Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 727, 2278, 83, 168265, 71, 136, 1556, 10, 775, 1295, 1919, 5117, 129570, 5, 1529, 1556, 16792, 456, 1727, 46572, 5, 14854, 14775, 1257, 23, 10, 12610, 129574, 14449, 4, 727, 2278, 140526, 47, 959, 186, 167821, 4, 136, 450, 764, 22027, 25, 18, 18822, 23, 3430, 5, 1529, 16912, 9716, 46056, 237, 10, 14135, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 44, 11, 4552, 21441, 164, 47148, 3445, 678, 10, 6782, 21455, 111, 3642, 3395, 5608, 6867, 25842, 1242, 66016, 11857, 4, 727, 2278, 1556, 2809, 142, 22, 31004, 56, 111, 94029, 64, 12647, 31, 16857, 70827, 74332, 7, 4, 17368, 67842, 55903, 133, 48224, 18, 85789, 10336, 7, 136, 48716, 479, 25133, 7, 5, 1301, 111, 36404, 1919, 5201, 6, 86147, 35060, 71, 111, 10, 5691, 17032, 8876, 94029, 73783, 16857, 55903, 133, 48224, 18, 85789, 44, 1052, 60751, 853, 57332, 58, 10336, 4, 678, 10, 7868, 238, 1803, 32134, 62, 4878, 9, 76175, 1995, 101904, 93425, 5, 1529, 4527, 7, 116, 4311, 19, 1106, 20995, 135051, 25072, 7, 4, 1632, 237, 10, 126502, 4, 136, 1919, 10332, 4720, 17032, 8876, 48224, 18, 85789, 237, 10, 126502, 5, 14847, 20594, 645, 184, 162, 45831, 4, 764, 31247, 538, 4527, 7, 142, 62, 4878, 9, 76175, 1995, 5, 6422, 11389, 7, 111, 1919, 6, 86147, 60213, 71, 70, 4720, 17032, 8876, 55903, 133, 48224, 18, 85789, 237, 1919, 5201, 70827, 74332, 4, 10, 14434, 36867, 24018, 150, 44289, 64457, 111, 70, 7868, 238, 1803, 100, 93425, 4, 136, 40101, 10, 94029, 73783, 16857, 4699, 284, 33102, 479, 25133, 707, 48224, 18, 85789, 54877, 214, 1914, 25133, 64457, 111, 1919, 4720, 17032, 8876, 55903, 133, 48224, 18, 85789, 237, 10, 126502, 5, 1326, 101275, 7, 4, 727, 2278, 1556, 7228, 2684, 4527, 111, 92260, 1681, 136, 57898, 209048, 7, 4, 678, 92260, 1681, 8035, 1919, 12601, 2822, 8796, 134523, 5636, 7, 5, 10091, 24189, 70, 72399, 242, 5039, 7, 4, 727, 2278, 153161, 11814, 57898, 101275, 7, 678, 141524, 81589, 552, 9, 17086, 867, 1419, 51575, 9295, 7928, 206, 4, 15044, 101275, 64370, 20662, 4527, 111, 114122, 9, 42424, 112639, 136, 31231, 429, 101275, 7, 4, 102971, 727, 2278, 1556, 2809, 51592, 17368, 3789, 115700, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 114122, 9, 978, 24908, 3299, 35509, 98, 70, 52234, 39643, 53, 119148, 712, 7, 5, 1529, 831, 68018, 186, 51592, 678, 10, 114122, 57898, 234962, 4, 1284, 764, 14602, 959, 4527, 903, 3299, 27983, 5, 18763, 43581, 5201, 101275, 7, 4, 16792, 7068, 4, 765, 2809, 40368, 92260, 42182, 4, 153161, 1734, 10208, 115774, 4, 1919, 5201, 6626, 8035, 10, 1734, 10208, 130664, 136, 10, 1734, 10208, 20744, 42038, 8183, 5, 17006, 111, 1919, 101275, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 198395, 6626, 119056, 115774, 4, 60213, 87758, 241, 34926, 16503, 39580, 74854, 4, 102473, 42, 40641, 177, 180834, 206, 39580, 74854, 4, 136, 717, 86, 10752, 7, 76407, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 102834, 727, 2278, 15, 57332, 382, 6088, 28015, 16, 83, 10, 30839, 101275, 1419, 136, 4420, 214, 108171, 1419, 4, 2965, 51529, 100, 8035, 70, 6, 239530, 101275, 1419, 111, 14537, 12924, 8753, 141524, 81589, 5, 1326, 70, 129058, 169209, 111, 141524, 81589, 25, 7, 52336, 4, 106480, 23, 1286, 17309, 5369, 4, 764, 1556, 39555, 81113, 538, 112730, 6, 239530, 101275, 4, 678, 2684, 37105, 136, 2639, 4488, 8035, 51339, 297, 390, 51575, 9295, 7928, 206, 5, 1529, 1556, 2843, 2809, 2831, 111, 70, 8753, 6610, 4134, 297, 136, 6867, 32786, 111, 262, 96303, 619, 221479, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Personal.", "Equipment." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Siepen is divorced and has a son from his first marriage. He has since remarried. Growing up in a Roman Catholic family, Siepen claims to not be religious, and that he doesn't believe in God. He views Jesus Christ as a human philosopher, \"a very charismatic person with a great view of how people should live together.\"", "Since 1995, Siepen has been an endorser of Mesa/Boogie amplifiers, using various Triple Rectifier heads and multiple preamps. As of 2010, his main rack consisted of a 3-channel Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier \"Recto Reborn\" head, with a Fractal Audio Axe-FX II providing effects. He uses 2 Sennheiser wireless units, one as a backup, and his old 2-channel Rectifier as a backup. When doing overseas shows, he solely uses an Axe-FX II. Previous versions of his rack featured the 2-channel Triple Rectifier as his main amplifier, a Rocktron Intelliflex instead of the Fractal for effects, and either a Mesa Boogie TriAxis preamp or Rectifier Recording Preamp instead of his 2-channel Triple Rectifier as a backup. For guitars, Siepen has made most use of Gibson and ESP Guitars, with Gibson being his preferred brand nowadays. Up until the late '90s, Siepen mostly used ESP guitars with Blind Guardian co-guitarist André Olbrich, both guitarists making use of custom-made Horizon and Mirage guitars, although Siepen has been seen using other shapes, such as a custom-built model based on the Jackson Randy Rhoads. He can sometimes be seen with a custom ESP Eclipse, but he does not use this model often. His current main guitars, since then, have been several Gibsons, mostly Les Paul models, his main two being a Les Paul Custom and a Les Paul Standard Premium Plus. Most of his guitars, including the previously two mentioned models, feature dual EMG 81 pickups, Suhr Doug Aldrich pickups, and TonePros hardware." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 27174, 6620, 111, 5609, 93425, 83, 10, 63559, 4, 1284, 959, 6, 129980, 4, 35431, 100, 15005, 80973, 3900, 16082, 27771, 5, 41721, 80973, 3900, 16082, 27771, 26950, 450, 142, 125195, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 10, 32354, 11782, 16, 831, 186, 91995, 71, 678, 6863, 34292, 5, 3293, 144570, 450, 70, 125195, 83, 34166, 4, 450, 83, 47, 5154, 70, 125195, 8110, 186, 72694, 48242, 15, 289, 102966, 8337, 70, 5701, 34292, 100, 70, 5701, 107730, 16, 136, 5609, 9, 171760, 4092, 5, 24383, 93425, 143434, 390, 70, 1733, 39958, 100, 142, 41018, 47, 71924, 13, 621, 56104, 124962, 71, 3229, 45252, 214, 5609, 93425, 136, 15005, 80973, 3900, 16082, 27771, 5, 8622, 621, 3060, 50218, 4, 6044, 237, 678, 76407, 5527, 214, 707, 134234, 4, 7440, 41018, 7, 621, 183540, 297, 183037, 100, 2363, 58663, 5609, 93425, 28, 5, 177, 5, 102370, 115187, 707, 102370, 454, 5442, 32255, 167934, 54, 959, 15549, 11341, 3789, 3501, 35971, 142, 41170, 111, 1733, 47, 28484, 5, 62, 32354, 102370, 454, 363, 678, 5609, 93425, 83, 2804, 47, 186, 50638, 114680, 1379, 243228, 289, 166577, 102370, 454, 617, 2174, 4, 3229, 35839, 186351, 678, 70, 5701, 5303, 111, 10750, 7, 4, 70, 17932, 11782, 1556, 110, 5609, 93425, 15, 11, 66596, 214, 110, 3789, 50491, 7, 3542, 35839, 17721, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 5117, 11782, 136, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 17932, 11782, 194, 1326, 110527, 4, 16916, 70, 25632, 145581, 18151, 12, 1022, 2203, 757, 8, 420, 5423, 425, 132, 19, 2077, 5423, 425, 124534, 5423, 425, 124534, 11853, 4, 102370, 454, 758, 83, 50638, 114680, 6637, 70, 17932, 11782, 47, 102370, 454, 758, 15, 76228, 70, 5701, 10750, 16, 14602, 959, 15549, 70, 75693, 1528, 11341, 12, 102370, 454, 966, 509, 21771, 5423, 47, 190, 23, 70, 5117, 11782, 4, 136, 83, 13438, 5423, 47, 190, 23, 70, 17932, 11782, 4, 4911, 7, 120260, 70, 5701, 34292, 5, 18622, 450, 903, 83, 117781, 1295, 50638, 7804, 6620, 1379, 32354, 166577, 102370, 454, 1019, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 89931, 34292, 83, 50638, 114680, 1379, 32354, 166577, 12, 8, 420, 43719, 132, 19, 2077, 43719, 132, 10342, 16, 6, 69112, 43719, 132, 2055, 7, 132, 10342, 16, 16, 6, 69112, 43719, 124534, 6, 69112, 190, 6561, 39210, 32837, 1363, 111, 5609, 21543, 123166, 83, 450, 111, 70, 95486, 674, 39933, 23, 313, 37223, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 95486, 674, 30646, 7, 70, 7108, 6264, 2208, 136, 1556, 70, 5609, 21543, 111, 95486, 214, 450, 34292, 47, 10, 77336, 5, 3293, 114864, 100, 6002, 18, 47013, 71407, 46622, 48716, 95486, 674, 12, 23, 18, 17, 4, 1647, 74, 17, 2203, 1647, 2203, 138, 74, 88949, 70, 39933, 7108, 30699, 1636, 4, 903, 28, 90065, 90, 47, 23, 18, 17, 4, 1647, 74, 17, 2203, 15, 170, 2203, 138, 3142, 4666, 1647, 2203, 138, 30646, 7, 138, 4, 3129, 7068, 62163, 95486, 297, 47, 17, 78662, 70, 16750, 111, 95486, 214, 138, 3934, 102370, 454, 1126, 7068, 62163, 95486, 297, 3934, 102370, 454, 963, 5, 3293, 13379, 7, 10, 38516, 10756, 2037, 100, 95968, 77848, 7, 2750, 1543, 55681, 184, 12960, 15, 275, 6, 69112, 209, 16, 10666, 8152, 4666, 109921, 2174, 876, 151575, 90, 47, 209, 678, 12960, 15, 275, 2203, 209, 16, 10666, 8152, 4666, 2203, 30646, 7, 209, 3129, 191082, 37702, 7, 47, 29568, 221, 70, 3034, 83, 11343, 29568, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 13909, 41664, 4, 142, 41018, 4, 32354, 707, 125195, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 10, 5609, 21543, 2174, 442, 73197, 90, 3060, 11341, 77336, 34292, 132, 7, 16, 50782, 6863, 4000, 65998, 4, 450, 83, 47, 5154, 1556, 142, 22046, 2661, 21543, 30338, 988, 30646, 214, 10, 34292, 15, 2347, 5201, 21543, 16, 47, 70, 23, 23253, 56, 111, 70, 41018, 5, 22836, 2053, 150011, 44, 6056, 8752, 58, 111, 70, 41018, 1543, 186, 76104, 297, 44, 73, 8752, 58, 10, 11341, 7844, 36746, 707, 10, 91257, 11341, 7844, 5426, 28032, 3129, 70, 41018, 83, 51339, 297, 5, 89536, 8705, 5609, 93425, 26698, 2811, 151138, 10, 351, 9, 98908, 77336, 4, 2811, 151138, 10, 6, 201939, 4000, 77336, 4, 2811, 151138, 10, 842, 22819, 10750, 115081, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Referential transparency.", "Temporal side effects.", "Idempotence.", "Example." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Absence of side effects is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for referential transparency. Referential transparency means that an expression (such as a function call) can be replaced with its value. This requires that the expression is pure, that is to say the expression must be deterministic (always give the same value for the same input) and side-effect free.", "Side effects caused by the time taken for an operation to execute are usually ignored when discussing side effects and referential transparency. There are some cases, such as with hardware timing or testing, where operations are inserted specifically for their temporal side effects e.g. codice_1 or codice_2. These instructions do not change state other than taking an amount of time to complete.", "A function codice_3 with side effects is said to be idempotent under sequential composition codice_4 if, when called twice with the same list of arguments, the second call has no side effects (assuming no other procedures were called between the end of the first call and the start of the second call). For instance, consider the following Python code: x = 0 def setx(n): setx(5) setx(5) Here, codice_5 is idempotent because the second call to codice_5 (with the same argument) does not change the visible program state: codice_7 was already set to 5 in the first call, and is again set to 5 in the second call, thus keeping the same value. Note that this is distinct from idempotence under function composition codice_8. For example, the absolute value is idempotent under function composition: def abs(n): abs(-5) == abs(abs(-5)) == abs(5) == 5", "One common demonstration of side effect behavior is that of the assignment operator in C++. For example, assignment returns the right operand and has the side effect of assigning that value to a variable. This allows for syntactically clean multiple assignment: int i, j; i = j = 3; Because the operator right associates, this equates to int i, j; i = (j = 3); // j = 3 returns 3, which then gets assigned to i Where the result of assigning 3 into codice_9 then gets assigned into codice_10. This presents a potential hangup for novice programmers who may confuse while (b == 10) {} // tests if b evaluates to 10 with while (b = 10) {} // = returns 10 which automatically casts to true so the test is always true" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 61595, 23973, 114137, 131264, 47, 135812, 70, 22799, 70796, 136, 173591, 120103, 51592, 237, 5526, 47, 10, 55391, 6496, 142, 151814, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 94407, 22799, 126371, 111, 4677, 3934, 6626, 5201, 39283, 7, 12, 114837, 164, 1543, 21455, 70, 70796, 120103, 237, 90254, 7, 707, 237, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 8, 96819, 54799, 2363, 21543, 98, 70, 53702, 25, 7, 151814, 7, 5, 4865, 1543, 33636, 90254, 7, 678, 15072, 47, 1632, 151814, 1543, 186, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 15, 3827, 117474, 7, 4, 130412, 16, 100, 15700, 151814, 5, 581, 120103, 1543, 26698, 756, 111, 70, 201, 683, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 35768, 4, 82466, 4, 218343, 130732, 31075, 4, 136, 221, 98, 5, 581, 173591, 120103, 1543, 26698, 111789, 165439, 26866, 7, 4, 39713, 21533, 15549, 4, 27047, 1363, 4, 136, 30355, 93782, 65572, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 65572, 23, 70, 222422, 707, 23, 168296, 19069, 5, 581, 50339, 621, 27983, 8121, 71, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 50944, 425, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 83, 1660, 1632, 55300, 111, 149133, 169, 2320, 136, 1556, 6863, 10002, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 442, 1543, 17660, 47, 117, 1159, 2873, 6863, 72095, 47, 9969, 1340, 5303, 7, 43257, 3501, 47, 5351, 1672, 8561, 5526, 120103, 23, 10, 55391, 6496, 151814, 7, 5, 1650, 2843, 13379, 7, 70, 16750, 214, 5303, 7, 51, 59869, 71407, 136, 15490, 34735, 25343, 47691, 221, 450, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 642, 344, 107893, 1543, 108975, 47, 40197, 37515, 120332, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 129209, 959, 47, 27169, 67, 2499, 25469, 13, 61595, 23973, 42805, 5792, 69405, 5, 581, 131011, 111, 11651, 61595, 23973, 7, 1221, 186, 122273, 297, 390, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 50531, 7, 1836, 139392, 5, 62, 61595, 23973, 35735, 450, 27489, 7, 167224, 50531, 7, 83, 5526, 5, 62, 61595, 23973, 35735, 450, 139392, 7, 110, 50531, 7, 83, 959, 5526, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 831, 186, 11814, 23, 2499, 51957, 9, 109513, 16648, 3229, 10, 104851, 71, 3564, 9, 61340, 15, 187694, 5844, 16, 83, 61924, 71, 4, 959, 1660, 18348, 9, 21231, 6048, 53702, 7, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 351, 9, 39348, 53702, 7, 4, 27759, 289, 25072, 7, 4, 136, 79165, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 1543, 2843, 186, 11814, 23, 479, 9, 58532, 164, 58136, 136, 87823, 13, 52028, 24365, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 1543, 2843, 186, 11814, 23, 105233, 10, 67330, 2320, 20271, 10, 279, 41159, 35187, 64, 7102, 67709, 5, 61595, 23973, 114137, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 45367, 53702, 289, 707, 3357, 113857, 5, 50478, 7, 63559, 47, 71924, 13, 113857, 9, 49133, 297, 114137, 83687, 6, 221160, 111, 70796, 136, 173591, 120103, 15, 223, 214, 70, 5700, 116, 425, 304, 50944, 425, 247, 132216, 136, 219836, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 120103, 4, 136, 6, 221160, 111, 91582, 144573, 17721, 70796, 136, 173591, 66139, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 37515, 91582, 17721, 90254, 7, 136, 107893, 831, 42459, 4127, 27289, 23, 70, 14380, 136, 63769, 17368, 142, 44, 2703, 19623, 5844, 58, 113857, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 37515, 182809, 7, 17721, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 136, 120332, 7, 5809, 186, 7968, 53, 64807, 237, 10, 38516, 1631, 592, 136, 67660, 100, 17368, 10, 44, 112, 6211, 29888, 58, 113857, 5, 6561, 3917, 111, 17368, 61595, 23973, 83, 14858, 214, 136, 96760, 214, 5, 67407, 214, 83, 11814, 47, 7413, 168296, 92940, 390, 14858, 214, 70, 90254, 7, 47, 107893, 5, 116267, 308, 49086, 83, 47, 96760, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 707, 120332, 7, 3934, 90254, 7, 707, 107893, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 142477, 113857, 83, 47, 7413, 3525, 16839, 7, 5, 4263, 70, 120332, 7, 707, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 53418, 186, 117176, 71, 4, 10, 14380, 5608, 9790, 47, 881, 77651, 707, 71864, 2856, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 70, 34754, 111, 50531, 7, 136, 38627, 47, 22, 2886, 70, 53702, 47, 69307, 6863, 151814, 7, 4, 450, 53702, 1221, 4527, 10, 242161, 64, 99002, 14179, 7, 9433, 51529, 237, 145781, 58136, 5, 61595, 23973, 33233, 8752, 436, 21828, 64, 683, 21828, 15300, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 18231, 100, 70, 114137, 111, 8063, 136, 156444, 120103, 5, 360, 5941, 28813, 1290, 114137, 4, 16839, 1314, 45367, 185688, 60641, 7, 111, 12638, 28813, 1290, 23, 70, 16839, 4, 32153, 214, 41866, 98, 2363, 35845, 168296, 90254, 7, 136, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 17368, 61595, 23973, 114137, 5, 19790, 31095, 7, 1221, 160477, 12638, 28813, 1290, 25, 7, 11034, 45646, 4, 97264, 111, 18348, 7, 4, 65514, 136, 98438, 117538, 4, 168296, 19069, 214, 136, 12996, 99710, 2320, 4, 79385, 111, 79259, 157353, 4, 186768, 57553, 7, 47, 53099, 34754, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 120103, 5, 19790, 24365, 27983, 7413, 7, 442, 63559, 47, 14145, 23, 25188, 47, 43799, 70, 2053, 56065, 47, 51339, 152018, 7481, 114137, 5, 129551, 538, 4, 24365, 27983, 55080, 7, 16839, 25188, 15, 48283, 76, 37838, 7481, 25188, 16, 47, 113054, 903, 4677, 5, 30318, 1314, 187016, 10, 96551, 111, 53088, 47, 55080, 16839, 25188, 4, 1284, 3060, 111, 70, 1286, 39210, 26698, 12, 873, 17336, 83, 142, 27781, 61595, 23973, 114137, 111, 10, 16839, 19069, 111, 10, 19336, 24365, 20492, 27771, 678, 5361, 8780, 23, 22439, 594, 5, 581, 61595, 23973, 114137, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 26908, 4488, 237, 10, 55516, 47, 135812, 24491, 136, 40907, 120103, 28032, 53702, 7, 4, 142080, 4, 136, 70, 134744, 56, 100510, 450, 125568, 707, 173702, 18, 65771, 208124, 111, 2265, 11374, 136, 2265, 15549, 79825, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 118276, 53, 177953, 4, 202120, 214, 90254, 7, 4, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 4, 107893, 4, 136, 120332, 7, 23, 10, 26908, 149976, 390, 10, 351, 39348, 707, 26908, 53702, 5, 3293, 5808, 214, 55516, 83, 2965, 11814, 23, 133258, 678, 26908, 133325, 136, 64, 748, 26908, 43032, 8108, 168698, 109458, 136, 151814, 7, 100, 10, 1528, 4331, 707, 29479, 214, 142, 5808, 214, 113857, 5, 581, 61595, 23973, 114137, 83, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 58136, 100, 2265, 15549, 9433, 136, 1221, 959, 22691, 10, 99716, 1774, 2174, 11814, 390, 68034, 5, 24372, 10, 61595, 23973, 114137, 83, 140528, 4, 10, 2265, 15549, 53702, 831, 15504, 70, 61595, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 61595, 23973, 114137, 15, 748, 61595, 23973, 50944, 425, 16, 83, 10, 99716, 58136, 61353, 11814, 47, 4358, 10, 3445, 707, 53702, 135812, 90254, 7, 4, 642, 344, 7432, 90, 4, 107893, 4, 136, 120332, 7, 62548, 47, 8063, 130412, 707, 13452, 58136, 5, 1650, 83, 82775, 100, 4527, 23, 70, 118276, 53, 36541, 7, 111, 51957, 9, 109513, 9433, 90, 136, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 55516, 100, 219836, 111, 70, 99716, 19069, 111, 10, 26349, 707, 53702, 5, 1650, 83, 179140, 47, 40140, 18929, 70, 151814, 7, 111, 70, 8063, 200569, 707, 13452, 136, 135812, 70, 70796, 136, 173591, 120103, 450, 621, 110990, 136, 51, 66609, 2886, 47, 10, 55391, 6496, 8382, 151814, 7, 5, 53400, 7, 111, 10, 61595, 23973, 114137, 27983, 26458, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Internal and external factors.", "Use.", "Strategy building.", "Matching and converting.", "Corporate planning.", "Marketing.", "In community organization.", "Application in community organization.", "Elements to consider.", "Steps for implementation.", "When to use SWOT analysis.", "Benefits and advantages.", "Limitations.", "The SVOR alternative.", "SWOT analysis in popular culture.", "Ads.", "Television shows." