas, Douglas Robert Hadow. Upon descent, Hadow, Croz, Hudson and Douglas fell to their deaths on the Matterhorn Glacier, and all but Douglas (whose body was never found) are buried in the Zermatt churchyard. Just three days later, on July 17, 1865, Jean-Antoine Carrel and Jean-Baptiste Bich reached the summit from the Italian side.", "In the summer of 1860, Edward Whymper came across the Matterhorn for the first time. He was an English artist and engraver who had been hired by a London publisher to make sketches of the mountains in the region of Zermatt. Although the unclimbed Matterhorn had a mixed reputation among British mountaineers, it fascinated Whymper. Whymper's first attempt was in August 1861, from the village of Breuil on the south side. In Châtillon he hired a Swiss guide, who remained anonymous in his accounts, and in Valtournanche he almost hired Jean-Antoine Carrel as well, but, disliking the looks of Carrel's", "Whymper and party left Zermatt early in the morning of July 13, 1865, heading to the foot of the Hörnli ridge, which they reached 6 hours later (approximately where the Hörnli Hut is situated today). Meanwhile Carrel and six other Italian guides also began their ascent of the Italian ridge. Despite its appearance, Whymper wrote that the Hörnli ridge was much easier to climb than the Italian ridge: After camping for the night, Whymper and party started on the ridge. According to Whymper: When the party came close to the summit, they had to leave the ridge for the north face because \"[the ridge] was usually more rotten and steep, and always more difficult than the face\". At this point of the ascent Whymper wrote that the less experienced Hadow \"required continual assistance\". Having overcome these difficulties the group finally arrived in the summit area, with Croz and Whymper reaching the top first. Precisely at this moment, Carrel and party were approximatively 400 metres below, still dealing with the most difficult parts of the Italian ridge.", "On July 16, two days after the first ascent and the catastrophe, Jean-Antoine Carrel set out to crown Whymper's victory by proving that the Italian side was not unconquerable. He was accompanied by Amé Gorret, a priest who had shared with him the first attempt on the mountain back in 1857. Jean-Baptiste Bich and Jean-Augustin Meynet completed the party. Giordano would have joined them, but Carrel refused absolutely to take him with them; he said he would not have the strength to guide a traveller, and could neither answer for the result nor for any one's life. After hearing Sunday mass at the chapel of Breuil, the party started. Amé Gorret has described this ascent with enthusiasm: \"At last we crossed the Col du Lion and set foot upon the pyramid of the Matterhorn!\" On the following day, the 17th, they continued the ascent and reached Tyndall's flagstaff. \"We were about to enter unknown country,\" wrote Gorret, \"for no man had gone beyond this point.\" Here opinions were divided; Gorret suggested ascending by the ridge and scaling the last tower straight up. Carrel was inclined to traverse to the west of the peak, and thence go up", "", "The first direct ascent of the Italian (south-west) ridge as it is climbed today was by J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz on September 13, 1867. Julius Elliott made the second ascent via the Hörnli (north-east) ridge in 1868, and later that year the party of John Tyndall, J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz was the first to traverse the summit by way of the Hörnli and Italian ridges. On August 22, 1871, while wearing a white print dress, Lucy Walker became the first woman to reach the summit of the Matterhorn, followed a few weeks later by her rival Meta Brevoort. The first winter ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by Vittorio Sella with guides J. A. Carrel, J. B. Carrel and L. Carrel on March 17, 1882, and its first solo ascent was made by W. Paulcke in 1898. The first winter solo ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by G. Gervasutti in 1936. The Zmutt (north-west) ridge was first climbed by Albert F. Mummery, Alexander Burgener, J. Petrus and A. Gentinetta on September 3, 1879. Its first solo ascent was made by Hans Pfann in 1906, and the first winter ascent was made by H. Masson", "William Penhall and guides made the first (partial) ascent of the west face, the Matterhorn's most hidden and unknown, one hour after Mummery and party's first ascent of the Zmutt ridge on September 3, 1879. It was not until 1962 that the west face was completely climbed. The ascent was made on August 13 by Renato Daguin and Giovanni Ottin. In January 1978 seven Italian alpine guides made a successful winter climb of Daguin and Ottin's highly direct, and previously unrepeated, 1962 route. But a storm came during their ascent, bringing two metres of snow to Breuil-Cervinia and Zermatt, and their accomplishment turned bitter when one of the climbers died during the descent. The north face, before it was climbed in 1931, was one of the last great big wall problems in the Alps. To succeed on the north face, good climbing and ice-climbing technique and route-finding ability were required. Unexpectedly it was first climbed by the brothers Franz and Toni Schmid on July 31–August 1, 1931. They reached the summit at the end of the second day, after a night of bivouac. Because", "The four men lost on 1865 have not been the only fatalities on the Matterhorn. In fact, several climbers die each year due to a number of factors including the scale of the climb and its inherent dangers, inexperience, falling rocks, and overcrowded routes. The Matterhorn is thus amongst the deadliest mountains in the world. By the late 1980s, it was estimated that over 500", "The first ascent of the Matterhorn changed mountain culture. Whymper’s book about his first ascent, \"Scrambles Amongst the Alps\", published in 1871, was a worldwide bestseller. Tourists began to visit Switzerland in the summer to see the Alps and often hired locals", "Today, all ridges and faces of the Matterhorn have been ascended in all seasons, and mountain guides take a large number of people up the northeast Hörnli route each summer. In total, up to 150 climbers attempt the Matterhorn each day during summer. By modern standards, the climb is fairly difficult (AD Difficulty rating), but not hard for skilled mountaineers according to French climbing grades. There are fixed ropes on parts of the route to help. Still, it should be remembered that several climbers may die on the mountain each year. The usual pattern of ascent is to take the Schwarzsee cable car up from Zermatt, hike up to the Hörnli Hut elev.,", "Aegidius Tschudi, one of the earliest Alpine topographers and historians, was the first to mention the region around the Matterhorn in his work, \"De Prisca ac Vera Alpina Raethi\", published in Basel in 1538. He approached the Matterhorn as a student when in his Alpine travels he reached the summit of the Theodul Pass but he does not seem to have paid any particular attention to the mountain itself. The Matterhorn remained unstudied for more than two centuries, until a geologist from Geneva, Horace Benedict de Saussure, travelled to the mountain, which filled him with admiration. However, de Saussure was not moved to climb the mountain, and had no hope of measuring its altitude by taking a barometer to its summit. \"Its precipitous sides,\" he wrote, \"which give no hold to the very snows, are such as to afford no means of access.\" Yet his scientific interest was kindled by \"the proud peak which rises to so vast an altitude, like a triangular obelisk, that seems to be carved by a chisel.\" His mind intuitively grasped the causes which gave the peak its present precipitous form: the Matterhorn was not like a perfected crystal; the centuries had laboured to destroy a great part of an ancient and much larger mountain. On his first journey de Saussure had come from Ayas to the Col des Cimes Blanches, from where the Matterhorn first comes into view; descending to Breuil, he ascended to the Theodul Pass. On his second journey, in 1792, he came to the Valtournanche, studying and describing it; he ascended to the Theodul Pass, where he spent three days, analysing the structure of the Matterhorn, whose height he was the first to measure, and collecting stones, plants and insects. He made careful observations, from the sparse lichen that clung to the rocks to the tiny but vigorous glacier fly that fluttered over the snows and whose existence at such heights was mysterious. At night he took refuge under the tent erected near the ruins of an old fort at the top of the pass. During these days he climbed the Klein Matterhorn (3,883 metres), which he named the \"Cime Brune du Breithorn\". The first inquirers began to come to the Matterhorn. There is a record of a party of Englishmen who in the summer of 1800 crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass, a few months after the passage of Bonaparte; they came to Aosta and thence to Valtournenche, slept at the chalets of Breuil, and traversed the Theodul Pass, which they called \"Monte Rosa\". The Matterhorn was to them an object of the most intense and continuous admiration. The Matterhorn is mentioned in a guide-book to Switzerland by Johann Gottfried Ebel, which was published in Zürich towards the end of the eighteenth century, and translated into English in 1818. The mountain appeared in it under the three names of \"Silvius\", \"Matterhorn\", and \"Mont Cervin\", and was briefly described as one of the most splendid and wonderful obelisks in the Alps. On Zermatt there was a note: \"A place which may, perhaps, interest the tourist is the valley of Praborgne (Zermatt); it is bounded by huge glaciers which come right down into the valley; the village of Praborgne is fairly high, and stands at a great height above the glaciers; its climate is almost as warm as that of Italy, and plants belonging to hot countries are to be found there at considerable altitudes, above the ice.\" William Brockedon, who came to the region in 1825, considered the crossing of the Theodul Pass from Breuil to Zermatt a difficult undertaking. He gave, however, expression to his enthusiasm on the summit. When he arrived exhausted on the top of the pass, he gazed \"on the beautiful pyramid of the Cervin, more wonderful than aught else in sight, rising from its bed of ice to a height of 5,000 feet, a spectacle of indescribable grandeur.\" In this \"immense natural amphitheatre, enclosed from time immemorial by snow-clad mountains and glaciers ever white, in the presence of these grand walls the mind is overwhelmed, not indeed that it is unable to contemplate the scene, but it staggers under the immensity of those objects which it contemplates.\" Those who made their way up through the Valtournanche to the foot of the mountain were few in number. W. A. B. Coolidge, a diligent collector of old and new stories of the Alps, mentions that during those years, besides Brockedon, only Hirzel-Escher of Zürich, who crossed the Theodul Pass in 1822, starting from Breuil, accompanied by a local guide. The greater number came from the Valais up the Visp valley to Zermatt. In 1813, a Frenchman, Henri Maynard, climbed to the Theodul Pass and made the first ascent of the Breithorn; he was accompanied by numerous guides, among them J. M. Couttet of Chamonix, the same man who had gone with de Saussure to the top of the Klein Matterhorn in 1792. The writings of these pioneers make much mention of the Matterhorn; the bare and inert rock is gradually quickened into life by men's enthusiasm. \"Stronger minds,\" remarked Edward Whymper, \"felt the influence of the wonderful form, and men who ordinarily spoke or wrote like rational beings, when they came under its power seemed to quit their senses, and ranted and rhapsodised, losing for a time all common forms of speech.\" Among the poets of the Matterhorn during these years (1834 to 1840) were Elie de Beaumont, a famous French geologist; Pierre Jean Édouard Desor, a naturalist of Neuchâtel, who went up there with a party of friends, two of whom were Louis Agassiz and Bernhard Studer. Christian Moritz Engelhardt, who was so filled with admiration for Zermatt and its neighbourhood that he returned there at least ten times (from 1835 to 1855), described these places in two valuable volumes, drew panoramas and maps, and collected the most minute notes on the mineralogy and botany of the region. Zermatt was at that time a quiet little village, and travellers found hospitality at the parish priest's, or at the village doctor's. In 1841 James David Forbes, professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, came to see the Matterhorn. A philosopher and geologist, and an observant traveller, he continued the work of De Saussure in his journeys and his writings. He was full of admiration for the Matterhorn, calling it the most wonderful peak in the Alps, unsealed and unscalable. These words, pronounced by a man noted among all his contemporaries for his thorough knowledge of mountains, show what men's feelings then were towards the Matterhorn, and how at a time when the idea of Alpine exploration was gaining ground in their minds, the Matterhorn stood by itself as a mountain apart, of whose conquest it was vain even to dream. And such it remained till long after this; as such it was described by John Ball twenty years later in his celebrated guide-book. Forbes ascended the Theodul Pass in 1842, climbed the Breithorn, and came down to Breuil; as he descended from the savage scenery of the Matterhorn, the Italian landscapes of the Valtournanche seemed to him like paradise. Meanwhile Gottlieb Samuel Studer, the geographer, together with Melchior Ulrich, was describing and mapping the topographical features of the Zermatt peaks. Rodolphe Töpffer, who first accompanied and guided youth to the Alps for purposes of education and amusement, began his journeys in 1832, but it is only in 1840 that he mentions the Matterhorn. Two years later Töpffer and his pupils came to Zermatt. He has described this journey of his in a chapter entitled \"Voyage autour du Mont Blanc jusqu'à Zermatt\", here he sings a hymn of praise to the Matterhorn, comparing its form with a \"huge crystal of a hundred facets, flashing varied hues, that softly reflects the light, unshaded, from the uttermost depths of the heavens\". Töpffer's book was illustrated by Alexandre Calame, his master and friend, with drawings of the Matterhorn, executed in the romantic style of the period. It is an artificial mountain, a picture corresponding rather with the exaggerated effect it produces on the astonished mind of the artist, than with the real form of the mountain. About this time there came a man who studied the Matterhorn in its structure and form, and who sketched it and described it in all its parts with the curiosity of the artist and the insight of the scientist. This was John Ruskin, a new and original type of philosopher and geologist, painter and poet, whom England was enabled to create during that period of radical intellectual reforms, which led the way for the highest development of her civilisation. Ruskin was the Matterhorn's poet par excellence. He went to Zermatt in 1844, and it is to be noticed as a curious fact, that the first time he saw the Matterhorn it did not please him. The mountain on its lofty pedestal in the very heart of the Alps was, perhaps, too far removed from the ideal he had formed of the mountains; but he returned, studied and dreamt for long at its feet, and at length he pronounced it \"the most noble cliff in Europe.\" Ruskin was no mountaineer, nor a great friend to mountaineering; he drew sketches of the mountains merely as an illustration of his teaching of the beauty of natural forms, which was the object of his whole life. In his work on Modern Painters he makes continual use of the mountains as an example of beauty and an incentive to morality. The publication of Ruskin's work certainly produced a great impression at the time on educated people in England, and a widespread desire to see the mountains. Other men of high attainments followed, but in the years 1850 scientists and artists were about to be succeeded by real climbers and the passes and peaks around Zermatt were explored little by little. In the preface to the first volume of the \"Alpine Journal\", which appeared in 1863, the editor Hereford Brooke George wrote that: \"While even if all other objects of interest in Switzerland should be exhausted, the Matterhorn remains (who shall say for how long?) unconquered and apparently invincible.\" Whymper successfully reached the summit in 1865, but four men perished on the descent. The English papers discussed it with bitter words of blame; a German newspaper published an article in which Whymper was accused of cutting the rope between Douglas and Taugwalder, at the critical moment, to save his own life. In 1890 the Federal Government was asked simultaneously by the same contractor for a concession for the Zermatt-Gornergrat railway, and for a Zermatt-Matterhorn one. The Gornergrat railway was constructed, and has been working since 1899, but there has been no more talk of the other. The project essentially consisted of a line which went up to the Hörnli, and continued thence in a rectilinear tunnel about two kilometres long, built under the ridge, and issuing near the summit on the Zmutt side. Sixty years later in 1950, Italian engineer Count Dino Lora Totino planned a cable car on the Italian side from Breuil-Cervinia to the summit. But the Alpine Museum of Zermatt sent a protest letter with 90,000 signatures to the Italian government. The latter declared the Matterhorn a natural wonder worthy of protection and refused the concession to the engineer. During the 20th century, the Matterhorn and the story of the first ascent in particular, inspired various artists and film producers such as Luis Trenker and Walt Disney. Large-scale replicas can be found at Disneyland and Window of the World. Designed in 1908 by Emil Cardinaux, a leading poster artist of the time, the for the Zermatt tourist office is often considered the first modern poster. It has been described as a striking example of marriage of tourism, patriotism and popular art. It served as decoration in many Swiss military hospices during the war in addition to be found in countless middle class living rooms. depicting the Matterhorn was created by Cardinaux for the chocolate brand Toblerone in the 1920s. The image of the Matterhorn first appeared on Toblerone chocolate bars in 1960. Since then, the Matterhorn has become a reference that still inspires graphic artists today and has been used extensively for all sort of publicity and advertising. 2015 marked the 150th anniversary of the first ascent. Events and festivities were held throughout the year. A completely renewed Hörnli Hut opened the same year in the month of July. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, light artist Gerry Hofstetter started projecting country flags and messages of endurance onto the mountain peak as part of a nightly series designed to show support and spread hope for everyone suffering and those fighting the pandemic." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17006, 64707, 1158, 66, 114149, 26698, 15044, 10, 35874, 771, 532, 136, 10, 128, 16831, 532, 36541, 23, 2363, 6897, 75457, 7, 4, 102971, 10, 14012, 111, 2856, 765, 4734, 1632, 707, 70, 3789, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 44, 60977, 3041, 58, 1556, 110, 128, 16831, 532, 36541, 4, 12960, 44, 9506, 4726, 1081, 58, 21, 22824, 70, 64707, 532, 36541, 5, 581, 64707, 532, 3173, 83, 56104, 190070, 4, 678, 48716, 35874, 6423, 162711, 390, 43333, 5062, 64707, 408, 9316, 5, 581, 739, 41566, 151517, 939, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 35874, 254, 65042, 7, 3934, 70, 137272, 64707, 408, 67478, 4, 221, 450, 756, 70, 79165, 111, 70, 46512, 53, 621, 24833, 11, 37838, 162711, 5, 78662, 70, 64707, 408, 67478, 127877, 33233, 70, 218250, 13, 4, 442, 3173, 10, 124001, 74855, 9, 5062, 16616, 191, 450, 142, 72988, 7, 70, 46512, 53, 47, 70, 103136, 5, 581, 46512, 3387, 621, 137567, 19336, 4, 110, 1286, 3501, 10, 10846, 188020, 7, 36880, 4, 1284, 3060, 23, 602, 75189, 2146, 27102, 13, 831, 58359, 13267, 7, 111, 40368, 11903, 7, 5, 10660, 1543, 765, 10, 53201, 9, 5062, 707, 1207, 9, 5062, 170894, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 114149, 5, 581, 35874, 6423, 61261, 621, 56104, 6, 57278, 4, 102971, 3060, 351, 22796, 93, 289, 114149, 621, 5045, 150679, 4, 58359, 214, 4, 707, 4, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 70, 53894, 9, 184, 11, 44, 49960, 54544, 31, 53038, 1236, 6378, 830, 10, 456, 10015, 2886, 116, 347, 15, 156960, 6, 2480, 194, 581, 64707, 408, 67478, 83, 56104, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 10, 2412, 10519, 111, 1658, 2311, 136, 21308, 7, 35839, 70, 117, 4542, 19437, 5, 360, 3060, 114149, 4, 903, 65042, 7, 1257, 19364, 7, 47, 2843, 22, 155648, 2831, 111, 70, 35874, 6423, 4, 23, 3060, 50218, 26719, 10, 20903, 2886, 16941, 8305, 3129, 70, 35874, 254, 1543, 65042, 6863, 37876, 66695, 5, 360, 2499, 34475, 46512, 53, 4, 70, 144732, 111, 35874, 6423, 621, 5361, 29367, 100, 61590, 214, 5, 32255, 765, 10, 1286, 707, 40715, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 14361, 678, 10, 33949, 113008, 98, 10, 165249, 502, 70485, 84459, 35839, 70, 2119, 36388, 282, 4, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 10, 14012, 111, 37876, 66695, 5, 581, 35874, 254, 70541, 7, 10, 9879, 151517, 939, 4, 23, 3129, 61475, 45, 141933, 51776, 3687, 5, 9148, 25958, 1466, 525, 297, 15381, 1543, 7068, 186, 115081, 3934, 70, 64707, 408, 67478, 100, 113068, 10932, 70, 46512, 53, 136, 21721, 1830, 111, 70, 45, 141933, 9433, 5, 992, 5062, 3060, 3789, 501, 93, 85, 9893, 94407, 4, 70, 400, 592, 111, 70, 9879, 151517, 939, 21, 22824, 103401, 214, 9997, 188, 2408, 271, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 14037, 4734, 98, 70, 37876, 66695, 136, 1810, 56, 71579, 5, 3164, 190070, 64707, 1158, 10133, 2843, 26698, 3060, 35874, 6423, 5361, 29367, 100, 42238, 1363, 5, 32255, 92635, 37876, 66695, 136, 70541, 183851, 13245, 7, 1295, 3129, 70, 128, 16831, 532, 36541, 111, 70, 6897, 75457, 83, 181653, 5, 581, 70767, 136, 10644, 111, 6097, 42238, 4935, 35874, 6423, 41110, 7, 15286, 38526, 17721, 12921, 94407, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 6097, 6626, 62822, 52895, 111, 35874, 6423, 4, 10, 10846, 190070, 114149, 765, 3789, 5361, 29367, 3173, 7, 5, 360, 3060, 4, 144419, 13, 35874, 6423, 621, 14037, 4, 187, 4806, 678, 21334, 101935, 111, 103401, 214, 38750, 7, 5, 360, 27060, 4, 1632, 35874, 254, 1543, 85493, 237, 10, 21334, 21917, 257, 4, 1295, 3129, 70, 3789, 35874, 6423, 10756, 7565, 4, 6, 190358, 70, 46512, 53, 47, 38188, 23, 9803, 7401, 64457, 111, 8035, 142, 3089, 2822, 47, 10, 18652, 71579, 5, 581, 128, 11684, 13, 111, 64707, 1158, 10133, 621, 164917, 3501, 8382, 111, 222201, 55, 12097, 84433, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 23, 148064, 5, 106073, 2684, 64707, 1158, 10133, 765, 10, 128, 16831, 532, 36541, 4, 903, 83, 959, 11343, 4092, 9, 150, 6496, 4, 136, 23, 5941, 114149, 4, 32316, 7, 31247, 538, 237, 10, 17688, 538, 42238, 214, 13245, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 64707, 532, 46512, 53, 5, 160193, 4, 6097, 128, 16831, 532, 13245, 7, 1543, 186, 221, 8, 48281, 3674, 237, 47, 167969, 92635, 37876, 66695, 707, 113008, 7, 4, 85590, 538, 58055, 214, 111, 142, 54015, 3674, 738, 9169, 5, 581, 14361, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 65949, 9, 5062, 286, 4134, 1165, 15789, 297, 390, 37876, 66695, 5, 62, 43333, 9, 5062, 45646, 10756, 7, 7565, 1295, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 286, 4134, 1165, 4, 136, 96853, 70, 113008, 99, 6863, 6069, 5, 17006, 64707, 1158, 66, 128, 11684, 13, 765, 1660, 22759, 37876, 66695, 4, 102971, 10, 14012, 111, 131527, 7, 32316, 5, 21654, 81551, 38750, 7, 621, 14037, 98, 70, 37876, 66695, 136, 10932, 70, 113008, 5, 581, 113008, 37105, 7, 3934, 10, 9879, 201957, 151517, 939, 5, 65056, 4567, 289, 26944, 7, 37067, 70, 201957, 47, 142, 78301, 4, 115339, 26944, 51042, 10932, 70, 3647, 111, 70, 87219, 4, 1660, 36917, 70, 37876, 66695, 5, 73425, 27686, 123635, 122417, 7, 2843, 13315, 70, 24045, 111, 70, 87219, 4, 6, 190358, 70, 26249, 47, 25813, 33233, 390, 75939, 21286, 18264, 214, 136, 20648, 214, 6863, 14361, 5, 893, 78301, 2412, 17463, 111, 108055, 13, 400, 90, 1660, 46132, 70, 24045, 4, 24, 18304, 14775, 70, 10, 1264, 6644, 99, 70, 3647, 111, 70, 286, 4134, 1165, 4, 136, 2685, 1272, 118055, 70, 37772, 111, 70, 14700, 2118, 71, 55, 18, 111, 7401, 5, 581, 11066, 13048, 5426, 83, 225073, 538, 175961, 100, 501, 93, 1506, 72004, 5, 32964, 24030, 13, 6, 46828, 28127, 20903, 47, 70, 92142, 111, 70, 87219, 4, 136, 25379, 122417, 7, 3934, 70, 123635, 7, 136, 37876, 66695, 5, 581, 107396, 44, 294, 147, 3478, 58, 1556, 3853, 2809, 113771, 47, 158566, 131168, 71, 4642, 7884, 5, 93511, 10821, 10422, 7484, 7, 621, 20903, 538, 137272, 678, 70, 24030, 13, 6, 46828, 5, 17006, 538, 6097, 621, 8781, 43111, 53, 24030, 13, 86658, 7, 4, 1284, 1836, 2843, 26698, 6464, 2408, 271, 7, 136, 128489, 13, 22729, 9, 176302, 13, 36, 144002, 5, 126442, 532, 46512, 3387, 621, 56104, 8314, 13, 60744, 4, 3129, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 126442, 1158, 11, 15, 180220, 1158, 10133, 4, 1295, 142, 45964, 160600, 6, 246756, 45126, 3538, 4, 44, 117258, 69376, 42, 830, 44, 36448, 58, 136, 30640, 244513, 9768, 4, 44, 169, 69376, 1830, 830, 44, 161834, 18939, 621, 10, 24643, 5831, 21068, 18507, 111, 11651, 538, 4552, 19336, 4, 1653, 4597, 53, 85825, 4, 3060, 20245, 867, 53, 136, 3060, 190070, 4, 2684, 38043, 23, 28279, 7401, 5, 581, 46512, 3387, 111, 70, 190070, 114149, 831, 186, 21334, 4, 136, 23, 3060, 50218, 70, 5361, 29367, 11651, 85825, 53418, 188545, 50782, 70, 46512, 53, 5, 62, 10846, 12663, 28032, 903, 18507, 6867, 23, 63335, 7401, 5, 126442, 1158, 10133, 621, 62548, 47, 55, 12097, 84433, 136, 184518, 7, 136, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 6, 34053, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Anatomy.", "Polyps.", "Medusae.", "Lifecycle.", "Systematics and evolution.", "Other classifications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Most hydrozoan species include both a polypoid and a medusoid stage in their lifecycles, although a number of them have only one or the other. For example, \"Hydra\" has no medusoid stage, while \"Liriope\" lacks the hydroid stage.", "The hydroid form is usually colonial, with multiple polyps connected by tubelike hydrocauli. The hollow cavity in the middle of the polyp extends into the associated hydrocaulus, so that all the individuals of the colony are intimately connected. Where the hydrocaulus runs along the substrate, it form a horizontal root-like stolon that anchors the colony to the bottom. The colonies are generally small, no more than a few centimeters across, but some in Siphonophorae can reach sizes of several meters. They may have a tree-like or fan-like appearance, depending on species. The polyps themselves are usually tiny, although some noncolonial species are much larger, reaching, or, in the case of the deep-sea \"Branchiocerianthus\", a remarkable 2 m (6.6 ft). The hydrocaulus is usually surrounded by a sheath of chitin and proteins called the perisarc. In some species, this extends upwards to also enclose part of the polyps, in some cases including a closeable lid through which the polyp may extend its tentacles. In any given colony, the majority of polyps are specialized for feeding. These have a more or less cylindrical body with a terminal mouth on a raised protuberance called the hypostome, surrounded by a number of tentacles. The polyp contains a central cavity, in which initial digestion takes place. Partially digested food may then be passed into the hydrocaulus for distribution around the colony and completion of the digestion process. Unlike some other cnidarian groups, the lining of the central cavity lacks stinging nematocysts, which are found only on the tentacles and outer surface. All colonial hydrozoans also include some polyps specialized for reproduction. These lack tentacles and contain numerous buds from which the medusoid stage of the lifecycle is produced. The arrangement and type of these reproductive polyps varies considerably between different groups. In addition to these two basic types of polyps, a few colonial species have other specialized forms. In some, defensive polyps are found, armed with large numbers of stinging cells. In others, one polyp may develop as a large float, from which the other polyps hang down, allowing the colony to drift in open water instead of being anchored to a solid surface.", "The medusae of hydrozoans are smaller than those of typical jellyfish, ranging from in diameter. Although most hydrozoans have a medusoid stage, this is not always free-living, and in many species, exists solely as a sexually reproducing bud on the surface of the hydroid colony. Sometimes, these medusoid buds may be so degenerated as to entirely lack tentacles or mouths, essentially consisting of an isolated gonad. The body consists of a dome-like umbrella ringed by tentacles. A tube-like structure hangs down from the centre of the umbrella, and includes the mouth at its tip. Most hydrozoan medusae have just four tentacles, although a number of exceptions exist. Stinging cells are found on the tentacles and around the mouth. The mouth leads into a central stomach cavity. Four radial canals connect the stomach to an additional, circular canal running around the base of the bell, just above the tentacles. Striated muscle fibres also line the rim of the bell, allowing the animal to move along by alternately contracting and relaxing its body. An additional shelf of tissue lies just inside the rim, narrowing the aperture at the base of the umbrella, and thereby increasing the force of the expelled jet of water. The nervous system is unusually advanced for cnidarians. Two nerve rings lie close to the margin of the bell, and send fibres into the muscles and tentacles. The genus \"Sarsia\" has even been reported to possess organised ganglia. Numerous sense organs are closely associated with the nerve rings. Mostly these are simple sensory nerve endings, but they also include statocysts and primitive light-sensitive ocelli.", "Hydroid colonies are usually dioecious, which means they have separate sexes—all the polyps in each colony are either male or female, but not usually both sexes in the same colony. In some species, the reproductive polyps, known as gonozooids (or \"gonotheca\" in thecate hydrozoans) bud off asexually produced medusae. These tiny, new medusae (which are either male or female) mature and spawn, releasing gametes freely into the sea in most cases. Zygotes become free-swimming planula larvae or actinula larvae that either settle on a suitable substrate (in the case of planulae), or swim and develop into another medusa or polyp directly (actinulae). Colonial hydrozoans include siphonophore colonies, \"Hydractinia\", \"Obelia\", and many others. In hydrozoan species with both polyp and medusa generations, the medusa stage is the sexually reproductive phase. Medusae of these species of Hydrozoa are known as \"hydromedusae\". Most hydromedusae have shorter lifespans than the larger scyphozoan jellyfish. Some species of hydromedusae release gametes shortly after they are themselves released from the hydroids (as in the case of fire corals), living only a few hours, while other species of hydromedusae grow and feed in the plankton for months, spawning daily for many days before their supply of food or other water conditions deteriorate and cause their demise.", "The earliest Hydrozoans may be from the Vendian (late Precambrian), more than 540 million years ago. Hydrozoan systematics are highly complex. Several approaches for expressing their interrelationships were proposed and heavily contested since the late 19th century, but in more recent times a consensus seems to be emerging. Historically, the hydrozoans were divided into a number of orders, according to their mode of growth and reproduction. Most famous among these was probably the assemblage called \"Hydroida\", but this group is apparently paraphyletic, united by plesiomorphic (ancestral) traits. Other such orders were the Anthoathecatae, Actinulidae, Laingiomedusae, Polypodiozoa, Siphonophora and Trachylina. As far as can be told from the molecular and morphological data at hand, the Siphonophora for example were just highly specialized \"hydroids,\" whereas the Limnomedusae—presumed to be a \"hydroid\" suborder—were simply very primitive hydrozoans and not closely related to the other \"hydroids.\" So, the hydrozoans now are at least tentatively divided into two subclasses, the Leptolinae (containing the bulk of the former \"Hydroida\" and the Siphonophora) and the Trachylinae, containing the others (including the Limnomedusae). The monophyly of several of the presumed orders in each subclass is still in need of verification. In any case, according to this classification, the hydrozoans can be subdivided as follows, with taxon names emended to end in \"-ae\": Class Hydrozoa ITIS uses the same system, but unlike here, does not use the oldest available names for many groups. In addition, there exists a cnidarian parasite, \"Polypodium hydriforme\", which lives inside its host's cells. It is sometimes placed in the Hydrozoa, though its relationships are currently unresolved—a somewhat controversial 18S rRNA sequence analysis found it to be closer to the also parasitic Myxozoan. It was traditionally placed in its own class, Polypodiozoa, and this view is often seen to reflect the uncertainties surrounding this highly distinct animal.", "Some of the more widespread classification systems for the Hydrozoa are listed below. Though they are often found in seemingly authoritative Internet sources and databases, they do not agree with the available data. Especially the presumed phylogenetic distinctness of the Siphonophora is a major flaw that was corrected only recently. The obsolete classification mentioned above was: A very old classification that is sometimes still seen is: Catalogue of Life uses: Animal Diversity Web uses:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 91658, 11, 13, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 67241, 9, 568, 557, 9, 183921, 36418, 661, 58, 20861, 10597, 9, 42, 9, 58, 44, 46799, 1242, 10660, 3542, 7311, 538, 70, 3445, 41274, 7, 111, 31425, 23, 6863, 12921, 34003, 289, 128746, 4, 1284, 23, 14432, 20028, 1836, 3542, 28601, 297, 237, 2355, 68442, 7, 111, 12989, 23, 4537, 136, 6083, 87338, 5, 44, 3957, 53, 19095, 136, 2965, 8770, 26759, 13, 7432, 4, 1836, 1380, 136, 738, 23, 213246, 678, 70, 11037, 27165, 111, 70, 120164, 31075, 111, 31425, 136, 111, 6897, 830, 17038, 7354, 33, 2387, 139999, 71, 12, 44, 58, 91658, 11, 58, 26950, 242, 2347, 26785, 3095, 25, 1242, 97299, 25958, 4, 1836, 56050, 297, 70, 70836, 7, 111, 68237, 223, 4, 125568, 71, 70, 92895, 2481, 111, 70, 109270, 4, 136, 168499, 297, 70, 6057, 7, 136, 158, 37219, 21094, 5, 581, 15411, 111, 70, 34003, 7, 509, 2843, 26582, 71407, 151552, 237, 70, 82393, 111, 70, 86425, 13, 4, 136, 1836, 3542, 59499, 538, 34475, 70, 150380, 90, 111, 31576, 189067, 4, 588, 30962, 329, 136, 4224, 329, 7844, 63335, 7432, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 1529, 172, 2199, 25, 7, 44, 108259, 7, 136, 97292, 830, 70, 44075, 9, 75512, 297, 44, 91658, 508, 830, 25842, 678, 70, 21656, 52164, 136, 1460, 217, 497, 13081, 7710, 4378, 11606, 2451, 7816, 111, 44, 5584, 18466, 7, 58, 2451, 76228, 3671, 15534, 111, 189067, 5, 209683, 538, 5787, 48362, 27413, 4, 50419, 9966, 1295, 70, 15520, 136, 38162, 10, 134369, 99, 27939, 26992, 7, 4, 83, 40989, 297, 136, 69979, 14534, 390, 70, 44, 91658, 508, 830, 136, 4, 59499, 47, 10, 613, 686, 6496, 38551, 111, 70, 28, 18695, 44, 441, 30400, 1651, 830, 5787, 48362, 27413, 4323, 107, 203538, 7228, 100, 604, 390, 70, 21656, 52164, 136, 86425, 14, 4, 2160, 297, 678, 31576, 189067, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 91658, 508, 58, 61261, 95549, 5, 581, 14012, 111, 86425, 13, 10861, 297, 59499, 47, 12921, 97264, 4, 1284, 509, 2684, 39210, 538, 17262, 12, 40101, 70, 104713, 111, 5971, 9284, 4, 5655, 5387, 136, 3980, 771, 15, 7803, 68442, 7, 111, 70, 12989, 111, 31425, 16, 707, 5177, 1687, 399, 15, 7803, 988, 7, 111, 4127, 12989, 136, 27165, 7844, 55080, 16, 136, 604, 114015, 7, 803, 350, 15, 7803, 988, 7, 111, 117400, 16, 136, 4565, 43994, 15, 7803, 988, 7, 111, 126609, 194, 360, 1172, 8797, 4, 6626, 86425, 13, 4, 43257, 3501, 17262, 4, 3542, 75530, 93, 5281, 44136, 39, 78458, 41710, 136, 51065, 12, 62, 6077, 66677, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 15700, 9351, 100, 5655, 5387, 16, 136, 930, 7605, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 15700, 9351, 100, 3980, 771, 194, 360, 72399, 1175, 7701, 56, 1419, 206019, 7, 4, 1836, 3542, 51592, 237, 15678, 1076, 409, 34609, 2750, 3542, 225415, 20051, 237, 2355, 68442, 7, 7103, 1836, 1902, 2809, 44691, 126351, 3474, 14534, 47, 47219, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 59121, 41392, 111, 44, 91658, 508, 58, 83, 23, 70, 44, 24687, 7144, 58, 7440, 1836, 108975, 237, 13695, 1314, 111, 3786, 223, 25, 7, 76746, 70836, 7, 5, 44, 30404, 71, 538, 2499, 144851, 7, 111, 450, 32354, 621, 14037, 23, 70, 221419, 40250, 4, 58, 17038, 30888, 19, 4922, 456, 79466, 23, 452, 6953, 5, 10660, 3542, 76849, 7, 111, 3786, 223, 136, 581, 2179, 4, 23552, 9, 172, 37499, 47, 70, 32129, 8287, 5, 581, 86425, 14, 621, 119056, 23, 6626, 128746, 23, 1529, 172, 2199, 136, 70, 2005, 12259, 3905, 39, 1779, 12, 6619, 70, 5117, 4, 1286, 16031, 4, 1927, 712, 137272, 678, 5787, 48362, 27413, 136, 3786, 223, 83, 2363, 59665, 7, 237, 119492, 7, 111, 20028, 111, 6897, 4, 75678, 15, 2940, 70, 54704, 289, 17262, 34003, 7, 111, 6602, 2077, 1913, 94100, 7, 4, 6626, 86425, 13, 12, 5971, 9284, 15, 2347, 86425, 111, 31576, 16, 136, 3980, 771, 15, 2347, 86425, 111, 10, 89583, 19, 247, 2843, 108975, 23, 12296, 90, 111, 1913, 7636, 959, 297, 390, 42172, 64690, 162, 23, 70, 116, 2208, 142642, 19831, 5, 5971, 9284, 4, 5655, 5387, 136, 3980, 771, 621, 27983, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 5585, 3630, 4, 10, 76849, 111, 7422, 13, 162, 15, 2347, 2355, 64, 3445, 41274, 111, 70, 23924, 38660, 16, 136, 62719, 29178, 399, 64, 86380, 14, 29178, 399, 15, 124524, 538, 10, 67573, 2448, 26531, 4, 2750, 509, 14432, 8, 47314, 237, 10, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 91097, 101120, 32382, 7, 247, 136, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 64, 30816, 41274, 111, 108203, 136, 41710, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 5585, 3630, 4, 5971, 9284, 4, 5655, 5387, 136, 3980, 771, 3542, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 22, 28889, 4588, 111, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 70, 15504, 111, 70, 34003, 7, 4, 77667, 26551, 5, 6619, 70, 17932, 1927, 712, 137272, 47, 581, 2179, 136, 3786, 223, 100, 27165, 136, 12989, 12, 581, 4568, 1927, 712, 111, 86425, 13, 509, 207487, 390, 3905, 6820, 223, 12, 3775, 7851, 23, 1919, 44, 14055, 6833, 172, 8355, 58, 41392, 7, 10, 117781, 5423, 111, 22759, 86425, 13, 4, 70, 76849, 7, 111, 93219, 232, 5, 72742, 223, 159, 1176, 7676, 19005, 2843, 150380, 90, 70, 86425, 13, 237, 70, 76849, 7, 111, 93219, 232, 136, 33695, 86, 4, 136, 98363, 7, 2856, 237, 70, 22759, 3535, 48206, 1755, 111, 1840, 11, 5, 581, 34003, 7, 3542, 3445, 47314, 390, 70, 142, 45964, 7, 4, 70, 160600, 7, 33636, 297, 2856, 137567, 237, 24793, 1284, 98, 3060, 142, 20873, 42762, 7, 1836, 621, 8, 18695, 3674, 237, 19916, 17704, 20020, 678, 150380, 90, 105482, 47, 12638, 34003, 5, 581, 160600, 34153, 100, 70, 22759, 34003, 7, 111, 6602, 12, 37962, 63300, 1556, 33636, 297, 70, 22759, 34003, 7, 390, 28368, 7, 79442, 19, 1295, 70, 333, 2661, 12, 38026, 83, 11469, 7092, 297, 390, 16173, 136, 70077, 23, 87032, 13, 12, 79428, 4, 390, 124302, 67830, 11, 592, 12, 62, 89583, 19, 4, 390, 184311, 136, 127164, 275, 81148, 214, 4224, 13569, 1295, 70, 103036, 71, 3551, 74, 136, 30870, 4, 390, 70, 146, 39987, 5, 360, 1286, 5744, 18811, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 70, 86425, 13, 15, 16, 707, 86425, 14, 15, 16, 707, 133250, 7, 15, 4, 44, 841, 69376, 8287, 830, 4, 44, 4233, 11, 42182, 18939, 3542, 70, 2355, 68442, 7, 111, 70, 34003, 7, 136, 70, 6083, 126826, 7, 111, 1733, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Function.", "Names and numbers.", "The earlier Argive Horae.", "The classical Horae triads.", "First triad.", "Second triad.", "Third triad.", "The Four Seasons.", "Modern influence.", "The Hours.", "The nine Hours.", "The ten or twelve Hours.", "The twenty-four Hours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "The word \"Horae\" comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *\"Hioh-r-\" \"year.\"", "They were originally the personifications of nature in its different seasonal aspects, but in later times they were regarded as goddesses of order in general and natural justice. \"They bring and bestow ripeness, they come and go in accordance with the firm law of the periodicities of nature and of life\", Karl Kerenyi observed: \"\"Hora\" means 'the correct moment'.\" Traditionally, they guarded the gates of Olympus, promoted the fertility of the earth, and rallied the stars and constellations. The course of the seasons was also symbolically described as the dance of the Horae, and they were accordingly given the attributes of spring flowers, fragrance and graceful freshness. For example, in Hesiod's \"Works and Days\", the fair-haired \"Horai\", together with the Charites and Peitho crown Pandora—she of \"all gifts\"—with garlands of flowers. Similarly Aphrodite, emerging from the sea and coming ashore at Cyprus, is dressed and adorned by the \"Horai\", and, according to a surviving fragment of the epic \"Cypria\", Aphrodite wore clothing made for her by the Charites and Horai, dyed with spring flowers, such as the \"Horai\" themselves wear.", "The number of Horae varied according to different sources, but was most commonly three: either the trio of Thallo, Auxo and Carpo (goddesses of the order of nature) or Eunomia (goddess of good order and lawful conduct) and her sisters Dike (goddess of Justice) and Eirene (goddess of Peace).", "In Argos, two Horae, rather than three, were recognised presumably winter and summer: Auxesia (possibly another name for Auxo) and Damia (possibly another name for Carpo). In late euhemerist interpretations, they were seen as Cretan maidens who were worshipped as goddesses after they had been wrongfully stoned to death.", "The earliest written mention of \"Horai\" is in the \"Iliad\" where they appear as keepers of Zeus's cloud gates. \"Hardly any traces of that function are found in the subsequent tradition,\" Karl Galinsky remarked in passing. They were daughters of Zeus and Themis, half-sisters to the Moirai. The Horai are mentioned in two aspects in Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns:", "Of the first, more familiar, triad associated with Aphrodite and Zeus is their origins as emblems of times of life, growth (and the classical three seasons of year): At Athens, two Horae: Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), also appear in rites of Attica noted by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD. Thallo, Auxo and Carpo are often accompanied by Chione, a daughter of Boreas (the god/ personification of the North Wind) and Orithyia/ Oreithyia (originally a mortal princess, who was later deified as a goddess of cold mountain winds), and the goddess/personification of snow and winter. Along with Chione, Thallo, Auxo and Carpo were a part of the entourage of the goddess of the turn of the seasons, Persephone.", "Of the second triad associated to Themis and Zeus for law and order:", "The last triad of Horae was identified by Hyginus:", "Nonnus in his \"Dionysiaca\" mentions a distinct set of four Horae, the daughters of Helios. Quintus Smyrnaeus also attributes the Horae as the daughters of Helios and Selene, and describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera. The seasons were personified by the ancients, the Greeks represented them generally as women but on some antique monuments they are depicted as winged children with attributes peculiar to each season. The Greek words for the four seasons of year:", "Poussin has represented the four seasons by subjects drawn from the bible: Spring is portrayed by Adam and Eve in paradise: Summer, by Ruth gleaning: Autumn, by Joshua and Caleb bearing grapes from the promised land; and Winter, by the deluge. In more modern representations the seasons are often surrounding Apollo: Spring, as Flora, crowned with flowers, and in a shaded green drapery over a white robe: Summer, standing under the lion in the zodiac, with a gold-coloured drapery over a white gauze vestment, the edges of which are tinged by the yellow rays of the sun, holding a sickle, having near her a wheat-sheaf : Autumn, as a Bacchante, in a violet-coloured garment, pressing grapes with one band into a golden cup, which she holds in the other; and Winter as an aged person, placed in the shade at a great distance from the god.", "Finally, a quite separate suite of Horae personified the twelve hours (originally only ten), as tutelary goddesses of the times of day. The hours run from just before sunrise to just after sunset, thus winter hours are short, summer hours are long:", "According to Hyginus, the list is only of nine, borrowed from the three classical triads alternated:", "A distinct set of ten or twelve Hours is much less known and they are described as daughters of Chronos (Time):", "The last set of hours of the day and night is allegorically represented in the following:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 44, 71, 58, 23, 18799, 14941, 44, 927, 24658, 58, 15, 161063, 110680, 25074, 14941, 44, 10830, 309, 748, 18939, 83, 28, 2278, 2347, 9523, 4, 136, 83, 5036, 14037, 237, 5299, 23, 18799, 174705, 44, 246, 7944, 58, 15, 121422, 102256, 174705, 44, 4445, 107, 830, 136, 25074, 83429, 13, 44, 10830, 748, 42, 830, 25074, 9173, 39209, 44, 10830, 309, 56, 830, 25074, 19694, 30839, 44, 246, 2322, 58, 60887, 297, 1295, 67241, 9, 191697, 1771, 661, 58, 10830, 309, 5272, 51029, 360, 42845, 70, 13579, 509, 44, 1507, 1046, 58, 44, 188, 4911, 7944, 740, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 98340, 2355, 38692, 32497, 1295, 70, 25074, 83429, 13, 2565, 100, 4911, 7944, 5, 581, 99764, 67241, 9, 568, 557, 9, 183921, 74855, 83, 661, 58, 43276, 9, 42, 244357, 58, 707, 44, 1639, 830, 2843, 14037, 26336, 15227, 44, 63031, 66, 164, 58, 136, 43482, 118, 67, 44, 63031, 15288, 18, 740, 581, 22304, 111, 4911, 7944, 1556, 2809, 70, 28368, 111, 202032, 90, 111, 149575, 1363, 136, 57456, 23, 3181, 1294, 5, 241, 147, 538, 47644, 509, 450, 442, 509, 7228, 390, 8, 31075, 1284, 70, 142, 45964, 160600, 6, 119598, 1314, 150380, 297, 442, 47, 6083, 113660, 4, 6044, 237, 32382, 22223, 6048, 76746, 7, 15, 73026, 53950, 37412, 4, 126562, 17991, 16, 136, 112664, 111, 1831, 28032, 76746, 7, 15, 168678, 59869, 223, 194, 581, 12610, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 128270, 13, 26766, 34658, 442, 509, 1295, 70, 45730, 111, 256, 379, 61770, 6238, 28032, 76746, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 8363, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 68186, 71, 154453, 509, 450, 22729, 592, 181653, 10, 241433, 74, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 450, 241433, 181653, 2367, 83, 51529, 237, 4911, 7944, 5, 360, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 10, 133238, 7, 216479, 71, 450, 4911, 7944, 8110, 9842, 678, 10, 129517, 259, 272, 23, 70, 1831, 4743, 47, 70, 8932, 555, 70, 42, 2749, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 80796, 23, 70, 22729, 592, 86723, 5, 581, 52768, 46132, 70, 22729, 592, 86723, 4, 72350, 71, 390, 48502, 29088, 114137, 4, 41110, 7, 20271, 6863, 836, 15247, 7, 6, 116311, 4, 9588, 214, 189173, 538, 1295, 142, 61475, 52768, 111, 1672, 6, 91578, 341, 47, 1672, 6, 133446, 341, 4, 7068, 36069, 10366, 16065, 128839, 538, 47, 1672, 84428, 341, 5, 581, 83080, 83, 1672, 5, 3293, 80097, 214, 113660, 10, 25545, 1810, 19364, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 24725, 214, 70, 206990, 21185, 56, 1831, 99, 10, 38352, 4271, 56, 3501, 45730, 2806, 120262, 26983, 5, 581, 31805, 660, 1810, 19364, 9, 432, 6496, 55111, 13, 83, 10, 129517, 259, 272, 4, 21373, 23, 24702, 133, 47, 70, 129517, 259, 272, 100, 4806, 390, 142, 24649, 6889, 4, 707, 99, 70, 12912, 111, 10, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 5, 146797, 289, 96335, 111, 40226, 3674, 22729, 592, 765, 181653, 50339, 21334, 538, 74729, 678, 903, 3299, 4, 21208, 2685, 83, 136475, 29865, 1672, 70, 134995, 72761, 191619, 7, 111, 70, 9433, 5, 64511, 113660, 765, 2843, 2809, 26171, 71, 4, 456, 538, 214, 98, 77556, 242554, 93425, 111, 70, 106750, 43581, 1030, 1916, 98, 70, 80796, 23, 70, 90445, 111, 22729, 592, 5, 581, 129517, 259, 272, 23, 4911, 7944, 83, 6, 129980, 47, 22304, 57266, 82649, 136, 182260, 4, 6044, 237, 70796, 158, 458, 6889, 4, 47, 79165, 43573, 1272, 5, 139808, 831, 59615, 6644, 70, 67896, 131453, 7, 111, 3395, 43573, 1272, 4, 105207, 47, 28123, 538, 566, 109637, 297, 129271, 5, 31267, 2174, 959, 4, 442, 831, 37105, 47, 142458, 53, 8, 2407, 7432, 5, 3453, 13567, 92, 82, 144, 5, 15, 19, 5, 71, 5, 16, 113771, 450, 70, 102678, 111, 4911, 7944, 6817, 3934, 39283, 7, 35509, 98, 459, 1674, 7432, 4, 115, 30494, 4, 136, 163451, 5, 44, 441, 96091, 58, 621, 459, 1674, 102678, 6, 120027, 126175, 47, 116, 94131, 136, 70541, 214, 77546, 163451, 90, 5, 44, 18144, 16765, 58, 621, 102678, 151134, 23, 459, 1674, 7432, 136, 163451, 5, 44, 211258, 7, 58, 621, 105843, 17664, 54889, 111, 459, 1674, 7432, 136, 163451, 90, 5, 44, 1052, 316, 13566, 58, 621, 40715, 459, 1674, 4, 4568, 100, 51713, 15, 2037, 47, 1286, 3501, 496, 94131, 247, 136, 111, 27226, 163451, 5, 360, 46354, 4911, 7944, 50339, 3229, 22729, 592, 153350, 7, 17721, 76746, 136, 61585, 74918, 20271, 10, 52768, 23, 46354, 74, 70, 16750, 214, 4911, 7944, 45730, 765, 207583, 117396, 10, 12600, 28692, 48302, 3501, 1295, 70, 5701, 62488, 23, 10, 351, 9, 73, 46354, 35431, 5, 360, 142, 23, 46354, 4, 70, 1831, 43573, 70, 61585, 83, 21185, 56, 3501, 70, 77546, 1831, 74, 23, 46354, 7, 27983, 74918, 3229, 24814, 13411, 18, 1831, 10922, 7, 36917, 10, 91097, 12912, 5, 17106, 73, 10, 52768, 23, 46354, 4, 70, 45730, 48302, 83, 56282, 297, 1295, 225202, 449, 79259, 538, 237, 442, 2806, 23, 10, 351, 9, 73, 46354, 136, 83, 4911, 7, 142156, 297, 23, 70, 43573, 9, 64330, 135355, 5, 48316, 9, 64330, 22729, 592, 205794, 58055, 111, 6626, 707, 1286, 30646, 120472, 7, 4, 1295, 61585, 47, 76746, 5, 147466, 30646, 120472, 7, 765, 117396, 10, 12600, 28692, 48302, 3501, 70, 5117, 5, 581, 2684, 60322, 2886, 43585, 111, 22729, 592, 136, 4911, 7944, 83, 450, 70, 22729, 592, 83, 51592, 8108, 70, 4911, 7944, 83, 49782, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 38352, 111, 22729, 8035, 5045, 117396, 3501, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 5, 42413, 23, 36898, 1831, 83, 189275, 138, 11548, 347, 64, 7, 707, 69276, 3768, 6, 2480, 64, 7, 707, 99, 387, 16207, 441, 15, 16028, 16207, 919, 194, 3293, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 189275, 138, 94131, 117, 140635, 11516, 94131, 117, 84765, 3142, 54433, 44, 3630, 199823, 136, 1632, 27, 1632, 199823, 136, 6626, 7673, 83, 10, 80234, 55300, 111, 54529, 214, 70, 94131, 1295, 70, 117, 63928, 111, 10, 34475, 22729, 592, 30128, 47, 70, 117, 63928, 111, 6863, 4911, 7944, 15, 143321, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 33835, 429, 70, 241846, 939, 111, 22729, 592, 100, 70, 72018, 111, 81900, 194, 62, 4552, 124498, 30128, 111, 22729, 592, 136, 142, 39555, 134477, 13, 10821, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 139808, 83, 70, 45730, 143434, 390, 22729, 592, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 62488, 1295, 136, 31425, 111, 70, 22729, 592, 4, 442, 831, 37457, 1295, 10, 189173, 4, 459, 1674, 116546, 47, 10, 4989, 4, 27226, 7853, 2661, 15, 46080, 118, 112, 194, 581, 8932, 555, 51312, 23, 81147, 136, 52768, 1295, 22729, 592, 27489, 7, 25545, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 1831, 28032, 136, 206990, 70, 60875, 111, 10, 22729, 592, 153350, 5, 360, 15504, 4, 903, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 1831, 28282, 7, 10, 775, 1771, 129517, 259, 272, 4, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 44, 927, 24658, 238, 6324, 58, 707, 44, 106398, 111, 4911, 7944, 740, 581, 35187, 111, 4911, 7944, 83, 51529, 237, 44, 46080, 18, 25443, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Cause.", "Consequences.", "Types.", "Perception." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The \"d\" in Modern English \"thunder\" (from earlier Old English \"þunor\") is epenthetic, and is now found as well in Modern Dutch \"donder\" (cp Middle Dutch \"donre\", and Old Norse \"þorr\", Old Frisian \"þuner\", Old High German \"donar\" descended from Proto-Germanic *\"þunraz\"). In Latin the term was \"tonare\" \"to thunder\". The name of the Nordic god Thor comes from the Old Norse word for thunder. The shared Proto-Indo-European root is *\"tón-r̥\" or \"*\", also found Gaulish \"Taranis\" and Hittite \"Tarhunt\".", "The cause of thunder has been the subject of centuries of speculation and scientific inquiry. Early thinking was that it was made by deities but the ancient Greek philosophers attributed it to natural causes, such as wind striking clouds (Anaximander, Aristotle) and movement of air within clouds (Democritus). The Roman philosopher, Lucretius held it was from the sound of hail colliding within clouds. By the mid-19th century, the accepted theory was that lightning produced a vacuum; the collapse of that vacuum produced what is known as thunder. In the 20th century a consensus evolved that thunder must begin with a shock wave in the air due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel. The temperature inside the lightning channel, measured by spectral analysis, varies during its 50 μs existence, rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20,000 K to about 30,000 K, then dropping away gradually to about 10,000 K. The average is about. This heating causes a rapid outward expansion, impacting the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would otherwise travel. The resultant outward-moving pulse is a shock wave, similar in principle to the shock wave formed by an explosion, or at the front of a supersonic aircraft. Experimental studies of simulated lightning have produced results largely consistent with this model, though there is continued debate about the precise physical mechanisms of the process. Other causes have also been proposed, relying on electrodynamic effects of the massive current acting on the plasma in the bolt of lightning.", "The shock wave in thunder is sufficient to cause property damage and injury, such as internal contusion, to individuals nearby. Thunder can rupture the eardrums of people nearby, leading to permanently impaired hearing. Even if not, it can lead to temporary deafness.", "Vavrek et al. (n.d.) reported that the sounds of thunder fall into categories based on loudness, duration, and pitch. \"Claps\" are loud sounds lasting 0.2 to 2 seconds and containing higher pitches. \"Peals\" are sounds changing in loudness and pitch. \"Rolls\" are irregular mixtures of loudness and pitches. \"Rumbles\" are less loud, last for longer (up to more than 30 seconds), and of low pitch. Inversion thunder results when lightning strikes between cloud and ground occur during a temperature inversion; the resulting thunder sound have significantly greater acoustic energy than from the same distance in a non-inversion condition. In an inversion, the air near the ground is cooler than the higher air; inversions often occur when warm moist air passes above a cold front. Within a temperature inversion, the sound energy is prevented from dispersing vertically as it would in a non-inversion and is thus concentrated in the near-ground layer. Cloud-ground lightning typically consist of two or more return strokes, from ground to cloud. Later return strokes have greater acoustic energy than the first.", "The most noticeable aspect of lightning and thunder is that the lightning is seen before the thunder is heard. This is a consequence of the speed of light being much greater than the speed of sound. Sound in dry air is approximately 343 m/s or 1,127 ft/s or at 20 °C (68 °F). This translates to approximately 3 seconds per kilometre (5 seconds per mile); saying \"one thousand and one... one thousand and two...\" is a useful method of counting the seconds from the perception of a given lightning flash to the perception of its thunder (which can be used to gauge the proximity of lightning for the sake of safety). A very bright flash of lightning and an almost simultaneous sharp \"crack\" of thunder, a \"thundercrack\", therefore indicates that the lightning strike was very near. Close-in lightning has been described first as a clicking or cloth-tearing sound, then a cannon shot sound or loud crack/snap, followed by continuous rumbling. The early sounds are from the leader parts of lightning, then the near parts of the return stroke, then the distant parts of the return stroke." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 105459, 191, 80723, 678, 10, 13315, 2037, 100, 4806, 390, 36770, 106294, 43032, 7948, 44, 571, 32920, 58, 3311, 13534, 98, 108171, 7, 4, 10208, 57418, 19, 15, 57332, 1381, 14487, 59782, 4, 35923, 7, 4293, 16, 136, 36770, 48359, 32786, 147756, 70189, 98, 101275, 7, 4, 41550, 44, 8331, 60060, 58, 91162, 1681, 98, 4950, 7, 74, 136, 1460, 67, 110226, 98, 47617, 7, 136, 3542, 7311, 538, 24, 4806, 44, 69611, 111, 10, 27774, 206, 740, 581, 8753, 98816, 2363, 9351, 47, 105459, 191, 16610, 538, 7103, 19364, 7, 5, 10660, 26859, 1810, 390, 21647, 214, 8060, 121892, 98, 9742, 678, 1286, 170920, 8753, 7, 6044, 237, 2501, 29329, 31251, 5, 360, 24849, 4, 70, 8753, 181141, 47, 70, 92265, 17164, 67967, 81220, 13, 11675, 390, 47192, 1459, 4171, 6431, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 121447, 2363, 28, 5416, 35801, 223, 34377, 7156, 5, 44, 1456, 144009, 7, 111, 109028, 830, 121447, 23, 15643, 4, 116287, 297, 99, 468, 758, 23, 70, 17274, 5, 1650, 5623, 7710, 297, 6626, 5962, 7, 12, 70, 44759, 28560, 136, 70, 131126, 185839, 44, 139091, 15, 97315, 12060, 7, 23, 70, 36151, 16, 740, 36157, 67175, 678, 36272, 4, 105459, 191, 80723, 10, 36549, 111, 4989, 17274, 9742, 7, 5, 2161, 611, 8055, 4, 1836, 85168, 297, 10, 24491, 116816, 99, 70, 5117, 89715, 7, 111, 14434, 8395, 4, 159202, 3674, 390, 70, 25632, 6602, 25, 7, 44, 37839, 70, 14298, 7, 11356, 297, 2161, 740, 581, 481, 5423, 509, 17164, 297, 1284, 959, 51521, 538, 121447, 24189, 52489, 360, 7071, 4, 105459, 191, 7228, 70, 5117, 111, 5941, 170894, 7, 98, 44, 77888, 111, 70, 11584, 7, 830, 51339, 214, 70, 5962, 44, 1456, 144009, 7, 111, 109028, 740, 44, 71713, 4021, 33119, 111, 70, 36293, 58, 509, 121447, 14432, 23, 70, 6602, 4, 116287, 214, 99, 468, 1662, 23, 70, 17274, 5, 137399, 297, 390, 5941, 35992, 47, 186, 2363, 2965, 7156, 4, 442, 104902, 47, 76104, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 1257, 19364, 7, 144291, 5, 32964, 11001, 7, 3542, 31089, 71, 12, 70, 44759, 28560, 136, 44, 397, 5952, 7, 106, 20266, 830, 70, 21, 3055, 1672, 70, 110938, 2320, 111, 345, 5, 294, 5, 34202, 4939, 563, 5, 118963, 5, 6678, 71, 9, 6056, 9742, 7, 111, 14713, 136, 70, 17274, 134629, 237, 70, 7156, 116287, 297, 23, 40368, 28811, 76726, 5, 581, 8753, 1902, 2843, 21647, 297, 6782, 36272, 23, 15758, 4, 7440, 70, 11001, 44, 197261, 75457, 1572, 58, 24765, 297, 23, 70, 116287, 7, 100, 39555, 37195, 21775, 5, 44, 20320, 70, 44, 71713, 4021, 33119, 111, 70, 36293, 58, 9742, 4, 23, 26771, 4, 642, 435, 20904, 4687, 147, 56, 4, 58, 91162, 1681, 189232, 297, 5, 44, 12137, 17569, 764, 509, 1660, 142, 15672, 32485, 5, 1529, 66933, 17262, 13312, 98, 70, 33816, 678, 1821, 5, 378, 186048, 268, 642, 756, 23409, 47, 1957, 44, 73243, 2071, 58383, 289, 50266, 830, 87, 15935, 25, 18, 75530, 93, 184, 20904, 5, 87, 509, 5792, 86352, 94518, 214, 759, 10336, 5773, 5, 4966, 3060, 111, 70, 3789, 51484, 15935, 25, 18, 1957, 70, 99864, 5609, 1242, 360, 26771, 4, 70, 8753, 121447, 2363, 22759, 927, 7156, 44, 4657, 1956, 3493, 54642, 9319, 830, 171332, 47, 2363, 1207, 3647, 5, 50605, 5700, 18925, 4, 6863, 44759, 28560, 44, 4657, 1956, 3493, 54642, 9319, 58, 83, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 12924, 12936, 7701, 5, 581, 7156, 2843, 60213, 71, 1207, 185839, 7, 6044, 237, 44, 112079, 26531, 111, 70, 36151, 830, 44, 6433, 814, 8018, 18280, 42, 58, 136, 44, 37839, 70, 14298, 7, 11356, 297, 2161, 58, 46, 756, 17274, 4792, 387, 5962, 7, 5, 44, 4657, 1956, 3493, 54642, 9319, 58, 134629, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 25, 7, 36272, 136, 23409, 18217, 23, 40368, 28811, 76726, 26719, 70, 17274, 5, 3311, 903, 1733, 4, 70, 8753, 509, 51592, 237, 70, 119893, 111, 70, 541, 43789, 571, 46592, 112664, 4, 678, 22690, 6782, 7, 70599, 3596, 555, 136, 85535, 636, 47864, 71, 25632, 20903, 50155, 5, 9563, 237, 70, 8753, 509, 47, 352, 1299, 92, 98, 10, 4989, 9742, 47, 28960, 70, 36272, 111, 44, 4657, 1956, 3493, 54642, 9319, 830, 47617, 1991, 1460, 67, 110226, 25737, 4, 7103, 23, 461, 2852, 1919, 3535, 5, 581, 8753, 69405, 91995, 71, 4049, 678, 1520, 2679, 527, 21135, 603, 4, 36770, 538, 111, 717, 30525, 4, 2750, 1902, 47, 30698, 70, 64194, 5423, 28032, 10, 5155, 136, 10, 23552, 5, 527, 21135, 603, 83, 7464, 678, 70, 8753, 18925, 5, 44816, 150, 592, 9742, 7, 10932, 70, 17274, 136, 10, 54324, 9, 6056, 9742, 23, 14713, 678, 8060, 27992, 180, 151581, 2027, 38648, 86, 16750, 297, 23, 44, 3957, 144422, 20625, 6557, 297, 58, 15, 159027, 17274, 110, 21162, 5, 1650, 509, 203251, 237, 10, 41929, 7156, 4, 1284, 70, 17164, 14380, 68872, 47, 54452, 442, 237, 10, 11001, 6867, 7156, 4, 8, 61518, 18782, 7, 1295, 70, 8753, 5, 44, 3957, 144422, 20625, 6557, 297, 58, 83, 7464, 103210, 28601, 297, 5, 105459, 191, 2843, 112730, 70, 89715, 7, 6619, 14434, 8395, 13438, 23, 24427, 4, 141753, 70, 5117, 8753, 47, 108975, 2685, 186351, 5, 1301, 70, 541, 43789, 571, 46592, 112664, 80723, 47, 1071, 112, 4, 26819, 25, 7, 44, 105022, 619, 70, 46173, 1294, 830, 2363, 167375, 143092, 7156, 47, 5622, 4, 24124, 105459, 191, 134371, 61261, 237, 70, 105207, 12924, 27992, 23, 14713, 33233, 678, 70599, 3596, 555, 136, 91852, 7, 2319, 525, 5, 581, 44, 105022, 136, 46173, 1294, 11330, 58, 509, 142, 67675, 9742, 450, 80723, 23, 14713, 4, 136, 509, 10, 58696, 36272, 5, 581, 7082, 6049, 111, 70, 9742, 678, 8060, 27992, 111383, 77443, 47, 186, 65771, 136, 105459, 191, 14037, 61261, 141753, 10, 13036, 27992, 23, 70, 7082, 237, 70, 7156, 4, 23, 6863, 5117, 5895, 111, 54452, 4, 54324, 1286, 3501, 106, 26738, 71200, 7, 23, 3731, 31754, 75447, 5, 581, 50419, 9966, 195976, 12924, 28302, 23, 21629, 2806, 49903, 56282, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 158, 75616, 111, 70, 15672, 16839, 4, 237, 70, 30773, 509, 118055, 23, 154909, 5700, 2481, 5, 581, 29256, 4927, 111, 70, 7156, 509, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 105459, 191, 621, 142, 14941, 99162, 12924, 8753, 100, 4806, 23, 27193, 4, 23, 35923, 7, 4293, 5, 1301, 119893, 111, 70, 3525, 259, 272, 111, 56101, 99162, 12924, 4, 1836, 1902, 136659, 17274, 4792, 1112, 7156, 7, 23, 70, 15643, 7, 26719, 22759, 17274, 4792, 209, 7156, 7, 136, 6626, 4792, 190, 7156, 7, 5, 10660, 1902, 183851, 11001, 7, 23, 70, 17274, 43609, 7, 110373, 136, 116287, 36272, 756, 645, 14713, 136, 15758, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 36272, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Formation and early years (1976-1979).", "Success in the UK (1980-1982).", "\"Power & the Glory\" and EMI years (1983-1987).", "Decline of fan base and continued European success (1988-1993).", "Departure of Graham Oliver and return to heavier sound (1994-2002).", "Battle for band name and \"Lionheart\" (2003-2006).", "Re-establishment in the UK (2007-2010).", "\"Call to Arms\" and \"Sacrifice\" (2011-2014).", "\"Battering Ram\", \"Thunderbolt\" and next album (2015-present).", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Saxon began with a lineup formed by former Coast members Peter \"Biff\" Byford on vocals, Paul Quinn (born 26 December 1951, Barnsley) and former Sob member Graham Oliver on guitars, Steve \"Dobby\" Dawson on bass; and Pete Gill on drums and were originally named \"Son of a Bitch\". The band changed their name to Saxon shortly afterwards. They started out by gaining support slots on tour with more established bands such as Motörhead. In 1979, the band signed to the French record label Carrere run by Freddy Cannon in the UK and released their eponymous debut album.", "\"Wheels of Steel\", released in 1980, charted at #5 in the UK. It spawned two hits: the title track and the crowd favourite \"747 (Strangers in the Night)\". Flushed with success, Saxon began a series of long UK tours. On 16 August, they earned a positive reception at the first Monsters of Rock festival, commemorated by the following year's \"And the Bands Played On\". Their set was recorded but not officially released until 2000. In April, Saxon made the first of many appearances on \"Top of the Pops\", performing the hit \"Wheels of Steel\". \"Strong Arm of the Law\" was released later in the year, charting at #11 in the UK. Considered by many fans to be their best album, it helped to maintain the band's upwards swing. Two singles were issued: the title track and \"Dallas 1PM\", the latter about the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Sold-out tours of Europe and the UK followed as the album charted in several European countries. The band had also gained great success in Japan, where the single \"Motorcycle Man\" stayed in the charts for almost six months. \"On the \"Strong Arm of the Law\" tour, in 1981, we met Harry Shearer,\" Dawson recalled. \"We thought he was just an American journalist. He spent three days on the road with us. [When] we all went to see \"This Is Spinal Tap\", I didn't recognise Harry. I was too busy laughing my head off. But some of the other guys didn't see the funny side.\" In 1981, the band released their fourth album \"Denim And Leather\", dedicated to their fan base. Still popular today, its title track \"Denim And Leather\" is regarded as a metal anthem. The album also featured fan favourites such as \"Princess of the Night\", \"Never Surrender\" and \"And the Bands Played On\" – all UK Top 20 hits. \"Denim And Leather\" followed its predecessor's success and went Gold in several European countries including the UK. By this time, the band was seen as the leaders of the NWOBHM movement, with future greats Iron Maiden and Def Leppard following close behind. Just as the band was to embark on a long tour to follow the success of \"Denim And Leather\", drummer Pete Gill left, after injuring his hand. The band quickly replaced him with Nigel Glockler, formerly of Toyah, who had to learn the entire set within a day and a half. Glockler is still with the band today. Headlining tours around the UK and a sold-out tour in Europe with support act Ozzy Osbourne resulted in \"The Eagle Has Landed\" (1982 UK no 5). It was planned as a double album, but the record company decided to release it as a single live album, despite protests from the band. \"The Eagle Has Landed\" is still highly regarded. Saxon also played the Monsters Of Rock festival again in 1982, becoming the first band to appear there twice.", "As the NWOBHM movement began to fade, 1983's \"Power & the Glory\", their highest selling album to date, saw Saxon cement themselves as the leading metal act in Europe along with Iron Maiden and Judas Priest. The \"Power and Glory Tour\" was an arena tour that began in Europe, and was a huge success. The US leg of the tour with support act Accept proved to be successful and Saxon found themselves becoming a major act in the US as the album, in its first week of release, sold more than 15,000 copies in Los Angeles alone. The emerging glam metal scene in America would however prevent the band's conquest of the American market, as the genre was increasing in mainstream popularity. The cover art of the album was produced by Hollywood film director Ridley Scott. In late 1983 Saxon left Carrere. Saxon signed with EMI Records in 1984, with their first release on the label being \"Crusader\". Though still heavy, critics felt the album had a more commercial sound, and fans began to wonder what direction the band was taking. Despite its commercial sound, the title track became a fan favourite. The album sold over 2 million copies and the 1984 world tour \"The World Crusade\" was a success both in Europe and America. In the US they had Mötley Crüe and Krokus as support for many shows of the tour as the band spent one year on the road. By this time the band was consideredd. as headliners for 1984's Monsters of Rock at Donington, but scheduling issues and record label disputes kept the band from participating. With the release of \"Innocence Is No Excuse\" in 1985, the band continued to take a more commercial direction and this created a division amongst fans as the band's once raw, heavy sound had been watered down to gain more attraction to the large US market. The album has, however, gained more appreciation both from fans and critics as time has passed since its initial release. A huge sold out world tour in support of the album followed, but tensions began to appear within the band and by early 1986, bassist Steve Dawson was fired from the band, and Saxon was forced to record their eighth studio album \"Rock the Nations\" without a replacement bassist. With Elton John making guest appearances as pianist on 2 tracks, and Byford recording the bass parts, the album charted higher than its predecessor and was considered a success. They hired bassist Paul Johnson to play for the band's European arena tour that followed. In the summer of 1986, Saxon headlined the Reading Festival and toured the United States. In 1987, the band took time off from constant touring and recording that had begun in the mid 1970s, and only a minor tour of the U.S. and Canada was scheduled. In early 1987, Nigel Glockler left the band and was replaced by Nigel Durham.", "The band found it hard to attain chart success in America; the release of \"Destiny\" (1988) did not change this, and Saxon were later dropped by EMI. In 1988 Paul Johnson was replaced by Nibbs Carter. At the time, Carter was only 22 and would later be credited for revitalising the band. Nigel Glockler also decided to return to the band. 1989 saw the release of \"Rock n Roll Gypsies\" a live album recorded on an arena tour of eastern Europe in 1988, but by 1989, the gigs at the big stadiums and arenas of Europe and the US were few and far between and with no record deal, Saxon's future was uncertain. The band eventually decided to embark on a European tour titled '10 Years Of Denim And Leather' which proved to be a successful move as the band was re-established as a popular act. In 1990, they signed to Virgin Records and started work on their new album \"Solid Ball of Rock\", which was released in 1991 and proved to be a successful album for Saxon. New bass Player Nibbs Carter co-wrote three songs. In 1992, Saxon carried on this success with the release of \"Forever Free\". The album was produced by Biff Byford and Herwig Ursin. A UK version of the album featured an alternate cover with a \"Space Marine\" from the Warhammer 40,000 tabletop wargame. \"Iron Wheels\" was released as a single. The song was written about and dedicated to Byford's father who worked in the coal mines of Yorkshire.", "During 1994, Saxon recorded the album \"Dogs of War\". Just after recording was completed, Graham Oliver was fired by the band. The band replaced Oliver with Doug Scarratt, a long time friend of drummer Nigel Glockler, on April 17th 1996. Saxon recorded a new music video for \"Dogs of War\". 