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "SWOT analysis aims to identify the key internal and external factors seen as important to achieving an objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories: Analysis may view the internal factors as strengths or as weaknesses depending upon their effect on the organization's objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses (distractions, competition) for another objective. The factors may include all of the 4Ps as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and sociocultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or in competitive position. The results are often presented in the form of a matrix. SWOT analysis is just one method of categorization and has its own weaknesses. For example, it may tend to persuade its users to compile lists rather than to think about actual important factors in achieving objectives. It also presents the resulting lists uncritically and without clear prioritization so that, for example, weak opportunities may appear to balance strong threats. It is prudent not to eliminate any candidate SWOT entry too quickly. The importance of individual SWOTs will be revealed by the value of the strategies they generate. A SWOT item that produces valuable strategies is important. A SWOT item that generates no strategies is not important.", "SWOT analysis can be used in any decision-making situation when a desired end-state (objective) is defined, not just profit-seeking organizations. Examples include non-profit organizations, governmental units, and individuals. SWOT analysis may also be used in pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis management. SWOT analysis may also be used in creating a recommendation during a viability study/survey.", "SWOT analysis can be used to build organizational or personal strategy. Steps necessary to execute strategy-oriented analysis involve identification of internal and external factors (using the popular 2x2 matrix), selection and evaluation of the most important factors, and identification of relations existing between internal and external features. For instance, strong relations between strengths and opportunities can suggest good conditions in the company and allow using an \"aggressive\" strategy. On the other hand, strong interactions between weaknesses and threats could be analyzed as a potential warning and advice for using a \"defensive\" strategy.", "One way of using SWOT is matching and converting. Matching is used to find competitive advantage by matching the strengths to opportunities. Another tactic is to convert weaknesses or threats into strengths or opportunities. An example of a conversion strategy is to find new markets. If the threats or weaknesses cannot be converted, a company should try to minimize or avoid them.", "As part of the development of strategies and plans to enable the organization to achieve its objectives, that organization will use a systematic/rigorous process known as corporate planning. SWOT alongside PEST/PESTLE can be used as a basis for the analysis of business and environmental factors.", "In many competitor analysis, marketers build detailed profiles of each competitor in the market, focusing especially on their relative competitive strengths and weaknesses using SWOT analysis. Marketing managers will examine each competitor's cost structure, sources of profits, resources and competencies, competitive positioning and product differentiation, degree of vertical integration, historical responses to industry developments, and other factors. Marketing management often finds it necessary to invest in research to collect the data required to perform accurate marketing analysis. Accordingly, management often conducts market research (alternately marketing research) to obtain this information. Marketers employ a variety of techniques to conduct market research, but some of the more common include: Below is an example SWOT analysis of a market position of a small management consultancy with specialism in HRM.", "The SWOT analysis has been used in community work as a tool to identify positive and negative factors within organizations, communities, and the broader society that promote or inhibit successful implementation of social services and social change efforts. It is used as a preliminary resource, assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a community served by a nonprofit or community organization. This organizing tool is best used in collaboration with community workers and/or community members before developing goals and objectives for a program design or implementing an organizing strategy. The SWOT analysis is a part of the planning for social change process and will not provide a strategic plan if used by itself. After a SWOT analysis is completed, a social change organization can turn the SWOT list into a series of recommendations to consider before developing a strategic plan. Strengths and weaknesses (\"internal factors within an organization\"): Opportunities and threats (\"external factors stemming from community or societal forces\"): Although the SWOT analysis was originally designed as an organizational method for business and industries, it has been replicated in various community work as a tool for identifying external and internal support to combat internal and external opposition. The SWOT analysis is necessary to provide direction to the next stages of the change process. It has been used by community organizers and community members to further social justice in the context of Social Work practice.", "As mentioned above, SWOT can be crucial to determining the success of a project, while factoring in funding, as well as accessibility and logic. Often, a city will spend a year weighing the Risk-benefits of a project before they even vote on it.", "Elements to consider in a SWOT analysis include understanding the community that a particular organization is working with. This can be done via public forums, listening campaigns, and informational interviews. Data collection will help inform the community members and workers when developing the SWOT analysis. A needs and assets assessment is tooling that can be used to identify the needs and existing resources of the community. When these assessments are done and data has been collected, an analysis of the community can be made that informs the SWOT analysis.", "A SWOT analysis is best developed in a group setting such as a work or community meeting. A facilitator can conduct the meeting by first explaining what a SWOT analysis is as well as identifying the meaning of each term. One way of facilitating the development of a SWOT analysis includes developing an example SWOT with the larger group then separating each group into smaller teams to present to the larger group after set amount of time. This allows for individuals, who may be silenced in a larger group setting, to contribute. Once the allotted time is up, the facilitator may record all the factors of each group onto a large document such as a poster board, and then the large group, as a collective, can go work through each of the threats and weaknesses to explore options that may be used to combat negative forces with the strengths and opportunities present within the organization and community. A SWOT meeting allows participants to creatively brainstorm, identify obstacles, and possibly strategize solutions/way forward to these limitations.", "The uses of a SWOT analysis by a community organization are as follows: to organize information, provide insight into barriers that may be present while engaging in social change processes, and identify strengths available that can be activated to counteract these barriers. \"A SWOT analysis can be used to:\"", "The SWOT analysis in social work practice framework is beneficial because it helps organizations decide whether or not an objective is obtainable and therefore enables organizations to set achievable goals, objectives, and steps to further the social change or community development effort. It enables organizers to take visions and produce practical and efficient outcomes that effect long-lasting change, and it helps organizations gather meaningful information to maximize their potential. Completing a SWOT analysis is a useful process regarding the consideration of key organizational priorities, such as gender and cultural diversity and fundraising objectives.", "SWOT is intended as a starting point for discussion and cannot, in itself, show managers how to achieve a competitive advantage. Because the SWOT analysis is a snapshot of the firm at a particular moment in time, the analysis might obscure the fact that both the internal and external environment are rapidly changing. Some findings from Menon et al. (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) have suggested that SWOT may harm performance and that \"no-one subsequently used the outputs within the later stages of the strategy\". Others have critiqued the misuse of the SWOT analysis as a technique that can be quickly designed without critical thought leading to a misrepresentation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within an organization's internal and external surroundings. If a firm becomes preoccupied with a single strength, such as cost control, they can neglect their weaknesses, such as product quality. Another limitation includes the development of a SWOT analysis simply to defend previously decided goals and objectives. This misuse leads to limitations on brainstorming possibilities and \"real\" identification of barriers. This misuse also places the organization's interest above the well-being of the community. Further, a SWOT analysis should be developed as a collaborative with a variety of contributions made by participants including community members. The design of a SWOT analysis by one or two community workers is limiting to the realities of the forces, specifically external factors, and devalues the possible contributions of community members. Michael Porter developed the five forces framework as a reaction to SWOT, which he found lacking in rigor and \"ad hoc\".", "In project management, the alternative to SWOT known by the acronym SVOR (Strengths, Vulnerabilities, Opportunities, and Risks) compares the project elements along two axes: internal and external, and positive and negative. It takes into account the mathematical link that exists between these various elements, considering also the role of infrastructures. The SVOR table provides an intricate understanding of the elements at play in a given project: Constraints consist of: calendar of tasks and activities, costs, and norms of quality. The \"\"k\"\" constant varies with each project (for example, it may be valued at 1.3).", "", "Many reports have been published about the use of SWOT by real life companies, and how the idea is spreading. Coca-Cola has used this in their television ads in order to effectively target a customer, such as appeal to senses.", "In the \"Silicon Valley\" episode \"Homicide\" (Season 2, Episode 6), Jared Dunn (Zach Woods) introduces the Pied Piper team to SWOT analysis. Later in that episode Dinesh (Kumail Nanjiani) and Gilfoyle (Martin Starr) employ the method when deciding whether or not to inform a stunt driver that the calculations for his upcoming jump were performed incorrectly." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 42814, 27668, 2082, 71511, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 102374, 26349, 111, 4855, 191, 40744, 23, 38576, 5, 24372, 764, 150180, 71, 1295, 10, 353, 141, 206, 783, 37526, 1294, 10696, 23, 15643, 4, 764, 509, 144888, 297, 3934, 70, 106745, 141, 8302, 68818, 111, 70, 185236, 111, 106745, 141, 184593, 237, 10, 86111, 5, 24372, 10, 6602, 111, 4516, 4, 764, 6, 139861, 3674, 23, 70, 14431, 515, 19694, 56, 123573, 19188, 23, 158895, 51049, 15702, 5, 360, 26771, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 139505, 44518, 2324, 4, 142, 15426, 1236, 4, 678, 136565, 764, 1902, 10, 775, 4, 42814, 4, 136, 10, 76849, 4, 1061, 1174, 5, 3293, 129570, 134620, 23, 168265, 23, 13211, 136, 23, 70, 5701, 360, 12898, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 70, 15881, 112006, 111, 70, 18767, 197956, 130687, 12349, 4, 26341, 6953, 23, 105416, 9, 150935, 1419, 69924, 136, 210751, 1363, 111, 131168, 71, 46824, 5, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 44759, 111, 44, 594, 14503, 52129, 58, 100, 41018, 7, 55080, 297, 678, 70, 124338, 49602, 145456, 130625, 4, 70, 276, 14503, 5, 27668, 2082, 71511, 2843, 24124, 36457, 116338, 4516, 23, 5941, 111, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 21620, 13162, 7, 58, 111, 70, 36770, 345, 108371, 136, 49002, 5, 133698, 70, 23972, 5024, 4834, 5550, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 35020, 71, 40368, 563, 36474, 97957, 23, 5024, 206, 273, 5, 106073, 764, 509, 133698, 1919, 4488, 23, 70, 563, 36474, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 134053, 183851, 94878, 7, 17721, 2663, 70910, 7, 111, 102374, 27165, 232725, 184641, 136, 102374, 40525, 11, 94407, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 6678, 16037, 44534, 4642, 5, 1529, 54397, 10, 205264, 1672, 903, 31089, 100, 67151, 990, 6704, 1596, 5, 2076, 1255, 515, 4922, 137356, 71, 10, 41714, 100, 4049, 678, 563, 36474, 14364, 1208, 11395, 379, 3253, 1159, 2810, 136, 76677, 53, 31068, 111, 106745, 141, 103086, 7, 180, 334, 66624, 25606, 47, 45252, 70, 6, 66157, 1830, 44402, 74, 49903, 4, 903, 1902, 110, 21543, 5, 27668, 2082, 71511, 128839, 538, 185171, 450, 70, 64194, 5426, 509, 6, 66157, 297, 1295, 70, 2663, 47, 70, 103136, 5, 1529, 189050, 12, 44, 91306, 935, 4755, 2193, 12225, 398, 4, 707, 10, 96556, 42, 6777, 959, 8783, 4, 707, 10, 194223, 6777, 959, 75060, 20, 7440, 6777, 398, 15504, 47, 186992, 32, 27, 186048, 37772, 100512, 10, 123633, 939, 4, 2685, 509, 11343, 35968, 100, 442, 5, 44, 12724, 4390, 7, 58, 118775, 4, 3395, 2750, 2412, 27805, 2822, 136, 30312, 935, 8063, 5, 23972, 442, 509, 62952, 390, 70, 81158, 4, 7068, 390, 35206, 4, 136, 33662, 3853, 2446, 10002, 51484, 185171, 2367, 509, 2367, 4, 136, 7068, 70, 43876, 1294, 80723, 54940, 4642, 37499, 4, 11757, 7, 4, 136, 70, 103310, 100, 16839, 12008, 5, 1301, 70, 35206, 136, 70, 563, 36474, 100512, 1286, 168296, 4, 1836, 6, 30590, 1255, 297, 70, 4642, 7, 1810, 111, 70, 16839, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 5941, 50218, 130412, 26038, 3917, 47, 57476, 1363, 4, 136, 70, 11374, 100512, 4642, 37499, 61261, 1242, 129551, 47, 7082, 61634, 7, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 43780, 297, 70, 113860, 44, 4613, 32041, 11341, 740, 2161, 714, 20414, 9571, 4, 2076, 1255, 515, 4922, 65508, 71, 27668, 2082, 71511, 47, 36061, 19507, 5, 1529, 2804, 12, 44, 17903, 1957, 19507, 5, 26176, 31949, 51529, 5, 6872, 2367, 10, 6782, 48948, 642, 765, 20600, 297, 4, 678, 935, 4358, 1242, 2161, 70, 5701, 5155, 4, 19507, 91995, 71, 50118, 53, 341, 127413, 515, 237, 70, 31068, 111, 70, 18767, 48748, 12349, 4, 360, 18374, 88922, 23, 200265, 111, 142, 12989, 959, 47, 31358, 124338, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 136, 1919, 14449, 26983, 6259, 47, 176672, 4, 144681, 1829, 82739, 5, 51404, 23, 176672, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 190659, 100, 120631, 316, 99, 70, 14098, 46684, 2775, 402, 46048, 23, 22026, 4, 1284, 1919, 38415, 509, 8, 93, 297, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 42814, 18217, 3814, 275, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 123997, 1831, 137384, 100, 70, 64925, 9, 231454, 9, 116128, 587, 434, 113014, 4, 136, 37170, 100, 68894, 120631, 316, 99, 1529, 10519, 15555, 48938, 20271, 70, 62621, 7279, 98, 106, 7582, 52489, 200541, 120631, 316, 509, 2855, 3674, 98, 616, 4347, 103844, 959, 6637, 111, 1919, 51359, 98, 6, 130687, 26866, 7, 4, 59499, 47, 27668, 2082, 71511, 4, 1284, 43257, 98, 75757, 3378, 61585, 7, 5, 51404, 23, 9020, 764, 100512, 10, 32485, 100, 5024, 4834, 11856, 136, 142, 42179, 5, 1529, 2843, 33284, 297, 2076, 1255, 515, 4922, 23, 80399, 214, 26548, 19507, 25, 7, 27759, 5, 360, 18374, 65942, 764, 100512, 10, 6083, 52021, 56101, 130367, 678, 45606, 329, 23, 22392, 67139, 5, 360, 5726, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 44, 73, 146291, 399, 58, 23, 49002, 136, 34475, 10, 17262, 9, 2940, 9, 11, 9, 4200, 420, 9, 46799, 79, 379, 149357, 100, 124666, 111, 27668, 2082, 71511, 91376, 10, 14012, 111, 747, 125682, 7, 1672, 70, 102374, 27759, 4, 2684, 111, 3129, 621, 62548, 47, 55080, 214, 707, 31411, 214, 85727, 136, 110613, 20870, 8780, 5, 27668, 2082, 71511, 11341, 71, 450, 44, 5584, 70, 59714, 14, 525, 42998, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 58, 3542, 162711, 47, 563, 36474, 9, 605, 8359, 4, 26719, 24856, 44, 3957, 21763, 289, 58, 8446, 430, 7817, 4, 2369, 16865, 10463, 7834, 4, 216024, 158138, 4, 34490, 5973, 6827, 66, 4, 3316, 7814, 28129, 12409, 111, 70, 37197, 43643, 100, 70, 20846, 2320, 111, 76382, 13, 4, 14787, 130166, 14, 2750, 12441, 70, 84158, 271, 31016, 111, 241439, 4, 45402, 16378, 17523, 846, 66, 3165, 1295, 27939, 26992, 7, 4, 82421, 6389, 1760, 1295, 122963, 4, 136, 5941, 27060, 5, 1529, 2804, 450, 756, 111, 2856, 3542, 25550, 297, 4, 9458, 297, 4, 136, 62952, 678, 142172, 7, 4, 24649, 29888, 7, 136, 105416, 2242, 217, 60525, 47, 85358, 1810, 42998, 52875, 7, 214574, 136, 450, 12638, 27992, 111, 20870, 8780, 7228, 390, 6097, 3395, 509, 175100, 1810, 59499, 47, 70, 66211, 136, 1379, 70, 128652, 6226, 111, 70, 341, 8359, 111, 70, 345, 108371, 5, 27668, 2082, 71511, 2804, 450, 44, 2347, 27585, 111, 7964, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 42814, 4769, 720, 145739, 27668, 2082, 71511, 15, 74, 496, 8055, 38576, 707, 201, 14487, 38576, 390, 67373, 25, 7, 15426, 46, 1105, 7582, 3295, 16, 509, 10, 56101, 9, 84832, 52021, 102374, 72104, 748, 136, 36770, 93324, 111, 70, 102374, 563, 36474, 23410, 4516, 2750, 26341, 5281, 23, 36461, 2069, 5808, 297, 46824, 5, 129551, 47, 7082, 61634, 7, 4, 27668, 2082, 71511, 43780, 297, 70, 113860, 911, 32041, 11341, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and career.", "Career in Russian security services.", "Conflict with FSB leadership.", "Flight from Russia and asylum in the United Kingdom.", "Allegations.", "Support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB.", "Armenian parliament shooting.", "Russian apartment bombings.", "Moscow theatre hostage crisis.", "Beslan school siege.", "Alleged Russia–al-Qaeda connection.", "Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya.", "Allegations concerning Romano Prodi.", "Connections between FSB and mafia.", "Others.", "Poisoning and death.", "Death and last statement.", "Funeral.", "Investigations into death.", "UK criminal investigation.", "Russian criminal investigation.", "Judicial inquiries.", "Inquest in London.", "\"Litvinenko vs. the Russian Federation\" in Strasbourg." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Alexander Litvinenko was born in the Russian city of Voronezh in 1962. After he graduated from a Nalchik secondary school in 1980, he was drafted into the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as a Private. After a year of service, he matriculated in the Kirov Higher Command School in Vladikavkaz. In 1981, Litvinenko married Nataliya, an accountant, with whom he had a son, Alexander, and a daughter, Sonia. This marriage ended in divorce in 1994 and in the same", "In 1991, Litvinenko was promoted to the Central Staff of the Federal Counterintelligence Service, specialising in counter-terrorist activities and infiltration of organised crime. He was awarded the title of \"MUR veteran\" for operations conducted with the Moscow criminal investigation department, the MUR. Litvinenko also saw active military service in many of the so-called \"hot spots\" of the former USSR and Russia. During the First Chechen War, Litvinenko planted several FSB agents in Chechnya. Although he was", "During his work in the FSB, Litvinenko discovered numerous connections between top brass of Russian law enforcement agencies and Russian mafia groups, such as the Solntsevo gang. He wrote a memorandum about this issue for Boris Yeltsin. Berezovsky arranged a meeting for him with FSB director Mikhail Barsukov and Deputy Director of Internal affairs Ovchinnikov to discuss the corruption problems; however, this had no effect. Litvinenko gradually realized that the entire system was corrupted from the top to the bottom. He explained: \"If your partner bilked you, or a creditor did not pay, or a supplier did not deliver - where did you turn to complain?...When force became a commodity, there was always demand for it. \"Roofs\" appeared, people who sheltered and protected your business. First it was provided by the mob, then by police, and soon even our own guys realized what was what, and then the rivalry began among gangsters, cops, and the Agency for market share. As the police and the FSB became more competitive, they squeezed the gangs out of the market. However, in many cases competition gave way to cooperation, and the services became gangsters themselves.\" According to US diplomats, Litvinenko coined the phrase \"Mafia state\". On 25 July 1998, Berezovsky introduced Litvinenko to Vladimir Putin. He said: \"Go see Putin. Make yourself known. See what a great guy we have installed, with your help.\" On the same day, Putin replaced Nikolay Kovalyov as the Director of the Federal Security Service,", "In October 2000, in violation of an order not to leave Moscow, Litvinenko and his family travelled to Turkey, possibly via Ukraine. While in Turkey, Litvinenko applied for asylum at the United States Embassy in Ankara, but his application was denied. With the help of Alexander Goldfarb, Litvinenko bought air tickets for the Istanbul-London-Moscow flight, and asked for political asylum at Heathrow Airport during the transit stop on 1 November 2000. Political asylum was granted on 14 May 2001, not because of his knowledge on intelligence matters, according to Litvinenko, but rather on humanitarian grounds. While in London he became a journalist for Chechenpress and an author. He also joined Berezovsky in campaigning against Putin's government. In October 2006, he became a naturalised British citizen with residence in Whitehaven. In 2002, Litvinenko was convicted \"in absentia\" in Russia and given a three-and-a-half-year jail sentence for charges of", "Litvinenko published a number of allegations about the Russian government, most of which are related to conducting or sponsoring domestic and foreign terrorism.", "Litvinenko stated that \"all the bloodiest terrorists of the world\" were connected to FSB-KGB, including Carlos \"The Jackal\" Ramírez, Yasser Arafat, Saddam Hussein, Abdullah Öcalan, Wadie Haddad of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, George Hawi who led the Communist Party of Lebanon, Ezekias Papaioannou from Cyprus, Sean Garland from Ireland, and many others. He said that all of them were trained, funded, and provided with weapons, explosives and counterfeit documents to carry out terrorist attacks worldwide and that each act of terrorism made by these people was carried out according to the task and under the rigid control of the KGB of the USSR. Litvinenko said that \"the center of global terrorism is", "Litvinenko accused the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General-Staff of the Russian armed forces of having organised the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting that killed the Prime Minister of Armenia, Vazgen Sargsyan, and seven members of parliament,", "Litvinenko wrote two books, \"Lubyanka Criminal Group\" and \"\" (in co-authorship with historian Yuri Felshtinsky), where", "In a 2003 interview with the Australian SBS TV network, and aired on \"Dateline\", Litvinenko claimed that two of the Chechen terrorists involved in the 2002 Moscow theatre siege—whom he named \"Abdul the Bloody\" and \"Abu Bakar\"—were working for the FSB, and that the agency manipulated the rebels into staging the attack. Litvinenko said, \"[W]hen they tried to find [Abdul the Bloody and Abu Bakar] among the dead terrorists, they weren't there. The FSB got its agents out. So the FSB agents among Chechens", "In September 2004, Alexander Litvinenko suggested that the Russian secret services must have been aware of the plot beforehand and probably had organised the attack themselves in order to toughen laws on terrorism and expand the powers of law enforcement agencies. His conclusion was based on the fact that several Beslan hostage takers had been released from FSB custody just before the attack in Beslan.", "In a July 2005 interview with the Polish newspaper \"Rzeczpospolita\", Litvinenko alleged that Ayman al-Zawahiri, a prominent leader of al-Qaeda, was trained for half a year by the FSB in Dagestan in 1997. Litvinenko said that after this training, al-Zawahiri \"was transferred to Afghanistan, where he had never been before and where, following the recommendation of his Lubyanka chiefs, he at once... penetrated the milieu of Osama bin Laden and soon became his assistant in Al Qaeda.\" Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy, a former KGB officer and writer, supported this claim and said that Litvinenko \"was responsible for securing the secrecy", "Two weeks before his poisoning, Alexander Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of ordering the assassination of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya and stated that a former presidential candidate, Irina Hakamada, warned Politkovskaya about threats to her life coming from the Russian president. Litvinenko advised Politkovskaya to escape from Russia immediately. Hakamada denied her involvement in passing any", "According to Litvinenko, the FSB deputy chief General Anatoly Trofimov said to him, \"Don't go to Italy, there are many KGB agents among the politicians. Romano Prodi is our man there,\" meaning Romano Prodi, the Italian centre-left leader, former Prime Minister of Italy and former President of the European Commission. The conversation with Trofimov took place in 2000, after the Prodi-KGB scandal broke out in October 1999 due to information about Prodi provided by Vasili Mitrokhin. In April 2006, a British Member", "In his book \"Gang from Lubyanka\", Litvinenko alleged that Vladimir Putin during his time at the FSB was personally involved in protecting the drug trafficking from Afghanistan organised", "In an article written by Litvinenko in July 2006, and published online on Zakayev's Chechenpress website, he claimed that Vladimir Putin is a paedophile. Litvinenko also claimed that Anatoly Trofimov and Artyom Borovik knew of the alleged paedophilia. Litvinenko made the allegation after Putin kissed a boy on his stomach while stopping to chat with some tourists during a walk in the Kremlin grounds on 28", "On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill. On 3 November, he was admitted to Barnet General Hospital in London. He was then moved to University College Hospital for intensive care. His illness was later attributed to poisoning with radionuclide polonium-210 after the Health Protection Agency found significant amounts of the rare and highly toxic element in his body. Litvinenko met with two former agents early on the day he fell ill – Dmitry Kovtun and Andrei Lugovoy. Though both denied any wrongdoing, a leaked US diplomatic cable revealed that Kovtun had left polonium traces in the house and car he had used in Hamburg. The men also introduced Litvinenko to a tall, thin man of central Asian appearance called 'Vladislav Sokolenko' who Lugovoy said was a business partner. Lugovoy is also a former bodyguard of Russian ex-Acting Prime minister Yegor Gaidar (who also suffered from a mysterious illness in November 2006). Later, Litvinenko had lunch at Itsu, a sushi restaurant in Piccadilly in London, with an Italian acquaintance and nuclear waste expert, Mario Scaramella, to whom he made the allegations regarding Italy's Prime Minister Romano Prodi. Scaramella, attached to the Mitrokhin Commission investigating KGB penetration of Italian politics, claimed to have information on the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya, 48, a journalist who was killed at her Moscow apartment building in October 2006. Marina Litvinenko, his widow, accused Moscow of orchestrating the murder. Though she believes the order did not come from Putin himself, she does believe it was done at the behest of the authorities, and announced that she will refuse to provide evidence to any Russian investigation out of fear that it would be misused or misrepresented. In a court hearing in London in 2015, a Scotland Yard lawyer concluded that \"the evidence suggests that the only credible explanation is in one way or another the Russian state is involved in Litvinenko's murder\".", "Before his death, Litvinenko said: \"You may succeed in silencing one man but the howl of protest from around the world, Mr. Putin, will reverberate in your ears for the rest of your life.\" On 22 November 2006, Litvinenko's medical staff at University College Hospital reported Litvinenko had suffered a \"major setback\" due to either heart failure or an overnight heart attack. He died on 23 November. The following day, Putin publicly stated: “Mr Litvinenko is, unfortunately, not Lazarus”. Scotland Yard stated that inquiries into the circumstances of how Litvinenko became ill would continue. On 24 November 2006, a posthumous statement was released, in which Litvinenko named Putin as the man behind his poisoning. Litvinenko's friend Alex Goldfarb, who was also the chairman of Boris Berezovsky's Civil Liberties Fund, claimed Litvinenko had dictated it to him three days earlier. Andrei Nekrasov said his friend Litvinenko and Litvinenko's lawyer had composed the statement in Russian on 21 November's and translated it to English. Putin disputed the authenticity of this note while", "On 7 December 2006, Litvinenko was buried at Highgate Cemetery with Muslim rites, including a Muslim prayer being said by an imam who was invited by one of Litvinenko's friends, Akhmed Zakayev,", "", "On 20 January 2007, British police announced that they had \"identified the man they believe poisoned Alexander Litvinenko. The suspected killer was captured on cameras at Heathrow as he flew into Britain to carry out the murder.\" The man in question was introduced to Litvinenko as \"Vladislav\". As of 26 January 2007, British officials said police had solved the murder of Litvinenko. They discovered \"a 'hot' teapot at London's Millennium Hotel with an off-the-charts reading for polonium-210, the radioactive material used in the killing.\" In addition, a senior official said investigators had concluded the murder of Litvinenko was \"a'state-sponsored' assassination orchestrated by Russian security services.\" The police want to charge former Russian spy Andrei Lugovoy, who met Litvinenko on 1 November 2006, the day officials believe the lethal dose of polonium-210 was administered. On the same day, \"The Guardian\" reported that the British government was preparing an extradition request asking that Andrei Lugovoy be returned to the UK to stand trial for Litvinenko's murder. On 22 May 2007, the Crown Prosecution Service called for the", "Many publications in Russian media suggested that the death of Alexander Litvinenko was connected to Boris Berezovsky. Former FSB chief Nikolay Kovalyov, for whom Litvinenko worked, said that the incident \"looks like the hand of Boris Berezovsky. I am sure that no kind of intelligence services participated.\" This involvement of Berezovsky was alleged by numerous Russian television shows. Kremlin supporters saw it as a conspiracy to smear the Russian government's reputation by engineering a spectacular murder of a Russian dissident abroad. After Litvinenko's death, traces of polonium-210 were found in an office of Berezovsky. Litvinenko had visited Berezovsky's office as well as many other places in the hours after his poisoning. The British Health Protection Agency made extensive", "", "On 13 October 2011, Dr. Andrew Reid, the Coroner of St. Pancras, announced that he would hold an inquest into Litvinenko's death, which would include the examination of all existing theories of the murder, including possible complicity of the Russian government. The inquest, held by Sir Robert Owen, a High Court judge acting as the coroner, originally scheduled to start on 1 May 2013, was subject to a series of pre-hearings: firstly, the coroner agreed that a group representing Russian state prosecutors could be accepted as a party to the inquest process; secondly, the British Government submitted a Public Interest Immunity (PII) certificate. Under Public Interest Immunity (PII) claims, the information at the disposal of the UK government relating to Russian state involvement, as well as how much British intelligence services could have done to prevent the death, would be excluded from the inquest. On 12 July 2013, Sir Robert, who had previously agreed to exclude certain material from the inquest on the grounds its disclosure could be damaging to national security, announced that the British Government refused the request he had made earlier in June to replace the inquest with a public inquiry, which would have powers to consider secret evidence. After the hearing, Alex Goldfarb said: \"There's some sort of collusion behind the scenes with Her Majesty's government and the Kremlin to obstruct justice\"; Elena Tsirlina, Mrs Litvinenko's solicitor, concurred with him. On 22 July 2014, the UK Home Secretary Theresa May, who had previously ruled out an inquiry on the grounds it might damage the country's relations with Moscow, announced a public inquiry into Litvinenko's death. The inquiry was chaired by Sir Robert", "In May 2007, Marina Litvinenko registered a complaint against the Russian Federation in the European" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 6528, 100, 10, 134349, 187, 432, 2822, 61585, 9, 257, 102, 2594, 1831, 56379, 112474, 47, 70, 39395, 28730, 7, 4, 3229, 391, 266, 15123, 186448, 5548, 179468, 145739, 82775, 53800, 127, 5759, 136, 53800, 127, 5428, 187, 432, 2822, 333, 5868, 90, 5, 33306, 4, 134349, 87907, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 21, 76622, 70, 14537, 44841, 47, 22691, 70, 99162, 1831, 56379, 678, 4127, 23718, 5, 891, 5428, 509, 82775, 390, 184865, 891, 9076, 16532, 136, 1919, 7175, 99, 70, 15881, 11724, 86907, 23, 41933, 5, 384, 7, 39709, 112930, 509, 10, 6626, 9, 184, 257, 1831, 56379, 678, 142, 16294, 796, 2822, 6, 128019, 642, 6958, 214, 10044, 5279, 15, 57626, 2839, 96, 275, 247, 59959, 214, 172040, 4, 87907, 4, 180586, 7, 4, 136, 70, 160692, 32216, 5, 32487, 214, 72367, 297, 4, 70, 891, 9076, 16532, 642, 29590, 1286, 3501, 201, 4, 15128, 5279, 15094, 4, 7739, 96, 275, 247, 20662, 70, 16294, 796, 2822, 6, 128019, 1672, 31140, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 25, 7, 55215, 57888, 5, 11789, 944, 538, 100, 10, 6661, 5550, 1995, 52875, 1831, 56379, 4, 136, 21373, 538, 47, 70, 40225, 57574, 13, 23573, 4331, 111, 70, 6661, 5550, 87, 9, 1704, 163628, 30839, 13328, 25306, 821, 5, 568, 187, 432, 2822, 4, 756, 9, 130143, 333, 5868, 13, 4, 70, 891, 5428, 25, 7, 187, 4514, 509, 82775, 237, 10, 72367, 9, 372, 101098, 2831, 111, 70, 891, 9076, 16532, 25, 7, 22460, 587, 944, 45646, 4, 4911, 7, 57, 6496, 150675, 57888, 5, 581, 160469, 13, 384, 7, 39709, 112930, 4, 3129, 5117, 18738, 434, 98, 116, 18374, 34578, 4, 23742, 70, 27759, 130412, 26548, 70, 183689, 5380, 1832, 13545, 136, 75204, 70, 310, 47207, 4331, 2320, 84145, 127, 5428, 15, 2347, 84145, 127, 192942, 100, 44, 58, 80009, 93, 53429, 93, 7525, 987, 432, 5342, 58, 58, 707, 16294, 796, 2822, 61585, 52875, 194, 581, 160469, 90, 46, 384, 7, 39709, 112930, 136, 384, 1042, 571, 9, 12243, 46, 3542, 88303, 99, 124338, 18153, 468, 9323, 4, 99, 450, 1733, 70, 891, 9076, 16532, 4331, 57495, 25, 7, 3647, 5, 581, 84145, 127, 5428, 509, 645, 165598, 136, 1379, 62783, 297, 4, 678, 70, 7311, 1208, 6923, 73, 9677, 40176, 81830, 4015, 57875, 2858, 4, 71025, 118258, 16, 87907, 82775, 47, 8337, 6863, 158036, 14537, 140992, 7, 99, 11192, 144, 35810, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 442, 509, 456, 34198, 297, 237, 70, 384, 7, 39709, 9, 12243, 4, 10, 22729, 56, 11001, 9, 184, 257, 4331, 4, 678, 70, 1286, 113138, 25568, 12338, 57875, 2858, 4, 91092, 118258, 16, 1208, 6923, 73, 9677, 135750, 87907, 4, 10, 34754, 111, 70, 9677, 40176, 15572, 52021, 100, 27226, 17366, 41018, 5, 581, 384, 7, 39709, 9, 12243, 5117, 18738, 434, 98, 427, 18374, 27712, 5, 581, 36049, 1831, 56379, 115081, 22836, 111383, 7154, 4699, 16765, 23, 11994, 24644, 4, 136, 509, 456, 34198, 27686, 891, 5428, 23, 7071, 5, 262, 24056, 10484, 47, 41018, 289, 25072, 7, 71064, 71, 23, 4347, 24644, 5, 581, 23532, 674, 111, 891, 5428, 509, 28368, 47, 10, 130412, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 5117, 27712, 81828, 7, 111, 70, 891, 5428, 7639, 442, 46979, 20051, 678, 6626, 10646, 13545, 1105, 2866, 1809, 4398, 6431, 7, 126809, 390, 2369, 2810, 21139, 7568, 15, 16, 99, 180, 39709, 13528, 5, 581, 10646, 13545, 17863, 642, 29590, 2358, 5279, 136, 126809, 142, 61475, 50046, 51418, 191060, 939, 111, 18351, 347, 64, 7, 5, 1650, 160404, 71, 98, 70, 16610, 33844, 379, 24702, 133, 136, 1902, 10, 34515, 111, 11476, 111, 1672, 6331, 6, 10681, 39, 5, 15, 3957, 34754, 111, 70, 10646, 13545, 17863, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 47, 43357, 5, 581, 61475, 11389, 509, 3034, 297, 23, 70, 31576, 111, 27712, 98, 10, 335, 420, 12062, 123997, 1295, 102126, 4, 6637, 2685, 509, 110, 202319, 134349, 1831, 56379, 98, 3129, 47, 6, 121147, 442, 5, 360, 70, 51065, 111, 27712, 442, 509, 3034, 297, 98, 70, 3805, 4505, 73, 87, 24589, 5, 16, 144562, 110324, 7, 111, 70, 10646, 13545, 17863, 98, 70, 891, 5428, 3542, 55080, 297, 23, 8055, 27712, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 891, 5428, 160469, 90, 4, 6097, 17863, 7, 3542, 51158, 390, 16503, 9, 67688, 34196, 7, 5, 360, 113014, 4, 6097, 34196, 7, 68018, 100512, 2837, 61488, 17704, 6637, 111, 2363, 21334, 71579, 4, 3129, 143434, 2856, 47, 16981, 88551, 37511, 242554, 81147, 5, 200578, 4935, 109921, 3542, 55080, 297, 23, 70, 31576, 111, 24644, 17721, 70, 10646, 13545, 17863, 73197, 297, 47, 6, 75696, 9, 44571, 136, 70, 3525, 538, 126809, 4, 9060, 9, 21473, 3674, 5976, 2810, 9, 1723, 67987, 4854, 118538, 11, 37620, 4, 3129, 1902, 120262, 43257, 21373, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 581, 118538, 11, 37620, 509, 159978, 71, 70, 159690, 99, 903, 110324, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 23, 4347, 24644, 4, 34754, 111, 70, 10646, 13545, 17863, 509, 121011, 297, 136, 21139, 7568, 509, 34784, 297, 136, 29334, 416, 538, 71924, 297, 23, 18374, 450, 6602, 5, 581, 891, 5428, 83, 10, 11001, 9, 128897, 4, 25793, 14191, 9, 33926, 33, 4, 27226, 9, 14775, 22460, 5868, 13, 111, 17664, 297, 50961, 678, 10, 172040, 111, 6626, 15, 3630, 23, 39395, 11389, 7, 247, 5361, 538, 82775, 100, 10, 1192, 7136, 41018, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 2684, 135818, 60213, 509, 70, 190440, 191, 111, 187, 4514, 23, 142, 1831, 160328, 72367, 9, 372, 101098, 150370, 5, 1172, 4514, 182482, 91995, 71, 70, 123789, 136, 16138, 214, 87420, 70, 24, 329, 1229, 136, 86991, 2831, 111, 70, 57574, 13, 23573, 4, 136, 142, 187, 432, 2822, 6, 63758, 7228, 111, 68544, 3674, 12840, 15292, 10821, 187, 4514, 158285, 11321, 5759, 15, 11040, 9, 10461, 111670, 71, 70, 1831, 56379, 25, 7, 87907, 4, 99070, 6295, 4, 7401, 136, 29700, 180586, 7, 4, 136, 160692, 32216, 7, 5, 360, 39395, 24644, 4, 70, 891, 5428, 509, 12989, 297, 3934, 36049, 99, 22759, 31461, 3387, 4, 136, 509, 155605, 181653, 23, 117396, 101935, 3501, 2499, 3789, 116338, 1831, 56379, 23, 85683, 1363, 32692, 4, 1284, 390, 70, 1733, 83572, 102126, 205491, 71, 70, 134349, 32528, 98, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 891, 9076, 16532, 891, 5428, 15, 441, 53, 15601, 9120, 12, 94910, 18372, 4868, 26023, 94910, 9, 10461, 7525, 987, 432, 5342, 15, 441, 53, 15601, 9120, 12, 3681, 12761, 130, 3734, 4868, 698, 4, 44, 40888, 987, 432, 102496, 18939, 509, 10, 61585, 9, 257, 102, 2594, 1831, 56379, 181653, 390, 70, 134349, 32528, 23, 21334, 101935, 20271, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 5, 17106, 4039, 4, 1819, 363, 25072, 7, 111, 70, 891, 5428, 181653, 20271, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 23, 162515, 678, 6863, 39457, 42, 4, 70, 891, 9076, 16532, 891, 9193, 4, 10, 3622, 111, 4828, 4, 94375, 3542, 88303, 4, 20662, 442, 70, 11001, 2684, 181653, 116338, 1831, 56379, 4331, 23, 85683, 1363, 32692, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Origins.", "Technical description.", "Production.", "Operational history.", "Initial use and operational confusion.", "New tactics.", "Effectiveness as attack aircraft.", "\"The Flying tank\".", "Rear gunner.", "Air-to-air combat.", "Notable aircrew.", "Variants." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The idea for a Soviet armored ground-attack aircraft dates to the early 1930s, when Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich designed TSh-1 and TSh-2 armored biplanes. However, Soviet engines at the time lacked the power needed to provide the heavy aircraft with good performance. Il-2 was designed by Sergey Ilyushin and his team at the Central Design Bureau in 1938. TsKB-55 was a two-seat aircraft with an armoured shell weighing 700 kg (1,540 lb), protecting crew, engine, radiators, and the fuel tank. Standing loaded, the Ilyushin weighed more than 4,700 kg (10,300 lb), making the armoured shell about 15% of the aircraft's gross weight. Uniquely for a World War II attack aircraft, and similarly to the forward fuselage design of the World War I-era Imperial German Junkers J.I armored, all-metal biplane, the Il-2's armor was designed as a load-bearing part of the Ilyushin's monocoque structure, thus saving considerable weight. The prototype TsKB-55, which first flew on 2 October 1939, won the government competition against the Sukhoi Su-6 and received the VVS designation BSh-2 (the BSh stood for \"\"Bronirovani Shturmovik\"\" or armoured ground attack). The prototypes – TsKB-55 and TskB-57 – were built at Moscow plant #39, at that time the Ilyushin design bureau's base. The BSh-2 was overweight and underpowered, with the original Mikulin AM-35 1,022 kW (1,370 hp) engine designed to give its greatest power outputs at high altitude. Because of this it was redesigned as the TsKB-57, a lighter single-seat design, with the more powerful 1,254 kW (1,680 hp) Mikulin AM-38 engine, a development of the AM-35 optimised for low level operation. The TsKB-57 first flew on 12 October 1940. The production aircraft passed State Acceptance Trials in March 1941, and was redesignated Il-2 in April. Deliveries to operational units commenced in May 1941. The armament of Il-2 was subject to a competition. One of the first 1940 photographs of the Il-2 show it equipped with two MP-6 23 mm autocannons developed by Yakov Taubin () at OKB-16. The MP-6 gun weighed 70 kg and developed an initial muzzle velocity of 900 m/s. It operated on the short recoil principle and had a rate of fire of about 600 rpm. (The development of the MP-6 gun can be traced back to 1937. The initial version was tested in the spring of 1940 on a Bf 110 bought from Germany, because there was no suitable Soviet aircraft on which to mount it. In the summer of 1940 it was tested on the Pashinin I-21.) Factory trials of the MP-6 gun on the Il-2 were conducted in August 1940. In the early Il-2 prototypes, these guns were fed by 81-round clips. In flight, these clips sometimes became dislodged because of their large surface, which caused them to experience significant aerodynamic pressure. Competitive tests were conducted in the spring of 1941 between the MP-6 gun modified to belt-fed and the newly developed, gas-operated Volkov-Yartsev VYa-23, which had otherwise rather similar characteristics. The VYa-23 was declared the winner at this trial. Subsequently, in May 1941, development of the MP-6 gun was terminated and Taubin was arrested and summarily executed in October that year.", "The Il-2 is a single-engine, propeller-driven, low-wing monoplane of mixed construction with a crew of two (one in early versions), specially designed for assault operations. Its most notable feature was the inclusion of armor in an airframe load-bearing scheme. Armor plates replaced the frame and paneling throughout the nacelle and middle part of the fuselage, and an armored hull made of riveted homogeneous armor steel AB-1 (AB-2) secured the aircraft's engine, cockpit, water and oil radiators, and fuel tanks.", "In early 1941, the Il-2 was ordered into production at four factories, and was eventually produced in greater numbers than any other military aircraft in aviation history, but by the time Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, only State Aviation Factory 18 at Voronezh and Factory 381 at Leningrad had commenced production, with 249 having been built by the time of the German attack. Production early in the war was slow because after the German invasion the aircraft factories near Moscow and other major cities in western Russia had to be moved east of the Ural Mountains. Ilyushin and his engineers had time to reconsider production methods, and two months after the move Il-2s were again being produced. The tempo was not to Premier Stalin's liking, however, and he issued the following telegram to Shenkman and Tretyakov: As a result, \"the production of Shturmoviks rapidly gained speed. Stalin's notion of the Il-2 being 'like bread' to the Red Army took hold in Ilyushin's aircraft plants and the army soon had their Shturmoviks available in quantity.\"", "", "The first use in action of the Il-2 was with the 4th ShAP (Ground Attack Regiment) over the Berezina River days after German invasion began. The aircraft was so new that the pilots had no training in flight characteristics or tactics, and the ground crew no training in servicing or re-arming. The training received enabled the pilots only to take-off and land; none of the pilots had fired the armament, let alone learned tactics. There were 249 Il-2s available on 22 June 1941. In the first three days, 4th ShAP had lost 10 Il-2s to enemy action, a further 19 were lost to other causes, and 20 pilots were killed. By 10 July, 4th ShAP was down to 10 aircraft from a strength of 65.", "Tactics improved as Soviet aircrews became used to the Il-2's strengths. Instead of a low horizontal straight approach at 50 metres altitude, the target was usually kept to the pilot's left and a turn and shallow dive of 30 degrees was used, using an echeloned assault by four to twelve aircraft at a time. Although the Il-2's RS-82 and RS-132 rockets could destroy armored vehicles with a single hit, they were so inaccurate that experienced Il-2 pilots mainly used the cannon. Another potent weapon of the Il-2s was the PTAB shaped charge bomblets (\"protivotankovaya aviabomba\", \"anti-tank aviation bomb\"). They were designated PTAB-2.5-1.5, as they had a total weight of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), and an explosive charge of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). Up to 192 were carried in four external dispensers (cluster bombs) or up to 220 in the inner wing panels' internal ventral weapon bays. The HEAT charge could easily penetrate the relatively thin upper armor of all heavy German tanks. PTABs were first used on a large scale in the Battle of Kursk. The Il-2 was thereafter widely deployed on the Eastern Front. The aircraft could fly in low light conditions and carried weapons able to defeat the thick armor of the Panther and Tiger I tanks.", "The true capabilities of the Il-2 are difficult to determine from existing documentary evidence. W. Liss in \"Aircraft profile 88: Ilyushin Il-2\" mentions an engagement during the Battle of Kursk on 7 July 1943, in which 70 tanks from the German 9th Panzer Division were claimed to be destroyed by Ilyushin Il-2s in just 20 minutes. In another report of the action on the same day, a Soviet staff publication states that: In the Battle of Kursk (Operation Citadel), General V. Ryazanov became a master in the use of attack aircraft \"en masse\", developing and improving the tactics of Il-2 operations in co-ordination with infantry, artillery and armored troops. Il-2s at Kursk used the \"circle of death\" tactic: up to eight Shturmoviks formed a defensive circle, each plane protecting the one ahead with its forward machine guns, while individual Il-2s took turns leaving the circle, attacking a target, and rejoining the circle. Ryazanov was later awarded the Gold Star of Hero of Soviet Union twice, and the 1st Assault Aviation Corps under his command became the first unit to be awarded the honorific title of Guards. In 1943, one loss corresponded to 26 Shturmovik sorties. About half of those lost were shot down by fighters, the rest falling to anti-aircraft fire. Other studies of the fighting at Kursk suggest that very few of German armour losses were caused by the IL-2 or any other Soviet aircraft. In fact, total German tank losses in Operation Citadel amounted to 323 totally destroyed, the vast majority to anti-tank guns and armored fighting vehicles. In addition it is difficult to find any first-hand accounts by German panzer crews on the Eastern Front describing anything more than the occasional loss to direct air attack. The vast majority, around 95–98%, of tank losses were due to enemy anti-tank guns, tanks, mines, artillery, and infantry assault, or simply abandoned as operational losses (such as mechanical breakdown or running out of fuel), which mostly happened during the last eleven months of the war. During the Battle of Kursk, VVS Il-2s claimed the destruction of no less than 270 tanks (and 2,000 men) in a period of just two hours against the 3rd Panzer Division. On 1 July, however, the 3rd Panzer Division's 6th Panzer Regiment had just 90 tanks, 180 less than claimed as destroyed. On 11 July (well after the battle), the 3rd Panzer Division still had 41 operational tanks. The 3rd Panzer Division continued fighting throughout July, mostly with 48th Panzer Corps. It did not record any extraordinary losses to air attack throughout this period. As with the other panzer divisions at Kursk, the large majority of the 3rd Panzer Division's tank losses were due to dug-in Soviet anti-tank guns and tanks. Perhaps the most extraordinary claim by the VVS's Il-2s is that, over a period of four hours, they destroyed 240 tanks and in the process virtually wiped out the 17th Panzer Division. On 1 July, the 17th Panzer Division had only one tank battalion (the II./Pz Rgt 39), with 67 tanks, 173 less than claimed destroyed by the VVS. The 17th Panzer Division was not even in the main attack sector, but further south with the 1st Panzer Army's 24th Panzer Corps. The 17th Panzer did not register any abnormal losses due to aircraft in the summer of 1943, and retreated westwards with Army Group South later in the year, still intact. The main problem with the Il-2 was the inaccuracy of its attacks. Towards the end of war, the Soviets were able to concentrate large numbers of Shturmoviks to support their main offensives. The effect, however, was often more psychological than actual physical destruction of targets, particularly against dug-in and armored targets. In the 9 June offensive in the Karelian Isthmus in Finland, the Finnish anti-aircraft forces were far too few in number to counter the armadas of Pe-2 and Il-2, but they quickly found that the Il-2 attacks generally missed their marks widely, particularly with bombs. While some attacks against large unprotected targets such as horse and truck convoys and railyards had devastating results, attacks against dug-in point targets were usually ineffective. The frequent duels between dug-in 20 and 40 mm AA guns and Il-2 attackers never resulted in the complete destruction of the gun, while many Il-2s were brought down in these attacks. The heavy armor of the Il-2 also meant that it would typically carry only comparatively light bomb-loads, which together with the poor accuracy of its attacks made it a far less deadly attack aircraft than contemporary Allied fighter-bombers such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and Hawker Typhoon. The rocket projectiles especially were not effective, even the larger RS-132 (of which four were carried) having a warhead with only of explosives, which compared poorly with the P-47's typical load of ten 5 inch (13 cm) HVARs, each having a warhead, or the 8 to 12 \"60 lb\" (27 kg) warheads of the Hawker Typhoon's RP-3 rockets. Likewise, the Shturmovik's bombs were usually only 50 kg (rarely 100 kg), too small to compensate for the typically wide variation from the target point. To compensate for the poor accuracy of the Il-2's bombsight, in 1943, the Soviet Command decided to use shaped-charge armor-piercing projectiles against enemy armored vehicles, and the PTAB-2.5-1.5 SCAP aircraft bomb was put into production. These small-calibre bombs were loaded directly into the bomb bays and were dropped onto enemy vehicles from altitudes up to 100 meters (328 ft). As each Il-2 could carry up to 192 bombs, a \"fire carpet\" 70 meters (229 ft.) long and 15 meters (49 ft) wide could cover the enemy tanks, giving a high \"kill\" probability. Pilots of 291st ShAP were the first to use the PTAB-2.5-1.5 bombs. During one sortie on 5 June 1943, six attack aircraft led by Lt. Col. A. Vitrook destroyed 15 enemy tanks in one attack, and during five days of the enemy advance, the 291st Division claimed to have destroyed or damaged 422 enemy tanks.", "Thanks to the heavy armor protection, the Il-2 could take a great deal of punishment and proved difficult for both ground and aircraft fire to shoot down. A major threat to the Il-2 was German ground fire. In postwar interviews, Il-2 pilots reported 20 mm (0.79 in) and 37 mm (1.46 in) artillery as the primary threat. While the fabled 88 mm (3.46 in) calibre gun was formidable, low-flying Il-2s presented too fast-moving a target for the 88's relatively low rate of fire, only occasional hits were scored. Similarly the attempts in Finland during the summer of 1944 to augment the small numbers of 20/40 mm AA in the field army by heavier 76 mm guns drawn from homeland defence proved also relatively ineffective and few Il-2s were downed despite attempting different tactics with time-fused fragmentation, contact-fused, and shrapnel ammunition: the heavy guns simply lacked the reaction times to take advantage of the brief firing opportunities presented by the low-altitude Il-2 attacks. Single-barrel 20 mm anti-aircraft guns were also found somewhat inadequate due to limited firepower: one or two shells were often not enough to destroy the Il-2, and unless the Il-2 was attacking the gun itself, thus presenting effectively a stationary target, scoring more hits during a firing opportunity was rare. The armored tub, ranging from 5–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) in thickness and enveloping the engine and the cockpit, could deflect all small arms fire and glancing blows from larger-caliber ammunition. Unfortunately the rear gunners did not have the benefit of all-around armor protection, especially from the rear and to the sides, and suffered about four times the casualties of pilots. Added casualties resulted from the Soviet policy of not returning home with unused ammunition which typically resulted in repeated passes on the target. Soviet troops often requested additional passes even after the aircraft were out of ammunition to exploit the intimidating effect Il-2s had on German ground troops, who gave it the nickname \"The Flying Tank\". \"Luftwaffe\" pilots called it \"Zementbomber\" (Concrete bomber). The Finnish nickname \"maatalouskone\" (\"agricultural machine\" or \"tractor\") derived from a word play with \"maataistelukone\" (ground attack aircraft, literally \"ground combat aircraft\" where \"kone\", literally \"machine\", in turn is shortened from \"lentokone\", aircraft, literally \"flying machine\")", "Heavy losses to enemy fighters forced the reintroduction of a rear gunner; early Il-2s were field modified by cutting a hole in the fuselage behind the cockpit for a gunner sitting on a canvas sling armed with a 12.7 mm UBT machine gun in an improvised mounting. The semi-turret gun mount allowed the machine gun to be fired at angles of up to 35° upwards, 35° to starboard and 15° to port. Tests showed that maximum speed decreased by between 10 and 20 km/h (6.2–12.4 mph) and that the two-seater was more difficult to handle because the center of gravity was shifted backwards. At the beginning of March 1942, a production two-seat Il-2 with the new gunner's cockpit began manufacturer tests. The second cockpit and armament increased all-up weight by 170 kg (374 lb) so the flaps were allowed to be deployed at an angle of 17° to avoid an over-long takeoff run. The new variant had a lengthened fuselage compartment with an extended canopy offering some protection from the elements. Unlike the well-armoured cockpit of the pilot compartment with steel plating up to 12 mm (0.47 in) thick behind, beneath and on both sides as well as up to 65 mm thick glass sections, the rear gunner was provided with 6 mm (.23 in) thick armour, effective only against rifle-calibre rounds. To improve performance, the Mikulin Design Bureau started work on an uprated AM-38 engine. The new engines produced 1,700 hp at takeoff and 1,500 hp at 750 meters. They gave an improved takeoff and low-altitude performance. On 30 October 1942, production Il-2s powered by AM38s were used on the Central Front for the first time when they successfully attacked Smolensk airfield occupied by Germans. The \"Shturmovik\" rear guns proved to be effective against hostile fighters, and during the service trials alone, gunners shot down seven Bf 109s and repulsed many attacks. In January 1943 two-seat attack aircraft powered by uprated AM-38F engines (\"Forseerovannyy\" – uprated) began to arrive at front line units. Nonetheless, the death rate among the air gunners remained exceptionally high and it was only for late models produced after 1944 that the 13 mm (.5 in) rear plate of the armour shell was moved rearwards into the (wooden) rear fuselage to allow a gunner to sit behind the fuel tank. The armour did not extend to the rear or below although side armour panels were riveted to the rear armour plate to protect the ammunition tank for the UBT machine gun, providing some measure of protection. The modifications including adding the rear gunner and gun had added weight behind the center of gravity, resulting in \"marginal\" stability and handling characteristics that were \"barely acceptable\". The need to shift the aerodynamic center of the aircraft rearwards due to the weight of the added rear gunner and lengthened cockpit was the reason for the swept back outer wings in later Il-2s.", "Owing to a shortage of fighters, in 1941–1942, Il-2s were occasionally used as fighters. While outclassed by dedicated fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190, in dogfights, the Il-2 could take on other \"Luftwaffe\" aircraft with some success. German front line units equipped with the Henschel Hs 126 suffered most of all from the ravages of Il-2s. Il-2 pilots also often attacked close formations of Junkers Ju 87s, as the 7.92 mm machine guns of the \"Ju 87 Stukas\" were ineffective against the heavily armoured \"Shturmoviks\". In the winter of 1941–1942, Il-2s were used against \"Luftwaffe\" transport aircraft, and became the most dangerous opponent of the Junkers Ju 52/3m. Pilots of 33rd GvShAP were the most successful in these operations. Other successful units were those in 1942–1943 operating near Stalingrad. Their targets were not only Ju 52s but also Heinkel He 111 and Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor bombers, delivering supplies to the besieged German troops. While the Il-2 was a deadly air-to-ground weapon, and even a fairly effective interceptor against slow bombers and transport aircraft, heavy losses resulted from its vulnerability to fighter attack. Losses were very high, the highest of all types of Soviet aircraft, though given the numbers in service this is only to be expected. \"Shturmovik\" losses (including Il-10 type), in 1941–1945, were of 10,762 aircraft (533 in 1941, 1,676 in 1942, 3,515 in 1943, 3,347 in 1944 and 1,691 in 1945). The main defensive tactic was to fly low and reduce power as the fighter closed in. This could make the fighter overshoot and fly into the Il-2's firing zone. During the Battle in Karelian Isthmus, Vyborg Offensive in summer 1944, Finnish 24th and 34th Fighter Squadrons and Luftwaffe II./JG 54 took a toll on Soviet Il-2 squadrons. In just 30 days (10 June – 9 July) Finnish and German fighter pilots shot down 111 and 53 Il-2s respectively.", "Senior Lieutenant Anna Yegorova piloted 243 Il-2 missions and was decorated three times. One of these awards was the Gold Star of Hero of the Soviet Union that she had received \"posthumously\" in late 1944, since she was presumed dead after being shot down. She survived imprisonment in a German POW camp. Guards Junior Lieutenant Ivan Grigorevich Drachenko, another Il-2 pilot, was one of only four men who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and who was also a Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory as a recipient of each of the Order of Glory's three classes. Despite having lost his right eye as a result of injuries sustained in a combat mission on August 14, 1943, he returned to flying status and continued to fly combat sorties until war's end. Recipient of the \"Hero of the Soviet Union\", T. Kuznetsov, survived the crash of his Il-2 in 1942 when shot down returning from a reconnaissance mission. Kuznetsov escaped from the wreck and hid nearby. To his surprise, a German Bf 109 fighter landed near the crash site and the pilot began to investigate the wrecked Il-2, possibly to assist Kuznetsov, or to look for souvenirs. Thinking quickly, Kuznetsov ran to the German fighter and used it to fly home, barely avoiding being shot down by Soviet fighters in the process. Lt. Col. Nelson Stepanyan flew an Il-2 and took part in a number of aerial battles and bombing sorties. He was shot down once but did return to the Soviet lines. On his final sortie in Liepāja, Latvia on 14 December 1944, his plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire, and although wounded, he flew his airplane into a German warship. Soviet sources assert that Stepanyan flew no fewer than 239 combat sorties, sank 53 ships, thirteen of which he did alone, destroyed 80 tanks, 600 armored vehicles, and 27 aircraft.", "The early two-seater prototype proved to be too heavy for the limited power of the early AM-35 engine. A redesigned single-seat version was soon developed and saw combat, particularly in the early phase of the war in the Soviet Union. While the Il-2 proved to be a deadly air-to-ground weapon, heavy losses were caused by its vulnerability to fighter attack. Consequently, in February 1942, the two-seat design was revived. The Il-2M, with a rear gunner under the stretched canopy, entered service in September 1942 with the surviving single-seaters eventually modified to this standard. Later changes included an upgrade from 20 mm to 23 mm or 37 mm cannons, aerodynamic improvements, use of wooden outer wing panels instead of metal and increased fuel capacity. In 1943, the Il-2 Type 3 or Il-2m3 came out with redesigned \"arrow-wings\" that possessed leading edges that were swept back 15 degrees on the outer panels, and nearly straight trailing edges, resulting in a wing planform somewhat like the AT-6 trainer. Performance and handling were much improved from the resulting shift of the Il-2's aerodynamic center rearwards with the revised \"arrow wing\" planform to correct the earlier problem, and this became the most common version of the Il-2. A radial engine powered variant of the Il-2 with the Shvetsov ASh-82 engine was proposed in 1942 to remedy projected shortages in the Mikulin inline engines. However, the ASh-82 was also used in the new Lavochkin La-5 fighter which effectively secured all available engines to the Lavochkin bureau. The radial engine Sukhoi Su-2 ground attack aircraft was produced in small quantities, but was generally considered unsuitable due to inadequate performance and lack of defensive armament." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 345, 519, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 509, 103122, 70, 775, 111, 40117, 2472, 31, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 15094, 20414, 616, 5757, 46, 423, 117413, 136, 111, 1919, 58386, 60338, 22172, 7, 6827, 1861, 23, 111930, 4, 7440, 764, 22282, 71, 27165, 136, 150180, 71, 23, 423, 1197, 5, 1529, 14432, 189924, 100491, 26992, 555, 329, 100, 3060, 5369, 4, 136, 1919, 25921, 99201, 135818, 26366, 7, 6044, 237, 181021, 7, 42814, 7325, 24366, 4, 104842, 7344, 82224, 136, 28166, 7422, 7761, 20756, 5, 1529, 1902, 142, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 775, 7103, 142, 103086, 678, 9266, 41977, 11, 88437, 206, 943, 4, 31631, 52621, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 4, 1284, 8108, 764, 34739, 739, 538, 12989, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 7, 4084, 764, 509, 193421, 14534, 47, 51651, 390, 11584, 13, 10208, 4830, 20808, 10289, 104279, 163170, 247, 1379, 136565, 764, 34658, 208479, 164306, 7, 237, 5117, 116983, 111, 70, 10323, 4, 1563, 105160, 14, 4597, 4, 136, 22925, 9, 17032, 127507, 42, 111, 70, 16010, 11, 7456, 28, 7798, 18, 14488, 5, 11584, 13, 10208, 7610, 20808, 11663, 1104, 1837, 78255, 220642, 4049, 237, 44, 10135, 25385, 58, 47, 70, 14947, 111, 181021, 83551, 5917, 1021, 4, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 7610, 20808, 12975, 1104, 1837, 86468, 7228, 4049, 181021, 9, 33163, 525, 111, 44, 31469, 159, 5176, 2609, 87228, 58, 136, 9325, 4049, 47, 70, 70615, 111, 33633, 18, 5, 1529, 2843, 149976, 237, 10, 68412, 47, 90452, 1995, 111, 84740, 20808, 13683, 104279, 188580, 247, 8035, 9325, 390, 70, 11584, 13, 47, 32603, 67, 70, 181021, 111, 199656, 5, 1650, 509, 2685, 450, 764, 100, 4806, 10, 6, 120027, 136, 20903, 76755, 678, 70, 195374, 18813, 4, 3129, 509, 47, 24209, 4552, 5526, 23, 1919, 110613, 44930, 237, 11584, 13, 5, 345, 5416, 70, 47219, 111, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 310, 20808, 14604, 104279, 177917, 247, 70, 158, 180637, 19667, 181021, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 4, 2750, 41591, 71, 70, 9351, 111, 139256, 53, 49430, 23, 7622, 4588, 47, 70, 6782, 17690, 214, 11584, 13, 4, 139256, 53, 87, 15, 116708, 1104, 193438, 247, 613, 76, 4806, 70, 32774, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 4552, 59335, 158, 180637, 4, 6, 120027, 40715, 3501, 744, 21974, 5, 52455, 4816, 1779, 765, 150380, 297, 903, 47, 70, 79507, 136, 4420, 214, 111, 70, 195374, 18813, 5, 181021, 7422, 7761, 20756, 136, 70, 200103, 7, 32599, 214, 17690, 68186, 71, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 25, 7, 164492, 136, 221, 8060, 297, 4049, 23, 70, 158, 180637, 12960, 70, 195374, 7808, 1363, 2843, 8, 195, 297, 4049, 213850, 4743, 47, 1919, 36272, 237, 10, 11282, 846, 23, 84740, 5, 139256, 53, 49430, 25, 7, 62816, 115058, 47, 186, 15787, 100, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 106820, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 992, 5062, 3060, 111, 1919, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 4, 764, 509, 47, 37105, 10, 193857, 9393, 3357, 6897, 4, 141753, 10, 3299, 100, 1919, 134381, 939, 111, 6897, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 1919, 8437, 39192, 87587, 136, 24365, 77041, 31075, 131148, 450, 764, 509, 19048, 47, 35644, 136, 35142, 678, 13036, 44402, 69405, 136, 125189, 21286, 4, 102971, 959, 11343, 65771, 538, 5, 76556, 23, 70, 80923, 111, 12190, 7948, 4, 139256, 53, 49430, 25, 7, 43257, 8999, 538, 50509, 7, 100512, 37526, 1294, 136, 764, 