1996 saw the release of another live album, \"The Eagle Has Landed Pt II\". They also recorded a cover of the Judas Priest song \"You've Got Another Thing Comin'\", for a tribute album entitled \"\". Saxon released \"Unleash the Beast\", which was produced by Kalle Trapp and Saxon, in 1997. Saxon began their Unleash The Beast tour in May, where they played in Europe. \"Unleash the Beast\" reached the top 100 in the charts in Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. In November they played two gigs in Brazil (São Paulo and Santos) and ended the year with a Christmas show in Belgium. In 1998, the band toured the US, as well as also playing the Brazilian Monsters Of Rock. After relentless touring drummer Nigel Glockler took time off to recover from a neck and shoulder injury. He was temporally replaced by Fritz Randow. September 1999 saw the release of \"Metalhead\". The album received praise in Germany where Saxon had begun to play the Wacken Open Air Festival, where they later became a regular fixture. Saxon also headlined the first Bloodstock Festival in the UK. In 2001, they again headlined the Wacken Open Air Festival and recorded the live DVD \"Saxon Chronicles\". Saxon also released the album \"Killing Ground\" during the same year. In 2002, Saxon released \"Heavy Metal Thunder\", a compilation album featuring re-recorded versions of songs from the band's biggest selling albums.", "In 1999, former members Graham Oliver and Steven Dawson registered 'Saxon' as a trade mark. They then maintained that they had exclusive rights to the name and tried to prevent Biff Byford and Saxon's promoters and merchandisers from using the name. Byford applied to the Trade Mark Registry to have the trade mark declared invalid. He applied on the basis that the registration had been obtained in bad faith and that he was entitled to prevent use of the trade mark by bringing an action for 'passing off', that is an action to stop others misrepresenting themselves as Saxon. In 2003, the High Court declared that it was Byford and the current members of the band who owned the name, and were therefore in a position to prevent Oliver and Dawson passing themselves off as Saxon. After this Oliver and Dawson renamed their band Oliver/Dawson Saxon. Fritz Randow left the band in 2004. His replacement was former Stratovarius member Jörg Michael. 2004 also saw the release of \"Lionheart\" their 16th studio album. The album title was inspired from Richard Lionheart, King of England. \"Beyond the Grave\" was released as a single and a music video. The album received positive reviews and the title track remains a fan favorite. Nigel Glockler rejoined the band in 2005. In 2006, the band released the live album, \"The Eagle Has Landed – part 3\". The band were due to play that year's Dubai Desert Rock Festival and perform alongside Megadeth. Just before the band were due to play Dubai's Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing had withdrawn the band's permission to play the festival. It was rumored that the historical lyrics in \"Crusader\" were the reason for this.", "In 2007, Saxon were the subject of an episode of \"Harvey Goldsmith's Get Your Act Together\". As part of his programme, Goldsmith wanted to try and restore their popularity and cement their reputation once again. He drafted in two new producers to oversee the production of a new single \"If I Was You\" (a song about gun culture), which went to number one in the Rock Charts in over 10 countries (becoming their most successful single for over 12 years). At the end of the programme, Saxon played at the half sold out Sheffield City Hall. Saxon also performed at the 2008 Download Festival. Saxon's \"The Inner Sanctum\" album, released in Europe on 5 March 2007, and North America on 3 April, was seen by critics as their best work in years. The band then started a world tour in support of the album. Saxon released a new studio album, \"Into the Labyrinth\", on 12 January 2009. The album received positive reviews and continued the success that \"The Inner Sanctum\" had created. The band also headlined the Wacken Open Air Festival in Germany. In February, it was announced that the band were cancelling the Spanish leg of their European tour with Iced Earth, due to scheduling issues. At the start of 2009 they toured the UK with Doro, and again at the end of the year they did a UK tour, co-headlining with Motorhead. In August of that year, they played at Sonisphere. In September Saxon announced the release of \"Heavy Metal Thunder - The Movie\", a documentary on the band's history from the beginning. Continuing their success in the UK, Saxon performed at the 2010 Download Festival, which took place at Donington Park between 11 and 13 June. The band played the \"Wheels of Steel\" album in its entirety to mark the 30th anniversary of its release.", "Saxon released their nineteenth studio album, \"Call to Arms\", on 3 June 2011. It debuted at number 6 on the UK Rock Albums chart. The band embarked on a world tour which saw them visit the US; Saxon also revisited the UK for a second leg of the tour. The band announced on their Call To Arms tour that a number of fans at each venue each paying £10 would be able to watch them soundcheck. This was donated to the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy and Childline charities. In December, Byford joined Metallica on stage to perform \"Motorcycle Man\" for the band's 30th anniversary show. Saxon were billed as special guests supporting Judas Priest at Hammersmith Apollo on 26 May 2012. Saxon also played Download Festival 2012, and were recorded playing \"Wheels Of Steel\" for the festival's Highlights show shown on Sky Arts. On 13 February 2012, the band announced that they were releasing a new live DVD and CD package entitled \"Heavy Metal Thunder - Live: Eagles Over Wacken\", which compiled their 2004, 2007 and 2009 performances at the Wacken Open Air across various formats. In March, Saxon won the Metal Hammer 2012 Golden God award for 'Best UK band'. In October, the band announced that their next studio album would be titled \"Sacrifice\" and it was released on 25 February 2013. On 11 December 2012 \"Heavy Metal Thunder - The Movie\" saw an international release and was the first Blu-ray release for the band. 2013 also saw the release of a new compilation album \"Unplugged and Strung Up\". 2014 saw the release of a new live album named \"St. George’s Day Sacrifice - Live in Manchester\". The band also embarked on a tour in October of that year named Warriors of the Road.", "During an interview in November 2014, Biff Byford revealed plans for the band's next studio album, saying: \"We're making the new album in January, February and March\". In a March 2015 interview, Byford described the album as a mixture of Rock and roll and Heavy metal. When asked about a possible release date, Byford said: \"We're looking at maybe at a summer release. It just depends on whether it's ready or not. We're looking at finishing the album by the end of April. We're keeping our fingers crossed.\" On 1 August 2015, the band announced 16 October as the release date of \"Battering Ram\" and also premiered the official video of the title track. On 14 September 2016, Biff Byford announced on Facebook that Saxon were working on a new album with producer Andy Sneap, for an early 2017 release. In October 2016, the band announced a tour in the U.S. for the early spring of 2017 with UFO. In a 16 March 2017 interview with former Anthrax vocalist Neil Turbin on Canada's The Metal Voice in Los Angeles, California, Biff Byford gave an update on the new album saying that several songs were already recorded with a few more to complete, with an estimated release date for early 2018. On 15 June 2017, Byford revealed that the title of their new studio album was \"Thunderbolt\". Saxon and UFO teamed up again for another round of shows in North America for the fall. On 7 November 2017, the band announced that the album would be officially released on 2 February 2018. To support the album, they briefly toured Europe and the UK with Diamond Head, Rock Goddess and Magnum from late February to early March 2018, and was the support act along with Black Star Riders for Judas Priest's Firepower World Tour from mid March to early May 2018. In an October 2018 interview with Sonic Perspectives, Byford confirmed that Saxon will \"definitely\" record a new album sometime in 2019. He was quoted as saying, \"We don't have to have too much commitment to timings. We're an established band — we can pretty much do what we want. If we feel like writing, then we write. If we don't feel like writing, then we don't write. Simple as that.\" Byford later said that their new album is expected to be released in early 2021.", "Current members Former members Temporary musicians" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 160600, 2565, 1556, 70, 158978, 91084, 111, 44, 1410, 1619, 46667, 74, 14799, 112, 4, 27150, 58386, 58, 1284, 83, 959, 56104, 137272, 678, 8, 31075, 23, 17311, 5, 63519, 70, 82, 4650, 25443, 111, 70, 110, 309, 47143, 7, 51, 106290, 73, 5, 581, 984, 12259, 136, 62, 20756, 9120, 15, 55376, 12259, 16, 3173, 83, 5, 18799, 127689, 1286, 27983, 4027, 25720, 47, 27150, 24793, 99, 70, 280, 344, 111, 2363, 225530, 7432, 4, 69822, 214, 678, 44, 17365, 3220, 232, 58, 15, 16, 44, 11, 107368, 15, 4390, 2499, 32070, 16, 830, 136, 11212, 71407, 237, 44, 265, 107, 58, 15, 4426, 1388, 44, 192, 6382, 4, 23040, 740, 581, 13579, 83, 68018, 11814, 390, 24793, 47, 29823, 12638, 3789, 136, 47143, 7, 70, 20324, 18799, 160600, 13579, 100, 44, 7928, 112, 740, 2949, 2676, 127, 7, 3542, 68018, 66165, 4126, 390, 5941, 136, 104, 79080, 23, 29458, 58555, 62548, 47, 70, 6083, 65998, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 101120, 10821, 10776, 7, 4, 100, 525, 7, 4, 31576, 7, 5, 64511, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 3542, 2831, 111, 70, 119256, 13388, 111, 10, 2355, 4, 6044, 237, 17893, 299, 7921, 4, 1840, 3716, 4, 707, 4378, 4, 707, 10, 2355, 988, 7, 4, 137567, 70, 1926, 87463, 28114, 2179, 5, 581, 160600, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 3542, 2843, 52101, 7, 23, 21690, 78458, 6, 99091, 47, 44677, 4, 959, 51, 5062, 70, 42845, 44, 1409, 3834, 7001, 14, 830, 136, 68018, 903, 181653, 96704, 297, 759, 927, 7, 1884, 70, 58984, 111, 15901, 8805, 433, 47, 63457, 20102, 5, 360, 3060, 111, 70, 43240, 111, 70, 160600, 9, 108343, 3674, 42845, 30260, 7, 4, 70, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 128839, 538, 57622, 297, 3934, 2363, 30648, 7, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 89176, 82370, 31075, 111, 31576, 7, 136, 75973, 7, 15, 21718, 987, 76, 4, 241, 134431, 4, 73638, 1814, 4, 40788, 223, 16, 12960, 70, 18118, 39, 14612, 13, 15, 124524, 538, 3350, 15293, 13, 247, 89176, 7401, 2355, 68442, 7, 4, 36, 14775, 47, 70, 27998, 289, 21373, 2481, 111, 2363, 123055, 4, 5809, 186, 207487, 678, 70, 160600, 2949, 39, 14612, 13, 5, 581, 54704, 289, 759, 927, 18709, 7, 111, 70, 12610, 30260, 7, 3542, 51, 5062, 538, 47, 765, 195052, 70, 12296, 90, 136, 58984, 7, 111, 11651, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 140143, 3674, 390, 23295, 3395, 23, 70, 31576, 7, 136, 81993, 2480, 7, 111, 239, 42362, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 12610, 80109, 13, 18507, 4, 2363, 6, 157695, 111, 79507, 509, 173072, 297, 136, 1836, 108975, 39555, 97629, 538, 237, 82370, 31075, 111, 70, 7401, 53, 12830, 5, 581, 142, 45964, 160600, 144239, 23, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 188545, 71, 23, 5941, 63920, 111, 70, 23295, 3934, 70, 39395, 5369, 111, 70, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 3229, 1836, 3542, 56104, 51529, 237, 44, 86, 77419, 7, 740, 101153, 19, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 17660, 297, 47, 103351, 58555, 95534, 1295, 118103, 1284, 5809, 186, 190647, 297, 390, 459, 86, 26983, 1314, 50782, 70, 54427, 4, 7440, 2363, 19612, 13648, 186, 49782, 4, 136, 70, 26983, 56, 5809, 57491, 98, 2363, 123, 21896, 707, 101086, 214, 23, 10, 75973, 707, 19361, 4, 40101, 20271, 70, 101947, 80097, 707, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 17431, 5, 10660, 13648, 108975, 23, 10, 148, 10011, 141, 50777, 5, 62771, 190647, 7, 5809, 186, 169907, 4, 172915, 115, 6492, 7432, 4, 70908, 18, 3674, 34128, 7945, 2320, 4, 17946, 7432, 707, 120472, 47, 70, 51, 104272, 67, 14135, 5, 14847, 27863, 18822, 71, 2363, 29041, 47, 186, 108, 77419, 9, 7, 173964, 4, 1836, 2806, 1645, 53, 47, 12190, 28114, 266, 1140, 5, 2949, 2676, 127, 7, 27983, 60213, 707, 621, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 5941, 54704, 43240, 36880, 4927, 4, 163136, 4, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 136, 127663, 5, 10660, 621, 27983, 137272, 678, 70, 92264, 99691, 7, 707, 231119, 163136, 111, 70, 19264, 29888, 44075, 3387, 707, 88, 3132, 5, 34997, 3387, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 17664, 297, 9803, 538, 678, 70, 54704, 289, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 136, 57, 43804, 7, 707, 68018, 3853, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 31486, 7, 111, 70, 54704, 289, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 5, 62, 102908, 450, 30957, 297, 28811, 4927, 20271, 70, 231119, 509, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 33908, 13, 111, 10, 6, 5264, 11727, 198465, 23, 10, 4452, 17793, 707, 31576, 5, 3293, 102908, 134598, 538, 21449, 1295, 142, 89176, 13416, 111, 10, 12610, 152319, 3408, 111, 10, 6, 5264, 11727, 99, 10, 5775, 22278, 73, 36917, 70, 32547, 2290, 34, 372, 5, 581, 13416, 4, 136, 142, 1030, 146365, 214, 85745, 134598, 538, 98, 70, 5775, 22278, 73, 28852, 23709, 70, 198465, 6, 5264, 11727, 4, 621, 5036, 137567, 103876, 71, 47, 186, 10, 809, 18266, 33, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 100, 1505, 53, 4, 1284, 70, 102908, 77443, 26794, 80973, 54940, 22104, 7, 136, 212790, 80583, 1314, 100, 40368, 202032, 90, 7103, 4, 678, 71200, 7, 51592, 99, 16169, 67413, 21533, 80583, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 4452, 17793, 99, 159, 28889, 31251, 5, 3164, 70, 123055, 100, 67842, 61112, 111, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 765, 97308, 76034, 13, 606, 76144, 42991, 4, 2684, 53520, 214, 678, 70, 1614, 4384, 4935, 101935, 136, 94407, 111, 600, 2676, 15251, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 11001, 30666, 297, 40865, 1363, 450, 5809, 186, 51592, 237, 74413, 21533, 136, 146353, 5844, 5, 31384, 61112, 111, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 17660, 47, 645, 6324, 4, 3129, 96704, 90, 70, 66211, 111, 134995, 40865, 1363, 5, 28, 5, 177, 5, 140066, 712, 7, 136, 2057, 11, 48855, 712, 7, 237, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 111, 1360, 90, 137567, 4, 44, 39, 96258, 58, 237, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 111, 10, 1495, 1360, 90, 4, 136, 24, 7144, 7, 237, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 111, 7401, 4, 1284, 110, 27060, 183037, 5, 581, 25632, 83, 959, 70, 195734, 160600, 40865, 1363, 4, 1284, 83, 179140, 42856, 237, 10, 17997, 12, 581, 25632, 83, 10, 5303, 111, 94407, 111, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 137272, 678, 903, 707, 450, 17311, 31913, 5, 2949, 2676, 127, 7, 23, 6044, 21115, 5180, 5809, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 6, 5264, 11727, 15, 4, 2819, 893, 45964, 12, 4, 18799, 12, 1388, 23, 142, 45964, 160600, 77889, 13, 83, 10, 43967, 117776, 31425, 8, 2481, 5, 242520, 1295, 160600, 2355, 68442, 7, 4, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 621, 137567, 28601, 297, 237, 3445, 41274, 7, 111, 31425, 4, 621, 205794, 146543, 47, 10, 29458, 3687, 707, 3551, 5037, 4, 136, 621, 56104, 8, 18695, 3674, 237, 34923, 409, 34609, 5, 10660, 3542, 959, 204988, 206683, 4, 1284, 158930, 5045, 51713, 3501, 118103, 8108, 1836, 68, 71, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Ancient Greek mythology.", "Greek folk religion.", "Nymphs and fairies.", "Sleeping nymph.", "List.", "By type of dwelling.", "By location.", "Others." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The Greek word has the primary meaning of \"young woman; bride, young wife\" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is. Modern usage more often applies to young women at the peak of their attractiveness, contrasting with \"parthenos\" () \"a virgin (of any age)\", and generically as \"kore\" ( < ) \"maiden, girl\". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for \"bride\".", "Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment, e.g. mountainous regions, forests, springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god, such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan, or a goddess, generally the huntress Artemis. The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin \"genius loci\", and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.", "The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as \"nereids\". Often nymphs tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate human. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.", "Nymphs often feature or are depicted in many classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves. Fairies are believed to have mixed openly with the classical nymphs and satyrs or sometimes even replacing the roles of the classical nymphs.", "A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring. This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube. The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.", "All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive. Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. Dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, \"meliai\" as nymphs of ash trees, and naiads as nymphs of water, but no others specifically.", "The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended simply as a guide:", "The following is a list of groups of nymphs associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groupings could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).", "The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc. see respective articles." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 799, 77419, 7, 621, 106480, 137272, 678, 70, 62, 2507, 5073, 27414, 4, 7440, 1836, 104, 79080, 678, 2363, 67373, 799, 107, 223, 23, 70, 6, 168867, 7, 28032, 10, 158044, 5381, 329, 5, 581, 2684, 135818, 111, 2856, 621, 581, 1814, 4, 58386, 111, 19460, 19005, 136, 42732, 111, 17490, 51432, 74, 2022, 19379, 3996, 67, 4, 58386, 111, 663, 24706, 191, 136, 42732, 111, 4699, 1507, 74, 136, 30733, 17615, 4, 70, 6811, 5161, 33946, 111, 70, 6, 151612, 68818, 63306, 20133, 2647, 5, 3957, 53, 26582, 29367, 26818, 450, 83, 34923, 136, 8562, 1672, 70, 15520, 5, 581, 481, 43671, 10821, 54479, 7, 6079, 237, 1836, 123, 37534, 10932, 2363, 67373, 5, 10660, 621, 33636, 297, 237, 4552, 34923, 29526, 4, 8374, 157272, 678, 90356, 7, 111, 4842, 184518, 136, 40989, 297, 23, 35011, 5795, 92, 116635, 7, 85247, 4806, 678, 86761, 4, 1284, 2750, 23409, 3059, 144593, 5, 10660, 3542, 2831, 111, 663, 24706, 191, 25, 7, 22, 28889, 4588, 136, 175100, 1919, 1927, 37379, 5, 360, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 44, 24687, 7144, 58, 40976, 4, 3229, 581, 1814, 13625, 90, 1810, 23, 52193, 29178, 100, 70, 10314, 4240, 111, 17490, 51432, 100, 70, 14865, 73, 122812, 29786, 7, 4, 604, 114015, 7, 108975, 5, 581, 799, 77419, 83518, 83, 119056, 23, 10421, 8726, 25, 7, 44, 284, 1151, 532, 740, 4687, 83, 35839, 390, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 64372, 47, 185, 35065, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 15075, 9, 5062, 117776, 1631, 4726, 42, 166988, 5, 64372, 76199, 83518, 49846, 289, 142172, 7, 100, 52758, 429, 98, 166988, 25, 7, 200, 14155, 4, 70, 1775, 6563, 4398, 1172, 16428, 7, 5, 83518, 40, 90, 136, 21, 9035, 166988, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 136, 67153, 7, 1172, 16428, 7, 678, 142, 6, 118201, 23, 52758, 429, 237, 8951, 297, 390, 64372, 5, 360, 5744, 160600, 77889, 13, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 86, 77419, 58, 15, 4, 44, 86, 77537, 11, 18939, 1556, 1380, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 756, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 4, 44075, 3387, 4, 707, 1143, 48206, 7, 4, 959, 2563, 538, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 111, 70, 15520, 5, 799, 77419, 4, 10, 6, 59533, 111, 70, 23208, 199204, 13, 4, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 799, 77419, 7, 5, 799, 77419, 43157, 23, 149397, 49086, 11, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 5, 3293, 5303, 83, 8231, 174822, 1295, 22759, 97264, 12, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 44, 24687, 7144, 830, 1529, 172, 2199, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 1663, 6833, 830, 70, 44, 222077, 2347, 408, 58, 111, 436, 184, 11547, 9, 47677, 135360, 1846, 223, 136, 70, 44, 17647, 32262, 13, 58, 111, 3905, 6820, 223, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 4, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 123055, 60899, 107314, 809, 2480, 53, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 70, 799, 77419, 7, 15, 2819, 44, 6433, 107, 17996, 830, 93170, 5, 44, 6433, 42913, 18939, 621, 15520, 6, 5264, 11727, 7, 15, 2242, 49100, 52101, 7, 111, 15520, 7401, 7, 247, 70, 836, 76849, 7, 111, 799, 107, 223, 136, 148812, 7, 4, 114015, 7, 47, 2363, 82953, 71402, 52164, 5, 10660, 27983, 1030, 146365, 663, 24706, 191, 4, 70, 2355, 111, 70, 15520, 4, 136, 831, 186, 101786, 136, 98893, 47, 57, 3632, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 70, 1172, 58108, 49534, 23, 2363, 33938, 100, 70, 43114, 22964, 32405, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mythology.", "Modern use.", "Names." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Nereids are particularly associated with the Aegean Sea, where they dwelt with their father Nereus in the depths within a golden palace. The most notable of them are Thetis, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles; Amphitrite, wife of Poseidon and mother of Triton; and Galatea, the vain love interest of the Cyclops Polyphemus.They symbolized everything that is beautiful and kind about the sea. Their melodious voices sang as they danced around their father. They are represented as very beautiful girls, crowned with branches of red coral and dressed in white silk robes trimmed with gold, but who went barefoot. They were part of Poseidon's entourage and carried his trident. In Homer's \"Iliad\" XVIII, when Thetis cries out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for the slain Patroclus, her sisters appear. The Nereid Opis is mentioned in Virgil's \"Aeneid\". She is called by the goddess Diana to avenge the death of the Amazon-like female warrior Camilla. Diana gives Opis magical weapons for revenge on Camilla's killer, the Etruscan Arruns. Opis sees and laments Camilla's death, and kills Arruns with an arrow in revenge as directed by Diana.", "In modern Greek folklore, the term \"nereid\" (, \"neráida\") has come to be used for all nymphs, fairies, or mermaids, not merely nymphs of the sea. Nereid, a moon of the planet Neptune, is named after the Nereids. Nereid Lake in Antarctica is named after the nymphs.", "This list is correlated from four sources: Homer's \"Iliad\", Hesiod's \"Theogony\", the \"Bibliotheca\" of Pseudo-Apollodorus and the \"Fabulae\" of Hyginus. Because of this, the total number of names goes beyond fifty." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 137633, 674, 111, 99784, 5245, 216479, 71, 1295, 70, 41361, 111, 68018, 6181, 214, 87880, 1294, 390, 111649, 3229, 38352, 111, 112664, 509, 44841, 5, 360, 423, 12744, 54041, 42814, 111, 2392, 192, 6, 121147, 297, 40368, 53095, 111, 87880, 1294, 98, 43824, 111649, 7, 47, 69307, 55640, 5, 116267, 39395, 110527, 509, 12989, 297, 390, 37405, 111, 19215, 18666, 23, 423, 12825, 20271, 41018, 7, 43573, 7465, 7, 23, 4368, 76, 1003, 4, 3229, 2101, 87880, 1294, 3542, 6181, 297, 903, 3917, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 42459, 297, 70, 5117, 99784, 5245, 3542, 165249, 390, 70, 23342, 4200, 8, 15640, 1192, 238, 23, 48463, 5, 129551, 47, 10332, 30839, 163136, 4, 99784, 5245, 3542, 26868, 297, 390, 6, 108210, 108890, 542, 73546, 22341, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 158036, 30839, 116338, 75101, 1314, 4, 23, 70, 39395, 611, 1549, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 3789, 110527, 7, 111, 6, 121147, 297, 87880, 1294, 479, 56464, 903, 5, 33306, 73546, 22341, 4, 2750, 1902, 97384, 1919, 40124, 23, 175055, 136, 70, 231118, 4, 27983, 11814, 111649, 7, 47, 3249, 1919, 57616, 3428, 68818, 1286, 14288, 4, 105233, 2367, 509, 35839, 142, 44, 163443, 95169, 13, 58, 15, 919, 982, 206, 100, 44, 35121, 214, 187, 1176, 51029, 360, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 195374, 9782, 1631, 7, 23, 32969, 64718, 31004, 5775, 46526, 98, 111649, 678, 187, 944, 4223, 90, 4, 479, 59994, 214, 70, 59665, 111, 28811, 99784, 5245, 5, 581, 9351, 144681, 122, 60877, 1295, 142, 39395, 142172, 4, 10, 16610, 160298, 21135, 35839, 10, 44, 12475, 191, 830, 6637, 70, 5117, 99784, 5245, 165249, 23, 9942, 1902, 2363, 2258, 46187, 25, 7, 50046, 51418, 122329, 297, 678, 10, 99784, 19, 25, 7, 10336, 5, 581, 41361, 32497, 1295, 10, 1733, 3229, 756, 17863, 771, 434, 820, 142172, 7, 1902, 117781, 5844, 123055, 4, 26719, 70, 57940, 814, 73, 4, 179989, 1212, 4, 11944, 2271, 4, 11944, 2271, 126, 4, 3021, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 68018, 63043, 297, 10, 24810, 31, 10366, 87880, 1294, 669, 678, 1919, 5078, 184, 5798, 18, 136, 70, 6818, 592, 14858, 102337, 40099, 71, 10, 99784, 19, 5, 1650, 1556, 2843, 2809, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 9351, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 30839, 44, 112089, 58, 707, 70, 174705, 44, 12475, 33, 830, 15044, 8035, 70, 42792, 44, 188, 85358, 58, 23, 2363, 107013, 46876, 7, 5, 131211, 853, 532, 15, 8551, 55474, 16, 140526, 450, 70, 9351, 136, 31486, 60887, 1295, 70, 42845, 18186, 2271, 116613, 5, 107398, 191, 83, 46505, 25958, 11814, 237, 10, 42792, 47, 29459, 47, 1614, 461, 42118, 707, 217382, 13, 390, 70, 566, 40322, 111, 3428, 68818, 74, 136, 390, 111938, 47, 375, 5310, 390, 2499, 48673, 72350, 7, 707, 120332, 7, 5, 581, 13579, 112474, 1295, 611, 18949, 4, 99, 10, 1733, 3229, 99784, 5245, 3542, 8035, 11814, 390, 70, 92265, 185610, 53, 47, 217382, 13, 75198, 10840, 4, 106480, 390, 100, 21896, 75198, 10840, 47, 45314, 429, 10, 99784, 191, 23, 2363, 18276, 47, 39544, 645, 2856, 4, 99, 70, 197540, 56, 25, 7, 14700, 21161, 5, 241, 147, 538, 99784, 5245, 3542, 959, 5808, 297, 23, 91, 91526, 38281, 707, 3428, 68818, 237, 3542, 377, 1405, 1294, 4, 1284, 23, 53095, 1884, 70, 87880, 1294, 12, 2363, 93324, 7, 136, 351, 9, 277, 21150, 297, 93324, 7, 136355, 87880, 1294, 30648, 7, 5, 107398, 191, 25703, 9035, 11814, 47617, 31648, 4, 959, 54608, 603, 7, 4, 47, 6, 127219, 67, 12989, 7, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 5, 581, 71985, 2481, 111, 6, 121147, 297, 87880, 1294, 7228, 99784, 5245, 10, 80234, 16294, 4, 41866, 3229, 6, 212423, 100, 2367, 2806, 5036, 186, 24117, 71, 44, 10433, 6236, 48031, 58, 26548, 220845, 93069, 7, 707, 9782, 51, 56644, 4, 136, 98, 13315, 111, 36398, 48031, 115, 2449, 5, 133698, 70, 14941, 18543, 5550, 99784, 5245, 3542, 11814, 100, 10, 96551, 111, 66211, 7, 12, 101904, 1810, 4594, 7, 4, 104064, 8, 29822, 7, 707, 6, 80728, 7, 23, 70, 12912, 707, 456, 147, 111, 70, 5201, 187, 1176, 4, 400, 592, 80568, 4188, 707, 104064, 22, 170224, 7, 4, 136, 101904, 2837, 121147, 297, 842, 1205, 67, 1314, 47, 8060, 20324, 377, 1405, 1294, 5, 5, 360, 70, 20450, 6953, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 99381, 111, 353, 184, 1272, 180, 19770, 25, 7, 107398, 5245, 4, 2750, 1902, 26859, 70, 22631, 237, 2837, 121147, 297, 842, 1205, 67, 1314, 4, 4163, 98, 2363, 111649, 7, 136, 25534, 71, 4, 144681, 70, 5117, 1733, 903, 509, 16940, 5, 121691, 71516, 678, 44157, 111649, 7, 136, 1286, 62822, 98154, 4, 70, 99784, 191, 25703, 9035, 3542, 64720, 56, 47, 172310, 136, 76104, 3501, 70, 135587, 25703, 9035, 111, 377, 1405, 1294, 5, 14847, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 63691, 1995, 101910, 65508, 71, 99784, 5245, 3934, 70, 187951, 126140, 4, 764, 62952, 2856, 678, 10, 57, 4134, 4, 142, 10, 4878, 136, 10, 14858, 21135, 8014, 3473, 4, 19537, 35401, 2856, 237, 44, 143, 38648, 1314, 98, 111649, 12620, 740, 52455, 111, 70, 28811, 50588, 90, 8311, 329, 17883, 127, 97751, 3674, 903, 756, 9, 4717, 78381, 5423, 111, 142172, 1294, 5, 62, 351, 9, 120430, 6635, 4527, 111, 99784, 5245, 509, 70, 611, 13556, 60884, 76, 988, 4, 10, 44930, 32872, 297, 390, 37405, 53655, 47, 153197, 67, 7674, 74244, 818, 87143, 3934, 40101, 137802, 9942, 707, 456, 9, 2271, 814, 1916, 47, 129574, 8780, 390, 59138, 214, 99825, 9, 141223, 297, 99784, 5245, 23, 75198, 1236, 197540, 7, 5, 51404, 3789, 39283, 7, 111, 87880, 1294, 136, 377, 1405, 1294, 3542, 2843, 11814, 4, 70, 3268, 2481, 4, 71985, 2481, 136, 19882, 101935, 111, 70, 99784, 191, 25703, 9035, 7228, 2856, 106480, 202319, 100, 86254, 29888, 4488, 111, 903, 31425, 645, 10, 38134, 16128, 5, 360, 70, 195374, 126140, 4, 29465, 8, 21, 3561, 4574, 5808, 297, 10, 14361, 111, 99784, 5245, 23, 236731, 23, 611, 5843, 5, 360, 611, 2839, 4, 10, 704, 3521, 111, 10, 199823, 99784, 5245, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 187, 944, 4223, 509, 75935, 23, 84740, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 195374, 126140, 1902, 17262, 704, 44737, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 107398, 5245, 7311, 538, 3542, 10, 18507, 111, 6, 121147, 297, 87880, 1294, 4, 2750, 11814, 111649, 7, 100, 3268, 2481, 4, 1284, 2837, 121147, 297, 47, 78431, 98, 57616, 5, 28090, 70, 39395, 729, 927, 142642, 98, 19364, 4, 99784, 5245, 3542, 118055, 538, 2843, 6, 212423, 237, 101805, 289, 377, 1405, 1294, 4, 25550, 297, 100, 30641, 678, 91, 47416, 7, 1295, 111649, 12620, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Origins and name.", "Use as a verb.", "Early history and role.", "19th century.", "20th century.", "Dragoner rank.", "Modern dragoons.", "Brazil.", "Canada.", "Chile.", "Denmark.", "France.", "Lithuania.", "Norway.", "Peru.", "Portugal.", "Spain.", "Sweden.", "Switzerland.", "United Kingdom.", "United States." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The establishment of dragoons evolved from the practice of sometimes transporting infantry by horse when speed of movement was needed. In 1552 Prince Alexander of Parma mounted several companies of infantry on pack horses to achieve surprise. Another early instance was ordered by Louis of Nassau in 1572 during operations near Mons in Hainaut, when 500 infantry were transported this way. It is also suggested the first dragoons were raised by the Marshal de Brissac in 1600. According to old German literature, dragoons were invented by Count Ernst von Mansfeld, one of the greatest German military commanders, in the early 1620s. There are other instances of mounted infantry predating this. However Mansfeld, who had learned his profession in Hungary and the Netherlands, often used horses to make his foot troops more mobile, creating what was called an \"armée volante\" (French for \"flying army\"). In the 16th century Spanish civil wars in Peru conquistadors fought on horse with arquebuses, prefiguring the origin of European dragoons. The name possibly derives from an early weapon, a short wheellock called a \"dragon\", because the first dragoons raised in France had their carbine's muzzle decorated with a dragon's head. The practice comes from a time when all gunpowder weapons had distinctive names, including the culverin, serpentine, falcon, falconet, etc. It is also sometimes claimed a galloping infantryman with his loose coat and the burning match resembled a dragon. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the German \"tragen\" or the Dutch \"dragen\", both being the verb \"to carry\" in their respective languages. Howard Reid (filmmaker) claims that the name and role descend from the Latin Draconarius.", "Dragoon is occasionally used as a verb to mean to subjugate or persecute by the imposition of troops; and by extension to compel by any violent measures or threats. The term dates from 1689, at a time when dragoons were being used by the French monarchy to persecute Protestants, particularly by forcing Protestants to lodge a dragoon in their house to watch over them, at the householder's expense.", "Early dragoons were not organized in squadrons or troops as were cavalry, but in companies like the infantry: their officers and non-commissioned officers bore infantry ranks. Dragoon regiments used drummers, not buglers, to communicate orders on the battlefield. The flexibility of mounted infantry made dragoons a useful arm, especially when employed for what would now be termed \"internal security\" against smugglers or civil unrest, and on line of communication security duties. During the English Civil War dragoons were used for a variety of tasks: providing outposts, holding defiles or bridges in the front or rear of the main army, lining hedges or holding enclosures, and providing dismounted musketeers to support regular cavalry.. In the closing stages of the Battle of Naseby Okey's Dragoons, who had started the action as dismounted musketeers, got on their horses and charged, possibly the first time this was done. Supplied with inferior horses and more basic equipment, the dragoon regiments were cheaper to recruit and maintain than the expensive regiments of cavalry. When in the 17th century Gustav II Adolf introduced dragoons into the Swedish Army, he provided them with a sabre, an axe and a matchlock musket, utilizing them as \"labourers on horseback\". Many of the European armies henceforth imitated this all-purpose set of weaponry. A non-military use of dragoons was the 1681 Dragonnades, a policy instituted by Louis XIV to intimidate Huguenot families into either leaving France or re-converting to Catholicism by billeting ill-disciplined dragoons in Protestant households. While other categories of infantry and cavalry were also used, the mobility, flexibility and available numbers of the dragoon regiments made them particularly suitable for repressive work of this nature over a wide area. In the Spanish Army, Pedro de la Puente organized a body of dragoons in Innsbruck in 1635. In 1640, a tercio of a thousand dragoons armed with the arquebus was created in Spain. By the end of the 17th century, the Spanish Army had three tercios of dragoons in Spain, plus three in the Netherlands and three more in Milan. In 1704, the Spanish dragoons were reorganised into regiments by Philip V, as were the rest of the tercios. Towards the end of 1776, George Washington realized the need for a mounted branch of the American military. In January 1777 four regiments of light dragoons were raised. Short term enlistments were abandoned and the dragoons joined for three years, or \"the war\". They participated in most of the major engagements of the American War of Independence, including the Battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Saratoga, Cowpens, and Monmouth, as well as the Yorktown campaign. Dragoons were at a disadvantage when engaged against true cavalry, and constantly sought to improve their horsemanship, armament and social status. By the Seven Years' War the primary role of dragoons in most European armies had progressed from that of mounted infantry to that of heavy cavalry. Earlier dragoon responsibilities for scouting and picket duty had passed to hussars and similar light cavalry corps in the French, Austrian, Prussian, and other armies. In the Imperial Russian Army, due to the availability of the Cossack troops, the dragoons were retained in their original role for much longer. An exception to the rule was the British Army. To reduce military budgets, all horse (cavalry) regiments were gradually demoted to dragoons from 1746 onward — which meant they were paid on a lower scale. When this was completed in 1788, the heavy cavalry regiments had become either Dragoon Guards or Heavy Dragoons (depending on their precedence). The designation of Dragoon Guards did not mean that these regiments (the former 2nd to 8th Horse) had become Household Troops, but simply that they had been given a more dignified title to compensate for the loss of pay and prestige. Starting in 1756, seven regiments of Light Dragoons were raised. These Light Dragoons were trained in reconnaissance, skirmishing and other work requiring endurance in accordance with contemporary standards of light cavalry performance. The success of this new class of cavalry was such that eight regular Dragoon regiments were converted to Light Dragoons between 1768 and 1783.", "During the Napoleonic Wars, dragoons generally assumed a cavalry role, though remaining a lighter class of mounted troops than the armored cuirassiers. Dragoons rode larger horses than the light cavalry and wielded straight, rather than curved swords. Emperor Napoleon often formed complete divisions out of his 30 dragoon regiments and used them as battle cavalry to break the enemy's main resistance. In 1809, French dragoons scored notable successes against Spanish armies at the Battle of Ocana and the Battle of Alba de Tormes. British heavy dragoons made devastating charges against French infantry at the Battle of Salamanca in 1812 and at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. 31 regiments were in existence at the height of the Napoleonic Wars: seven Dragoon Guards regiments and 24 cavalry of the line regiments. The Dragoon Guards and Dragoon regiments were the heavy cavalry regiments of the British Army, although by continental standards they were not the heaviest type of cavalry since they carried no armour (unlike cuirassiers). While some of the cavalry regiments of the line were simply designated as regiments of \"dragoons\", the lighter cavalry regiments, which were particularly mobile, became regiments of \"Light Dragoons\", employing the 1796-pattern light cavalry sabres. From 1805 four regiments of Light Dragoons were designated Hussars (7th, 10th, 15th and 18th Regiments), differentiated by uniform, and the wearing of mustaches. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars (starting in 1816) some regiments became \" lancers\", identified by the lances that they carried. The creation of a unified German state in 1871 brought together the dragoon regiments of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Baden, Hesse and Württemberg in a single numbered sequence, although historic distinctions of insignia and uniform were largely preserved. Two regiments of the Imperial Guard were designated as dragoons. The Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Army of the 19th century included six regiments of dragoons in 1836, classed as heavy cavalry for shock action, but in practice used as medium troops with a variety of roles. After 1859 all but two Austrian dragoon regiments were converted to cuirassiers or disbanded. From 1868 to 1918 the Austro-Hungarian dragoons numbered 15 regiments. During the 18th century several regiments of dragoons were created in Spain's American viceroyalties to protect the northern provinces and borders of New Spain in the present-day states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Kansas, Arizona, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota. Some of these functioned as a police force. In 1803, the regiments of dragoons began to be called light cavalry (C\"azadores\") and dragoons disappeared from the Spanish Army shortly after 1815. In New Spain, soon to be México, dragoons were important and elite units of the Royal Army. A number of dragoons became important military and political figures, among them Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama, members of the Queen's Regiment of Dragoons who defected and then initiated the independence movement in México in 1810. Another important dragoon was Agustin de Iturbide, who would ultimately achieve Mexican independence in 1821. He was known as the greatest horseman in México and became so renowned in battle during his youth that he acquired the nickname \"El Dragón de Hierro\" or \"The Iron Dragon\" (in Spanish, \"dragon\" and \"dragoon\" both sound and are written exactly the same). He would go on to become Agustín I, after being elected Emperor of México. The political importance of dragoons during this time in the nascent country cannot be overstated. Prior to the War of 1812 the U.S. organized the Regiment of Light Dragoons. For the war a second regiment was activated; that regiment was consolidated with the original regiment in 1814. The original regiment was consolidated with the Corps of Artillery in June 1815. The 1st United States Dragoons explored Iowa after the Black Hawk Purchase put the area under U.S. control. In the summer of 1835, the regiment blazed a trail along the Des Moines river and established outposts from present-day Des Moines to Fort Dodge. In 1933, the State of Iowa opened the Dragoon Trail, a scenic and historic drive that follows the path of the 1st United States Dragoons on their historic march. In 1861 the two existing U.S. Dragoon regiments were re-designated as the 1st and 2nd Cavalry. This reorganization did not affect their role or equipment, although the traditional orange uniform braiding of the dragoons was replaced by the standard yellow of the Cavalry branch. This marked the official end of dragoons in the U.S. Army, although certain modern units trace their origins back to the historic dragoon regiments. In several stages between 1816 and 1861, the 21 existing Light Dragoon regiments in the British Army were disbanded or converted to lancers or hussars. Between 1881 and 1907 all Russian cavalry (other than Cossacks and Imperial Guard regiments) were designated as dragoons, reflecting an emphasis on the double ability of dismounted action as well as the new cavalry tactics in their training and a growing acceptance of the impracticality of employing historical cavalry tactics against modern firepower. Upon the reinstatement of Uhlan and Hussar Regiments in 1907 their training pattern, as well as that of the Cuirassiers of the Guard, remained unchanged until the collapse of the Russian Imperial Army. In Japan, in the late 19th century/early 20th century, dragoons were deployed in the same way as in other armies, but were dressed as hussars.", "In 1914 there were still dragoon regiments in the British, French, German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Peruvian, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Spanish armies. Their uniforms varied greatly, lacking the characteristic features of hussar or lancer regiments. There were occasional reminders of the mounted infantry origins of this class of soldier. Thus the 28 dragoon regiments of the Imperial German Army wore the Pickelhaube (spiked helmet) of the same design as those of the infantry and the British dragoons wore scarlet tunics for full dress while hussars and all but one of the lancer regiments wore dark blue. In other respects however dragoons had adopted the same tactics, roles and equipment as other branches of the cavalry and the distinction had become simply one of traditional titles. Weaponry had ceased to have a historic connection, with both the French and German dragoon regiments carrying lances during the early stages of World War I. The historic German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian dragoon regiments ceased to exist as distinct branches following the overthrow of the respective imperial regimes of these countries during 1917–18. The Spanish dragoons, which dated back to 1640, were reclassified as numbered cavalry regiments in 1931 as part of the army modernization policies of the new republic. The Australian Light Horse were similar to 18th-century dragoon regiments in some respects, being mounted infantry which normally fought on foot, their horses' purpose being transportation. They served during the Second Boer War and World War I. The Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade became famous for the Battle of Beersheba in 1917 where they charged on horseback using rifle bayonets, since neither sabres or lances were part of their equipment. Later in the Palestine campaign Pattern 1908 Cavalry Swords were issued and used in the campaign leading to the fall of Damascus. Probably the last use of real dragoons (infantry on horseback) in combat was made by the Portuguese Army in the war in Angola during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1966, the Portuguese created an experimental horse platoon, to operate against the guerrillas in the high grass region of Eastern Angola, in which each soldier was armed with a G3 assault rifle for combat on foot and with an automatic pistol to fire from horseback. The troops on horseback were able to operate in difficult terrain unsuited to motor vehicles and had the advantage of being able to control the area around them, with a clear view over the grass that foot troops did not have. Moreover, these unconventional troops created a psychological impact on an enemy that was not used to facing horse troops, and thus had no training or strategy to deal with them. The experimental horse platoon was so successful that its entire parent battalion was transformed from an armored reconnaissance unit to a three-squadron horse battalion known as the \"Dragoons of Angola\". One of the typical operations carried out by the Dragoons of Angola, in cooperation with airmobile forces, consisted of the dragoons chasing the guerrillas and pushing them in one direction, with the airmobile troops being launched from helicopter in the enemy rear, trapping the enemy between the two forces.", "Until 1918 Dragoner (en: dragoon) was the designation given to the lowest ranks in the dragoon regiments of the Austro-Hungarian and Imperial German Armies. The \"Dragoner\" rank, together with all other private ranks of the different branch of service, did belong to the so-called gemeine rank group.", "", "The Brazilian president's honor guard is provided (amongst other units) by a regiment of dragoons: the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment of the Brazilian Army. This regiment is known as the \"Dragões da Independência\" (Independence Dragoons). The name was given in 1927 and refers to the fact that a detachment of dragoons escorted the Prince Royal of Portugal, Pedro I, at the time when he declared Brazilian independence from Portugal, on September 7, 1822. The Independence Dragoons wear 19th-century dress uniforms similar to those of the earlier Imperial Honor Guard, which are used as the regimental full dress uniform since 1927. The uniform was designed by Debret, in white and red, with plumed bronze helmets. The colors and pattern were influenced by the Austrian dragoons of the period, as the Brazilian Empress Consort was also an Austrian Archduchess. The color of the plumes varies according to rank. The Independence Dragoons are armed with lances and sabres, the latter only for the officers and the colour guard. The regiment was established in 1808 by the Prince Regent and future king of Portugal, John VI, with the duty of protecting the Portuguese royal family, which had sought refuge in Brazil during the Napoleonic wars. However dragoons had existed in Portugal since at least the early 18th century and, in 1719, units of this type of cavalry were sent to Brazil, initially to escort shipments of gold and diamonds and to guard the Viceroy who resided in Rio de Janeiro (1st Cavalry Regiment – Vice-Roy Guard Squadron). Later, they were also sent to the south to serve against the Spanish during frontier clashes. After the proclamation of Brazilian independence, the title of the regiment was changed to that of the Imperial Honor Guard, with the role of protecting the Imperial Family. The Guard was later disbanded by Emperor Peter II and would be recreated only later in the republican era. At the time of the Republic proclamation in 1889, horse #6 of the Imperial Honor Guard was ridden by the officer making the declaration of the end of Imperial rule, Second Lieutenant Eduardo José Barbosa. This is commemorated by the custom under which the horse having this number is used only by the commander of the modern regiment.", "There are three dragoon regiments in the Canadian Forces: the Royal Canadian Dragoons and two reserve regiments, the British Columbia Dragoons and the Saskatchewan Dragoons. The Royal Canadian Dragoons is the senior Armoured regiment in the Canadian Forces. The current role of The Royal Canadian Dragoons is to provide Armour Reconnaissance support to 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (2 CMBG) operations. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the formal status of a regiment of dragoons in 1921. The modern RCMP does not retain any military status however.", "Founded as the \"Dragones de la Reina\" (Queen's Dragoons) in 1758 and later renamed the Dragoons of Chile in 1812, and then becoming the Carabineros de Chile in 1903. The Carabineros are the national police of Chile. The military counterpart, that of the 15th Reinforced Regiment \"Dragoons\" is now as of 2010 the 4th Armored Brigade \"Chorrillos\" based in Punta Arenas as the 6th Armored Cavalry Squadron \"Dragoons\", and form part of the 5th Army Division.", "The Royal Danish Army includes amongst its historic regiments the Jutish Dragoon Regiment, which was raised in 1670.", "The modern French Army retains three dragoon regiments from the thirty-two in existence at the beginning of World War I: the 2nd, which is a nuclear, biological and chemical protection regiment, the 5th, an experimental Combined arms regiment, and the 13th (Special Reconnaissance).", "Beginning in the 17th century, the mercenary army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania included dragoon units. In the middle of the 17th century there were 1,660 dragoons in an army totaling 8,000 men. By the 18th century there were four regiments of dragoons. Lithuanian cavalrymen served in dragoon regiments of both the Russian and Prussian armies, after the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1920–1924 and 1935–1940 the Lithuanian Army included the Third Dragoon \"Iron Wolf\" Regiment. The dragoons were the equivalent of the present-day Volunteer Forces. In modern Lithuania the Grand Duke Butigeidis Battalion (\"Lithuanian: didžiojo kunigaikščio Butigeidžio dragūnų batalionas\") is designated as dragoons, with a motorized infantry role.", "In the Norwegian Army during the early part of the 20th century, dragoons served in part as mounted troops, and in part on skis or bicycles (\"hjulryttere\", meaning \"wheel-riders\"). Dragoons fought on horses, bicycles and skis against the German invasion in 1940. After World War II the dragoon regiments were reorganized as armoured reconnaissance units. \"Dragon\" is the rank of a compulsory service private cavalryman while enlisted (regular) cavalrymen have the same rank as infantrymen: \"Grenader\".", "The Presidential Escort Life Guard Dragoons Regiment \"Field Marshal Domingo Nieto\", named after Field Marshal Domingo Nieto, of the President of the Republic of Perú were the traditional Guard of the Government Palace of Perú until March 5, 1987 and its disbandment in that year. However, by Ministerial Resolution No 139-2012/DE/EP of February 2, 2012 the restoration of the Cavalry Regiment \"Marshal Domingo Nieto\" as the official escort of the President of the Republic of Peru was announced. The main mission of the reestablished regiment was to guarantee the security of the President of the Republic and of the Government Palace. This regiment of dragoons was created in 1904 following the suggestion of a French military mission which undertook the reorganization of the Peruvian Army in 1896. The initial title of the unit was Cavalry Squadron \"President's Escort\". It was modelled on the French dragoons of the period. The unit was later renamed as the Cavalry Regiment \"President's Escort\" before receiving its current title in 1949. The Peruvian Dragoon Guard has throughout its existence worn French-style uniforms of black tunic and red breeches in winter and white coat and red breeches in summer, with red and white plumed bronze helmets with the coat of arms of Peru and golden or red epaulettes depending on rank. They retain their original armament of lances and sabres, until the 1980s rifles were used for dismounted drill. At 13:00 hours every day, the main esplanade in front of the Government Palace of Perú fronting Lima's Main Square serves as the stage for the changing of the guard, undertaken by members of the Presidential Life Guard Escort Dragoons, mounted or dismounted. While the dismounted changing is held on Mondays and Fridays, the mounted ceremony is held twice a month on a Sunday.", "The Portuguese Army still maintains two units which are descended from former regiments of dragoons. These are the 3rd Regiment of Cavalry (the former \"Olivença Dragoons\") and the 6th Regiment of Cavalry (the former \"Chaves Dragoons\"). Both regiments are, presently, armoured units. The Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade' Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron – a unit from the 3rd Regiment of Cavalry – is known as the \"Paratroopers Dragoons\". During the Portuguese Colonial War in the 1960s and the 1970s, the Portuguese Army created an experimental horse platoon, to combat the guerrillas in eastern Angola. This unit was soon augmented, becoming a group of three squadrons, known as the \"Angola Dragoons\". The Angola Dragoons operated as mounted infantry – like the original dragoons – each soldier being armed with a pistol to fire when on horseback and with an automatic rifle, to use when dismounted. A unit of the same type was being created in Mozambique when the war ended in 1974.", "The Spanish Army began the training of a dragoon corps in 1635 under the direction of Pedro de la Puente at Innsbruck. In 1640 the first dragoon \"tercio\" was created, equipped with arquebuses and maces. The number of dragoon tercios was increased to nine by the end of the XVII century: three garrisoned in Spain, another three in the Netherlands and the remainder in Milan. The \"tercio\"s were converted into a regimental system, beginning in 1704. Philip V created several additional dragoon regiments to perform the functions of a police corps in the New World. Notable amongst those units were the leather-clad \"dragones de cuera\". In 1803 the dragoon regiments were renamed as \"\"caballería ligera\"\" (light cavalry). By 1815 these units had been disbanded. Spain recreated its dragoons in the late nineteenth century. In 1930, three Spanish dragoon regiments were still in existence.", "In the Swedish Army, dragoons comprise the Military Police and Military Police Rangers. They also form the 13th Battalion of the Life Guards, which is a military police unit. The 13th (Dragoons) Battalion have roots that go back as far as 1523, making it one of the world's oldest military units still in service. Today, the only mounted units still retained by the Swedish Army are the two dragoons squadrons of the King's Guards Battalion of the Life Guards. Horses are used for ceremonial purposes only, most often when the dragoons take part in the changing of the guards at The Royal Palace in Stockholm. \"\"Livdragon\"\" is the rank of a private cavalryman.", "In the Swiss Army, mounted dragoons existed until the early 1970s, when they were converted into Armoured Grenadiers units. The \"\"Dragoner\"\" had to prove he was able to keep a horse at home before entering the army. At the end of basic training they had to buy a horse at a reduced price from the army and to take it home together with equipment, uniform and weapon. In the \"yearly repetition course\" the dragoons served with their horses, often riding from home to the meeting point. The abolition of the dragoon units, believed to be the last non-ceremonial horse cavalry in Europe, was a contentious issue in Switzerland. On 5 December 1972 the Swiss \"National Council\" approved the measure by 91 votes, against 71 for retention.", "In the present-day British Army regular army, four regiments are designated as dragoons: The 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, the Royal Dragoon Guards, and the Light Dragoons. In the Territorial Army, one of the five squadrons of the Royal Yeomanry—the Westminster Dragoons— also has the title of dragoons.", "The 1st and 2nd Battalion, 48th Infantry were mechanized infantry units assigned to the 3rd Armored Division (3AD) in West Germany during the Cold War. The unit crest of the 48th Infantry designated the unit as Dragoons, purely a traditional designation. The 1st Dragoons was reformed in the Vietnam War era as the 1st Squadron, 1st U.S. Cavalry. It served in the Iraq War and remains as the oldest cavalry unit, as well as the most decorated one, in the U.S. Army. Today's modern 1–1 Cavalry is a scout/attack unit, equipped with MRAPs, M3A3 Bradley CFVs, and Strykers. Another modern United States Army unit, informally known as the 2nd Dragoons, is the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. This unit was originally organized as the Second Regiment of Dragoons in 1836 and was renamed the Second Cavalry Regiment in 1861, being redesignated as the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in 1948. The regiment is currently equipped with the Stryker family of wheeled fighting vehicles and was redesignated as the 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment in 2006. In 2011 the 2nd Dragoon regiment was redesignated as the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. The 2nd Cavalry Regiment has the distinction of being the longest continuously serving regiment in the United States Army. The 113th Army Band at Fort Knox is also officially nicknamed as \"The Dragoons.\" This derives from its formation as the Band, First Regiment of Dragoons on July 8, 1840. Company D, 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion of the United States Marine Corps, is nicknamed the \"Dragoons\". Their combat history includes Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom from 2002 to 2013." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 509, 103122, 98, 387, 20414, 172457, 23, 2041, 8900, 34, 23, 70, 30089, 3378, 59444, 111, 39287, 2634, 15, 160351, 24, 4806, 49350, 786, 15477, 16, 23, 70, 11341, 111, 118125, 166653, 23, 127067, 13, 4438, 30089, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 27150, 525, 111, 59671, 20020, 103122, 47, 176341, 786, 15477, 4, 142, 185118, 111, 92265, 224, 16797, 4, 136, 116668, 11, 8, 73212, 49350, 5, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 25, 7, 67373, 145755, 10, 79497, 21873, 1363, 98, 3551, 6, 157272, 390, 1919, 58386, 25, 7, 14449, 4, 136, 14432, 123997, 3551, 23, 59867, 202552, 61422, 98, 3129, 764, 170920, 10, 21873, 1363, 111, 1919, 10002, 5, 18763, 1119, 41745, 272, 4527, 111, 18940, 9, 433, 6496, 26868, 17514, 85168, 297, 4049, 10, 100, 45091, 4, 136, 764, 509, 51529, 100, 10, 1733, 237, 70, 44, 10625, 16670, 13, 18813, 111, 30089, 1242, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 509, 102919, 3674, 390, 36279, 1294, 4, 136, 12960, 7464, 10, 29041, 764, 97384, 47, 22648, 70, 21873, 1363, 25, 7, 2288, 302, 98687, 25251, 136, 43572, 31494, 90, 5, 1529, 2843, 12301, 10, 6782, 35142, 111, 70, 43240, 111, 112876, 7, 1446, 86, 5, 1529, 54397, 23, 1919, 1809, 964, 87168, 450, 70, 48869, 111, 12403, 214, 21449, 47, 4049, 12960, 49432, 1916, 70, 118208, 2517, 7158, 90, 111, 30089, 1295, 70, 21873, 1363, 5, 24372, 62822, 6, 188336, 678, 14375, 121314, 7, 4, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 22282, 71, 100, 10, 1733, 99, 70, 11554, 446, 9702, 41117, 188, 253, 2079, 9153, 23, 16010, 19826, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 509, 9325, 47, 70, 11554, 446, 9702, 5919, 1507, 23, 11182, 14281, 136, 70, 41483, 8, 118125, 23, 118125, 166653, 5, 360, 145081, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 2878, 25958, 121, 538, 64807, 390, 10, 6817, 1295, 10, 111649, 5, 1529, 54324, 70, 21873, 1363, 136, 23409, 47, 14713, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 23, 33938, 111, 39734, 5, 360, 7270, 4, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 5470, 297, 10, 16446, 16762, 1419, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 20662, 142, 237, 16797, 5, 581, 27167, 66747, 71, 509, 106, 4, 5955, 37863, 7, 100, 10, 6626, 9, 497, 474, 113014, 4, 1001, 81997, 100, 2499, 82649, 143434, 136, 100, 30646, 214, 70, 16446, 16762, 47, 7270, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 150675, 10554, 111, 17265, 4, 136, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 68872, 959, 47, 3249, 70, 113014, 4, 31635, 214, 450, 44, 91306, 87, 10512, 106, 4, 5955, 37863, 7, 100, 142, 157109, 25, 7, 147643, 87, 35299, 7413, 442, 40101, 4127, 707, 6494, 5, 4263, 442, 83, 6494, 70, 17265, 1221, 186, 72856, 5, 4263, 442, 83, 4127, 87, 35299, 3444, 47, 119140, 442, 136, 87, 35299, 959, 765, 70, 26950, 1242, 24372, 903, 764, 123997, 10, 108846, 153532, 4, 3129, 764, 34739, 678, 4049, 3229, 764, 176377, 47, 30089, 678, 1919, 27863, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 360, 151278, 70, 14449, 176377, 47, 14713, 4, 1284, 176341, 7, 29131, 5792, 99825, 47, 21342, 98, 47, 7270, 1295, 230991, 4, 136, 74279, 7228, 70, 120696, 98, 1919, 10002, 5, 18763, 67373, 25, 7, 16227, 150844, 3674, 136, 764, 68872, 47, 30646, 47, 30089, 4, 7440, 764, 68, 71, 98, 496, 8055, 151278, 5, 1326, 70, 11737, 22759, 5369, 74279, 158930, 23, 7270, 4, 35187, 214, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 135969, 7, 4, 136, 39108, 2481, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 10, 14375, 121314, 4, 136, 30646, 214, 47, 30089, 100, 16610, 65006, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 764, 54324, 1919, 108846, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 442, 678, 10, 1286, 113138, 136, 4271, 56, 262, 803, 191, 2926, 9, 3996, 75457, 5, 360, 121049, 764, 176377, 47, 30089, 100, 10, 51713, 14922, 4, 1284, 80723, 47, 18025, 7270, 136, 221, 176377, 47, 14713, 23, 117430, 5, 117371, 352, 1299, 6048, 764, 1902, 123997, 10, 43658, 111, 142, 15426, 111, 163317, 51575, 13, 25, 7, 81887, 47, 12403, 47, 70, 23924, 82224, 390, 16446, 16762, 4, 59121, 390, 70, 64549, 25251, 111, 70, 16446, 16762, 4, 41646, 5, 239, 72559, 4134, 136, 60154, 34, 1900, 5, 360, 1919, 333, 87168, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 98363, 7, 70, 12877, 237, 44, 11, 36919, 1363, 830, 136, 103608, 71, 47, 3249, 5470, 678, 70, 16446, 16762, 64549, 25251, 3229, 764, 157578, 7270, 5, 2161, 30780, 141, 23, 7270, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 5470, 297, 239, 72559, 4134, 136, 60154, 34, 1900, 136, 137356, 71, 47, 3249, 10, 113014, 4, 20279, 297, 390, 20984, 164, 60154, 34, 1900, 5, 2561, 214, 5773, 1295, 142672, 6920, 5861, 4, 70, 113014, 21, 14437, 110518, 6626, 21974, 20271, 3129, 70, 16446, 16762, 26983, 6259, 4, 38162, 7565, 23, 70, 61585, 7, 111, 70, 228267, 8, 8002, 42, 109634, 5, 357, 62956, 297, 390, 70, 16981, 4, 20271, 70, 25550, 120696, 4420, 47, 7270, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 30745, 60154, 34, 1900, 450, 764, 36663, 47, 765, 10, 16446, 16762, 64549, 297, 100, 66570, 5, 117371, 903, 509, 140528, 764, 21647, 297, 16981, 390, 20662, 10, 14012, 111, 32837, 1363, 113014, 7, 100, 239, 72559, 4134, 5, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 25, 7, 5117, 16446, 16762, 4331, 4, 70, 44, 571, 38385, 379, 830, 509, 456, 10015, 2886, 100, 6863, 19336, 13267, 136, 22729, 57888, 4, 678, 10, 177399, 111, 4734, 5, 360, 225490, 4, 70, 16446, 16762, 23, 3129, 764, 1902, 7228, 1919, 5117, 113014, 1902, 10, 177399, 111, 5, 24372, 183851, 16446, 16762, 113014, 7, 4, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 69347, 47, 70, 4331, 111, 2288, 56, 2886, 16446, 16762, 7, 4, 3129, 100512, 51529, 237, 98086, 13566, 5, 32255, 5809, 186, 25793, 2118, 71, 8305, 70, 1831, 43257, 3501, 38188, 214, 33233, 678, 70, 32382, 5, 62, 98086, 2661, 14537, 297, 390, 142, 39108, 2926, 4, 44, 2729, 9942, 830, 87709, 111, 12403, 214, 99, 10932, 1902, 2809, 65771, 538, 86608, 19, 23, 166555, 390, 28166, 15790, 5861, 136, 79281, 193233, 4, 1284, 2363, 28007, 7, 1902, 959, 42658, 297, 4743, 47, 10, 92635, 111, 163157, 5, 18763, 5117, 4331, 509, 148, 107, 76622, 20271, 6863, 17932, 113014, 98, 1702, 6088, 117752, 4, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 74279, 49350, 9, 17726, 15477, 15, 74, 387, 20414, 172457, 3742, 20414, 60775, 16, 509, 10, 30089, 3378, 26868, 748, 136, 85683, 1363, 53918, 11226, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 4552, 10846, 3395, 47, 765, 162466, 71, 207583, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 15044, 22729, 56, 9, 21732, 9, 7341, 136, 17305, 22023, 9, 21732, 9, 7341, 1831, 56379, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Childhood.", "Move to France.", "Aircraft.", "Balloons and dirigibles.", "Heavier-than-air craft.", "Later years.", "Death.", "Private life.", "\"A Encantada\".", "Honors and legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Santos-Dumont was born on 20 July 1873 in Cabangu in the Brazilian town of Palmira (today named Santos Dumont) in the state of Minas Gerais in southeast Brazil. He was the youngest of seven children born to Henrique Dumont, an engineer of French descent, and Francisca de Paula Santos. Santos-Dumont's father managed a coffee plantation on land owned by his wife's family, and later bought land in Ribeirão Preto on which he established a plantation of his own. His extensive use of labor-saving inventions earned him a fortune, and he was known for a time as the \"Coffee King of Brazil.\" Santos-Dumont was fascinated by machinery, and while still a child he learned to drive the plantation's steam tractors and locomotives. He also read a great deal of the works of Jules Verne. He wrote in his autobiography that the dream of flying came to him while contemplating the magnificent skies of Brazil from the plantation. After basic instruction with private tutors, Santos-Dumont studied for a time at the Colégio Culto à Ciência in Campinas, after which he was sent to the Colégio Morton in São Paulo and the Escola de Minas in Minas Gerais.", "In 1891 Santos-Dumont's father was partially paralyzed by a fall from a horse. He sold the plantation and went to Europe with his wife and Santos-Dumont in search of treatment. In Paris, Santos-Dumont contacted a balloonist with the intention of making an ascent. The price quoted was 1,200 francs for a two-hour flight, plus payment for any damage caused and for returning the balloon to Paris. This was a considerable sum of money, and Santos-Dumont decided not to make the flight, reasoning that \"If I risk 1,200 francs for an afternoon's pleasure I shall find it either good or bad. If it is bad the money will be lost. If it is good I shall want to repeat it and I shall not have the means.\" After this he bought a Peugeot automobile, which he took with him when he returned to Brazil with his parents at the end of the year. In 1892 the family returned to Europe, but Henriques felt too ill to continue on to Paris from Lisbon, and Alberto made the journey on his own. His father's health deteriorated and he decided to return to Brazil, where he died on 30 August 1892. For the next four years Alberto lived in Paris, studying physics, chemistry, mechanics, and electricity with the help of a private tutor, and returning to Brazil for short holidays. During this period he sold his Peugeot, replacing it with a more powerful and faster De Dion motor-tricycle. In 1896 he returned to Brazil for a longer period, but began to miss Paris and so returned to Europe in 1897. Before embarking he had bought a copy of an account of Salomon Andrée's attempt to fly to the North Pole by balloon, written by the constructors of the balloon, MM. Lachambre and Machuron. In his biography Santos-Dumont describes the book as \"a revelation\", and resolved to make contact with the balloon constructors when he reached Paris.", "", "On arrival in Paris Santos-Dumont contacted Lachambre and Machuron and arranged to make a flight, piloted by Alexis Machuron. Taking off from Vaugirard, the flight lasted nearly two hours during which the balloon travelled, coming down in the grounds of the Château de Ferrières. Enchanted by the experience, during the train journey back to Paris Santos-Dumont told Machuron that he wanted to have a balloon constructed for himself. Before this was completed he gained experience by making a number of demonstration flights for Lachambre. Santos-Dumont's first balloon design, the \"Brésil\", was remarkable for its small size and light weight, with a capacity of only. In comparison, the balloon in which he had made his first flight had a capacity of. After numerous balloon flights, Santos-Dumont turned to the design of steerable balloons, which became known as dirigibles. These could be propelled through the air rather than drifting along with the wind. A dirigible powered by an electric motor, \"La France\", capable of flying at around had been successfully flown in 1884 by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs, but their experiments had not progressed due to a lack of funding. His first design was wrecked during its second flight on 29 September 1898, and he had even less luck with his second, which was abandoned after his first attempt to fly it on 11 May 1899. A major cause of the accidents to his first two airships had been loss of pressure causing the elongated envelope to lose shape, and for his third design he adopted a much shorter and fatter envelope shape, and towards the end of 1899 made a number of successful flights in it. Meanwhile, he had an airship shed complete with its own hydrogen generating plant constructed at the Aéro-Club de France's flying grounds in the Parc Saint Cloud. The zenith of his lighter-than-air career came when Santos-Dumont won the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize for the first flight from the Parc Saint Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than 30 minutes, necessitating an average ground speed of at least 22 km/h (14 mph) to cover the in the allotted time. To win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize Santos-Dumont decided to build a bigger craft, the No. 5. On 8 August 1901, during one of his attempts, his dirigible began to lose hydrogen, and started to descend and was unable to clear the roof of the Trocadero Hotel. Santos-Dumont was left hanging in the basket from the side of the hotel. With the help of the Paris fire brigade, he climbed to the roof without injury, but the dirigible was a complete loss. He immediately ordered a replacement to be constructed, the \"No.6\" On 19 October 1901, after several more attempts, Santos-Dumont succeeded in making the return flight. Immediately after he reached Saint-Cloud, a controversy broke out regarding the precise timing of the flight: although he had reached his destination in under 30 minutes there had been a delay of over a minute before his mooring line was picked up. However a satisfactory compromise was reached, and Santos-Dumont was eventually given the prize, which he announced would be given to the poor of Paris. An additional 125,000 francs along with a gold medal was voted to him by the government of his native Brazil. Winning the de la Meurthe prize made Santos-Dumont an international celebrity. He would float his No. 9 \"Baladeuse\" along Paris boulevards at rooftop level, sometimes landing at a cafe for lunch. Parisians affectionately dubbed Santos-Dumont \"le petit Santos\". The fashionable people of the day copied various aspects of his style of dress, from his high collared shirts to his signature Panama hat. In 1904 Santos-Dumont shipped his new airship No. 7 from Paris to St. Louis to fly at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to compete for the Grand Prize of $100,000 which was to be given to a flying machine (of any sort) that could make three round-trip flights over a 24 km (15 mile) L-shaped course at an average speed of 20 mph (32 km/h), later reduced to 15 mph (24 km/h). It was also necessary for the machine to land undamaged not more than from the starting point. Because he was the best-known aviator at the time, the Fair committee went to great lengths to ensure his participation, including modifying the rules. In conjunction with this trip he was invited to the White House to meet U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. However, upon arrival in St. Louis, Santos-Dumont found his airship's envelope to be irreparably damaged. Sabotage, although suspected, was never proven. Santos-Dumont did not participate in the contest after suspicion of the deed, a repeat of a similar incident in London, began to focus on Santos-Dumont himself. He left the Fair and returned immediately to France. In 1904, after Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier about the difficulty of checking his pocket watch during flight, Cartier created his first men's wristwatch, thus allowing Santos-Dumont to check his flight performance while keeping both hands on the controls. Cartier still markets a line of Santos-Dumont watches and sunglasses.", "Although Santos-Dumont continued to work on non-rigid airships, his primary interest soon turned to heavier-than-air aircraft. By 1905, he had finished his first fixed-wing aircraft design, and also a helicopter. Santos-Dumont finally succeeded in flying a heavier-than-air aircraft on 23 October 1906, piloting the \"14-bis\" before a large crowd of witnesses at the grounds of Paris' Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne for a distance of 60 metres (197 ft) at a height of about five meters (16 ft). This was the first flight of a powered heavier-than-air machine in Europe to be certified by the Aéro-Club de France, and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for the first officially observed flight of more than 25 meters. On 12 November 1906 Santos-Dumont set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, by flying 220 metres (722 ft) in 21.5 seconds. On that date he became the first person to be filmed in an airplane in flight. As late as 1906 he was reported as stating that the Wright Brothers claim to have flown for thirty miles was mere bluff. Santos-Dumont's final design were the \"Demoiselle\" monoplanes (Nos. 19 to 22). These aircraft were used by Dumont for personal transport. The fuselage consisted of three specially reinforced bamboo booms, and the pilot sat a seat between the main wheels of a tricycle landing gear. The Demoiselle was controlled in flight by a tail unit that functioned both as elevator and rudder, and by wing warping (No. 20). In 1908 Santos-Dumont started working with Adolphe Clément's Clement-Bayard company to mass-produce the \"Demoiselle No 19\". They planned a production run of 100 units, built 50 but sold only 15, for 7,500 francs for each airframe. It was the world's first series production aircraft. By 1909 it was offered with a choice of three engines: Clement 20 hp; Wright 4-cyl 30 hp (Clement-Bayard had the license to manufacture Wright engines) and Clement-Bayard 40 hp designed by Pierre Clerget. The \"Demoiselle\" could achieve a speed of 120 km/h. The \"Demoiselle\" could be constructed in only 15 days. Possessing a good performance, flying at a speed of more than 100 km/h, the \"Demoiselle\" was the last aircraft designed by Santos-Dumont. The June 1910 edition of the \"Popular Mechanics\" magazine published drawings of the \"Demoiselle\" and stated, \"This machine is better than any other which has ever been built, for those who wish to reach results with the least possible expense and with a minimum of experimenting.