171332, 66570, 47, 17690, 111, 70, 129574, 84084, 5, 1529, 174176, 66570, 47, 118620, 3934, 41361, 70, 209236, 111, 70, 70615, 111, 33633, 18, 5, 1529, 107003, 110, 131527, 7, 100, 200103, 7, 47, 70, 79986, 450, 333, 10534, 7, 8110, 5646, 1257, 45606, 329, 23, 2363, 40, 90, 4, 136, 4331, 27686, 10, 175352, 47, 28350, 70, 31471, 111, 1326, 34833, 555, 83266, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 32926, 111, 10, 3525, 136, 6782, 538, 52295, 71, 79737, 111, 70, 44, 50886, 7332, 100491, 74413, 2624, 740, 360, 10, 1733, 111, 150675, 9879, 15032, 111, 14537, 4, 139256, 53, 49430, 10, 40285, 67175, 70, 181021, 7, 1657, 172, 201243, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 2856, 678, 29693, 7, 4, 136, 6, 140545, 214, 29458, 66211, 7, 100, 6097, 40466, 7, 47, 4488, 98, 5, 1529, 509, 10670, 157272, 100, 19441, 10, 38781, 329, 23, 215131, 74, 3060, 17438, 58349, 7, 959, 297, 450, 764, 2725, 9319, 81907, 71, 113449, 7, 12488, 221, 46526, 67660, 5, 581, 14537, 111, 70, 14726, 2408, 124735, 1379, 4049, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 79507, 136, 14537, 111, 70, 200103, 7, 193984, 538, 227204, 71, 5, 22376, 20537, 93017, 53, 83, 1919, 137633, 674, 111, 70, 53092, 289, 37534, 189224, 52164, 4, 142, 5773, 105727, 111, 70, 189224, 1486, 81206, 4, 237, 10, 117781, 25072, 707, 44, 93136, 3956, 58, 28032, 70, 36770, 390, 70, 8, 7612, 13, 44, 683, 399, 177229, 13, 58, 607, 297, 1039, 18237, 423, 4836, 4, 86658, 10, 14922, 111, 6782, 34844, 53, 17721, 2856, 136, 22, 11, 79298, 70, 36770, 47, 24209, 10, 88551, 167821, 12989, 23, 70, 129574, 84084, 5, 62, 9879, 2831, 111, 70, 113857, 111, 139256, 53, 49430, 25, 7, 17690, 509, 47, 59911, 70, 209236, 111, 33633, 18, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 26697, 32926, 111, 70, 78684, 100, 4806, 67081, 111, 9716, 87420, 14713, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 14037, 297, 5941, 3525, 40466, 7, 5, 581, 12610, 29693, 111, 70, 49659, 14481, 3514, 434, 193984, 538, 1379, 1919, 32926, 4588, 4, 136, 100512, 70, 2684, 5526, 11698, 111, 52080, 23, 14713, 100, 10, 1733, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 24, 4806, 70, 19369, 61093, 141, 121181, 66, 12535, 5, 11584, 13, 139256, 53, 49430, 2843, 14037, 297, 183851, 87227, 90, 100, 23189, 494, 525, 7, 4, 86595, 678, 70, 30839, 29693, 99, 51651, 4, 136, 3884, 2856, 23, 70, 25534, 111, 70, 49659, 14481, 5, 360, 423, 6873, 764, 26038, 51521, 10778, 47, 70, 237626, 19, 111, 70, 18265, 31667, 4, 10, 26908, 111, 494, 525, 7, 15490, 2244, 19725, 4, 171332, 47, 177966, 136, 19542, 59207, 15, 151645, 297, 390, 12190, 90452, 799, 416, 194, 360, 423, 4836, 764, 62458, 297, 22104, 7, 4, 26719, 87, 7456, 6162, 2290, 118, 4, 47, 28484, 43240, 47, 122329, 13, 70, 103302, 136, 62458, 297, 581, 84718, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11584, 13, 139256, 53, 49430, 15, 74, 361, 18982, 3252, 304, 46, 209, 7071, 423, 107842, 4, 103122, 345, 519, 10529, 277, 11902, 93, 4, 509, 10336, 111, 70, 129574, 84084, 136, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 1295, 702, 4347, 423, 12825, 47, 1919, 47219, 23, 423, 12951, 5, 1529, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 62458, 214, 136, 8035, 70, 123055, 28088, 100, 70, 121181, 66, 87939, 4, 3129, 47143, 7, 70, 21640, 538, 68186, 71, 9782, 87939, 47, 903, 5155, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early biography.", "Youth.", "Career before papacy.", "Election as Pope.", "Pontificate.", "Reform of the Church.", "Formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences.", "The Gregorian calendar.", "Foreign policy.", "Cultural patronage.", "Canonizations and beatifications.", "Consistories.", "Death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Ugo Boncompagni was born the son of Cristoforo Boncompagni (10 July 1470 – 1546) and of his wife Angela Marescalchi in Bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530. He later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as Cardinals Alexander Farnese, Reginald Pole and Charles Borromeo. He had an illegitimate son after an affair with Maddalena Fulchini, Giacomo Boncompagni, but before he took holy orders.", "At the age of thirty-six he was summoned to Rome by Pope Paul III (1534–1549), under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator, and vice-chancellor of the Campagna e Marittima. Pope Paul IV (1555–1559) attached him as \"datarius\" to the suite of Cardinal Carlo Carafa, Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) made him Cardinal-Priest of \"San Sisto Vecchio\" and sent him to the Council of Trent. He also served as a legate to Philip II of Spain (1556–1598), being sent by the Pope to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. It was there that he formed a lasting and close relationship with the Spanish King, which was to become very important in his foreign policy as Pope.", "Upon the death of Pope Pius V (1566–1572), the conclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage to the great reforming Pope, Gregory I (590–604), surnamed the Great. It was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. Many historians have attributed this to the influence and backing of the Spanish King. Cardinal Borromeo and the cardinals wishing reform accepted Boncompagni's candidature and so supported him in the conclave while the Spanish faction also deemed him acceptable due to his success as a nuncio in Spain. Gregory XIII's character seemed to be perfect for the needs of the church at the time. Unlike some of his predecessors, he was to lead a faultless personal life, becoming a model for his simplicity of life. Additionally, his legal brilliance and management abilities meant that he was able to respond and deal with major problems quickly and decisively, although not always successfully.", "", "Once in the chair of Saint Peter, Gregory XIII's rather worldly concerns became secondary and he dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He committed himself to putting into practice the recommendations of the Council of Trent. He allowed no exceptions for cardinals to the rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees, and designated a committee to update the Index of Forbidden Books. He was the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the \"Corpus juris canonici\". In a time of considerable centralisation of power, Gregory XIII abolished the Cardinals Consistories, replacing them with Colleges, and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. He was renowned for having a fierce independence; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. The power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased. Also noteworthy is his establishment of the Discalced Carmelites, an offshoot of the Carmelite Order, as a distinct unit or \"province\" within the former by the decree \"Pia consideratione\" dated 22 June 1580, ending a period of great difficulty between them and enabling the former to become a significant religious order in the Catholic Church.", "A central part of the strategy of Gregory XIII's reform was to apply the recommendations of Trent. He was a liberal patron of the recently formed Society of Jesus throughout Europe, for which he founded many new colleges. The Roman College of the Jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in Europe for a time. It is now named the Pontifical Gregorian University. Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the German College at Rome, and put them in the charge of the Jesuits. In 1575 he gave official status to the Congregation of the Oratory, a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching (founded by Saint Philip Neri). In 1580 he commissioned artists, including Ignazio Danti, to complete works to decorate the Vatican and commissioned The Gallery of Maps. Also noteworthy during his pontificate as a further means of putting into practice the recommendations of the Council of Trent is the transformation in 1580 of the Dominican studium founded in the 13th century at Rome into the College of St. Thomas, the precursor of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, \"Angelicum\".", "Pope Gregory XIII is best known for his commissioning of the calendar after being initially authored by the doctor/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and with the aid of Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius who made the final modifications. The reason for the reform was that the average length of the year in the Julian calendar was too long – as it treated each year as 365 days, 6 hours in length, whereas calculations showed that the actual mean length of a year is slightly less (365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes). As a result, the date of the vernal equinox had slowly (over the course of 13 centuries) slipped to 10 March, while the computus (calculation) of the date of Easter still followed the traditional date of 21 March. That was verified by the observations of Clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when Gregory decreed, by the papal bull \"Inter gravissimas\" of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be not Friday, 5 October, but Friday, 15 October 1582. The new calendar duly replaced the Julian calendar, in use since 45 BC, and has since come into nearly universal use. Because of Gregory's involvement, the reformed Julian calendar came to be known as the Gregorian calendar. The switchover was bitterly opposed by much of the populace, who feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half's rent. However, the Catholic countries of Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Italy complied. France, some states of the Dutch Republic and various Catholic states in Germany and Switzerland (both countries were religiously split) followed suit within a year or two, Austria and Hungary followed in 1587. However, more than a century passed before Protestant Europe accepted the new calendar. Denmark, the remaining states of the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland, adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700–01. By that time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. Great Britain and its American colonies adopted the reformed calendar in 1752, where Wednesday, 2 September 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday, 14 September 1752; they were joined by the last Protestant holdout, Sweden, on 1 March 1753. The Gregorian calendar was not accepted in eastern Christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar.", "Though he expressed the conventional fears of the danger from the Turks, Gregory XIII's attentions were more consistently directed to the dangers from the Protestants. He also encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethrone Elizabeth I of England (reigned from 1558–1603), thus helping to develop an atmosphere of subversion and imminent danger among English Protestants, who looked on any Catholic as a potential traitor. In 1578, to further the plans of exiled English and Irish Catholics such as Nicholas Sanders, William Allen, and James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald, Gregory outfitted adventurer Thomas Stukeley with a ship and an army of 800 men to land in Ireland to aid the Catholics against the Protestant plantations. To his dismay, Stukeley joined his forces with those of King Sebastian of Portugal against Emperor Abdul Malik of Morocco instead. Another papal expedition sailed to Ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of Fitzmaurice, accompanied by Sanders as papal legate. All of the soldiers and sailors on board, as well as the women and children who accompanied them, were beheaded or hanged on landing in Kerry, in the Smerwick Massacre. Gregory's greatest success came in his patronage of colleges and seminaries which he founded on the Continent for the Irish and English, among others. In 1580, he was persuaded by English Jesuits to moderate or suspend the Bull \"Regnans in Excelsis\" (1570) which had excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England. Catholics were advised to obey the queen outwardly in all civil matters, until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow. Pope Gregory XIII had no connection with the plot of Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother, Charles, Duke of Mayenne, to assassinate Elizabeth I in 1582. After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres of Huguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory celebrated a \"Te Deum\" mass. However, some hold that he was ignorant of the nature of the plot at the time, having been told the Huguenots had tried to take over the government but failed. Three frescoes in the Sala Regia hall of the Vatican depicting the events were painted by Giorgio Vasari, and a commemorative medal was issued with Gregory's portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend (\"Overthrow of the Huguenots\").", "In Rome Gregory XIII built the magnificent Gregorian chapel in the Basilica of St. Peter, and extended the Quirinal Palace in 1580. He also turned the Baths of Diocletian into a granary in 1575. He appointed his illegitimate son Giacomo, born to his mistress at Bologna before his papacy, castellan of Sant'Angelo and Gonfalonier of the Church; Venice, anxious to please, enrolled him among its nobles. Philip II of Spain appointed him general in his army. Gregory also helped his son to become a powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the Duchy of Sora, on the border between the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. In order to raise funds for these and similar objects, he confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the Church. This measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones.", "The pope canonized four saints during his pontificate and in 1584 beatified his predecessor Pope Gregory VII.", "During his pontificate, the pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories; this included naming his nephew Filippo Boncompagni to the cardinalate in the pope's first consistory in 1572. Gregory XIII also named four of his successors as cardinals all in 1583: Giovanni Battista Castagna (Urban VII), Niccolò Sfondrati (Gregory XIV), Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti (Innocent IX), and Alessandro de' Medici (Leo XI).", "The pope suffered from a fever on 5 April 1585 and on 7 April said his usual private Mass still in ill health. He seemed to recover enough that he was able to conduct meetings throughout 8–9 April, although it was observed he did not feel well. But a sudden change on 10 April saw him confined to bed and he was noticed to have a cold sweat and weak pulse; he received the Extreme Unction moments before he died." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 48752, 289, 11389, 7, 111, 10, 11531, 35839, 44, 397, 9, 97141, 984, 71, 26255, 830, 5423, 47, 70, 56312, 44, 9506, 150, 1784, 133, 33, 58, 15, 11, 185839, 11531, 111, 756, 3428, 68818, 23, 70, 23924, 101334, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 46, 70, 56101, 241, 22553, 127, 126140, 509, 10, 52129, 27643, 1295, 450, 163198, 13, 8108, 132260, 23, 98848, 247, 3542, 44028, 678, 13372, 23, 70, 4568, 21775, 111, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 99, 1305, 9, 4205, 41186, 5245, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 59121, 23, 7582, 26748, 390, 165572, 9, 63771, 429, 1236, 20904, 27512, 10713, 111, 70, 62980, 233274, 140978, 4, 953, 126140, 31143, 92343, 2873, 4, 2750, 509, 678, 70, 15111, 927, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 1660, 127067, 111, 111930, 4, 98848, 5, 8622, 3542, 5941, 143834, 7, 98, 51389, 7, 136, 3853, 70, 681, 6563, 4, 1284, 70, 11531, 137567, 136, 10649, 55741, 71407, 15005, 2822, 47, 3642, 23468, 2363, 6897, 23, 98848, 509, 5, 8622, 509, 110, 41392, 111, 40073, 62, 20820, 23, 70, 7311, 68944, 5, 52455, 884, 71516, 35768, 23, 98848, 1902, 31635, 47, 186, 114309, 4, 237, 70, 11876, 92, 111, 4912, 8060, 100, 70, 884, 71516, 50588, 90, 23409, 47, 23924, 25617, 14713, 7103, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 111413, 1459, 5, 10660, 2843, 959, 297, 10649, 4445, 71407, 450, 1836, 1902, 42938, 297, 23, 40368, 44, 397, 9, 5636, 7, 58, 111, 2363, 10002, 8108, 70, 132260, 7, 23, 111413, 1459, 100512, 5700, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 397, 9, 97141, 740, 581, 125195, 509, 11814, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 5155, 450, 2499, 116338, 41018, 80723, 15, 76228, 44, 841, 9, 497, 474, 58, 8035, 70, 29458, 4034, 1733, 111, 142, 41018, 86595, 98, 391, 9, 5636, 247, 1284, 70, 5700, 24234, 69347, 442, 3934, 142, 125195, 164661, 10821, 678, 70, 111413, 1459, 132260, 7, 4734, 5, 89176, 80399, 52129, 7, 959, 297, 450, 1836, 1902, 2809, 23, 22631, 100, 103155, 21775, 8108, 70, 111413, 1459, 132260, 7, 4, 136, 3060, 111, 8382, 1902, 149976, 23, 23924, 36941, 3853, 8108, 450, 5, 581, 183851, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 5550, 181689, 7, 63871, 405, 29089, 3387, 36880, 98848, 621, 9969, 13, 30319, 77950, 111, 70, 181952, 3129, 34739, 3687, 20271, 80399, 7, 6044, 237, 102203, 109236, 52828, 136, 70, 221419, 99381, 111, 17629, 142788, 157, 5, 106073, 10699, 4745, 115730, 56, 1681, 6777, 959, 33022, 70, 11531, 4, 764, 6777, 43799, 12921, 11389, 7, 111, 442, 136, 442, 83, 150380, 297, 47, 4049, 23, 70, 91, 133, 3134, 73048, 111, 70, 104870, 177018, 36854, 10760, 25, 7, 44, 11935, 99736, 6635, 177018, 7, 740, 52455, 12921, 143834, 7, 765, 2809, 17164, 297, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 391, 9, 97141, 984, 71, 26255, 3542, 884, 71516, 4516, 1055, 2750, 5775, 46526, 23, 98848, 20271, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 5, 581, 391, 9, 97141, 984, 71, 26255, 2843, 191722, 10, 5700, 1631, 6032, 79063, 56, 25, 7, 11531, 15, 12724, 1674, 36854, 5986, 31471, 110, 5, 30994, 101655, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Several versions of a song called \"D-Day Dodgers\", set to the tune \"Lili Marleen\" (a favourite song of all troops in the North African Campaign – the British Eighth Army was a veteran formation from that theatre before landing in Italy), were sung with gusto in the last months of the war, and at post-war reunions. The song was written in November 1944 by Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn of the Tank Rescue Section, 19 Army Fire Brigade, who was with the 78th Infantry Division just south of Bologna, Italy. There were many variations on verses and even the chorus, but the song generally and sarcastically referred to how easy their life in Italy was. There was no mention of Lady Astor in the original lyrics. Many Allied personnel in Italy had reason to be bitter, as the bulk of material support for the Allied armies went to Northwest Europe after the invasion of Normandy. They also noted sardonically that they had participated in several \"D-days\" of their own before the landings in Normandy became popularly known as \"D-Day\". The expression was used to refer to the day that any military operation began (with \"H-hour\" being the specific start time of an operation beginning on D-day), but the popular press turned it into an expression synonymous with the Normandy landings only. Italian campaign veterans noted that they had been in action for eleven months before the Normandy landings, and some of those had served in North Africa even before that. The numerous Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries across Italy are compelling evidence of the fighting which took place during campaigns such as Operation Avalanche and the subsequent Battle of Monte Cassino. Although Hamish Henderson did not write the song, he did collect different versions of it and it is attributed to him in the sleeve notes of the Ian Campbell Folk Group's \"Contemporary Campbells\". Many different variations have been recorded." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 133698, 70, 15643, 7, 136, 39395, 11704, 7, 4, 764, 11814, 47, 186, 10, 12275, 19612, 3378, 136, 112730, 100, 5941, 8753, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 152239, 112440, 4, 1215, 45310, 56588, 54940, 27060, 5, 360, 11704, 4, 7103, 5117, 47617, 1991, 111, 21413, 192, 31681, 204876, 7362, 9254, 13384, 569, 18, 70, 8753, 4, 11852, 68933, 172310, 297, 345, 150, 47, 51339, 100, 1919, 8753, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 903, 13315, 2037, 121447, 2363, 17932, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 12275, 7156, 4, 67967, 297, 44, 294, 6958, 438, 5455, 58, 136, 23409, 98, 10, 8999, 9742, 5, 33306, 4, 345, 150, 569, 18, 21413, 192, 31681, 23, 86591, 1529, 113053, 297, 62, 4878, 239, 213912, 133, 13867, 136, 112730, 70, 47617, 7, 100, 70, 7156, 44, 37878, 275, 4865, 2583, 4171, 58, 8108, 764, 33284, 297, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 678, 136565, 764, 121447, 44, 116527, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 58, 23, 13211, 136, 44, 3957, 19055, 111, 70, 180, 10519, 58, 23, 98543, 9925, 5701, 6602, 35378, 1177, 33, 121447, 70, 4720, 16069, 6867, 7156, 44, 163025, 9251, 830, 101904, 10, 8, 16797, 32837, 1363, 111, 345, 150, 25, 7, 59376, 100, 51339, 214, 6867, 5, 9925, 1733, 345, 150, 66570, 100, 4806, 136, 181653, 678, 21413, 192, 31681, 101275, 1419, 19963, 513, 135430, 70, 193136, 6, 191145, 8753, 18826, 206, 70, 193136, 136, 33662, 3789, 19612, 72004, 33284, 297, 2856, 5, 581, 481, 7156, 44, 284, 174804, 13, 47, 193136, 830, 678, 103155, 29256, 7, 111, 193136, 52336, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 55482, 1650, 60213, 71, 3789, 43032, 111, 35378, 1177, 33, 136, 21413, 192, 31681, 237, 5299, 237, 3789, 8753, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 112730, 23, 111246, 78822, 11063, 420, 25, 7, 5609, 9, 95322, 215072, 103149, 100, 2363, 4734, 7156, 23, 82490, 35378, 1177, 33, 17164, 297, 44, 6766, 3055, 72820, 109997, 58, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 134629, 390, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 7156, 111, 29256, 7, 44, 6696, 1803, 3314, 350, 11728, 58, 23, 55482, 345, 150, 24765, 297, 678, 35378, 1177, 33, 1257, 47, 3576, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 49721, 2975, 112, 830, 168698, 3934, 10, 22799, 11531, 70035, 100, 70, 8753, 5, 1461, 3232, 2843, 112730, 98, 72194, 42, 25, 7, 3576, 7156, 44, 3957, 18878, 111, 1735, 41039, 6635, 740, 360, 103844, 345, 150, 136, 145042, 8753, 39, 27417, 85190, 6524, 771, 434, 3542, 11476, 71, 1295, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 25632, 142, 28, 9, 2065, 1295, 11617, 1401, 20301, 127, 5, 581, 6626, 23409, 98, 47, 3173, 18897, 5868, 4, 9844, 1836, 1902, 7311, 538, 2809, 58136, 237, 10, 5609, 13452, 5, 17106, 18897, 5868, 1461, 3232, 17164, 297, 6626, 12275, 7156, 7, 4, 1632, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 23, 6052, 136, 44, 284, 22493, 916, 41637, 58, 23, 35652, 9925, 5701, 6602, 4, 345, 150, 100, 4806, 10, 3525, 8753, 35839, 168941, 6610, 678, 4358, 1295, 18897, 5868, 8753, 15829, 150033, 4727, 1098, 40337, 136, 43032, 111, 8341, 66, 25, 7, 29616, 5, 345, 150, 45807, 71, 1295, 18897, 5868, 23, 18374, 3295, 100, 3357, 136, 24668, 60212, 7, 5, 1529, 2804, 99, 70, 1733, 450, 168941, 6610, 100512, 1919, 3525, 5201, 25343, 53, 5, 345, 150, 2843, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 10, 3525, 161838, 14537, 12924, 13452, 35839, 2975, 112, 70, 17689, 4, 3129, 121447, 6863, 34377, 7156, 44, 46568, 124550, 58, 1379, 1429, 119488, 160731, 18, 89916, 98, 744, 8055, 56434, 1284, 70, 8753, 7155, 350, 1257, 23, 7071, 2021, 4743, 47, 70425, 2450, 35743, 136, 43967, 8060, 1295, 70, 17164, 14380, 5, 1529, 1556, 2843, 456, 513, 73, 297, 70, 161838, 5675, 41535, 12924, 59982, 1215, 45310, 56588, 136, 17164, 297, 70, 7156, 44, 866, 474, 6048, 138436, 58, 678, 70, 8753, 5, 360, 72399, 36404, 345, 150, 33284, 297, 4843, 39, 72303, 11, 4, 10, 14537, 12924, 1601, 51588, 100, 4806, 25842, 390, 51575, 90863, 7, 4, 51189, 41089, 5508, 4, 128377, 1136, 4266, 19918, 136, 150637, 11453, 875, 5, 10660, 7228, 2363, 34377, 23718, 99, 21079, 4745, 47331, 45434, 13999, 581, 8753, 30957, 297, 70, 12275, 23, 7582, 1532, 47, 9842, 182304, 2363, 34377, 7156, 4, 360, 1720, 3827, 316, 136, 509, 121447, 98, 714, 11994, 13999, 133698, 70, 212485, 7, 100, 70, 1257, 277, 214, 9742, 4, 345, 150, 134729, 297, 1295, 24030, 13, 82649, 23, 1919, 25737, 3535, 3129, 12441, 70, 8753, 47, 1274, 107, 20984, 6557, 57617, 237, 1919, 91995, 674, 100, 70, 34377, 23718, 99, 21079, 4745, 47331, 45434, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3060, 3789, 112474, 5, 62805, 7123, 83, 450, 345, 150, 1556, 51521, 538, 25737, 70, 8753, 47, 21342, 192026, 214, 1295, 1919, 24030, 13, 82649, 3129, 7228, 442, 69201, 100, 4049, 47, 11301, 47617, 7, 100, 10, 6602, 5, 66016, 1210, 345, 150, 83, 128169, 47617, 7, 99, 70, 44, 196661, 29897, 40858, 10801, 248, 50645, 7514, 58, 136, 75169, 237, 10, 132686, 42, 5, 267, 20, 55247, 678, 35378, 1177, 33, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 225051, 1461, 3232, 15, 57332, 534, 11994, 28980, 16, 83, 10, 99162, 12924, 47617, 1991, 136, 11531, 70035, 5, 1529, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 75169, 678, 35378, 1177, 33, 4, 21413, 192, 31681, 4, 18897, 5868, 136, 152239, 112440, 4, 54940, 27060, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 51529, 100, 1919, 121392, 20623, 111, 75169, 4, 4271, 9, 62268, 297, 38352, 12924, 9, 5062, 6, 239530, 4, 136, 87709, 11531, 199332, 77041, 31075, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "During the 1980s and early 1990s, he used to be a studio musician and played for many bands, such as Holy Moses, Mekong Delta among others. In 1990, after first drummer of Gamma Ray Mathias Burchardt quit the band, Kai Hansen recruited Uli to perform for his band. In 1991, this lineup released their second full-length studio album, labeled \"Sigh No More\" and went on a world tour. However, Uli quit Gamma Ray in 1992. He Joined Axe La Chapelle 1993 and played the drums for the album \"Grab What You Can\" before he joined Helloween, with whom he released \"Master of the Rings\" in 1994 and \"The Time of the Oath\" in 1996. That same year Helloween released the 2-CD live album \"High Live\", providing a decent demonstration of Uli's skills for performing live. That time Uli himself formed and produced with Gamma Ray guitarist Henjo Richter the Rainbow tribute band Catch the Rainbow and soon other musicians joined them. Their album \"A Tribute to Rainbow\", with eleven covers of Rainbow songs, was released in 1999. It featured other members of Helloween and Gamma Ray as well as other bands. He also played in Markus Grosskopf's side-project Shockmachine for their only album in 1998. Helloween recorded \"Better Than Raw\" the same year, followed by the band's album of covers \"Metal Jukebox\" in 1999. Uli stayed with Helloween up to 2000's \"The Dark Ride\", developing into a key songwriter for the band. Kusch also played on Sinner's 2000 album \"The End of Sanctuary\". In 2001, Uli and fellow bandmember Roland Grapow were fired from Helloween, following an e-mail from Michael Weikath. The two went on to form Masterplan, something they had originally been planning as a side project. With Masterplan Kusch recorded two studio albums, one self-titled in 2003 and \"Aeronautics\" in 2005. That same year, Uli formed a new band called Beautiful Sin with help from Masterplan bandmate Axel Mackenrott and members of Pagan's Mind. Uli departed from Masterplan in October 2006 for personal and musical differences. He said at the time that Beautiful Sin became his new main priority. Uli also co-founded a new progressive power metal project called Ride the Sky, which released its debut album \"New Protection\" under Nuclear Blast Records on 24 August 2007, but the band broke up in April 2008 due to poor media attention and minor support from the record company. He has also rejoined the progressive thrash metal outfit Mekong Delta and recorded the album \"Lurking Fear\" with the band. In late 2010, Uli joined Symfonia, a power metal supergroup formed together by André Matos, Timo Tolkki, Jari Kainulainen and Mikko Härkin. They made their debut performance at Finnish Metal Expo 2011. The band entered the studio in November 2010 to begin recording their debut album, In Paradisum and was released on 25 March 2011. During the preparations for the upcoming tour, Uli suffered from nerve damage in his left hand which led the band to hire Alex Landenburg as his replacement for the debut performance at Finnish Metal Expo, as well as some other dates. Latest news is that Uli has officially left the band to continue recovering from his nerve damage which made it impossible for him to play drums for a year. Since 2013 Uli is teaching drums at the \"Kulturskole Trysil /Norway\" and playing as a freelancer. 2018 -present with Helloween" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 126449, 4458, 509, 103122, 23, 22929, 40073, 111, 224924, 27123, 23, 71153, 5252, 11, 4, 47064, 42225, 927, 4, 122963, 4, 70, 4734, 29041, 111, 14978, 126449, 4458, 4, 10, 2258, 2278, 720, 4, 136, 4347, 15, 40062, 37700, 4, 103122, 13656, 58020, 194, 1529, 158930, 23, 353, 2187, 4, 47064, 1215, 10519, 100, 427, 5369, 136, 237, 111, 8272, 4, 90698, 442, 1919, 5368, 59444, 5, 1529, 23409, 47, 2907, 14245, 25, 7, 19012, 1294, 19188, 4, 353, 2187, 5, 126449, 4458, 25, 7, 67373, 32997, 297, 70, 14449, 3229, 47231, 329, 509, 142, 87880, 5, 14847, 764, 509, 22759, 5369, 10332, 4, 1919, 42732, 109133, 47, 9020, 47, 4488, 237, 10, 160020, 5, 28090, 450, 6275, 98, 4, 764, 509, 21334, 538, 91048, 1257, 390, 1919, 57988, 289, 9963, 99547, 7, 4, 90452, 136, 7291, 7057, 33, 37700, 5, 24372, 2363, 47219, 7, 4, 764, 158930, 678, 142, 10, 9109, 136, 7068, 142, 51, 11030, 4, 1284, 509, 221419, 538, 9325, 47, 6867, 23, 10, 45443, 214, 18276, 11675, 390, 10, 46667, 24, 4806, 124865, 33, 5, 129551, 47, 126449, 4458, 4, 126449, 4458, 509, 91048, 1257, 23, 10, 12610, 129574, 14449, 136, 155629, 297, 23, 10, 4000, 10696, 11675, 390, 70, 8, 21, 137076, 67921, 7, 12960, 520, 6496, 237, 142, 144, 867, 25299, 5, 126449, 4458, 25737, 122963, 98, 427, 8055, 38425, 136, 509, 41186, 3674, 678, 1919, 42732, 136, 604, 3525, 71390, 4, 25031, 3980, 266, 1436, 583, 4, 5036, 38043, 23, 70, 50695, 4745, 54427, 111, 14407, 93, 71, 48855, 4, 24453, 2091, 4450, 66, 5, 3980, 266, 1436, 583, 34739, 126449, 4458, 47, 1957, 10, 14631, 49078, 1346, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 24073, 137923, 176423, 74054, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 4541, 147466, 98567, 4420, 47, 9020, 4, 126449, 4458, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 220290, 18, 19188, 4, 10, 11341, 199083, 10696, 23, 19577, 10186, 4, 127067, 25617, 9020, 4, 5036, 51529, 237, 63248, 19577, 10186, 62903, 5, 126449, 4458, 1556, 113091, 19, 1672, 70, 149307, 1295, 122963, 47, 30715, 136, 1919, 53019, 23, 9020, 74, 44, 186048, 398, 738, 47, 10, 4552, 21334, 26349, 4, 10, 57329, 164, 1884, 9020, 4, 237, 142, 120552, 25299, 111, 209, 4, 6897, 186683, 25813, 7, 28875, 4271, 5, 28090, 10, 10176, 10696, 111, 4, 5154, 4, 59671, 217212, 7, 23, 122963, 4, 47, 903, 4552, 21334, 199083, 10696, 4, 678, 645, 131554, 20020, 5, 3493, 398, 25, 107, 120552, 5, 3493, 1836, 3249, 398, 12319, 442, 74, 70, 56101, 765, 10, 58867, 3917, 111, 20594, 450, 4, 136, 87, 1902, 10, 24233, 53894, 10422, 111, 8035, 142, 50782, 42, 1242, 14847, 764, 29966, 297, 10696, 4, 1919, 128911, 11627, 509, 44, 568, 16507, 740, 24372, 137802, 10696, 99, 611, 4, 764, 68872, 47, 186, 10, 249, 10433, 136, 80723, 23189, 23, 60091, 164156, 99, 12190, 6470, 25, 7, 19188, 111, 4713, 5, 51404, 29966, 214, 10, 456, 90431, 2317, 100, 10, 42819, 99, 70, 180, 1405, 13038, 4, 10, 11476, 28, 46429, 509, 128169, 3395, 3642, 47, 73203, 11476, 136, 764, 68872, 47, 33284, 5, 1529, 14432, 25550, 297, 100, 17262, 5369, 237, 142, 39329, 99, 70, 46406, 18222, 9020, 5, 126449, 4458, 1556, 151552, 70, 34698, 111, 141753, 142, 39329, 136, 70, 24725, 442, 1902, 98, 1919, 6897, 12, 44, 186048, 87, 14037, 1030, 1916, 4, 707, 3229, 1030, 1916, 14037, 163, 4, 442, 509, 10, 16177, 1363, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 2288, 26783, 6, 34165, 3934, 15700, 6897, 4, 16065, 1295, 10, 6897, 450, 87, 1902, 4, 136, 1030, 1916, 509, 9844, 87, 509, 4127, 99, 4, 9844, 3129, 509, 77947, 71, 5, 9925, 509, 10, 6782, 152796, 23, 759, 6897, 1242, 120278, 26518, 1295, 70, 46406, 18222, 23, 26527, 4, 126449, 4458, 80723, 20697, 237, 142, 1030, 1916, 195644, 36541, 31095, 99, 70, 5753, 146613, 25674, 4, 20662, 1919, 1030, 1916, 34377, 23, 44, 22489, 217, 992, 3675, 49721, 740, 17106, 73, 37195, 21775, 4, 764, 509, 133291, 390, 11301, 434, 54969, 230328, 40478, 47, 11301, 70, 31486, 111, 85283, 34669, 23, 70, 56101, 19145, 111, 44, 3957, 6096, 130679, 21947, 81423, 48838, 58, 15, 2721, 6259, 237, 44, 111242, 37910, 126449, 669, 51029, 18763, 23718, 143434, 10, 96591, 23, 9020, 136, 126449, 4458, 7464, 1556, 70, 5501, 25561, 9325, 390, 40478, 4, 13254, 214, 4734, 44, 188774, 3430, 100, 398, 4, 759, 8, 147, 25299, 740, 360, 27193, 764, 509, 171739, 390, 36160, 3786, 24500, 58248, 14, 47, 108975, 23, 70, 11301, 44, 6159, 822, 12470, 58, 390, 95464, 262, 132989, 31, 198274, 17650, 436, 17336, 54969, 136, 17819, 13316, 5259, 5, 1529, 136475, 1919, 80997, 20662, 59335, 170894, 7, 23, 54180, 6044, 237, 44, 3957, 14407, 18621, 41626, 58, 223265, 136, 44, 3957, 150481, 313, 86147, 25, 71, 58, 223265, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 39395, 113976, 23718, 7, 23, 44, 3957, 61928, 7, 830, 44, 594, 474, 34053, 25, 7, 46992, 350, 830, 136, 44, 97054, 100, 38396, 740, 1529, 100512, 10, 113976, 6057, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 678, 1919, 105207, 31486, 23, 70, 5700, 7665, 32832, 7, 44, 12662, 17514, 111, 21629, 740, 1529, 134629, 903, 23, 24427, 678, 70, 4831, 25, 7, 18243, 17365, 7665, 32832, 7, 44, 4645, 27771, 62, 20820, 58, 15, 143321, 1831, 297, 23, 21629, 98, 44, 116527, 152667, 146613, 18939, 450, 77557, 52021, 70, 6897, 111, 40073, 62, 20820, 4, 70, 5117, 46667, 47, 1661, 23, 70, 56101, 223606, 5, 18763, 196, 1517, 16300, 111, 12452, 2016, 52366, 150207, 1995, 3671, 86, 2822, 4049, 10, 20231, 43114, 162097, 60992, 110, 91407, 100, 5, 360, 24427, 4, 126449, 4458, 109133, 47, 174715, 39897, 136, 49175, 47, 5700, 2481, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 75169, 70, 44759, 31486, 23, 70, 189227, 79880, 4, 27983, 9, 587, 167455, 149, 100034, 36549, 44, 4332, 39, 42562, 109028, 13, 740, 581, 44, 125673, 127, 42562, 2795, 58, 959, 297, 450, 5701, 6602, 450, 126449, 4458, 44, 587, 52366, 3249, 442, 237, 10, 27150, 14631, 49078, 1242, 24372, 44, 4332, 39, 42562, 109028, 13, 58, 134620, 23, 22059, 4, 126449, 4458, 23409, 98, 47, 108975, 23, 40368, 54180, 4, 26719, 44, 3957, 65056, 927, 151607, 58, 208000, 4, 10, 146185, 5550, 133995, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 47231, 329, 174762, 19, 126449, 4458, 15, 74, 103122, 611, 4347, 49795, 16, 83, 142, 120552, 9, 127345, 39329, 4, 1346, 108558, 4, 177500, 4, 136, 156444, 1419, 5, 126449, 4458, 83, 10, 6083, 52021, 130367, 111, 14098, 46684, 4, 7440, 764, 1556, 158930, 2684, 111, 1919, 6897, 4, 7103, 19441, 2809, 165249, 23, 122963, 136, 14432, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 24372, 137802, 199083, 10696, 99, 32070, 611, 4, 126449, 4458, 80723, 23189, 23, 60091, 164156, 4, 7068, 23409, 98, 47, 25550, 99, 70, 46406, 18222, 23, 9020, 100, 17262, 5369, 5, 77168, 214, 10, 36541, 1030, 1916, 80997, 764, 49175, 47, 5700, 2481, 23, 70, 113976, 36549, 44, 4332, 39, 42562, 109028, 13, 58, 15, 159027, 74668, 125868, 4, 3129, 171759, 297, 70, 30773, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "James Bond (1994–2005).", "Post-James Bond.", "Upcoming roles.", "Environmental and charitable work.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Brosnan was born in Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland, the only child of Thomas Brosnan, a carpenter, and May (née Smith, born circa 1934). He lived in Navan, County Meath for 12 years and as of 1999, considered it his home town. He went to St Anne's Primary School, Navan. Brosnan's father abandoned the family when Pierce was an infant. When he was four years old, his mother moved to London to work as a nurse. From that point on, he was largely brought up by his maternal grandparents, Philip and Kathleen Smith. After their deaths, he lived with an aunt and then an uncle, but was subsequently sent to live in a boarding house run by a woman named Eileen. According to Brosnan, Brosnan was brought up in a Roman Catholic family and educated in a local school run by the de la Salle Brothers while serving as an altar boy. Brosnan left Ireland on 12 August 1964 and was reunited with his mother and her new husband, William Carmichael, now living in the Scottish village of Longniddry, East Lothian. Carmichael took Brosnan to see a James Bond film for the first time (\"Goldfinger\"), at the age of 11. Later moving back to London, Brosnan was educated at Elliott School, a state comprehensive school in Putney, southwest London, now known as Ark Putney Academy. Brosnan has spoken about the transition from Ireland to England and his education in London; \"When you go to a very large city, a metropolis like London, as an Irish boy of 10, life suddenly moves pretty fast. From a little school of, say, seven classrooms in Ireland, to this very large comprehensive school, with over 2,000 children. And you're Irish. And they make you feel it; the British have a wonderful way of doing that, and I had a certain deep sense of being an outsider.\" When he attended school, his nickname was \"Irish\". After leaving school at 16, he decided to be a painter and began training in commercial illustration at Saint Martin's School of Art. While attending a rehearsal for a workshop at the Oval House, a fire eater was teaching people how to eat fire and he decided to join. He later trained for three years as an actor at the Drama Centre London. Brosnan has described the feeling of becoming an actor and the impact it had on his life: \"When I found acting, or when acting found me, it was a liberation. It was a stepping stone into another life, away from a life that I had, and acting was something I was good at, something which was appreciated. That was a great satisfaction in my life.\"", "Graduating from the Drama Centre in 1975, Brosnan began working as an acting assistant stage manager at the York Theatre Royal, making his acting debut in \"Wait Until Dark\". Within six months, he was selected by playwright Tennessee Williams to play the role of McCabe in the British première of \"The Red Devil Battery Sign\" (billed as \"Pierce Brosman\"). His performance caused a stir in London and Brosnan still has the telegram sent by Williams, stating only \"Thank God for you, my dear boy\". In 1977 he was picked by Franco Zeffirelli to appear in the play \"Filumena\" by Eduardo De Filippo opposite Joan Plowright and Frank Finlay. He continued his career making brief appearances in films such as \"The Long Good Friday\" (1980) and \"The Mirror Crack'd\" (1980), as well as early television performances in \"The Professionals\", \"Murphy's Stroke\", and \"Play for Today\". He became a television star in the United States with his leading role in the popular miniseries \"Manions of America\". He followed this in 1982 with the BBC's 9-part miniseries \"Nancy Astor\" (which aired in America on \"Masterpiece Theatre\") that dramatised the life of Lady Astor, the first woman to sit in the British Parliament. His portrayal of Robert Gould Shaw II garnered him a 1985 Golden Globe Award nomination for. In 1982, Brosnan moved to Southern California and rose to popularity in the United States playing the title role in the NBC romantic, often-comedic detective series \"Remington Steele\". The \"Washington Post\" noted that same year that Brosnan \"could make it as a young James Bond.\" After \"Remington Steele\" ended in 1987, Brosnan went on to appear in several films, including \"The Fourth Protocol\" (1987), a Cold War thriller in which he starred alongside Michael Caine, \"The Deceivers\" and James Clavell's \"Noble House\" both in (1988), and \"The Lawnmower Man\" (1992). In 1992, he shot a pilot for NBC called \"Running Wilde,\" playing a reporter for \"Auto World\" magazine with Jennifer Love Hewitt playing his daughter, but the pilot never aired. In 1993 he played a supporting role in the comedy film \"Mrs. Doubtfire\". He also appeared in several television films, including \"Victim of Love\" (1991), \"Death Train\" (1993) and \"Night Watch\" (1995), a spy thriller set in Hong Kong. In 2003, Brosnan was rewarded the Irish Film and Television Academy Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Irish Film.", "Brosnan first met James Bond films producer Albert R. Broccoli on the sets of \"For Your Eyes Only\" because his first wife, Cassandra Harris, had been cast as Countess Lisl von Schlaf, mistress to Milos Columbo. Broccoli said, \"if he can act... he's my guy\" to inherit the role of Bond from Roger Moore. It was reported by both \"Entertainment Tonight\" and the \"National Enquirer,\" that Brosnan was going to inherit another role of Moore's, that of Simon Templar in \"The Saint\". Brosnan denied the rumours in July 1993 but added, \"it's still languishing there on someone's desk in Hollywood.\" In 1986, NBC cancelled \"Remington Steele\". Brosnan was offered the role of James Bond, but the publicity improved \"Remington Steele\"s ratings and it was renewed, contractually requiring Brosnan to return to the show. This caused Eon Productions to have to look elsewhere for the new 007. The producers instead hired Timothy Dalton for \"The Living Daylights\" (1987), and \"Licence to Kill\" (1989). While Brosnan was reluctant to discuss losing the Bond role, in part because Dalton was a friend, he appeared in Diet Coke commercials portraying what the \"Los Angeles Times\" described as \"a dashing Bond-like character\", and NBC advertised \"Noble House\" with Brosnan dressed in a Bond-like tuxedo. Legal disputes between the Bond producers and the studio over distribution rights resulted in the cancellation of a proposed third Dalton film in 1991 and put the Bond series on a hiatus for several years. After the legal issues had been resolved, Dalton decided not to return for a third film. On 7 June 1994, Brosnan was announced as the fifth actor to play Bond. Brosnan was signed for a three-film Bond deal with the option of a fourth. The first, 1995's \"GoldenEye\", grossed US$350 million worldwide, the fourth highest worldwide gross of any film in 1995, making it the most successful Bond film since \"Moonraker\", adjusted for inflation. It holds a 78% Rotten tomato rating, while \"Metacritic\" holds it at 65%. In the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, saying that Brosnan's Bond was \"somehow more sensitive, more vulnerable, more psychologically complete\" than the previous ones, also commenting on Bond's \"loss of innocence\" since previous films. James Berardinelli described Brosnan as \"a decided improvement over his immediate predecessor\" with a \"flair for wit to go along with his natural charm\", but added that \"fully one-quarter of \"Goldeneye\" is momentum-killing padding.\" In 1996, Brosnan formed a film production company entitled \"Irish DreamTime\" along with producing partner and longtime friend Beau St. Clair. Brosnan and St. Clair released Irish DreamTime's first production, \"The Nephew\", in 1998. One year later, the company's second studio project, \"The Thomas Crown Affair\", was released and met both critical and box office success. Brosnan returned in 1997's \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" and 1999's \"The World Is Not Enough\", which were also successful. In 2002, Brosnan appeared for the fourth time as Bond in \"Die Another Day\", receiving mixed reviews similarly to the former two, but was a success at the box office. Brosnan himself subsequently criticised many aspects of his fourth Bond movie. During the promotion, he mentioned that he would like to continue his role as James Bond: \"I'd like to do another, sure. Connery did six. Six would be a number, then never come back.