\" American companies sold drawings and parts for \"Demoiselles\" for several years afterward.", "Santos-Dumont's final flight as a pilot was made in a \"Demoiselle\" on 4 January 1910. The flight ended when a bracing wire snapped at an altitude of about 25 m (80 ft), causing a wing to collapse. Santos-Dumont suffered only bruises. In March 1910 Santos-Dumont announced that he was retiring from aviation. He secluded himself in his house and it was rumoured that he was suffering from a nervous breakdown caused by overwork, but it is probable that he was depressed about the multiple sclerosis from which he was later known to suffer. In 1911 he moved to the French seaside village of Bénerville (now Benerville-sur-Mer), where he took up astronomy as a hobby. After the outbreak of war in 1914 his German-made telescope and unusual accent led to accusations he was a German spy tracking French naval activity, and his rooms searched by French police. Upset by the allegation and depressed about his illness Santos-Dumont burned all his papers and plans. For this reason there is little direct information available about his designs today. He spent much of the 1920s in Swiss and French sanatoria, though returning to Brazil at times. For his arrival in Brazil on the luxury liner \"Cap Arcona\" in 1928, a dozen members of the Brazilian scientific community boarded a seaplane with the intention of paying him a flying welcome. The plane crashed with the loss of all on board; Santos-Dumont's growing despondency deepened even further, and he returned to Switzerland.", "In 1931 Santos-Dumont's nephew went to Switzerland and took him back to Brazil. Seriously ill and said to be depressed both by his multiple sclerosis and also the use of aircraft in warfare during São Paulo's Constitutionalist Revolution, he hanged himself on 23 July 1932, three days after his 59th birthday, in the city of Guarujá (although his death certificate gives the cause of death as \"cardiac collapse\"). After lying in state for two days in the crypt of São Paulo Cathedral, his body was taken to Rio de Janeiro, where after a state funeral he was buried in the São João Batista Cemetery. His heart is preserved in a golden globe at Brazil's National Air and Space Museum.", "Santos-Dumont, a lifelong bachelor, appeared to have a particular affection for a married Cuban-American woman named Aida de Acosta, who in 1903 became the only other person that he ever permitted to fly one of his airshipshis No. 9. Until the end of his life, he kept a picture of her on his desk alongside a vase of fresh flowers. Nonetheless, there is no indication that Santos-Dumont and Acosta stayed in touch after her flight; upon his death she was reported as saying that she hardly knew him. Santos-Dumont often used an equal sign (=) between his two surnames in place of a hyphen, to display equal respect for his French and Brazilian-Portuguese ethnicities.", "In Brazil, during 1918 Santos-Dumont bought a small lot on the side of a hill in the city of Petrópolis, in the mountains near Rio de Janeiro, and in 1918 built a small house there filled with imaginative mechanical gadgetry including an alcohol-fueled heated shower of his own design. The hill was purposefully chosen because of its great steepness as a proof that ingenuity could make it possible to build a comfortable house in that unlikely site. After building it, he used to spend his summers there to escape the heat in Rio, calling it \"A Encantada\" (\"The Enchanted\") after its street, \"Rua do Encanto\". The treads of the exterior stairs are hollowed alternately on the right and left, to enable people to climb them comfortably. The house is now a museum.", "It is popularly believed in Brazil that Santos-Dumont preceded the Wright brothers in demonstrating a practical airplane." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 884, 3827, 7, 509, 103122, 98, 543, 8055, 60487, 4, 36917, 1919, 78840, 6236, 9963, 1021, 9319, 25, 7, 117421, 56, 25, 7, 19927, 23, 1310, 13, 3915, 4, 12876, 33850, 5, 14847, 884, 3827, 7, 25, 7, 9963, 1021, 9319, 68, 71, 4, 1919, 67373, 4, 19893, 15, 2347, 27150, 56, 111, 6626, 775, 7, 247, 54324, 1919, 12008, 23, 70, 19927, 136, 70, 14449, 25737, 1310, 13, 3915, 5, 884, 3827, 7, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 84929, 4, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 10, 45367, 56, 5, 1529, 1902, 142, 114210, 114015, 2750, 509, 7464, 57332, 4, 136, 10, 27150, 56, 114015, 5, 1301, 10, 5691, 46799, 9, 18345, 4, 884, 3827, 7, 26859, 47, 33022, 43515, 3129, 1919, 42732, 2806, 68557, 136, 3884, 98, 10, 2412, 17463, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 305, 4, 764, 23409, 47, 42557, 2069, 3915, 29693, 1284, 109133, 47, 262, 8540, 136, 509, 9325, 47, 45443, 99, 10542, 162715, 1760, 19188, 23, 262, 8540, 23, 34578, 7103, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 1631, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 764, 134053, 70, 5452, 254, 41260, 44, 19659, 16450, 33770, 28745, 3698, 10763, 830, 136, 12301, 756, 70, 21261, 7, 390, 572, 5, 527, 5, 22576, 7, 136, 12452, 65528, 38149, 4, 136, 14432, 90452, 341, 5, 67468, 5, 360, 40464, 4, 20271, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 25674, 144000, 7, 136, 24124, 22631, 23, 7362, 192, 5, 18763, 126140, 16981, 191722, 70, 7974, 28645, 26085, 5125, 7, 17932, 136, 50960, 42840, 4, 44, 284, 6678, 63052, 1004, 24762, 58, 136, 44, 284, 42926, 13, 62, 16304, 33, 214, 830, 107013, 538, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 764, 79786, 237, 10, 42840, 14191, 23, 42673, 5, 1529, 2843, 54397, 10, 14012, 111, 16610, 126371, 100, 10, 42840, 14191, 7, 25, 52350, 68828, 1672, 6897, 23, 10, 6, 20941, 31821, 10821, 12877, 10534, 4, 3129, 110281, 297, 70, 35743, 111, 28166, 17629, 8962, 4, 142, 30391, 99, 70, 80299, 56, 41351, 56, 136, 41351, 56, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 41351, 56, 136, 41351, 56, 91376, 884, 3827, 7, 25, 5117, 12877, 4, 44, 3957, 138276, 3584, 9109, 160964, 90, 58, 5173, 70265, 4, 10, 1781, 9, 22469, 21261, 23, 45, 6635, 3173, 1672, 70, 6897, 111, 10, 40575, 195644, 23, 10, 12877, 10534, 5, 56888, 903, 1733, 764, 2843, 80723, 47, 33022, 41664, 127663, 100, 67842, 41260, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 87, 38406, 39463, 4, 1919, 5117, 149575, 4935, 127663, 23, 28412, 509, 70, 16610, 13765, 44, 441, 36071, 289, 54877, 830, 91376, 390, 4939, 107281, 1181, 23, 70, 20414, 47765, 31089, 111, 44, 218054, 115016, 740, 48752, 289, 111, 1919, 43515, 118775, 23, 47114, 4, 26719, 17262, 23, 176735, 37348, 111, 44, 46568, 6661, 7, 830, 2843, 27211, 297, 390, 107281, 1181, 5, 360, 47765, 4, 44, 3957, 3545, 39642, 58, 73962, 13028, 10, 130412, 100, 10, 16610, 13765, 5423, 23, 70, 6602, 46486, 5, 884, 3827, 7, 25, 13765, 44, 122116, 1326, 893, 72944, 58, 509, 30648, 297, 50960, 25632, 10, 155255, 43374, 5, 44, 3957, 138276, 3584, 9109, 160964, 90, 58, 1902, 2809, 10, 43967, 36272, 4, 136, 41351, 56, 37170, 884, 3827, 7, 2174, 764, 1902, 2499, 1286, 32562, 1836, 5809, 6713, 99, 678, 10, 21455, 47, 80299, 214, 5, 884, 3827, 7, 112017, 297, 47, 8035, 10, 41664, 127663, 42179, 4, 47, 70, 8, 20016, 111, 70, 80299, 1314, 4, 2750, 1902, 10, 14012, 111, 41664, 127663, 35992, 23, 11192, 44677, 4, 136, 221, 1919, 5117, 41664, 127663, 12877, 509, 91376, 4, 10, 42486, 111, 16610, 43515, 233234, 44, 141012, 4, 19055, 136, 148097, 11896, 58, 15, 17647, 1297, 4, 44321, 194, 3311, 903, 1733, 4, 1919, 85168, 5180, 1295, 32562, 14858, 297, 1919, 259, 4188, 23, 70, 12877, 10534, 4, 136, 764, 7228, 70, 51957, 47, 24209, 10, 4393, 9, 6032, 6, 70035, 5, 884, 3827, 7, 12441, 70, 20875, 214, 100, 17006, 1250, 2179, 214, 2356, 61804, 111, 42610, 99, 70, 11737, 6602, 25, 7, 6661, 2271, 4, 1284, 122799, 50155, 44, 157, 70318, 740, 1529, 509, 3163, 89829, 13918, 111, 70, 56101, 28745, 3698, 10763, 56187, 23, 23936, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 82575, 53, 30391, 111, 70, 44, 205061, 25919, 58, 73962, 1295, 42610, 47, 31060, 5, 62, 67688, 38425, 4, 764, 136, 4989, 9, 6032, 57119, 1290, 20904, 168369, 26859, 70, 5117, 17669, 68828, 111, 41664, 127663, 35778, 8780, 4, 44, 218054, 3698, 10763, 112639, 7, 830, 3129, 20271, 6863, 59335, 27734, 111, 6626, 37348, 91376, 38440, 136, 98865, 390, 6044, 42179, 7, 237, 14631, 335, 15227, 4, 136, 60213, 71, 10, 35107, 54940, 884, 3827, 7, 4, 313, 5, 159, 5, 77330, 4, 136, 87703, 4293, 62, 2179, 23, 70, 5117, 31089, 136, 142, 33683, 678, 25031, 159, 5, 7362, 42, 72089, 7, 23, 70, 17932, 5, 360, 28980, 62014, 164, 35519, 34368, 145870, 884, 3827, 7, 4, 821, 5, 527, 5, 21786, 5861, 4, 48861, 3786, 143, 67977, 4, 136, 59176, 627, 5, 64997, 299, 237, 44, 66, 109270, 2420, 6048, 3525, 8562, 111, 58, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 136, 119893, 111, 70, 2356, 148529, 5, 86247, 988, 1919, 10002, 32562, 7, 4, 764, 1902, 6782, 36272, 237, 142, 142, 24948, 106622, 5, 1326, 41351, 56, 764, 27211, 297, 44, 4153, 2955, 39367, 214, 59215, 830, 10, 42486, 111, 43515, 11417, 151138, 67842, 2856, 90, 111, 41664, 127663, 4, 136, 44, 110601, 115016, 68674, 740, 360, 40418, 4, 764, 27211, 297, 142, 142, 927, 25443, 111, 456, 35662, 297, 16610, 41664, 127663, 100, 70, 56101, 15122, 12620, 80299, 56, 80483, 73, 83266, 1379, 70, 44759, 44, 76114, 66544, 28745, 3698, 10763, 740, 3293, 509, 456, 10015, 78458, 65771, 4, 23409, 3934, 183851, 456, 35662, 7, 4, 136, 509, 134629, 1257, 390, 6626, 53333, 142, 927, 18709, 7, 12, 44, 122880, 80483, 73, 28745, 3698, 10763, 58, 5173, 82036, 136, 44, 1723, 126, 5455, 80483, 73, 28745, 3698, 10763, 58, 5173, 88235, 5, 581, 14432, 142, 927, 18709, 7, 105945, 70, 5701, 36272, 237, 70, 5117, 4, 136, 756, 17262, 3542, 155605, 91376, 25842, 237, 44, 3957, 80483, 73, 28745, 3698, 10763, 68973, 4223, 58, 236939, 4, 3129, 2843, 23409, 3934, 10, 14012, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 66311, 100708, 884, 3827, 7, 15, 74, 543, 8055, 60487, 46, 953, 8055, 81225, 4, 509, 142, 14941, 6, 70035, 136, 142, 927, 25443, 9, 175583, 4, 2965, 51529, 100, 41664, 127663, 21261, 7, 136, 16610, 43515, 5, 18763, 390, 2256, 12301, 7, 40101, 66311, 601, 5, 884, 3827, 7, 707, 42856, 66311, 884, 3827, 7, 4, 40494, 100, 46505, 289, 74189, 5264, 7, 20271, 70, 4122, 9, 139883, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and career.", "Early life, education, and military service.", "Writing and publishing.", "Art.", "Personal life.", "Death.", "Awards and honours.", "Works.", "Short stories.", "Poems." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Aldiss was born on 18 August 1925, above his paternal grandfather's draper's shop in Dereham, Norfolk. When Aldiss's grandfather died, his father, Bill (the younger of two sons), sold his share in the shop and the family left Dereham. Aldiss's mother, Dot, was the daughter of a builder. He had an older sister who was stillborn, and a younger sister. As a 3-year-old, Aldiss started to write stories which his mother would bind and put on a shelf. At the age of 6, he went to Framlingham College but moved to Devon and was sent to board at West Buckland School in Devon in 1939 after the outbreak of the war. As a child he discovered the pulp magazine \"Astounding Science Fiction\", and read all the novels by H. G. Wells and Robert Heinlein, and later Philip K. Dick. In 1943, during the Second World War, he joined the Royal Signals and saw action in Burma.", "His Army experience inspired the Horatio Stubbs second and third books, \"A Soldier Erect\" and \"A Rude Awakening\", respectively. After the war, he worked as a bookseller in Oxford. He also wrote a number of short pieces for a booksellers' trade journal about life in a fictitious bookshop, which attracted the attention of Charles Monteith, an editor at the publisher Faber and Faber. As a result, Faber and Faber published Aldiss' first book, \"The Brightfount Diaries\" (1955), a 200-page novel in diary form about the life of a sales assistant in a bookshop. About this time he also began to write science fiction for various magazines. According to ISFDB, his first speculative fiction in print was the short story \"Criminal Record\", published by John Carnell in the July 1954 issue of \"Science Fantasy\". Several of his stories appeared in 1955, including three in monthly issues of \"New Worlds\", also edited by Carnell. In 1954, \"The Observer\" newspaper ran a competition for a short story set in the year 2500. Aldiss' story \"Not For An Age\" was ranked third following a reader vote. \"The Brightfount Diaries\" had been a minor success, and Faber asked Aldiss if he had any more writing they could look at with a view to publishing. Aldiss confessed to being a science fiction author, to the delight of the publishers, who had a number of science fiction fans in high places, and so his first science fiction book was published, a collection of short stories entitled \"Space, Time and Nathaniel\" (Faber, 1957). By this time, his earnings from writing matched his wages in the bookshop, and he made the decision to become a full-time writer. Aldiss led the voting for Most Promising New Author of 1958 at the next year's Worldcon, but finished behind \"no award\". He was elected president of the British Science Fiction Association in 1960. He was the literary editor of the \"Oxford Mail\" newspaper from 1958 to 1969. Around 1964, he and long-time collaborator Harry Harrison started the first ever journal of science fiction criticism, \"Science Fiction Horizons\", which during its brief span of two issues published articles and reviews by such authors as James Blish, and featured a discussion among Aldiss, C. S. Lewis, and Kingsley Amis in the first issue and an interview with William S. Burroughs in the second. In 1967 Algis Budrys listed Aldiss, J. G. Ballard, Roger Zelazny, and Samuel R. Delany as \"an earthshaking new kind of\" writers, and leaders of the New Wave. Besides his own writings, he had great success as an anthologist. For Faber he edited \"Introducing SF\", a collection of stories typifying various themes of science fiction, and \"Best Fantasy Stories\". In 1961, he edited an anthology of reprinted short science fiction for the British paperback publisher Penguin Books under the title \"Penguin Science Fiction\". This was remarkably successful, went into numerous reprints, and was followed up by two further anthologies: \"More Penguin Science Fiction\" (1963) and \"Yet More Penguin Science Fiction\" (1964). The later anthologies enjoyed the same success as the first, and all three were eventually published together as \"The Penguin Science Fiction Omnibus\" (1973), which also went into a number of reprints. In the 1970s, he produced several large collections of classic grand-scale science fiction, under the titles \"Space Opera\" (1974), \"Space Odysseys\" (1975), \"Galactic Empires\" (1976), \"Evil Earths\" (1976), and \"Perilous Planets\" (1978) which were quite successful. Around this time, he edited a large-format volume \"Science Fiction Art\" (1975), with selections of artwork from the magazines and pulps. In response to the results from the planetary probes of the 1960s and 1970s, which showed that Venus was completely unlike the hot, tropical jungle usually depicted in science fiction, Aldiss and Harrison edited an anthology \"Farewell, Fantastic Venus!\", reprinting stories based on the pre-probe ideas of Venus. He also edited, with Harrison, a series of anthologies \"The Year's Best Science Fiction\" (Nos. 1–9, 1968–1976). Aldiss invented a form of extremely short story called the \"mini-saga\". \"The Daily Telegraph\" hosted a competition for the best mini-saga for several years, and Aldiss was the judge. He has edited several anthologies of the best mini-sagas. Aldiss travelled to Yugoslavia, where he met fans in Ljubljana, Slovenia and published a travel book about Yugoslavia entitled \"Cities and Stones\" (1966), his only work in the genre. He published an alternative-history fantasy story, \"The Day of the Doomed King\" (1968), about Serbian kings in the Middle Ages, and wrote a novel called \"The Malacia Tapestry\", about an alternative Dalmatia.", "In addition to a highly successful career as a writer, Aldiss was an accomplished artist. His first solo exhibition, \"The Other Hemisphere\", was held in Oxford, August–September 2010, and the exhibition's centrepiece \"Metropolis\" (see figure) has since been released as a limited edition fine art print. (The exhibition title denotes the writer/artist's notion, \"words streaming from one side of his brain inspiring images in what he calls 'the other hemisphere'\".)", "In 1948, Aldiss married Olive Fortescue, secretary to the owner of Sanders' bookseller's in Oxford, where he had worked since 1947. He had two children from his first marriage: Clive in 1955 and Caroline Wendy in 1959, but the marriage \"finally collapsed\" in 1959 and dissolved in 1965. In 1965, he married his second wife, Margaret Christie Manson (daughter of John Alexander Christie Manson, an aeronautical engineer), a Scottish woman and secretary to the editor of the \"Oxford Mail\"; Aldiss was 40, and she 31. They lived in Oxford and had two children together, Tim and Charlotte. She died in 1997.", "Aldiss died on 19 August 2017, the day after his 92nd birthday.", "He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1990. Aldiss was the \"Permanent Special Guest\" at the annual International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts (ICFA) from 1989 through 2008. He was also the Guest of Honor at the conventions in 1986 and 1999. The Science Fiction Writers of America made him its 18th SFWA Grand Master in 2000 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 2004. He was awarded the title of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to literature in the 2005 Birthday Honours list. In January 2007 he appeared on \"Desert Island Discs\". His choice of record to'save' was \"Old Rivers\" sung by Walter Brennan, his choice of book was John Heilpern's biography of John Osborne, and his luxury a banjo. The full selection of eight favourite records is on the BBC website. On 1 July 2008 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Liverpool in recognition of his contribution to literature. The Brian W Aldiss Archive at the University holds manuscripts from the period 1943–1995. In 2013, Aldiss was recipient of the World Fantasy Convention Award at the World Fantasy Convention in Brighton, England. Aldiss sat on the Council of the Society of Authors. He won two Hugo awards: in 1962 for the \"Hothouse\" series; and in 1987 for \"Trillion Year Spree\". Aldiss also won a Nebula award in 1965 for \"The Saliva Tree\".", "Aldiss was the author of over 80 books and 300 short stories, as well as several volumes of poetry.", "Collections: Uncollected short stories:", "Collections: Uncollected poems:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 142, 45964, 20028, 4092, 428, 6496, 15490, 70, 36442, 111, 135969, 289, 128779, 509, 70, 4734, 207116, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 70, 46505, 289, 4527, 111, 51690, 136, 78546, 56, 71191, 214, 72679, 14202, 5, 581, 41767, 2577, 71, 70, 5701, 44402, 237, 41767, 18925, 4, 6044, 237, 8, 277, 48448, 133054, 7432, 136, 22556, 214, 1810, 20271, 10, 71191, 16401, 5, 5153, 428, 6496, 509, 41361, 71, 23, 142, 45964, 29394, 7, 47, 914, 9319, 15381, 4, 182, 17245, 65514, 6044, 237, 5732, 23023, 136, 280, 147, 141, 4, 456, 164779, 4262, 1098, 167224, 7, 4, 136, 47, 4358, 36442, 116338, 80399, 7, 5, 360, 893, 45964, 200955, 4, 15044, 22387, 31, 136, 2005, 42, 41392, 70, 5732, 23023, 237, 8035, 11814, 100, 101086, 214, 5, 581, 90695, 111, 8059, 4650, 2245, 509, 10, 5201, 11698, 111, 45, 6496, 100, 6, 18908, 4188, 5, 3311, 17368, 57888, 7, 15, 937, 1127, 89059, 1517, 16, 111, 237, 5045, 237, 47, 38352, 70, 224, 16797, 4, 71191, 9, 16200, 214, 41767, 2806, 60887, 47, 6, 168867, 7, 1257, 47, 47, 43799, 6, 18908, 4188, 5, 1950, 17245, 214, 111, 4842, 184518, 509, 2843, 16940, 390, 41767, 5, 581, 170027, 66, 1902, 21334, 41170, 7, 111, 5786, 6032, 52350, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 109923, 434, 115656, 7, 4, 106480, 23, 70, 38781, 329, 41710, 77076, 7, 4, 41767, 3542, 27983, 1274, 2822, 47, 32037, 429, 89778, 1836, 5809, 1295, 70, 15520, 13482, 5, 74802, 2806, 186857, 7565, 47, 70, 148, 115656, 136, 55076, 70, 2684, 167224, 126371, 47, 32037, 429, 5, 74802, 3542, 2843, 11814, 23, 1631, 44937, 5, 207068, 7, 26548, 15520, 53678, 41204, 3542, 27983, 75935, 4, 6044, 237, 1379, 36448, 43544, 23662, 7, 4, 136, 8311, 329, 41767, 3542, 27983, 11814, 47, 14753, 1003, 1810, 70, 15520, 13482, 3229, 109923, 7, 3542, 51515, 214, 142, 22, 195, 53, 182, 3422, 5, 4263, 43544, 23662, 7, 3542, 14037, 4, 442, 509, 41767, 2750, 3542, 11814, 47, 2837, 93457, 2856, 4, 2174, 7722, 5, 133698, 70, 100457, 5416, 37903, 66, 5550, 4, 41767, 3542, 11814, 47, 2046, 11015, 22, 195, 53, 46389, 12649, 47, 15421, 53, 89914, 237, 5299, 237, 120384, 90, 47, 756, 3387, 707, 3428, 68818, 450, 3542, 59226, 5773, 4, 136, 23, 6, 123128, 77269, 4, 20271, 70, 727, 429, 111, 54114, 13, 4, 70, 26349, 11814, 41767, 47, 59226, 70, 142, 72988, 114457, 7, 111, 42814, 25, 7, 52875, 214, 109923, 7, 5, 360, 15758, 4, 44, 2887, 58, 41767, 80723, 47, 43799, 280, 147, 8080, 1672, 131554, 5369, 6650, 5, 1326, 137107, 111, 5369, 4, 2684, 15520, 36448, 280, 147, 8080, 3542, 456, 97351, 4126, 390, 41767, 20697, 23, 70, 42878, 55609, 4, 23, 58555, 6044, 237, 70, 57309, 66, 16965, 420, 4, 70, 6096, 27414, 4, 136, 23, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 14912, 147, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 9292, 38148, 136, 5596, 194, 62, 38551, 111, 87, 79662, 13, 111, 21656, 14263, 25, 7, 2392, 4450, 66, 43841, 56, 6635, 509, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 94100, 11, 19005, 25, 7, 138, 4216, 9, 16797, 44616, 44, 8912, 11727, 64370, 99, 4860, 1679, 830, 182304, 4092, 428, 6496, 100, 280, 147, 8080, 10932, 142, 90695, 23, 70, 57309, 66, 16965, 420, 5, 134852, 41767, 43573, 70, 129535, 3542, 2843, 65771, 99, 182, 17245, 214, 21334, 280, 147, 8080, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 9763, 34, 78599, 40752, 519, 5, 1913, 20028, 4, 70, 142105, 280, 147, 8080, 186, 10617, 297, 390, 27165, 47, 70, 155741, 4, 136, 143092, 2856, 5809, 16750, 23, 70, 47219, 203249, 100, 70, 7666, 42, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 5941, 280, 147, 8080, 7228, 442, 1810, 111, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 390, 2288, 289, 927, 4, 86658, 1257, 23, 70, 139355, 111, 70, 180187, 14, 525, 87143, 23, 14713, 5, 134852, 214, 509, 5700, 23, 94403, 4, 235474, 4, 15758, 4, 136, 5596, 5, 581, 16965, 420, 111, 82167, 509, 2843, 51529, 100, 280, 147, 2069, 5, 353, 4935, 15672, 7, 182, 272, 14437, 63335, 36448, 280, 147, 8080, 1295, 21, 9248, 136, 96113, 7, 1884, 70, 157997, 4, 230328, 4, 136, 225260, 4, 12960, 27060, 45, 4126, 100, 122084, 280, 147, 8080, 1295, 70, 223487, 136, 7401, 7, 33233, 70, 184085, 7, 111, 15881, 136, 25134, 21629, 5, 360, 27712, 4, 84929, 2061, 7868, 77347, 53918, 11226, 297, 4092, 428, 6496, 100, 24793, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 2843, 80723, 128169, 61112, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 20271, 903, 1733, 450, 2412, 80723, 47, 4331, 136, 74703, 21922, 1297, 60813, 7, 100, 19295, 53, 345, 41072, 41767, 5, 26530, 147, 84433, 214, 83, 142, 142, 45964, 55300, 111, 67155, 214, 450, 1556, 2809, 11814, 87420, 70, 8999, 100, 212010, 11, 5, 241, 147, 538, 91944, 5256, 3542, 16031, 678, 70, 114122, 111, 13986, 101098, 67155, 1295, 96113, 7, 136, 75973, 7, 17368, 189173, 33, 297, 47593, 7, 5, 38396, 5744, 13986, 147, 84433, 214, 30482, 4527, 111, 128766, 14537, 297, 13986, 147, 6967, 7, 136, 91, 33992, 4, 707, 375, 11856, 297, 9060, 66764, 47148, 14537, 297, 13986, 147, 6967, 7, 4, 47, 153350, 70, 1926, 3674, 67155, 5, 25132, 52021, 53088, 136, 98154, 765, 2809, 126809, 100, 67842, 52895, 111, 50895, 9523, 65998, 7, 136, 30388, 67155, 5, 26530, 147, 84433, 214, 1543, 186, 16940, 17368, 4092, 9, 428, 6496, 4, 120379, 2590, 2069, 4, 707, 91, 90351, 45, 6496, 53088, 5, 26530, 147, 84433, 214, 12960, 17368, 91, 90351, 98154, 83, 85325, 23, 3060, 76726, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 135969, 25958, 14537, 297, 13986, 147, 6967, 7, 83, 2843, 1810, 143, 24243, 23, 3060, 76726, 136, 100491, 18403, 5256, 5, 26530, 147, 84433, 214, 83, 103210, 36849, 5844, 4, 3638, 538, 4527, 7, 110, 63670, 136, 1556, 110, 390, 9, 4460, 206, 5, 62, 5490, 154578, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 1379, 36448, 148, 56644, 2069, 16, 83, 142, 1379, 36448, 2896, 7440, 6626, 28813, 22230, 179493, 7021, 7, 136, 7675, 148, 56644, 133, 1379, 36448, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 87388, 10, 57230, 8345, 1295, 12638, 3789, 25, 7, 142, 8828, 8753, 23, 12989, 47, 19916, 70, 63623, 5, 581, 44, 277, 2848, 58, 51776, 3687, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5153, 428, 6496, 4, 4092, 9, 428, 6496, 4, 4092, 45, 6496, 4, 71191, 9, 16200, 45, 6496, 4, 707, 21722, 45, 6496, 83, 10, 3173, 111, 1379, 36448, 45, 6496, 450, 28702, 90, 98, 71191, 9, 16200, 214, 24189, 456, 110542, 11, 21896, 43257, 3501, 70, 4527, 111, 71191, 214, 20939, 19481, 6044, 237, 91, 90351, 72397, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Freediving activities.", "Recreational hunting and gathering.", "Spearfishing.", "Competitive breath-hold watersports.", "Aquathlon.", "Competitive spearfishing.", "Synchronised swimming.", "Underwater hockey.", "Underwater football.", "Underwater rugby.", "Underwater target shooting.", "Competitive apnea.", "Disciplines.", "World records.", "AIDA recognized world records.", "CMAS recognized world records.", "Guinness recognized world records.", "Recreational.", "Physiology.", "Techniques.", "Training.", "Safety.", "Hazards.", "Risk.", "Statistics and notable accidents." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In ancient times freediving without the aid of mechanical devices was the only possibility, with the exception of the occasional use of reeds and leather breathing bladders. The divers faced the same problems as divers today, such as decompression sickness and blacking out during a breath hold. Freediving was practiced in ancient cultures to gather food, harvest resources such as sponge and pearl, reclaim sunken valuables, and to help aid military campaigns. In Ancient Greece, both Plato and Homer mention the sponge as being used for bathing. The island of Kalymnos was a main centre of diving for sponges. By using weights (skandalopetra) of as much as to speed the descent, breath-holding divers would descend to depths up to to collect sponges. Harvesting of red coral was also done by divers. The Mediterranean had large amounts of maritime trade. As a result of shipwrecks, particularly in the fierce winter storms, divers were often hired to salvage whatever they could from the seabed. Divers would swim down to the wreck and choose the most valuable pieces to salvage. Divers were also used in warfare. Defenses against sea vessels were often created, such as underwater barricades, and hence divers were often used to scout out the seabed when ships were approaching an enemy harbor. If barricades were found, it was divers who were used to disassemble them, if possible. During the Peloponnesian War, divers were used to get past enemy blockades to relay messages as well as supplies to allies or troops that were cut off, and in 332 BC, during the Siege of Tyre, the city used divers to cut the anchor cables of Alexander's attacking ships. In Japan, \"ama\" divers began to collect pearls about 2,000 years ago. For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar (between Sri Lanka and India). A fragment of Isidore of Charax's Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeus's 3rd-century \"Sophists at Dinner\", recording freediving for pearls around an island in the Persian Gulf. Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. At times, the largest pearls belonged by law to the sultan, and selling them could result in the death penalty for the seller. Nonetheless, many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe. Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, and India. The Gulf of Mexico was also known for pearling. Native Americans harvested freshwater pearls from lakes and rivers like the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while others dived for marine pearls from the Caribbean and waters along the coasts of Central and South America. In 1940, Dottie Frazier pioneered freediving for women in the United States and also began teaching classes. It was also during this time that she began to design and sell rubber suits for Navy UDT divers.", "", "", "Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has been used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers and streams using sharpened sticks. Today modern spearfishing makes use of elastic powered spearguns and slings, or compressed gas pneumatic powered spearguns, to strike the hunted fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish. Spearfishing may be done using free-diving, snorkelling, or scuba diving techniques. Spearfishing while using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries. The use of mechanically powered spearguns is also outlawed in some countries and jurisdictions. Spearfishing is highly selective, normally uses no bait and has no by-catch.", "", "Aquathlon (also known as underwater wrestling) is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other's ankle band in order to win the bout. The \"combat\" takes place in a 5-metre (16 ft) square ring within a swimming pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in the event of a tie. The sport originated during the 1980s in the former USSR (now Russia) and was first played at international level in 1993. It was recognised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 2008.", "Competitive spearfishing is defined by the world governing body CMAS as \"the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices, using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor.\" They publish a set of competition rules that are used by affiliated organisations.", "Synchronized swimming is a hybrid form of swimming, dance, and gymnastics, consisting of swimmers (either solos, duets, trios, combos, or teams) performing a synchronized routine of elaborate moves in the water, accompanied by music. Synchronized swimming demands advanced water skills, and requires great strength, endurance, flexibility, grace, artistry and precise timing, as well as exceptional breath control when upside down underwater. During lifts swimmers are not allowed to touch the bottom. Traditionally it was a women's sport, but following the addition of a new mixed-pair event, FINA World Aquatics competitions are open to men since the 16th 2015 championships in Kazan, and the other international and national competitions allow male competitors in every event. However, men are currently still barred from competing in the Olympics. Both USA Synchro and Synchro Canada allow men to compete with women. Most European countries also allow men to compete, and France even allows male only podiums, according to the number of participants. In the past decade, more men are becoming involved in the sport and a global biannual competition called Men's Cup has been steadily growing. Swimmers perform two routines for the judges, one technical and one free, as well as age group routines and figures. Synchronized swimming is both an individual and team sport. Swimmers compete individually during figures, and then as a team during the routine. Figures are made up of a combination of skills and positions that often require control, strength, and flexibility. Swimmers are ranked individually for this part of the competition. The routine involves teamwork and synchronization. It is choreographed to music and often has a theme. Synchronized swimming is governed internationally by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation).", "Underwater Hockey, (also called Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom)) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a pusher. It originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, the founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater Hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid.", "Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport that shares common elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby. As with both of those games, it is played in a swimming pool with snorkeling equipment (mask, snorkel, and fins). The goal of the game is to manoeuvre (by carrying and passing) a slightly negatively buoyant ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged underwater. Scoring is achieved by placing the ball (under control) in the gutter on the side of the pool. Variations include using a toy rubber torpedo as the ball, and weighing down buckets to rest on the bottom and serve as goals. It is played in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Saskatchewan.", "Underwater rugby is an underwater team sport. During a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball (filled with saltwater) into the opponents’ goal at the bottom of a swimming pool. It originated from within the physical fitness training regime existing in German diving clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name. It was recognised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 1978 and was first played as a world championship in 1980.", "Underwater target shooting is an underwater sport that tests a competitors’ ability to accurately use a speargun via a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using free diving or apnea technique. The sport was developed in France during the early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in Europe. It is known as \"Tir sur cible subaquatique\" in French and as \"Tiro al Blanco Subacuático\" in Spanish.", "Competitive freediving is currently governed by two world associations: AIDA International (International Association for Development of Apnea) and CMAS (Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques – World Underwater Federation). Historically, there were two more organisations that regulated freediving records and activities - IAFD (International Association of Freedivers) and FREE (Freediving Regulations and Education Entity). Each organization has its own rules on recognizing a record attempt which can be found on the organization's website. Alongside \"competitive disciplines\" there are \"record disciplines\" - disciplines that are not held in competitions, that are just for setting world records. There is a third organization which in addition to AIDA and CMAS preside over those record disciplines and that is Guinness. Almost all types of competitive freediving have in common that it is an individual sport based on the best individual achievement. Exceptions to this rule are the bi-annual World Championship for Teams held by AIDA, where the combined score of the team members makes up the team's total points and Skandalopetra diving competitions held by CMAS, the only truly ‘team’ event in freediving - for which teams are formed by two athletes: one acting as an apneista (Voutichtis; diver) and the other acting as an assistant (Kolaouzeris; person who \"extracts\").", "There are currently eleven recognized disciplines defined by AIDA and CMAS, and a dozen more that are only practiced locally. All disciplines can be practiced by both men and women and only CMAS currently separates records in fresh water from those at sea. The disciplines of AIDA can be done both in competition and as a record attempt, with the exception of Variable Weight and No limits, which are both solely for record attempts. For all AIDA depth disciplines, the depth the athlete will attempt is announced before the dive; this is accepted practice for both competition and record attempts. Most divers choose monofin over bifins where there is a choice. BF - BiFins, MF - MonoFin", "\"Note 1: Best official result in STA is Guinness WR of 11:54 by Branko Petrović in 2014, a freediver who has results in STA over 10 minutes under both AIDA and CMAS.\" \"Note 2: Best NLT result is 253.2m by Herbert Nitsch in 2012; intention of having the dive sanctioned by AIDA fell through due to a sponsoring conflict.\" \"Note 3: After 2001-12-31 AIDA International no longer separated the records achieved in a lake from those in the sea.\"", ", the AIDA recognized world records are:", ", the CMAS recognized world records are:", "\"Note: Only those disciplines that are modifications of existing AIDA or CMAS disciplines and Guinness-exclusive (as it recognizes and inherits some AIDA/CMAS records) or Guinness-conceived (CMAS and AIDA do/did sanction at some time) disciplines.\"<br>", "Freediving as a recreational activity is widely practiced and differs significantly from scuba diving. Although there are potential risks to all freediving, it can be safely practiced using a wide range of skill levels from the average snorkeler to the professional freediver. Compared to scuba diving, freediving offers: Freshwater springs, often with excellent visibility, provide good freediving opportunities but with greater risks. Diving into spring caverns with restricted access to the surface is very different from diving in open water. The time available to a freediver to solve problems underwater before hypoxia sets in is severely restricted in comparison with scuba. Freediving into confined cave systems such as Eagle's Nest Cave, Florida and Blue Springs State Park, Florida has resulted in several deaths. Cave freediving is commonly discouraged in basic freediver safety training.", "The human body has several oxygen-conserving adaptations that manifest under diving conditions as part of the mammalian diving reflex. The adaptations include:", "Breath-holding ability, and hence dive performance, is a function of on-board oxygen stores, scope for metabolic rate reduction, efficient oxygen utilization, and hypoxia tolerance. Athletes attempt to accomplish this in various ways. Some divers use \"packing\", which increases lung volume beyond normal total lung capacity. In addition, training is allocated to enhance blood and muscle oxygen stores, to a limited extent. Most divers rely on increasing fitness by increasing lung capacity. Simple breath-holding practice is highly effective for increasing lung capacity. In an interview on the radio talk show Fresh_Air, journalist James Nestor, author of the book Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art, stated: \"Some divers have a lung capacity of 14 liters, which is about double the size for a typical adult male. They weren't born this way.... They trained themselves to breathe in ways to profoundly affect their physical bodies.\"", "Training for freediving can take many forms, some of which can be performed on land. One example is the apnea walk. This consists of a preparation \"breathe-up\", followed by a short (typically 1 minute) breath hold taken at rest. Without breaking the hold, participants then begin walking as far as possible until it becomes necessary to breathe again. Athletes can do close to 400 meters in training this way. This form of training is good for accustoming muscles to work under anaerobic conditions, and for tolerance to CO build-up in the circulation. It is also easy to gauge progress, as increasing distance can be measured. Before competition attempts, freedivers perform a preparation sequence, which usually consists of physical stretching, mental exercise and breath exercise. It may include a succession of variable length static apnea and special purging deep breaths. Results of the preparation sequence are slower metabolism, lower heart rate and breath rate, and lower levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream and overall mental equilibrium.", "", "The most obvious hazard is lack of access to air for breathing – a necessity for human life. This can result in asphyxia from drowning if the diver does not reach the surface while still capable of holding their breath and resuming breathing. The risk depends on several factors, including the depth, duration and shape of the dive profile. Latent hypoxia is a specific hazard of deeper freedives. This effect can cause hypoxic blackout during surfacing.", "Failing to respond to physiological warning signals, or crossing the mental barrier by strong will, may lead to blackout underwater or on reaching the surface. Trained freedivers are well aware of this and competitions must be held under strict supervision and with competent first-aiders on standby. However, this does not eliminate the risk of blackout. Freedivers are encouraged to dive only with a 'buddy' who accompanies them, observing from in the water at the surface, and ready to dive to the rescue if the diver loses consciousness during the ascent. Due to the nature of the sport, any practice of freediving must include strict adherence to safety measures as an integral part of the activity, and all participants must also be adept in rescue and resuscitation. Without proper training and supervision, competitive freediving/apnea/breath-hold diving is extremely dangerous.", "Nicholas Mevoli, a diver from New York died on 17 November 2013 after losing consciousness on surfacing from a 3-minute 38 second dive to a depth of 72 metres during an official record attempt in the \"constant weight without fins\" event. He had previously reached greater depths and longer times in other disciplines." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 83, 5201, 538, 10, 5426, 257, 47691, 111, 110680, 51359, 111, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 1650, 7, 136912, 645, 110680, 39734, 7, 509, 25545, 538, 125296, 71, 4, 678, 70, 16750, 450, 2685, 509, 10176, 33946, 23, 9498, 56, 6496, 70, 110680, 64333, 4, 136, 1836, 621, 5036, 110518, 756, 72856, 5, 8622, 621, 702, 42840, 23, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 12, 83266, 87, 1104, 15583, 136, 5947, 45252, 47880, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 52455, 50339, 1672, 47880, 26366, 7, 621, 77443, 4, 100, 27781, 44, 4153, 2499, 1927, 109217, 6626, 55291, 7, 39958, 25842, 23, 2499, 144996, 621, 40715, 3501, 6626, 7108, 55291, 7, 1242, 15, 37975, 106, 89261, 729, 16, 136, 70, 27512, 3238, 6504, 5073, 70, 58391, 44, 4153, 7108, 348, 6259, 1927, 109217, 7, 70, 6, 108047, 98, 70, 5609, 1614, 67, 33770, 70, 7108, 55291, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 6, 108047, 7, 98, 70, 5609, 7, 70541, 214, 70, 7108, 55291, 1242, 15, 37975, 87, 4, 89261, 6, 74329, 83266, 310, 136, 25714, 1104, 1542, 35142, 678, 14012, 154453, 4, 678, 101935, 191607, 84183, 6827, 538, 237, 140909, 7, 111, 13315, 33180, 7, 707, 58555, 111, 10776, 7, 5, 438, 5256, 6044, 237, 20809, 101935, 136, 168487, 136, 193, 30494, 289, 101935, 621, 65508, 71, 5, 1650, 83, 77443, 450, 2685, 621, 54241, 21286, 5941, 20809, 101935, 5, 83266, 39073, 1104, 188283, 50509, 18652, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 62, 222201, 16750, 83, 70, 13806, 363, 70460, 17721, 70, 21950, 111, 10, 158, 13, 136, 10, 19932, 104532, 678, 70, 5701, 155955, 136, 3647, 5, 581, 74861, 6402, 18652, 7, 621, 64549, 297, 5, 5177, 34937, 130265, 700, 87739, 53, 83, 142, 10, 78697, 47148, 5426, 4, 23, 3129, 756, 70, 58391, 7, 24073, 9774, 13, 63805, 7, 18939, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 8781, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 68451, 111, 351, 9, 52283, 34937, 130265, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 6097, 10, 5134, 28016, 3542, 90698, 47, 186, 171259, 29568, 23, 70, 72761, 8999, 4, 221, 450, 756, 70, 70, 58391, 7, 2806, 186, 105950, 538, 29568, 5, 33306, 4, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 31635, 214, 1295, 237259, 7, 47, 93192, 7, 47143, 7, 35604, 41371, 111, 2363, 72761, 50081, 5, 799, 147, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 5117, 12877, 111, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 830, 5177, 238, 12472, 76199, 43606, 49489, 63614, 15, 91095, 28016, 16, 100, 47880, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 11341, 71, 23, 69407, 111, 50961, 7, 15, 162, 3900, 143, 3674, 390, 14978, 1529, 10519, 2077, 106073, 5177, 238, 12472, 4734, 143726, 538, 237, 33657, 7, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 70, 64549, 297, 36746, 7, 4, 23, 1919, 31635, 214, 1836, 621, 165164, 538, 41591, 71, 47, 186, 36998, 5, 581, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 2843, 26698, 70, 25632, 43606, 44, 277, 3796, 110, 5256, 58, 12, 18799, 191225, 7, 53520, 450, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 49489, 63614, 54, 959, 22691, 70, 28484, 62775, 289, 137374, 450, 5177, 238, 12472, 56065, 100, 1919, 92252, 5, 18799, 39734, 7, 4527, 1286, 1119, 41745, 272, 136, 28484, 5423, 7, 111, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 717, 70, 142, 45964, 7, 4, 70, 95103, 49489, 2182, 115058, 40715, 162520, 3501, 70, 27060, 5, 10660, 10, 93685, 71, 47, 28282, 10, 5426, 111, 115839, 24233, 89261, 7, 4, 136, 47, 2856, 442, 115058, 237, 2174, 70, 95103, 13315, 49489, 2182, 56065, 6, 98869, 1295, 8781, 42, 63805, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 51529, 450, 6044, 10, 6, 98869, 83, 69201, 4, 16792, 1632, 831, 64549, 74729, 76519, 111, 700, 87739, 53, 15, 31, 31804, 214, 70, 3789, 10, 5134, 28016, 16, 23, 3129, 70, 95103, 49489, 2182, 83, 29568, 4, 136, 27060, 23, 3129, 442, 83, 98320, 5, 5177, 238, 12472, 66570, 37202, 47, 765, 90698, 442, 237, 8035, 150234, 21286, 12921, 1295, 70, 27060, 4, 237, 77950, 71, 390, 70, 53702, 111, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 12, 1919, 5117, 1372, 89261, 7, 621, 8382, 450, 831, 186, 77443, 15490, 442, 5, 52455, 30700, 10, 5134, 28016, 831, 186, 26168, 3674, 3129, 621, 12684, 71407, 183234, 47, 70, 95103, 49489, 2182, 15, 73, 70, 43701, 111, 70, 3789, 10, 5134, 28016, 194, 1326, 27781, 4, 11356, 93771, 25, 7, 10, 5134, 306, 117249, 12, 581, 44, 257, 2684, 58, 70731, 13, 83, 756, 450, 83, 44841, 16792, 442, 831, 186, 77443, 1295, 70, 47143, 214, 10, 5134, 28016, 450, 99, 19713, 1632, 95103, 13315, 32316, 7, 5, 5177, 34937, 130265, 2206, 87739, 53, 83, 44, 2271, 36716, 5844, 740, 2795, 40984, 90, 106, 4, 116, 4, 138, 4, 136, 190, 237, 33657, 70, 6, 116311, 136, 36998, 7432, 111, 24233, 84183, 238, 26366, 7, 4, 136, 6097, 10, 16865, 5256, 621, 111, 10, 198870, 13, 31425, 12, 450, 83, 4, 642, 621, 959, 4734, 30745, 450, 24233, 8966, 32316, 4, 1284, 621, 2843, 34475, 150624, 100, 105233, 2856, 678, 110, 1286, 3501, 10, 375, 13409, 136, 142, 51, 79466, 80560, 297, 429, 5, 360, 903, 10422, 4, 5177, 34937, 130265, 700, 87739, 53, 83, 1286, 122776, 3501, 5941, 5744, 10, 78697, 47148, 76519, 6044, 237, 5423, 154453, 4, 3129, 27983, 237, 33657, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 36746, 7, 15490, 54433, 3642, 47, 64549, 2856, 4, 707, 3853, 237, 33657, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 36746, 7, 450, 53418, 186, 64549, 297, 28032, 70, 154453, 5, 73425, 15390, 538, 142146, 4, 70, 124519, 98, 15122, 621, 44, 51734, 7, 58, 111, 70, 36746, 7, 61924, 71, 28032, 70, 23113, 5426, 4, 43257, 3501, 110527, 7, 111, 8382, 36746, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 5177, 34937, 130265, 80560, 13315, 1556, 110, 6, 146984, 4, 1284, 2499, 2773, 79442, 19, 13315, 1221, 5, 145733, 110518, 756, 5744, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 16916, 351, 2271, 36716, 5844, 150624, 1660, 237, 45730, 237, 198870, 13, 64333, 4, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 198870, 13, 6, 98869, 7, 27983, 15811, 48538, 297, 81255, 60744, 351, 2271, 36716, 5844, 64333, 2451, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 3060, 111, 70, 27512, 3238, 6504, 5073, 7, 25, 6, 98869, 7, 450, 75412, 193, 30494, 289, 101935, 4, 3129, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5177, 34937, 130265, 700, 87739, 53, 83, 10, 291, 140363, 70760, 5426, 150380, 297, 47, 99737, 3378, 160600, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 5177, 238, 12472, 4, 3129, 764, 151552, 23, 1919, 7986, 14137, 98, 700, 87739, 53, 12, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 740, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 55300, 58055, 7, 23, 10, 66596, 214, 10, 19336, 5423, 111, 100270, 21286, 149528, 214, 10, 5134, 28016, 4, 136, 8, 39367, 214, 5941, 3789, 89261, 7, 15, 2347, 58391, 7, 16, 1295, 6097, 5, 106073, 5941, 111, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 50339, 1902, 2809, 11341, 71, 390, 110680, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 4, 5177, 238, 12472, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 7639, 3642, 6097, 89261, 7, 5809, 11177, 3934, 10, 199083, 8, 39367, 4935, 136, 62775, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "The \"Elements\".", "Axioms.", "Parallel postulate.", "Methods of proof.", "System of measurement and arithmetic.", "Notation and terminology.", "Naming of points and figures.", "Complementary and supplementary angles.", "Modern versions of Euclid's notation.", "Some important or well known results.", "Pons Asinorum.", "Congruence of triangles.", "Triangle angle sum.", "Pythagorean theorem.", "Thales' theorem.", "Scaling of area and volume.", "Applications.", "As a description of the structure of space.", "Later work.", "Archimedes and Apollonius.", "17th century: Descartes.", "18th century.", "19th century and non-Euclidean geometry.", "20th century and relativity.", "Treatment of infinity.", "Infinite objects.", "Infinite processes.", "Logical basis.", "Classical logic.", "Modern standards of rigor.", "Constructive approaches and pedagogy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The \"Elements\" is mainly a systematization of earlier knowledge of geometry. Its improvement over earlier treatments was rapidly recognized, with the result that there was little interest in preserving the earlier ones, and they are now nearly all lost. There are 13 books in the \"Elements\": Books I–IV and VI discuss plane geometry. Many results about plane figures are proved, for example \"In any triangle two angles taken together in any manner are less than two right angles.\" (Book 1 proposition 17) and the Pythagorean theorem \"In right angled triangles the square on the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares on the sides containing the right angle.\" (Book I, proposition 47) Books V and VII–X deal with number theory, with numbers treated geometrically as lengths of line segments or areas of regions. Notions such as prime numbers and rational and irrational numbers are introduced. It is proved that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Books XI–XIII concern solid geometry. A typical result is the 1:3 ratio between the volume of a cone and a cylinder with the same height and base. The platonic solids are constructed.", "Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system, in which all theorems (\"true statements\") are derived from a small number of simple axioms. Until the advent of non-Euclidean geometry, these axioms were considered to be obviously true in the physical world, so that all the theorems would be equally true. However, Euclid's reasoning from assumptions to conclusions remains valid independent of their physical reality. Near the beginning of the first book of the \"Elements\", Euclid gives five postulates (axioms) for plane geometry, stated in terms of constructions (as translated by Thomas Heath): Although Euclid only explicitly asserts the existence of the constructed objects, in his reasoning they are implicitly assumed to be unique. The \"Elements\" also include the following five \"common notions\": Modern scholars agree that Euclid's postulates do not provide the complete logical foundation that Euclid required for his presentation. Modern treatments use more extensive and complete sets of axioms.", "To the ancients, the parallel postulate seemed less obvious than the others. They aspired to create a system of absolutely certain propositions, and to them it seemed as if the parallel line postulate required proof from simpler statements. It is now known that such a proof is impossible, since one can construct consistent systems of geometry (obeying the other axioms) in which the parallel postulate is true, and others in which it is false. Euclid himself seems to have considered it as being qualitatively different from the others, as evidenced by the organization of the \"Elements\": his first 28 propositions are those that can be proved without it. Many alternative axioms can be formulated which are logically equivalent to the parallel postulate (in the context of the other axioms). For example, Playfair's axiom states: The \"at most\" clause is all that is needed since it can be proved from the remaining axioms that at least one parallel line exists.", "Euclidean Geometry is \"constructive\". Postulates 1, 2, 3, and 5 assert the existence and uniqueness of certain geometric figures, and these assertions are of a constructive nature: that is, we are not only told that certain things exist, but are also given methods for creating them with no more than a compass and an unmarked straightedge. In this sense, Euclidean geometry is more concrete than many modern axiomatic systems such as set theory, which often assert the existence of objects without saying how to construct them, or even assert the existence of objects that cannot be constructed within the theory. Strictly speaking, the lines on paper are \"models\" of the objects defined within the formal system, rather than instances of those objects. For example, a Euclidean straight line has no width, but any real drawn line will. Though nearly all modern mathematicians consider nonconstructive methods just as sound as constructive ones, Euclid's constructive proofs often supplanted fallacious nonconstructive ones—e.g., some of the Pythagoreans' proofs that involved irrational numbers, which usually required a statement such as \"Find the greatest common measure of...\" Euclid often used proof by contradiction. Euclidean geometry also allows the method of superposition, in which a figure is transferred to another point in space. For example, proposition I.4, side-angle-side congruence of triangles, is proved by moving one of the two triangles so that one of its sides coincides with the other triangle's equal side, and then proving that the other sides coincide as well. Some modern treatments add a sixth postulate, the rigidity of the triangle, which can be used as an alternative to superposition.", "Euclidean geometry has two fundamental types of measurements: angle and distance. The angle scale is absolute, and Euclid uses the right angle as his basic unit, so that, for example, a 45-degree angle would be referred to as half of a right angle. The distance scale is relative; one arbitrarily picks a line segment with a certain nonzero length as the unit, and other distances are expressed in relation to it. Addition of distances is represented by a construction in which one line segment is copied onto the end of another line segment to extend its length, and similarly for subtraction. Measurements of area and volume are derived from distances. For example, a rectangle with a width of 3 and a length of 4 has an area that represents the product, 12. Because this geometrical interpretation of multiplication was limited to three dimensions, there was no direct way of interpreting the product of four or more numbers, and Euclid avoided such products, although they are implied, for example in the proof of book IX, proposition 20. Euclid refers to a pair of lines, or a pair of planar or solid figures, as \"equal\" (ἴσος) if their lengths, areas, or volumes are equal respectively, and similarly for angles. The stronger term \"congruent\" refers to the idea that an entire figure is the same size and shape as another figure. Alternatively, two figures are congruent if one can be moved on top of the other so that it matches up with it exactly. (Flipping it over is allowed.) Thus, for example, a 2x6 rectangle and a 3x4 rectangle are equal but not congruent, and the letter R is congruent to its mirror image. Figures that would be congruent except for their differing sizes are referred to as similar. Corresponding angles in a pair of similar shapes are congruent and corresponding sides are in proportion to each other.", "", "Points are customarily named using capital letters of the alphabet. Other figures, such as lines, triangles, or circles, are named by listing a sufficient number of points to pick them out unambiguously from the relevant figure, e.g., triangle ABC would typically be a triangle with vertices at points A, B, and C.", "Angles whose sum is a right angle are called complementary. Complementary angles are formed when a ray shares the same vertex and is pointed in a direction that is in between the two original rays that form the right angle. The number of rays in between the two original rays is infinite. Angles whose sum is a straight angle are supplementary. Supplementary angles are formed when a ray shares the same vertex and is pointed in a direction that is in between the two original rays that form the straight angle (180 degree angle). The number of rays in between the two original rays is infinite.", "In modern terminology, angles would normally be measured in degrees or radians. Modern school textbooks often define separate figures called lines (infinite), rays (semi-infinite), and line segments (of finite length). Euclid, rather than discussing a ray as an object that extends to infinity in one direction, would normally use locutions such as \"if the line is extended to a sufficient length,\" although he occasionally referred to \"infinite lines\". A \"line\" in Euclid could be either straight or curved, and he used the more specific term \"straight line\" when necessary.", "", "The pons asinorum (\"bridge of asses\") states that \"in isosceles triangles the angles at the base equal one another, and, if the equal straight lines are produced further, then the angles under the base equal one another.\" Its name may be attributed to its frequent role as the first real test in the \"Elements\" of the intelligence of the reader and as a bridge to the harder propositions that followed. It might also be so named because of the geometrical figure's resemblance to a steep bridge that only a sure-footed donkey could cross.", "Triangles are congruent if they have all three sides equal (SSS), two sides and the angle between them equal (SAS), or two angles and a side equal (ASA) (Book I, propositions 4, 8, and 26). Triangles with three equal angles (AAA) are similar, but not necessarily congruent. Also, triangles with two equal sides and an adjacent angle are not necessarily equal or congruent.", "The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to a straight angle (180 degrees). This causes an equilateral triangle to have three interior angles of 60 degrees. Also, it causes every triangle to have at least two acute angles and up to one obtuse or right angle.", "The celebrated Pythagorean theorem (book I, proposition 47) states that in any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (the two sides that meet at a right angle).", "Thales' theorem, named after Thales of Miletus states that if A, B, and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle ABC is a right angle. Cantor supposed that Thales proved his theorem by means of Euclid Book I, Prop. 32 after the manner of Euclid Book III, Prop. 31.", "In modern terminology, the area of a plane figure is proportional to the square of any of its linear dimensions, formula_1, and the volume of a solid to the cube, formula_2. Euclid proved these results in various special cases such as the area of a circle and the volume of a parallelepipedal solid. Euclid determined some, but not all, of the relevant constants of proportionality. E.g., it was his successor Archimedes who proved that a sphere has 2/3 the volume of the circumscribing cylinder.", "Because of Euclidean geometry's fundamental status in mathematics, it is impractical to give more than a representative sampling of applications here. As suggested by the etymology of the word, one of the earliest reasons for interest in geometry was surveying, and certain practical results from Euclidean geometry, such as the right-angle property of the 3-4-5 triangle, were used long before they were proved formally. The fundamental types of measurements in Euclidean geometry are distances and angles, both of which can be measured directly by a surveyor. Historically, distances were often measured by chains, such as Gunter's chain, and angles using graduated circles and, later, the theodolite. An application of Euclidean solid geometry is the determination of packing arrangements, such as the problem of finding the most efficient packing of spheres in n dimensions. This problem has applications in error detection and correction. Geometric optics uses Euclidean geometry to analyze the focusing of light by lenses and mirrors. Geometry is used extensively in architecture. Geometry can be used to design origami. Some classical construction problems of geometry are impossible using compass and straightedge, but can be solved using origami. Quite a lot of CAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) is based on Euclidean geometry. Design geometry typically consists of shapes bounded by planes, cylinders, cones, tori, etc. In the present day, CAD/CAM is essential in the design of almost everything, including cars, airplanes, ships, and smartphones. A few decades ago, sophisticated draftsmen learned some fairly advanced Euclidean geometry, including things like Pascal's theorem and Brianchon's theorem. But now they don't have to, because the geometric constructions are all done by CAD programs.", "Euclid believed that his axioms were self-evident statements about physical reality. Euclid's proofs depend upon assumptions perhaps not obvious in Euclid's fundamental axioms, in particular that certain movements of figures do not change their geometrical properties such as the lengths of sides and interior angles, the so-called \"Euclidean motions\", which include translations, reflections and rotations of figures. Taken as a physical description of space, postulate 2 (extending a line) asserts that space does not have holes or boundaries (in other words, space is homogeneous and unbounded); postulate 4 (equality of right angles) says that space is isotropic and figures may be moved to any location while maintaining congruence; and postulate 5 (the parallel postulate) that space is flat (has no intrinsic curvature). As discussed in more detail below, Albert Einstein's theory of relativity significantly modifies this view. The ambiguous character of the axioms as originally formulated by Euclid makes it possible for different commentators to disagree about some of their other implications for the structure of space, such as whether or not it is infinite (see below) and what its topology is. Modern, more rigorous reformulations of the system typically aim for a cleaner separation of these issues. Interpreting Euclid's axioms in the spirit of this more modern approach, axioms 1-4 are consistent with either infinite or finite space (as in elliptic geometry), and all five axioms are consistent with a variety of topologies (e.g., a plane, a cylinder, or a torus for two-dimensional Euclidean geometry).", "", "Archimedes (c. 287 BCE – c. 212 BCE), a colorful figure about whom many historical anecdotes are recorded, is remembered along with Euclid as one of the greatest of ancient mathematicians. Although the foundations of his work were put in place by Euclid, his work, unlike Euclid's, is believed to have been entirely original. He proved equations for the volumes and areas of various figures in two and three dimensions, and enunciated the Archimedean property of finite numbers. Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 BCE – c. 190 BCE) is mainly known for his investigation of conic sections.", "René Descartes (1596–1650) developed analytic geometry, an alternative method for formalizing geometry which focused on turning geometry into algebra. In this approach, a point on a plane is represented by its Cartesian (\"x\", \"y\") coordinates, a line is represented by its equation, and so on. In Euclid's original approach, the Pythagorean theorem follows from Euclid's axioms. In the Cartesian approach, the axioms are the axioms of algebra, and the equation expressing the Pythagorean theorem is then a definition of one of the terms in Euclid's axioms, which are now considered theorems. The equation defining the distance between two points \"P\" = (\"p\", \"p\") and \"Q\" = (\"q\", \"q\") is then known as the \"Euclidean metric\", and other metrics define non-Euclidean geometries. In terms of analytic geometry, the restriction of classical geometry to compass and straightedge constructions means a restriction to first- and second-order equations, e.g., \"y\" = 2\"x\" + 1 (a line), or \"x\" + \"y\" = 7 (a circle). Also in the 17th century, Girard Desargues, motivated by the theory of perspective, introduced the concept of idealized points, lines, and planes at infinity. The result can be considered as a type of generalized geometry, projective geometry, but it can also be used to produce proofs in ordinary Euclidean geometry in which the number of special cases is reduced.", "Geometers of the 18th century struggled to define the boundaries of the Euclidean system. Many tried in vain to prove the fifth postulate from the first four. By 1763, at least 28 different proofs had been published, but all were found incorrect. Leading up to this period, geometers also tried to determine what constructions could be accomplished in Euclidean geometry. For example, the problem of trisecting an angle with a compass and straightedge is one that naturally occurs within the theory, since the axioms refer to constructive operations that can be carried out with those tools. However, centuries of efforts failed to find a solution to this problem, until Pierre Wantzel published a proof in 1837 that such a construction was impossible. Other constructions that were proved impossible include doubling the cube and squaring the circle. In the case of doubling the cube, the impossibility of the construction originates from the fact that the compass and straightedge method involve equations whose order is an integral power of two, while doubling a cube requires the solution of a third-order equation. Euler discussed a generalization of Euclidean geometry called affine geometry, which retains the fifth postulate unmodified while weakening postulates three and four in a way that eliminates the notions of angle (whence right triangles become meaningless) and of equality of length of line segments in general (whence circles become meaningless) while retaining the notions of parallelism as an equivalence relation between lines, and equality of length of parallel line segments (so line segments continue to have a midpoint).", "In the early 19th century, Carnot and Möbius systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results. The century's most significant development in geometry occurred when, around 1830, János Bolyai and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published work on non-Euclidean geometry, in which the parallel postulate is not valid. Since non-Euclidean geometry is provably relatively consistent with Euclidean geometry, the parallel postulate cannot be proved from the other postulates. In the 19th century, it was also realized that Euclid's ten axioms and common notions do not suffice to prove all of the theorems stated in the \"Elements\". For example, Euclid assumed implicitly that any line contains at least two points, but this assumption cannot be proved from the other axioms, and therefore must be an axiom itself. The very first geometric proof in the \"Elements,\" shown in the figure above, is that any line segment is part of a triangle; Euclid constructs this in the usual way, by drawing circles around both endpoints and taking their intersection as the third vertex. His axioms, however, do not guarantee that the circles actually intersect, because they do not assert the geometrical property of continuity, which in Cartesian terms is equivalent to the completeness property of the real numbers. Starting with Moritz Pasch in 1882, many improved axiomatic systems for geometry have been proposed, the best known being those of Hilbert, George Birkhoff, and Tarski.", "Einstein's theory of special relativity involves a four-dimensional space-time, the Minkowski space, which is non-Euclidean. This shows that non-Euclidean geometries, which had been introduced a few years earlier for showing that the parallel postulate cannot be proved, are also useful for describing the physical world. However, the three-dimensional \"space part\" of the Minkowski space remains the space of Euclidean geometry. This is not the case with general relativity, for which the geometry of the space part of space-time is not Euclidean geometry. For example, if a triangle is constructed out of three rays of light, then in general the interior angles do not add up to 180 degrees due to gravity. A relatively weak gravitational field, such as the Earth's or the sun's, is represented by a metric that is approximately, but not exactly, Euclidean. Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist. They were later verified by observations such as the slight bending of starlight by the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1919, and such considerations are now an integral part of the software that runs the GPS system.", "", "Euclid sometimes distinguished explicitly between \"finite lines\" (e.g., Postulate 2) and \"infinite lines\" (book I, proposition 12). However, he typically did not make such distinctions unless they were necessary. The postulates do not explicitly refer to infinite lines, although for example some commentators interpret postulate 3, existence of a circle with any radius, as implying that space is infinite. The notion of infinitesimal quantities had previously been discussed extensively by the Eleatic School, but nobody had been able to put them on a firm logical basis, with paradoxes such as Zeno's paradox occurring that had not been resolved to universal satisfaction. Euclid used the method of exhaustion rather than infinitesimals. Later ancient commentators, such as Proclus (410–485 CE), treated many questions about infinity as issues demanding proof and, e.g., Proclus claimed to prove the infinite divisibility of a line, based on a proof by contradiction in which he considered the cases of even and odd numbers of points constituting it. At the turn of the 20th century, Otto Stolz, Paul du Bois-Reymond, Giuseppe Veronese, and others produced controversial work on non-Archimedean models of Euclidean geometry, in which the distance between two points may be infinite or infinitesimal, in the Newton–Leibniz sense. Fifty years later, Abraham Robinson provided a rigorous logical foundation for Veronese's work.", "One reason that the ancients treated the parallel postulate as less certain than the others is that verifying it physically would require us to inspect two lines to check that they never intersected, even at some very distant point, and this inspection could potentially take an infinite amount of time. The modern formulation of proof by induction was not developed until the 17th century, but some later commentators consider it implicit in some of Euclid's proofs, e.g., the proof of the infinitude of primes. Supposed paradoxes involving infinite series, such as Zeno's paradox, predated Euclid. Euclid avoided such discussions, giving, for example, the expression for the partial sums of the geometric series in IX.35 without commenting on the possibility of letting the number of terms become infinite.", "", "Euclid frequently used the method of proof by contradiction, and therefore the traditional presentation of Euclidean geometry assumes classical logic, in which every proposition is either true or false, i.e., for any proposition P, the proposition \"P or not P\" is automatically true.", "Placing Euclidean geometry on a solid axiomatic basis was a preoccupation of mathematicians for centuries. The role of primitive notions, or undefined concepts, was clearly put forward by Alessandro Padoa of the Peano delegation at the 1900 Paris conference: That is, mathematics is context-independent knowledge within a hierarchical framework. As said by Bertrand Russell: Such foundational approaches range between foundationalism and formalism.", "The process of abstract axiomatization as exemplified by Hilbert's axioms reduces geometry to theorem proving or predicate logic. In contrast, the Greeks used construction postulates, and emphasized problem solving. For the Greeks, constructions are more primitive than existence propositions, and can be used to prove existence propositions, but not \"vice versa\". To describe problem solving adequately requires a richer system of logical concepts. The contrast in approach may be summarized: Andrei Nicholaevich Kolmogorov proposed a problem solving basis for geometry. This work was a precursor of a modern formulation in terms of constructive type theory. This development has implications for pedagogy as well." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 92265, 84158, 271, 31016, 15, 12233, 919, 16, 62038, 3674, 23, 23031, 4, 3229, 10, 144732, 111, 43032, 199747, 297, 1295, 70, 99866, 92265, 140978, 111, 70, 27985, 1314, 25, 8357, 15, 38406, 17780, 16, 19085, 47, 5423, 1257, 70, 92265, 140978, 111, 70, 84158, 271, 8357, 15, 294, 122112, 247, 678, 203997, 9, 670, 39719, 41149, 1192, 4216, 237, 6863, 5117, 104463, 53, 9, 180300, 74, 2291, 5585, 13985, 4, 16177, 1290, 111, 39272, 4, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 135818, 108219, 22230, 2750, 42938, 297, 23, 6863, 166635, 5, 581, 3525, 159, 122112, 61924, 71, 68034, 237, 98834, 6635, 136, 139869, 9879, 1419, 5, 581, 23031, 7, 24124, 10, 14012, 111, 65450, 7, 28032, 70, 19085, 645, 91582, 678, 3789, 25737, 9, 14775, 68036, 136, 645, 606, 3334, 6620, 47, 3288, 10433, 19, 25, 7, 28214, 1636, 5, 581, 19085, 30957, 297, 70, 92265, 366, 150, 11533, 4, 1284, 2843, 125568, 71, 153350, 22631, 136, 233, 144429, 190070, 8780, 5, 58807, 36166, 1727, 71, 4, 57724, 1295, 58410, 47, 61786, 4, 221, 46526, 19085, 51, 2481, 136, 144, 87587, 7, 678, 3789, 68036, 74, 1284, 119893, 26719, 204990, 38692, 1255, 15, 71983, 57724, 1295, 28730, 47, 38425, 16, 566, 144429, 10, 79062, 1419, 13315, 1295, 70, 72399, 23031, 7, 5, 17106, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 40738, 10794, 39, 7103, 58020, 70, 6107, 919, 8060, 297, 70, 37197, 43643, 4, 3129, 21449, 47, 14537, 1379, 36060, 191, 29252, 39, 23, 44500, 5, 581, 19085, 8060, 297, 70, 195374, 131161, 7, 4, 136, 233, 144429, 70, 41933, 186806, 106689, 678, 41555, 5, 581, 19085, 509, 4599, 14534, 390, 70, 27759, 111, 3050, 21555, 5861, 109521, 63052, 15, 115068, 9, 133, 2480, 16, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 30839, 1104, 8912, 32406, 3775, 9, 2703, 148448, 49085, 18, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 209274, 23, 70, 3288, 10433, 19, 4, 3129, 233, 144429, 70, 5550, 15, 5293, 748, 47, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 390, 83572, 102126, 194, 581, 133465, 4, 120332, 33, 297, 678, 71924, 1830, 4, 18738, 71, 1563, 52562, 5, 24372, 70, 30839, 116000, 191, 111, 27712, 70, 19085, 80723, 47, 131168, 177986, 47, 70, 6, 167618, 5, 82990, 538, 8108, 102126, 205491, 71, 70, 134349, 32528, 70, 11737, 6602, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 100, 4806, 4, 23, 4347, 24644, 4, 70, 9907, 43643, 112664, 28032, 70, 134744, 56, 9624, 14, 116071, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 187, 4806, 44, 121265, 7, 9, 618, 481, 17706, 82, 9148, 1462, 7, 58, 15, 25217, 683, 16, 21115, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 70, 6107, 919, 80723, 47, 4488, 678, 8, 26336, 1229, 25, 7, 44, 81437, 9942, 58, 27759, 23, 1119, 1340, 4, 136, 14432, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 9907, 70615, 111, 70, 9624, 14, 116071, 15, 441, 83752, 194, 3311, 70, 1733, 70, 30839, 6, 167618, 134620, 23, 26748, 4, 70, 19085, 1902, 24209, 10, 113138, 37772, 23, 5941, 63920, 111, 9942, 5, 1650, 509, 54940, 70, 105207, 68036, 23, 81843, 7, 23, 18608, 136, 41906, 4, 136, 30957, 297, 3934, 70, 23131, 214, 4699, 15866, 67, 144, 87587, 4, 3129, 237360, 71, 2265, 17690, 7, 136, 13254, 8780, 5, 33306, 4, 444, 532, 50509, 7, 28032, 9942, 136, 1563, 52562, 645, 70, 192961, 111, 52287, 271, 79507, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 509, 39041, 48141, 1295, 27759, 23, 4347, 40191, 5, 9626, 81147, 1295, 124338, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 2685, 11, 46327, 62488, 71, 68034, 1295, 3789, 68036, 136, 162393, 98, 108219, 1363, 28032, 6863, 52350, 69941, 3647, 5, 1326, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 65056, 927, 47806, 14922, 70, 6107, 919, 4, 12441, 390, 38692, 1255, 136, 117085, 786, 63499, 7, 4, 47143, 297, 68894, 538, 54015, 3674, 4, 7464, 35971, 10, 79062, 1419, 13315, 4, 21208, 112033, 14653, 193984, 51491, 8060, 5, 106073, 70, 6107, 919, 233, 144429, 8, 26336, 1229, 25, 7, 27643, 111, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 47806, 23, 42610, 4, 70, 25632, 5369, 24124, 10, 44, 42, 90219, 674, 58, 678, 3789, 25737, 9, 14775, 84616, 136, 142, 124735, 90254, 23, 366, 150, 11533, 5, 17106, 25365, 109385, 128359, 18, 237, 6863, 3525, 104463, 53, 9, 180300, 4, 70, 19085, 8060, 297, 115065, 62984, 42, 37214, 25, 7, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 79169, 289, 45880, 23, 31017, 5, 133698, 70, 9836, 1427, 30591, 136, 153350, 7, 111, 4347, 28015, 4, 70, 19085, 8060, 297, 70, 153350, 7, 12960, 8, 3165, 60636, 70, 98834, 6635, 9836, 112664, 7, 5, 24372, 99162, 388, 5908, 23, 70, 22, 1159, 214, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 81843, 7, 4, 70, 19085, 30666, 297, 14787, 7, 11994, 1606, 237, 57724, 136, 23, 29733, 30957, 297, 3934, 10, 44, 10770, 3796, 91377, 58, 144, 87587, 678, 62984, 42, 37214, 25, 7, 44188, 13480, 3674, 7142, 1419, 31016, 15, 9059, 194, 9626, 70, 151301, 91377, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 2288, 3938, 538, 72856, 61585, 47, 70, 7940, 4, 10, 9433, 450, 136475, 7103, 62984, 42, 37214, 25, 7, 91375, 53, 23, 26771, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 756, 3838, 297, 10, 43967, 12008, 23, 62984, 42, 37214, 25, 7, 27759, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 199747, 297, 23, 20986, 237, 70, 27759, 69347, 98186, 23991, 6, 236479, 53, 5, 9626, 11994, 1606, 70, 19085, 21334, 538, 76104, 297, 6863, 89160, 52287, 271, 51584, 33310, 90, 136, 45646, 5, 5443, 41745, 272, 17690, 509, 1379, 1865, 33, 7103, 13211, 4, 3229, 12452, 7674, 13, 100512, 57724, 5, 3293, 6777, 10176, 47, 36418, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 8, 92768, 214, 5700, 2481, 4, 102971, 442, 30957, 297, 27759, 13438, 23, 10586, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 42473, 7263, 636, 2480, 5798, 150, 1363, 5, 183187, 7, 23, 5726, 26038, 124632, 50339, 3501, 17669, 100, 70, 6107, 919, 5, 9626, 24479, 9, 205503, 153344, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 69347, 16065, 1295, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 113857, 136, 221, 46526, 134744, 56, 2265, 144, 87587, 7, 5, 717, 76104, 10, 169424, 23, 366, 150, 11533, 7103, 2691, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 10846, 47143, 214, 8, 1766, 2449, 1902, 47, 33284, 27060, 23, 70, 182017, 136, 131161, 636, 2480, 21115, 15, 724, 23498, 194, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 10, 134744, 56, 51491, 5798, 150, 1363, 4, 70, 636, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 92265, 84158, 271, 31016, 15, 4, 44, 12233, 919, 58, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 52287, 271, 19085, 23, 9942, 5, 106073, 6863, 51491, 8060, 1556, 206398, 71, 23, 17309, 8, 23662, 7, 4, 70, 6107, 919, 112033, 5425, 10, 37515, 79507, 23, 92265, 44951, 7, 4, 41866, 99, 70, 4000, 17366, 5, 360, 27997, 70, 6107, 919, 63043, 297, 702, 112694, 43032, 26719, 6, 224191, 2750, 765, 72090, 2363, 209274, 108112, 5, 3293, 2806, 3249, 442, 70, 50960, 142105, 19085, 23, 9942, 23, 69407, 111, 209274, 7103, 581, 131161, 7, 15, 138535, 16, 136, 70, 7142, 1419, 31016, 15, 9059, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Doctrine.", "2012 platform.", "French nationalism.", "Elected officials.", "Internal organization.", "Leadership.", "Factions.", "Factional strength.", "Popular support and electoral record.", "Publications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The French Communist Party (PCF) originated in 1920, when a majority of members resigned from the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) party to set up the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC), with Ludovic-Oscar Frossard as its first secretary-general; Ho Chi Minh, liberator of Vietnam, was one of the notable agitators who participated in its creation. The new SFIC defined itself as revolutionary and democratic centralist. The 1920s saw a number of splits within the party over relations with other left-wing parties and over adherence to Comintern's dictates. The party entered the French parliament, but also promoted strike action and opposed colonialism. Pierre Sémard, leader from 1924 to 1928, sought party unity and alliances with other parties; but leaders including Maurice Thorez (party leader from 1930 to 1964) imposed a Stalinist line from the late 1920s. With the rise of Fascism after 1934 the PCF supported the Popular Front, which came to power under Léon Blum in 1936. The party supported the Spanish Republicans, and opposed the 1938 Munich agreement with Hitler. The party was banned by the government of Édouard Daladier (centre-left) as a result of the German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact, due to its membership in the Comintern, which opposed the War (prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany). The leadership, threatened with execution, fled abroad. After the German invasion of 1940 the party began to organise opposition to the occupation. Shortly before Germany invaded the Soviet Union the next year, the PCF formed, in May 1941, the National Front movement within the broader Resistance, together with the armed \"Francs-Tireurs et Partisans\" (FTP) group. At the same time the PCF began to work with de Gaulle's \"Free France\" government in exile, and later took part in the National Council of the Resistance (CNR). By the time the German occupation ended in 1944, the party had become a powerful force in many parts of France. It was among the leading parties in elections in 1945 and 1946, and entered into the governing Tripartite alliance, which pursued social reforms and statism. However, amid concerns within France and abroad over the extent of communist influence, the PCF was excluded from government in May 1947. Under pressure from Moscow, the PCF thereafter distanced itself from other parties and focused on agitation within its trade union base. For the rest of the Fourth Republic period the PCF, led by Thorez and Jacques Duclos, remained politically isolated, still taking a Stalinist line, though retaining substantial electoral support. Although the PCF opposed de Gaulle's formation of the Fifth Republic in 1958, the following years saw a \"rapprochement\" with other left-wing forces and an increased strength in parliament. With Waldeck Rochet as its new secretary-general, the party supported François Mitterrand's unsuccessful presidential bid in 1965. During the student riots and strikes of May 1968, the party supported the strikes while denouncing the revolutionary student movements. After heavy losses in the ensuing parliamentary elections, the party adopted Georges Marchais as leader and in 1973 entered into a \"Common Programme\" alliance with Mitterrand's reconstituted Socialist Party (PS). Under the Common Programme, however, the PCF steadily lost ground to the PS, a process that continued after Mitterrand's victory in 1981. Initially allotted a minor share in Mitterrand's government, the PCF resigned in 1984 as the government turned towards fiscal orthodoxy. Under Marchais the party largely maintained its traditional communist doctrines and structure. Extensive reform was undertaken after 1994, when Robert Hue became leader. This did little to stem the party's declining popularity, although it entered government again in 1997 as part of the Plural Left coalition. Elections in 2002 gave worse results than ever for the PCF. Under Marie-George Buffet, the PCF turned away from parliamentary strategy and sought broader social alliances. To maintain a presence in parliament after 2007 the party's few remaining deputies had to join others in the Democratic and Republican Left group (GDR). Subsequently a broader electoral coalition, the Left Front (FG), was formed including the PCF, the Left Party (PG), United Left, and others. The FG has brought the French communists somewhat better electoral results. Pierre Laurent was leader from 2010 to 2018.", "The PCF, in contrast to weaker and more marginal communist parties in Europe, is usually seen as a left-wing rather than far-left party in the French context. While the French far-left (LCR/NPA, LO) has refused to participate in government or engage in electoral alliances with centre-left parties such as the PS, the PCF has participated in governments in the past and still enjoys a \"de facto\" electoral agreement with the PS (mutual withdrawals, the common practice since 1962 and in 1934–39). Nonetheless, some observers and analysts classify the PCF as a far-left party, noting their political proximity to other far-left parties. In the 1980s, under Georges Marchais, the PCF mixed a partial acceptance of \"bourgeois\" democracy and individual liberties with more traditional Marxist–Leninist rhetoric. During this same period, however, the PCF—still run on democratic centralist lines—still structured itself as a revolutionary party in the Leninist sense and rejected criticism of the Soviet Union. Under Robert Hue's leadership after 1994, the PCF's ideology and internal organization underwent major changes. Hue clearly rejected the Soviet model, and reserved very harsh criticism for Soviet leaders who had \"rejected, for years, human rights and 'bourgeois' democracy\" and had oppressed individual liberties and aspirations. Today, the PCF considers the Soviet Union as a 'perversion' of the communist model and unambiguously rejects Stalinism. That being said, it has not attributed the failure of the Soviet Union as being that of communism, rather stating that the failure of Soviet socialism was the failure of one model \"among others\", including the capitalist or social democratic models. It also tried to downplay the PCF's historic attachment to Moscow and the Soviet Union. Since then, the PCF's ideology has been marked by significant ideological evolution on some topics but consistency on other issues. Some of the most marked changes have come on individual rights and immigration. After having vilified homosexuality and feminism as \"the rubbish of capitalism\" in the 1970s, the PCF now fully supports both gay rights and feminism. In the 1980s, the PCF supported reducing the age of consent for homosexual relationships and opposed attempts to repenalize homosexuality. In 1998, the PCF voted in favour of the civil solidarity pact (PACS), civil unions including homosexual couples. The PCF currently supports both same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption. On 12 February 2013, PCF deputies voted in favour of same-sex marriage and adoption rights in the National Assembly, though PCF deputy voted against. The PCF also supports feminist movements and supports policies to further promote gender equality and parity. On the issue of immigration, the PCF's positions have also evolved significantly since the 1980s. In the 1981 presidential election, Georges Marchais ran a controversial campaign on immigration which was harshly criticized by anti-racism organizations at the time. In 1980, the PCF's leadership voted in favour of limiting immigration. The same year, Marchais supported the PCF mayor of Vitry-sur-Seine who had destroyed a home for Malian migrant workers; the PCF claimed that the right-wing government was trying to push immigrants into ghettos in Communist working-class cities. The \"Libération\" newspaper also alleged that PCF municipal administrations had been working to limit the number of immigrants in housing projects. However, today the PCF supports the regularization of illegal immigrants. One consistency in the PCF's ideology has been its staunch opposition to capitalism, which must be \"overcome\" because according to the PCF the capitalist system is \"exhausted\" and \"on the verge of collapse\". The PCF has interpreted the current course of globalization as a confirmation of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's view on the future evolution of capitalism. The party feels that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the Great Recession have further justified its calls to overcome capitalism. However, the PCF has remained somewhat vague on how capitalism will be 'overcome' and what will replace it, placing heavy emphasis on utopic models or values. The text adopted at the XXXVI Congress in February 2013 reiterated the party's call on the need to \"overcome\" capitalism, fiercely denounced by the PCF as having led to \"savage competition\", \"the devastation of the planet\" and \"barbarism\". It contrasts its vision of capitalism with its proposed alternative, described as an egalitarian, humanist, and democratic alternative. It emphasizes human emancipation, the development of \"each and every one\", the right to happiness and the equal dignity of each human being regardless of gender, race or sexual orientation. The party further posits that such an egalitarian society is impossible within capitalism, which \"unleashes domination and hatred\".", "Jean-Luc Mélenchon and the FG's platform in the 2012 presidential election was broken up into nine overarching themes. The platform also supported same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption, voting rights for resident foreigners, euthanasia, and constitutional recognition of abortion.", "The French Communist Party inherited from the Jacobins the concept of France as a centralised, French-speaking, unitary state, with a unitary culture and it is opposed to the separatism and regional identity of other European minority groups native to the area of what consists the French Republic. For instance in 1984, the Soviet ethnographer Solomon Bruk (who had worked under Sergey Tolstov) published a study on France and mentioned the existence of other ethnic groups in the state such as Bretons, Corsicans, Alsatians, Basques, Catalans, Flemish and others. In response to this work, General Secretary Georges Marchais wrote a letter of protest in February 1984, complaining bitterly to the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "The PCF has two Presidents of the General Council – in the Val-de-Marne and Allier. It lost Seine-Saint-Denis, which it had held since the 1960s, to the PS in 2008.", "The PCF has traditionally been a \"mass party\", although Maurice Duverger had differentiated it from other mass parties because the PCF kept a tight control over membership and regularly expelled unsuitable members. In its heyday, the PCF maintained a large base of members and the party's political and electoral actions were supported in society by a trade union, the General Confederation of Labour (CGT); a newspaper, \"L'Humanité\"; and a large number of front organizations or associations in civil society which organized a large number of political or non-political social activities for PCF members. One such activity which still exists today is the annual \"Fête de l'Humanité\" organized by the \"L'Humanité\". French and foreign left-wing parties, organizations or movements are represented and the activities feature musical performances. Since the PCF's decline began in the 1970s, however, it has seen its membership base slowly dry up and its allied organizations disappear or distance themselves from the party. The PCF claimed 520,000 members in 1978; 330,000 in 1987; 270,000 in 1996; and 133,000 in 2002. In 2008, the party claimed that it had 134,000 members of which 79,000 were up to date on their membership fees. In the 2011 internal primary, 69,277 members were registered to vote and 48,631 (70.2%) did so. The party likely has about 70,000 members as of today, but only about 40 to 50 thousand seem to actively participate in the party's organization and political activities. According to studies by the CEVIPOF in 1979 and 1997, the makeup of the PCF's membership has also changed significantly since 1979. The most marked change was a major decline in the share of manual workers (\"ouvriers\") in the party's membership, with a larger number of employees and middle-classes, especially those who work in the public sector. The form of political action taken by members has also changed, with less emphasis on direct political or electoral action but a greater emphasis on social work and protests. The party's structures were democratized at the 1994 Congress, dropping democratic centralism and allowing for the public expression of disapproval or dissent with the party line or leadership. The party's top posts, like that of'secretary-general', were renamed (secretary-general became national-secretary). The party, since 2000, is now led by a national council, which serves as the leadership between congresses; and the executive committee, which is charged with applying the national council's decisions. The national-secretary is elected by delegates at the congress. Likewise, the national council is elected by list voting at every congress. A reform of statutes in 2001 has allowed \"alternative texts\" - dissent from the text proposed by the PCF leadership - to be presented and voted on; dissident lists to those backed by the leadership may also run for the national council. The General Confederation of Labour (CGT) was dominated by the PCF after 1946, with almost all its leaders between 1947 and 1996 (Benoît Frachon, Georges Séguy, Henri Krasucki, Louis Viannet) also serving in the PCF's national leadership structures. For years, the CGT and the PCF were close and almost indissociable allies - notably in May 1968 when both the CGT and PCF were eager for a restoration of social order and welcomed the Grenelle agreements. While the CGT has remained the largest trade union in France, it has taken its independence vis-à-vis the PCF. Louis Viannet spectacularly quit the national bureau of the PCF in 1996 and Bernard Thibault, the CGT's leader between 1999 and 2013, left the PCF's national council in 2001. \"L'Humanité\" has retained closer ties with the PCF. The newspaper was founded by Jean Jaurès in 1904 as the socialist movement's mouthpiece, and it followed the communist majority following the split in 1920. After having been the official newspaper of the PCF, with a readership of up to 100,000 in 1945, the newspaper's readership and sales declined substantially partly due to the PCF's concomitant decline. In 1999, the mention of the newspaper's link to the PCF was dropped and the PCF no longer determines its editorial stance. It sold an average of 46,929 newspapers per day in 2012; down from 53,530 in 2007.", "Secretaries-general (1921–1994) and national-secretaries (since 1994)", "There are no formal organized factions or political groupings within the PCF. This was originally due to the practice of democratic centralism, but even after the democratization of the PCF structure after 1994 the ban on the organization of formal factions within the party remained. According to party statutes, the PCF supports the \"pluralism of ideas\" but the right to pluralism \"may not be translated into an organizations of tendencies\". Nevertheless, certain factions and groups are easily identifiable within the PCF and they are \"de facto\" expressed officially by different orientation texts or lists for leadership elections at party congresses.", "Preparatory votes on orientation texts for PCF Congresses since 2003: At the XXXIV Congress in 2008, for the election of the national council, the majority's list won 67.73% from the congress' delegates against 16.38% for Marie-Pierre Vieu's \"huiste\" list backed by the \"refondateurs\", 10.26% for André Gerin's orthodox list and 5.64% for Nicolas Marchand's \"novateur\" list.", "Currently, the PCF retains some strength in suburban Paris, in the Nord section of the old coal mining area in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the industrial harbours of Le Havre and Dieppe, in some departments of central France, such as Allier and Cher (where a form of sharecropping existed, in addition to mining and small industrial-mining centres such as Commentry and Montceau-les-Mines), the industrial mining region of northern Meurthe-et-Moselle (Longwy) and in some cities of the south, such as the industrial areas of Marseille and nearby towns, as well as the working-class suburbs surrounding Paris (the \"ceinture rouge\"), Lyon, Saint-Étienne, Alès and Grenoble. The PCF is also strong in the Cévennes mountains, a left-wing rural anti-clerical stronghold with a strong Protestant minority. Communist traditions in the \"Red Limousin\", the Pas-de-Calais, Paris proper, Nièvre, Finistère, Alpes-Maritimes and Var have been hurt significantly by demographic changes (Var, Alpes-Maritimes, Finistère), a loss of voters to the Socialist Party due to good local Socialist infrastructure or strongmen (Nièvre, Pas-de-Calais, Paris) or due to the emergence of rival parties on the radical left (the Convention for a Progressive Alternative, a party of reformist communists, in the Limousin and Val-de-Marne). There exists isolated Communist bases in the rural anti-clerical areas of southwestern Côtes-d'Armor and northwestern Morbihan; in the industrial areas of Le Mans; in the shipbuilding cities of Saint-Nazaire, La Seyne-sur-Mer (there are no more ships built in La Seyne); and in isolated industrial centres built along the old Paris-Lyon railway (The urban core of Romilly-sur-Seine, Aube has elected a Communist general councillor since 1958). During the course of the Twentieth Century, the French Communists were considered to be pioneers in local government, providing not only efficient street lighting and clean streets, but also public entertainment, public housing, municipal swimming pools, day nurseries, children’s playgrounds, and public lavatories. In 1976, for instance, the Communist mayor of Sarcelles, Henry Canacos, was named \"best mayor in the Paris region\" by Vie Publique (a trade periodical for urban planners and administrators) for enriching Sarcelles' public spaces with new restaurants, movie theatres, cafes, more parks, a large shopping mall, and better transportation. Education also became, in the words of one text, an \"identifiable characteristic of Communist government at the local level\". A study of municipal budgets that was completed in 1975 (but using data from 1968) found that while Communist local government spent 34% less than non-Communist Left governments and 36% less than moderate-Right governments for maintenance, it nevertheless spent 49% more than moderate Right governments and 36% more than non-Communist Left governments for education and educational support.", "The PCF publishes the following: Traditionally, it was also the owner of the French daily \"L'Humanité\" (\"Humanity\"), founded by Jean Jaurès. Although the newspaper is now independent, it remains close to the PCF. The paper is sustained by the annual \"Fête de L'Humanité\" festival, held in La Courneuve, a working class suburb of Paris. This event remains the biggest festival in France, with attendees during a three-day period. During the 1970s, the PCF registered success with the children's magazine it founded, \"Pif gadget\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3370, 12333, 37838, 25632, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 83572, 28214, 1290, 16070, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 70, 3871, 100, 10, 3525, 68894, 12989, 23, 102126, 509, 121, 121147, 5, 13207, 202, 60626, 10821, 14373, 51, 174822, 41714, 7, 80723, 74918, 2852, 87420, 102126, 4, 12638, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 58136, 10, 14949, 9, 234446, 1771, 19085, 5, 581, 152102, 509, 170920, 23, 10271, 98, 1381, 18237, 18608, 136, 23, 200506, 136, 6, 176185, 23, 6088, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 5, 581, 14037, 214, 43032, 111, 70, 152102, 35060, 71, 102917, 538, 111, 36770, 43032, 111, 70, 18222, 31016, 4, 70, 30839, 182017, 31016, 4, 70, 30839, 9907, 41021, 25, 7, 31016, 136, 70, 30839, 41021, 25, 7, 31016, 5, 52455, 111, 6097, 79165, 4, 26719, 152102, 9, 211707, 14037, 56, 57263, 1840, 3716, 4, 3542, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 100, 70, 83687, 674, 23, 70, 30839, 9624, 14, 116071, 20271, 70, 83572, 28214, 1290, 16070, 5, 360, 70, 146185, 5550, 5369, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 1257, 47, 70, 23936, 7, 15, 21231, 44, 15896, 53724, 16587, 7, 372, 434, 16924, 18, 40396, 74054, 70, 152102, 2843, 110281, 297, 17467, 4935, 4, 2874, 9, 277, 12303, 1419, 36770, 83572, 7, 136, 83572, 57119, 22230, 3934, 6863, 77546, 30648, 7, 15, 5062, 15745, 127129, 350, 136, 140819, 32629, 67839, 194, 62, 197097, 2874, 9, 4645, 708, 32786, 509, 70, 14108, 19, 79834, 8022, 2581, 5545, 56, 4, 2750, 100512, 25515, 214, 4841, 481, 669, 111, 70, 184293, 62554, 15, 188199, 74668, 84772, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 182417, 97384, 1295, 70, 137578, 111, 70, 64181, 1727, 47806, 509, 450, 45, 6548, 2481, 54940, 70, 139869, 68036, 20654, 37838, 107003, 100, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 83572, 31016, 5, 1650, 509, 127298, 106157, 47, 28282, 10, 51, 47314, 19085, 111, 14949, 133969, 7, 46, 10, 14949, 182017, 32528, 5, 581, 16750, 111, 6097, 41714, 7, 509, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 142, 1940, 9, 70547, 90, 30283, 15, 76775, 497, 9120, 136, 75198, 1236, 10, 5062, 16, 19085, 79507, 71, 17305, 5115, 53, 390, 70, 68894, 40250, 111, 26697, 17467, 1814, 39, 5, 581, 152102, 122446, 150675, 36272, 21647, 214, 8060, 1295, 70, 1733, 111, 6863, 166635, 23, 10271, 98, 1381, 18237, 18608, 24189, 6863, 5117, 101805, 98, 952, 18374, 27631, 4, 99, 3129, 76710, 141, 1484, 209517, 58242, 10792, 56, 509, 24, 4806, 70, 5117, 4841, 481, 669, 111, 70, 19085, 5, 360, 70, 86595, 4, 442, 509, 959, 34735, 3129, 19085, 2806, 186, 10862, 297, 390, 70, 91375, 7, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 1284, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 27712, 7, 70, 27759, 7, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 111, 130891, 80723, 47, 65342, 154732, 70, 152102, 136, 16065, 1295, 70, 7142, 182017, 31016, 111, 102126, 15, 9434, 397, 194, 581, 21, 3055, 509, 1286, 15889, 1419, 136, 221, 46526, 30839, 456, 309, 41274, 3853, 99, 70, 14700, 21161, 111, 121215, 7, 47, 70, 134349, 32528, 4, 8, 18695, 1916, 58242, 10792, 56, 237, 142, 13984, 111, 15044, 70, 15672, 7, 136, 70, 103302, 5, 581, 65925, 14537, 7, 77947, 71, 70, 152102, 25, 7, 32610, 2320, 4, 6863, 25313, 71985, 2481, 136, 6863, 34292, 237, 142, 177986, 289, 37772, 47, 70, 60013, 64370, 3129, 149528, 297, 47, 28811, 169454, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 58242, 10792, 56, 509, 2843, 63207, 297, 390, 70, 56101, 5, 581, 19085, 509, 65450, 645, 37348, 111, 456, 25271, 674, 28032, 70, 65925, 144, 87587, 136, 30839, 51, 41274, 237, 10, 62276, 11341, 5, 58242, 10792, 56, 1924, 309, 206, 538, 123823, 71, 1919, 502, 9, 12137, 48850, 19069, 136, 1810, 669, 102250, 71, 3060, 111, 1919, 233, 54137, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 128120, 71, 47, 16916, 70, 103246, 237, 10, 19085, 111, 70, 5798, 150, 1363, 24189, 764, 29131, 9077, 450, 1836, 99764, 1919, 2874, 9, 277, 12303, 1419, 19069, 5, 581, 24702, 6259, 6, 34590, 10763, 111, 10, 456, 309, 41274, 450, 2806, 66961, 2182, 102126, 1295, 70, 65925, 144, 87587, 7228, 442, 182, 820, 47, 110281, 75198, 1236, 169454, 7, 47, 70, 19085, 237, 2684, 211190, 90, 1295, 70, 36770, 30839, 43396, 90, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 63192, 3542, 111, 450, 109208, 237, 3542, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 24453, 102126, 5, 581, 152102, 509, 70, 73944, 19085, 100, 70, 5117, 6626, 8, 23662, 7, 25632, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 10542, 102126, 23, 45604, 5, 58242, 10792, 56, 47143, 297, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 57724, 24189, 36102, 4, 99, 3129, 6275, 70, 36770, 24284, 111, 25313, 7, 122960, 1004, 25612, 91995, 71, 4049, 5, 1301, 70, 5153, 182017, 31016, 15, 919, 28399, 16, 678, 7090, 434, 1295, 70, 23131, 214, 5798, 150, 1363, 23, 36236, 4743, 47, 217573, 9035, 645, 23991, 136, 25313, 44930, 4, 1004, 25612, 509, 168861, 47, 199747, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 10, 9963, 5798, 150, 1363, 678, 70, 103246, 34739, 645, 27759, 1379, 152102, 76710, 141, 1484, 54010, 80450, 122933, 21228, 5, 581, 103246, 69405, 21647, 297, 5700, 2481, 136, 214493, 297, 23, 3173, 214, 10, 2265, 9, 136317, 5798, 150, 1363, 678, 70, 563, 28399, 25632, 70, 31060, 30361, 81843, 4, 100, 21896, 70, 152102, 1810, 111, 14537, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 6863, 32692, 5, 581, 152102, 136, 313, 16395, 3542, 103210, 130306, 111, 76710, 141, 1484, 20255, 53, 23243, 18, 25, 7, 44, 152028, 8305, 1690, 90219, 674, 58, 44930, 98186, 70, 24453, 9022, 21230, 44, 132, 670, 271, 18448, 16, 58, 136, 18782, 297, 189173, 538, 26548, 70, 19340, 85689, 3387, 111, 124338, 136, 34210, 15519, 450, 10670, 85018, 71, 140526, 47, 70, 36770, 8394, 48850, 43396, 90, 111, 102126, 136, 75530, 93, 5281, 70, 63192, 1104, 6433, 11999, 13315, 237, 102126, 25, 7, 8394, 48850, 132988, 5, 581, 32528, 68036, 1902, 20903, 21941, 678, 70, 44, 13025, 81574, 814, 77214, 1151, 58, 151747, 15, 191697, 7, 2750, 18738, 71, 707, 3542, 14700, 2118, 71, 1295, 70, 8394, 48850, 43396, 90, 16, 2750, 15673, 71, 100, 10, 30646, 111, 6097, 43396, 90, 5, 132556, 158024, 43032, 4, 26719, 36770, 22925, 18227, 141, 1484, 1004, 5548, 1111, 112, 4, 72104, 297, 1295, 70, 563, 28399, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 14949, 182017, 32528, 111, 102126, 15, 4, 152102, 74, 1388, 83, 10, 14949, 9, 234446, 1771, 136, 26697, 9, 2271, 65756, 4935, 68894, 19085, 23, 102126, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 13036, 105556, 9, 5584, 19085, 111, 70, 11698, 9, 54969, 23, 30839, 44951, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Founding period.", "Adenauer era (1949–1963).", "Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982).", "Kohl era (1982–1998).", "Merkel era (2000–2018).", "Post-Merkel (2018–present).", "Voter base.", "Internal structure.", "Members.", "Relationship to the CSU.", "Konrad Adenauer Foundation.", "Special organizations.", "Election results.", "State Parliaments (\"Länder\")." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Immediately following the collapse of the Nazi dictatorship at the end of World War II, the need for a new political order in Germany was paramount. Simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout Germany, each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party. The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year. The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party, the German Democratic Party, the German National People's Party and the German People's Party. Many of these individuals, including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes, were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship. In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s (see \"Vergangenheitsbewältigung\"), the CDU also attracted conservative, anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks (like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer). A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier, who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949–1969). One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party. It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union. The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (Catholic and Protestant alike) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism. The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950, at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party.", "In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II, but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union, depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's moderation, its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time. Adenauer was also trusted by the British. The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany. The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him. As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.", "The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election, forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history. The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandt's \"change through rapprochement\" policy towards the Eastern bloc \"(Ostpolitik)\" and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern border. The Union parties had close ties with the \"Heimatvertriebene\" associations (Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories) who hoped for a return of these territories. Seven Bundestag members, including former vice chancellor Erich Mende, defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties, depriving Brandt of his majority, and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU. In April, 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power, calling a constructive vote of no confidence. CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor. But not all parliamentarians voted as expected (it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi): Brandt won the vote and stayed in office. Thus, the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years. In 1982, the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power.", "CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election. After the collapse of the East German government in 1989, Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany. The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery. Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble. Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel, who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018. In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005. In the 2002 federal election, the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher (29.5% and 9.0%, respectively), but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government.", "In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were landslide victories. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts. The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November. Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November. Since her first term in office, from 2005 to 2009, there have been discussions if the CDU was still \"sufficiently conservative\" or if it was \"social-democratising\". In March 2009, Merkel answered with the statement \"Sometimes I am liberal, sometimes I am conservative, sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU.\" Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, their \"desired partner\" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot, while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of \"faithless\" votes from the government camp. The decisions to suspend conscription (late 2010) and to phase out nuclear energy (shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011) broke with long-term principles of the CDU, moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters. At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a \"wage floor\", after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years. Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term \"asymmetric demobilisation\" for the CDU's strategy (practised in the 2009, 2013 and 2017 campaigns) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals, e.g. regarding social justice (SPD) and ecology (Greens), thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters. Some of the promises in the CDU's 2013 election platform were seen as \"overtaking the SPD on the left\". While this strategy has proven to be quite successful in elections, it also raised warnings that the CDU's profile would become \"random\", the party would lose its \"essence\" and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated. President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an early presidential election. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel. After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD. Despite their long-cherished slogan of \"There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU\", the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013. The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members. It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administration's handling of the European debt crisis (2009–14) and later the 2015 refugee crisis, lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even \"state failure\". Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU. In the 2017 election, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare. After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021. Since the 2017 federal election, the CDU/CSU has seen its polling numbers declining even further into the 20%, but it has recovered starting in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, polling back into the 30%. In May, the Union reached almost 40%.", "On 7 December 2018, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as the new party leader of the CDU in the leadership election. Kramp-Karrenbauer opposes same sex marriage, having compared it to incest and polygamy, and supports socially conservative policies. Kramp Karrenbauer resigned as party leader on 10 February 2020, after the CDU in the German state of Thuringia cooperated with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) in order to prevent the election of a left-wing Thuringian Prime Minister. This cooperation violated a political taboo in German politics of cooperating with political parties viewed as too far-right. Media reported her inability to enforce party discipline, which according to her was complicated by the unclear positions of some CDU members towards the parties of the right-wing AfD and the leftist Die Linke, as a reason for her resignation. She will continue as Minister of Defence while a new party leader is expected to be elected.", "While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right, the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition. The loss of anti-communism as a political theme, secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU. In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the \"dominant culture\" imply \"tolerance and living together\". According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency. The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the \"Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God\". However, CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals. The CDU's policies derive from political Catholicism, Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism. The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohl's term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998). As a conservative party, the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration. Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases. In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another. The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance '90/The Greens. The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany.", "", "Before 1966, membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2018, the CDU had 420,240 members. In 2012, the members' average age was 59 years. 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old. A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male. Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states.", "Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a \"Fraktionsvertrag\" between the two parties. The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the Junge Union, a common pupil organisation, the, a common student organisation, the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common \"Mittelstand\" organisation, the. The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria. The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany, with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian People's Party functioning as the Bavarian variant. Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states. The CSU and the free state of Bavaria have a separate police and justice system (distinctive and non-federal) and have actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag, the German government, the Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia.", "The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.", "Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following:", "", "Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3293, 10776, 7440, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 2806, 186, 14037, 297, 509, 79986, 71, 645, 390, 57309, 11, 72134, 678, 106362, 31195, 87, 4, 136, 80723, 47, 186, 27623, 3674, 390, 160600, 7, 72134, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 14847, 44, 91127, 5447, 58, 15, 91127, 343, 9, 174822, 136, 142146, 3395, 7, 16, 23, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 57309, 66, 352, 95972, 214267, 297, 707, 120262, 3542, 63134, 43452, 4, 1836, 2806, 186, 1119, 14, 6259, 47, 70, 2060, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 57309, 66, 352, 95972, 4, 70, 2684, 95534, 33180, 1295, 2363, 5368, 15534, 5, 3293, 509, 959, 51, 277, 3796, 4, 6637, 70, 184085, 2256, 111, 2367, 83, 5036, 176672, 509, 27623, 3674, 390, 5941, 160600, 9, 88528, 136, 46876, 162708, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 6817, 111, 57309, 11, 47, 42814, 70, 32774, 4, 5941, 1902, 2809, 1119, 14, 6259, 47, 903, 10776, 144477, 111, 5596, 4, 221, 160600, 54427, 7, 4, 46876, 4, 136, 29394, 3542, 127298, 756, 39210, 23, 450, 16128, 5, 1301, 678, 2684, 3789, 162708, 14037, 297, 390, 42814, 4, 10, 21115, 111, 90223, 71, 136, 64, 748, 148, 167457, 52129, 7, 1295, 1919, 187, 1176, 509, 9615, 6259, 2685, 5, 88949, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 509, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 1061, 177, 27201, 109120, 90, 4, 136, 509, 1672, 144477, 111, 70, 43573, 525, 160600, 9615, 19929, 4, 99, 99737, 399, 98, 70, 180, 80140, 23, 86196, 18, 1651, 4, 70, 160600, 7, 88303, 10, 58982, 10932, 70, 26349, 3129, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 142, 45964, 42179, 7, 4, 509, 140528, 23, 1672, 387, 13312, 5, 1650, 122446, 183851, 79612, 7, 678, 70, 4000, 43904, 5, 28090, 5316, 77269, 4, 70, 26349, 47041, 1902, 117396, 5470, 678, 86196, 18, 1651, 4, 7103, 70, 10255, 587, 9, 571, 47013, 9893, 60097, 5177, 29178, 112, 2647, 87, 65042, 297, 1919, 6226, 3934, 1061, 177, 117956, 5, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 509, 2843, 105866, 10932, 65272, 111, 70, 6760, 464, 12506, 73, 15, 35613, 53190, 658, 1463, 4, 9098, 247, 7440, 3789, 93951, 9, 183921, 3395, 7, 4, 1884, 70, 57799, 102, 24366, 4, 717, 9254, 72004, 4, 51438, 6548, 136, 64, 748, 15127, 40744, 14, 3542, 170920, 5, 8622, 621, 14585, 5256, 450, 160600, 55812, 5256, 26983, 6259, 237, 2060, 237, 129392, 1970, 5, 581, 4816, 19, 7832, 837, 140526, 450, 70, 160600, 7, 44, 3355, 35548, 71, 2363, 352, 95972, 3853, 237, 2060, 237, 70, 5406, 90, 136, 70, 185709, 53, 93, 378, 7522, 172, 38526, 70, 25356, 4021, 539, 268, 740, 44, 294, 17978, 58, 131148, 40101, 9098, 27798, 46, 23, 3129, 7225, 70, 160600, 7, 69307, 71, 70, 5117, 8951, 5470, 17721, 9098, 136, 10, 28811, 100510, 4, 3060, 1733, 10932, 1781, 335, 10854, 46, 707, 70, 3395, 7, 111, 70, 6760, 464, 5, 360, 2499, 7225, 4, 10, 26349, 51529, 47, 70, 76438, 237, 10013, 5601, 4, 3129, 509, 119056, 390, 191225, 7, 1295, 70, 2548, 68728, 8946, 2858, 271, 142642, 335, 10854, 47, 116, 2208, 142642, 18471, 247, 509, 39555, 68782, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 5, 581, 183114, 44, 85, 58, 131148, 44, 91127, 257, 830, 12960, 70, 133784, 425, 44, 95950, 66, 58, 509, 70, 76438, 83371, 1363, 111, 37859, 72004, 5, 76438, 352, 5918, 17089, 3542, 170920, 23, 10013, 5601, 4, 86595, 678, 567, 8467, 43954, 66, 142096, 10932, 11777, 335, 10854, 5, 1061, 191, 70, 26349, 136, 70, 10588, 111, 10013, 5601, 3542, 158, 944, 2822, 64557, 390, 70, 2548, 7103, 6, 69986, 70, 5550, 111, 70, 179030, 538, 151307, 7, 5, 3293, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 73432, 1257, 70, 173288, 17119, 1295, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 335, 10854, 5, 581, 47143, 7, 111, 42814, 25, 7, 59444, 28127, 23, 70, 14192, 111, 70, 10332, 15869, 1743, 23, 57799, 2864, 71, 5, 106073, 70, 10332, 525, 71579, 47143, 7, 111, 70, 58982, 7, 5622, 4734, 47, 70, 209, 927, 142642, 4, 134349, 136, 44061, 783, 1119, 73427, 5256, 111, 70, 1764, 765, 122273, 297, 450, 35064, 70, 5744, 71579, 621, 2450, 13, 1405, 4, 43153, 33, 48242, 136, 62, 1436, 195, 33, 532, 135355, 7, 5, 32255, 135355, 7, 765, 122273, 297, 10204, 41274, 7, 1740, 47, 10932, 70, 201, 927, 142642, 77269, 5, 64511, 47143, 7, 26698, 197540, 10595, 7, 7870, 4, 23532, 9035, 136, 33976, 76319, 3129, 621, 80788, 3674, 23, 70, 25946, 111, 28379, 132268, 23, 57799, 2864, 71, 5, 581, 1764, 1556, 2843, 122273, 297, 183851, 43153, 33, 48242, 43780, 7, 136, 1540, 81423, 5, 360, 70, 44, 9874, 32262, 138840, 21228, 16686, 830, 35064, 70, 26349, 2685, 83, 10, 60971, 1290, 21533, 9655, 23, 42845, 12, 44, 58, 841, 1771, 42814, 77043, 316, 44638, 6295, 12, 44923, 9643, 42814, 2953, 58, 15, 16, 292, 142447, 214, 15044, 1919, 23288, 118, 2886, 183898, 13, 100, 158, 75616, 136, 10, 37254, 1295, 70, 42814, 99691, 23, 3129, 44, 46873, 1084, 289, 195629, 7, 58, 606, 28153, 67175, 42814, 47, 959, 237360, 53333, 64222, 5256, 4, 3129, 2806, 20654, 37838, 37105, 47, 1919, 51, 6032, 538, 47219, 5, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 83, 70, 2704, 78869, 111, 5177, 43833, 223, 4, 775, 111, 5177, 40353, 17996, 111, 70, 8, 282, 111, 12530, 22110, 4, 70, 72745, 111, 44, 130758, 37412, 99, 70, 6661, 25, 7, 18878, 58, 390, 8352, 14355, 18, 5, 44, 91658, 5908, 111, 179030, 830, 390, 527, 162076, 58595, 2420, 434, 4, 83, 5423, 23, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 4, 501, 5, 12664, 77269, 4, 22120, 7, 1672, 70, 8002, 80225, 11, 111649, 7, 136, 70, 5550, 111, 70, 179030, 538, 151307, 7, 5775, 46526, 678, 2548, 9098, 5, 6872, 70, 73048, 98, 44, 50645, 9319, 19, 51438, 2387, 58, 2203, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 23, 70, 144888, 8668, 102, 3674, 153648, 111, 70, 138, 4216, 9, 16797, 44616, 76438, 32692, 4, 70, 64181, 5374, 13, 4, 390, 4939, 37639, 99, 12, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 707, 99737, 399, 1184, 11395, 102, 15, 247, 218500, 44, 130758, 150213, 11, 70, 27766, 927, 525, 830, 509, 10, 26349, 14037, 297, 390, 42814, 70, 32774, 4, 99, 70, 127067, 9, 1177, 48850, 3564, 111, 70, 8002, 24869, 70237, 15, 49748, 44061, 14, 151867, 16, 23, 8055, 138, 4235, 335, 10854, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 2684, 144477, 56, 538, 1810, 4594, 111, 70, 160600, 145359, 23, 15881, 14237, 5, 99737, 399, 1184, 1436, 67, 509, 170920, 98, 70, 127067, 4620, 111, 70, 96113, 823, 29618, 1636, 15, 65183, 42, 2541, 395, 247, 99, 707, 20903, 47, 70, 1764, 111, 5744, 26966, 2864, 71, 15, 134919, 3, 14060, 74, 5437, 2048, 1787, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Archaeological remains.", "In fiction.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "This region where Alexandria Eschate would be founded was ruled over by Persia starting with Xerxes I, and began to be populated by Greeks starting at that time. When \"Greeks\" (Greek-related and speaking peoples) in other parts of the Persian empire rebelled or otherwise were troublesome, they would be exiled to the far northeast of the Persian empire, the most distant segment from their homelands. This was not uncommon, because the coastline of what is now Turkey was populated by many Greek-culture and language cities. By the time of the fall of Persia to Alexander the Great, many had been exiled to this region north of India, so Greek villages, language, and culture were therefore all common in that area. As with most other cities founded by Alexander, a group of retired and/or wounded veterans from his army was settled there. Because Alexandria Eschate was surrounded by Sogdian tribes, and was about north of the nearest Greek settlement, at Alexandria on the Oxus in Bactria, the Greeks built a wall around the city which, according to the ancient authors, was completed in about 20 days. It experienced numerous conflicts with the local population. From 250 BC, the city likely had greater contact with Bactria, after the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I extended his control into Sogdiana. Alexandria Eschate was also located around west of the Tarim Basin (now Xinjiang, China), where other Indo-European peoples, like the Khotanese, Tocharians, Wusun and/or Yuezhi were established. There are indications that Greek expeditions travelled as far as Kashgar. The historian Strabo claims that the Greeks \"extended their empire even as far as the Seres and the Phryni [possibly the Xiongnu]\". \"Seres\" meant either China proper – in which case the Greeks achieved the first direct contact between China and a European society, some time around 200 BCE – or the peoples of the Tarim. In any case, a city known to the Chinese as Dayuan, which was mentioned by scholars from the Han dynasty (1st century BCE to 2nd century CE), was almost certainly Alexandria Eschate. The prefix \"da\" meant \"Great\", while the suffix \"Yuan\" was the Chinese rendition of Ionians. Chinese embassies were established in Dayuan, beginning with Zhang Qian opened around 130 BCE. Soon the city and the rest of Dayuan were conquered completely by the Han after winning the War of the Heavenly Horses. This contributed to the opening up the Silk Road from the 1st century BCE.", "The remains of Alexander's town lie in the tell of the old citadel in Khojand. Although the oldest surface remains of the walls date only to the 10th century, Soviet and Tajik excavations of the site have revealed that below the modern surface are mediaeval, Hellenistic and Achaemenid layers. These layers have revealed fortifications dating to around the 4th century BC. Other remains include household utensils, armaments and building materials which are exhibited in the Museum of Regional Studies in Khojand. The site has also revealed numerous Hellenistic coins and pottery. In the \"Tabula Peutingeriana\", below the city there is a rhetorical question in Latin: \"\"Hic Alexander responsum accepit: usque quo Alexander?\"\" () — referencing both his insatiable appetite for conquest and a legend from the Alexander romance in which \"celestial creatures\" admonished Alexander to not pursue further explorations, which would ultimately lead to his untimely death.", "Alexandria Eschate is the final destination of Euxenus, son of Eutychides of the deme of Pallene, the protagonist of \"Alexander at the World's End\" by Tom Holt. \"Horses of Heaven\", by Gillian Bradshaw, is set in Alexandria Eschate, c. 140 BC, talks about the Ferghana horses and the War of the Heavenly Horses fought with Han China.", "See the notes on \"Northern Wuyi\" = Alexandria Eschate in the draft annotated translation of the 3rd-century Chinese history, the Weilüe, by John Hill at: and" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 34525, 538, 5700, 29367, 1295, 70, 113860, 44, 150040, 4, 9795, 1430, 4, 157146, 4, 136, 47302, 830, 70, 10, 15322, 5264, 44, 94202, 683, 58, 5036, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 189534, 10975, 177261, 3299, 5, 581, 17055, 147, 2481, 111, 10, 339, 81218, 177261, 1543, 285, 53, 4, 1284, 903, 17311, 10975, 162515, 1556, 24209, 5700, 6637, 442, 83, 6, 129980, 47, 27980, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 1467, 1764, 170846, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 10811, 5, 581, 82761, 7, 111, 70, 339, 81218, 177261, 621, 13379, 23, 70, 10975, 456, 59111, 10484, 111, 2684, 29908, 113068, 7, 5, 581, 339, 81218, 57134, 133, 831, 186, 70163, 71, 678, 5941, 3789, 4092, 136, 9803, 9, 60427, 10975, 98169, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 25632, 12, 1301, 15700, 27781, 4, 70, 10975, 3129, 8162, 136, 3789, 38998, 32807, 77635, 4527, 100, 2363, 83, 10, 178036, 297, 339, 81218, 177261, 678, 66044, 7, 6044, 237, 29908, 73303, 22687, 15, 32811, 294, 16, 100, 72367, 25168, 60636, 136, 1845, 11727, 136, 130643, 100, 15917, 3674, 36746, 132096, 7, 5, 17106, 70, 105925, 4527, 111, 70, 187, 1430, 939, 5007, 339, 81218, 4, 143834, 7, 136, 24036, 5264, 7, 118775, 100, 3789, 162515, 7, 111, 172852, 5426, 4, 1467, 10723, 4, 63399, 4, 136, 10975, 46876, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 142, 183234, 59720, 98, 70, 7244, 3773, 172852, 5426, 14449, 83, 51529, 237, 4336, 9088, 5, 893, 30700, 51042, 1995, 294, 23, 3687, 111, 9795, 1430, 83, 35839, 601, 169937, 5, 84572, 10840, 23, 3784, 6496, 3789, 172852, 76519, 26698, 276, 81218, 15, 35572, 7285, 247, 159, 81218, 15, 102588, 37206, 247, 563, 81218, 15, 81437, 20429, 397, 247, 17, 81218, 15, 14, 138724, 7, 16, 136, 1193, 81218, 683, 15, 95665, 9, 172121, 194, 581, 1467, 10723, 707, 63399, 24365, 5426, 2843, 41110, 7, 5, 339, 113926, 83, 10, 11389, 7440, 9795, 1430, 1556, 2809, 91995, 71, 678, 70, 1286, 22729, 165598, 1467, 10723, 9487, 73, 425, 5, 62, 11389, 7440, 157146, 1556, 2809, 91995, 71, 390, 2795, 7134, 158897, 83, 35839, 339, 40680, 4, 707, 68018, 390, 120260, 70, 7311, 10, 15322, 5264, 4, 339, 81218, 15, 150040, 248, 9795, 1430, 248, 102256, 15876, 15, 15277, 141, 4, 47302, 4, 145581, 4, 158189, 16, 248, 2795, 7134, 158897, 194, 29908, 83, 10, 992, 4084, 9, 5062, 13909, 172852, 5426, 6, 93457, 71, 1379, 70, 3299, 111, 4092, 136, 9803, 9, 60427, 10975, 34754, 136, 113068, 5, 17006, 29908, 113068, 7, 4, 237, 42486, 7, 111, 10975, 35509, 10932, 70, 29908, 77924, 583, 136, 27983, 10932, 10, 98169, 24365, 5426, 4, 22691, 28484, 339, 81218, 169581, 7, 8305, 2363, 98169, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 601, 363, 43721, 7, 23, 18374, 24159, 9318, 5, 13465, 111, 1467, 10723, 16839, 12008, 83, 99764, 17721, 262, 62806, 136, 116890, 4, 12960, 627, 154985, 4, 4221, 11606, 136, 81366, 7285, 25842, 99764, 4669, 5, 11587, 5, 581, 31486, 111, 339, 81218, 25, 7, 1467, 10723, 1556, 2809, 89160, 538, 120384, 297, 390, 9795, 1430, 4, 136, 1556, 16792, 99201, 3789, 1467, 10723, 7, 6044, 237, 9487, 73, 425, 5, 581, 9795, 1430, 135913, 22687, 1556, 2809, 70, 2684, 5700, 98, 70, 3835, 2665, 5, 360, 18237, 24159, 10086, 56379, 25902, 3674, 450, 9795, 1430, 149976, 8983, 5, 12807, 111, 756, 36457, 64324, 136, 8934, 5, 11587, 111, 70, 2663, 10723, 7, 36880, 756, 77758, 7, 5, 360, 18237, 27580, 9795, 1430, 509, 25902, 3674, 47, 21265, 190, 70147, 14427, 111, 756, 36457, 64324, 4, 134629, 390, 9487, 73, 425, 678, 6370, 363, 12187, 5, 9795, 1430, 83, 126809, 136, 76104, 297, 390, 142, 9803, 26908, 111, 106001, 7, 1379, 70, 531, 170926, 7, 111, 70, 9795, 1430, 23752, 32807, 5, 152590, 71, 1379, 70, 9795, 1430, 64779, 4, 9795, 1430, 83, 9803, 9, 60427, 10975, 5, 62, 38134, 96551, 111, 66139, 621, 8060, 297, 4, 136, 5941, 111, 2856, 621, 29479, 297, 237, 375, 5974, 297, 88996, 7, 3129, 65042, 70, 56458, 123309, 2481, 111, 9795, 1430, 5, 32255, 831, 37457, 1295, 10723, 9, 8752, 56037, 449, 46876, 8060, 47, 195734, 2320, 150370, 7, 5, 157146, 25, 7, 7311, 31486, 237, 70, 339, 81218, 25, 7, 41911, 289, 63399, 24365, 5426, 15, 40756, 571, 13439, 16, 1556, 16792, 2809, 75939, 21286, 125034, 297, 390, 3789, 627, 39463, 13439, 7, 6044, 237, 5379, 39463, 707, 2795, 7134, 158897, 4, 707, 3853, 438, 158897, 63399, 7, 6044, 237, 7465, 519, 39463, 5, 157146, 83, 10, 3869, 65847, 712, 297, 4, 6024, 9, 65918, 4, 80866, 63399, 24365, 5426, 15, 39463, 13439, 247, 163629, 71, 390, 7550, 37992, 16751, 7, 23, 43304, 3129, 509, 7068, 163629, 71, 390, 146785, 84829, 23, 15431, 66016, 6863, 39395, 5369, 4, 70, 157146, 7175, 1556, 7228, 6863, 31344, 18151, 19882, 1379, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 165132, 9082, 16934, 64779, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 1379, 10, 96551, 111, 180639, 53, 106689, 7, 5, 5379, 39463, 83, 10, 26908, 9, 229815, 297, 100, 92, 111, 157146, 4, 12441, 390, 6863, 7311, 106001, 7, 5, 2795, 7134, 158897, 83, 2843, 142, 62, 169906, 9, 277, 26026, 1236, 36746, 9, 25653, 43315, 63399, 24365, 5426, 126809, 390, 2795, 7134, 158897, 13453, 55441, 10760, 5, 7465, 519, 39463, 83, 10, 1467, 9, 7, 57965, 9803, 9, 60427, 438, 158897, 63399, 450, 28, 7560, 19725, 70, 89160, 23180, 9, 77007, 41911, 289, 63399, 45646, 23, 10862, 111, 821, 58627, 9, 5062, 60525, 678, 84079, 61903, 7, 15, 408, 30319, 70, 9384, 335, 58627, 247, 20662, 70, 157353, 111, 2053, 23, 24233, 52895, 111, 86685, 99156, 136, 4271, 56, 5, 47302, 25, 7, 31486, 237, 70, 339, 81218, 25, 7, 38415, 56037, 449, 46876, 1556, 2843, 2809, 51339, 297, 390, 3789, 46876, 7, 6044, 237, 908, 141, 136, 145581, 5, 47302, 83, 10, 10723, 9, 8752, 26499, 214, 46876, 82775, 100, 1467, 34754, 1284, 2843, 11814, 237, 10, 4537, 9, 4717, 78381, 56037, 449, 46876, 5, 47302, 18151, 83, 29481, 297, 390, 10, 1467, 10723, 1829, 10, 47302, 14543, 42, 88996, 4, 3129, 139392, 7, 70, 16750, 214, 1467, 9191, 5, 47302, 75101, 7, 831, 35829, 25958, 186, 6, 55720, 69819, 105237, 3934, 142, 19097, 31344, 12937, 43257, 3501, 159029, 142, 173591, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 339, 81218, 15, 150040, 4, 9795, 1430, 4, 157146, 4, 47302, 64, 15277, 141, 64, 683, 53, 50828, 16, 83, 10, 4552, 39210, 27781, 111, 10, 1467, 4516, 177261, 4, 24, 4806, 237, 142, 10, 15322, 5264, 111, 70, 123055, 111, 6863, 7311, 22759, 9803, 9, 60427, 82761, 7, 12, 70, 29908, 172852, 5426, 4, 70, 9795, 1430, 135913, 22687, 4, 70, 157146, 41911, 289, 63399, 24365, 5426, 15, 40756, 571, 13439, 247, 136, 70, 47302, 56037, 449, 46876, 5, 581, 339, 81218, 82761, 7, 621, 21334, 538, 1940, 152028, 2886, 136, 959, 84046, 47, 70, 7311, 132216, 5, 1301, 10, 29806, 177261, 4, 339, 81218, 83, 202319, 100, 33976, 84079, 1467, 15271, 136, 1467, 86685, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Variants.", "Software components.", "Linux.", "Apache.", "MySQL and alternatives.", "PHP and alternatives.", "High availability and load balancing." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Originally popularized from the phrase \"Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP\", the acronym \"LAMP\" now refers to a generic software stack model. The modularity of a LAMP stack may vary, but this particular software combination has become popular because it is sufficient to host a wide variety of web site frameworks, such as WordPress. The components of the LAMP stack are present in the software repositories of most Linux distributions. The LAMP bundle can be combined with many other free and open-source software packages, such as the following: As another example, the software which Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects use for their is a customized LAMP stack with additions such as Linux Virtual Server (LVS) for load balancing and Ceph and Swift for distributed object storages.", "With the growing use of the archetypal LAMP, variations and retronyms appeared for other combinations of operating system, web server, database, and software language. For example, an equivalent installation on the Microsoft Windows operating system family is known as WAMP. An alternative running IIS in place of Apache is called WIMP. Variants involving other operating systems include MAMP (macOS), SAMP (Solaris), FAMP (FreeBSD), iAMP (iSeries) and XAMPP (cross-platform). The web server or database management system also varies. LEMP is a version where Apache has been replaced with the more lightweight web server Nginx. A version where MySQL has been replaced by PostgreSQL is called LAPP, or sometimes by keeping the original acronym, LAMP (Linux / Apache / Middleware (Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby) / PostgreSQL).", "", "Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. Most Linux distributions, as collections of software based around the Linux kernel and often around a package management system, provide complete LAMP setups through their packages. According to W3Techs in October 2013, 58.5% of web server market share is shared between Debian and Ubuntu, while RHEL, Fedora and CentOS together shared 37.3%.", "The role of LAMP's web server has been traditionally supplied by Apache, and has since included other web servers such as Nginx. The Apache HTTP Server has been the most popular on the public Internet. In June 2013, Netcraft estimated that Apache served 54.2% of all active websites and 53.3% of the top servers across all domains. In June 2014, Apache was estimated to serve 52.27% of all active websites, followed by Nginx with 14.36%. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. Released under the Apache License, Apache is open-source software. A wide variety of features are supported, and many of them are implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality of Apache. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication schemes.", "MySQL's original role as the LAMP's relational database management system (RDBMS) has since been alternately provisioned by other RDBMSs such as MariaDB or PostgreSQL, or even NoSQL databases such as MongoDB. MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL database management system (DBMS), acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008, which was then acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010. Since its early years, the MySQL team has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MySQL, led by its original developers. PostgreSQL is also an ACID-compliant object-relational database management system developed by PostgreSQL Global Development Group. MongoDB is a web-scale open-source NoSQL database that eschews the traditional table-based relational database structure in favor of JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (calling the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster.", "PHP's role as the LAMP's application programming language has also been performed by other languages such as Perl and Python. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP code is interpreted by a web server via a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page. PHP commands can optionally be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP is free software released under the terms of PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to the restrictions PHP License places on the usage of the term \"PHP\". Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Raku. They provide advanced text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools, facilitating manipulation of text files. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language for the Web, in part due to its parsing abilities. Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level, interpreted, programming language. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural paradigms. It features a dynamic type system, automatic memory management, a standard library, and strict use of whitespace. Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts.", "Specific solutions are required for websites that serve large numbers of requests, or provide services that demand high uptime. High-availability approaches for the LAMP stack may involve multiple web and database servers, combined with additional components that perform logical aggregation of resources provided by each of the servers, as well as distribution of the workload across multiple servers. The aggregation of web servers may be provided by placing a load balancer in front of them, for example by using Linux Virtual Server (LVS). For the aggregation of database servers, MySQL provides internal replication mechanisms that implement a master/slave relationship between the original database (master) and its copies (slaves). Such high-availability setups may also improve the availability of LAMP instances by providing various forms of redundancy, making it possible for a certain number of components (separate servers) to experience downtime without interrupting the users of services provided as a whole. Such redundant setups may also handle hardware failures resulting in data loss on individual servers in a way that prevents collectively stored data from actually becoming lost. Beside higher availability, such LAMP setups are capable of providing almost linear improvements in performance for services having the number of internal database read operations much higher than the number of write/update operations." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 294, 7319, 93, 16883, 58, 83, 222201, 111, 3342, 127912, 25, 7, 107137, 50961, 23, 450, 70, 4912, 111, 12638, 112664, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 73432, 102908, 5, 1650, 66139, 40368, 20117, 7, 35509, 98, 3342, 127912, 25, 7, 7311, 1207, 44937, 5, 581, 63847, 83, 23, 43606, 112664, 7, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 765, 8, 32032, 5844, 1614, 5440, 7, 12, 581, 5117, 112664, 83, 47763, 71, 4734, 100, 70910, 7, 136, 226097, 191, 5, 581, 17932, 112664, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 25545, 36, 52763, 188, 1295, 70, 32382, 1284, 14432, 1556, 10, 1286, 16500, 42, 21533, 50094, 5, 581, 50960, 9842, 7, 92136, 538, 23, 70, 79315, 7, 1284, 83, 206735, 297, 390, 10, 6, 48850, 26366, 23, 70, 135104, 1444, 4, 105207, 47, 15700, 4271, 82393, 9, 5062, 46692, 5, 360, 70, 22759, 927, 112664, 4, 3342, 127912, 176016, 7, 70, 3525, 538, 16177, 3674, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 678, 10, 21365, 10821, 69071, 126, 1207, 44937, 5, 581, 22688, 9842, 7, 23, 70, 22799, 111, 241, 43967, 678, 10, 116572, 24036, 44286, 11389, 111, 70, 73432, 106453, 1459, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 69405, 25813, 7, 3934, 10, 231296, 1236, 22688, 4, 70, 30646, 111, 70, 73432, 1207, 44937, 122329, 297, 678, 91, 17084, 2069, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 79315, 7, 136, 32382, 5, 581, 47763, 11782, 7, 100, 70, 25632, 178992, 11, 678, 71062, 297, 70910, 7, 40059, 12, 4426, 157, 13691, 2740, 1639, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 16, 581, 300, 86, 313, 69071, 7831, 4, 70, 4950, 7, 69071, 7831, 4, 136, 1492, 748, 91707, 7, 621, 49782, 4734, 23, 70, 5117, 136, 4568, 112664, 7, 5, 581, 4488, 509, 30334, 34601, 71, 100, 954, 39, 75189, 1771, 32382, 63304, 390, 7650, 1342, 3055, 1681, 23, 13211, 136, 390, 6035, 2397, 1342, 3055, 1681, 11891, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 8035, 17164, 297, 390, 70, 12535, 111, 122046, 38660, 214069, 4, 192429, 15497, 4, 128404, 70, 25632, 6602, 5, 3293, 4488, 509, 2843, 11814, 390, 70, 161838, 13950, 8753, 44, 647, 1991, 1681, 4, 43157, 619, 39287, 56, 58, 100, 2363, 63847, 233234, 44, 605, 93, 2242, 9, 69489, 429, 58, 62, 456, 225628, 111, 70, 73432, 111, 70, 6610, 72303, 16883, 509, 11814, 390, 70, 161838, 13950, 8753, 63636, 1681, 4, 43157, 619, 39287, 56, 100, 6863, 11531, 52, 605, 93, 2242, 9, 69489, 429, 63, 98, 2363, 34377, 7156, 5, 581, 73432, 111, 70, 22759, 927, 112664, 15, 16345, 25958, 110, 1286, 3501, 1672, 1112, 94131, 111, 442, 16, 509, 11814, 237, 70, 73986, 56312, 100, 70, 17274, 161720, 226462, 36549, 44, 441, 15555, 19, 52341, 58, 20271, 70, 19340, 7, 136, 15643, 7, 4, 102971, 442, 509, 8306, 49782, 23, 4393, 23, 2499, 50094, 5, 1650, 2806, 186, 20271, 903, 73432, 450, 70, 29685, 105757, 4, 7948, 169060, 56, 4, 2806, 4, 237, 10, 54479, 9, 5465, 4, 40101, 5423, 70, 28302, 100, 10, 3525, 127663, 289, 4, 14373, 8437, 538, 152018, 7225, 15, 73, 69407, 111, 70, 131703, 111, 30715, 136, 82588, 16, 707, 37076, 98363, 70, 172337, 5180, 450, 1902, 74918, 2822, 23, 96362, 50094, 7, 5, 581, 50960, 112664, 4, 114821, 2832, 15, 3957, 44109, 25, 7, 60331, 1515, 53, 247, 509, 70, 46517, 136, 217148, 100, 70, 10127, 3674, 1346, 44, 3957, 44109, 25, 7, 60331, 1515, 53, 58, 390, 51627, 9113, 820, 5, 1950, 38662, 86961, 5851, 25, 7, 21261, 44, 418, 2737, 13903, 58, 9842, 7, 678, 70, 44, 294, 7319, 93, 16883, 58, 75169, 98, 10, 39856, 25, 7, 5977, 5, 581, 4488, 7068, 135179, 40368, 20028, 14432, 23, 70, 21261, 237, 10, 456, 64240, 214, 73986, 37067, 214, 70, 6626, 5201, 124850, 5, 581, 5700, 2481, 111, 70, 21261, 1556, 12441, 47, 142, 51312, 23, 40575, 111, 182304, 7, 111, 70, 44, 294, 7319, 93, 16883, 58, 23, 15758, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6610, 72303, 16883, 15, 22144, 5440, 71, 52, 92369, 913, 1294, 6610, 72303, 16883, 63, 707, 52, 8912, 6931, 8129, 30093, 83, 10, 72399, 4488, 100, 21334, 178992, 11, 15, 4390, 3129, 714, 621, 70910, 7, 92865, 16, 390, 70, 103655, 150350, 42, 636, 28752, 3342, 127912, 5, 1650, 83, 171332, 52, 7763, 70, 103655, 31, 89262, 92, 126140, 63, 136, 3342, 127912, 2804, 442, 509, 179140, 47, 36510, 52, 2271, 99736, 6635, 4092, 332, 4, 1919, 41205, 62607, 136, 21365, 4, 1919, 90254, 4, 116252, 136, 27354, 1363, 47, 78431, 100, 91375, 53, 974, 1650, 26859, 390, 3342, 127912, 178463, 47, 10, 70910, 7, 8753, 4, 141753, 191722, 47, 33022, 3060, 1207, 44937, 7, 111, 1919, 10002, 5, 14847, 70, 70832, 7, 111, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Orchestration.", "Arrangements.", "Media.", "Appearances and references in other work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "\"Sinfonietta\" is typical of Janáček's tight construction in that the material of each movement derives from the opening motif. It features several variants based on Janáček's original fanfare. The piece is in five movements, all of which have descriptive subtitles: The first movement is scored only for brass and percussion. The second movement begins with a rapid ostinato from the wind but later has a more lyrical episode. The third begins quietly in the strings but is interrupted by a stern figure in the trombones, leading to another fast dance-like passage. In the fourth movement, Janáček celebrates the newly liberated Czechoslovakia with a joyous trumpet fanfare. The finale begins in the key of E minor with a calm retrograde version of the opening melody. However, this quickly moves into a triumphant finale, the return of the opening fanfare decorated with swirling figures in the strings and wind.", "The score calls for the following orchestra with expanded brass section: <nowiki>*</nowiki>) The nine C trumpets, the bass trumpets, and tenor tubas are heard only in the first and last movements.", "The work was transcribed for symphonic wind ensemble by Don Patterson in 1994 and by Merlin Patterson 1996, the latter being recorded by the University of Houston Wind Ensemble, Eddie Green, conductor the following year. This work was also used by the progressive rock band \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer\" for their piece entitled \"Knife-Edge\"", "", "A rearrangement of the opening of the Sinfonietta was used by the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer for its song “Knife-Edge” on their debut album. The opening of the fourth movement (usually no more than about 40 seconds of it) was used as the theme tune for the UK Granada Television series \"Crown Court\" during the 1970s and 1980s, although it was never heard in full in any episode. It would be during this opening that the court reporter, Peter Wheeler, would, as a voice-over, either set the scene for a new fictional, yet legally accurate case (in terms of the laws of England and Wales) or else describe the proceedings that had occurred in previous episodes. The third movement, Moderato (The Queen's Monastery), was the inspiration and soundtrack for the animated film \"The Queen's Monastery\" by Emma Calder. Haruki Murakami's novel \"1Q84\" begins with the \"Sinfonietta\" playing on a taxi's radio. The work then appears several times later in the novel as a recurring theme connecting the two main characters. The popularity of the novel has led to an increase in sales of recordings of the \"Sinfonietta\" in Japan." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 23684, 44413, 37639, 136, 4061, 7, 5117, 435, 99, 121328, 19694, 19188, 4, 23, 42719, 133, 25876, 4, 2356, 101033, 5, 4061, 7, 4, 23684, 44413, 4, 136, 10, 199849, 34391, 34890, 53, 138459, 6796, 100, 4806, 10, 24668, 104713, 35839, 90432, 13, 74, 4061, 7, 25, 193429, 4, 5492, 11030, 420, 16162, 4, 33284, 297, 70, 104713, 136, 34890, 53, 25737, 33662, 7103, 23, 96145, 581, 25849, 1728, 44, 28542, 33957, 143, 1290, 180282, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 9351, 111, 2363, 8753, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 3129, 99201, 99051, 74403, 13, 98, 47617, 7, 4, 2371, 96742, 15, 11670, 56216, 16, 98, 4950, 7, 101275, 4, 136, 31746, 15, 100679, 194, 360, 13867, 4, 7103, 3060, 158020, 7, 136, 17164, 297, 8, 840, 4, 70, 104713, 181141, 47, 627, 21493, 23923, 4, 15917, 3674, 8305, 121328, 89916, 5, 581, 104713, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 14432, 98816, 47, 44, 80163, 429, 90, 830, 3129, 509, 60042, 538, 39958, 1295, 10, 2565, 27983, 11814, 8, 33003, 3826, 538, 47, 15005, 47, 4368, 55283, 9, 127345, 7, 24073, 29087, 39987, 13, 51029, 53295, 39987, 13, 16010, 4, 12960, 10, 9351, 68018, 22299, 297, 47, 70, 104713, 4, 2843, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 14012, 111, 22104, 7, 148272, 71, 678, 2856, 4, 136, 106480, 16162, 5, 581, 104713, 33662, 98816, 24668, 48225, 4, 136, 121447, 2363, 5117, 26177, 9, 58052, 82080, 4, 44, 571, 12328, 3674, 98, 109352, 830, 23, 13211, 1379, 70, 196219, 111, 1204, 929, 136, 70, 46294, 25, 7, 108558, 90062, 33500, 5, 106073, 70, 7156, 6777, 959, 70541, 237, 5941, 68944, 678, 645, 18, 538, 68894, 89914, 237, 52336, 1295, 44, 3957, 168071, 830, 2685, 3542, 7464, 68894, 91177, 7, 5, 581, 7156, 5623, 7710, 297, 70, 11001, 7, 44, 12647, 4390, 1853, 420, 830, 44, 4645, 66433, 44816, 7, 58, 136, 44, 36635, 408, 275, 830, 1284, 21647, 297, 10176, 154909, 35743, 4, 8, 61518, 85168, 214, 65933, 7564, 7, 100, 6863, 84172, 31897, 136, 80343, 4527, 111, 121413, 7, 5, 581, 24668, 14768, 2449, 111, 2363, 5117, 17164, 2806, 186, 15226, 172, 3674, 678, 2363, 17932, 7156, 44, 3957, 168071, 58, 3129, 509, 121447, 23, 22482, 98543, 44, 3957, 168071, 58, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 129058, 5962, 7, 111, 11891, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 9, 1428, 2069, 26177, 9, 58052, 7156, 7, 111, 756, 1733, 5, 581, 162720, 13, 90, 5117, 21647, 297, 35743, 100, 2363, 29256, 11389, 7, 111, 10332, 40304, 7, 4, 678, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 456, 158288, 21094, 111, 44, 5021, 112857, 438, 138568, 58, 390, 25027, 1784, 4293, 619, 70, 3316, 34759, 7, 136, 44, 19717, 30319, 1215, 73118, 538, 678, 18763, 5986, 58, 15, 13448, 271, 17164, 297, 390, 53401, 14, 34118, 41527, 23, 32158, 4, 456, 42424, 390, 12452, 11, 563, 123660, 23, 29733, 247, 70, 21, 3055, 8035, 2363, 129058, 5962, 5, 581, 7156, 2843, 99201, 10, 456, 9, 158288, 2320, 111, 581, 8901, 11203, 28021, 25, 44, 31345, 53, 707, 11205, 11853, 87, 10592, 15, 54694, 25, 18, 2673, 112, 28090, 11954, 16, 58, 23, 2363, 5962, 11001, 4, 44, 31345, 53, 707, 11205, 830, 3129, 60213, 71, 10, 197097, 121413, 111, 241, 273, 25, 7, 44, 12647, 3938, 45710, 58, 15490, 70, 5367, 56, 25, 7, 168081, 5, 3293, 105876, 297, 10, 131703, 7143, 16750, 214, 23, 10, 9615, 19929, 7440, 241, 273, 509, 34475, 22299, 136, 121678, 2449, 100, 604, 121413, 5, 581, 162720, 13, 90, 765, 19686, 79850, 51544, 297, 136, 1645, 52021, 241, 273, 100, 604, 53894, 100094, 111, 70, 16648, 4, 100, 27781, 23, 70, 6, 79852, 73048, 100, 44, 3957, 168071, 740, 581, 162720, 13, 90, 23742, 6626, 10586, 189857, 54530, 678, 44, 3957, 168071, 58, 15, 110601, 41474, 37340, 16, 136, 44, 19717, 30319, 1215, 73118, 538, 58, 15, 110601, 627, 1230, 571, 196420, 141, 94030, 390, 10, 65453, 707, 10760, 194, 360, 10586, 4, 70, 162720, 13, 90, 756, 80723, 2639, 77635, 12, 37639, 26859, 4488, 98, 604, 130306, 538, 1030, 164779, 297, 44, 3957, 7950, 108343, 1363, 111, 23684, 44413, 37639, 56128, 16162, 80723, 27024, 214, 100, 10, 14012, 111, 22104, 7, 15, 216561, 4171, 4284, 4, 5581, 57278, 25, 7, 123829, 136, 24856, 7789, 76, 16, 136, 17164, 297, 1919, 34377, 7156, 44, 3957, 3980, 93, 1405, 56128, 4061, 7, 4, 678, 276, 1673, 11, 136, 9295, 25, 19946, 939, 90525, 4216, 4, 17164, 297, 70, 11001, 44, 724, 1448, 188, 47004, 11, 5613, 15, 115743, 2071, 4865, 2583, 15901, 16, 58, 100, 70, 217148, 47, 70, 171458, 33424, 939, 64, 201960, 13, 181966, 1346, 44, 571, 202, 93017, 740, 360, 39395, 9571, 4, 1836, 41186, 3674, 47, 106443, 10, 19612, 1202, 100, 70, 11531, 44, 127794, 32506, 47, 873, 1215, 58, 3129, 118775, 23, 70, 44, 4233, 40175, 15130, 58, 5361, 44, 7623, 432, 81468, 35634, 830, 136, 2843, 98, 70, 189857, 60992, 9, 69986, 217148, 7156, 5, 581, 17262, 162720, 13, 90, 41186, 3674, 136, 51339, 297, 98, 6088, 543, 4, 4821, 99, 70, 20428, 23, 22417, 13534, 9, 294, 458, 53, 3132, 1236, 4, 170852, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 1346, 44, 11866, 272, 3751, 111342, 25, 7, 80231, 31016, 58, 105498, 4, 10336, 150, 592, 10, 6057, 9, 4313, 69819, 54727, 450, 99201, 2734, 1033, 10542, 4, 8455, 85535, 4, 3291, 1181, 50695, 4, 1004, 53, 6577, 12745, 34, 4, 581, 150948, 7, 4, 1218, 5612, 124714, 150, 4, 151301, 4, 14195, 930, 27376, 2734, 13, 4, 51952, 1914, 169, 4, 1311, 1459, 5024, 7, 539, 13739, 136, 4939, 52639, 5, 581, 481, 23718, 75204, 40368, 24491, 98865, 4, 5941, 111, 3129, 1645, 52021, 37639, 25, 7, 43573, 10, 377, 36737, 143, 83371, 1363, 111, 44, 19717, 30319, 1215, 73118, 538, 740, 581, 162720, 13, 90, 2806, 3249, 2363, 5117, 5501, 1824, 297, 170894, 23, 39555, 1492, 5369, 99, 6, 75559, 25, 7, 4078, 13703, 54530, 98, 18237, 29835, 73432, 70, 7639, 678, 10, 77488, 76456, 9, 67403, 13, 5423, 5, 17106, 10, 3525, 7156, 171530, 47, 186, 23, 70, 43240, 4, 1632, 28560, 4, 44, 51654, 13, 1650, 71975, 830, 509, 95, 344, 297, 1118, 136, 155605, 121447, 237, 142, 2665, 11001, 98, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 162720, 13, 90, 15, 74, 68018, 581, 162720, 13, 90, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 26177, 72720, 21115, 2750, 49175, 47, 65536, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 5, 581, 481, 28926, 59843, 99201, 80854, 111, 26177, 72720, 4, 57289, 136, 223487, 19612, 4, 106480, 210199, 5, 581, 43032, 111, 70, 21115, 3542, 5492, 11030, 420, 16162, 4, 23684, 44413, 37639, 4, 136, 4061, 7, 44767, 5, 1310, 14, 6496, 2363, 9351, 1295, 10, 16610, 33, 214, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 29087, 39987, 90, 830, 16162, 136, 44767, 621, 4368, 55283, 12960, 37639, 83, 15672, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career.", "Formation and beginnings.", "\"The Score\".", "Later career.", "Disbanding.", "Legacy.", "Scholarship." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Lauryn Hill and Pras first met at Columbia High School, in Maplewood, New Jersey. Pras, Lauryn, and a mutual friend Marcy Harriell formed a musical trio called Tyme; Pras' cousin, Wyclef Jean, joined the trio and Marcy left soon after in 1990. The moniker \"Tranzlator Crew\" refers to the name of their band at the time, which included Johnny Wise on drums, Ti Bass (Jerry) on bass guitar, and Leon (DJ). In 1993, after some gigs and recorded demos, the trio signed to Ruffhouse, distributed through Columbia Records. The trio's name was later changed to \"Fugees\", which was purposely taken from a word often used derogatorily to refer to Haitian-Americans (\"refugee\"). Refugee Camp, while a name sometimes credited to the trio, also refers to a number of artists affiliated with them, and particularly Jean. The trio soon changed musical direction, and released their first hip-hop LP, \"Blunted on Reality\", in 1994 under the guidance of Kool and the Gang's producer Ronald Bell. Although the album did not contain as many lyrics with overtly political messages as songs from \"The Score\", there were still political intentions. The album spawned the singles \"Boof Baf\", \"Nappy Heads\" and \"Vocab\", but gained little mainstream attention, despite earning plaudits for its artistic quality and innovative use of samples.", "The musical qualities of their first record would be revisited with their second album \"The Score\" which was released in February 1996. \"The Score\" became one of the biggest hits of 1996 and one of the best-selling hip-hop albums of all time. The Fugees first gained attention for their cover versions of old favorites, with the group's reinterpretations of \"No Woman No Cry\" by Bob Marley & the Wailers and \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\" (first recorded by Lori Lieberman in 1971, remade by Roberta Flack in 1973), the latter being their biggest hit. The album also included a re-interpretation of The Delfonics' \"Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide From Love)\" in their hit single, \"Ready or Not\", which featured a prominent sample of Enya's \"Boadicea\" without the singer's permission. This prompted a lawsuit resulting in a settlement where Enya was given credit and royalties for her sample. The Fugees have continuously thanked and praised Enya for her deep understanding of the situation, for example in the liner notes for \"The Score\". The Fugees won two 1997 Grammy Awards with \"The Score\" (Best Rap Album) and \"Killing Me Softly\" (Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group).", "In 1997, the Fugees all began solo projects: Hill started work on her critically acclaimed \"The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill\"; Jean began producing for a number of artists (including Canibus, Destiny's Child and Carlos Santana) and recorded his debut album \"The Carnival\"; Pras, with Mýa and Ol' Dirty Bastard, recorded the single \"Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)\" for the soundtrack to the Warren Beatty/Halle Berry film \"Bulworth\". In early 1998, they reunited to shoot a music video for the song \"Just Happy to Be Me\" which appeared in the \"Sesame Street\" special \"Elmopalooza\", and also on the Grammy Award-winning soundtrack album. The three Fugees reunited and performed on September 18, 2004 at the concert in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn featured in the film \"Dave Chappelle's Block Party\" (2004), headlining a star-studded bill that included Kanye West, Mos Def, Jill Scott, Erykah Badu, The Roots, Talib Kweli, Common, Big Daddy Kane, Dead Prez, Cody ChesnuTT and John Legend. Their performance received several positive reviews, many of which praised Hill's near a cappella rendition of \"Killing Me Softly\". The Fugees would make their first televised appearance in almost ten years at BET's 2005 Music Awards on June 28, opening the show with a twelve-minute set. With a new album announced to be in the works, one track, \"Take It Easy\", was leaked online and eventually released as an Internet single on September 27, 2005. It peaked at number 40 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Chart but was met with poor reviews, noting its radical departure from the Fugees' sound.", "In 2005, the Fugees embarked on a European tour – their first together since 1997 – from November 30 to December 20, playing in Finland, Austria, Norway, Germany, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Slovakia. They had been scheduled to play at the Hammersmith Apollo on November 25, 2005; however, they were forced to move the gig to December due to production issues. The tour received mixed reviews. On February 6, 2006, the group reunited for a free show in Hollywood, with tickets given away to about 8,000 fans by local radio stations. Later that month, a new track called \"Foxy\" was leaked, a song dubbed the \"REAL return of the Fugees\" by several online MP3 blogs. However, following the reunion tour, the album that was said to be in the works did not materialize and was postponed indefinitely, as relationships between band members apparently deteriorated. In August 2007, Pras stated, \"Before I work with Lauryn Hill again, you will have a better chance of seeing Osama Bin Laden and [George W.] Bush in Starbucks having a latte, discussing foreign policies, before there will be a Fugees reunion\". Meanwhile, in September 2007, an equally outspoken Wyclef told Blues & Soul: \"I feel the first issue that needs to be addressed is that Lauryn needs help... In my personal opinion, those Fugees reunion shows shouldn't have been done, because we wasn't ready. I really felt we shoulda first all gone into a room with Lauryn and a psychiatrist... But, you know, I do believe Lauryn can get help. And, once she does work things out. Hopefully a proper and enduring Fugees reunion will happen.\" On July 15, 2017, an old song by the Fugees was leaked on Hot 97 radio leading to reports that the group was reforming. This was later denied by group members on Twitter. Fugees turned their recording studio, The Booga Basement, into a transitional house for young Haitian refugees immigrating to the United States.", "After the group split, Wyclef Jean co-founded and headed the Yele Haiti Foundation, a non-profit organization \"focusing on emergency relief, employment, youth development and education, and tree planting and agriculture\" in Haiti. Pras Michel starred in a documentary about homelessness in Los Angeles and remained outspoken about Haitian politics. Lauryn Hill continued recording and performing socially conscious music and went on to advocate for female empowerment especially within the music industry.", "Alexander Weyheliye's \"Sounding Diasporic Citizenship\" looks to the Fugees to consider the possibility for the term \"refugee\" to be a liberating call that builds international community as an empowering form of 'diasporic citizenship'. He writes that the Fugees \"address the prejudices against Haitians in the States and also reclaim the figure of the Haitian refugee not as an instantiation of the abject but as a point of solidarity.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 11330, 111, 213050, 53, 509, 75935, 237, 142, 6528, 111, 32485, 35860, 365, 5919, 208, 13866, 5, 5919, 208, 13866, 36663, 47, 8337, 24408, 7717, 171503, 47231, 4043, 105137, 93, 70, 54591, 47, 5646, 52758, 429, 100, 1919, 8, 88981, 26548, 84996, 3003, 93, 7537, 23, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 44, 33135, 19, 18813, 25, 7, 15619, 740, 18763, 73962, 21, 40315, 25643, 11, 18739, 4706, 5808, 297, 10, 3525, 45712, 237, 10, 25, 107, 98753, 25, 98, 427, 7582, 66007, 4, 35839, 44, 92369, 3922, 1104, 92369, 3922, 740, 581, 45712, 110281, 297, 18410, 131126, 7, 33233, 70, 15411, 136, 134620, 23, 24408, 678, 70, 91375, 53, 111, 84996, 8022, 964, 4, 99, 70, 1733, 1632, 111, 70, 6057, 7, 111, 6, 166871, 5, 8022, 964, 23742, 70, 45712, 1112, 14633, 99255, 111, 84996, 122835, 11137, 150, 136, 183964, 18968, 76, 5, 581, 45712, 33662, 100512, 10, 30022, 6644, 237, 70, 20450, 6953, 45712, 111, 70, 89176, 136, 28811, 6, 166871, 34003, 5, 1650, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 724, 8699, 45, 213332, 58, 23, 91234, 5, 24372, 70, 53918, 13, 4209, 5369, 4, 70, 45712, 509, 35462, 3674, 75939, 21286, 390, 92265, 669, 80640, 63910, 4086, 56904, 136, 4000, 40814, 90, 2902, 3676, 31, 174325, 93, 136, 23047, 1479, 39919, 65858, 19120, 4, 756, 6, 69986, 70, 45712, 17262, 20028, 5, 28090, 70, 28730, 7, 47, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 74733, 31, 16666, 85, 4, 5174, 157, 41272, 1799, 136, 154649, 31, 1311, 7520, 4, 47989, 7, 111, 89176, 6, 166871, 4, 3542, 70, 5201, 72745, 7, 136, 206683, 29367, 70, 45712, 678, 2363, 162471, 7, 5, 1311, 7520, 23742, 70, 45712, 190, 20028, 15, 4390, 3129, 201, 148390, 13, 19916, 7, 16, 136, 16666, 85, 201, 20028, 5, 1311, 7520, 122799, 2639, 98, 11907, 19916, 4, 25632, 10, 65771, 113857, 111, 52875, 214, 98, 70, 140101, 146, 60959, 7, 64688, 136, 76104, 214, 1919, 37105, 47, 70, 67229, 23, 24408, 5, 5174, 157, 41272, 1799, 509, 70, 60097, 111, 70, 137061, 678, 483, 2663, 8316, 67229, 90, 6896, 19916, 7, 4, 201, 17932, 44677, 136, 116, 50960, 44677, 194, 581, 45712, 111, 36327, 509, 10, 106480, 102919, 1916, 133868, 5, 1913, 1496, 1785, 1295, 70, 67229, 10, 36356, 72274, 509, 100, 4806, 678, 154649, 31, 1311, 7520, 4, 191618, 1919, 37195, 927, 91375, 53, 5, 89176, 171503, 3698, 38688, 1158, 5695, 93, 1902, 156304, 70, 36356, 4, 136, 237, 764, 77736, 53333, 50155, 4, 10, 2258, 115081, 4049, 678, 160281, 180, 14047, 93, 4, 1311, 7520, 25, 7, 23, 51840, 10821, 324, 95650, 4, 129842, 23, 70, 4420, 5, 581, 6626, 6777, 959, 2046, 98, 136, 237, 604, 2258, 115081, 4, 5695, 93, 24124, 604, 34614, 56, 99, 4049, 5, 46757, 1162, 27686, 4, 5695, 93, 5423, 1810, 23, 142, 60418, 275, 2886, 2639, 7398, 68879, 111, 70, 36356, 72274, 136, 156892, 70, 119893, 23, 70, 2704, 140635, 7, 5, 1529, 136, 1311, 7520, 9803, 538, 106926, 297, 136, 51575, 2541, 29430, 112, 4, 12006, 214, 2363, 19538, 318, 29888, 7432, 4, 52875, 297, 47, 63043, 70, 91375, 53, 4, 2685, 1272, 456, 3257, 1916, 1311, 7520, 136, 5695, 93, 47, 17932, 136, 50960, 3687, 5, 360, 40418, 4, 70, 67229, 111, 70, 11330, 111, 213050, 53, 509, 109133, 1295, 24408, 47, 6646, 136, 70, 182324, 111, 70, 45712, 98816, 20531, 538, 5, 581, 96362, 49878, 22688, 98186, 70, 67229, 23, 24408, 509, 91995, 71, 678, 10, 6, 42706, 25667, 67229, 390, 43157, 6646, 4, 1660, 305, 1785, 7103, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 4568, 194637, 5, 262, 61518, 142, 46505, 289, 30646, 47, 67229, 214, 23, 24408, 4, 70, 45712, 1902, 126809, 10, 3525, 3357, 2481, 4, 61924, 71, 390, 10, 36549, 111, 187, 28972, 223, 194637, 7, 444, 532, 10, 101120, 10821, 28302, 1294, 5, 9578, 70, 5369, 70, 45712, 1556, 2809, 35462, 3674, 5201, 538, 390, 89176, 171503, 7, 5, 92265, 669, 80640, 85532, 7, 56904, 136, 122963, 25, 7, 82421, 95062, 3542, 70, 4734, 351, 9, 33135, 19, 171503, 7, 47, 19916, 70, 45712, 17262, 20028, 5, 6, 151612, 214, 37254, 241, 27376, 45764, 92, 425, 23742, 17262, 148390, 13, 91375, 3387, 1295, 32158, 47, 29733, 4, 1284, 1919, 4568, 19916, 509, 43613, 20051, 7103, 10, 24491, 154917, 3034, 136, 70318, 297, 47, 17932, 9, 23935, 67229, 56, 9593, 2980, 5174, 15882, 14, 5, 581, 45712, 111, 27898, 26038, 127319, 47, 15700, 40765, 2886, 10, 21986, 246, 67, 5, 241, 27376, 45764, 92, 425, 36663, 47, 2046, 1919, 52758, 429, 4, 1284, 145042, 41267, 66, 48861, 262, 310, 143, 195, 73, 2594, 52875, 297, 39395, 23, 70, 45712, 4, 135989, 214, 45764, 92, 425, 47, 3249, 1919, 7175, 4488, 23, 7398, 68879, 5, 262, 310, 143, 195, 73, 2594, 4, 959, 6183, 892, 33770, 47, 738, 2639, 4, 118066, 136, 58558, 50155, 10, 373, 1495, 47, 2633, 70, 3487, 1507, 27875, 5, 1529, 66397, 4420, 47, 70, 12912, 111, 70, 3487, 1507, 136, 148052, 110608, 37170, 10, 961, 4902, 6259, 45764, 92, 425, 136565, 1836, 3542, 1608, 6953, 5, 262, 310, 143, 195, 73, 2594, 23742, 70, 45712, 99255, 111, 45764, 92, 425, 5, 1326, 110518, 2358, 5369, 70, 45712, 509, 35839, 44, 58, 379, 68583, 13, 104, 25, 67362, 8627, 157, 58, 58, 23, 98848, 24073, 2347, 6661, 161912, 111, 62, 89583, 19, 74054, 237, 70, 2773, 6661, 161912, 509, 34658, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 51065, 5, 1650, 72856, 903, 17311, 31486, 23, 11857, 3229, 70, 6, 183842, 98834, 29367, 70, 21640, 6, 166871, 87939, 136, 109133, 70, 6661, 161912, 1295, 8055, 47, 18374, 4, 1632, 5895, 8108, 70, 112923, 45, 213332, 5, 28090, 18592, 47, 4821, 70, 11330, 111, 213050, 53, 509, 70, 2704, 6049, 111, 70, 6, 183842, 17119, 6661, 15619, 136, 509, 27983, 70, 125189, 13, 45712, 23, 450, 130412, 5, 360, 10586, 44767, 13, 41272, 5674, 44841, 47, 67229, 99255, 111, 190958, 204017, 23, 70, 45712, 47, 186, 70, 159690, 111, 70, 10586, 6661, 15619, 5, 1326, 496, 1785, 764, 6777, 2639, 4488, 23, 10, 22759, 9, 669, 36356, 72274, 4, 221, 110064, 449, 1919, 97775, 47, 19916, 70, 145320, 5, 581, 79737, 509, 23742, 390, 92265, 669, 124103, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 112923, 45, 213332, 15, 247, 51521, 538, 891, 213332, 4, 83, 10, 6, 166871, 45712, 23, 213050, 53, 4, 98848, 5, 1650, 83, 89160, 538, 70, 4568, 111, 70, 43606, 242, 46674, 34, 9035, 25, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 90698, 47, 186, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 107374, 223, 1632, 9, 5636, 47353, 23, 6, 166871, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 4568, 47353, 98, 70, 6, 183842, 6661, 11330, 87939, 5, 47801, 76, 4806, 70, 44, 140803, 2063, 1864, 218191, 20055, 58, 24073, 2347, 51062, 111, 70, 6817, 214, 15, 112, 712, 16, 31358, 7, 74054, 442, 83, 70, 2684, 5526, 62, 89583, 19, 51062, 23, 6, 166871, 5, 581, 45712, 25, 7, 2684, 170277, 194637, 83, 70, 140101, 146, 60959, 7, 64688, 23, 70, 45712, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Milan–Milan.", "Race of the Champions.", "The Autumn Classic.", "Route.", "Course changes.", "Race characteristics.", "Significant climbs.", "Trittico di Autunno.", "Milan–San Remo and Tour of Lombardy Double.", "Tripletta." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The Tour of Lombardy was created as an idea of journalist Tullo Morgagni. Morgagni wanted to give Milanese rider Pierino Albini the opportunity to take revenge for his defeat against Giovanni Cuniolo in the short-lived \"Italian King's Cup\". His newspaper la Gazzetta dello Sport organized a new race as a'rematch' on 12 November 1905, called \"Milano–Milano\". The race attracted vast crowds along the course and ended in Milan with the victory of Giovanni Gerbi, at the time one of the stars of cycling. Gerbi won the race 40 minutes ahead of Giovanni Rossignoli and Luigi Ganna. The race soon became a fixture as the closing race of the Italian and European cycling season. It was renamed \"Giro di Lombardia\" in 1907. After the pioneering years, the race was dominated alternately by Frenchman Henri Pélissier and local heroes Gaetano Belloni and Costante Girardengo, all winning the race three times.", "From the 1930s to the 1950s, Alfredo Binda, Gino Bartali and Fausto Coppi, icons of Italian cycling, were the main protagonists and immortalized the race with their exploits. Coppi won the race 5 times (of which 4 consecutive wins) and Binda 4 times. Coppi finished solo on every win, following a successful strategy of attacking on the Madonna del Ghisallo and maintaining his lead to the finish in Milan. Gino Bartali was the king of the podium with 9 top-3 finishes (3 wins, 4 second places and 2 third places). The race of 1956 was a particularly fascinating battle. At 60 km from the finish a breakaway was formed with Fausto Coppi, seeking his sixth victory. Italian rider Fiorenzo Magni had missed the break, and as he fell further behind, a car passed him with Giulia Occhini, Coppi's infamous mistress, sitting in the back. The two did not get on and as her car passed, Magni saw her sneer at him. Infuriated, Magni set out in an improbable solo pursuit of the breakaway and caught the leaders in the final kilometres. He and Coppi openly argued and André Darrigade, sensing their indecisiveness, attacked to claim the victory, thereby relegating Coppi and Magni to second and third place. In 1961, the finish of the Tour of Lombardy was moved from Milan to Como and the identity of the race changed fundamentally. The previous flat finale towards the finish in Milan was replaced with a spectacular finish by Lake Como, just 6 km after the top of the last climb. Despite an occasional return to finishing in Milan, the race had developed a new personality, defined by a series of arduous climbs amid a mountainous scenery. Over the years the race has been dominated mainly by Italian riders. Frenchman Henri Pelissier and Ireland's Sean Kelly were the only non-Italian riders to win the race three times. Cycling legend Eddy Merckx won three consecutive victories from 1971 to 1973, but his last win was stripped after a positive doping test and awarded to second-place finisher Felice Gimondi. The race of 1974 gave birth to another memorable anecdote. Eddy Merckx wanted to get his revenge, but fellow Belgian Roger De Vlaeminck attacked early in the race, inducing Merckx to make his team work in pursuit. De Vlaeminck, not really intending to go solo, stopped and hid behind a bush to let the peloton pass. He rode back to the front of the peloton and jokingly asked a baffled Merckx whom they were chasing. De Vlaeminck won the race ahead of Merckx.", "For nearly 70 years the race was called \"\"il Mondiale d'Autunno\"\" in Italy (\"the World Championship of Autumn\"), as the real World Championship was held at the end of summer. It lost this particular role in 1995 when the UCI revolutionized the international cycling calendar and moved the World Championship from August to October, one week before the Giro di Lombardia. From 1988 to 2004 the Tour of Lombardy was the final leg of the UCI Road World Cup and was often the decisive race in that competition. In 1997 Michele Bartoli needed to finish ahead of Rolf Sørensen in the race to be the winner of the 1997 World Cup. For 30 km he did solo work in a four-man breakaway, so sacrificing his chances to win the sprint. The edition was won by Frenchman Laurent Jalabert, Bartoli finished fourth and won the World Cup. The race had become the most important \"Autumn Classic\" together with Paris–Tours in France, which was mainly won by sprinters or escapees. By the early 21st century however, Paris–Tours lost its status as a World Tour race, and the Tour of Lombardy was the one remaining major Classic in autumn, the only Monument in the latter part of the year. Damiano Cunego imposed himself as the \"Lord of Lombardy\" with three victories. In 2006, the race celebrated its 100th edition, won by Paolo Bettini, one week after becoming world champion. The edition was particularly emotional because Bettini's brother had died in a car accident just five days before the race, and the Italian was overcome with emotion when he crossed the finish line. Bettini is one of seven riders to win the Tour of Lombardy after becoming world champion earlier the same year. The other six are Alfredo Binda, Tom Simpson, Eddy Merckx, Felice Gimondi, Giuseppe Saronni and Oscar Camenzind. Since 2012 both the World Championship and the Giro di Lombardia have a new, earlier date on the calendar at the end of September, and the name officially became \"Il Lombardia\". It was the beginning of a remarkable revival for the Monument race. The Tour of Lombardy is now the classic \"par excellence\" for riders to take revenge for the world championship or to achieve an \"\"Autumn Double\" win\". In recent years Philippe Gilbert, Joaquim Rodríguez and Vincenzo Nibali all won the race twice.", "Like most of cycling's classics, the route has developed over the years, and the Tour of Lombardy has undergone more changes than any other cycling monument. Since the 1960s it has been notable for its hilly and varied course around Lake Como, to the northeast of Milan, with a flat finish in one of the cities on the shores of the lake. Its signature symbol is the climb of the Madonna del Ghisallo, one of the iconic sanctuaries in cycling. The climb starts near Bellagio at the shore of the Como Lake, and heads up until the church of Madonna del Ghisallo (754m), the patroness of cyclists. Over the years, it has become indelibly linked with the race and with cycling in general. It was the favourite climb of cycling greatnesses Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali, who immortalized it. The church also serves as a museum containing religious and cycling-related objects.", "Originally the Tour of Lombardy was raced from Milan to Milan, and like many cycling classics, climbs were gradually introduced to the course, in a bid to make the race more demanding. In 1961, the finish was moved to Como and the character of the race changed fundamentally. The long and flat run-in to the finish in Milan was abandoned; in its place came a mountainous lake-side finish, just 6 km from the top of the last climb. The route usually has some changes every year, sometimes a complete restyling, only to be altered again the next edition. From 1984 to 1989 the finish returned to Milan and in 1990 to its suburb Monza, inviting attackers for long-distance breakaways. From 1995 to 2003 the finish was in Bergamo, with the Colle del Gallo (Col Gàl in Bergamasque) as the last climb of the day. The Colle del Gallo, with its sanctuary of the \"Madonna dei ciclisti\" at the top, often proved to be decisive. In 2004, after twenty years, the finish returned to the lakefront in Como, with the short but steep San Fermo della Battaglia climb just before the arrival. The 2010 edition saw the re-introduction of the Muro di Sormano, a spectacular climb with a maximum gradient of 25%, which replaced the Civiglio after the Ghisallo. In 2011 the route was fully renewed, with a first-time finish in Lecco. The Sormano was included again, but was climbed before the Ghisallo. After the Ghisallo, a flat stretch led to the final climb of the race: the steep Villa Vergano in Galbiate. After the descent only 3 km remained until the finish in Lecco. The 3,4 km climb of Villa Vergano was the decisive site in the 2011 and 2012 edition. In 2014 the finish was moved to Bergamo. Organizer RCS announced that from 2014 to 2017 the finish of the Tour of Lombardy will alternate between Bergamo and Como.", "The Giro di Lombardia is considered a climbers classic and one of the most arduous races of the season, because of its distance (ca. 255 km) and several famous climbs. Nowadays the route usually features five or six significant climbs. The best-known of them is the Madonna del Ghisallo, one of the few fixed locations of the race. The climb is 10,6 kilometres long, with an average gradient of 5.2% and stretches of over 10%. Because the race usually has a downhill or flat run-in to the finish, the main contenders are riders with a broad range of skills. As such, the course favours climbers with a strong sprint finish and even Grand Tour specialists. Time trial specialist Tony Rominger won the Tour of Lombardy twice in the 1990s and Tour de France winner Vincenzo Nibali won the 2015 edition after a downhill attack on the penultimate descent. The race is often compared to Liège–Bastogne–Liège, the monument race in Belgium earlier in the year. Both classics have a similar hilly course and show a similar palmarès since the 1960s, but are different in character. The hills in Lombardy are usually longer than those in the Belgian Ardennes and are more spread out over the course. Liège–Bastogne–Liège has 12 categorized climbs, usually shorter and steeper, coming in faster succession than in the Tour of Lombardy, and has an uphill-finish. Because of its position in autumn as one of the last classics of the year, the race is commonly nicknamed the \"Race of the Falling Leaves\". Consequently, the weather repeatedly plays a decisive role in the nature of the race. In bad weather - common to mountainous Lombardy - the race is often a grueling contest where the strongest riders attack well ahead of the finish. The editions of 2006, 2010, and 2012 were exceptionally rainy. In 2010 Philippe Gilbert and Michele Scarponi attacked with 40 km to go; Gilbert distanced Scarponi on the San Fermo della Battaglia and won the race. In 2012 Gilbert crashed on a wet descent. When the weather conditions are good, teams are able to control the race more easily and decisive attacks come later in the race. On sunny days, the leaves on the trees typically blaze a golden trail around Lombardy, and TV coverage displays extensive aerial footage of the scenery around the Como Lake. The Italian press, never shy to introduce a poetic epithet, has also coined the phrase \"The Romantic Classic\" to denote the race.", "An overview of climbs featured in the Giro di Lombardia. As the course changes every year, not all climbs are included in the same edition.", "The Trittico di Autunno \"(Autumn Triptych)\" is an unofficial trio of cycling classics held in the Lombardy and Piedmont regions of Northern Italy, in early October. Three one-day races, Milano–Torino, the Giro del Piemonte (Tour of Piedmont) and the Tour of Lombardy, are held within a four-day timeframe in the week following the World Championship. Milan-Turin is held on the Thursday after the World Championship, the Giro del Piemonte on Friday and the Tour of Lombardy is the closing race on Sunday. The Tour of Lombardy is the pinnacle, the hardest and unequivocally most important race of this unofficial trio. All three races have a rich history, dating back more than a century. Milan-Turin, with its first running in 1876, is the oldest classic in the world, three decades older than the Tour of Lombardy. Until 1986, and again from 2005 to 2007, Milan-Turin was organized in the spring. Since 1987 the three races are held as an \"Autumn Trio\", initially mid-October and since 2012 two weeks earlier. Both Milan-Turin and the Giro del Piemonte have suffered some continuity problems in the past, but are on back on the calendar of 2015. For many, particularly Italian riders, Milan-Turin and the Giro del Piemonte (both 200-km races) are the ultimate races to prepare for the Tour of Lombardy.", "The Tour of Lombardy is one of five Monuments in cycling, one of two Italian Monuments together with Milan–San Remo. Milan–San Remo is called the \"Spring Classic\" and considered a sprinters race, whereas the Tour of Lombardy is called the \"Autumn Classic\" and considered a climbers race. In total, 21 riders have won both races at least once in their career. Following Paolo Bettini, the most recent one to do this was Vincenzo Nibali who won the \"Primavera\" in 2018 and the Tour of Lombardy in 2015 and 2017. Winning Milan–San Remo and the Tour of Lombardy in the same year is considered as something of a \"holy grail\" in Italian cycling, dubbed by Italian press as \"La Doppietta\" (The Double). Seven riders have achieved this feat, on ten occasions. Fausto Coppi did it three consecutive times, Eddy Merckx is the last rider as yet.", "Even rarer is the combination of winning all three of Italy's great cycling races, Milan–San Remo, the Tour of Lombardy and the Giro d'Italia in one year. This \"Italian Treble\" happened twice:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 4815, 13, 62038, 1636, 43573, 28665, 331, 1865, 23, 893, 23157, 474, 103724, 111, 167958, 21979, 4, 1660, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 10336, 36448, 111, 70, 19291, 15695, 32547, 4, 136, 86608, 7, 144477, 9, 157, 65158, 25617, 8305, 14318, 5876, 103724, 23, 167958, 21979, 11341, 8108, 174548, 189173, 538, 28, 4438, 19364, 7440, 442, 190647, 7, 70, 127067, 25617, 9, 13665, 2347, 4438, 9, 8139, 14, 5130, 142462, 5, 581, 4815, 13, 95103, 7, 70, 179991, 42, 130473, 7, 4, 86608, 214, 28, 4438, 9, 13665, 2347, 4438, 8305, 156910, 21979, 4, 821, 3467, 92, 12336, 136, 142064, 117249, 47, 33284, 70, 46294, 90, 1660, 65272, 111, 9876, 76, 5, 2206, 109622, 538, 4, 70, 92319, 118666, 53, 111, 70, 4815, 83, 142, 111938, 111, 70, 19291, 15695, 70237, 4, 136, 70, 179991, 42, 142462, 142, 111938, 111, 70, 78287, 59993, 142462, 5, 893, 23157, 474, 4, 4960, 3180, 4, 262, 3929, 4, 34110, 1073, 133842, 4, 262, 32298, 4, 4815, 14832, 3041, 136, 1843, 31858, 621, 70, 13036, 162708, 39501, 297, 98, 4815, 13, 32547, 5, 581, 4815, 13, 96113, 3129, 83, 4989, 5, 4966, 237, 117, 1815, 22288, 7, 4, 70, 62488, 1295, 28665, 331, 1865, 47, 41714, 6275, 111, 46294, 90, 83, 5, 572, 6620, 70, 8561, 140909, 111, 903, 96113, 83, 22845, 2886, 5, 581, 4815, 13, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 42878, 96113, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 185256, 68762, 11, 10484, 621, 70, 2975, 12336, 4, 53592, 7, 4, 2734, 3467, 136, 70, 23924, 1204, 583, 5, 581, 4815, 1556, 10, 2288, 4517, 35358, 2517, 15, 5843, 1104, 11663, 1827, 117, 1785, 16, 678, 63773, 11675, 9, 16713, 136, 28, 20133, 1991, 289, 63647, 7, 4, 141753, 10, 2062, 101098, 96113, 678, 70, 102044, 9, 36448, 7, 23, 70, 105556, 674, 16128, 1284, 174548, 69405, 3934, 10, 100, 71, 2886, 75973, 5, 581, 4815, 4, 8035, 38134, 136, 35299, 8770, 4, 31358, 7, 2837, 135457, 297, 19361, 7, 111, 7401, 23, 70, 47143, 214, 63920, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 581, 86723, 111, 70, 4815, 83, 4552, 38134, 15, 115095, 190, 1785, 99, 262, 32298, 16, 1284, 70, 199349, 7290, 73, 83, 653, 118201, 4, 4734, 38134, 5, 581, 41714, 6275, 678, 23924, 1204, 583, 70, 6, 146984, 111, 4815, 13, 32547, 83, 5, 360, 70, 11015, 4, 70, 4815, 1556, 2809, 92702, 93905, 100, 151134, 15411, 5, 1301, 442, 83, 144851, 2886, 1295, 40368, 10332, 11958, 7, 43573, 6863, 28, 4438, 4620, 4, 70, 96113, 98816, 6863, 15411, 1286, 3501, 190, 20028, 5, 360, 5744, 20028, 903, 72201, 27771, 1556, 2809, 12765, 297, 678, 70, 1866, 19774, 99, 262, 32298, 4, 136, 5036, 1286, 221, 678, 70, 110744, 51166, 92878, 429, 5, 360, 142064, 4, 903, 96113, 3173, 7, 70, 132988, 13315, 17721, 70, 192215, 9, 136, 39297, 979, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 10776, 7, 5, 10868, 4939, 2291, 202, 1507, 4, 70, 56101, 53294, 4, 151552, 70, 4815, 237, 28960, 7, 4, 44, 284, 46327, 452, 6953, 70, 2288, 4517, 38940, 10681, 9035, 111, 70, 179991, 42, 37457, 4, 442, 86608, 7, 80560, 36880, 70, 111719, 47, 70, 46294, 90, 5, 1326, 5045, 111, 903, 62488, 442, 83, 645, 6626, 43222, 38134, 4, 136, 99, 1632, 6275, 4, 198274, 5064, 31, 8805, 17262, 43222, 38134, 5, 360, 70, 36898, 92949, 2685, 83, 10, 18410, 14700, 20540, 111, 19096, 4, 678, 10, 75973, 959, 1286, 3501, 10, 75281, 143915, 7, 38134, 4, 136, 70, 8010, 65272, 32382, 7, 81502, 1257, 70, 19096, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 4620, 4, 20662, 6083, 352, 9802, 9035, 5, 24372, 99162, 102044, 23, 70, 130473, 7, 3853, 903, 38134, 11958, 53418, 85358, 70, 7401, 7, 111, 70, 4815, 136, 6392, 6639, 223, 199349, 7, 23, 14318, 27648, 4, 82980, 4, 136, 9876, 76, 621, 959, 51, 277, 3796, 1242, 581, 5117, 22539, 98, 70, 4815, 509, 88303, 23, 172457, 1104, 16360, 99, 262, 32298, 5, 581, 110744, 51166, 92878, 429, 509, 64549, 297, 4, 1257, 86429, 4, 136, 62458, 297, 23, 28015, 5, 581, 5458, 7, 42705, 25844, 23, 167958, 21979, 509, 62458, 297, 23, 20907, 581, 616, 2839, 9, 80036, 6, 68823, 136, 33816, 10495, 24494, 9, 6920, 820, 122776, 136, 158285, 16933, 52488, 59132, 15, 4692, 686, 79850, 1284, 38134, 538, 7464, 35839, 70, 1204, 379, 4205, 59132, 136, 8108, 450, 70, 4815, 59132, 16, 43573, 1172, 3962, 509, 140528, 23, 195616, 5, 1650, 47143, 297, 70, 4989, 525, 6, 80728, 23, 5596, 4, 24189, 70, 799, 127, 882, 503, 458, 6, 80728, 99, 262, 32298, 509, 142096, 23, 33418, 5, 24372, 799, 127, 882, 503, 458, 6, 80728, 99, 262, 32298, 4, 85736, 7514, 59132, 7, 621, 13379, 98, 4815, 13, 32547, 43573, 4960, 3180, 4, 90517, 1061, 102, 619, 893, 23157, 474, 5, 581, 5744, 4815, 6, 80728, 88303, 23, 262, 81562, 71, 4, 14318, 5876, 103724, 111, 167958, 21979, 509, 33428, 3674, 390, 2501, 3675, 289, 4855, 11, 136, 87993, 217, 8446, 117117, 13684, 4704, 7068, 127873, 33744, 136, 81163, 33744, 111, 167958, 21979, 98, 702, 22482, 21735, 5, 581, 92416, 111, 142064, 167244, 297, 23, 2021, 10, 6, 80728, 36880, 70, 4815, 32547, 37067, 214, 1172, 8202, 136, 79926, 42, 23, 90627, 170, 4717, 103724, 5, 62, 22759, 9, 32417, 33816, 6, 80728, 4, 85358, 214, 47052, 496, 4, 95103, 47, 70, 144573, 6, 68823, 136, 33816, 1204, 379, 4205, 59132, 4, 1556, 2809, 203251, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4815, 32547, 15, 289, 991, 10010, 18, 4815, 13, 16, 111, 9879, 5596, 83, 70, 17932, 142105, 111, 70, 46294, 90, 25, 127067, 9022, 68762, 11, 10484, 7103, 2369, 79478, 32547, 5, 581, 1136, 2844, 8086, 4216, 83, 10, 34923, 3687, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 4815, 96113, 4, 102917, 538, 4743, 47, 6863, 8834, 6402, 13162, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Course.", "Dams.", "Bridges." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Sone originates near Amarkantak in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh, just east of the headwater of the Narmada River, and flows north-northwest through Shahdol district in Madhya Pradesh state before turning sharply eastward where it encounters the southwest-northeast-Kaimur Range. The Sone parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar states to join the Ganges just west of Patna. Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya Range. Anuppur, Chopan, Deori, Rohtasgarh, Dehri, Sonbhadra and Bihta are the major cities situated on Sone River. The Sone river which is long. But as per Google maps, the distance from Amarkantak to meeting point of Ganges is. Hence the actual length of this river is debatable. The Sone is one of the longest Indian rivers. Its chief tributaries are the Rihand, Banas, Kanhar and the North Koel. The Son has a steep gradient (35–55 cm per km) with quick run-off and ephemeral regimes, becoming a roaring river with the rain-waters in the catchment area but turning quickly into a fordable stream. The Son, being wide and shallow, leaves disconnected pools of water in the remaining parts of the year. The channel of the Son is very wide (about 5 km at Dehri) but the floodplain is narrow, only wide. The meeting point with North Koel the width of Sone River is. In the past, the Son has been notorious for changing course. As it is traceable from several old beds near its east bank, the river changed its course more than 5 times. In modern times this tendency has been checked with the anicut at Dehri, and now more so with the Indrapuri Barrage. In Bihar, this river forms the border line between the Bhojpuri- and Magahi-speaking regions. Sir John Houlton, the British administrator, described the Son as follows, \"After passing the steep escarpments of the Kaimur range, it flows straight across the plain to the Ganges. For much of this distance it is over two miles wide, and at one point, opposite Tilothu three miles wide. In the dry weather there is a vast expanse of sand, with a stream not more than a hundred yards wide, and the hot west winds pile up the sand on the east bank, making natural embankments. After heavy rain in the hills even this wide bed cannot carry the waters of the Son and disastrous floods in Shahabad, Gaya, and Patna are not uncommon.\"", "The first dam on the Son was built in 1873–74 at Dehri. The Indrapuri Barrage was constructed, upstream, and commissioned in 1968. The Bansagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh was commissioned in 2008.", "The 1440-metre rail and road lattice-girder concrete and steel Abdul Bari Bridge (previously but widely still called the Koilwar Bridge and before that the Son Bridge) near Arrah was completed in 1862. It remained the longest bridge in India, until the Nehru Setu bridge at Dehri was opened in 1900. After Nehru Setu bridge at Dehri, Railway Bridges are present on Sone River near Chopan, Vijay Sota & Anuppur. The modern Son bridge built in Deolond, Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh was inaugurated by Motilal Vora and Pandit Ram Kishore Shukla then Chief Minister and Finance Minister of Madhya Pradesh on 13 February 1986. The Government of Bihar sanctioned in 2008 a bridge across the Son River connecting Arwal and Sahar in Bhojpur district. A four-lane road bridge, carrying NH 30, parallel to the existing rail and road Koilwar Bridge, has been planned." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6524, 771, 434, 26859, 75169, 101275, 99, 32070, 5035, 18763, 67373, 123997, 4049, 10, 101275, 136, 1902, 4049, 47, 5646, 101275, 182417, 4, 1284, 6524, 771, 434, 69427, 25, 18, 9157, 70, 154453, 2831, 136, 1919, 117914, 30745, 1919, 67373, 450, 6524, 771, 434, 15935, 25, 18, 765, 2499, 12348, 100, 101275, 75169, 5, 135967, 47, 33284, 214, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 6524, 771, 434, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 99162, 12924, 8753, 8446, 22469, 5, 1529, 33284, 297, 70, 8753, 23, 166904, 538, 24849, 4, 136, 112730, 98, 6626, 111, 2363, 12275, 7156, 7, 44, 6609, 23835, 39, 6619, 14434, 58, 23, 15643, 4, 136, 44, 104711, 30948, 7, 10091, 581, 36151, 58, 23, 24427, 5, 1529, 25737, 8446, 22469, 23, 166904, 538, 26819, 5, 1529, 509, 7068, 180663, 23, 71232, 24668, 538, 4, 136, 7228, 10, 38043, 237, 10, 2258, 135969, 24189, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 35839, 4049, 47, 18645, 4049, 10, 19069, 23, 35378, 1177, 33, 23, 13501, 5, 129551, 47, 6524, 771, 434, 23, 505, 4, 44, 91306, 1401, 5898, 15935, 25, 18, 11782, 163, 99, 450, 1733, 4, 87, 2806, 7464, 186, 10, 2258, 135969, 136, 87, 25, 71, 186, 142, 10332, 48948, 678, 99162, 32881, 7, 136, 24503, 4, 7464, 20697, 98, 2258, 7, 4, 48869, 214, 1672, 759, 63645, 87, 1902, 10, 4989, 1733, 6650, 4, 8035, 10, 19612, 3378, 1242, 6524, 771, 434, 112730, 98, 70, 35378, 1177, 33, 7156, 7, 44, 683, 14068, 667, 73163, 7, 2016, 62, 1081, 830, 44, 62467, 32128, 191, 830, 44, 116527, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 830, 44, 3957, 19055, 111, 70, 180, 10519, 830, 44, 163025, 9251, 830, 44, 6766, 3055, 72820, 109997, 830, 44, 6696, 1803, 3314, 350, 11728, 830, 136, 44, 3957, 49721, 2975, 112, 740, 133698, 1919, 1733, 678, 35378, 1177, 33, 6524, 771, 434, 2843, 100, 4806, 10, 2639, 13452, 5, 581, 5117, 54452, 4, 44, 3957, 65056, 85135, 7, 111, 16505, 830, 60213, 71, 43032, 111, 35378, 1177, 33, 75169, 126502, 4, 678, 6524, 771, 434, 31577, 1919, 3535, 99, 5367, 214, 23, 66044, 47, 101275, 75169, 5, 2161, 70, 17932, 7156, 4, 44, 8139, 151890, 70820, 830, 43581, 136, 36770, 43032, 111, 990, 449, 6344, 3658, 39, 52412, 25, 7, 8753, 3542, 121876, 71, 5, 360, 103844, 6524, 771, 434, 136, 8753, 15829, 345, 150, 1461, 3232, 3542, 11476, 71, 1295, 35378, 1177, 33, 4743, 47, 24668, 136, 3357, 60212, 7, 5, 360, 27997, 98, 142, 33683, 678, 47331, 215072, 29774, 25, 7, 127873, 69340, 4, 61148, 1015, 114162, 395, 708, 4, 6524, 771, 434, 11341, 71, 12, 6524, 771, 434, 136, 1461, 3232, 68872, 47, 738, 98, 678, 70, 5609, 13452, 1836, 1902, 2809, 58136, 136, 100, 4806, 70, 8753, 18897, 5868, 678, 36770, 63248, 136, 581, 159, 1141, 90, 5367, 56, 821, 8349, 19, 6557, 13, 5, 24372, 1461, 3232, 25737, 70, 8753, 23, 65942, 6524, 771, 434, 100512, 70, 57724, 136, 5201, 11531, 70035, 111, 18897, 5868, 5, 6524, 771, 434, 83, 82424, 38043, 23, 221572, 5872, 159, 159299, 4, 192049, 4, 7440, 764, 43240, 237, 10, 19612, 108558, 99, 1919, 10002, 12275, 5, 360, 1392, 764, 17664, 297, 70, 7156, 115217, 1760, 100, 70, 89176, 161838, 12924, 8753, 930, 297, 64153, 136, 112730, 70, 101275, 2639, 98, 70, 11531, 44, 1062, 7944, 64330, 740, 1529, 2843, 181653, 103655, 12924, 30854, 8753, 1193, 9, 50886, 13, 98, 2363, 7156, 44, 4153, 43153, 58, 136, 2843, 2363, 42850, 44, 69397, 136, 41884, 58, 17164, 5, 116267, 103655, 14537, 12924, 8753, 144422, 106013, 17164, 297, 2363, 17932, 7156, 44, 217701, 106864, 58, 100, 76639, 1974, 89916, 4, 678, 6524, 771, 434, 27024, 214, 4, 17664, 214, 4, 31347, 214, 136, 121399, 214, 108171, 7, 136, 101275, 2639, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 181653, 154350, 954, 39, 75189, 1771, 12924, 8753, 178111, 25443, 136, 2363, 7156, 44, 3957, 1250, 20133, 2408, 740, 18763, 133258, 4488, 98, 1030, 164779, 297, 2639, 7156, 390, 101275, 1419, 59689, 1840, 76, 557, 44, 100582, 47353, 58, 15, 88981, 53089, 41576, 21432, 76, 98, 47617, 7, 16, 37105, 7, 4049, 47, 4488, 98, 70, 7156, 7, 390, 5700, 195374, 47331, 8753, 13156, 188, 208, 15, 76228, 7068, 59689, 1840, 76, 557, 98, 101275, 247, 44, 237051, 232, 113, 36919, 3825, 58, 93124, 136, 44, 6433, 15506, 7, 58, 75582, 5, 85190, 6524, 771, 434, 136622, 57119, 1916, 237, 1311, 9, 10752, 39367, 56, 100, 70, 3525, 8753, 100, 4806, 390, 59689, 1840, 76, 557, 678, 3525, 108171, 129357, 33276, 701, 197207, 20, 47443, 7, 6619, 10074, 4, 678, 142, 1030, 164779, 297, 15970, 44759, 71, 34377, 7156, 23, 1049, 136, 10, 3525, 7156, 44, 10001, 58, 47, 186, 121447, 390, 227762, 13703, 23, 6360, 360, 505, 4, 6524, 771, 434, 33284, 297, 103655, 8753, 15830, 53, 1681, 237, 2363, 101275, 58585, 5, 360, 3640, 4, 764, 171530, 70, 8, 2500, 6644, 1295, 70, 8753, 5, 1621, 696, 1574, 5, 154336, 9, 4390, 9, 130143, 5, 277, 64, 10433, 22751, 9, 51588, 13, 9, 12724, 1760, 454, 37878, 771, 434, 9, 532, 454, 10433, 42221, 4598, 9, 141, 9, 33, 5, 7693, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 85190, 6524, 771, 434, 15, 57332, 496, 8055, 41722, 23, 33112, 4, 102126, 16, 83, 10, 23182, 101275, 1419, 136, 19612, 108558, 5, 6524, 771, 434, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 1733, 23, 70, 105207, 14537, 12924, 8753, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 2750, 764, 112730, 678, 100, 427, 5369, 7103, 456, 133266, 214, 14037, 214, 32786, 11852, 68933, 5, 1529, 221419, 538, 75935, 70, 14537, 12924, 8753, 18897, 5868, 23, 103844, 3129, 83, 7464, 36457, 18925, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Grapow started playing guitar at age 12. His father bought him a guitar and had him to take guitar lessons, but Grapow couldn't stand the theory part and his teacher told his father that Grapow didn't have any talent for guitar playing. Prior to joining Helloween, Grapow was a member of the heavy metal band Rampage. He joined the band in roughly 1979, and played on two of their studio albums \"Victim Of Rock\" in 1980, and \"Love Lights Up The Night\" in 1982. He left Rampage in roughly 1983. He was then fairly inactive musically, and made a living as a car mechanic until Michael Weikath called him to offer him a position in Helloween in 1989. According to Grapow in 2017, \"If Weiki didn't call me at that time, I would still be a car mechanic and I'd be an old guy with heavy bones and pain, still working on cars, dreaming about my hobby I had a long time ago, being a musician.\" Grapow played on the Helloween albums \"Pink Bubbles Go Ape\", \"Chameleon\", \"Master of the Rings\", \"The Time of the Oath\", \"High Live\", \"Better Than Raw\", \"Metal Jukebox\", and \"The Dark Ride\". During his time with Helloween Grapow also formed a solo project. The first release, \"The Four Seasons of Life\", featured members of Helloween playing backup, with Grapow trying his hand at singing in addition to guitar playing. On the second album, \"Kaleidoscope\", current and former members of Yngwie Malmsteen's band were utilized. In 2001, Grapow and bandmate Uli Kusch were fired from Helloween due to musical and personal differences. In 2012, on an interview with Metal Shock Finland's Chief Editor, Mohsen Fayyazi, Grapow stated: Grapow and Kusch decided to go on with the side project they had been planning and formed the band Masterplan with former Ark and The Snakes singer Jørn Lande. After Kusch left the band in 2006, Grapow became the leader and main songwriter of Masterplan. Grapow is currently living in Zvolenská Slatina, Slovakia, where he works as a music producer at his own studio. In 2011 he mixed the album Motherland for the Italian progressive metal band Daedalus and played the guitar solo on the song \"Underground\". He also produced Czech metalcore band X-Core on their album \"In Hell\" and also their latest \"Life and stuff\" record. Another Czech power metal band Eagleheart recorded their second album \"Dreamtherapy\" for Scarlet Records, with Grapow producing, mixing, mastering and guesting vocals and guitar solos. He also produced Slovak symphonic metal band Anthology and their album \"The Prophecy\". His collaboration work on acclaimed solo album by guitarist Tony Hernando \"Actual events\" (featuring Mike Terrana on drums) leads him to work on the albums by popular Spanish Metal band Saratoga (with then Tony Hernando on guitar), \"Secretos y revelaciones\" (2009) and \"Nemesis\" (2012). Roland Grapow continues collaborating as Co-Producer for the new band formed by Tony Hernando with new vocal sensation Ronnie Romero - Lords Of Black, with an acclaimed self titled debut album in 2014 and a new album \"II\" to be released by Frontier Music in 2016. In 2017, Grapow joined Czech band Kreyson as their guitar player. In 2019, he announced the departure from the band.", "http://www.spirit-of-metal.com/interview-groupe-Roland_Grapow-id_inter-5060-l-en.html" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 98441, 98186, 105233, 132954, 9, 32087, 16610, 37457, 5977, 36398, 7, 3542, 39958, 23, 7071, 10586, 3229, 70, 28811, 6436, 87398, 7, 148855, 68872, 98, 10, 6, 180730, 129890, 12478, 944, 27771, 8753, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 70, 3525, 5977, 7, 5, 360, 7582, 9571, 4, 6, 101917, 49132, 6889, 15, 125435, 2588, 144, 116292, 297, 12478, 944, 27771, 8753, 6, 180730, 5, 2389, 9, 12465, 173245, 129890, 100, 60223, 13388, 7198, 1052, 180730, 74, 15700, 6626, 115299, 170920, 132954, 220828, 1830, 100, 7198, 1052, 180730, 98154, 136, 4092, 191175, 111, 70, 7198, 1052, 180730, 98154, 5, 581, 5117, 23295, 3129, 65508, 71, 6097, 12478, 944, 117538, 100, 132954, 9, 32087, 4527, 509, 122963, 98, 106, 7071, 82490, 581, 14098, 117604, 65508, 71, 7198, 1052, 180730, 4516, 23, 7071, 8272, 74, 16792, 88847, 442, 1556, 91995, 71, 70, 36770, 16610, 9, 94250, 8063, 5977, 15, 38891, 38101, 16, 4516, 5, 360, 18374, 73584, 241, 13709, 49132, 6889, 15, 117930, 9550, 49814, 51, 150, 35481, 297, 8753, 5896, 173245, 1104, 12465, 178121, 129890, 100, 4527, 390, 6338, 391, 52005, 64, 71, 20266, 1052, 98154, 5, 360, 20414, 24635, 241, 13709, 49132, 6889, 31592, 8194, 41929, 71, 70, 14012, 111, 60223, 86723, 7, 47, 611, 390, 65042, 214, 60223, 41018, 98, 188, 70, 5896, 173245, 1104, 12465, 178121, 129890, 8753, 198395, 11814, 390, 6338, 391, 52005, 64, 71, 20266, 1052, 98154, 4, 60266, 18982, 780, 74, 1295, 18982, 267, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 6338, 86723, 7, 1221, 2843, 186, 41929, 71, 390, 65042, 214, 98, 188, 70, 6, 180730, 5, 2389, 1104, 12465, 173245, 129890, 8753, 11814, 390, 60223, 21855, 5, 992, 3675, 78684, 4, 7198, 1052, 180730, 5977, 7, 3542, 3535, 100038, 3900, 329, 14, 7864, 678, 188347, 142, 510, 2658, 15, 21231, 101044, 289, 4677, 194, 360, 7582, 24635, 23166, 1760, 6436, 171530, 70, 54452, 111, 70, 20331, 418, 14288, 7198, 1052, 180730, 5977, 100, 39480, 42, 4527, 5, 581, 37457, 111, 7198, 1052, 180730, 4, 1660, 1884, 2499, 310, 66882, 707, 345, 66882, 5977, 4, 83, 108750, 98, 5941, 120103, 1884, 65998, 15, 73, 9, 60089, 37457, 83, 2060, 40715, 3501, 23, 142, 9803, 44457, 247, 155955, 36917, 206990, 995, 36716, 17514, 4, 136, 4, 47, 10, 199, 2189, 192961, 4, 92949, 27289, 5, 581, 4030, 11089, 10644, 136, 31913, 4, 71872, 14537, 136, 53299, 6, 176302, 2481, 2843, 52490, 37457, 5, 33306, 4, 678, 7198, 1052, 180730, 2684, 111, 6097, 77336, 7, 621, 188347, 99, 218343, 47, 9969, 538, 678, 70, 7198, 1052, 180730, 71679, 5256, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 1733, 70, 38132, 37457, 450, 10, 38937, 23, 10, 26349, 831, 41206, 83, 10, 10846, 75281, 106384, 707, 40715, 5, 142462, 1543, 186, 5941, 140635, 7, 4, 100, 27781, 17721, 130473, 13784, 7, 4, 707, 4734, 10, 10846, 75281, 106384, 4, 2174, 100, 27781, 10, 130473, 707, 21334, 12924, 36746, 83, 23, 70, 179965, 60875, 17721, 5977, 7, 5, 581, 2965, 51529, 4989, 62488, 17164, 83, 6, 66000, 324, 15, 14226, 153451, 1785, 16, 1295, 335, 538, 927, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 47, 884, 27613, 4, 231118, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 16750, 111, 156856, 71, 103807, 2320, 27289, 4, 959, 10, 13315, 9, 4390, 9, 7, 22553, 26073, 5, 7198, 1052, 180730, 5977, 7, 4527, 12478, 944, 117538, 450, 23, 28173, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 4, 136, 25730, 621, 144, 116292, 297, 47, 79775, 5977, 39933, 7, 4, 136, 116338, 84770, 76519, 5, 175399, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 25730, 4527, 7, 70, 563, 15396, 5426, 4, 3129, 87344, 10, 21373, 4516, 98, 12921, 12478, 944, 117538, 4, 10932, 6, 157255, 136, 6, 181709, 129890, 5, 32255, 12478, 944, 117538, 621, 144, 116292, 297, 47, 70, 161203, 11374, 23, 14713, 4, 959, 78458, 70, 11476, 126535, 13, 23, 70, 17274, 4, 35206, 23, 49002, 136, 60091, 72095, 23, 28173, 5, 5337, 69988, 13, 678, 86872, 71, 5977, 11374, 1543, 16750, 23, 502, 166643, 191, 5, 28173, 4, 2356, 138059, 4, 3000, 34, 7945, 136, 3605, 4527, 70, 345, 66882, 193223, 25, 7, 14298, 5426, 23, 70, 7657, 173674, 14546, 29073, 169, 37457, 136, 10, 38132, 14537, 140992, 111, 190, 1456, 68772, 10, 18410, 538, 52295, 71, 37457, 645, 70, 92319, 14537, 7198, 1052, 5426, 5, 7198, 1052, 180730, 9, 277, 26026, 1236, 98154, 1543, 186, 11814, 151107, 87420, 14713, 5, 60457, 190238, 7198, 1052, 180730, 5977, 7, 678, 14537, 1257, 47, 2101, 39, 1456, 831, 186, 11814, 15490, 2499, 132954, 23, 5596, 5, 581, 128779, 1543, 959, 186, 3647, 29398, 7, 707, 119140, 1314, 4, 136, 8110, 4527, 78779, 297, 142, 510, 2658, 4734, 5, 7198, 1052, 180730, 29256, 7, 8753, 6, 180730, 5, 2389, 1104, 12465, 178121, 129890, 5, 6436, 7, 1543, 5036, 765, 14194, 515, 2886, 142, 510, 2658, 23, 3060, 76726, 237, 4989, 237, 70, 122405, 14602, 959, 204839, 2101, 347, 1456, 4, 100, 27781, 23, 70, 17274, 5, 581, 4537, 241, 13709, 51957, 49903, 7464, 144570, 28970, 142, 510, 2658, 136, 70, 8561, 208124, 41110, 7, 17721, 12921, 76726, 5, 33326, 31, 6261, 7198, 1052, 180730, 4527, 7, 611, 21855, 86723, 7, 84797, 71, 390, 5035, 758, 472, 93423, 1295, 12638, 3789, 5, 46540, 316, 14537, 83, 2101, 347, 1456, 122405, 136, 98154, 8110, 186, 11814, 98, 10, 14288, 18231, 5, 71885, 180216, 83, 56104, 11814, 4, 678, 1286, 1257, 55637, 115774, 2843, 241599, 391, 19283, 136, 64, 748, 188347, 9, 3284, 25388, 54479, 23, 46354, 5, 117371, 18982, 20400, 4734, 70, 92319, 382, 86723, 7, 3542, 107003, 100, 60223, 21855, 41018, 5, 16284, 7198, 1052, 180730, 391, 52005, 59646, 87, 15, 100045, 8218, 16, 4527, 7, 611, 6338, 54479, 86723, 7, 84797, 71, 390, 5035, 758, 472, 93423, 1295, 12638, 3789, 678, 7306, 67919, 563, 10762, 17055, 2320, 99, 6, 102738, 472, 3137, 64, 7, 5, 117371, 18982, 267, 4, 4734, 70, 77546, 382, 86723, 7, 3542, 107003, 100, 6338, 117295, 8218, 41018, 5, 31384, 115774, 15, 60977, 8560, 89254, 169920, 58545, 4, 853, 67, 1824, 27389, 2839, 4, 12399, 765, 31455, 31246, 32354, 15, 17726, 289, 14304, 11, 60089, 42666, 36024, 3142, 31455, 31246, 32354, 156856, 71, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 19537, 939, 70460, 4, 1650, 26, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7198, 1052, 180730, 15, 33163, 24836, 19745, 6436, 4, 6, 180730, 129890, 16, 83, 10, 132954, 220828, 4516, 23, 70, 345, 66882, 5977, 12478, 944, 27771, 8753, 136, 83, 19882, 100, 8063, 136, 3357, 4527, 23, 2684, 76726, 87420, 70, 28811, 32528, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Range.", "Usage worldwide.", "Technical information.", "Analogue FM and digital TDMA.", "Digital FDMA.", "PMR446 gateways." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The first steps towards creating licence-free short range radio communications were taken in April 1997 when the European Radio Communications Committee decided on a 446 MHz frequency band to be used for the new radios. In November 1998, ERC Decision (98)25 allocated frequency band 446.0-446.1 MHz for analogue PMR446; another two decisions established licence exemption for PMR446 equipment and free circulation of the PMR446 equipment. The first country which introduced these frequencies for licence-free use was Ireland on 1 April 1998. The United Kingdom introduced PMR446 service in April 1999; since 2003, it has replaced the former short-range business radio (SRBR) service. In October 2005, ECC Decision (05)02 added unlicensed band 446.1–446.2 MHz for use by digital DMR/dPMR equipment. In July 2015, ECC Decision (15)05 doubled the number of analog channels to 16 by extending analog operation onto the 446.1–446.2 MHz band previously used by digital DMR/dPMR equipment, effective January 2016; from January 2018, the number of digital channels will also be doubled by extending onto the 446.0–446.1 MHz band used by analog FM.", "Until recently, PMR446 radios were handheld transceivers with fixed antennas (see Technical information). In November 2015, Midland Radio announced the release of the GB1 mobile PMR446 radio for vehicular use. The range of PMR446, just like any VHF or UHF radio, is dependent on many factors like environment (in-city range is far less than in an open field), height above surrounding obstructions, and, to a lesser extent, weather conditions. The antenna type and location, transmit power and receive sensitivity also affect range. However, with PMR446 most of these variables are fixed at manufacturing to comply with the PMR446 specifications. Most of the time the maximum range that a user in a city can expect is a few hundred metres or less. Range may be many kilometres, for example between hilltops, or only a few hundred metres, if for example a hill or large metal object is in the transmission path between radios. The best known long distance record is 333 mi (535.8 km) from Blyth in the United Kingdom to Almere, Netherlands. This was the result of enhanced propagation conditions, not a line-of-sight signal.", "PMR446 radios use frequencies that in Australia, the U.S., and Canada are allocated to amateur radio operators, and military radar systems. Instead, the U.S. and Canada uses the FRS system, which provides a similar service on different frequencies, around 462 and 467 MHz. These frequencies are allocated to the emergency services in Europe, notably the fire brigade in the UK, police in Russia and commercial users in Australia. Interference with licensed radio services may result in prosecution. Australia, New Zealand, Vanuatu and Malaysia use the UHF Citizen's Band system in the 476-477 Mhz range and a maximum power output of 5W giving a vastly improved range over the lower power PMR system. PMR446-compliant equipment may be used anywhere throughout Europe. Type approved PMR446 radios with power up to 500mW can be used without any licence in India. The devices may not be base stations or repeaters, and must use integrated antennas only.", "PMR446 covers band 446.0–446.2 MHz. Radios may now have removable antennas in some countries as long as the ERP does not exceed 500 mW, for example in the UK. The general ECC decision however still requires integral antennas and the actual implementation varies between different countries.", "Analogue PMR446 uses 16 FM channels separated by 12.5 kHz from each other. Maximum power is 500 mW ERP and equipment must be used on a mobile basis. CTCSS is usually used, with more upmarket models also featuring DCS and/or fixed-carrier voice inversion. Before January 2016, only the lower 8 channels were allowed for analog FM operation. Digital PMR446 DMR Tier I (TDMA) uses 16 digital voice channels separated by 12.5 kHz from each other with 4-level FSK modulation at 3.6 kbit/s. Before January 2018, only the higher 8 channels were allowed for digital TDMA operation. Some models (Hytera BD305LF, Retevis RT40,...) have DCDM function (Dual Capacity Direct Mode); DCDM function enhanced the frequency utility ratio, It’s a feature which allows two slots operation on simplex => 16 channels x 2 slots = 32 ways, equivalent of the 32 FDMA channels. Color Code (0 to 16) is the equivalent of CTCSS for digital. It's used to isolate a population of users (a company, an association, a family...). By convention CC1 is used for public contact. TalkGroups are used to separate groups of users (ex: TG1 for direction and TG2 for room service in a hotel using channel 12 CC7). By contacting a specific TG, each user subscribing to this TG will hear you (Group Call). A user can subscribe to many TGs (RX Group List). It is also possible to contact all users in your color code (All Call). Radio ID One for each user, to be contacted directly (Private Call).", "Digital PMR446 dPMR (FDMA) uses 32 digital voice channels separated by 6.25 kHz from each other with 4-level FSK modulation at 3.6 kbit/s. Before January 2018, only the upper 16 channels were allowed for digital FDMA operation.", "Recently some users have implemented the simplex repeater system, a cheap and easy way to extend the radio range by using extra radios connected to a small repeater controller. This is also known as \"Parrot\", \"ATX-2000\" or just \"Echo Repeater\" after how it sounds repeating every transmission it receives. PMR446 gateways extend the range of PMR446. These gateways are connected through internet using a client/server VoIP system such as eQSO or the Free Radio Network (FRN)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 39287, 13, 509, 103122, 3934, 142, 1407, 56, 18507, 4, 17467, 4935, 90205, 66, 14449, 23, 70, 155583, 2749, 39, 103724, 111, 16906, 5, 581, 39287, 13, 14449, 83, 111, 174705, 6, 7154, 38904, 136, 83, 62548, 47, 40368, 3789, 197097, 187951, 87143, 6044, 237, 70, 542, 4843, 24293, 7, 136, 70, 23706, 48467, 7, 5, 18763, 67373, 68327, 39287, 13, 509, 10, 8063, 669, 4, 775, 111, 78133, 140819, 13, 39287, 13, 136, 120865, 7432, 108066, 5379, 542, 7422, 19, 9, 294, 147, 34530, 20566, 5, 194397, 604, 4, 180, 64093, 39287, 13, 63043, 297, 6, 7154, 38904, 1295, 18813, 120025, 92, 87, 111, 146864, 136, 65782, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 110115, 542, 341, 701, 88887, 4, 509, 60887, 297, 1295, 129435, 30839, 52350, 7, 1055, 74, 2412, 1902, 174920, 23, 71006, 1295, 49002, 237, 10, 211190, 13, 23, 64911, 5, 110115, 25, 7, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 7134, 257, 9963, 1021, 9319, 67538, 13892, 1861, 748, 542, 341, 701, 88887, 21067, 10057, 132869, 59741, 1902, 2809, 22, 157, 2661, 71, 390, 70, 31678, 56, 748, 42814, 87, 111, 49002, 23, 543, 2592, 5, 1840, 6782, 9, 79139, 1021, 9319, 42814, 542, 341, 701, 88887, 7435, 10945, 74668, 112072, 509, 142, 200866, 4537, 111, 70, 43953, 13, 111, 102374, 145359, 4, 104263, 136, 32786, 111, 70, 22836, 70615, 111, 163628, 49002, 5, 581, 542, 341, 701, 88887, 14449, 14602, 959, 54529, 237, 43032, 111, 2499, 111, 70, 129435, 472, 54350, 44462, 7, 5, 39287, 13, 25, 7, 67373, 68, 71, 3229, 764, 509, 37195, 5369, 10332, 5, 262, 61518, 1919, 76615, 4, 1919, 68894, 6, 180324, 21449, 47, 186, 79507, 71, 390, 7142, 182017, 130812, 7, 5, 18763, 26983, 7, 23, 70, 198387, 6661, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 7440, 764, 24124, 53894, 25313, 23, 13, 161789, 136, 673, 26136, 190407, 1363, 4, 104902, 47, 85493, 6097, 16912, 5, 62, 133054, 538, 29041, 4, 180, 64093, 39287, 13, 75204, 1919, 53019, 1295, 14375, 121314, 7, 5, 31267, 237, 10, 29041, 764, 21647, 297, 51359, 111, 6626, 110613, 46876, 7, 46, 30839, 136, 14941, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 99, 26729, 42789, 63431, 28076, 51986, 11, 123058, 31, 38806, 4, 1632, 111, 71006, 25, 7, 10846, 148205, 289, 11192, 115215, 4, 136, 115081, 70, 152363, 14018, 3956, 96730, 1363, 678, 11192, 16188, 7, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 7076, 1529, 509, 35839, 1257, 3934, 70, 126140, 23, 18982, 18608, 136, 6777, 1919, 375, 69035, 30675, 116338, 4516, 99, 14644, 11, 4713, 33150, 53, 31951, 674, 17721, 18608, 136, 40191, 4, 141753, 23, 36327, 10, 76875, 93324, 678, 70, 30648, 111, 154564, 23, 70, 4713, 33150, 53, 5, 24372, 764, 509, 2837, 69674, 71, 1295, 116338, 4516, 23, 11994, 40191, 4, 764, 22, 27722, 297, 99, 16906, 12535, 5, 2161, 10, 191225, 16070, 4, 764, 22282, 71, 99, 19825, 9480, 29693, 4, 10, 19336, 26697, 81693, 10696, 23, 9879, 157997, 1295, 40191, 47, 31100, 4, 25975, 26518, 678, 10, 8678, 156241, 390, 53560, 29865, 23, 70, 9836, 26908, 4, 764, 54397, 10, 130306, 34666, 98, 93726, 9627, 343, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 17119, 47, 5406, 420, 3815, 740, 39287, 13, 54397, 1919, 22962, 3486, 34639, 159688, 98, 70, 14098, 4396, 27985, 1314, 69941, 4, 12441, 99, 70, 1733, 390, 80490, 853, 34, 9319, 5, 24372, 25975, 2320, 764, 26983, 297, 87420, 70, 23295, 136, 155605, 134620, 1257, 23, 166504, 4, 7440, 1919, 40814, 853, 34, 9319, 176506, 47, 142, 33683, 3129, 21, 14437, 40368, 21974, 5, 360, 14432, 5369, 4, 39287, 13, 186085, 456, 79466, 20271, 1919, 5941, 221419, 15672, 19922, 7, 4, 450, 70, 14098, 46684, 1902, 7228, 4049, 10, 99866, 4, 10, 456, 10015, 450, 27983, 1556, 143434, 169463, 5, 17106, 73, 70, 43701, 111, 1919, 15672, 16981, 4, 442, 509, 959, 450, 39287, 13, 509, 10958, 2118, 71, 390, 2367, 764, 14037, 23, 21629, 4, 1284, 43257, 450, 764, 509, 191722, 390, 442, 5, 24372, 5962, 206, 979, 6048, 8305, 70, 4602, 136, 82167, 4, 764, 176377, 47, 71006, 47, 35187, 27165, 99, 16906, 12535, 5, 360, 45604, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 187951, 7142, 182017, 31016, 5, 133698, 1919, 1733, 99, 152363, 4, 39287, 13, 100512, 75412, 23, 9836, 44951, 7, 4, 20697, 678, 70, 187951, 9907, 32528, 111, 26696, 7, 5, 360, 59782, 4, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 2265, 139869, 9836, 125413, 23, 16906, 4, 102971, 442, 83, 10, 16865, 3674, 764, 6777, 959, 29966, 2363, 68894, 41714, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 34202, 111, 70, 187951, 9907, 32528, 111, 26696, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 9836, 39624, 66, 764, 142156, 297, 98, 21640, 103086, 7, 136, 26983, 6259, 36880, 14713, 5, 39287, 13, 150380, 297, 1919, 141753, 10, 2265, 133969, 47, 17262, 13036, 79507, 7, 12, 39287, 13, 509, 142, 10, 2347, 1419, 5, 360, 49795, 4, 39287, 13, 509, 172310, 297, 390, 70, 2265, 139869, 20809, 24284, 29570, 1004, 101500, 47, 4488, 23, 1919, 142487, 18, 5, 28090, 47114, 764, 509, 10, 45443, 32786, 111, 70, 187951, 7142, 182017, 116233, 19175, 136, 59619, 71, 99, 70, 116233, 19175, 29693, 55890, 31648, 5342, 5, 1529, 2843, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 27985, 56, 25, 7, 43154, 289, 56187, 5, 360, 44321, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 366, 150, 11533, 15, 294, 24243, 4745, 12, 44, 2154, 36692, 16895, 6144, 18, 18939, 33636, 297, 207367, 47064, 23, 70, 105237, 9, 100184, 297, 77648, 177467, 24073, 284, 14519, 3840, 1727, 33, 18939, 111, 70, 118893, 6063, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 23936, 7, 39287, 13, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 103310, 100, 8357, 54360, 7154, 15, 7787, 571, 16, 136, 509, 23, 25534, 111, 23, 3181, 10484, 3934, 127557, 47, 70, 168698, 76726, 136, 162807, 36442, 5, 360, 36102, 4, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 185464, 237, 33744, 15490, 214558, 23, 70, 185464, 12133, 4, 136, 10267, 122009, 1919, 115, 2449, 237, 10, 20903, 68894, 115992, 42, 47, 56195, 33744, 29570, 1004, 101500, 5, 360, 31017, 4, 764, 100512, 33744, 111, 20913, 136, 87398, 7, 5, 6561, 31089, 111, 5361, 33946, 47, 4049, 509, 70, 53333, 34754, 111, 5977, 136, 113976, 4, 12960, 22, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 78133, 180, 64093, 177357, 39287, 13, 15, 74, 2819, 496, 18982, 70970, 46, 1372, 22482, 21735, 16, 509, 10, 187951, 39624, 66, 136, 117249, 669, 5, 62, 4989, 6032, 211351, 111, 56195, 33744, 29570, 1004, 101500, 4, 39287, 13, 12441, 70, 187951, 7142, 182017, 31016, 1295, 31060, 24189, 1919, 110938, 2320, 23, 21735, 4, 136, 509, 186351, 56195, 33744, 111, 71006, 4, 10336, 214, 10, 131278, 53, 70615, 92416, 1295, 31060, 47, 28506, 136, 10, 100348, 27759, 1295, 24427, 24189, 1919, 47219, 5, 210567, 8, 88981, 7, 23, 28506, 136, 24849, 94419, 70, 3564, 111, 7142, 182017, 764, 14716, 6833, 23, 187951, 44951, 7, 4, 3129, 1902, 51592, 1112, 5369, 111, 51, 180407, 33, 79986, 390, 70, 19085, 5, 51404, 57724, 111, 70, 177986, 4, 764, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Political career.", "Policies and views.", "Assassination." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Palme was born into an upper class, conservative Lutheran family in the Östermalm district of Stockholm. The Palme family is of Dutch ancestry and is related to several other prominent Swedish families such as the von Sydows and the Wallenbergs. His father Gunnar Palme was a businessman, son of Sven Theodore Palme and Baroness Hanna Maria von Born-Sarvilahti. Through her, Olof Palme claimed ancestry from King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway. His mother, Elisabeth von Knieriem, was descended from Baltic German tradesmen; she had arrived in Sweden from Russia as a refugee in 1915. Elisabeth's great-great-great grandfather Johann Melchior von Knieriem (1758–1817) had been ennobled by the Emperor Alexander I of Russia in 1814. Her great-grandfather Alexander von Knieriem (1837–1904) was an attorney general of the Senate of Russian Empire, senator and member of the State Council of Imperial Russia. The von Knieriem family does not count as members of any of the Baltic knighthoods. Palme's father died when he was six years old. Despite his background, his political orientation came to be influenced by Social Democratic attitudes. His travels in the Third World, as well as the United States, where he saw deep economic inequality and racial segregation, helped to develop these views. A sickly child, Olof Palme received his education from private tutors. Even as a child he gained knowledge of two foreign languages – German and English. He studied at Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket, one of Sweden's few residential high schools, and passed the university entrance examination with high marks at the age of 17. He was called up into the Army in January 1945 and did his compulsory military service at Svea Artillery Regiment between 1945 and 1947, becoming in 1956 a reserve officer with the rank of Captain in the Artillery. After he was discharged from military service in March 1947, he enrolled at Stockholm University. On a scholarship, he studied at Kenyon College, a small liberal arts school in central Ohio from 1947 to 1948, graduating with a BA Inspired by radical debate in the student community, he wrote a critical essay on Friedrich Hayek's \"The Road to Serfdom\". Palme wrote his senior honour thesis on the United Auto Workers union, led at the time by Walter Reuther. After graduation he traveled throughout the country and eventually ended up in Detroit, where his hero Reuther agreed to an interview which lasted several hours. In later years, Palme regularly remarked during his many subsequent American visits, that the United States had made him a socialist, a remark that often has caused confusion. Within the context of his American experience, it was not that Palme was repelled by what he found in America, but rather that he was inspired by it. After hitchhiking through the USA and Mexico, he returned to Sweden to study law at Stockholm University. In 1949 he became a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. During his time at university, Palme became involved in student politics, working with the Swedish National Union of Students. In 1951, he became a member of the social democratic student association in Stockholm, although it is asserted he did not attend their political meetings at the time. The following year he was elected President of the Swedish National Union of Students. As a student politician he concentrated on international affairs and travelled across Europe. Palme attributed his becoming a social democrat to three major influences: Palme was an atheist.", "In 1953, Palme was recruited by the social democratic prime minister Tage Erlander to work in his secretariat. From 1955 he was a board member of the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League and lectured at the Youth League College Bommersvik. He also was a member of the Worker's Educational Association. In 1957 he was elected as a member of parliament (Swedish: \"riksdagsledamot\") represented Jönköping County in the directly-elected Second Chamber (\"Andra kammaren\") of the Riksdag. In the early 1960s Palme became a member of the Agency for International Assistance (NIB) and was in charge of inquiries into assistance to the developing countries and educational aid. In 1963, he became a member of the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio in the Cabinet Office, and retained his duties as a close political adviser to Prime Minister Tage Erlander. In 1965, he became Minister of Transport and Communications. One issue of special interest to him was the further development of radio and television, while ensuring their independence from commercial interests. In 1967 he became Minister of Education, and the following year, he was the target of strong criticism from left-wing students protesting against the government's plans for university reform. The protests culminated with the occupation of the Student Union Building in Stockholm; Palme came there and tried to comfort the students, urging them to use democratic methods for the pursuit of their cause. When party leader Tage Erlander stepped down in 1969, Palme was elected as the new leader by the Social Democratic party congress and succeeded Erlander as Prime Minister. His protégé and political ally, Bernt Carlsson, who was appointed UN Commissioner for Namibia in July 1987, was killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988 \"en route\" to the UN signing ceremony of the New York Accords the following day. Palme was said to have had a profound impact on people's emotions; he was very popular among the left, but harshly detested by most liberals and conservatives. This was due in part to his international activities, especially those directed against the US foreign policy, and in part to his aggressive and outspoken debating style.", "As leader of a new generation of Swedish Social Democrats, Palme was often described as a \"revolutionary reformist\" and self-identified as a Democratic Socialist. Domestically, his leftist views, especially the drive to expand Labour Union influence over business ownership, engendered a great deal of hostility from the organized business community. During the tenure of Palme, several major reforms in the Swedish constitution were carried out, such as orchestrating a switch from bicameralism to unicameralism in 1971 and in 1975 replacing the 1809 Instrument of Government (at the time the oldest political constitution in the world after that of the United States) with a new one officially establishing parliamentary democracy rather than \"de jure\" monarchic autocracy, abolishing the Cabinet meetings chaired by the King and stripping the monarchy of all formal political powers. His reforms on labour market included establishing a law which increased job security. In the Swedish 1973 general election, the Socialist-Communist and the Liberal-Conservative blocs got 175 places each in the Riksdag. The Palme cabinet continued to govern the country but several times they had to draw lots to decide on some issues, although most important issues were decided through concessional agreement. Tax rates also rose from being fairly low even by European standards to the highest levels in the Western world. Under Palme's premiership tenure, matters concerned with child care centers, social security, protection of the elderly, accident safety, and housing problems received special attention. Under Palme the public health system in Sweden became efficient, with the infant mortality rate standing at 12 per 1,000 live births. An ambitious redistributive programme was carried out, with special help provided to the disabled, immigrants, the low paid, single-parent families, and the old. The Swedish welfare state was significantly expanded from a position already one of the most far-reaching in the world during his time in office. As noted by Isabela Mares, during the first half of the Seventies \"the level of benefits provided by every subsystem of the welfare state improved significantly.\" Various policy changes increased the basic old-age pension replacement rate from 42% of the average wage in 1969 to 57%, while a health care reform carried out in 1974 integrated all health services and increased the minimum replacement rate from 64% to 90% of earnings. In 1974, supplementary unemployment assistance was established, providing benefits to those workers ineligible for existing benefits. In 1971, eligibility for invalidity pensions was extended with greater opportunities for employees over the age of 60. In 1974, universal dental insurance was introduced, and former maternity benefits were replaced by a parental allowance. In 1974, housing allowances for families with children were raised and these allowances were extended to other low-income groups. Childcare centres were also expanded under Palme, and separate taxation of husband and wife introduced. Access to pensions for older workers in poor health was liberalised in 1970, and a disability pension was introduced for older unemployed workers in 1972. The Palme cabinet was also active in the field of education, introducing such reforms as a system of loans and benefits for students, regional universities, and preschool for all children. Under a law of 1970, in the upper secondary school system \"gymnasium,\" “fackskola\" and vocational \"yrkesskola\" were integrated to form one school with 3 sectors (arts and social science, technical and natural sciences, economic and commercial). In 1975, a law was passed that established free admission to universities. A number of reforms were also carried out to enhance workers' rights. An employment protection Act of 1974 introduced rules regarding consultation with unions, notice periods, and grounds for dismissal, together with priority rules for dismissals and re-employment in case of redundancies. That same year, work-environment improvement grants were introduced and made available to modernising firms \"conditional upon the presence of union-appointed'safety stewards' to review the introduction of new technology with regard to the health and safety of workers.\" In 1976, an Act on co-determination at work was introduced that allowed unions to be consulted at various levels within companies before major changes were enforced that would affect employees, while management had to negotiate with labour for joint rights in all matters concerning organisation of work, hiring and firing, and key decisions affecting the workplace. Palme's last government, elected during a time when Sweden's economy was in difficult shape, sought to pursue a \"third way,\" designed to stimulate investment, production, and employment, having ruled out classical Keynesian policies as a result of the growing burden of foreign debt, together with the big balance of payments and budget deficits. This involved \"equality of sacrifice,\" whereby wage restraint would be accompanied by increases in welfare provision and more progressive taxation. For instance, taxes on wealth, gifts, and inheritance were increased, while tax benefits to shareholders were either reduced or eliminated. In addition, various welfare cuts carried out before Olof's return to office were rescinded. The previous system of indexing pensions and other benefits was restored, the grant-in-aid scheme for municipal child care facilities was re-established, unemployment insurance was restored in full, and the so-called \"no benefit days\" for those drawing sickness benefits were cancelled. Increases were also made to both food subsidies and child allowances, while the employee investment funds (which represented a radical form of profit-sharing) were introduced. In 1968, Palme was a driving force behind the release of the documentary \"Dom kallar oss mods\" (\"They Call Us Misfits\"). The controversial film, depicting two social outcasts, was scheduled to be released in an edited form but Palme thought the material was too socially important to be cut. An outspoken supporter of gender equality, Palme sparked interest for women's rights issues by attending a World Women's Conference in Mexico. He also made a feminist speech called \"The Emancipation of Man\" at a meeting of the Woman's National Democratic Club on 8 June 1970; this speech was later published in 1972. As a forerunner in green politics, Palme was a firm believer in nuclear power as a necessary form of energy, at least for a transitional period to curb the influence of fossil fuel. His intervention in Sweden's 1980 referendum on the future of nuclear power is often pinpointed by opponents of nuclear power as saving it. As of 2011, nuclear power remains one of the most important sources of energy in Sweden, much attributed to Palme's actions. Shortly before his assassination, Palme had been accused of being pro-Soviet and not sufficiently safeguarding Sweden's national interest. Arrangements had therefore been made for him to go to Moscow to discuss a number of contentious bilateral issues, including then ongoing Soviet submarine incursions into Swedish waters (see US Psychological warfare and \"U 137\"). On the international scene, Palme was a widely recognised political figure because of his: All of this ensured that Palme had many opponents as well as many friends abroad. On 21 February 1968, Palme (then Minister of Education) participated in a protest in Stockholm against U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam together with the North Vietnamese ambassador to the Soviet Union, Nguyễn Thọ Chân. The protest was organized by the Swedish Committee for Vietnam and Palme and Nguyen were both invited as speakers. As a result of this, the U.S. recalled its Ambassador from Sweden and Palme was fiercely criticised by the opposition for his participation in the protest. On 23 December 1972, Palme (then Prime Minister) made a speech on Swedish national radio where he compared the ongoing U.S. bombings of Hanoi to historical atrocities, namely the bombing of Guernica, the massacres of Oradour-sur-Glane, Babi Yar, Katyn, Lidice and Sharpeville, and the extermination of Jews and other groups at Treblinka. The US government called the comparison a \"gross insult\" and once again decided to freeze its diplomatic relations with Sweden (this time the freeze lasted for over a year). In response to Palme's remarks in a meeting with the US ambassador to Sweden ahead of the Socialist International Meeting in Helsingør in January 1976, Henry Kissinger, then United States Secretary of State, asked the US ambassador to \"convey my personal appreciation to Palme for his frank presentation\".", "Political violence was little-known in Sweden at the time, and Olof Palme often went about without a bodyguard. Close to midnight on 28 February 1986, he was walking home from a cinema with his wife Lisbet Palme in the central Stockholm street Sveavägen when he was shot in the back at close range. A second shot grazed Lisbet's back. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the Sabbatsberg Hospital at 00:06 CET. Lisbet survived without serious injuries. Deputy Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson immediately assumed the duties of Prime Minister, a post he retained until 1991 (and then again in 19941996). He also took over the leadership of the Social Democratic Party, which he held until 1996. Two years later, Christer Pettersson (d. 2004), a murderer, small-time criminal and drug addict, was convicted of Palme's murder, but his conviction was overturned. Another suspect, Victor Gunnarsson, emigrated to the United States, where he was the victim of an unrelated murder in 1993. The assassination remained unsolved. A third suspect known as The Skandia man committed suicide in 2000. On 18 March 2020, Swedish investigators met in Pretoria with members of South African intelligence agencies to discuss the case. The South Africans handed over their file from 1986 to their Swedish colleagues. Goran Björkdahl, a Swedish diplomat, had done independent research on Palme's assassination, leading to South Africa's apartheid regime. Major General Chris Thirion, who headed the military intelligence of South Africa during the final years of apartheid rule, had told Björkdahl in 2015 that he believed South Africa was behind Palme's murder. Swedish investigators have announced that they would reveal new information and close the case on 10 June 2020. Earlier remarks by lead investigator Krister Petersson that \"there might not be a prosecution\" have led commentators to believe that the suspect is dead. On 10 June 2020, Swedish prosecutors stated publicly that they knew who had killed Palme and named Stig Engström, also known as \"Skandia Man\", as the assassin. Engström was one of about twenty people who had claimed to witness the assassination and was later identified as a potential suspect by Swedish writers Lars Larsson and Thomas Pettersson. Given that Engström had committed suicide in 2000, the authorities also announced that the investigation into Palme's death was to be closed." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 201670, 19, 25, 7, 6, 60502, 22230, 4, 15044, 57988, 289, 136, 78840, 6236, 4, 3542, 112811, 7, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 135560, 122960, 201670, 19, 21067, 8659, 1104, 116354, 4, 509, 10, 43544, 1515, 23, 89537, 40630, 4, 55386, 7, 3478, 15, 35613, 18955, 592, 5589, 4, 49002, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 30260, 136, 79775, 19612, 3378, 2750, 112730, 70, 54567, 48, 914, 6821, 5, 360, 729, 18197, 764, 139505, 1919, 193429, 4, 2091, 35664, 24748, 885, 984, 56, 18234, 21067, 9285, 1104, 109241, 5, 108890, 140819, 96513, 4, 103122, 98, 744, 18982, 729, 11835, 4, 509, 70, 27150, 525, 111, 17262, 20020, 4, 111, 136565, 70, 17932, 68, 71, 23, 23, 7260, 2408, 5, 14847, 1919, 27863, 84797, 71, 23, 729, 19051, 4, 1919, 67373, 23409, 47, 360, 1515, 13593, 15, 35613, 70535, 273, 92, 28585, 1042, 16, 678, 1919, 88, 820, 775, 4, 67538, 122960, 201670, 19, 2858, 84453, 132869, 89647, 4, 12960, 108890, 25, 7, 42732, 24765, 297, 23, 89537, 40630, 678, 604, 35845, 7, 12, 6626, 531, 16037, 4, 114209, 145906, 984, 56, 18234, 21067, 4633, 132869, 108591, 136, 79602, 96513, 1212, 984, 56, 18234, 15, 238, 5, 729, 12338, 1104, 93917, 136, 2363, 82953, 4, 71047, 96513, 984, 56, 18234, 21067, 8894, 132869, 48105, 4, 2750, 3542, 756, 51, 1727, 46572, 5, 581, 104713, 165249, 70, 27150, 1515, 5, 581, 197540, 4, 35462, 3674, 390, 70, 51, 11030, 15, 434, 29521, 108890, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 670, 1401, 127, 58, 2451, 58, 56886, 8, 147, 3890, 2451, 73, 10, 11301, 98, 1919, 61475, 7, 247, 509, 2158, 18, 48242, 136, 51, 2271, 33781, 289, 5, 201670, 19, 509, 47, 84377, 1919, 437, 5445, 5911, 1295, 1919, 67373, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 764, 37629, 297, 1919, 531, 16037, 678, 6782, 52490, 1830, 4, 41866, 70, 27150, 56, 4, 79602, 4, 136565, 764, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 618, 2733, 563, 101811, 4834, 58, 24073, 284, 9109, 59784, 2242, 126, 51029, 106073, 2412, 68, 71, 3229, 764, 509, 4734, 17262, 5369, 10332, 4, 764, 241437, 71, 604, 98323, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 1957, 44, 79940, 56, 10934, 42, 18939, 136, 28, 27726, 2506, 2822, 43515, 1672, 604, 47, 6044, 142, 192961, 450, 14432, 3530, 41382, 1314, 68018, 41591, 71, 604, 47, 186, 114135, 53, 4, 24189, 6, 98869, 111, 604, 6, 116311, 509, 14037, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 729, 13556, 136, 729, 12231, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 90205, 66, 10696, 707, 44, 87336, 177, 72460, 830, 7440, 764, 7228, 4127, 42658, 23, 54704, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 189924, 188304, 390, 1632, 947, 13, 5761, 4, 136, 105416, 38496, 390, 10, 28820, 127, 38696, 271, 24, 4806, 5421, 5462, 1336, 4, 2750, 509, 47, 186, 70, 160469, 13, 111, 58480, 1261, 12064, 18, 23, 44, 79940, 56, 10934, 42, 740, 108890, 168360, 6782, 12348, 100, 16569, 9, 20706, 214, 4, 136, 373, 172, 297, 66570, 678, 32562, 136, 188304, 5, 581, 84773, 53550, 509, 959, 4, 49903, 4, 46518, 5844, 47, 121392, 42658, 4, 136, 8, 61518, 1919, 5941, 9, 8752, 71, 12348, 7, 764, 47143, 297, 43257, 169095, 111, 15044, 54704, 289, 3173, 7, 136, 111, 70, 3525, 84172, 25647, 450, 3542, 168698, 23, 102126, 5, 1529, 1902, 4, 49903, 4, 12301, 8643, 33150, 4, 181823, 4, 130643, 4, 179130, 4, 56709, 2619, 916, 136, 16162, 10208, 4, 136, 54397, 2831, 111, 10, 21261, 44759, 71, 44, 47731, 221855, 31940, 740, 62, 67688, 729, 19308, 764, 100512, 23902, 678, 140819, 38334, 54359, 542, 2673, 36737, 70, 44389, 56, 21067, 6873, 132869, 133029, 4, 70, 775, 111, 10, 65604, 4, 136, 53297, 145204, 111, 140819, 38334, 54359, 542, 2673, 36737, 70, 540, 820, 4, 70, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 6, 70035, 34391, 111, 3370, 669, 20129, 2734, 18, 5, 133698, 729, 12231, 4, 15044, 29966, 297, 3060, 111, 2734, 18, 25, 7, 59619, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 89537, 40630, 5, 581, 481, 222002, 4, 102971, 27983, 3034, 297, 390, 142, 118055, 2265, 60212, 4, 509, 47, 186, 6897, 10617, 5, 360, 729, 14889, 4, 201670, 19, 100512, 22, 86801, 71, 111, 115014, 17354, 18, 4, 10, 139505, 46667, 47, 136565, 764, 1902, 34475, 19612, 182417, 5, 4687, 509, 1492, 5369, 114210, 4, 136, 26038, 127319, 47, 604, 37195, 927, 29041, 23, 729, 8821, 5, 360, 22482, 729, 11648, 4, 604, 14449, 18782, 297, 26548, 1919, 35743, 7, 136, 4, 678, 1919, 764, 172, 18211, 149707, 4, 37170, 15700, 111, 1919, 51, 66695, 47, 137356, 188513, 100, 4049, 23, 46173, 75094, 15, 724, 1966, 177, 865, 247, 55386, 7, 39209, 15432, 66677, 5, 28090, 729, 11648, 201670, 19, 113054, 297, 188513, 237, 10, 81993, 7190, 100, 1919, 51, 11030, 4, 67538, 122960, 984, 56, 18234, 4, 2750, 158930, 23, 46173, 75094, 678, 1919, 76849, 4211, 76, 5, 24372, 452, 6953, 53333, 96730, 5256, 764, 36997, 71, 151393, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 2527, 64807, 390, 70, 178829, 7, 23, 70, 6, 151570, 4, 106480, 8382, 111, 46348, 18019, 136, 242466, 5, 133698, 70, 51065, 111, 729, 16665, 4, 1919, 51, 11030, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 10, 29685, 23, 10271, 4, 136, 70, 17262, 111, 2856, 109133, 2685, 23, 8055, 2451, 841, 16713, 5761, 25, 7, 5117, 45606, 329, 23, 10, 21334, 26349, 5, 1650, 509, 2685, 450, 201670, 19, 5117, 81887, 297, 47, 125568, 66570, 237, 10, 150350, 42, 4, 32562, 142, 33359, 2310, 35839, 44, 17048, 19974, 13, 58, 136, 135834, 10, 43658, 47, 44109, 27669, 13, 111, 55386, 7, 3478, 5, 581, 51521, 75836, 115992, 71, 47, 4049, 47, 33022, 47, 70, 14364, 111, 70, 25674, 146613, 4, 10, 332, 24, 4806, 87, 4902, 1760, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 70, 21, 3055, 45739, 71, 4, 201670, 19, 1902, 115081, 1919, 50960, 68807, 111, 96730, 5256, 136, 1902, 21771, 25737, 100, 13498, 33, 15, 7192, 6322, 6419, 16, 23, 25134, 55386, 7, 3478, 23, 70, 14380, 111, 1919, 10332, 34391, 2673, 36737, 4, 678, 10, 59335, 7279, 23, 151393, 47, 7639, 4049, 70, 6, 151570, 5, 28090, 18237, 51374, 47, 8719, 363, 764, 79786, 23, 55386, 7, 39209, 140280, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 32774, 56, 164111, 136, 3010, 67190, 5, 3293, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 108890, 140819, 8599, 112, 223, 201670, 19, 15, 277, 3796, 538, 1563, 105160, 14, 27686, 237, 241, 5, 384, 5, 62, 5, 201670, 19, 74, 103122, 108890, 140819, 96513, 201670, 19, 74, 744, 18982, 729, 11835, 2588, 18237, 543, 89647, 509, 10, 30839, 174108, 42179, 111, 115135, 136, 159960, 1771, 92973, 4, 10, 112811, 4, 150350, 42, 4, 19612, 35778, 136, 22104, 5, 18763, 43515, 3173, 70, 18231, 111, 117085, 9791, 160360, 25, 7, 6264, 44, 3957, 59144, 7, 111, 201670, 19, 830, 23, 3129, 201670, 19, 135179, 15, 1106, 14677, 538, 127663, 289, 29367, 16, 237, 70, 40814, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 70, 42179, 111, 70, 21261, 143, 44, 3957, 1429, 18, 15182, 11050, 136, 70, 174799, 18813, 830, 98, 3129, 27512, 818, 42, 87, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Youth.", "The provinces.", "Warsaw.", "Berlin and Bamberg.", "Dresden and Leipzig.", "Berlin.", "Assessment.", "Science fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Hoffmann's ancestors, both maternal and paternal, were jurists. His father, Christoph Ludwig Hoffmann (1736–97), was a barrister in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), as well as a poet and amateur musician who played the viola da gamba. In 1767 he married his cousin, Lovisa Albertina Doerffer (1748–96). Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, born on 24 January 1776, was the youngest of three children, of whom the second died in infancy. When his parents separated in 1778, his father went to Insterburg (now Chernyakhovsk) with his elder son, Johann Ludwig Hoffmann (1768–1822), while Ernst's mother stayed in Königsberg with her relatives: two aunts, Johanna Sophie Doerffer (1745–1803) and Charlotte Wilhelmine Doerffer (c. 1754–79) and their brother, Otto Wilhelm Doerffer (1741–1811), who were all unmarried. The trio raised the youngster. The household, dominated by the uncle (whom Ernst nicknamed \"O Weh\"—\"Oh dear!\"—in a play on his initials), was pietistic and uncongenial. Hoffmann was to regret his estrangement from his father. Nevertheless, he remembered his aunts with great affection, especially the younger, Charlotte, whom he nicknamed \"Tante Füßchen\" (\"Aunt Littlefeet\"). Although she died when he was only three years old, he treasured her memory (e.g. see \"Kater Murr\") and embroidered stories about her to such an extent that later biographers sometimes assumed her to be imaginary, until proof of her existence was found after World War II. Between 1781 and 1792 he attended the Lutheran school or \"Burgschule\", where he made good progress in classics. He was taught drawing by one Saemann, and counterpoint by a Polish organist named Podbileski, who was to be the prototype of Abraham Liscot in \"Kater Murr\". Ernst showed great talent for piano-playing, and busied himself with writing and drawing. The provincial setting was not, however, conducive to technical progress, and despite his many-sided talents he remained rather ignorant of both classical forms and of the new artistic ideas that were developing in Germany. He had, however, read Schiller, Goethe, Swift, Sterne, Rousseau and Jean Paul, and wrote part of a novel titled \"Der Geheimnisvolle\". Around 1787 he became friends with Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Younger (1775–1843), the son of a pastor, and nephew of Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder, the well-known writer friend of Immanuel Kant. During 1792, both attended some of Kant's lectures at the University of Königsberg. Their friendship, although often tested by an increasing social difference, was to be lifelong. In 1794, Hoffmann became enamored of Dora Hatt, a married woman to whom he had given music lessons. She was ten years older, and gave birth to her sixth child in 1795. In February 1796, her family protested against his attentions and, with his hesitant consent, asked another of his uncles to arrange employment for him in Glogau (Głogów), Prussian Silesia.", "From 1796 Hoffmann obtained employment as a clerk for his uncle, Johann Ludwig Doerffer, who lived in Glogau with his daughter Minna. After passing further examinations he visited Dresden, where he was amazed by the paintings in the gallery, particularly those of Correggio and Raphael. During the summer of 1798, his uncle was promoted to a court in Berlin, and the three of them moved there in August—Hoffmann's first residence in a large city. It was there that Hoffmann first attempted to promote himself as a composer, writing an operetta called \"Die Maske\" and sending a copy to Queen Luise of Prussia. The official reply advised to him to write to the director of the Royal Theatre, a man named Iffland. By the time the latter responded, Hoffmann had passed his third round of examinations and had already left for Posen (Poznań) in South Prussia in the company of his old friend Hippel, with a brief stop in Dresden to show him the gallery. From June 1800 to 1803 he worked in Prussian provinces in the area of Greater Poland and Masovia. This was the first time he had lived without supervision by members of his family, and he started to become \"what school principals, parsons, uncles, and aunts call dissolute.\" His first job, at Posen, was endangered after Carnival on Shrove Tuesday 1802, when caricatures of military officers were distributed at a ball. It was immediately deduced who had drawn them, and complaints were made to authorities in Berlin, who were reluctant to punish the promising young official. The problem was solved by \"promoting\" Hoffmann to Płock in New East Prussia, the former capital of Poland (1079–1138), where administrative offices were relocated from Thorn (Toruń). He visited the place to arrange lodging, before returning to Posen where he married \"Mischa\" (Maria, or Marianna Tekla Michalina Rorer, whose Polish surname was Trzcińska). They moved to Płock in August 1802. Hoffmann despaired because of his exile, and drew caricatures of himself drowning in mud alongside ragged villagers. He did make use, however, of his isolation, by writing and composing. He started a diary on 1 October 1803. An essay on the theatre was published in Kotzebue's periodical, \"Die Freimüthige\", and he entered a competition in the same magazine to write a play. Hoffmann's was called \"Der Preis\" (\"The Prize\"), and was itself about a competition to write a play. There were fourteen entries, but none was judged worthy of the award: 100 Friedrichs d'or. Nevertheless, his entry was singled out for praise. This was one of the few good times of a sad period of his life, which saw the deaths of his uncle J. L. Hoffmann in Berlin, his Aunt Sophie, and Dora Hatt in Königsberg. At the beginning of 1804 he obtained a post at Warsaw. On his way there, he passed through his hometown and met one of Dora Hatt's daughters. He was never to return to Königsberg.", "Hoffmann assimilated well with Polish society; the years spent in Prussian Poland he recognized as the happiest of his life. In Warsaw he found the same atmosphere he had enjoyed in Berlin, renewing his friendship with Zacharias Werner, and meeting his future biographer, a neighbour and fellow jurist called Julius Eduard Itzig (who changed his name to Hitzig after his baptism). Itzig had been a member of the Berlin literary group called the \"Nordstern,\" or \"North Stars,\" and he gave Hoffmann the works of Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano, Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, Carlo Gozzi and Calderón. These relatively late introductions marked his work profoundly. He moved in the circles of August Wilhelm Schlegel, Adelbert von Chamisso, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Rahel Levin and David Ferdinand Koreff. As chief Prussian administrator of the city from 1795 to 1806, Hoffmann was responsible for assigning surnames to Warsaw's Jewish community—a duty he executed based on whims. The names Hoffmann doled out would apparently depend on the day of the week—Monday the names of flowers, Friday the names of fish, or hung-over after drinking with a Prussian army officer military names like Festung, Fojer, Pistolet, and Trompeter. But Hoffmann's fortunate position was not to last: on 28 November 1806, during the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte's troops captured Warsaw, and the Prussian bureaucrats lost their jobs. They divided the contents of the treasury between them and fled. In January 1807, Hoffmann's wife and two-year-old daughter Cäcilia returned to Posen, while he pondered whether to move to Vienna or go back to Berlin. A delay of six months was caused by severe illness. Eventually the French authorities demanded that all former officials swear allegiance or leave the country. As they refused to grant Hoffmann a passport to Vienna, he was forced to return to Berlin. He visited his family in Posen before arriving in Berlin on 18 June 1807, hoping to further his career there as an artist and writer.", "The next fifteen months were some of the worst in Hoffmann's life. The city of Berlin was also occupied by Napoleon's troops. Obtaining only meagre allowances, he had frequent recourse to his friends, constantly borrowing money and still going hungry for days at a time; he learned that his daughter had died. Nevertheless, he managed to compose his Six Canticles for \"a cappella\" choir: one of his best compositions, which he would later attribute to Kreisler in \"Lebensansichten des Katers Murr\". On 1 September 1808 he arrived with his wife in Bamberg, where he began a job as theatre manager. The director, Count Soden, left almost immediately for Würzburg, leaving a man named Heinrich Cuno in charge. Hoffmann was unable to improve standards of performance, and his efforts caused intrigues against him which resulted in him losing his job to Cuno. He began work as music critic for the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\", a newspaper in Leipzig, and his articles on Beethoven were especially well received, and highly regarded by the composer himself. It was in its pages that the \"Kapellmeister Johannes Kreisler\" character made his first appearance. Hoffmann's breakthrough came in 1809, with the publication of \"Ritter Gluck\", a story about a man who meets, or believes he has met, the composer Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–87) more than twenty years after the latter's death. The theme alludes to the work of Jean Paul, who invented the term Doppelgänger the previous decade, and continued to exact a powerful influence over Hoffmann, becoming one of his earliest admirers. With this publication, Hoffmann began to use the pseudonym E. T. A. Hoffmann, telling people that the \"A\" stood for \"Amadeus\", in homage to the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91). However, he continued to use Wilhelm in official documents throughout his life, and the initials E. T. W. also appear on his gravestone. The next year, he was employed at the Bamberg Theatre as stagehand, decorator, and playwright, while also giving private music lessons. He became so enamored of a young singing student, Julia Marc, that his feelings were obvious whenever they were together, and Julia's mother quickly found her a more suitable match. When Joseph Seconda offered Hoffmann a position as musical director for his opera company (then performing in Dresden), he accepted, leaving on 21 April 1813.", "Prussia had declared war against France on 16 March during the War of the Sixth Coalition, and their journey was fraught with difficulties. They arrived on the 25th, only to find that Seconda was in Leipzig; on the 26th, they sent a letter pleading for temporary funds. That same day Hoffmann was surprised to meet Hippel, whom he had not seen for nine years. The situation deteriorated, and in early May Hoffmann tried in vain to find transport to Leipzig. On 8 May, the bridges were destroyed, and his family were marooned in the city. During the day, Hoffmann would roam, watching the fighting with curiosity. Finally, on 20 May, they left for Leipzig, only to be involved in an accident which killed one of the passengers in their coach and injured his wife. They arrived on 23 May, and Hoffmann started work with Seconda's orchestra, which he found to be of the best quality. On 4 June an armistice began, which allowed the company to return to Dresden. But on 22 August, after the end of the armistice, the family was forced to relocate from their pleasant house in the suburbs into the town, and during the next few days the Battle of Dresden raged. The city was bombarded; many people were killed by bombs directly in front of him. After the main battle was over, he visited the gory battlefield. His account can be found in \"Vision auf dem Schlachtfeld bei Dresden\". After a long period of continued disturbance, the town surrendered on 11 November, and on 9 December the company travelled to Leipzig. On 25 February Hoffmann quarrelled with Seconda, and the next day he was given notice of twelve weeks. When asked to accompany them on their journey to Dresden in April, he refused, and they left without him. But during July his friend Hippel visited, and soon he found himself being guided back into his old career as a jurist.", "At the end of September 1814, in the wake of Napoleon's defeat, Hoffmann returned to Berlin and succeeded in regaining a job at the \"Kammergericht\", the chamber court. His opera \"Undine\" was performed by the Berlin Theatre. Its successful run came to an end only after a fire on the night of the 25th performance. Magazines clamoured for his contributions, and after a while his standards started to decline. Nevertheless, many masterpieces date from this time. During the period from 1819 Hoffmann was involved with legal disputes, while fighting ill health. Alcohol abuse and syphilis eventually caused weakening of his limbs during 1821, and paralysis from the beginning of 1822. His last works were dictated to his wife or to a secretary. Prince Metternich's anti-liberal programs began to put Hoffmann in situations that tested his conscience. Thousands of people were accused of treason for having certain political opinions, and university professors were monitored during their lectures. King Frederick William III of Prussia appointed an Immediate Commission for the investigation of political dissidence; when he found its observance of the rule of law too frustrating, he established a Ministerial Commission to interfere with its processes. The latter was greatly influenced by Commissioner Kamptz. During the trial of \"Turnvater\" Jahn, the founder of the gymnastics association movement, Hoffmann found himself annoying Kamptz, and became a political target. When Hoffmann caricatured Kamptz in a story (\"Meister Floh\"), Kamptz began legal proceedings. These ended when Hoffmann's illness was found to be life-threatening. The King asked for a reprimand only, but no action was ever taken. Eventually \"Meister Floh\" was published with the offending passages removed. Hoffmann died of syphilis in Berlin on 25 June 1822 at the age of 46. His grave is preserved in the Protestant \"Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde\" (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor at the underground station Mehringdamm.", "Hoffmann is one of the best-known representatives of German Romanticism, and a pioneer of the fantasy genre, with a taste for the macabre combined with realism that influenced such authors as Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852), Charles Dickens (1812–1870), Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867), George MacDonald (1824–1905), Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881), Vernon Lee (1856–1935), Franz Kafka (1883–1924) and Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980). Hoffmann's story \"Das Fräulein von Scuderi\" is sometimes cited as the first detective story and a direct influence on Poe's \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\". The twentieth-century Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin characterised Hoffmann's works as Menippea, essentially satirical and self-parodying in form, thus including him in a tradition that includes Cervantes, Diderot and Voltaire. Robert Schumann's piano suite Kreisleriana (1838) takes its title from one of Hoffmann's books (and according to Charles Rosen's \"The Romantic Generation\", is possibly also inspired by \"The Life and Opinions of Tomcat Murr\", in which Kreisler appears). Jacques Offenbach's masterwork, the opera \"Les contes d'Hoffmann\" (\"The Tales of Hoffmann\", 1881), is based on the stories, principally \"Der Sandmann\" (\"The Sandman\", 1816), \"Rat Krespel\" (\"Councillor Krespel\", 1818), and \"Das verlorene Spiegelbild\" (\"The Lost Reflection\") from \"Die Abenteuer der Silvester-Nacht\" (\"The Adventures of New Year's Eve\", 1814). \"Klein Zaches genannt Zinnober\" (\"Little Zaches called Cinnabar\", 1819) inspired an aria as well as the operetta \"Le Roi Carotte\", 1872). Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet \"The Nutcracker\" (1892) is based on \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\", and the ballet \"Coppélia\", with music by Delibes, is based on two eerie Hoffmann stories. Hoffmann also influenced 19th-century musical opinion directly through his music criticism. His reviews of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 (1808) and other important works set new literary standards for writing about music, and encouraged later writers to consider music as \"the most Romantic of all the arts.\" Hoffmann's reviews were first collected for modern readers by Friedrich Schnapp, ed., in \"E.T.A. Hoffmann: Schriften zur Musik; Nachlese\" (1963) and have been made available in an English translation in \"E.T.A. Hoffmann's Writings on Music, Collected in a Single Volume\" (2004). Hoffmann strove for artistic polymathy. He created far more in his works than mere political commentary achieved through satire. His masterpiece novel \"Lebensansichten des Katers Murr\" (\"The Life and Opinions of Tomcat Murr\", 1819–1821) deals with such issues as the aesthetic status of true artistry and the modes of self-transcendence that accompany any genuine endeavour to create. Hoffmann's portrayal of the character Kreisler (a genius musician) is wittily counterpointed with the character of the tomcat Murr – a virtuoso illustration of artistic pretentiousness that many of Hoffmann's contemporaries found offensive and subversive of Romantic ideals. Hoffmann's literature indicates the failings of many so-called artists to differentiate between the superficial and the authentic aspects of such Romantic ideals. The \"self-conscious\" effort to impress must, according to Hoffmann, be divorced from the \"self-aware\" effort to create. This essential duality in \"Kater Murr\" is conveyed structurally through a discursive'splicing together' of two biographical narratives.", "While disagreeing with E. F. Bleiler's claim that Hoffman was \"one of the two or three greatest writers of fantasy\", Algis Budrys of \"Galaxy Science Fiction\" said that he \"did lay down the groundwork for some of our most enduring themes\". Historian Martin Willis argues that Hoffmann's impact on science fiction has been overlooked, saying \"his work reveals a writer dynamically involved in the important scientific debates of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.\" Willis points out that Hoffmann's work is contemporary with \"Frankenstein\" (1818) and with \"the heated debates and the relationship between the new empirical science and the older forms of natural philosophy that held sway throughout the eighteenth century.\" His \"interest in the machine culture of his time is well represented in his short stories, of which the critically renowned \"The Sandman\" (1816) and \"Automata\" (1814) are the best examples....Hoffmann's work makes a considerable contribution to our understanding of the emergence of scientific knowledge in the early years of the nineteenth century and to the conflict between science and magic, centred mainly on the 'truths' available to the advocates of either practice....Hoffmann's balancing of mesmerism, mechanics, and magic reflects the difficulty in categorizing scientific knowledge in the early nineteenth century.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10692, 15551, 83, 100, 4806, 4743, 47, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 8018, 192, 136, 77225, 28266, 11, 96113, 7, 62038, 1916, 1295, 70, 130473, 53, 10776, 7, 111, 8394, 48850, 5596, 5, 49472, 47, 91657, 4717, 4, 10692, 15551, 83, 64707, 48461, 25958, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 26655, 56, 10692, 15551, 5, 24372, 70, 22017, 192, 33284, 7, 4, 442, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 61187, 56, 10692, 15551, 5, 799, 147, 64277, 21356, 150, 23, 52488, 2317, 103724, 4, 70, 53003, 14, 4717, 32547, 83, 142, 5773, 105727, 111, 70, 8018, 192, 450, 28282, 7, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 96113, 7, 23, 25134, 166705, 5, 22410, 1785, 38134, 4, 903, 96113, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 38134, 271, 23, 70, 23295, 237, 5299, 5, 1913, 18032, 289, 2500, 111, 177231, 19, 24019, 11, 59338, 4, 70, 96113, 384, 5232, 74216, 7, 1295, 10692, 15551, 136, 7103, 42154, 2069, 6626, 21334, 1585, 6468, 390, 10, 62488, 111, 1672, 4, 123867, 3934, 70, 10692, 15551, 13438, 43573, 20149, 48898, 10091, 11, 120203, 5, 581, 384, 5232, 3173, 7, 237, 10, 11001, 75973, 1284, 1620, 30185, 3934, 6626, 117781, 75973, 7, 3129, 47143, 84797, 8108, 456, 9, 513, 14653, 70, 10692, 15551, 5, 360, 192512, 147283, 4, 15, 10770, 2298, 59338, 247, 70, 10692, 15551, 83, 33284, 297, 390, 70, 62617, 118, 32547, 4, 3129, 51312, 7, 70, 10692, 15551, 25, 7, 7401, 118664, 15286, 38526, 5, 581, 80836, 111, 6, 80728, 7, 645, 70, 10692, 15551, 136, 62617, 118, 621, 6626, 111, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 142105, 6, 80728, 7, 5, 10692, 15551, 83, 19574, 50930, 71, 390, 70, 391, 4200, 199362, 14, 8108, 91657, 4717, 5, 27766, 9319, 7565, 4, 70, 22017, 192, 32547, 9, 70, 142105, 15917, 867, 53, 111, 70, 46294, 90, 23, 43501, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 13043, 1946, 32547, 9, 70, 142105, 15917, 867, 53, 111, 70, 177231, 7077, 219, 4, 33284, 678, 70, 10692, 15551, 23, 91657, 4717, 59338, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 61187, 56, 10692, 15551, 5, 24372, 91657, 4717, 4, 70, 70163, 71, 86608, 111, 70, 22017, 192, 4, 13043, 1946, 136, 10692, 15551, 25813, 7, 7565, 47, 70, 9631, 111, 166705, 23, 142, 39555, 80560, 13315, 4, 1620, 86675, 46505, 25958, 3934, 10, 14012, 111, 96113, 12741, 26719, 70, 8341, 150, 4, 15267, 7884, 4, 87519, 76, 54805, 4, 7656, 6114, 136, 345, 5236, 133648, 5, 3164, 111, 6097, 96113, 7, 456, 513, 73, 70, 10692, 15551, 99, 12921, 26847, 7565, 86429, 5, 799, 147, 90627, 143, 4, 1660, 8108, 86608, 214, 3934, 70, 44, 118978, 111, 166705, 830, 70, 96113, 13438, 101637, 7, 3934, 6626, 5201, 75973, 7, 23, 70, 46294, 90, 40703, 136, 84797, 7, 142, 90695, 1295, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 171827, 75973, 83, 35839, 891, 2420, 12960, 70, 8394, 48850, 1632, 83, 35839, 115990, 93, 5, 3957, 53, 3173, 70, 142105, 40703, 24, 4806, 46294, 90, 40703, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 10692, 15551, 32547, 15, 16, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 13036, 96113, 7, 23, 43501, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 17262, 450, 3173, 7, 70, 46294, 90, 56588, 4, 70, 142105, 40703, 98, 109270, 4, 3129, 35992, 1810, 47, 70, 9631, 111, 166705, 5, 62, 2831, 111, 70, 8018, 192, 9, 6696, 9486, 76, 32547, 12353, 4, 10692, 15551, 83, 100, 4806, 46132, 43501, 23, 117117, 94751, 59338, 36917, 70, 59444, 111, 99261, 16977, 85968, 390, 70, 33284, 214, 111, 70, 8018, 192, 136, 70, 77225, 28266, 11, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 62038, 67, 23, 70, 130473, 53, 10776, 7, 111, 8394, 48850, 5596, 237, 70, 177234, 32547, 5, 581, 10692, 15551, 23356, 7, 6863, 13036, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 22017, 192, 4, 23, 91657, 4717, 59338, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Course." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "The Meghna is formed due to the confluence of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers originating from the hilly regions of eastern India. Down to Chandpur, Meghna is hydrographically referred to as the Upper Meghna. After the Padma joins, it is referred to as the Lower Meghna. Near Muladhuli in Barisal district, the Safipur River is an offshoot of the Surma that creates one of the main rivers in South Bengal. 1.5 km wide, this river is one of the widest in the country as well. At Chatalpar of Brahmanbaria District, the river Titas emerges from Meghna and after circling two large bends by a distance of about, falls into the Meghna again near Nabinagar Upazila. The Titas forms as a single stream but braids into two distinct streams which remain separate before re-joining the Meghna. In Daudkandi, (Comilla District), the Meghna is joined by the Gumti River, which increases the Meghna's waterflow considerably. The pair of bridges over the Meghna and Gumti are two of the country's largest bridges. Meghna is reinforced by the Dhaleshwari before Chandpur. Further down, the Padma River- the largest distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh, along with the Jamuna River- the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, join with the Meghna in Chandpur District, resulting in the Lower Meghna. After Chandpur, the combined flow of the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna moves down to the Bay of Bengal in an almost straight line, braiding occasionally into a number of riverines including the Pagli, Katalia, Dhonagoda, Matlab and Udhamodi. All of these rivers rejoin the Meghna at different points downstream. Near Bhola, just before flowing into the \"Bay of Bengal\", the river again divides into two main streams in the Ganges delta and separates an island from both sides of the mainland. The western stream is called Ilsha while the eastern one is called Bamni.They form the largest delta named Ganges delta." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 13379, 7374, 7, 7130, 96113, 3129, 62038, 1636, 23, 70, 142178, 597, 130473, 7, 23, 55578, 934, 289, 136, 1950, 28477, 132988, 136, 42564, 7, 678, 36176, 177, 1970, 32547, 43573, 1460, 497, 634, 83, 70, 5381, 13, 3581, 66, 8876, 111, 2369, 79478, 5, 2369, 79478, 98816, 6863, 15411, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4743, 47, 10, 122925, 23, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 109270, 25, 7, 22684, 271, 143434, 390, 37385, 120, 44150, 6402, 7, 5, 581, 31344, 111, 2369, 79478, 400, 90, 23, 70, 2369, 561, 157, 3996, 48130, 14393, 56, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 4, 98, 70, 127067, 1177, 48850, 25193, 13569, 111, 14298, 56, 771, 3581, 37185, 4, 3129, 28127, 23, 70, 173560, 16495, 478, 37457, 111, 70, 61187, 56, 216316, 7, 4, 144477, 111, 9892, 71, 4205, 23, 156910, 161, 3767, 103724, 4, 156910, 344, 12336, 5, 2369, 561, 157, 3996, 110664, 4, 10, 90978, 1212, 171332, 47, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 2369, 79478, 4, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 739, 150, 525, 90978, 12741, 23, 83009, 8780, 4, 136, 2831, 111, 70, 4960, 102, 21656, 30285, 39, 2369, 1517, 61404, 5, 22376, 135203, 20903, 47, 70, 110664, 4, 98, 6863, 52702, 36439, 450, 28960, 7, 70, 7108, 4620, 111, 70, 96113, 4, 400, 90, 145421, 112, 395, 38139, 3238, 4, 7440, 70, 57, 429, 32945, 1067, 395, 54397, 70, 32945, 1067, 395, 16915, 1500, 5, 581, 96113, 86608, 7, 127067, 19364, 7, 100, 1672, 4, 8305, 70, 61187, 56, 216316, 7, 136, 70, 142178, 597, 117889, 142462, 5, 37647, 14, 6402, 40370, 7, 621, 14037, 33233, 70, 2288, 4517, 26655, 56, 2369, 79478, 4, 127308, 297, 678, 20787, 178851, 1771, 66139, 6044, 237, 1940, 21135, 214, 6, 48150, 7, 4, 2288, 4517, 13950, 1585, 17007, 4, 7563, 4188, 136, 75973, 8025, 5170, 5, 181268, 8025, 5170, 100, 4806, 645, 10, 4989, 14922, 111, 1733, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 70, 92319, 15411, 111, 70, 96113, 4, 6044, 237, 8382, 43573, 353, 34, 519, 66, 5, 893, 5526, 2831, 111, 6863, 39395, 105556, 674, 16128, 4, 3622, 2069, 4, 400, 90, 23, 55578, 934, 289, 21979, 5, 581, 35154, 7, 4, 2369, 4707, 25, 7, 142105, 68762, 6635, 4, 8167, 5425, 10, 21334, 126826, 111, 70, 1407, 56, 105556, 674, 16128, 136, 16401, 7, 1286, 7401, 3501, 70, 5201, 75973, 5, 1650, 9588, 90, 1295, 70, 9892, 9, 301, 9, 20380, 118666, 53, 136, 42564, 7, 7103, 8059, 172, 43573, 262, 34438, 309, 5, 581, 8167, 885, 429, 5426, 111, 70, 96113, 115851, 90, 17721, 39919, 14, 9, 14168, 18, 15711, 105556, 674, 23, 55578, 934, 289, 136, 2369, 79478, 9, 571, 979, 3066, 76, 105556, 674, 23, 6389, 127, 8202, 4, 2843, 8167, 14653, 70, 6, 91854, 111, 8294, 54379, 5, 29269, 95865, 15, 16, 83, 70, 167375, 6275, 111, 70, 2369, 79478, 4950, 73, 5, 64511, 68762, 11, 10484, 23, 70, 10776, 621, 70, 39919, 14, 4, 627, 12787, 46294, 11, 4, 5900, 102, 4, 2548, 38782, 46294, 11, 136, 42173, 4, 3129, 8167, 73, 70, 1407, 56, 105556, 674, 16128, 111, 70, 2369, 79478, 4950, 73, 5, 28090, 70, 1407, 56, 105556, 674, 16128, 4, 70, 96113, 60887, 7, 98, 188, 70, 111719, 7, 111, 984, 191, 70237, 4, 99, 80379, 108421, 147, 43573, 262, 34438, 309, 5, 38699, 14775, 8305, 70, 80379, 4453, 3467, 92878, 429, 4, 70, 7401, 83, 45, 814, 3674, 3934, 10, 26944, 100, 14537, 58093, 5, 27766, 9319, 7565, 86429, 4, 70, 1301, 1462, 32547, 33284, 7, 70, 2369, 79478, 99, 70, 62, 1462, 92878, 429, 4, 3129, 27980, 7, 10, 263, 71, 65678, 10363, 53, 5, 24372, 452, 6953, 70, 159, 41336, 8111, 3964, 37926, 59444, 111, 1342, 23705, 118797, 4, 70, 2369, 79478, 58359, 90, 1218, 236, 19287, 23, 2369, 79478, 35271, 103724, 15, 76, 4806, 7103, 70, 96113, 16, 111, 1950, 28477, 5, 62, 22539, 88303, 3688, 23, 172457, 83, 70, 59665, 111, 6626, 5526, 26944, 7, 4, 70, 65925, 136, 24453, 9022, 2369, 79478, 73908, 7, 4, 3129, 193, 29430, 67, 70, 117249, 111, 1950, 28477, 136, 156910, 21979, 5, 581, 65925, 2369, 79478, 73908, 15, 102815, 441, 16, 41421, 90, 2369, 79478, 35271, 4, 3423, 6236, 4, 39052, 4453, 136, 4815, 14, 4453, 8108, 58359, 214, 70, 4368, 820, 4717, 39734, 18153, 4, 3129, 162466, 7, 47, 55892, 25, 7, 14834, 7401, 100677, 5, 581, 2369, 79478, 53299, 7, 509, 67, 36448, 1295, 2369, 79478, 35271, 136, 39052, 4453, 162708, 74, 107314, 903, 442, 83, 10958, 35373, 67175, 390, 34003, 289, 75973, 7, 136, 61585, 36448, 50015, 882, 289, 5, 133698, 70, 36898, 34003, 4, 70, 2369, 79478, 47143, 7, 36898, 23, 5941, 115851, 90, 17721, 70, 1218, 236, 19287, 22539, 136, 55892, 4, 7440, 442, 30957, 7, 43573, 70, 102960, 56197, 429, 7103, 37317, 214, 5, 581, 2369, 79478, 61924, 7, 70, 11341, 132988, 7, 17721, 55578, 934, 289, 21979, 136, 156910, 344, 12336, 4, 136, 17721, 1950, 28477, 4, 55892, 136, 156910, 21979, 5, 14847, 70, 2369, 79478, 58359, 90, 70, 93951, 9, 724, 51459, 9523, 111719, 4, 442, 127877, 39555, 95103, 47, 70, 46294, 90, 4, 70, 6626, 96113, 7, 105233, 70, 46294, 90, 9, 21566, 79478, 984, 2055, 10776, 5, 33533, 712, 36880, 4, 1632, 9, 95037, 71, 111, 70, 756, 63367, 289, 111719, 4, 70, 10776, 83, 51529, 100, 6863, 120767, 141, 140992, 4, 106480, 100, 70, 98174, 1363, 111, 4950, 16476, 64827, 5, 581, 111719, 25, 7, 6, 177849, 8060, 7, 1632, 9, 95037, 71, 111, 5596, 25, 7, 43904, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 2369, 4707, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 117249, 111, 55892, 4, 1950, 28477, 136, 156910, 21979, 268, 8108, 1143, 9966, 678, 70, 46294, 90, 99, 10, 57, 89921, 13162, 51529, 237, 4699, 23221, 22986, 302, 23, 4061, 395, 5739, 170, 5, 13289, 113240, 7, 26983, 390, 139098, 7, 47, 13651, 7, 3657, 89829, 23, 4122, 86429, 47, 18645, 177966, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 39760, 5871, 47615, 4, 34658, 11907, 427, 5369, 4, 21334, 137845, 5256, 111, 3395, 3807, 184, 61261, 23, 70, 57, 89921, 7401, 7, 111, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 5, 581, 162708, 111, 177161, 4453, 4, 55892, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 2369, 79478, 15, 841, 18442, 77902, 12, 6, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 69044, 76, 707, 13043, 76, 4, 83, 70, 17932, 9, 320, 177, 525, 68762, 6635, 96113, 111, 70, 46294, 90, 15, 724, 14201, 16, 136, 70, 4989, 525, 68762, 6635, 23, 5596, 5, 119862, 26518, 1295, 70, 2369, 561, 157, 3996, 48130, 14393, 56, 99, 10, 155955, 111, 98, 70, 127067, 1177, 48850, 25193, 13569, 111, 14298, 56, 771, 3581, 37185, 111, 70, 61187, 56, 216316, 23, 156910, 344, 12336, 4, 442, 26983, 7, 10, 3622, 140909, 111, 136, 1556, 10, 8167, 885, 429, 5426, 111, 4, 1112, 5, 12807, 111, 70, 64194, 46294, 90, 12506, 73, 5, 1650, 42564, 7, 678, 70, 46294, 90, 99, 4699, 23221, 22986, 302, 4, 4061, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Basin.", "Palaeochannels.", "Sources.", "Current course.", "Important tributaries.", "History.", "Religious significance.", "Management.", "Barrages.", "Irrigation.", "Eastern Yamuna Canal.", "Western Yamuna Canal.", "The Sutlej–Yamuna Link.", "Transportation.", "Wildlife and plants.", "Pollution.", "Causes.", "Conservation zone." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The present Sarsuti river which originates in the Shivalik hills in Himachal and Haryana border and merges with Ghaggar River near Pehowa is the palaeochannel of Yamuna. Yamuna changed its course to the east due to a shift in the slope of the earth's crust caused by plate tectonics.", "The source of Yamuna lies in the Yamunotri Glacier at an elevation of, on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks, which lie in the Mussoorie range of the Lower Himalayas, north of Haridwar in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. Yamunotri temple, a shrine dedicated to the goddess Yamuna, is one of the holiest shrines in Hinduism, and part of the Chota Char Dham Yatra circuit. Also standing close to the temple, on its trek route that follows the right bank of the river, lies Markendeya Tirtha, where the sage Markandeya wrote the Markandeya Purana.", "The river flows southwards for about, through the Lower Himalayas and the Shivalik Hills Range. Morainic deposits are found along the steep Upper Yamuna, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, gorges and stream terraces. Large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, such as those near Naugoan. An important part of its early catchment area, totalling, lies in Himachal Pradesh. The Tons, Yamana's largest tributary, drains a large portion of the upper catchment area and holds more water than the main stream. It rises from the Hari-ki-dun valley and merges after Kalsi near Dehradun. The drainage system of the river stretches between Giri-Sutlej catchment in Himachal and Yamuna-Bhilangna catchment in Garhwal, also draining the ridge of Shimla. Kalanag () is the highest point of the Yamuna basin. Other tributaries in the region are the Giri, Rishi Ganga, Kunta, Hanuman Ganga and Bata, which drain the upper catchment area of the Yamuna basin. From the upper catchment area, the river descends onto the plains of Doon Valley, at Dak Pathar near Dehradun. Flowing through the Dakpathar Barrage, the water is diverted into a canal for power generation. Further downstream, the Assan River joins the Yamuna at the Asan Barrage, which hosts a bird sanctuary. After passing the Sikh pilgrimage town of Paonta Sahib, the Yamuna reaches Tajewala in Yamuna Nagar district (named after the river) of Haryana. A dam built here in 1873 is the origin of two important canals, the Western and Eastern Yamuna Canals, which irrigate the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) crosses Yamuna Nagar, Karnal, Panipat and Sonipat before reaching the Haiderpur treatment plant, which contributes to Delhi's municipal water supply. The Yamuna receives wastewater from Yamuna Nagar and Panipat cities; beyond this it is replenished by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual. During the dry season, the Yamuna remains dry in many stretches between the Tajewala dam and Delhi, where it enters near the Palla barrage after traversing. The Yamuna defines the state borders between Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and between Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. When the Yamuna reaches the Indo-Gangetic plain, it runs almost parallel to the Ganges, the two rivers creating the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region. Spread across, one-third of the alluvial plain, the region is known for its agricultural output, particularly for the cultivation of basmati rice. The plain's agriculture supports one-third of India's population. Subsequently, the Yamana flows through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh] before merging with the Ganges at a sacred spot known as Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj. Pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected in midstream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years, large congregations of people immerse themselves in the sacred waters of the confluence. The cities of Baghpat, Delhi, Noida, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, and Prayagraj lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal, followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken.", "Along its length, the Yamuna has many notable tributaries:", "The name \"Yamuna\" seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word \"yama\", meaning 'twin', and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. The Yamuna is mentioned at many places in the Rig Veda, which was composed during the Vedic period BCE, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana. In the Rigveda, the story of the Yamuna describes her \"excessive love\" for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in Krishna. The tale is further detailed in the 16th century Sanskrit hymn, \"Yamunashtakam\", an ode by the philosopher Vallabhacharya. Here the story of her descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify the world has been put into verse. The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant \"Moksha\" or liberation, it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. Vallabhacharya writes that she rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her the name \"Kalindi\", the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being of the colour of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam). The river is referred to as Asita in some historical texts. It is mentioned as Iomanes (Ioames) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator, an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi, who visited India in 305 BCE. Greek traveller and geographer Megasthenes visited India sometime before 288 BCE (the date of Chandragupta's death) and mentioned the river in his \"Indica\", where he described the region around it as the land of Surasena. In \"Mahabharata\", the Pandava capital of Indraprastha was situated on the banks of Yamuna, considered to be the site of modern Delhi. Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar River (identified by some as the Vedic Sarasvati River). It later changed its course eastward, becoming a tributary of the Ganges. While some have argued that this was due to a tectonic event, and may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of many Harappan civilisation settlements, and creation of the Thar desert, recent geological research suggests that the diversion of the Yamuna to the Ganges may have occurred during the Pleistocene, and thus could not be connected to the decline of the Harappan civilisation in the region. Most of the great empires which ruled over a majority of India were based in the highly fertile Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha (), Maurya Empire (321–185 BCE), Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), and Gupta Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra or Mathura. These rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks; since the period of Chandragupta II ( 375–415 CE), statues both the Ganges and Yamuna became common throughout the Gupta Empire. Further to the South, images of the Ganges and Yamuna are found amidst shrines of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas (753–982), and on their royal seals; prior to them, the Chola Empire also added the river into their architectural motifs. The Three River Goddess shrine, next to the Kailash rock-cut Temple at Ellora, shows the Ganges flanked by the Yamuna and Saraswati.", "The goddess of the river, also known as Yami, is the sister of Yama, the god of death, and the daughter of Surya, the Sun god, and his wife Saranyu. The river Yamuna is connected to the religious beliefs surrounding Krishna and various stories of the two are found in Hindu religious texts, especially the Puranas. One such story is \"Kaliya Daman\" about the subduing of Kaliya, a \"Nāga\" which had inhabited the river and terrorised the people of Braja. Yamuna as Kalindi is also considered as a consort of Krishna. Yamuna holds a very important position in Pushti Marga, a large sect of Hinduism based on the ShuddhAdvaita, in which Krishna is the main deity, propagated by Vallabhacharya.", "The stretch of the river from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage in Delhi is called \"Upper Yamuna\". A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed amongst the five basin states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Delhi) on 12 May 1994 for sharing of its waters. This led to the formation of Upper Yamuna River Board under India's Ministry of Water Resources, whose primary functions are: regulation of the available flows amongst the beneficiary states and monitoring the return flows; monitoring conservation and upgrading the quality of surface and groundwater; maintaining hydro-meteorological data for the basin; overviewing plans for watershed management; and monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up to and including Okhla barrage. Flood forecasting systems are established at Poanta Sahib, where Tons, Pawar and Giri tributaries meet. The river take 60 hours to travel from Tajewala to Delhi, thus allowing a two-day advance flood warning period. The Central Water Commission started flood-forecasting services in 1958 with its first forecasting station on Yamuna at Delhi Railway Bridge.", "Yamuna has the following six functional barrages (eight including old replaced barrages, nine including a new proposed barrage), from north-west to southeast:", "Use of the Yamuna's waters for irrigation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is enhanced by its many canals, some dating to the 14th century Tughlaq dynasty, which built the \"Nahr-i-Bahisht\" (Paradise) parallel to the river. The \"Nahr-i-Bahisht\" was restored and extended by the Mughals in the first half of the 17th century, by engineer Ali Mardan Khan, starting from Benawas where the river enters the plains and terminating near the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad, the present city of Delhi.", "As the Yamuna enters the Northern Plains near Dakpathar at an elevation of, the Eastern Yamuna Canal commences at the Dakpathar Barrage and pauses at the Asan and Hathnikund Barrages before continuing south.", "The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) was built in 1335 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Excessive silting caused it to stop flowing, when the British Raj undertook a three-year renovation in 1817 by Bengal Engineer Group. The Tajewala Barrage dam was built in 1832–33 to regulate the flow of water, and was replaced by the modern Hathni Kund Barrage in 1999. The main canal is long. When including its branches and many major and minor irrigation channels, it has a total length of The WYC begins at the Hathni Kund Barrage about from Dakpathar and south of Doon Valley. The canals irrigate vast tracts of land in the region in Ambala, Karnal, Sonepat, Rohtak, Jind, Hisar and Bhiwani districts. The major branch canals are:", "A proposed heavy freight canal, the Sutlej–Yamuna Link (SYL), is being built westwards from near the Yamuna's headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej–Indus watershed. This will connect the Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, shortening important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Delhi, and is designed to transfer Haryana's share of from the Indus Basin.", "Yamuna is one of the National Waterways of India, designated as NW110 in Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Some of its sections are being developed for navigation:", "The Yamuna from the source to its culmination in Ganges is a habitat for fish for approximately 1300 km stretch and supports a rich diversity of species. Fish from the family Cyprinidae dominate the variety of fish species found in the river. This includes Indian carp and also invasive species from the family.In a study, 93 species of fish were found in the river including catfish. Species of non-native Tilapia have become established in the river.They have been implicated in the decline of the Ghariyal (Indian crocodile) population in the river Large turtles used to be a common sight on the river a few decades ago but they have mostly disappeared.", "In 1909, the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as clear blue, when compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. However, due to high-density population growth and rapid industrialisation, Yamuna has become one of the most polluted rivers in India, and indeed in the world.The Yamuna is particularly polluted downstream of New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its waste into the river. A recent study shows that there is 100% urban metabolism of River Yamuna as it passes through the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The most pollution comes from Wazirabad, from where Yamuna enters Delhi", "The river receives 800 million liters of largely untreated sewage and additional 44 million liters of industrial effluents each day. Only 35 percent of the sewage released into the river are believed to be treated. To address river pollution, measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 12 towns of Haryana, 8 towns of Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). The Japan Bank for International Cooperation is participating in the YAP in 15 of the towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana included later on the direction of the Supreme Court of India) with soft loan assistance of 17.773 billion Japanese yen (equivalent to about 700 crore [7 billion rupees]) while the government of India is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns. In 2007, the Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by the year 2010. Under the YAP- III scheme, a new sewage treatment plant is being built at Okhla, claimed to be the largest such facility in India by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). The plant is predicted to be able to treat 124 million gallons of wastewater per day, amounting to a daily removal of 41,200 kg of organic pollutants as well as 61,600 kg of solids. The last barrage across the Yamuna river is the Mathura barrage at Gokul for supply of drinking water to that city. Downstream of this barrage, many pumping stations are constructed to feed the river water for irrigation needs. These pumping stations are near Pateora Danda, Samgara, Ainjhi, Bilas Khadar, and Samari. Depletion of the base flows available in the river during the non-monsoon months by these pump houses is exacerbating river pollution from Mathura to Prayagraj in the absence of adequate fresh water to dilute the polluted drainage from habitations and industries. In 2009, the Union government announced to the Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament), the failure of the Ganga Action Plan and the YAP, saying that \"rivers Ganga and Yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago\" despite spending over 1,700 crore (17 billion rupees) to control pollution. According to a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) official, these plans adopted the Thames model, based on a centralised sewage treatment system. This meant that a huge sum of money and a 24-hour power supply were needed to manage the treatment plants, while only an 8-hour power supply was available, contributing to the failure. In August 2009, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) initiated its plan for resuscitating the Yamuna's stretch in Delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about 1,800 crore (18 billion rupees).", "On 25 April 2014, the National Green Tribunal Act (NGA) recommended the government to declare a stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh as a conservation zone. A report prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) panel was submitted to the NGA on the same day. Under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP-I and YAP-II), pollution cleanup of Yamuna was conducted in line with the biological oxygen demand of Yamuna. Under these two phases, 286 schemes, including 39 sewage treatment plants, were completed in 21 towns of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana at a cost of 1,453.17 crore (14.5 billion rupees). Sewage treatment capacity of 767.25 million litres per day was created by these efforts. The High Court in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand ordered in March 2017 that the Ganges and its main tributary, the Yamuna, be assigned the status of legal entities. The rivers would gain “all corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.” This decision meant that polluting or damaging the rivers is equivalent to harming a person. The court cited the example of the New Zealand Whanganui River, which was also declared to possess full rights of a legal person. This development of environmental personhood has been met with scepticism as merely announcing that the Ganges and Yamuna are living entities will not save them from significant, ongoing pollution." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69236, 111, 739, 170926, 517, 83, 47, 25343, 20650, 47506, 4, 31897, 111, 6897, 136, 11651, 32599, 90, 5, 11249, 47506, 83, 61924, 71, 83, 1257, 47, 12638, 11651, 707, 4, 2174, 70, 37896, 83, 23, 76009, 102, 3674, 4, 70, 37896, 25, 7, 14449, 5, 3293, 831, 26698, 29823, 214, 72761, 4, 88965, 4, 41205, 136, 64, 748, 2265, 27117, 5, 360, 739, 170926, 517, 4, 37896, 9, 80581, 297, 109458, 621, 28970, 136, 1940, 3613, 1353, 87420, 70, 517, 5, 2291, 170926, 7, 205794, 54, 959, 51339, 39734, 7, 450, 621, 131148, 47, 99219, 707, 96907, 142, 202711, 1284, 2843, 54, 959, 26698, 39734, 7, 450, 21574, 33, 47219, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 497, 170926, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 42845, 44, 497, 44689, 2555, 830, 91084, 17986, 2481, 707, 3687, 111, 10588, 136, 48431, 100, 70, 99825, 136, 642, 6635, 5, 28107, 1779, 18822, 70, 5117, 739, 170926, 7, 62038, 3674, 23, 85559, 10932, 209, 12424, 4, 171332, 47, 2258, 214, 100, 70, 99825, 136, 2160, 214, 22, 36439, 47, 136, 1295, 70, 152239, 6557, 5, 581, 6, 58944, 111, 70, 28811, 41649, 433, 6238, 112664, 23, 70, 209, 5039, 7, 158012, 70, 73106, 78458, 99825, 3934, 44677, 171332, 47, 39734, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 616, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 12989, 111, 70, 114996, 7, 27123, 603, 111, 2907, 5, 4939, 111, 58332, 142096, 70, 5117, 739, 170926, 23, 97360, 90, 5, 2291, 170926, 7, 21917, 1162, 67175, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 1284, 1937, 4515, 67175, 237, 167821, 12989, 7, 100512, 45, 20595, 5281, 5, 10660, 3542, 15226, 4126, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 23, 9942, 390, 70, 930, 46526, 1314, 111, 21656, 2481, 111, 12190, 89811, 8, 10208, 5, 9942, 136475, 47, 1957, 34754, 23, 70, 739, 170926, 44457, 74, 70, 739, 170926, 111, 339, 25, 214813, 224, 67388, 7, 115, 9113, 330, 2149, 4, 14037, 297, 390, 16162, 86, 6389, 50216, 4, 142096, 23, 543, 11548, 5, 84247, 3789, 739, 170926, 7, 134629, 8108, 33418, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 739, 170926, 7, 126809, 23, 3789, 58555, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 172713, 509, 79442, 19, 47, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 33949, 538, 99825, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 678, 44, 866, 7154, 18, 58, 136, 70, 44, 111345, 4745, 69292, 34419, 58, 80299, 214, 38440, 6275, 214, 47, 70, 3871, 111, 70, 35439, 20628, 67175, 33949, 538, 99825, 100, 4127, 517, 136, 119944, 53, 27289, 5, 50478, 7, 3542, 39958, 47, 65669, 1459, 23, 134588, 67, 135094, 678, 70, 73432, 111, 70, 156255, 9491, 23, 9020, 4, 3129, 390, 151278, 122399, 2273, 11958, 7, 47, 60264, 2160, 214, 111, 230916, 84125, 5, 65056, 1286, 739, 170926, 7, 3542, 170920, 23, 9020, 390, 66007, 5, 28173, 4, 5792, 4, 24124, 36457, 739, 170926, 34754, 4, 678, 135818, 739, 170926, 7, 26719, 70, 2005, 100, 8942, 474, 19736, 23, 238040, 7435, 93917, 4, 70, 2005, 111, 126609, 5173, 101432, 136, 70, 32544, 4398, 13038, 111, 126609, 100, 70, 9865, 214, 23, 87547, 5173, 112834, 5, 360, 122815, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 70, 5406, 30624, 7, 100, 853, 51821, 111, 8942, 474, 2886, 147146, 142096, 2907, 5, 24009, 25, 7, 2291, 170926, 4, 3129, 33662, 71062, 297, 47, 37195, 31913, 7, 23, 3789, 162708, 5, 581, 1286, 26794, 80973, 39395, 106001, 7, 111, 2291, 170926, 99201, 70, 120552, 112869, 10821, 602, 37499, 111, 21656, 2481, 4, 2750, 142096, 22929, 40073, 25, 7, 2291, 170926, 23, 1950, 18345, 25, 7, 47832, 4, 96869, 4, 122963, 23, 176447, 5, 1650, 149976, 5941, 237, 6, 91578, 3395, 2451, 44526, 416, 538, 178707, 230916, 84125, 136, 27968, 2451, 1459, 214, 2685, 17721, 543, 4633, 136, 18608, 5, 581, 602, 37499, 111, 21656, 2481, 71062, 297, 21640, 538, 4, 73432, 70, 947, 89921, 60861, 2291, 170926, 100, 70, 9865, 214, 23, 87547, 23, 100439, 4, 678, 739, 170926, 7, 23, 143757, 136, 2356, 25134, 82588, 25632, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 360, 66007, 4, 1836, 142096, 2907, 33876, 25, 7, 2291, 170926, 23, 9020, 5, 360, 65925, 100510, 4, 70, 23755, 111, 739, 170926, 80723, 28, 3784, 6496, 23, 14713, 23, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 12610, 129574, 40250, 4, 739, 170926, 7, 3542, 44677, 111, 17986, 2481, 100, 70, 133054, 4, 148, 167457, 4, 707, 2160, 214, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 100, 26983, 1314, 136, 8111, 113240, 7, 5, 581, 5744, 739, 170926, 23755, 96853, 115924, 45023, 517, 100, 70, 73106, 78458, 99825, 23, 38016, 7, 237, 17986, 7, 136, 1649, 6953, 44556, 4, 33233, 678, 99, 9, 29552, 517, 5, 581, 5117, 5744, 739, 170926, 517, 509, 75935, 390, 93186, 21286, 947, 24658, 7, 23, 28980, 5, 67388, 93186, 21286, 947, 24658, 7, 509, 10, 56101, 189893, 160020, 124901, 184843, 16227, 44402, 168861, 604, 47, 237360, 10, 80997, 23, 29874, 2265, 4488, 5, 581, 76755, 2412, 126809, 678, 10, 2160, 214, 28820, 127, 211190, 13, 104902, 18652, 40383, 604, 25647, 450, 33949, 538, 99825, 60264, 44841, 375, 126365, 2182, 517, 47, 4358, 29823, 2363, 30783, 7, 136, 50509, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 115924, 45023, 47506, 100, 72761, 153698, 5, 24372, 70, 211190, 13, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 947, 24658, 7, 80723, 149849, 214, 99, 2907, 97702, 25, 7, 2005, 100, 70, 9865, 214, 167626, 4, 7440, 10, 219600, 30745, 604, 450, 2412, 5809, 2965, 79507, 70, 39734, 111, 70, 33949, 538, 99825, 237, 10, 219600, 5, 947, 24658, 7, 30957, 297, 29874, 10696, 12960, 19686, 214, 604, 149849, 4488, 99, 2907, 5, 33876, 25, 7, 5, 14847, 2412, 140528, 604, 79385, 23, 44321, 4, 2412, 34739, 10, 19069, 2685, 5, 947, 24658, 7, 20244, 10557, 29367, 32153, 214, 98, 70, 37896, 43257, 3501, 70, 70997, 136, 65508, 71, 70, 110, 1363, 111, 242, 188, 1803, 24503, 25, 4, 3129, 99201, 55182, 21533, 136, 41205, 237, 5299, 237, 72761, 20947, 39, 17883, 5, 4687, 28007, 297, 678, 233, 846, 30185, 100, 6226, 2069, 72761, 24503, 5, 4687, 2843, 90698, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 37896, 25, 7, 14449, 5, 4687, 126809, 5941, 137374, 289, 24702, 1577, 111, 5744, 739, 170926, 517, 99, 2907, 33876, 25, 7, 5, 9578, 70, 5369, 6097, 27585, 7, 100512, 1286, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2291, 170926, 517, 83, 10, 10644, 111, 16227, 517, 450, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 115924, 2320, 111, 10, 33949, 538, 99825, 37896, 25, 7, 24503, 136, 153698, 136, 29966, 214, 47, 2363, 88965, 136, 41205, 27117, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 6897, 5, 2291, 170926, 517, 25343, 20650, 7, 47506, 136, 31897, 111, 6897, 390, 6, 241866, 24503, 136, 178707, 5, 2291, 170926, 517, 87344, 142, 30700, 47, 6, 88562, 7, 162393, 98, 6897, 9, 3454, 10617, 214, 72350, 7, 450, 1543, 186, 187, 28972, 223, 4, 47041, 47, 22304, 1286, 153698, 4, 707, 621, 959, 90795, 14534, 678, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 109458, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Philosophy.", "History.", "Early development.", "Hospice movement.", "National variations.", "Africa.", "North America.", "Canada.", "United States.", "United Kingdom.", "Egypt.", "Israel.", "Other nations.", "World Hospice and Palliative Care Day." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3" ], "content": [ "The goal of hospice care is to prioritize comfort, quality of life and individual wishes. How comfort is defined is up to each individual or, if the patient is incapacitated, the patient's family. This can include addressing physical, emotional, spiritual and/or social needs. In hospice care, patient-directed goals are integral and interwoven throughout the care. Hospices typically do not perform treatments that are meant to diagnose or cure an illness but also do not include treatments that hasten death.", "", "The word \"hospice\" derives from Latin \"hospitum\", meaning hospitality or place of rest and protection for the ill and weary. Historians believe the first hospices originated in Malta around 1065, dedicated to caring for the ill and dying en route to and from the Holy Land. The rise of the European Crusading movement in the 1090s placed the incurably ill into places dedicated to treatment. In the early 14th century, the order of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem opened the first hospice in Rhodes. Hospices flourished in the Middle Ages, but languished as religious orders became dispersed. They were revived in the 17th century in France by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. France continued to see development in the hospice field; the hospice of L'Association des Dames du Calvaire, founded by Jeanne Garnier, opened in 1843. Six other hospices followed before 1900. Meanwhile, hospices developed in other areas. In the United Kingdom. Attention was drawn to the needs of the terminally ill in the middle of the 19th century, with \"Lancet\" and the \"British Medical Journal\" publishing articles pointing to the need of the impoverished terminally ill for good care and sanitary conditions. Steps were taken to remedy inadequate facilities with the opening of the Friedenheim in London, which by 1892 offered 35 beds to patients dying of tuberculosis. Four more hospices were established in London by 1905. Australia, too, saw active hospice development, with notable hospices including the Home for Incurables in Adelaide (1879), the Home of Peace (1902) and the Anglican House of Peace for the Dying in Sydney (1907). In 1899 New York City, the Servants for Relief of Incurable Cancer opened St. Rose's Hospice, which soon expanded to six locations in other cities. The more influential early developers of Hospice included the Irish Religious Sisters of Charity, who opened Our Lady's Hospice in Harold's Cross, Dublin, Ireland in 1879. It served many as 20,000 people—primarily suffering tuberculosis and cancer—dying there between 1845 and 1945. The Sisters of Charity expanded internationally, opening the Sacred Heart Hospice for the Dying in Sydney in 1890, with hospices in Melbourne and New South Wales following in the 1930s. In 1905, they opened St Joseph's Hospice in London.", "In Western society, the concept of hospice began evolving in Europe in the 11th century. In Roman Catholic tradition, hospices were places of hospitality for the sick, wounded, or dying, as well as for travelers and pilgrims. The modern hospice concept includes palliative care for the incurably ill in institutions as hospitals and nursing homes, along with at-home care. The first modern hospice care was created by Cicely Saunders in 1967. Dame Cicely Saunders was a British registered nurse whose chronic health problems forced her to pursue a career in medical social work. The relationship she developed with a dying Polish refugee helped solidify her ideas that terminally ill patients needed compassionate care to help address their fears and concerns as well as palliative comfort for physical symptoms. After the refugee's death, Saunders began volunteering at St Luke's Home for the Dying Poor, where a physician told her that she could best influence the treatment of the terminally ill as a physician. Saunders entered medical school while continuing her volunteer work at St. Joseph's. When she completed her degree in 1957, she took a position there. Saunders emphasized focusing on the patient rather than the disease and introduced the notion of 'total pain', which included psychological and spiritual as well as physical discomfort. She experimented with opioids for controlling physical pain. She also considered the needs of the patient's family. She developed many foundational principles of modern hospice care at St Joseph's. Over the years these centers became more common and from the 1970s this is where they placed people to live out their final day. She disseminated her philosophy internationally in a series of tours of the United States that began in 1963. In 1967, Saunders opened St Christopher's Hospice. Florence Wald, the dean of Yale School of Nursing who had heard Saunders speak in America, spent a month working with Saunders there in 1969 before bringing the principles of modern hospice care back to the United States, establishing Hospice, Inc. in 1971. Another early hospice program in the United States, Alive Hospice, was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 14, 1975. By 1977 the National Hospice Organization had been formed, and by 1979, a president, Ann G. Blues, had been elected and principles of hospice care had been addressed. At about the same time that Saunders was disseminating her theories and developing her hospice, in 1965, Swiss psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross began to consider social responses to terminal illness, which she found inadequate at the Chicago hospital where her American physician husband was employed. Her 1969 best-seller, \"On Death and Dying\", influenced the medical profession's response to the terminally ill. Along with Saunders and other thanatology pioneers helped to focus attention on the types of care available to them. In 1984, Dr. Josefina Magno, who had been instrumental in forming the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and sat as first executive director of the US National Hospice Organization, founded the International Hospice Institute, which in 1996 became the International Hospice Institute and College and later the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC). The IAHPC follows the philosophy that each country should develop a palliative care model based on its own resources and conditions. IAHPC founding member Dr. Derek Doyle told the \"British Medical Journal\" in 2003 that Magno had seen \"more than 8000 hospice and palliative services established in more than 100 countries.\" Standards for Palliative and Hospice Care have been developed in countries including Australia, Canada, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.2006, the United States-based National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) and the United Kingdom's Help the Hospices jointly commissioned an independent, international study of worldwide palliative care practices. Their survey found that 15% of the world's countries offered widespread palliative care services with integration into major health care institutions, while an additional 35% offered some form of palliative care services, in some cases localized or limited. As of 2009, an estimated 10,000 programs internationally provided palliative care, although the term hospice is not always employed to describe such services. In hospice care, the main guardians are the family care giver(s) and a hospice nurse/team who make periodic visits. Hospice can be administered in a nursing home, hospice building, or sometimes a hospital; however, it is most commonly practiced in the home. Hospice care targets the terminally ill who are expected to die within six months.", "Hospice faced resistance from professional or cultural taboos against open communication about death among physicians or the wider population, discomfort with unfamiliar medical techniques and professional callousness towards the terminally ill. Nevertheless, the movement has spread throughout the world.", "A hospice opened in 1980 in Harare (Salisbury), Zimbabwe, the first in Sub-Saharan Africa. In spite of skepticism in the medical community, the hospice movement spread, and in 1987 the Hospice Palliative Care Association of South Africa formed. In 1990, Nairobi Hospice opened in Nairobi, Kenya. As of 2006, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda were among 35 countries offering widespread, well-integrated palliative care. Programs adopted the United Kingdom model, but emphasise home-based assistance. Following the foundation of hospice in Kenya in the early 1990s, palliative care spread throughout the country. Representatives of Nairobi Hospice sit on the committee to develop a Health Sector Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Health and work with the Ministry of Health to help develop palliative care guidelines for cervical cancer. The Government of Kenya supported hospice by donating land to Nairobi Hospice and providing funding to several of its nurses. In South Africa, hospice services are widespread, focusing on diverse communities (including orphans and homeless) and offered in diverse settings (including in-patient, day care and home care). Over half of hospice patients in South Africa in the 2003–2004 year were diagnosed with AIDS, with the majority of the remaining diagnosed with cancer. Palliative care is supported by the Hospice Palliative Care Association of South Africa and by national programmes partly funded by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Hospice Africa Uganda (HAU) founded by Anne Merriman, began offering services in 1993 in a two-bedroom house loaned for the purpose by Nsambya Hospital. HAU has since expanded to a base of operations at Makindye, Kampala, with hospice services offered at roadside clinics by Mobile Hospice Mbarara since January 1998. That same year the Little Hospice Hoima opened in June. Hospice care in Uganda is supported by community volunteers and professionals, as Makerere University offers a distance diploma in palliative care. The government of Uganda published a strategic plan for palliative care that permits nurses and clinical officers from HAU to prescribe morphine.", "", "Canadian physician Balfour Mount, who first coined the term \"palliative care\", was a pioneer medical research and in the Canadian hospice movement since he was an engineer, which focuses primarily on palliative care in a hospital setting. Having read Kubler-Ross, Mount studied the experiences of the terminally ill at Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; the \"abysmal inadequacy\", as he termed it, that he found prompted him to spend a week with Saunders at St. Christopher's. Inspired, Mount decided to adapt Saunders' model for Canada. Given differences in medical funding, he determined that a hospital-based approach would be more affordable, creating a specialized ward at Royal Victoria in January, 1975. Canada's official languages include English and French, leadig Mount to propose the term \"palliative care ward\", as the word \"hospice\" was already used in France to refer to nursing homes. Hundreds of palliative care programs followed throughout Canada through the 1970s and 1980s. However, as of 2004, according to the Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association (CHPCA), hospice palliative care was only available to 5-15% of Canadians, with government funding declining. At that time, Canadians were increasingly expressing a desire to die at home, but only two of Canada's ten provinces were provided medication cost coverage for home care. Only four of ten identified palliative care as a core health service. At that time, palliative care was not widely taught at nursing schools or universally certified at medical colleges; only 175 specialized palliative care physicians served all of Canada.", "Hospice in the United States has grown from a volunteer-led movement to improve care for people dying alone, isolated, or in hospitals, to a significant part of the health care system. In 2010, an estimated 1.581 million patients received hospice services. Hospice is the only Medicare benefit that includes pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, twenty-four-hour/seven-day-a-week access to care, and support for loved ones following a death. Hospice care is covered by Medicaid and most private insurance plans. Most hospice care is delivered at home. Hospice care is available to people in home-like hospice residences, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, veterans' facilities, hospitals and prisons. The first hospital-based palliative care consultation service developed in the US was the Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1985 at Detroit Receiving Hospital. The first US-based palliative medicine and hospice service program was started in 1987 by Declan Walsh, MD at the Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The program evolved into The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, which was designated as a World Health Organization international demonstration project and accredited by the European Society of Medical Oncology as an Integrated Center of Oncology and Palliative Care. Other programs followed: most notable the Palliative Care Program at the Medical College of Wisconsin (1993); Pain and Palliative Care Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (1996); and The Lilian and Benjamin Hertzberg Palliative Care Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (1997). In 1982, Congress initiated the creation of the Medicare Hospice Benefit, which became permanent in 1986. In 1993, President Clinton installed hospice as a guaranteed benefit and an accepted component of health care provisions. As of 2017, 1.49 million medicare beneficiaries were enrolled in hospice care for one day or more, which is a 4.5% increase from the previous year. Since 2014, Asian and Hispanic identifying beneficiaries of hospice care increased by 32% and 21% respectively.", "The first hospice to open in the United Kingdom was the Trinity Hospice in Clapham south London in 1891, on the initiative of the Hoare banking family. More than half a century later, a hospice movement developed after Dame Cicely Saunders opened St Christopher's Hospice in 1967, widely considered the first modern hospice. According to the UK's Help the Hospices, in 2011 UK hospice services consisted of 220 inpatient units for adults with 3,175 beds, 42 inpatient units for children with 334 beds, 288 home care services, 127 hospice at home services, 272 day care services, and 343 hospital support services. These services together helped over 250,000 patients in 2003 and 2004. Funding varies from 100% funding by the National Health Service to almost 100% funding by charities, but the service is always free to patients. The UK's palliative care has been ranked as the best in the world \"due to comprehensive national policies, the extensive integration of palliative care into the National Health Service, a strong hospice movement, and deep community engagement on the issue.\" As of 2006, about 4% of all deaths in England and Wales occurred in a hospice setting (about 20,000 patients); a further number of patients spent time in a hospice, or were helped by hospice-based support services, but died elsewhere. Hospices also provide volunteering opportunities for over 100,000 people in the UK, whose economic value to the hospice movement has been estimated at over £112 million.", "According to the \"Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life\", 78% of adults and 98% of children in need of palliative care at the end of life live in low and middle-income countries. Nevertheless, hospice and palliative care provision in Egypt is limited and sparsely available relative to the size of the population. Some of the obstacles to the development of these services have included the lack of public awareness, restricted availability of opioids, and the absence of a national hospice and palliative care development plan. Key efforts made in the past 10 years have been initiated by individuals allowing for the emergence of the first non-governmental organisation providing primarily home-based hospice services in 2010, the opening of one palliative medicine unit at Cairo University in 2008 and an inpatient palliative care unit in Alexandria. Models of both home-based care and stand-alone hospices exist globally, but with the cultural and societal preferences of patients and their families to die at home in Egypt there is an inclination to focus on the development of home-based hospice and palliative care services.", "The first hospice unit in Israel opened in 1983. More than two decades later, a 2016 study found that 46% of the general Israeli public had never heard of it, despite the 70% of physicians who reported that they had the skill to treat patients according to palliative principles.", "Hospice Care in Australia predated the opening of St Christophers in London by 79 years. The Irish Sisters of Charity opened hospices in Sydney (1889) and in Melbourne (1938). The first hospice in New Zealand opened in 1979. Hospice care entered Poland in the mid-1970s. Japan opened its first hospice in 1981, officially hosting 160 by July 2006. India's first hospice, Shanti Avedna Ashram, opened in Bombay in 1986. The first hospice in the Nordics opened in Tampere, Finland in 1988. The first modern free-standing hospice in China opened in Shanghai in 1988. The first hospice unit in Taiwan, where the term for hospice translates as \"peaceful care\", opened in 1990. The first free-standing hospice in Hong Kong, where the term for hospice translates as \"well-ending service\", opened in 1992. The first hospice in Russia was established in 1997.", "In 2006, the first World Hospice and Palliative Care Day was organised by the Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, a network of hospice and palliative care national and regional organisations that support the development of hospice and palliative care worldwide. The event takes place on the second Saturday of October every year." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 130367, 7, 8753, 5977, 4516, 62038, 3674, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 237, 1632, 111, 40368, 3357, 5977, 11374, 15913, 3674, 390, 70, 18767, 87398, 7, 63871, 15, 27529, 441, 194, 32255, 11374, 80723, 23, 18608, 47, 28897, 130367, 7, 10, 5977, 8753, 100, 3357, 36398, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 5977, 9, 81988, 6259, 3299, 1831, 5868, 90, 136, 14449, 136, 8063, 36398, 7, 194, 360, 31100, 4, 70, 7311, 76984, 5977, 7, 3542, 82775, 100, 41018, 98, 70, 116773, 1104, 617, 5757, 129890, 345, 66882, 8753, 5, 8622, 3542, 6626, 61112, 111, 76984, 5977, 12, 44, 284, 58, 136, 44, 571, 740, 35014, 335, 5977, 7, 1902, 8781, 42, 121392, 96679, 4, 136, 3542, 84046, 47, 10, 164917, 12478, 944, 27771, 37457, 5, 884, 78822, 170920, 70, 193223, 7, 6436, 84829, 20271, 70, 72399, 27712, 7, 47, 142901, 18507, 335, 3535, 100038, 7, 100, 70, 4537, 3835, 5, 35958, 9, 84396, 12478, 944, 27771, 15, 60148, 919, 16, 5977, 7, 4, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 3542, 2725, 9319, 138155, 12488, 202703, 100, 70, 83080, 107222, 5, 2161, 534, 6088, 42610, 76984, 4516, 18507, 391, 509, 75935, 98, 1438, 129890, 4, 136, 903, 8753, 100512, 2367, 83, 5700, 538, 51529, 18925, 237, 44, 441, 1890, 3121, 7, 14298, 740, 87293, 1105, 86723, 7, 3542, 19882, 99, 70, 1733, 74, 70, 5117, 24372, 70, 29733, 29700, 52028, 4, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 27759, 566, 144429, 10, 64857, 113458, 4859, 9607, 127, 38352, 17475, 4, 136, 160692, 16610, 52467, 136, 70460, 592, 3542, 38134, 21329, 712, 5, 131470, 7, 15, 157225, 538, 60091, 118149, 1314, 16, 11814, 76984, 5977, 7, 47, 64040, 67, 4516, 29398, 7, 678, 11522, 120384, 90, 111, 160692, 4, 47, 959, 40383, 3789, 27941, 7, 111, 38352, 63819, 7, 4, 136, 47, 5808, 13, 46389, 12649, 136, 134698, 4778, 23, 10, 27898, 153350, 18782, 214, 70, 3525, 38352, 17475, 136, 3789, 118149, 214, 209332, 5, 581, 5977, 7, 3542, 106157, 100, 41371, 118149, 1314, 74, 5941, 3542, 72090, 390, 70, 84765, 4, 136, 70, 4859, 9607, 127, 38352, 17475, 92319, 297, 2363, 12996, 54613, 53, 5, 581, 5700, 2481, 93403, 53333, 3934, 70, 4537, 43904, 23, 70, 7082, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 76984, 15, 76, 4806, 193223, 7, 6436, 390, 70, 18767, 87398, 7, 63871, 237, 111, 29172, 16, 56065, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 11782, 31304, 23, 66044, 47, 10, 59038, 71, 86872, 15, 4369, 1549, 23, 70, 39395, 19340, 7, 4, 34390, 71, 47, 3650, 617, 98, 11994, 106, 4, 26527, 3142, 49903, 4, 3229, 70, 66016, 70, 27167, 111, 76984, 509, 36069, 10366, 136, 310, 66882, 82485, 14298, 509, 7464, 135587, 4, 5941, 139098, 1314, 20600, 297, 76984, 5977, 7, 5, 14249, 156892, 98, 47, 903, 16839, 4, 136, 65508, 71, 122084, 76984, 7, 70541, 214, 76984, 1556, 72856, 5045, 111, 6863, 7311, 149528, 4743, 47, 34754, 111, 14288, 24089, 7, 4, 70, 1820, 136, 70, 59745, 6436, 12349, 5, 108193, 214, 5977, 103807, 2320, 100, 4989, 9, 56883, 329, 36398, 7, 4743, 47, 70, 534, 1104, 46799, 4262, 53370, 105823, 83, 10, 31461, 99, 6097, 12478, 944, 117538, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 76984, 1543, 765, 24209, 10, 91519, 111, 6863, 10002, 5700, 2481, 74, 678, 43077, 111, 72095, 98, 10, 94418, 13, 14012, 111, 12478, 944, 117538, 20271, 70, 4122, 9, 188, 9, 19309, 19340, 7, 136, 39395, 15643, 7, 4, 86723, 7, 27983, 3542, 3560, 4861, 136, 36398, 34844, 4, 3129, 34390, 71, 33946, 54940, 63645, 64370, 5, 14249, 72095, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 47, 434, 9, 173964, 39933, 7, 4, 181719, 1314, 4, 136, 39108, 72004, 16, 109133, 47, 70, 310, 66882, 136, 345, 66882, 8063, 8753, 12478, 944, 117538, 5, 581, 8063, 8753, 144570, 142, 15161, 441, 86872, 4, 136, 56104, 50339, 23, 142, 95486, 674, 47, 10, 11001, 12478, 944, 27771, 5, 581, 92940, 7, 111, 10846, 56, 72095, 53371, 10, 12478, 944, 27771, 4, 117396, 42179, 29367, 140992, 14537, 4, 17306, 2481, 111, 21855, 179965, 4, 92635, 111, 193943, 3956, 390, 95534, 29398, 7, 4743, 47, 21658, 103807, 2320, 4, 136, 74729, 36398, 7, 7228, 70, 310, 66882, 15, 15896, 53, 19694, 21612, 944, 27771, 16, 5977, 142, 225530, 30700, 47, 70, 645, 15322, 37281, 297, 76984, 86723, 7, 5, 581, 15161, 441, 173072, 7, 86723, 483, 47, 161203, 36398, 7, 136, 33816, 8752, 127557, 5, 17006, 11192, 7514, 26983, 1314, 12983, 86723, 6529, 165589, 27941, 7, 7464, 4527, 76984, 4, 3129, 83, 142, 60266, 26950, 111, 113054, 214, 4677, 1672, 33816, 50961, 4, 27998, 7, 136, 35206, 38352, 63819, 7, 5, 117371, 76984, 509, 42179, 29367, 23, 28173, 4, 3535, 9, 100038, 1438, 129890, 44, 94449, 478, 9, 1803, 66009, 58, 3542, 19882, 4, 3129, 11814, 40368, 12478, 944, 117538, 17721, 70, 13379, 76984, 86723, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 12498, 62635, 129890, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 9, 106438, 7, 4, 63645, 64370, 3542, 28007, 214, 678, 3535, 100038, 5977, 7, 136, 220, 1003, 5922, 29367, 1105, 86723, 15672, 76984, 5977, 7, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 23, 28173, 4, 86872, 71, 2057, 39933, 7, 136, 63636, 1409, 2408, 40583, 7464, 11814, 70, 534, 11903, 8753, 3129, 509, 959, 14373, 19882, 100, 76984, 4527, 5, 19335, 8705, 76984, 117406, 1902, 100, 4806, 390, 903, 1733, 4, 3129, 95486, 297, 11782, 24092, 7, 47, 43032, 4, 121122, 71, 2396, 30508, 126381, 4, 136, 459, 22155, 297, 100, 70, 8437, 15032, 111, 76984, 5, 360, 72399, 27193, 4, 19441, 8437, 52021, 133836, 76984, 136, 107003, 70, 24927, 248, 11473, 111, 15672, 136, 148926, 1105, 86723, 5423, 7, 4, 70, 18767, 92416, 144888, 297, 3525, 1940, 464, 209332, 100, 133836, 543, 86723, 3900, 329, 14, 7864, 5, 581, 3525, 6, 45176, 2357, 1126, 209332, 21449, 3934, 21543, 98, 18982, 106, 4, 25695, 136, 70, 4568, 51521, 164498, 5622, 100, 1105, 86723, 5423, 7, 509, 18982, 48877, 25695, 5, 24372, 903, 5622, 4, 4527, 111, 51, 105199, 297, 1105, 86723, 76984, 5423, 7, 509, 8, 195, 297, 85325, 136, 51, 150, 35481, 297, 5423, 7, 3542, 110, 51713, 224943, 47, 186, 86872, 71, 5, 581, 543, 86723, 8753, 1774, 11814, 611, 86723, 7, 111, 70, 1105, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 193223, 7, 8753, 5977, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 76984, 5977, 247, 11814, 23, 5941, 76726, 4, 83, 10, 3551, 14288, 5977, 5426, 4, 10, 5426, 6, 190358, 16610, 9, 56883, 329, 3445, 9, 188, 9, 30816, 333, 80581, 110117, 54479, 36398, 17721, 79165, 4, 17368, 6626, 3917, 5977, 7, 172852, 98, 1112, 86723, 7, 43573, 1438, 129890, 27252, 347, 16, 23, 70, 11192, 12478, 944, 27771, 15, 11, 5, 92, 5, 11, 5, 16610, 634, 272, 16, 8753, 5, 193223, 7, 8753, 83, 117781, 1295, 3789, 3357, 5977, 4516, 144, 87632, 7, 6044, 237, 563, 15396, 4, 77670, 15396, 4, 276, 112045, 4, 345, 66882, 76984, 136, 70, 161763, 6436, 12349, 24073, 3915, 58, 5977, 194, 360, 5941, 76726, 4, 76984, 41018, 14602, 959, 64209, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "United States.", "Origins.", "1970s popularity.", "Boating and the U.S. Coast Guard.", "21st-century use.", "Australia.", "History.", "Community.", "Competing technologies.", "27 MHz marine radio.", "Canada.", "Indonesia.", "Malaysia.", "United Kingdom.", "Frequency allocations.", "Standard channels.", "Intermediate channels.", "SSB use.", "Country-specific variations.", "Current use.", "Technology.", "Antennas.", "Working skip.", "Freebanding and export radios.", "Callbook.", "Media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "", "The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication (e.g., radio-controlled model airplanes and family and business communications). In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470 MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: \"A\" and \"B\". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range. Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture class B handhelds for the general public. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radios, at the time, were neither practical nor affordable for the average consumer. On 11 September 1958 CB service class D was created on 27 MHz, and this band became what is popularly known today as \"Citizens Band\". Only 23 channels were available at the time; the first", "After the 1973 oil crisis, the U.S. government imposed a nationwide 55 mph speed limit, and fuel shortages and rationing were widespread. Drivers (especially commercial truckers) used CB radios to locate service stations with better supplies of fuel, to notify other drivers of speed traps, and to organize blockades and convoys in a 1974 strike protesting the new speed limit and other trucking regulations. The radios were crucial for independent truckers; many were paid by the mile, and the 55 mph speed limit lowered their productivity. The popularity spread further into the general population in the US in the middle of the 1970s. Originally, CB (named Citizens Radio by the Federal Communications Commission as of 1972) required the use of a callsign in addition to a purchased license ($20 in the early 1970s, reduced to $4 on March 1, 1975); however, when the", "Since the price of CB was dropping and VHF Marine Band was still expensive, many boaters installed CB radios. Business caught on to this market, and introduced marine CBs containing", "CB has lost much of its original appeal due to development of mobile phones, the internet and the Family Radio Service. Changing radio propagation for long-distance communications due to the 11–year sunspot cycle is a factor at these frequencies. In addition, CB may have become a victim of its own popularity; with millions of users on a finite number of frequencies during the mid-to-late 1970s and early 1980s, channels often were noisy and communication difficult, which reduced interest among hobbyists. Business users (such as tow-truck operators, plumbers, and electricians) moved to the VHF and UHF business band frequencies. The business band requires an FCC license, and usually results in an assignment to a single frequency. The advantages of fewer users sharing a frequency, greater authorized output power, clarity of FM transmission, lack of interference by distant stations due to skip propagation, and consistent communications made the VHF (Very High Frequency) radio an attractive alternative to the overcrowded CB channels. The FCC restricts channel 9 to emergency communications and roadside assistance. Most highway travelers monitor channel 19. Truck drivers still use CB, which is an effective means of obtaining information about road construction, accidents and police speed traps.", "", "Before CB was authorized in Australia, hand-held 27 MHz \"walkie-talkies\" were available, which used several frequencies between the present CB channels, such as 27.240 MHz. By the mid-1970s, hobbyists were experimenting with handheld radios and unauthorized 23 channel American CB radios. At that time in Australia, licensed ham operators and Emergency Services still used the 11 meter band which was not yet available for CB use. Multiple CB clubs had formed by this time, which assigned call signs to members, exchanged QSL cards, and lobbied for the legalisation of CB. In late 1977, having legalised Australian CB and allowed the import / sale of American and Japanese 23 channel sets, the Federal Government drafted new interim regulations for Australian 18 channel transceivers. The new RB249 regulations came into effect on January 1, 1978 and the last official registration date for 23 channel sets was January 31, 1978. After this date, use of unregistered 23 channel CB sets was deemed illegal and unlicensed sets were no longer eligible to be licensed. The 18 channel band plan used 16 channels of the 23 channel CB radios plus 2 extra channels at 27.095 and 27.195 MHz, to make up the", "The first CB club in Australia was the \"Charlie Brown Touring Car Club\" (CBTCC), which formed in Morwell, Victoria in 1967 and consisted mainly of four-wheel drive enthusiasts. The club used the prefix \"GL\" (for Gippsland), since \"CB\" could not be used. After July 1, 1977, the club changed its name to", "With the introduction of UHF CB radios in 1977, many operators used both UHF and HF radios and formed groups to own and operate local FM repeaters. Members of the CBTCC formed what became known as Australian Citizens Radio Movement (ACRM) in the early 1970s; this organization became the voice for legalization of CB radio throughout Australia.", "Source: Several channels are allocated for maritime use in Australia. Australia also permits the use of marine VHF radio. 27 MHz radios have the advantage of not requiring a certificate of proficiency to use, however they may not be monitored by rescue organisations or larger vessels. VHF radios are recommended by state agencies, such as Marine Safety Victoria and Marine Rescue NSW.", "In Canada, the General Radio Service uses the identical frequencies and modes as the United States citizens band, and no special provisions are required for either Canadians or Americans using CB gear while traveling across the border. The", "In Indonesia, CB radios were first introduced about 1977 when some transceivers were imported illegally from Australia, Japan and the United States. The dates are hard to confirm accurately, but early use was known around large cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Medan. The Indonesian government legalized CB on 6 October 1980 with a decision by the", "In Malaysia, citizens band radios became legal when the \"Notification of Issuance Of Class Assignments\" by Communication and Multimedia Malaysia was published on 1 April 2000. Under this class assignment, a CB radio is classified as a \"Personal Radio Service device\". The frequency band is HF, 26.9650 MHz to 27.4050 MHz (40 channels), power output is 4 watts for AM and FM and 12 watts PEP for SSB. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies, and channel 11 is a calling channel. On UHF 477 MHz, citizens band PRS radio devices are allowed 5 watts power output on FM on 39 assigned channels spaced at 12.5 kHz intervals from 477.0125–477.4875 MHz. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies,", "In the UK, small but growing numbers of people were illegally using American CB radios during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The prominence of CB radio grew in Britain partly due to the popularity of novelty songs like C.W. McCall’s \"Convoy\" and \"Laurie Lingo & The Dipsticks’\" \"Convoy GB\" in 1976 (both of which were Top 5 hits). By 1980, CB radio was becoming a popular pastime in Britain; as late as the summer of 1981 the British government was still", "CB radio is not a worldwide, standardized radio service. Each country decides if it wants to authorize such a radio service from its domestic frequency authorizations, and what its standards will be; however, similar radio services exist in many countries. Frequencies, power levels and modes (such as frequency modulation (FM), amplitude modulation (AM), and single-sideband modulation (SSB), often vary from country to country; use of foreign equipment may be illegal. However, many countries have adopted the American channels and their associated frequencies, which is generally in AM mode except some higher channels which are sometimes in SSB mode.", "The standard channel numbering is harmonized through the FCC (America)", "When looking at the FCC/CEPT channel list there are some channels with a spacing of 20 kHz instead of the regular 10 kHz step. These intermediate frequencies are reserved for the Radio", "Single-sideband (SSB) operation involves the selection of either the Lower Side Band (LSB) or the Upper Side Band (USB) mode for transmit and receive. SSB radios also have the standard AM mode for communicating with standard CB radio models. With the original 23 CB channels SSB stations commonly used channel 16, to avoid interference to those using AM (SSB stations are authorized to use 12 watts, as opposed to 4 watts for AM stations) and to more easily locate other SSB stations. With the FCC authorization of 40 channels, SSB operation shifted to channels 36–40. Channel 36 (or 38 for LSB) became the unofficial SSB \"calling channels\" for stations seeking contacts, with the subsequent conversation moving to channels 37–40. CBers with AM-only radios are asked to not use channels 36 through", "The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) adopted the North American channel assignments, except channel 23, frequency 27.235 MHz; channel 24, frequency 27.245 MHz; and channel 25, frequency 27.255 MHz. However, legal CB equipment sold in Europe does follow the North American channel designation. Some member countries permit additional modes and frequencies; for example, Germany has 40 additional channels at 26 MHz for a total of 80. The United Kingdom has an additional 40 channels between 27.60125 and 27.99125 MHz, also making 80 channels in total. Before CEPT, most member countries used a subset of the 40 U.S. channels. In Russia and Poland the channels are shifted 5 kHz down; for example, channel 30 is 27.300 MHz. Many operators add a switch to change between the \"zeroes\" (the Russian/Polish channel assignment) and the \"fives\" (the international/European assignment). Most contemporary radios for that markets can do \"fives\"", "CB was the only practical two‐way radio system for the individual consumer, and served several subsets of users such as truck drivers, radio hobbyists, and those in need of short‐range radio communications, such as electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, who needed to communicate between job site and main office. While some users have moved on to other radio services, CB is still a popular hobby in many countries. The 27 MHz frequencies used by CB, which require a relatively long aerial and tend to propagate poorly indoors, discourage the use of handheld radios. Many users of handheld radios (families, hunters and hikers) have moved on to 49 MHz and the UHF Family Radio Service; those needing a simple radio for professional use (e.g., tradesmen) have moved on to \"dot-color\" Business Band radios and the VHF Multi-Use Radio Service. CB is still popular among long-haul truck drivers to communicate directions, traffic problems and other relevant matters. The unofficial \"travelers channel\" in most of the world is channel 19; in Australia it is channel 8 (27.055 MHz) and UHF channel 40 (477.400 MHz). In Russia it is channel 15 (in addition to traditional emergency channel 9 and truckers' channel 19) and in Greece it is channel 13, all AM. These frequencies may have evolved because tuned circuits (particularly antennas) work best in the middle", "At the beginning of the CB radio service, transmitters and receivers used vacuum tubes; solid-state transmitters were not widely available until 1965, after the introduction of RF power-transistors. Walkie-talkie hand-held units became affordable with the use of transistors. Early receivers did not cover all the channels of the service; channels were controlled by plug-in quartz crystals, with one of several operating frequencies selected by a panel control in more expensive units. Superheterodyne receivers (using one or two conversion", "27 MHz is a relatively long wavelength for mobile communications, and the choice of antenna has a considerable impact on the performance of a CB radio. A common mobile antenna is a quarter-wave vertical whip. This is roughly 9 feet (2.7 m) tall; it is mounted low on the vehicle body, and often has a spring-and-ball mount to enhance its flexibility when scraping or striking overhead objects. Where a nine-foot whip is undesirable, shorter antennas include loading coils to make the antenna impedance the same as a physically longer antenna. The loading coil may be on the bottom, middle, or top of the antenna, while some antennas are wound in a continuously-loaded helix. Many truckers use two co-phased antennas, mounted on their outside mirrors. Such an array is intended to enhance performance to", "All frequencies in the HF spectrum (3–30 MHz) can be refracted by charged ions in the ionosphere. Refracting signals off the ionosphere is called skywave propagation, and the operator is said to be \"shooting skip\". CB operators have communicated across thousands of miles and sometimes around the world. Even low-power 27 MHz signals can sometimes propagate over long distances. The ability of the ionosphere to bounce signals back to earth is caused by solar radiation, and the amount of ionization possible is related to the", "Operation on frequencies above or below the citizens band (on the \"uppers\" or \"lowers\") is called \"freebanding\" or \"outbanding\". While frequencies just below the CB segment (or between the CB segment and the amateur radio 10-meter band) seem quiet and under-utilized, they are allocated to other radio services (including government agencies) and unauthorized operation on them is illegal. Furthermore, illegal transmitters and amplifiers may not meet good engineering practice for harmonic distortion or \"splatter\", which may disrupt other communications and make the unapproved equipment obvious to regulators. Freebanding is done with modified CB or amateur equipment, foreign CB radios which may offer different channels, or with radios intended for export. Legal operation in one country may be illegal in another; for example, in the UK until June 2014 only 80 FM channels were legal. Unlike amateur radios with continuous frequency tuning, CBs manufactured for export are channelized. Frequency selection resembles that of modified American CBs more than any foreign frequency plan. They typically have a knob and display that reads up to channel 40, but include an extra band selector that shifts all 40 channels above or below the band and a \"+10 kHz\" button to reach the model control \"A\" channels. These radios may have 6 or even 12 bands, establishing a set of quasi-CB channels on many unauthorized frequencies. The bands are typically lettered A through F, with the normal citizens band as D. For example, a freebander with an export radio who wants to use 27.635 MHz would choose channel 19 (27.185 MHz) and then shift the radio up one band (+450 kHz). It requires arithmetic on the part of the operator to determine the actual frequency, although more expensive radios include a frequency counter or a frequency display — two different components, providing an identical result. Illegal operations may unintentionally end up on frequencies very much in use.", "A callbook is a directory of radio station call signs. Originally a bound book that resembled a telephone directory, it contains the name and addresses of radio stations in a given jurisdiction (country). \"Modern Electrics\" published the first callbook in the United States in 1909. Today, the primary purpose of a callbook", "During the 1970s and 1980s heyday of CB radio, many citizens band-themed magazines appeared on newsstands. Two magazines that dominated the time period were \"S9 CB Radio\" and \"CB Radio Magazine\". \"S9’\"s successor was \"Popular Communications\", which had the same editor under a different publisher beginning in 1982. It covered hobby radio as well as CB. The same publisher produced a magazine called \"RADIO!\" for RadioShack stores in the mid-1990s. In Australia, \"CB Action Magazine\" was produced monthly from mid-1977 and continuing publication through until the early 1990s. \"CB Action\" spawned several other popular publications, including a communications and scanning magazine and \"Amateur Radio Action\" magazine, produced over several decades and running to some 18 volumes. In the early 2000s, \"National Communications Magazine\" added CB radio coverage to its coverage of scanner radios and to this day remains the only magazine in North America covering CB radio." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 21488, 72639, 91566, 23, 130891, 112474, 4420, 47, 99, 19713, 70, 149635, 7, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 5117, 65508, 71, 1295, 109923, 7, 71702, 17721, 70, 21488, 72639, 10776, 111, 25730, 136, 56718, 13, 23, 25877, 3509, 72567, 5, 1650, 7, 39395, 32926, 7, 99201, 70, 241, 147, 141, 111, 3658, 3716, 87180, 4, 70, 51978, 111, 667, 10060, 133, 12665, 4, 70, 241, 147, 141, 111, 2005, 4, 136, 10868, 4939, 50695, 5, 241, 147, 538, 6, 70035, 7, 765, 55681, 5281, 70, 21488, 72639, 678, 70, 5045, 150679, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 70, 1734, 2189, 2356, 151645, 1760, 4, 678, 28166, 2907, 4939, 3853, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 1734, 2189, 2356, 151645, 1760, 237, 70, 2356, 151645, 1760, 5, 156637, 583, 7948, 96139, 56, 98363, 7, 70, 5117, 21488, 72639, 237, 8035, 959, 150679, 3501, 142, 14941, 6275, 56, 4, 1286, 27983, 22556, 3501, 3789, 134855, 7, 4, 4989, 23, 6863, 10336, 136, 951, 13, 678, 10, 53894, 290, 271, 4, 5885, 6049, 7, 4, 16610, 136, 156100, 5798, 18, 4, 136, 6777, 959, 85358, 6863, 6, 46741, 237, 103210, 237, 70, 2356, 151645, 1760, 5, 96139, 56, 157167, 114942, 70, 2356, 151645, 1760, 1295, 15044, 70, 44, 36290, 56, 21488, 72639, 58, 136, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 91566, 111, 6097, 10269, 7, 23, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 79737, 111, 1919, 12877, 44, 4153, 2955, 77391, 7, 47, 44389, 39170, 669, 58, 91376, 23, 543, 9271, 5, 581, 5117, 81828, 111, 70, 91566, 509, 39958, 23, 543, 13683, 15, 2347, 241, 147, 141, 111, 2005, 25, 7, 10269, 44, 839, 6796, 830, 151552, 15044, 237, 10, 21488, 72639, 136, 10, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 10269, 194, 3311, 111994, 70, 9351, 21488, 72639, 200451, 42, 100512, 39210, 23, 30715, 5, 581, 5117, 205811, 21488, 72639, 98, 17164, 509, 103122, 23, 122815, 15, 45901, 111, 3905, 112, 4, 103376, 8080, 111, 49953, 313, 5, 1375, 5, 9552, 238, 538, 16670, 247, 136, 70, 91566, 509, 75530, 93, 5281, 390, 581, 59062, 583, 7687, 23, 106355, 5, 581, 5117, 15672, 59062, 583, 7687, 15, 12971, 441, 16, 164498, 509, 23, 38222, 5, 581, 64507, 21488, 72639, 74216, 71, 23, 70, 72399, 51374, 7, 4, 678, 6, 134148, 10576, 297, 58266, 7, 12937, 297, 99, 70, 667, 10060, 133, 12665, 103376, 8080, 23, 151278, 5, 581, 5117, 10269, 47, 108975, 98, 70, 29256, 111, 16505, 57832, 509, 10, 22556, 21488, 72639, 200451, 42, 35839, 44, 571, 52891, 111, 1172, 555, 58, 23, 70, 14487, 4, 427, 927, 4, 41933, 31089, 5, 21488, 72639, 7, 621, 10, 57646, 9, 320, 429, 91566, 4, 678, 11280, 7, 205794, 642, 6958, 214, 136, 117776, 7, 5, 581, 144732, 111, 70, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 903, 91566, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 134855, 4, 621, 70, 16750, 111, 91566, 214, 47, 27489, 10, 20697, 456, 97351, 814, 5, 1301, 678, 3060, 3789, 91566, 7, 4, 70, 105378, 2320, 15, 46280, 71407, 44, 168660, 830, 44, 135832, 58, 707, 44, 776, 206, 18939, 136, 70, 117657, 15, 46280, 71407, 44, 108259, 214, 58, 707, 44, 127345, 18939, 124519, 129927, 4, 102971, 15044, 124519, 621, 35326, 23, 15044, 76726, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 49903, 4, 105378, 2320, 21488, 72639, 7, 17660, 47, 186, 35326, 237, 57646, 9, 7, 29367, 10269, 7, 4, 16610, 56, 136, 31837, 6815, 678, 4393, 56, 2577, 7, 136, 10, 161549, 106297, 42, 31425, 3501, 2363, 117657, 105416, 17365, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 27983, 35326, 237, 49518, 4, 22729, 56, 9, 55334, 297, 10269, 7, 4, 678, 161549, 40715, 134744, 2577, 7, 136, 10, 161549, 51713, 951, 13, 5, 33306, 4, 117657, 21488, 72639, 7, 5608, 7464, 186, 123875, 289, 136, 11177, 28032, 15672, 59062, 583, 7687, 5570, 7, 5, 17106, 117657, 21488, 72639, 7, 4, 218527, 538, 4989, 951, 90, 4, 6117, 19, 10336, 7, 4, 4989, 6049, 7, 4, 136, 21, 29188, 2674, 90, 621, 959, 90698, 5570, 5, 32255, 6626, 52895, 621, 152701, 136, 959, 27044, 47314, 707, 5570, 52021, 74, 110, 149067, 19, 83, 7228, 390, 70, 15335, 441, 707, 3789, 103376, 141, 117406, 4, 1284, 70, 6626, 52895, 1380, 1295, 12921, 91566, 214, 124519, 5, 133836, 31837, 2843, 32316, 7, 74, 21208, 959, 51592, 23, 70, 10542, 4, 1836, 621, 39210, 23, 14237, 5, 32255, 10269, 7, 621, 2843, 4552, 4127, 678, 20020, 5, 581, 91566, 17660, 7, 47, 6, 67175, 24887, 186351, 77253, 538, 707, 186085, 87420, 70, 6602, 23, 79197, 2182, 153552, 7, 5, 31384, 21488, 72639, 7, 6, 67175, 15286, 38526, 74, 49903, 4, 11651, 21488, 72639, 7, 285, 53, 5, 21488, 72639, 24887, 83, 56104, 16610, 136, 80560, 4, 136, 70, 6, 46741, 83, 32233, 134744, 136, 37515, 5, 581, 65660, 297, 47, 90, 111, 70, 21488, 72639, 200451, 42, 3249, 2856, 40881, 186857, 31648, 5, 581, 65660, 214, 17721, 2363, 47, 90, 831, 2843, 21265, 237, 10, 44, 7, 35613, 11412, 13, 58, 23, 3365, 820, 153552, 7, 136, 13695, 108203, 1295, 16446, 214, 1257, 17721, 2363, 47, 90, 2451, 11, 35431, 450, 831, 186, 24503, 7844, 47, 3789, 91566, 7, 678, 24887, 17721, 70, 47, 90, 5, 581, 481, 1940, 3613, 1353, 5798, 18, 83, 2843, 35845, 538, 7401, 98869, 4, 101904, 1286, 127557, 100, 192298, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 6782, 35142, 111, 96551, 54940, 21488, 72639, 7, 5, 581, 25632, 62816, 48242, 7, 621, 222201, 111, 70, 19911, 2320, 7639, 35326, 15, 776, 206, 9, 56606, 16, 124519, 111, 903, 91566, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 621, 35509, 98, 70, 15672, 59062, 583, 7687, 5570, 5, 48838, 14486, 1236, 60212, 7, 17721, 17274, 136, 7082, 5570, 7, 621, 959, 297, 5, 581, 6, 46741, 136, 5798, 18, 621, 4331, 27686, 44, 46295, 38893, 4935, 378, 748, 157167, 54700, 268, 66139, 58, 111, 70, 21488, 72639, 390, 15044, 70, 59062, 583, 7687, 136, 15335, 441, 5, 581, 15335, 441, 15190, 7, 450, 44, 9774, 13, 21488, 72639, 200451, 42, 149537, 83, 237, 5045, 10, 23664, 10015, 111, 70, 91566, 237, 70, 242, 31, 3055, 25, 6, 46741, 1242, 21488, 72639, 200451, 4295, 621, 189893, 23, 17262, 134855, 7, 12, 22556, 15, 11, 18652, 22556, 134855, 247, 205811, 15, 212065, 297, 1295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 21488, 72639, 200451, 42, 4, 21488, 72639, 707, 1660, 21488, 4, 83, 10, 57646, 9, 320, 429, 91566, 111, 456, 97351, 814, 9, 6967, 10269, 5, 581, 21488, 72639, 83, 70, 2684, 5700, 91566, 111, 10269, 23, 5941, 76726, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Origin and lineage.", "Description.", "Appearance.", "Official breed standards.", "Colour.", "Nose and skin pigmentation.", "Show and Field Lines.", "Temperament.", "Use as working dogs.", "Health.", "Obesity.", "Appearance around the world.", "Demography.", "US military working dogs (war dogs): Labrador Retrievers in the Vietnam war.", "Famous Labradors." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "4", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Labrador breed in Britain dates back to at least the 1830s, when it was first introduced from ships trading between the Labrador region of Canada and Poole in Dorsetshire. Its early patrons included the Earl of Malmesbury, the Duke of Buccleuch, the Earl of Home, and Sir John Scott. Early writers have confused the Labrador with the much larger Newfoundland and the Lesser Newfoundland, with Charles St John even referring to the Lesser Newfoundland as the Newfoundland. Colonel Peter Hawker describes the first Labrador as being not larger than an English pointer, more often black than other colours, long in its head and nose with a deep chest, fine legs, short and smooth coat, and did not carry its tail as highly as the Newfoundland. Hawker distinguishes the Newfoundland from both the \"proper Labrador\" and St. John's breed of these dogs in the fifth edition of his book \"Introductions to Young Sportsman\" published in 1846. The first photograph of the breed was taken in 1856 (the Earl of Home's dog \"Nell\", described both as a Labrador and a St. John's dog). By 1870 the name Labrador Retriever became common in England. The first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 (Ben of Hyde, kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe), and the breed was recognised by The Kennel Club in 1903. The first American Kennel Club (AKC) registration was in 1917. The chocolate Labrador emerged in the late 1800s, with liver colored pups documented at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892. The first dog to appear on the cover of Life Magazine was a black Labrador Retriever called \"Blind of Arden\" in the December, 12th, 1938 issue.", "", "Labradors are a medium-large breed, with males typically weighing and females. The majority of the characteristics of this breed, with the exception of colour, are the result of breeding to produce a working retriever. As with some other breeds, the Conformation (typically \"Show\", \"English\" or \"bench\") and the Field (typically \"Working\" or \"American\") lines differ, although both lines are bred in both countries. In general, however, Conformation Labradors tend to be bred as medium-sized dogs, shorter and stockier with fuller faces and a slightly calmer nature than their Field counterparts, which are often bred as taller, lighter-framed dogs, with slightly less broad faces and a slightly longer nose. However, Field Labradors should still be proportional and fit within American Kennel Club standards. With Field Labradors, excessively long noses, thin heads, long legs, and lanky frames are not considered standard. These two types are informal and not codified or standardised; no distinction is made by the AKC or other kennel clubs, but the two types come from different breeding lines. Australian stock also exists; though not seen in the West, they are common in Asia. These dogs are also very good with children. The breed tends to shed hair twice annually or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates. Some Labradors shed considerably; however, individual Labradors vary. Labrador hair is usually short and straight, and the tail is quite broad and strong. The webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers. The webbing between their toes can also serve as a \"snowshoe\" in colder climates and keep snow from balling up between their toes—a condition that can be painful to other breeds with hair between the toes. Their interwoven coat is also relatively waterproof, providing more assistance for swimming.", "There is a great deal of variety among Labradors. The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred (bench-bred) lines of this breed in the United States and are based on the American Kennel Club standard. Significant differences between UK and US standards are noted. The tail and coat are designated \"distinctive [or distinguishing] features\" of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC. The AKC adds that \"true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail.\"", "Labrador Retrievers are registered in three colours: black (a solid black colour), yellow (considered from cream to fox-red), and chocolate (medium to dark brown). Some dogs are sold as silver pure-bred Labradors, but purity of those bloodlines is currently disputed by breed experts including breed clubs and breed councils. Although it has not been conclusively proven that the silver Labrador is a product of crossbreeding the Weimaraner to a Labrador, there is good evidence in scientific literature indicating that the Labrador has never been identified as carrying the dilute gene dd. The Weimaraner is the only known breed in which the universality of dd is a characteristic. A few major kennel clubs around the world allow silver Labradors to be registered, but not as silver because the only colours for Labrador Retrievers are black, yellow or chocolate on the registration applications. The Kennel Club (England) requires that they be registered as \"Non-recognised.\" Many Kennel Clubs now require DNA testing to prove that the Labrador is purebred and does not carry dilution. Occasionally, Labradors will exhibit small amounts of white fur on their chest, paws, or tail, and rarely a purebred Lab will exhibit brindling stripes or tan points similar to a Rottweiler. These markings are a disqualification for show dogs but do not have any bearing on the dog's temperament or ability to be a good working or pet dog. Puppies of all colours can potentially occur in the same litter. Colour is determined primarily by three genes. The first gene (the B locus) determines the density of the coat's eumelanin pigment granules, if that pigment is allowed: dense granules result in a black coat, sparse ones give a chocolate coat. The second (E) locus determines whether the eumelanin is produced at all. A dog with the recessive e allele will produce only phaeomelanin pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus. The genes known about previously have had their number increased by the introduction of the K locus, where the dominant \"black\" allele K is now known to reside. Black or chocolate Labradors therefore must have the K allele. Yellow Labradors are determined at the E locus, so the K locus is irrelevant in determining their colour. Variations in numerous other genes control the subtler details of the coat's colouration, which in yellow Labradors varies from white to light gold to a fox red. Chocolate and black Labradors' noses will match the coat colour. According to a 2011 study, 13 out of 245 Labradors studied were heterozygous for the M264V mutation responsible for the melanistic mask, and one was homozygous. Within the breed, this trait is not visible.", "Labrador colouration is controlled by multiple genes. It is possible for recessive genes to re-emerge in later generations. Also, there can sometimes be unexpected pigmentation effects to different parts of the body. Pigmentation effects appear in regard to yellow Labradors, and sometimes chocolate, and hence the majority of this section covers pigmentation within the yellow Labrador. The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, feet, tail, and the rims of the eyes, which may be black, brown, light yellow-brown (\"liver\", caused by having two genes for chocolate), or several other colours. A Labrador can carry genes for a different colour, for example a black Labrador can carry recessive chocolate and yellow genes, and a yellow Labrador can carry recessive genes for the other two colours. DNA testing can reveal some aspects of these. Less common pigmentations (other than pink) are a fault, not a disqualification, and hence such dogs are still permitted to be shown. The intensity of black pigment on yellow Labradors is controlled by a separate gene independent of the fur colouring. Yellow Labradors usually have black noses, which may gradually turn pink with age (called \"snow nose\" or \"winter nose\"). This is due to a reduction in the enzyme tyrosinase which indirectly controls the production of melanin, a dark colouring. Tyrosinase is temperature dependent—hence light colouration can be seasonal, due to cold weather—and is less produced with increasing age two years old onwards. As a result, the nose colour of most yellow Labradors becomes a somewhat pink shade as they grow older. A colouration known as \"Dudley\" is also possible. Dudleys are variously defined as yellow Labradors which have unpigmented (pink) noses (LRC), yellow with liver/chocolate pigmentation (AKC), or \"flesh coloured\" in addition to having the same colour around the rims of the eye, rather than having black or dark brown pigmentation. A yellow Labrador with brown or chocolate pigmentation, for example, a brown or chocolate nose, is not necessarily a Dudley, though according to the AKC's current standard it would be if it has chocolate rims around the eyes (or more accurately of the genotype eebb). Breed standards for Labradors considers a true Dudley to be a disqualifying feature in a conformation show Lab, such as one with a thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment along with flesh coloured rims around the eyes. True Dudleys are extremely rare. Breeding in order to correct pigmentation often lacks dependability. Because colour is determined by many genes, some of which are recessive, crossbreeding a pigmentation non-standard yellow Labrador to a black Labrador may not correct the matter or prevent future generations carrying the same recessive genes. For similar reasons, crossbreeding chocolate to yellow Labradors is also often avoided.", "As a result of specialised breeding there are significant differences between field and trial-bred and show-bred lines of Labradors. In the United States the former are sometimes mistakenly referred to as \"American\" and the latter as \"English\" although both field and show types are bred in both countries. In the United Kingdom they are called \"Field\" and \"Show\". Dogs bred for hunting and field-trial work are selected first for working ability, where dogs bred to compete in conformation shows are selected for their conformation to the standards and characteristics sought by judges in the show ring. While individual dogs may vary, in general show-bred Labradors are heavier built, slightly shorter-bodied, and have a thicker coat and tail. Field Labradors are generally longer-legged, lighter, and more lithe in build, making them agile. In the head, show Labradors tend to have broader heads, better defined stops, and more powerful necks, while field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles. Field-bred Labradors are commonly higher energy and more high-strung compared to the Labrador bred for conformation showing while conformation breeds are calmer in energy, and as a consequence may be more suited to working relationships than being a \"family pet\". Some breeders, especially those specialising in the field type, feel that breed shows do not adequately recognise their type of dog, leading to occasional debate regarding officially splitting the breed into subtypes. In the United States, the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Labrador's breed club have set the breed standard to accommodate the field-bred Labrador somewhat. For instance, the AKC withers-height standards allow conformation dogs to be slightly taller than the equivalent British standard. However, dual champions, or dogs that excel in both the field and the show ring, are becoming more unusual.", "The AKC describes the Labrador's temperament as a kind, pleasant, outgoing and tractable nature. Labradors' sense of smell allows them to home in on almost any scent and follow the path of its origin. They generally stay on the scent until they find it. Navies, military forces and police forces use them as detection dogs to track down smugglers, thieves, terrorists and black marketers. They are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl. They are prone to chewing objects (though they can be trained to abandon this behaviour). Labradors have a reputation as a very even-tempered breed and an excellent family dog. This includes a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals. Some lines, particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field (rather than for their appearance), are particularly fast and athletic. Their fun-loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and firm handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand—an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic. Females may be slightly more independent than males. Labradors mature at around three years of age; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppy-like energy, often mislabelled as being hyperactive. Because of their enthusiasm, leash-training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full-grown. Labradors often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly (often obsessively) and other forms of activity (such as agility, frisbee, or flyball).Although they will sometimes bark at noise, especially noise from an unseen source (\"alarm barking\"), Labradors are usually not noisy or territorial. They are often very easygoing and trusting with strangers and therefore are not usually suitable as guard dogs. Labradors as a breed are curious and exploratory and love company, following both people and interesting scents for food, attention, and novelty value. In this way, they can often \"vanish\" or otherwise become separated from their owners with little fanfare. As a breed, they are highly intelligent and capable of intense single-mindedness and focus if motivated or their interest is caught. Therefore, with the right conditions and stimuli, a bored Labrador could \"turn into an escape artist \"par excellence\"\". Many dogs are also stolen. Because of their curious nature and ability to \"vanish,\" along with the risk of being stolen, a number of dog clubs and rescue organisations (including the UK's Kennel Club) consider it good practice that Labradors be microchipped, with the owner's name and address also on their collar and tags. The steady temperament of Labradors and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue, detection, and therapy work. They are a very intelligent breed. They are ranked No. 7 in Stanley Coren's \"The Intelligence of Dogs,\" making it one of the brightest dogs out of 138 breeds tested. The AKC describes the breed as an ideal family and sporting dog. Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever.", "Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments. Common working roles for Labradors include: hunting, tracking and detection (they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas), disabled-assistance, carting, and therapy work. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in Canada are Labradors; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds. Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs. A study was recently done on how well four different breeds (Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix, and German Shepherds) trained to become guide dogs. In this experiment, German Shepherds had the highest chance of not completing it. Labrador Retrievers and Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix had the highest success rate. However, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers. Labradors are powerful and indefatigable swimmers noted for their ability to tolerate the coldest of water for extended periods of time. Their ability to work quietly alongside hunters while watching for birds to fall from the sky, marking where they land, and then using their outstanding nose to find and retrieve dead or wounded birds has made them the king of waterfowl retrievers. They are also used for pointing and flushing and make excellent upland game hunting partners. The high intelligence, initiative and self-direction of Labradors in working roles is exemplified by dogs such as Endal, who is trained to, if need be, put his wheelchair-bound human in the recovery position, cover him with a blanket, and activate an emergency phone. A number of Labradors have also been taught to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs with prior training. The breed is used in water rescue/lifesaving. It continues in that role today, along with the Leonberger, Newfoundland and Golden Retriever dogs; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.", "In 2014, the UK breed survey reported an average lifespan for the Labrador Retriever of 12 years and 3 months, with some living up to 19 years of age. Labrador pups generally are not brought to the home before they are 8 weeks old. It is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems. Notable issues related to health and well-being include inherited disorders and obesity (most are missing all or parts of the POMC gene). A Royal Veterinary College study, and one conducted by The University of Sydney, have concluded that Chocolate Labradors have a shorter average life expectancy than other colours of Labrador (by about 10%) and are more likely to suffer some health problems. It is thought that this is due to breeder's attempts to increase their numbers through selective coat colour breeding at the expense of other important health traits. The brown coat colour is naturally rare (compared to yellow and black), and it has been fashionable since the 1980s. This has created a demand for larger numbers.", "Labradors like to eat, and they can become obese without proper exercise. Laziness can contribute to this. Obesity is a serious condition and can be considered the number one nutritional problem with dogs. A study shows that at least 25% of dogs in the United States are overweight. Therefore, Labradors must be properly exercised and stimulated. A healthy Labrador can do swimming wind sprints for two hours, and should keep a very slight hourglass waist and be fit and light, rather than fat or heavy-set. Obesity can exacerbate conditions such as hip dysplasia and joint problems, and can lead to secondary diseases. Osteoarthritis is very common in older, especially overweight, Labradors. A 14-year study covering 48 dogs by food manufacturer Purina showed that Labradors fed to maintain a lean body shape outlived those fed freely by around two years, emphasising the importance of not over-feeding. Labradors should be walked twice a day for at least half an hour. It has been shown that the Labrador Retriever is the most likely dog breed to be obese. In a 2016 published study, it was shown that out of 310 Labradors, most were missing all or parts of the POMC gene. This gene plays a part in appetite regulation as well as indication of the amount of one's stored fat. The study concluded that the absence of that gene had a significant impact on Labrador weight and appetite. This POMC gene mutation is present in only one other breed – the Flat-Coated Retriever.", "In the United States, the breed gained wider recognition following a 1928 \"American Kennel Gazette\" article, \"Meet the Labrador Retriever\". Before this time, the AKC had only registered 23 Labradors in the country, in part because US and UK hunting styles had different requirements. Labradors acquired popularity as hunting dogs during the 1920s and especially after World War II, as they gained recognition as combining some of the best traits of the two favourite United States breeds as both game finders and water dogs. Outside North America and Western Europe, the Labrador arrived later. For example, the Russian Retriever Club traces the arrival of Labradors to the late 1960s, as household pets of diplomats and others in the foreign ministry. The establishment of the breed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR) was initially hindered by the relatively small numbers of Labradors and great distances involved, leading to difficulty establishing breedings and bloodlines; at the start of the 1980s, home-born dogs were still regularly supplemented by further imports from overseas. Difficulties such as these initially led to Labradors being tacitly cross-bred to other types of retriever. In the 1990s, improved access to overseas shows and bloodlines is said to have helped this situation become regularised.", "The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog. For example, : There is no global registry of Labradors, nor is there detailed information on numbers of Labradors living in each country. As of 2005, the five countries with the largest numbers of Labrador registrations are the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Sweden and Finland. OFA statistics suggest that yellow and black Labradors are registered in very similar numbers (yellow slightly more than black); chocolate in lesser numbers. \"Note: The number of registrations is not necessarily the same as the number of living dogs at any given time.\"", "The Vietnam War is the only war in American history in which US war dogs, which were officially classified by the military as \"military working dogs,\" were not allowed to officially return home after the war. Classified as expendable equipment, of the approximate 4,000 US K-9s deployed to the Vietnam War, it is estimated that only about 200 US war dogs survived Vietnam to be put into service at other outposts stationed overseas. Aside from these 200 or so, the remaining canines who were not killed in action were either euthanized or left behind. The predominate canine selected by the US military during the Vietnam War was the German Shepherd Dog, which was used in the roles of \"Scout Dogs\", \"Sentry Dogs\", \"Mine Detection Dogs\", and the US Navy used \"Water Dogs\" to detect enemy under water divers in South Vietnam. The Labrador Retriever was the military's choice for their \"Combat Tracker Teams\" (CTTs). Combat Tracker Teams consisted of one Labrador and four or five men: the handler, an observer, one or two cover men, and the team leader. Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct smelling qualities, and were used to locate wounded US servicemen, enemy patrols, and downed allied airmen in Vietnam. The US Army Labrador Retrievers received their combat training at the British Army's \"Jungle Warfare School\" in Malaysia. Of the over 4,000 US war dogs serving in the Vietnam War, 232 were killed in action, and 295 US servicemen deployed as \"dog handlers\" were killed in action. Dog handler Robert W. Hartsock was awarded the Medal of Honor. Six Labrador Retrievers were killed in action while assigned to the 62nd and 63rd US Army \"Combat Tracking Teams\". During the course of the war the US Army lost 204 dogs, while the US Marine Corps and US Air Force lost 13 and 15 dogs, respectively. In November 2000, President Bill Clinton signed into law an amendment that allowed retired US military working dogs (war dogs) to be adopted by personnel outside of the military, leaving the Vietnam War as the only war in US history in which American war dogs never returned home.", "As both the most popular breed by registered ownership and also the most popular breed for assistance dogs in several countries, there have been many notable and famous Labradors since the breed was recognised. A selection of a few of the most famous labradors within various categories includes:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129695, 1391, 2601, 509, 103122, 23, 21270, 869, 2810, 4, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 166904, 525, 4, 20697, 9, 67413, 103724, 7, 111, 210721, 830, 23, 10, 20697, 9, 67413, 14449, 5, 4687, 66933, 604, 29041, 44462, 23, 10, 3917, 222201, 100, 6044, 10, 182, 1495, 65998, 5, 1840, 27863, 65450, 1257, 3229, 2412, 509, 37195, 5369, 10332, 5, 360, 10, 21334, 14449, 4, 2843, 26719, 129695, 25, 7, 114210, 114015, 156830, 11, 25, 7, 14449, 15, 11, 11001, 42732, 111, 43606, 20020, 247, 2499, 4092, 3535, 509, 80234, 5, 228072, 4, 442, 509, 162520, 450, 129695, 517, 71, 100, 604, 27150, 269, 5170, 136, 108, 20133, 19725, 16792, 604, 29041, 44462, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 2412, 2843, 29966, 297, 10663, 430, 2024, 101337, 144182, 15, 92369, 430, 2024, 13038, 23, 210721, 16, 170920, 390, 33954, 42418, 159917, 56, 5, 129695, 11814, 47, 47445, 10, 5915, 111, 1733, 23, 35773, 10484, 7440, 2412, 163629, 71, 604, 37515, 6897, 10617, 5161, 111, 163136, 5, 106073, 604, 14449, 25, 7, 6897, 509, 90097, 4, 129695, 25, 7, 42732, 11814, 47, 5646, 604, 20020, 47, 27076, 136, 163198, 13, 32233, 27983, 5, 24372, 25975, 26518, 1295, 37526, 1294, 10696, 4, 129695, 100512, 10, 25550, 7039, 23, 70, 103832, 1853, 50141, 31461, 53, 4, 7440, 2412, 2843, 79786, 7103, 19364, 7, 5, 360, 70, 15411, 111, 20697, 98, 10, 40, 14775, 36279, 4, 2412, 72856, 22759, 51287, 7, 98, 604, 25737, 3535, 5, 14847, 2412, 509, 1672, 214075, 4, 2412, 509, 142, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 163198, 13, 100306, 136, 29966, 297, 70, 23134, 61112, 111, 43552, 129965, 478, 1401, 79446, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 604, 3789, 166733, 7, 4, 2412, 10, 89829, 23, 142, 79775, 163198, 13, 23718, 23, 113262, 20634, 353, 13584, 1434, 15, 143321, 14602, 959, 32316, 176683, 194, 133698, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 2412, 23409, 8305, 10, 14012, 111, 12921, 74464, 5, 4687, 79786, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 237, 142, 15426, 1236, 4, 10, 4343, 6, 184308, 4, 10, 40575, 195644, 5, 129695, 5117, 435, 145574, 1391, 2601, 99, 70, 210721, 6, 70035, 25, 7, 10756, 6056, 61427, 187414, 11, 23, 70, 39395, 27631, 7, 136, 139505, 4049, 23, 38425, 5, 133698, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 604, 71390, 100512, 10, 15072, 297, 42179, 15044, 99, 5368, 136, 23, 14713, 5, 360, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 764, 20, 237, 10, 6, 70035, 136, 10, 114142, 42, 47, 70, 15380, 41260, 7, 20, 509, 75412, 23, 10, 133969, 47691, 9433, 4, 106480, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 29394, 5, 1529, 204797, 71, 147452, 111, 116483, 4, 23, 215131, 111, 29394, 4, 30646, 111, 4393, 9, 420, 181606, 71, 9782, 38109, 5, 133698, 70, 5369, 40418, 1104, 18197, 4, 129695, 1391, 2601, 79786, 99, 70, 163198, 13, 113262, 20634, 353, 7615, 2844, 71, 3369, 15, 3957, 257, 107, 98, 70, 1853, 68567, 112, 16, 7440, 604, 71390, 509, 2843, 36457, 24189, 28015, 5, 145574, 1391, 2601, 7228, 110, 23410, 111, 70, 15824, 450, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 18595, 939, 111, 3357, 31075, 136, 14449, 65998, 237, 5299, 237, 756, 70, 115723, 44402, 111, 6897, 136, 38024, 7, 4, 129695, 131148, 10, 5915, 100, 4049, 5, 1529, 77947, 71, 3642, 69405, 903, 48903, 214, 538, 23335, 1294, 27150, 46667, 1295, 21270, 869, 2810, 100512, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 210721, 91768, 289, 65998, 111, 70, 27631, 7, 136, 242, 4598, 7, 4, 450, 2412, 509, 142, 179928, 272, 5117, 155255, 136, 35778, 111, 1919, 34666, 7, 136, 155034, 43240, 4, 10, 167224, 132756, 136, 57119, 1290, 23, 70, 34844, 5369, 111, 110373, 56, 14154, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 6897, 10617, 4755, 5, 360, 28980, 4, 70, 31901, 8080, 123997, 10, 23295, 97761, 23, 70, 57616, 78280, 7, 35839, 572, 1680, 112, 9215, 5, 147466, 98, 4, 3229, 145574, 1391, 2601, 509, 128839, 538, 388, 214, 959, 4734, 10, 207116, 47, 7413, 10, 12447, 1284, 2843, 3060, 5470, 7, 136, 23902, 23, 210721, 4, 70, 24941, 109133, 47, 2363, 240131, 136, 138155, 538, 158930, 2685, 24189, 7582, 13501, 5, 129695, 1391, 2601, 4, 10, 36096, 2182, 79755, 28905, 9, 1434, 11050, 136, 31425, 9, 365, 814, 4, 77736, 23, 5161, 678, 70, 3687, 1660, 1884, 604, 71390, 5, 4687, 509, 9896, 111, 80583, 214, 136, 35971, 604, 10269, 7, 100, 4989, 35691, 7, 47, 70, 100, 525, 5, 10660, 75939, 297, 53189, 111, 88669, 136, 40, 67158, 191, 11814, 390, 145574, 100, 1919, 4488, 678, 10, 98870, 2265, 6897, 4, 111, 3129, 1836, 3542, 3080, 6295, 2886, 5808, 1314, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 34210, 15519, 49085, 18, 116000, 191, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 23, 8055, 28015, 24189, 70, 183910, 135555, 23, 13501, 4, 145574, 1391, 2601, 5809, 959, 80299, 9803, 538, 23, 1919, 5368, 23295, 4, 163198, 90, 3542, 959, 107003, 47, 36541, 1919, 11301, 7, 136, 764, 509, 128839, 538, 25944, 297, 1810, 111, 70, 3835, 15380, 69924, 136, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 197097, 109091, 37379, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 6, 202523, 26548, 19686, 79850, 20753, 47314, 166750, 3378, 63647, 4, 764, 509, 217382, 297, 390, 70, 23410, 35206, 15, 37455, 1699, 797, 75756, 247, 764, 509, 27983, 149, 122009, 4, 101934, 3674, 136, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 5, 129695, 1391, 2601, 509, 11343, 142, 5526, 4420, 1257, 47, 604, 71390, 74, 2412, 8060, 297, 4049, 23, 756, 1919, 109091, 37379, 69924, 136, 2412, 509, 2843, 75412, 23, 2856, 5, 4687, 509, 151552, 237, 44, 25724, 111, 100, 927, 54969, 4, 3853, 109270, 53, 39210, 10422, 5, 62, 7547, 107, 37281, 4, 100270, 13, 116983, 111, 3395, 4, 116572, 1284, 143033, 4, 136, 678, 10, 6083, 109989, 939, 740, 24372, 764, 509, 149357, 71, 47, 22759, 136, 10, 23552, 5369, 111, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 4, 129695, 1391, 2601, 25842, 678, 604, 82953, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 23698, 1391, 2601, 34739, 645, 6, 240906, 136, 17808, 5256, 23, 57, 3930, 5164, 44965, 138489, 1363, 4, 3129, 509, 12441, 390, 145574, 8108, 5, 360, 41911, 47, 70, 502, 166643, 191, 100, 6181, 214, 63323, 3674, 28412, 297, 4912, 4, 2412, 509, 61689, 5281, 111, 1614, 46354, 111, 10, 456, 57964, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 44, 161397, 2187, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 129695, 34491, 62092, 4, 103122, 3608, 127762, 1436, 62092, 27252, 20414, 55591, 23, 210721, 46, 1438, 18982, 11891, 23, 210721, 16, 509, 70, 5117, 58386, 111, 145574, 1391, 2601, 4, 70, 4568, 34202, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 136, 5117, 34202, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "As a Czechoslovak dissident.", "After November 1989.", "Committee of Good Will – Olga Havel Foundation.", "Olga Havel Award.", "Last years and death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Olga Havel was born in Žižkov, \"one of the roughest, working-class districts of Prague\", in a working-class family. She spent her childhood in a way typical for such a harsh environment. Her parents split up when she was six years old. In a large family, also including Olga's older sister Jaroslava's family (a single mother of five children), any free hand was useful. Therefore, it was obvious that Olga cared for her young nieces and nephews since her childhood. As a child, she also attended Milíčův dům (Milíč House in Prague) established by Přemysl Pitter. Olga used to spend a lot of time in libraries where she acquired her strong lifelong love of literature. Although her family's life was modest, Olga's mother used to take her children to cinema and theatre quite often. After graduating from secondary school, Olga became a trainee in the Tomáš Baťa factory, where she also worked afterwards. In the course of working on a sewing machine, she lost four fingers on her left hand. When she was about twenty, she was an enthusiastic theatre lover and attended the drama classes of Professor Lydie Wegener. Together with her other pupils, she acted in an amateur theatre performance in Divadlo Na slupi (which does not exist anymore). During the 1950s, she went through a number of different jobs. She worked, e.g., as an accountant, a store keeper, a sales assistant. Olga first met Václav Havel at the Prague writer's hangout Café Slavia in the early 1950s and married him in 1964. During the 1960s, her husband became a respected author both at home and in Europe. In the second half of the 1960s, he - as a writer and a contributor to the cultural magazines - was involved in a democratization process, particularly in the field of culture. He advocated freedom of speech, independence of culture, return of full-fledged civil rights. During the years 1961–67, Olga Havel worked at the theatre Divadlo Na zábradlí (Theatre on the Balustrade) where her husband was also active until 1968. Václav Havel made no secret of the fact that, despite the diversity of personalities and family environment as well as all the usual problems of life and crises, Olga meant a lot for him. He appreciated how quickly this seemingly ordinary young woman from Žižkov became a part of the Prague intellectual environment of the 1950s and '60s, that she was an attentive first reader and critic of his essays and dramatic works, a valuable supporter and collaborator in the difficult years of Charter 77 as well as a lifelong partner. In 1967, the Havels bought a country estate in the foothills called Hrádeček. Later on, when Václav Havel was gradually losing not only a possibility to find a job but also some contacts and friends in Prague, the couple moved to their cottage and practically lived there until November 1989. Olga Havel, a passionate mushroom-picker and nature-lover, fell in love with the place just like her husband. She was fond of gardening and taking her dogs for long walks to the forest. They alternated moments of peace and seclusion used by Václav for his work with a rich social life, of which they were hospitable organizers.", "Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 until the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Václav Havel could not publish openly in his home country, theatres were not allowed to stage his plays and he was gradually pushed out of the public cultural activities and became one of the most prominent dissidents. As a fighter against continuously intensified totalitarian regime, he was persecuted by the secret police (Státní bezpečnost), he was often detained, interrogated and imprisoned. Olga Havel was always an important back up to her husband; she supported him in all his dissident activities and she was also involved in them. She was described as \"full of forthright, even earthy common sense. A shrewd, intuitive judge of people, calm but tough, and with a natural dignity\". After he was sentenced to four and a half years of imprisonment, Olga Havel together with her brother-in-law Ivan Havel took over responsibilities and obligations in samizdat Edition Expedition, which was led by Václav before. In relation to the prosecution for transporting prohibited printed material, she was accused of subversion of a republic in the case of \"Karavan\". Her prosecution was abolished after the fall of the Communist government. Olga Havel was the addressee of the intellectually deep, philosophically and existentially toned letters sent by Václav Havel during the years 1979 – 1983 from prison. Some of them were intended not only to her but also to the philosophically minded circle of friends with whom he - through the letters - tried to think through different things and they tried to help him stay intellectually active. \"Letters to Olga\", (\"Dopisy Olze\") a selection of these letters, forms one of the most important books of Václav Havel, was first published in 1983 in the Edition Expedition. Olga also organized meetings, distributed manuscripts and participated in the Charter 77 activities. She signed Charter 77 in 1982. In the difficult years of insecurity, persecution and imprisonment of her husband, Olga fully and with joy used the opportunity to escape from the difficulties of everyday life by joining Hrobka (Tomb), the circle of friends organizing various humorous activities. Václav Havel characterized this circle accurately: \"In the early 1980s, I was – like several of my friends - imprisoned, conditions outside were harsh and so Hrobka was created as a way of self-defence; it was a cheerful community of imprisoned dissidents' wives, those who remained at large and their friends.\" Olga soon became one of the organizers of a diverse range of cultural and social activities and thus she returned to her creative interests from the years of amateur theatre. She added to the community life not only as a regular hostess of costumed garden parties at Hrádeček on the occasion of her birthday but, first of all, she herself came up with many ideas and inspiration. In 1987, Olga co-founded Originální Videojournal, the samizdat video news magazine which documented the activities of dissent in pictures and informed about the present political and cultural situation in Czechoslovakia openly. She actively worked in the magazine and focused mainly on ecological topics. In late 1985, she initiated a magazine O divadle (About Theatre), and as a member of the editorial staff she helped mainly with economic and production issues.", "", "As the wife of the first Czechoslovak democratic president after February 1948, Olga Havel intensively focused on charitable activities. In the era of newly emerging democracy, she was a pioneer of charity in the country. In early 1990, she and her friends from Charter 77 founded the Committee of Good Will, one of the very first projects of this kind in Czechoslovakia. In 1992, she founded the Olga Havel Foundation and members of the Committee of Good Will became Board Members of the foundation with Olga as the Chair. The main objective of the Committee of Good Will - Olga Havel Foundation (OHF) was to help people with disabilities, abandoned or discriminated against, with their integration into society. The Foundation activities soon became well known abroad. In some countries in Europe and overseas, sister organizations were established to support the main goals of the Foundation. Olga Havel visited emerging centres for children with multiple disabilities to inquire what could make their life easier. She was often seen among senior citizens and children with disabilities. She was interested in transformation of hospitals into non-profit, non-governmental organizations and urged ministers to support civil society organizations working in the social field. She earned respect of world politicians and cultural figures. She met outstanding personalities in and outside Europe; together with Christiane Herzog, wife of German President, she organized help for children with cystic fibrosis.", "On the fifth anniversary of the establishment of the OHF, Olga decided to present an award to a person with a disability who helped to improve living conditions of other disabled people. This prize is awarded annually in May. Olga attended just the first awards ceremony - she died in January 1996. The prize, a statue called Encouragement by Olbram Zoubek, thus also became a remembrance of a person who had always been an advocate for the rights of vulnerable citizens. One part of the Olga Havel Award project is to promote civic associations providing social and medical services in a dignified way, and using new forms of social services. For the OHF, the ceremony is also an opportunity to pay tribute to its significant donors and collaborators.", "In 1991, Nordic foundation Stiftelsen Arets Budeje awarded Olga Havel with the prestigious prize Woman of the Year 1991. In 1995, Olga received the Přemysl Pitter medal and became the Woman of the year 1995 in the Czech Republic. Olga Havel dedicated last years of her life to tireless building of civil society. In 1995, Olga was according to the public survey the most significant woman of the Czech Republic and she became an authority even abroad. Thanks to her the issue of handicapped people stopped to be an \"indecent topic\". Olga Havel died of cancer on 27 January 1996. Her death deeply hit the entire nation. People stood in a long queue to honour her, laid flowers in the chapel at the south wing of Prague Castle, and signed a condolence book. She is buried in the Havel family tomb at Prague's Vinohrady cemetery. In 1997, Olga Havel was in memoriam awarded the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk for outstanding contribution to democracy and human rights. Since 1996, based on approval of the President Václav Havel, secondary school in Ostrava-Poruba carries an honorary title – Olga Havel Gymnázium. In 2014, Business Academy, specialized school and practical school in Janské Lázně, which Olga Havel opened in 1994, was officially named after her. Olga Havel left neither letters nor a book of memories. Books by Pavel Kosatík or Helena Marková, the tribute anthology Síla věcnosti (Power of factuality) describe her life. In 1993, the documentary was made within the cycle GEN – Galery of the nation's elite, in 2006 – on the occasion of 10th anniversary of her death – a documentary Paní Olga (Lady Olga) from the cycle Příběhy slavných (Stories of the famous). In 2014, director Miroslav Janek made the documentary OLGA, which was awarded in the category Best Documentary on the 22nd film awards Český lev (Czech Lion). In 2010, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the building where the Committee of Good Will is located (Prague, Senovážné náměstí 2); since 2012, a new street in Žižkov-Vackov bears the name of Olga Havel." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4865, 83, 5036, 9098, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 44, 11193, 432, 3657, 24392, 58, 1286, 3501, 10, 19879, 5369, 6650, 5, 169549, 35187, 45831, 450, 70, 6, 34165, 72977, 14037, 99, 211423, 90965, 150, 1463, 1764, 621, 39411, 5510, 17131, 48461, 25958, 607, 297, 47, 615, 8659, 19879, 5369, 6650, 5, 581, 6, 227780, 109622, 1764, 111, 25356, 77242, 34, 23, 41115, 5134, 192859, 1556, 77950, 111, 4527, 111, 11476, 581, 54311, 4353, 75708, 32070, 23, 9098, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 47, 1672, 84428, 77269, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 77950, 111, 98174, 3674, 64827, 4, 14037, 390, 70, 4954, 15143, 32547, 4, 83, 44603, 9, 85, 3674, 47, 6, 112694, 5369, 6650, 5, 241, 147, 538, 77950, 100, 22664, 9, 51379, 24366, 8058, 18, 6, 177849, 83, 5977, 3284, 8345, 9, 85, 3674, 47, 1672, 87197, 77269, 5, 51869, 214, 26038, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 3291, 52032, 29394, 15, 111178, 47, 190, 10253, 77269, 194, 1913, 95001, 10955, 23, 94686, 30633, 4, 138, 4, 130252, 6, 195167, 2258, 6496, 7, 1740, 47, 43877, 1104, 29213, 77269, 765, 2809, 134053, 4, 44, 88981, 53089, 382, 4, 154043, 11651, 124850, 6044, 237, 70, 4262, 4, 6, 59533, 4, 6057, 7, 4, 2355, 7, 136, 28302, 7, 111, 1926, 1916, 707, 4224, 35401, 740, 32255, 8834, 188, 41382, 7, 621, 456, 7077, 297, 47, 186, 21373, 47, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 124850, 39563, 297, 47, 186, 59121, 76438, 5, 76438, 22664, 9, 199332, 13835, 71, 23, 42911, 731, 17662, 114700, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 99, 70, 82325, 5822, 31, 29394, 1764, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 138, 3559, 136, 164387, 77269, 194, 581, 42911, 731, 72944, 83, 2843, 33636, 297, 99, 70, 61187, 56, 25356, 10744, 11, 27201, 29394, 4700, 5955, 1104, 151318, 77269, 16, 1764, 23, 144477, 13, 4438, 9098, 5, 1735, 425, 214, 45630, 105866, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 63457, 108885, 140280, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 70, 1764, 111, 10, 13036, 142, 45964, 26349, 4, 111, 10, 198395, 51, 69723, 19, 42911, 731, 72944, 29394, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 3576, 136, 28797, 77269, 194, 581, 1764, 509, 5117, 134053, 23, 54566, 136, 7068, 456, 9, 3827, 63127, 297, 23, 21735, 5, 76438, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 765, 207487, 70, 1735, 425, 214, 45630, 29394, 47, 581, 25356, 11, 68728, 8946, 111, 9098, 15, 161063, 501, 5, 387, 5757, 47, 501, 5, 48463, 77269, 16, 83, 70, 5117, 68728, 8946, 47, 186, 151552, 23, 142, 45964, 186768, 115923, 6044, 237, 602, 192, 43954, 66, 25, 7, 44, 4332, 32271, 7, 111, 70, 12801, 28107, 19, 58, 136, 44, 571, 49246, 31, 7714, 8080, 740, 581, 68728, 8946, 509, 90698, 759, 927, 21533, 390, 4816, 1779, 24189, 57456, 1119, 73427, 5256, 14037, 39395, 42911, 731, 72944, 15271, 99, 1004, 150, 16450, 4, 19963, 66, 23, 41722, 5, 17106, 10846, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 90791, 7, 101904, 77950, 100, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 70, 159, 8467, 68728, 8946, 4, 501, 5, 48463, 1104, 963, 9271, 77269, 4, 621, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 5423, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 5423, 4, 1295, 70, 110680, 159, 8467, 14922, 4, 32497, 1295, 97264, 99, 1004, 150, 4451, 4, 567, 32742, 119543, 4, 136, 159, 8467, 1430, 449, 5, 581, 17932, 5423, 4, 1295, 70, 14432, 159, 8467, 707, 990, 73, 15, 214399, 16, 14922, 4, 83, 99, 893, 7502, 4, 23, 5744, 9, 5636, 19963, 66, 4, 3129, 1556, 2809, 39563, 297, 237, 70, 4568, 111, 70, 159, 8467, 25, 7, 300, 86, 10323, 7, 15, 238, 5, 65964, 1104, 963, 9271, 77269, 194, 581, 90791, 7, 99, 893, 7502, 26698, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 59121, 17164, 111, 70, 76438, 221, 2060, 134053, 12, 6, 101287, 7, 111, 95051, 1363, 115923, 23, 142, 45964, 76438, 32562, 98, 70, 32881, 7, 707, 6, 128019, 7, 111, 85825, 2451, 2347, 44, 4341, 11030, 32881, 7, 830, 1740, 1295, 10932, 427, 2525, 77269, 5, 62, 36549, 111, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 3630, 60097, 7, 456, 40255, 71, 645, 70, 159, 8467, 68728, 8946, 5, 133698, 2363, 1690, 38529, 4, 59499, 47, 70, 44, 4332, 32271, 7, 111, 70, 12801, 28107, 19, 830, 70, 10323, 26349, 509, 109133, 37195, 20028, 5, 581, 2704, 15, 2940, 581, 567, 13885, 68728, 8946, 15094, 9271, 77269, 47, 189275, 57901, 77269, 16, 83, 70, 4989, 525, 9, 120027, 68728, 8946, 23, 76438, 32692, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 116, 2208, 212010, 316, 77269, 4, 70, 567, 13885, 68728, 8946, 80723, 47, 74216, 23, 70, 146762, 32547, 118666, 53, 4, 645, 16428, 592, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 70, 159, 8467, 5, 581, 567, 13885, 118775, 47, 765, 186, 6967, 2363, 79986, 1379, 10, 36137, 9, 2242, 34, 2465, 5426, 5, 581, 567, 13885, 158930, 65272, 111, 70, 159, 8467, 4, 136, 70, 567, 13885, 57724, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 65925, 6, 127942, 748, 390, 70, 159, 8467, 5, 581, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 567, 13885, 4, 18813, 51438, 4, 678, 70, 127557, 111, 1919, 82953, 4, 70, 51978, 111, 567, 13885, 4, 237, 119555, 18, 4, 145755, 47, 8, 88981, 70, 159, 8467, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 147259, 13, 5, 581, 360, 70, 382, 927, 142642, 77269, 4, 14537, 100512, 8, 58905, 29367, 20271, 70, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 26794, 80973, 44, 31923, 2852, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 7714, 8080, 740, 360, 903, 14922, 4, 4000, 116338, 119893, 11814, 390, 70, 567, 13885, 80723, 47, 237, 33657, 2363, 14537, 136, 4004, 100, 764, 14716, 6833, 5, 581, 16648, 509, 1377, 52152, 27686, 390, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 3789, 3395, 7, 1295, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 2396, 73, 4, 100, 21896, 70, 567, 13885, 47, 25813, 2363, 10323, 28, 4438, 47, 72582, 7502, 5, 3293, 16188, 7, 70, 17932, 13036, 93402, 111, 70, 567, 13885, 68728, 8946, 12, 70, 24453, 9022, 567, 13885, 5, 581, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 83, 94419, 390, 10, 6817, 214, 34955, 111, 70, 9879, 567, 13885, 14537, 5, 360, 12638, 111, 70, 75281, 7, 111, 117249, 450, 155605, 10, 75287, 4, 4000, 37515, 1055, 34658, 2684, 111, 70, 68894, 14537, 136, 136475, 2363, 1614, 108797, 6620, 47, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 59121, 115923, 111, 70, 32692, 111, 9098, 5622, 1295, 237, 39395, 237, 427, 2525, 77269, 4, 1295, 70, 159, 8467, 68728, 8946, 15, 238, 5, 48463, 1104, 963, 9271, 77269, 247, 20271, 70, 60097, 51438, 134533, 25, 7, 1690, 38529, 4, 2750, 509, 119056, 237, 70, 214075, 9, 13448, 271, 159, 8467, 60097, 390, 70, 5701, 5, 893, 45964, 186768, 7986, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 37975, 111, 43101, 7, 58, 15, 28575, 538, 139539, 7, 4, 534, 927, 142642, 77269, 247, 70, 44, 4332, 32271, 7, 111, 70, 12801, 28107, 19, 58, 15, 238, 5, 805, 77269, 16, 136, 70, 44, 571, 49246, 31, 7714, 8080, 58, 15, 133572, 77269, 16, 41392, 136, 98363, 10, 25356, 11, 68728, 8946, 15, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Prehistory.", "Paleolithic (3.3 Ma ~ 12 ka).", "Neolithic.", "Bronze Age.", "Ancient China.", "Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BC).", "Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC).", "Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC).", "Spring and Autumn period (722–476 BC).", "Warring States period (476–221 BC).", "Imperial China.", "Qin dynasty (221–207 BC).", "Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220).", "Western Han.", "Xin dynasty.", "Eastern Han.", "Three Kingdoms (AD 220–280).", "Jin dynasty (AD 266–420).", "Northern and Southern dynasties (AD 420–589).", "Sui dynasty (AD 581–618).", "Tang dynasty (AD 618–907).", "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960).", "Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties (AD 960–1234).", "Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1368).", "Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644).", "Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911).", "Modern China.", "Republic of China (since 1912).", "People's Republic of China (since 1949)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "What is now China was inhabited by \"Homo erectus\" more than a million years ago. Recent study shows that the stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site are magnetostratigraphically dated to 1.36 million years ago. The archaeological site of Xihoudu in Shanxi Province has evidence of use of fire", "The Neolithic age in China can be traced back to about 10,000 BC. The earliest evidence of cultivated rice, found by the Yangtze River, is carbon-dated to 8,000 years ago. Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is radiocarbon-dated to about 7000 BC. Farming gave rise to the Jiahu culture (7000 to 5800 BC). At Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000–5000 BC have been discovered, \"featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun, moon, stars, gods and scenes of hunting or grazing\". These pictographs are reputed to be similar to the earliest characters confirmed to be written Chinese. Chinese proto-writing existed in", "Bronze artifacts have been found at the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BC). The Bronze Age is also represented at the Lower Xiajiadian culture (2200–1600 BC) site in northeast China. Sanxingdui located in what is now Sichuan province is believed to be the site of a major ancient city, of a previously unknown Bronze Age culture (between 2000 and 1200 BC). The site was first discovered in 1929 and then re-discovered in 1986. Chinese archaeologists have identified the Sanxingdui culture to", "", "The Xia dynasty of China (from c. 2070 to c. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian's \"Records of the Grand Historian\" and \"Bamboo Annals\". The dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959. With few", "Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang dynasty, c. 1600–1046 BC, are divided into two sets. The first set, from the earlier Shang period, comes from sources at Erligang, Zhengzhou, and Shangcheng. The second set, from the later Shang or Yin (殷) period, is at Anyang, in modern-day Henan, which has been confirmed as the last of the Shang's nine capitals (c. 1300–1046 BC). The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of the Chinese so far discovered: inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals—the \"oracle bones\", dating from around 1250 BC. A series of thirty-one kings reigned over the Shang dynasty. During their reign, according to the \"Records of the Grand Historian\", the capital city was moved six times. The final (and", "The Zhou dynasty (1046 BC to approximately 256 BC) is the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history. By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory of the Shang. The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system. The Zhou lived west of the Shang, and the Zhou leader was appointed Western Protector by the Shang. The ruler of the Zhou, King Wu, with the assistance of his brother, the Duke of Zhou, as regent, managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye. The", "In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn period, named after the influential \"Spring and Autumn Annals\". In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples from the northwest, such as the Qin, forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang. This marks the second major phase of the Zhou dynasty: the Eastern Zhou. The Spring and Autumn period is marked by a falling apart of the central Zhou power. In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. Some local leaders even started using royal titles for", "After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of the 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held little real power. Numerous developments were made during this period in culture and mathematics. Examples include an important literary achievement, the Zuo zhuan on the \"Spring and Autumn Annals\", which summarizes the preceding Spring and Autumn period, and the bundle of 21 bamboo slips from", "The Imperial China Period can be divided into three sub-periods: Early, Middle, and Late. Major events in the Early sub-period include the Qin unification of China and their replacement by the Han, the First Split followed by the Jin unification, and the loss of north China. The Middle sub-period was marked by the Sui unification and their supplementation by the Tang, the Second Split, and the Song unification. The Late sub-period included the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.", "Historians often refer to the period from the Qin dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty as Imperial China. Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang (close to modern Xi'an). The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin emphasized strict adherence to a legal code and the", "", "The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, who emerged victorious in the Chu–Han Contention that followed the fall of the Qin dynasty. A golden age in Chinese history, the Han dynasty's long period of stability and prosperity consolidated the foundation of China as a unified state under a central imperial bureaucracy, which was to last intermittently for most of the next two millennia. During the Han dynasty, territory of China was extended to most of the China proper and to areas", "In AD 9, the usurper Wang Mang claimed that the Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own, and he founded the short-lived Xin (\"New\") dynasty. Wang Mang started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms, including the outlawing", "Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang, \"east\" of the former capital Xi'an. Thus, this new era is termed the Eastern Han dynasty. With the capable administrations of Emperors Ming and Zhang, former glories of the dynasty was reclaimed, with brilliant military and cultural achievements. The Xiongnu Empire was decisively defeated. The diplomat and general Ban Chao further expanded the conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea, thus reopening the Silk Road, and bringing trade, foreign cultures, along with the arrival of Buddhism. With extensive connections with the west, the first of several Roman embassies to China were recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea route in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284. The Eastern Han dynasty was one of the most prolific era of science and technology in ancient China, notably the historic invention of papermaking by Cai Lun, and the numerous scientific and mathematical contributions by the famous polymath Zhang Heng.", "By the 2nd century, the empire declined amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184, ushering in an era of warlords. In the ensuing turmoil, three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms. This time period has been greatly romanticized in works such", "The Jin dynasty was severely weakened by internecine fighting among imperial princes and lost control of northern China after non-Han Chinese settlers rebelled and captured Luoyang and Chang'an. In 317, a Jin prince in modern-day Nanjing became emperor and continued the dynasty, now known as the Eastern Jin, which held southern China for another century. Prior to this move, historians refer to the Jin dynasty as the Western", "In the early 5th century, China entered a period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties, in which parallel regimes ruled the northern and southern halves of the country. In the south, the Eastern Jin gave way to the Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and finally Chen. Each of these Southern dynasties were led by Han Chinese ruling families and used Jiankang (modern Nanjing) as the capital. They held off attacks from the north and preserved many aspects of Chinese civilization, while northern barbarian regimes began to sinify.", "The short-lived Sui dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history. Founded by Emperor Wen in 581 in succession of the Northern Zhou, the Sui went on to conquer the Southern Chen in 589 to reunify China, ending three centuries of political division. The Sui pioneered many new institutions, including the government system of Three Departments and Six Ministries, imperial examinations for selecting officials from commoners, while improved on the systems of fubing system of the army conscription and the Equal-field system of", "The Tang dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618. It was a golden age of Chinese civilization and considered to be the most prosperous period of China with significant developments in culture, art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology. Buddhism became the predominant religion for the common people. Chang'an (modern Xi'an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world during its time. The second emperor, Taizong, is widely regarded as one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history, who had laid the foundation for the dynasty to flourish for centuries beyond his reign. Combined military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers were implemented to eliminate threats from", "The period of political disunity between the Tang and the Song, known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, lasted from 907 to 960. During this half-century, China was in all respects a multi-state system. Five regimes, namely, (Later) Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou, rapidly succeeded one another in control of the traditional Imperial heartland in northern China. Among the regimes, rulers of (Later) Tang, Jin and Han were sinicized Shatuo Turks, which ruled over the ethnic majority of Han Chinese. More stable and smaller", "In 960, the Song dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu, with its capital established in Kaifeng (also known as Bianjing). In 979, the Song dynasty reunified most of the China proper, while large swaths of the outer territories were occupied by sinicized nomadic empires. The Khitan Liao dynasty, which lasted from 907 to 1125, ruled over Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Northern China. Meanwhile, in what are now the north-western Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia, the Tangut tribes founded the Western Xia dynasty from 1032 to 1227. Aiming to recover the strategic Sixteen Prefectures lost in the previous dynasty, campaigns were launched against the Liao dynasty in the early Song period, which all ended in failure. Then in 1004, the Liao cavalry swept over the exposed North China Plain and reached the outskirts of Kaifeng, forcing the Song's submission and then agreement to the Chanyuan Treaty, which imposed heavy annual tributes from", "The Yuan dynasty was formally proclaimed in 1271, when the Great Khan of Mongol, Kublai Khan, one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan, assumed the additional title of Emperor of China, and considered his inherited part of the Mongol Empire as a Chinese dynasty. In the preceding decades, the Mongols had conquered the Jin dynasty in Northern China, and the Southern Song dynasty fell in 1279 after a protracted and bloody war. The Mongol Yuan dynasty became the first conquest dynasty in Chinese history to rule the entire China proper and its population as an ethnic minority. The dynasty also directly controlled the Mongolian heartland and other regions, inheriting the largest share of territory of the divided Mongol Empire, which roughly coincided with the modern area of China and nearby regions in East Asia.", "The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, who proclaimed himself as the Hongwu Emperor. The capital was initially set at Nanjing, and was later moved to Beijing from Yongle Emperor's reign onward. Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with", "The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was the last imperial dynasty in China. Founded by the Manchus, it was the second conquest dynasty to rule the territory of China proper, and roughly doubled the territory controlled by the Ming. The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchens, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after Nurhaci united all Jurchen tribes and declared the founding of the Qing dynasty in 1636. The Qing dynasty set up the Eight Banners system that provided the basic framework for the Qing military conquest. Li Zicheng's peasant rebellion captured Beijing in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus allied with the Ming general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing dynasty. and then proceeded to subdue the Ming remnants in the south. The decades of Manchu conquest caused enormous loss of lives and the economic scale of China shrank drastically. In total, the Qing", "", "The provisional government of the Republic of China was formed in Nanking on 12 March 1912. Sun Yat-sen became President of the Republic of China, but he turned power over to Yuan Shikai, who commanded the New Army. Over the next few years, Yuan proceeded to abolish the national and provincial assemblies and declared himself as the emperor of Empire of China in late 1915. Yuan's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates; faced with the prospect of rebellion, he abdicated in March 1916 and died of natural causes in June. Yuan's death in 1916 left a power vacuum; the republican government was all but shattered. This opened the way for the Warlord Era, during which much of China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders and the Beiyang government. Intellectuals, disappointed in the failure of the Republic, launched the New Culture Movement. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement began as a response to the pro-Japanese terms imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. It quickly became a nationwide protest movement. The protests were a moral success as the cabinet fell and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which had awarded German holdings of Shandong to Japan. Political and intellectual ferment waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s. According to Patricia Ebrey: In the 1920s, Sun Yat-sen established a revolutionary base in Guangzhou and set out to unite the fragmented nation. He welcomed assistance from the Soviet Union (itself fresh from Lenin's takeover) and he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China. After Sun's death from cancer in 1925, one of his protégés, Chiang Kai-shek, seized control of the Nationalist Party (KMT) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in the Northern Expedition (1926–1927). Having defeated the warlords in the south and central China by military force, Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North and establish the Nationalist government in Nanking. In 1927, Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies in NRA and its leaders out of KMT. In 1934, driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet Republic,", "Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang (KMT) pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands. The Communist Party of China was left in control of mainland China. On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. \"Communist China\" and \"Red China\" were two common names for the PRC. The PRC was shaped by a series of campaigns and five-year plans. The economic and social plan known as the Great Leap Forward caused an estimated 45 million deaths. Mao's government carried out mass executions of landowners, instituted collectivisation and implemented the Laogai camp system. Execution, deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted in millions of deaths under Mao. In 1966 Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution, which continued until Mao's death a decade later. The Cultural Revolution, motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the Soviet Union, led to a major upheaval in Chinese society. In 1972, at the peak of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States. In the same year, the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China, with permanent membership of the Security Council. A power struggle followed Mao's death in 1976. The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, marking the end of a turbulent political era in China. Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng, and gradually emerged as the \"de facto\" leader over the next few years. Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 128512, 2837, 23935, 674, 100, 10, 222201, 159826, 26518, 6244, 1507, 87907, 83, 74481, 3674, 390, 6024, 62479, 214, 25842, 17262, 142424, 74, 70, 62488, 26983, 6259, 390, 70, 6244, 1507, 15, 2347, 120472, 140909, 247, 70, 115339, 16128, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 15, 2347, 136355, 247, 136, 70, 14012, 111, 19932, 104532, 7, 450, 48402, 13, 70, 28271, 87907, 5, 581, 26168, 83, 12, 345, 6953, 903, 26168, 100, 351, 9, 46280, 21533, 52895, 111, 87907, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 40515, 2590, 4331, 136, 70, 6, 6785, 9, 254, 32744, 10644, 11814, 23, 33220, 71641, 2926, 75457, 7, 4, 831, 68018, 11180, 19388, 1239, 14507, 6238, 50339, 3229, 81887, 214, 47, 69101, 87907, 7, 5, 204914, 238, 87643, 7, 136, 144314, 7, 1543, 85493, 136, 4527, 26341, 5281, 26168, 13, 47, 83324, 10, 151878, 13, 109650, 2837, 23935, 674, 100, 20117, 87907, 52895, 5, 360, 40368, 76726, 108112, 136, 152838, 37498, 297, 98, 33816, 117001, 390, 6181, 207048, 621, 105994, 71, 23, 123875, 47, 87907, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 360, 76726, 7440, 903, 83, 17823, 1814, 297, 4, 80939, 142901, 4295, 27983, 40, 343, 47, 51312, 14537, 140992, 8305, 77546, 9, 65381, 6496, 87907, 7, 707, 94779, 9254, 9966, 4, 64457, 111, 118055, 70, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 76726, 7440, 70, 33816, 152838, 621, 35509, 54799, 87907, 2837, 23935, 674, 12, 40515, 2590, 87907, 7, 621, 19048, 47, 27489, 77546, 14537, 90926, 100, 10, 34475, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 228072, 4, 1836, 621, 137567, 24643, 297, 237, 22410, 20028, 2363, 11341, 71, 72761, 2837, 23935, 674, 15, 81046, 116380, 7, 24209, 7, 191984, 16655, 4, 16655, 24209, 7, 191984, 17596, 247, 102971, 8561, 14537, 140992, 7, 831, 186, 77546, 3501, 42459, 297, 390, 903, 142477, 31461, 5, 165837, 25958, 4, 5941, 2258, 3299, 123055, 765, 99201, 2363, 87907, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 70, 61242, 74668, 1197, 36958, 2298, 238, 64876, 6, 127875, 15, 62783, 297, 390, 10, 6, 127875, 3003, 45966, 23, 206, 64, 153451, 9, 150, 2921, 87907, 247, 136, 70, 36102, 1104, 167648, 19615, 51374, 15, 11, 79875, 9, 150, 2921, 87907, 194, 33306, 4, 12768, 7, 98186, 94779, 9254, 9966, 136, 113490, 64, 219945, 22648, 1517, 5425, 16792, 1532, 765, 16750, 297, 23, 2060, 10846, 56, 3299, 123055, 8035, 35509, 98, 70, 87907, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 90125, 2837, 23935, 674, 83, 70, 72350, 111, 70, 19932, 104532, 21950, 52113, 6328, 390, 756, 111, 70, 6244, 67772, 111, 10, 6244, 1507, 87907, 4, 39041, 6238, 70, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 237, 142, 125195, 111, 142, 87907, 25, 7, 13267, 4, 136, 390, 111938, 237, 10, 5078, 184, 172075, 111, 70, 14537, 142, 87907, 13648, 186, 87709, 111, 27024, 214, 136, 70, 41170, 111, 160692, 442, 5608, 186, 84751, 47, 18588, 13, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 2837, 23935, 674, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 72350, 7, 27983, 11814, 23, 153603, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 15913, 1916, 4, 2926, 117001, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Governmental regulations.", "Automotive model names." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The overall displacement for a typical reciprocating piston engine is calculated by multiplying together three values; the distance travelled by the piston (the stroke length), the circular area of the cylinder (the bore), and the number of cylinders that comprise the whole engine. The formula is: Using this formula for non-typical types of engine, such as the Wankel design and the oval-piston type used in Honda NR motorcycles, can sometimes yield misleading results when attempting to compare engines. Manufacturers and regulators may develop and use specialised formulae to determine a comparative nominal displacement for variant engine types.", "In several countries fees and taxes levied on road vehicles by transport authorities are scaled in proportion to engine displacement. In countries where this is practised, vehicle manufacturers often seek to increase power output through higher-revving engines or turbocharging, instead of increasing the displacement. Examples of countries where the road taxes are based upon engine displacement: Wankel engines are able to produce higher power levels for a given displacement. Therefore, they are generally taxed as 1.5 times their stated physical displacement (1.3 litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs can be higher than suggested by this conversion factor.", "Historically, many car model names have included their engine displacement. Examples include the 1923–1930 Cadillac Series 353 (powered by a 353 Cubic inch/5.8-litre engine), and the 1963–1968 BMW 1800 (a 1.8-litre engine). However, trends towards turbocharging and hybrid/electric drivetrains since 2010 have resulted in far fewer model names being based on the engine displacement." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 509, 103122, 23, 38243, 4, 23, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 140280, 111, 209533, 9, 186872, 4, 70, 775, 111, 10, 49602, 145456, 93324, 5, 18763, 6, 60502, 22230, 1902, 2809, 43032, 111, 70, 92265, 438, 13566, 111, 70, 30520, 13, 23, 5987, 8509, 1672, 71792, 74, 59499, 47, 40250, 4, 70, 68728, 8946, 7311, 538, 21449, 1295, 70, 2609, 3466, 187, 5176, 15182, 2408, 5, 163317, 29966, 297, 70, 74275, 56, 72460, 29666, 2658, 6664, 23, 37061, 5, 28090, 70351, 163317, 509, 165249, 237, 10, 377, 3667, 23, 222226, 136, 23, 49300, 56, 22341, 13, 43573, 10271, 74, 20271, 70, 30839, 135555, 111, 24531, 74668, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 121, 120430, 6635, 44, 919, 9569, 187681, 58, 24073, 81437, 9, 50886, 6423, 18939, 25072, 1379, 80450, 122960, 126741, 911, 56, 11050, 15811, 11856, 214, 70, 102115, 318, 271, 345, 22876, 214, 5, 147466, 23, 45913, 4, 764, 5775, 46526, 23, 70, 129435, 26548, 70, 12981, 7816, 5342, 7, 136, 70, 116342, 19, 136, 179838, 19, 50588, 90, 5, 17106, 1919, 25072, 764, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 215713, 9, 27559, 66489, 23, 11994, 23031, 5, 1529, 2843, 5775, 46526, 26548, 28820, 127, 23, 7102, 46825, 7, 23, 2367, 70, 82224, 7, 11782, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 345, 22876, 5180, 111, 56694, 5, 24372, 70, 44, 919, 9569, 187681, 58, 25072, 7, 1902, 2809, 51521, 538, 26725, 141, 4126, 23, 23031, 4, 163317, 33284, 297, 70, 44, 100222, 15032, 143553, 58, 136, 75204, 10, 43606, 9, 46799, 101085, 149357, 23, 63445, 100, 1919, 2831, 23, 70, 110938, 2320, 111, 184293, 33744, 25365, 9319, 152201, 33, 916, 46, 764, 62952, 10, 2258, 100, 70, 110938, 7, 5, 360, 70970, 4, 764, 75204, 15700, 101085, 149357, 100, 142, 81887, 297, 44, 30154, 282, 58, 162882, 15, 6276, 120430, 6635, 44, 39379, 9, 20314, 2980, 74054, 136, 509, 158003, 297, 390, 74283, 34202, 10208, 542, 67944, 57617, 7103, 10, 10846, 21775, 46, 764, 1902, 959, 152388, 70, 141591, 538, 148, 167457, 91519, 4, 142092, 4, 3229, 764, 6221, 712, 297, 100, 1919, 6897, 4, 3129, 509, 959, 297, 390, 70, 29685, 5, 24372, 1919, 54452, 1295, 101085, 4, 163317, 174176, 66570, 47, 70, 8060, 111, 44, 30154, 282, 58, 162882, 158, 21605, 933, 136, 80723, 47, 80299, 146876, 1507, 38440, 23, 70, 15889, 17467, 4935, 44, 4657, 1003, 7560, 111494, 13, 108365, 58, 73962, 4, 3129, 85168, 297, 4049, 70, 35743, 111, 78771, 4935, 135555, 6635, 136, 9907, 12981, 7816, 25445, 130370, 10932, 93726, 2673, 583, 40676, 136, 1172, 157, 1277, 42911, 2415, 5, 360, 54566, 764, 4420, 297, 1919, 88, 820, 82953, 73223, 23, 1919, 151994, 100, 70, 209533, 9, 186872, 91427, 41021, 25, 7, 209410, 390, 40226, 1916, 10, 54330, 52875, 98, 70, 74283, 81325, 33976, 23, 10271, 5, 1529, 1902, 47, 47445, 17262, 21775, 23, 32603, 4935, 68232, 1459, 4, 7440, 1272, 764, 122799, 1919, 5117, 21261, 44, 3957, 13538, 19729, 7, 58, 24073, 17048, 2206, 973, 18529, 510, 74054, 91376, 390, 108890, 2777, 171465, 18, 5, 24372, 55591, 4, 163317, 2804, 4, 764, 6777, 959, 8060, 63654, 8780, 5, 992, 5062, 5941, 3789, 30839, 6, 70035, 7, 136, 30260, 7, 4, 764, 6777, 959, 24092, 70, 44, 10429, 18540, 275, 2706, 1360, 34, 43855, 2206, 23789, 177, 18917, 58, 134086, 1363, 111, 160624, 939, 47, 101910, 41555, 5, 1529, 1902, 2809, 34784, 297, 7103, 70, 83572, 44, 4613, 33605, 7134, 14, 34857, 830, 25842, 678, 15745, 12676, 1090, 4, 1284, 509, 121447, 7103, 10, 10846, 13312, 5, 26832, 85788, 79850, 36298, 71, 390, 70, 207048, 4, 2750, 92610, 297, 4049, 47, 186, 142, 10, 10500, 15724, 111, 71047, 7832, 16865, 25, 7, 44, 117177, 4216, 99428, 830, 764, 85168, 297, 1919, 38043, 390, 32562, 1346, 26499, 7, 100, 70, 30839, 1346, 14380, 44, 38209, 284, 58, 1529, 8060, 297, 108890, 2777, 171465, 18, 7103, 764, 1902, 75204, 10, 80299, 214, 4599, 100, 187016, 214, 845, 114686, 35768, 136, 142458, 20102, 82122, 71, 678, 17467, 4935, 39746, 7154, 130370, 10932, 1172, 5518, 1950, 76, 2594, 136, 1950, 516, 27325, 731, 9, 12647, 53, 1015, 5, 18763, 100306, 4, 891, 133, 38334, 6865, 2480, 4, 509, 845, 114686, 1284, 764, 509, 19048, 47, 59959, 604, 1295, 217382, 1830, 390, 452, 6953, 604, 5773, 237, 1919, 5732, 4032, 5, 360, 1919, 1809, 8730, 48461, 289, 44, 3957, 130373, 7, 58, 764, 151552, 3642, 15044, 3542, 34784, 297, 136, 147115, 324, 5967, 27686, 23, 18608, 390, 15672, 79063, 1314, 3229, 1836, 3542, 34784, 297, 4, 136, 35839, 44, 4645, 708, 91, 9494, 13, 3890, 136, 44, 988, 18695, 2886, 195629, 7, 740, 163317, 509, 44848, 71, 390, 70, 15672, 67485, 53, 61804, 31075, 24189, 6088, 41906, 5, 581, 27712, 190070, 1346, 44, 21851, 141, 7948, 7, 830, 100, 3129, 163317, 54397, 70, 49119, 20706, 4, 509, 69871, 57415, 390, 56101, 6, 167618, 207048, 100, 6863, 7398, 6982, 297, 2393, 365, 22014, 9166, 5, 360, 59782, 764, 91376, 70, 12877, 44, 3957, 68185, 76070, 58, 24073, 47731, 21797, 128759, 74054, 23, 3129, 764, 26038, 1919, 57806, 238, 136, 57, 42964, 28692, 44, 7251, 7, 42844, 58, 47, 70, 65451, 6275, 9655, 76070, 50509, 214, 3395, 25, 7, 69924, 17721, 55591, 9, 99270, 3129, 70, 65925, 884, 71516, 67485, 53, 92416, 7, 23, 102126, 31089, 71, 390, 70, 93396, 111, 137107, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1631, 5, 62, 170277, 3835, 35107, 111, 70, 12877, 34739, 3687, 23, 70, 5201, 25550, 29398, 111, 37822, 16123, 4, 131168, 71, 390, 42840, 14191, 187206, 122960, 5, 106073, 91441, 7, 136, 70, 636, 2480, 158, 4545, 14534, 442, 48673, 538, 4, 70, 12877, 509, 10, 129357, 23, 102126, 136, 17721, 6863, 104345, 23, 59782, 136, 47765, 390, 3129, 1733, 442, 1902, 54324, 645, 116, 55577, 71200, 7, 5, 108890, 542, 163317, 68, 71, 43573, 17686, 1015, 4, 61187, 56, 105459, 6833, 4, 102126, 4, 10, 17704, 11937, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 108890, 542, 163317, 39695, 6088, 115275, 46, 483, 8055, 29172, 16, 509, 10, 64181, 1727, 9, 1704, 15889, 9, 107, 137089, 6635, 30839, 6, 70035, 136, 7108, 9, 14775, 36443, 187681, 32786, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "He was born in Kiel, in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, the son of a criminal investigation officer. His ancestors had been members of the French Nobles of the Robe in Alsace about 1700; according to tradition, the dynasty originally came from the Venice aristocracy. Salomon attended the Musterschule gymnasium in Frankfurt. From 1913 Salomon was raised as a cadet in Karlsruhe and in Lichterfelde near Berlin; during the German Revolution of 1918–19, he joined the paramilitary \"Freikorps\" (\"Free-Corps\") unit under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker suppressing the Spartacist Uprising. Later in 1919, he fought in the Baltic against the Bolsheviks and the Estonian and Latvian armies. With his unit he took part in the Kapp-Putsch in March 1920. He also fought against Polish insurgents in what the Poles call the Silesian Uprisings of 1921. After the \"Freikorps\" units had been officially dissolved in 1920, Salomon joined the \"Organisation Consul\" and received a five-year prison sentence in 1922 for his part in the assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau – he provided a car for the assassins. In 1927, he received another prison sentence for an attempted \"Feme\" murder (paramilitary \"self-justice\"), and was pardoned by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg after a few months – he had not killed the severely wounded victim, Wagner, when he pleaded for his life, which was noted by the court. After his release from prison, Salomon committed himself to the support of \"Feme\" murder convicts and began to publish feuilleton articles in the national conservative \"Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung\" newspaper, which earned him the attention of Conservative Revolutionary and National Bolshevist circles around Friedrich Hielscher and Arnolt Bronnen. In 1929 he backed his elder brother Bruno in his struggle for the Schleswig-Holstein Rural People's Movement by simulating a bomb attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin. He had to spend three months in investigative custody, whereby he finished his first novel \"The Outlaws\" (\"Die Geächteten\"), published by Ernst Rowohlt. After 1933, Salomon said, he did not support Nazism. Unlike many other German writers and poets, he did not sign the \"Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft\" proclamation of loyalty to Adolf Hitler. He had been arrested after the Nazi \"Machtergreifung\", together with Hans Fallada, but was released after a few days. Suspiciously eyed by the authorities, who suspected him to be an adherent of Otto Strasser's \"Third Position\", he earned his living by writing film scripts for the German film company \"UFA\" He supported Ernst Rowohlt after he had received a publishing ban for employing Jewish personnel and temporarily corresponded with conservative resistance circles around Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen. His lover, Ille Gotthelft, was Jewish but he was able to protect her from persecution by passing her off as his spouse. In his autobiographical \"The Answers\" he described how both were arrested and seriously mistreated in 1945 by American soldiers when they were arrested, and called \"Nazi swine!\" and \"despicable creatures\". Salomon was interned by the American Military Authorities until September 1946. The 1940 colonial film \"Carl Peters\", for which Salomon wrote the screenplay, was forbidden by British occupation authorities for its purported Anglophobia. In 1951 he published the book \"The Questionnaire\" (\"Der Fragebogen\"), in which he gave his ironic and sarcastic \"Answers\" to the 131 point questionnaire concerning people's activities between 1933-1945 which the Western Allied Military Governments in Germany issued by the tens of thousands at the end of the war. A famous public discussion of the book took place in the main train station of Cologne, organised by bookseller Gerhard Ludwig. Although Liberals and the Left condemned it violently, the book was a sensation in Germany and between its publication in 1951 and 1954 by which time it had sold over 250,000 copies.", "Ernst von Salomon died near Winsen, Lower Saxony, Germany, aged 69." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7, 26766, 509, 70, 775, 40101, 111, 15901, 7, 390, 42506, 3466, 707, 32542, 14, 48226, 4, 707, 111, 28013, 748, 15, 1681, 111, 19434, 34, 1900, 16, 144681, 390, 181482, 6131, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 82953, 111, 31267, 223, 4, 27512, 5782, 136, 19146, 223, 707, 111, 42506, 3466, 136, 13791, 528, 191, 64457, 5, 581, 7, 26766, 509, 70, 67373, 111, 87, 19379, 29786, 7, 390, 636, 36340, 7340, 707, 50005, 53, 2347, 2179, 4, 76849, 111, 82366, 58385, 13, 11, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 42732, 111, 1919, 3789, 20020, 4, 884, 3238, 13, 11, 4, 50005, 53, 6493, 5782, 4, 99882, 11636, 7, 4, 92179, 39, 86, 2816, 4, 636, 85, 136, 19434, 5134, 11636, 7, 5, 360, 3789, 97264, 4, 70, 42732, 111, 87, 19379, 29786, 7, 4, 884, 3238, 13, 11, 136, 636, 85, 509, 24, 4806, 40101, 76288, 75189, 67, 4, 76849, 111, 19434, 34, 1900, 707, 19152, 98766, 399, 4, 76849, 111, 50246, 17978, 5, 64511, 775, 7, 111, 581, 7, 26766, 3542, 10592, 1636, 136, 1250, 24948, 223, 4, 717, 4878, 223, 4, 62, 14612, 2109, 136, 9113, 53, 4445, 5, 581, 7, 26766, 509, 144, 71516, 678, 8064, 17603, 19005, 136, 87, 23762, 223, 26548, 45644, 771, 587, 191, 5, 129551, 47, 7832, 837, 4, 3229, 8064, 17603, 19005, 136, 1919, 82953, 87, 23762, 223, 4, 7103, 8035, 24657, 67175, 390, 45644, 771, 587, 6727, 1295, 2363, 5368, 1760, 4, 23409, 47, 581, 7, 26766, 4, 70, 60097, 111, 70, 19434, 34, 34925, 14, 5, 581, 60097, 104902, 70, 6626, 82953, 7, 47, 163629, 139355, 111, 5045, 111, 70, 23295, 98, 70, 2060, 5609, 111, 70, 17490, 8242, 26806, 98, 35431, 450, 1836, 5608, 53299, 10, 12008, 111, 442, 5, 8064, 17603, 19005, 4, 49903, 4, 23409, 4420, 5368, 4, 19441, 139505, 636, 85, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 581, 7, 26766, 4, 7440, 162, 87, 23762, 223, 24765, 297, 98, 4, 120260, 10, 126826, 111, 62, 107032, 1174, 4, 136, 390, 63306, 408, 824, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 18118, 208, 19005, 4, 186, 9904, 15044, 97892, 89059, 136, 604, 82953, 7, 5, 360, 10, 41207, 20117, 111, 70, 759, 927, 390, 42473, 867, 206, 4, 70, 96113, 17490, 8242, 223, 23, 62, 31580, 7884, 509, 36770, 538, 35839, 7103, 581, 7, 26766, 5, 3293, 581, 7, 26766, 2750, 54799, 3060, 85727, 2837, 69246, 26983, 297, 237, 2060, 237, 63457, 9480, 4, 7440, 764, 1902, 157176, 71, 100, 3060, 1733, 4, 176377, 47, 1919, 24, 4935, 5368, 5, 4966, 90791, 2685, 1919, 775, 9113, 53, 4445, 136, 1919, 42732, 378, 14, 5, 13, 5, 32542, 14, 48226, 268, 15044, 54799, 70, 11958, 25842, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 4049, 47, 186, 142, 25171, 11783, 4, 91, 71908, 1919, 10002, 29041, 390, 10, 121742, 5, 4966, 3229, 764, 186, 100038, 70, 51, 104272, 67, 136, 241957, 15824, 764, 1902, 174176, 4, 764, 159399, 434, 66570, 3934, 70, 96113, 44207, 76131, 4, 3129, 1295, 70, 3956, 509, 7103, 19364, 7, 35839, 581, 7, 26766, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 581, 7, 26766, 15, 74, 893, 45964, 160600, 12, 158274, 57173, 8594, 16, 509, 10, 60097, 111, 19434, 34, 1900, 72004, 23, 62, 31580, 7884, 5, 1529, 83, 959, 47, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 581, 44689, 223, 4, 2750, 509, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 3957, 7, 26766, 740, 581, 32926, 53, 21068, 44, 3957, 1084, 162, 58, 1543, 15005, 47, 1632, 111, 1919, 76849, 7, 4, 636, 85, 707, 884, 3238, 13, 11, 4, 136, 44, 3957, 1084, 12649, 58, 47, 1919, 775, 87, 19379, 29786, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Family.", "Mythology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Thestius was the son either of Ares by Demonice or Pisidice, or of Agenor (son of Pleuron) possibly by Epicasta. He was the brother of Evenus, Pylus and Molus or of Demonice and Porthaon instead. Thestius was the father of Iphiclus by Leucippe or Eurythemis, daughter of Cleoboea, who was the mother of his other children, Althaea, Eurypylus, Evippus, Hypermnestra, Leda and Plexippus. In other sources, the mother of Iphiclus, Althaea and Leda was named either Laophonte, daughter of Pleuron or Deidameia, daughter of Perieres. Other sons of Thestius were Cometes and Prothous, Toxeus, Aphares and Calydon.", "Thestius was allied with Tyndareus and Icarius against Hippocoon. According to Strabo, when Tyndareus and his brother Icarius, after being banished by Hippocoön from their homeland, went to Thestius, the king of the Pleuronii. The king helped the two brothers to acquire possession of much of the country on the far side of the Acheloüs on condition that they should receive a share of it. Tyndareus, however, went back home, having married Leda, the daughter of Thestius, whereas Icarius stayed on, keeping a portion of Acarnania, and by Polycaste, the daughter of Lygaeus, begot both Penelope and her brothers. In a rare variant of the myth by Plutarch, the river Achelous in Aetolia was formerly called after Thestius. This Thestius who upon some domestic discontent traveled as far as Sicyon, where he had resided for some time, returned to his native home. But finding there his son Calydon and his mother [i.e. Pisidice] both upon the bed together, believing him to be an adulterer, slew his own child by a mistake. But when he beheld the unfortunate and unexpected fact he had committed, he threw himself into the river Axenos, which from thence was afterwards called Thestius." ] }