\" Brosnan asked Eon Productions, when accepting the role, to be allowed to work on other projects between Bond films. The request was granted, and for every Bond film, Brosnan appeared in at least two other mainstream films, including several he produced, playing a wide range of roles, ranging from a scientist in Tim Burton's \"Mars Attacks!\", to the title role in \"Grey Owl\" which documents the life of Englishman Archibald Stansfeld Belaney, one of Canada's first conservationists. Shortly after the release of \"Die Another Day,\" the media began questioning whether or not Brosnan would reprise the role for a fifth time. At that time, Brosnan was approaching his 50th birthday. Brosnan kept in mind that both fans and critics were very unhappy with Roger Moore playing the role until he (Moore) was 58, but he was receiving popular support from both critics and the franchise fanbase for a fifth instalment. For this reason, he remained enthusiastic about reprising his role. In October 2004, Brosnan said he considered himself dismissed from the role. Although Brosnan had been rumoured frequently as still in the running to play 007, he had denied it several times, and in February 2005 he posted on his website that he was finished with the role. Daniel Craig took over the role on 14 October 2005. In an interview with \"The Globe and Mail\", Brosnan was asked what he thought of Craig as the new James Bond. He replied, \"I'm looking forward to it like we're all looking forward to it. Daniel Craig is a great actor and he's going to do a fantastic job\". He reaffirmed this support in an interview to the \"International Herald Tribune\", stating that \"[Craig's] on his way to becoming a memorable Bond.\" Brosnan later admitted that he was hurt by the end of his tenure; \"Barbara [Broccoli] and Michael [Wilson] were on the line – 'We're so sorry'. She was crying, Michael was stoic and he said, 'You were a great James Bond. Thank you very much' and I said, 'Thank you very much. Goodbye.' \"That was it. I was utterly shocked and just kicked to the kerb with the way it went down.\" During his tenure on the James Bond films, Brosnan also took part in James Bond video games. In 2002, Brosnan's likeness was used as the face of Bond in the James Bond video game \"\" (voiced by Maxwell Caulfield). In 2004, Brosnan starred in the Bond game \",\" contracting for his likeness to be used as well as doing the voice-work for the character. He also starred along with Jamie Lee Curtis and Geoffrey Rush in \"The Tailor of Panama\" in 2001, and lent his voice to \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Treehouse of Horror XII\", as a machine with Pierce Brosnan's voice.", "Since 2004, Brosnan has talked of backing a film about Caitlin Macnamara, wife of poet Dylan Thomas, the title role to be played by Miranda Richardson. Brosnan's first post-Bond role was that of Daniel Rafferty in 2004's \"Laws of Attraction\". Garreth Murphy, of entertainment.ie, described Brosnan's performance as \"surprisingly effective, gently riffing off his James Bond persona and supplementing it with a raffish energy\". In the same year, Brosnan starred in \"After the Sunset\" alongside Salma Hayek and Woody Harrelson. The film received generally negative reviews and was a box office flop. Brosnan's next film was 2005's \"The Matador\". He starred as Julian Noble, a jaded, neurotic assassin who meets a travelling salesman (Greg Kinnear) in a Mexican bar. The film garnered generally positive reviews. Roger Ebert for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" called Brosnan's performance the best of his career. Brosnan was nominated for a Golden Globe award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost to Joaquin Phoenix for \"Walk the Line.\". In 2006, Brosnan narrated \"The Official Film of the 2006 FIFA World Cup\", directed by Michael Apted. In 2007, Brosnan appeared in the film \"Seraphim Falls\" alongside fellow Irishman Liam Neeson. The film was released for limited screenings on 26 January 2007 to average reviews. Kevin Crust of the \"Los Angeles Times\" noted that Brosnan and Neeson made \"fine adversaries;\" Michael Rechtshaffen of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" thought that they were \"hard-pressed to inject some much-needed vitality into their sparse lines.\" During the same year, Brosnan spoke of making a western with fellow Irish actors Gabriel Byrne and Colm Meaney. In that same year Brosnan starred as Tom Ryan in \"Butterfly on a Wheel\". The film was released in the United States under the name of \"Shattered,\" and in Europe as \"Desperate Hours\". In 2008, Brosnan joined Meryl Streep in the film adaption of the ABBA musical \"Mamma Mia!\". He played Sam Carmichael, one of three men believed to be the father of Sophie (Amanda Seyfried), while Streep played Sophie's mother. Judy Craymer, producer to the film, said \"Pierce brings a certain smooch factor, and we think he'll have great chemistry with Meryl in a romantic comedy.\" Brosnan's preparation in singing for the role included walking up and down the coast and singing karaoke to his own voice for about six weeks, followed by rehearsals in New York, which he noted \"sounded dreadful.\" Brosnan's singing in the film was generally disparaged by critics, with his singing compared in separate reviews to the sound of a water buffalo, a donkey, and a wounded raccoon. In September 2008, Brosnan provided the narration for the \"Thomas & Friends\" movie \"The Great Discovery\". He was originally set to narrate for both US and UK from Series 12 to Series 14, but withdrew from it for unknown reasons. In 2009, Brosnan finished the well-received \"The Ghost Writer\", playing a disgraced British Prime Minister, directed and produced by Roman Polanski. The film won a Silver Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. He starred as Charles Hawkins in the film \"Remember Me\" and as Chiron in \"\", both released in 2010. In 2012, Brosnan played the role of Philip in the Danish romantic comedy \"Love Is All You Need\". In February 2013, Brosnan was awarded honorary patronage of the Dublin University Players society at Trinity College, Dublin. He also starred opposite Owen Wilson in \"No Escape\", playing a \"heroic government agent\". Brosnan was slated to star in \"Last Man Out\", a crime film adapted from Stuart Neville's novel titled \"The Twelve\" (released as \"Ghosts of Belfast\" in the US) by Craig Ferguson and Ted Mulkerin, with director Terry Loan at the helm. However, it never came to fruition after years in development, and Brosnan is no longer attached to the production. In 2013, Brosnan appeared in television commercials as a tongue in cheek version of himself to promote the launch of Sky Broadband in Ireland. In 2005, Brosnan was reported to be starring in \"The November Man\", an adaptation of Bill Granger's novel, \"There Are No Spies\". but the project was cancelled in 2007. After its cancellation, Brosnan's production company, \"Irish DreamTime\" resurrected \"The November Man\" in 2012 with an announcement made on his part that he was jumping back to the spy arena. Filming took place in Serbia a year later, with Brosnan in action as a retired CIA operative called Devereaux, alongside co-star Olga Kurylenko in a supporting role. The film was received negatively, with a 34% on Rotten Tomatoes and a 38/100 on Metacritic. In 2015, he appeared alongside Milla Jovovich in suspense thriller movie written by Phil Shelby, called \"Survivor\", which began filming in January 2014, with Charles and Irwin Winkler producing, and James McTeigue directing. Brosnan later starred in a revenge thriller called \"I.T.\", which was released in September 2016, in a limited release and through video on demand. Brosnan replaced actor Sam Neill in the role of Eli McCullough in a television miniseries adaptation of Philipp Meyer's novel \"The Son\", with Kevin Murphy serving as both executive producer and showrunner of a ten-episode miniseries, which began production in June 2016, and aired in 2017. In 2017, Brosnan starred in \"The Foreigner\", opposite Jackie Chan, as a former IRA man turned government official, Liam Hennessy. \"The Foreigner\" was filmed in London, and was directed by Martin Campbell, who previously worked with Brosnan on his debut James Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". It was noted that Brosnan's character bore a strong resemblance to Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams. In 2018, Brosnan co-starred with Guy Pearce and Minnie Driver in a mystery thriller film called \"Spinning Man\", based on George Harrar's novel of the same name. He later reprised his role as Sam Carmichael in the sequel to Catherine Johnson's \"Mamma Mia!\", entitled \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\", along with the rest of the cast members from the first film. He also had a supporting role in the action thriller headlined by Dave Bautista in \"Final Score\".", "Brosnan will collaborate with director Martin Campbell for the third time on yet another film, which itself is an adaptation of a novel by Ernest Hemingway, \"Across the River and into the Trees\", in which Brosnan will play the role of a retired American army colonel, Richard Cantwell. While the project is indeed the next one on both of their schedules, however, Campbell unveiled that at one point, the production was almost shelved due to financial problems. He later joined Jamie Dornan and Cillian Murphy for a film project based on the events of The Maze Prison Escape, titled \"H-Block\" which is to be directed by Jim Sheridan. Initially, filming was to begin sometime in August 2017 before getting postponed to March 2018 due to scheduling conflicts with members of the cast. However, preliminary production on the film is yet to commence. Alongside Jesse Eisenberg and Vanessa Redgrave, Brosnan is set to appear in a historical period piece based on a novel by Jonathan Miles, entitled \"The Wreck of The Medusa\", set against the backdrop of the early 19th century during King Louis XVIII's reign in France, with the film to be directed by Peter Webber. In July 2017, a rumor sparked that Brosnan was linked to an upcoming video game entitled \"Shadow Stalkers\", a project led by ZOOM Platform. Though, his role remains undisclosed as yet. On 12 February 2019, it was announced that Brosnan would star in a heist film entitled \"The Misfits\", directed by Renny Harlin. Filming began shortly after. At Star Wars Celebration 2019 in Chicago, a mural was revealed showing an artist's rendering of Grand Admiral Thrawn with a strong resemblance to Brosnan, fueling speculation about an upcoming role in the Star Wars franchise.", "Brosnan has been an Ambassador for UNICEF Ireland since 2001 and recorded a special announcement to mark the launch of UNICEF's \"Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS\" Campaign with Liam Neeson. Brosnan supported John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election and is a vocal supporter of same-sex marriage. Brosnan first became aware of the nuclear arms race in 1962, at the age of nine, when worldwide condemnation of U.S. nuclear testing in Nevada made international headlines. During the 1990s, he participated in news conferences in Washington, D.C. to help Greenpeace draw attention to the campaign to bring an end to nuclear testing with a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Brosnan boycotted the French premiere of \"GoldenEye\" in support of Greenpeace's protest against the French nuclear testing program. From 1997 to 2000, Brosnan and wife Smith worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) to stop a proposed salt factory from being built at Laguna San Ignacio. The couple with Halle Berry, Cindy Crawford and Daryl Hannah successfully fought the Cabrillo Port Liquefied Natural Gas facility that was proposed off the coast of Malibu; the State Lands Commission eventually denied the lease to build the terminal. In May 2007, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the facility. In May 2007, Brosnan and Smith donated $100,000 to help replace a playground on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, where they own a house. On 7 July 2007, Brosnan presented a film at Live Earth in London; he also recorded a television advertisement for the cause. Brosnan is also listed as a member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society's Board of Advisors. In 2004, he was named 'Best-dressed Environmentalist' by the Sustainable Style Foundation. Brosnan also raises money for charitable causes through sales of his paintings. After Brosnan left school, he pursued a career in art and began working as an illustrator. \"I always wanted to be an artist, a painter. I started as a Trainee Artist in a small studio in South London.\" A colleague suggested that Pierce attend a theatre workshop, and eventually he abandoned his artwork to pursue a career in acting. Brosnan took up painting again in the late 1980s during his first wife's illness as he found it therapeutic. \"Sometimes dramatic moments affect the way you see yourself in the world...from a very hard time in my life, I started painting again and out came every color I could imagine.\" Citing his influences as Picasso, Matisse, Bonnard and Kandinsky, Brosnan spends much of his free time between film shoots in front of his easel. \"I am self taught, an enthusiastic painter as a friend of mine likes to say.\" He has continued painting since then, using spare time on set and at home. Profits from sales of giclée prints of his works are given to a trust to benefit \"environmental, children's and women's health charities.\" Since Harris' death, Brosnan has been an advocate for cancer awareness and, in 2006, he served as spokesperson for Lee National Denim Day, a breast cancer fundraiser which raises millions of dollars and raises more money in a single day than any other breast cancer fundraiser.", "Brosnan married twice, was widowed once and has five children and three grandchildren. Brosnan met Australian actress Cassandra Harris through her stepson David Harris, one of Richard Harris's nephews, shortly after he left drama school. On meeting her, he has described his feelings, saying, \"What a beautiful looking woman. I never for an instant thought she was someone I'd spend 17 years of my life with. I didn't think of wooing her, or attempting to woo her; I just wanted to enjoy her beauty and who she was.\" They began dating, and eventually bought a house in Wimbledon. They married on 27 December 1980 and had one son together, Sean, who was born on 13 September 1983. They lived with her children, Charlotte (1971–2013) and Chris, and after their father Dermot Harris died in 1986, he adopted them and they took the surname Brosnan. Harris died on 28 December 1991 at the age of 43. Brosnan supplemented his income by working in West End productions and in a television film about Irish horse racing. After Harris appeared in the James Bond film \"For Your Eyes Only\" in 1981, they secured a bank loan and moved to southern California where Brosnan secured a role in the TV series \"Remington Steele\", easing their financial worries. An episode of \"Remington Steele\" that was filmed in Ireland generated significant publicity. One outcome was that Brosnan met his father, who had left when Brosnan was an infant, in a brief get-together at his hotel. Brosnan said he expected to see a very tall man, but described his father as \"a man of medium stature, pushed-back silver hair, flinty eyes and a twizzled jaw. He had a very strong Kerry accent.\" Brosnan was regretful that they met under such public circumstances. He said he would have preferred more private arrangements that would have given him the opportunity to speak privately with his father. While filming \"The Deceivers\" in Rajasthan, India, in 1987, Brosnan's wife Harris became seriously ill. She was later diagnosed with ovarian cancer and died on 28 December 1991 at age 43. Brosnan struggled to cope with her cancer and death. \"When your partner gets cancer, then life changes. Your timetable and reference for your normal routines and the way you view life, all this changes. Because you're dealing with death. You're dealing with the possibility of death and dying. And it was that way through the chemotherapy, through the first-look operation, the second look, the third look, the fourth look, the fifth look. Cassie was very positive about life. I mean, she had the most amazing energy and outlook on life. It was and is a terrible loss, and I see it reflected, from time to time, in my children.\" Harris had always wanted Brosnan to play the role of James Bond, and in 1995, four years after her death, Brosnan was given the role in \"GoldenEye\". In 1994, Brosnan met American journalist Keely Shaye Smith in Mexico. They were married in 2001 at Ballintubber Abbey in County Mayo, Ireland. They have two sons together, Dylan and Paris. In July 2003, Queen Elizabeth II made Brosnan an honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his \"outstanding contribution to the British film industry\". As an Irish citizen, he is ineligible to receive the full OBE honour, which is awarded only to a citizen of the Commonwealth realms, but he is still allowed the letters \"OBE\" after his name. In 2002, Brosnan was also awarded an honorary degree from the Dublin Institute of Technology and, a year later, the University College Cork. On 23 September 2004, Brosnan became a citizen of the United States but retained his Irish citizenship. Brosnan said that \"my Irishness is in everything I do. It's the spirit of who I am, as a man, an actor, a father. It's where I come from.\" Brosnan was asked by a fan if it annoyed him when people get his nationality confused. He said: \"It amuses me in some respects that they should confuse me with an Englishman when I'm dyed-in-the-wool, born and bred Irishman... I don't necessarily fly under any flag. But no, it doesn't bother me.\" Brosnan has expressed contempt for his education by the Congregation of Christian Brothers. However, in 2013 he commented, \"It always helps to have a bit of prayer in your back pocket. At the end of the day, you have to have something and for me that is God, Jesus, my Catholic upbringing, my faith... God has been good to me. My faith has been good to me in the moments of deepest suffering, doubt and fear. It is a constant, the language of prayer... I might not have got my sums right from the Christian Brothers or might not have got the greatest learning of literature from them but I certainly got a strapping amount of faith.\" Brosnan attends Mass, but adheres to other spiritual beliefs. In 2008 he said \"I also love the teachings of Buddhist philosophy. It's my own private faith. I don't preach it, but it's a faith that is a comfort to me when the night is long.\" Brosnan's daughter Charlotte died on 28 June 2013 of ovarian cancer, the same illness that claimed her mother's life. On 11 February 2015, Brosnan's $18 million Malibu mansion caught fire, sustaining $1 million in damages. During the 30 minutes it took firefighters to extinguish the fire, flames destroyed the contents of the garage, including Brosnan's 2002 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish, and spread to a bedroom above it, though no injuries were sustained." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 11555, 601, 516, 46526, 191, 156201, 509, 103122, 23, 5024, 1515, 98, 116, 11994, 28015, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 61171, 179818, 15, 40062, 40478, 247, 509, 142, 4927, 117914, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 4, 51189, 29178, 4939, 601, 516, 46526, 191, 156201, 4, 509, 10, 4122, 16070, 669, 23, 70, 6035, 62956, 19295, 53, 8108, 141753, 70, 3551, 1484, 71, 111, 6626, 5024, 72567, 64792, 7, 12, 70, 21434, 36, 25, 33500, 7, 23, 41149, 6468, 3915, 136, 70, 58800, 11151, 23, 6760, 4680, 4293, 5, 156201, 83, 111, 14941, 4, 30982, 1495, 4, 136, 95534, 92265, 7674, 74244, 818, 6, 7154, 38904, 5, 1529, 54529, 7, 7674, 74244, 818, 24284, 11555, 4841, 21092, 54940, 1919, 6, 60502, 22230, 33233, 8752, 10868, 25031, 7362, 76, 1272, 4, 106, 271, 162141, 126, 5, 18763, 86991, 9351, 4, 601, 516, 46526, 191, 4, 32497, 1295, 1919, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 79139, 432, 9319, 4, 102809, 40596, 34206, 601, 516, 46526, 191, 5, 156201, 509, 165249, 102917, 538, 98, 70, 3336, 7263, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 136, 29966, 297, 158978, 10696, 23, 41149, 6468, 3915, 136, 50826, 143, 350, 4, 6035, 31947, 8752, 5, 24372, 35782, 214, 1919, 103155, 9, 32108, 42276, 4, 764, 14432, 29966, 297, 26370, 4134, 19694, 19188, 23, 10542, 14431, 1272, 4, 6035, 31947, 8752, 4, 33233, 678, 1919, 88, 820, 114015, 54642, 15, 57332, 31017, 194, 14847, 1919, 27863, 168265, 71, 4, 156201, 136, 1919, 114015, 158930, 678, 2363, 42732, 136, 109133, 47, 39721, 5, 345, 5416, 67229, 214, 1919, 375, 69035, 30675, 37526, 1294, 10696, 53019, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 611, 4, 764, 59335, 538, 33284, 297, 9113, 5636, 14091, 429, 48078, 1727, 19188, 237, 10, 37195, 927, 3173, 9836, 5, 1529, 112730, 132715, 69941, 100, 50826, 143, 350, 627, 27529, 5, 1529, 80723, 1030, 1916, 23, 10696, 11301, 7, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 37195, 4, 136, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 85583, 1030, 1916, 390, 29966, 214, 39721, 25, 7, 87769, 669, 146613, 678, 1919, 42732, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 611, 4, 764, 509, 68186, 71, 3934, 70, 9907, 116233, 146613, 74, 764, 25737, 10696, 136, 109133, 47, 9020, 4, 7440, 764, 79786, 2831, 9, 6032, 23, 74812, 47, 82466, 1919, 23189, 5, 147466, 4, 7103, 48716, 81887, 7, 99, 20461, 1363, 214, 100, 23134, 115215, 4, 764, 509, 68186, 71, 99, 70, 230204, 29907, 19188, 111, 13703, 136, 46406, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 12898, 7103, 17262, 5369, 111, 35187, 1379, 166132, 85283, 748, 192, 2594, 5, 156201, 118775, 23, 1919, 5117, 49119, 31486, 23, 12839, 4, 75169, 142, 169447, 23, 44, 3957, 17170, 111, 6561, 740, 1529, 7068, 118775, 237, 40207, 23, 70, 25674, 9907, 146613, 25, 7, 36049, 111, 59689, 77225, 1679, 25, 7, 44, 58, 23, 7582, 106540, 22376, 23, 13867, 4, 156201, 509, 60213, 71, 23, 6626, 50094, 7, 111, 70, 15672, 113976, 45831, 44, 60551, 18304, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 44389, 122069, 29304, 70103, 93, 66695, 830, 136, 56101, 45831, 44, 13025, 3960, 101448, 830, 44, 95211, 1177, 33, 70, 16777, 7, 830, 44, 397, 28437, 70, 51952, 7650, 19770, 58, 136, 44, 294, 3467, 1081, 25, 7, 144422, 740, 156201, 509, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 70425, 538, 75204, 31073, 1346, 44, 284, 75733, 23, 18813, 79281, 25, 7, 52341, 58, 175454, 5, 360, 11891, 4, 156201, 6057, 2822, 23, 70, 4831, 23134, 35686, 44, 670, 474, 102517, 23, 70, 23924, 58, 237, 70, 63134, 71, 14787, 242, 10429, 6651, 478, 25, 92931, 124324, 5, 5659, 13, 101098, 33233, 8752, 114411, 222575, 1507, 4, 134923, 19909, 15017, 13, 136, 7880, 200537, 4, 156201, 25, 7, 2831, 23, 70, 36549, 83, 90698, 1919, 36356, 222521, 31486, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 156201, 121399, 6057, 2822, 23, 142, 50094, 111, 70, 140676, 92973, 142, 927, 25443, 36549, 44, 105913, 90, 1295, 70, 6, 239159, 58, 136, 509, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 4831, 113976, 1346, 44, 166154, 9, 19279, 740, 156201, 26038, 10, 37105, 23718, 23, 70, 36160, 9, 191697, 23134, 44, 46471, 169234, 58, 23, 10586, 4, 1672, 10, 5161, 1927, 109217, 17721, 156201, 25, 7, 62816, 136, 10, 24941, 5, 156201, 118775, 23, 17262, 54180, 23, 9571, 12, 70, 41371, 23134, 44, 104711, 136, 40741, 13, 830, 70, 3530, 48461, 289, 23134, 44, 647, 39998, 86077, 830, 23, 3129, 764, 112730, 49659, 217, 494, 525, 4939, 21786, 5861, 4, 2750, 509, 71924, 297, 100, 8035, 75412, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 110938, 2182, 44109, 72542, 87, 111, 30715, 23, 70, 28943, 42562, 168763, 4, 136, 70, 4831, 113976, 1346, 44, 58, 153314, 4, 23, 3129, 156201, 112730, 19336, 9, 6032, 6117, 4240, 14787, 9865, 56, 2750, 24209, 7, 70, 100306, 136, 6, 48824, 111, 249, 10433, 56230, 1853, 2271, 4, 2750, 509, 11469, 7092, 297, 390, 1310, 343, 30492, 14, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 156201, 6057, 2822, 23, 10, 113976, 23134, 35839, 44, 115729, 11050, 7, 12, 581, 28896, 1290, 58, 136, 237, 140261, 1236, 9344, 13534, 30870, 23, 70, 41371, 1631, 1346, 44, 3957, 33633, 206, 830, 3129, 51776, 3687, 23, 70, 17438, 1444, 111, 70, 7497, 17007, 23, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 20271, 70, 4572, 21974, 105207, 1257, 47, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 4961, 282, 5, 156201, 112730, 10, 23439, 1158, 11727, 107, 6402, 332, 2750, 123867, 23, 678, 10, 46667, 15, 20706, 297, 95062, 4727, 4445, 27245, 16, 7103, 8035, 2837, 69674, 71, 1295, 137784, 1771, 17986, 23, 70, 23134, 44, 8912, 282, 50484, 58, 138660, 5, 22376, 23, 88922, 156201, 552, 9, 5613, 2822, 33233, 8752, 98765, 92737, 3135, 23, 70, 43334, 180327, 44, 68381, 8019, 45589, 112, 58, 136, 509, 60213, 71, 23, 44, 568, 41945, 297, 111, 36941, 830, 35509, 98, 70, 6897, 111, 1461, 301, 21713, 5761, 15, 20706, 297, 390, 8268, 12506, 21228, 194, 156201, 112730, 10, 44, 188, 6492, 79904, 56, 58, 136, 70, 5161, 33946, 111, 184852, 174840, 25, 7, 62816, 115294, 24727, 2480, 23, 44, 58, 133206, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 1202, 6712, 36549, 44, 108340, 275, 21421, 820, 740, 1529, 14432, 36456, 3674, 47, 765, 39958, 98, 70, 31486, 23, 70, 70425, 538, 9, 132340, 297, 14373, 60091, 538, 65771, 1346, 4734, 100, 70, 8783, 1430, 944, 5, 360, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11555, 601, 516, 46526, 191, 156201, 15, 57332, 116, 11994, 28015, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 39329, 5, 24372, 23189, 99, 70, 9907, 116233, 146613, 136, 25975, 26518, 1295, 70, 230204, 29907, 19188, 111, 13703, 136, 46406, 23, 12898, 4, 156201, 80723, 1919, 80997, 98, 36541, 5, 1529, 7228, 1919, 1346, 34377, 23, 70, 23134, 44, 3957, 17170, 111, 6561, 58, 186348, 136, 110281, 297, 35743, 678, 170894, 7, 23, 70, 186768, 113976, 1631, 23134, 44, 294, 3467, 1081, 25, 7, 144422, 58, 202727, 4, 70, 14449, 1346, 44, 284, 75733, 23, 18813, 79281, 25, 7, 52341, 58, 175454, 4, 70, 113976, 35686, 23134, 44, 670, 474, 102517, 23, 70, 23924, 58, 188078, 4, 70, 3530, 48461, 289, 1346, 44, 647, 39998, 86077, 58, 153314, 4, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "1992–2005: Early roles and breakthrough.", "2005–present: \"James Bond\" and leading man status.", "Opinions on Bond.", "Charity work.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Daniel Wroughton Craig was born in Chester on 2 March 1968. His mother, Carol Olivia (née Williams), was an art teacher, and his father, Timothy John Wroughton Craig, was a midshipman in the Merchant Navy before becoming the landlord of two Cheshire pubs: the Ring o' Bells in Frodsham and the Boot Inn in Tarporley. Craig is of English, Welsh, and distant French Huguenot ancestry. He counts Huguenot minister Daniel Chamier among his ancestors alongside Sir William Burnaby, 1st Baronet. His middle name, Wroughton, comes from his great-great-grandmother, Grace Matilda Wroughton. Craig was raised primarily on the Wirral Peninsula, and attended primary school in Frodsham and Hoylake, Merseyside. After failing his eleven-plus exam, he later attended Hilbre High School in West Kirby, Merseyside, along with his elder sister Lea (born 1965). When his parents divorced, Craig and his sister lived with their mother and moved to Liverpool. Upon finishing his compulsory secondary school education at the age of 16, he briefly joined Calday Grange Grammar School as a sixth form student. He played rugby union for Hoylake RFC. He began acting in school plays at the age of six, and was introduced to serious acting by attending Liverpool's Everyman Theatre with his mother. At the age of 16, he was accepted into the National Youth Theatre; he left school and moved to London, where he worked part-time in restaurants to finance his training. Later, after multiple attempts at auditioning for drama schools, he was accepted at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 1991 after three years of study under Colin McCormack.", "", "Craig appeared in his first screen role in 1992, playing an Afrikaner in \"The Power of One\". He then appeared as Joe in the Royal National Theatre's production of Tony Kushner's \"\" in November 1993. Also in 1993, Craig was featured in two episodes of the American television shows \"Zorro\" and \"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles\", and British shows \"Heartbeat\", \"Between the Lines\", \"Drop the Dead Donkey\" and \"Sharpe's Eagle\". Craig was featured in the poorly received Disney film \"A Kid in King Arthur's Court\" (1995). In 1996, Craig starred in the BBC drama serial \"Our Friends in the North\" as the troubled George 'Geordie' Peacock. Appearing alongside Christopher Eccleston, Gina McKee and Mark Strong, Craig's part in the series is considered his breakthrough role. In the same year, Craig guest starred in an episode of the HBO horror anthology series \"Tales from the Crypt\" and was featured in the BBC television film \"Saint-Ex\". Craig gave a lead performance in the Franco-German drama \"Obsession\" in 1997, about a love triangle between Craig's character and a couple. Craig appeared in three films in 1998: the independent drama \"Love and Rage\", the biographical drama \"Elizabeth\", in which he played Jesuit priest John Ballard, who was executed for being involved in an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England in the Babington Plot, and the BBC television film \"\" (1998), in which Craig played small-time thief George Dyer who becomes the lover and muse of painter Francis Bacon, who was portrayed by Derek Jacobi. The following year, Craig starred in a television drama called \"Shockers: The Visitor\" and as Sergeant Telford Winter in the independent war film \"The Trench\", which takes place in the confines of the trenches in the First World War during the 48 hours leading up to the Battle of the Somme. Craig played a schizophrenic man who falls in with a woman (played Kelly Macdonald) after being discharged from psychiatric hospital in the drama \"Some Voices\" (2000). Also in 2000, Craig co-starred alongside Toni Collette in the dark comedy \"Hotel Splendide\" and was featured in \"I Dreamed of Africa\", based on the life of Kuki Gallmann (played by Kim Basinger). Craig played a \"tomb raider\" and the love interest of Angelina Jolie's character Lara Croft in \"\" (2001), based on the video game series \"Tomb Raider\". He later admitted to have taken on the role in the poorly-reviewed yet commercially successful film only for the paycheque. In 2001, Craig also starred in the four-part Channel 4 drama \"Sword of Honour\", based on the trilogy of novels of the same. Craig appeared in the anthology film \"Ten Minutes Older: The Cello\" (2002), starring in the segment \"Addicted to the Stars\", directed by Michael Radford. His second release of 2002 was Sam Mendes' crime film \"Road to Perdition\" with Tom Hanks and Paul Newman as Irish mobster Connor Rooney, the son of the crime organisation's boss, played by Newman. Craig portrayed German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg in the BBC television drama \"Copenhagen\" (2002), which depicts Heisenberg's involvement in the German nuclear weapon project during World War II. On stage, Craig starred opposite Michael Gambon in the original production of Caryl Churchill's play \"A Number\" from September to November 2002 at the Royal Court Theatre. Craig received a London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor nomination for his role as a man who is cloned twice by his father. Craig starred as poet Ted Hughes opposite Gwyneth Paltrow as Sylvia Plath in the biographical film \"Sylvia\" (2003), which depicts the romance between the two poets. In the same year, he appeared in \"The Mother\" as a man who engages in an affair with the much older mother (played by Anne Reid) of his lover and best friend. The crime thriller \"Layer Cake\", directed by Matthew Vaughn, starred Craig as a London-based cocaine supplier known only as XXXX. \"Los Angeles Times\" writer praised Craig's \"stunningly suave performance\", while Roger Ebert thought he was \"fascinating\" in the film. Craig next starred as a man who becomes dangerously close with a stranger (played by Rhys Ifans) after witnessing a deadly accident together in \"Enduring Love\" (2004). Craig appeared in three theatrical films in 2005, all of which were supporting roles. His first release of the year, was the thriller \"The Jacket\" starring Adrien Brody and Keira Knightley. He then made a brief appearance in the Hungarian film \"Fateless\" as a United States Army Sergeant who takes a liking to a teenage boy who survives life in concentration camps. Craig's third and final role of the year was a South African driver who is a part of a covert Israeli government assassination mission against eleven Palestinians allegedly involved in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The film, Munich, directed by Steven Spielberg, starred Eric Bana as a member of the operation, a Mossad agent. Also in 2005, Craig starred in the BBC television film \"Archangel\" – based on Robert Harris' eponymous novel – as an English academic who stumbles upon a notebook believed to have belonged to Joseph Stalin.", "In 2005, Craig was contacted by Eon Productions to portray James Bond. Initially, he was unsure about the role when first offered it and was resistant to the producers' overtures. \"There was a period of trying to woo him\" longtime Bond co-producer Barbara Broccoli later commented in 2012. During this period, he sought advice from colleagues and friends, to whom \"most of us said to him...'there is life after Bond'.\". He stated he \"was aware of the challenges\" of the Bond franchise, which he considered \"a big machine that makes a lot of money\". He aimed at bringing more \"emotional depth\" to the character. Born in 1968, Craig is the first actor to portray James Bond to have been born after the Bond series started and after the death of Ian Fleming, the novels' writer. The casting choice caused significant controversy. Throughout the entire production period, internet campaigns expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest. The blond Craig was not considered by some protesters to fit the tall, dark-haired Bond portrayed by the previous Bond actors, to which viewers had apparently become accustomed. Although the choice of Craig was controversial, numerous actors publicly voiced their support. Most notably four of the five actors who had previously portrayed Bond – Pierce Brosnan, Timothy Dalton, Sean Connery and Roger Moore – called his casting a good decision. George Lazenby has since voiced his approval of Craig also. Clive Owen, who had been linked to the role, also spoke in defence of Craig. The first film, \"Casino Royale\", premiered on 14 November 2006, and grossed a total of US$594,239,066 worldwide, which made it the highest-grossing Bond film until the release of \"Skyfall\". After the film was released, Craig's performance garnered critical acclaim. As production of \"Casino Royale\" reached its conclusion, producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli announced that pre-production work had already begun on the 22nd Bond film. After several months of speculation as to the release date, Wilson and Broccoli officially announced on 20 July 2006 that the follow-up film, \"Quantum of Solace\", was to be released on 7 November 2008, and that Craig would play Bond with an option for a third film. On 25 October 2007, MGM CEO Harry Sloan revealed at the Forbes Meet II Conference that Craig had signed on to make four more Bond films, through to \"No Time to Die\". Craig lent his voice and likeness as James Bond for both the Wii game \"GoldenEye 007\", an enhanced remake of the 1997 game for the Nintendo 64, and \"\", an original game for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. In addition to \"Casino Royale\", Craig also appeared in two more films in 2006: the drama \"Infamous\" as mass murderer Perry Edward Smith and as the voice of the lead character in the English-language version of the French animated film \"Renaissance\". In 2006, Craig was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Craig starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the science fiction horror film \"The Invasion\" in 2007, the fourth film adaptation of the novel \"The Body Snatchers\" by Jack Finney. The film was met with a negative reception from critics, with Roger Ebert believing it to be the worst adaptation of Finney's novel. He portrayed Lord Asriel in \"The Golden Compass\", the 2007 film adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel. Eva Green, who played Bond girl Vesper Lynd in \"Casino Royale\", also starred in the film, although she did not appear in any scenes with Craig. In a stage version of the book, Asriel had previously been played by Timothy Dalton, one of Craig's predecessors in the role of James Bond. In March 2007, Craig made a cameo appearance as himself in a sketch with Catherine Tate who appeared in the guise of her character Elaine Figgis from \"The Catherine Tate Show\". The sketch was made for the BBC Red Nose Day 2007 fundraising programme. In 2008, Craig, along with \"Quantum of Solace\", starred in the drama \"Flashbacks of a Fool\" alongside Emilia Fox, as a washed-up Hollywood actor who reflects upon his life and what might have been had he stayed in England, after the death of his childhood best friend. In his final release of 2008, the war film \"Defiance\", Craig starred as Tuvia Bielski, the leader of the Bielski partisans, fighting in the forests of Belarus during World War II, saving 1,200 people. He co-starred with Hugh Jackman in a limited engagement of the drama \"A Steady Rain\", on Broadway, which played from 10 September through 6 December 2009 at the Schoenfeld Theatre. His performance received praise from the \"New York Times\", with the reviewer writing \"Mr. Craig, a highly reputable stage actor in London (“Angels in America,” “A Number”) before he became the screen's sixth James Bond, creates a more complete portrait as Joey.\" In August 2010, Craig was cast as crusading journalist Mikael Blomkvist in David Fincher's 2011 adaptation of Stieg Larsson's novel \"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\". In 2011, he starred in \"Dream House\", a psychological thriller directed by Jim Sheridan and co-starring Rachel Weisz, Naomi Watts and Marton Csokas. It garnered mostly negative reviews and low box office results. Craig co-starred with Harrison Ford and Olivia Wilde in \"Cowboys & Aliens\", an American science fiction Western film, based on Scott Mitchell Rosenberg's 2006 graphic novel of the same name. Craig provided his voice to Steven Spielberg's animated film \"The Adventures of Tintin\" in 2011, playing the villainous pirate Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine and his ancestor Red Rackham in a dual role. The planned 19 April 2010 release of Craig's third Bond film (the 23rd overall in the series) was delayed, because of financial troubles with MGM; the film, titled \"Skyfall\", was eventually released on 23 October 2012, as part of the year-long celebration of the 50th anniversary of \"Dr. No\". On 8 September 2012, Bond producers announced Craig had signed on for two future Bond films, meaning he would appear as 007 in at least five films, making him the third-longest-serving Bond after Roger Moore, who starred in seven Bond films, and Sean Connery who starred in six EON Bond films and one non-EON Bond film. Craig hosted the American late-night live television sketch comedy \"Saturday Night Live\" on 6 October 2012. He appeared in a sketch about \"forgotten\" Bond women, including Diane Keaton, Penny Marshall, Jodie Foster, Ellen DeGeneres, Lea Michele, and Molly Ringwald. He and his wife Weisz starred in a Broadway play titled \"Betrayal\". It began performances in October 2013, and continued until January 2014. Despite mixed reviews, it grossed $17.5 million, becoming the second highest earning Broadway play of 2013. Craig's fourth Bond film, \"Spectre\", began filming in December 2014 and was released on 26 October 2015. His four Bond films released by Sony has earned a combined gross of $3.5 billion globally, after adjusting for inflation. Prior to the inaugural Invictus Games held in London in September 2014, Craig along with other entertainers and athletes read the poem \"Invictus\" in a promotional video. He made an uncredited cameo appearance as a stormtrooper in the 2015 film \"\". Craig appeared in a modern production of William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Othello\" at the Off-Broadway New York Theatre Workshop throughout late 2016 and early 2017. The production starred David Oyelowo as the titular character and Craig as the main antagonist, Iago. Diane Snyder of \"The Daily Telegraph\" praised his \"chilling\" portrayal of Iago in the play. In 2017, Craig co-starred in Steven Soderbergh's comedy \"Logan Lucky\", about two brothers who pull off a heist during a NASCAR race. Craig starred alongside Halle Berry in the drama \"Kings\" set during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The film premiered in September 2017 and was distributed by The Orchard the following year; it was harshly reviewed by many film critics. In April 2018, Craig told the Associated Press that his fifth Bond film \"No Time to Die\" would be his next project; the film was to be directed by Danny Boyle, but its release date was delayed after Boyle left the project due to creative differences. It was ultimately directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga and is scheduled for release in November 2020. In an appearance on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\", Craig confirmed that \"No Time to Die\" would be his last James Bond film. During the delay of \"No Time to Die\", Craig starred in Rian Johnson's black comedy murder-mystery \"Knives Out\", as a detective investigating the sudden death of a family patriarch. The film premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival to critical acclaim, and was theatrically released that November. On 7 March 2020 Craig hosted Saturday Night Live for a second time; originally he was meant to be hosting in anticipation of the release of the 25th Bond film \"No Time To Die,\" but in the trailer/commercial that aired with 7 March 2020 SNL episode it was made clear that the opening of the film had been pushed back to Thanksgiving 2020 due to coronavirus concerns. Daniel Craig was the last host of a SNL live show before live shows ceased being filmed for the indefinite future due to the worldwide coronavirus pandemic.", "Craig has described his portrayal of Bond as an anti-hero: \"The question I keep asking myself while playing the role is, 'Am I the good guy or just a bad guy who works for the good side?' Bond's role, after all, is that of an assassin when you come down to it. I have never played a role in which someone's dark side shouldn't be explored. I don't think it should be confusing by the end of the film, but during the film you should be questioning who he is.\" Craig has stated that his own favourite previous Bond actor is Sean Connery, but says, \"I'd never copy somebody else. I would never do an impression of anybody else or try and improve on what they did. That would be a pointless exercise for me.\" His own favourite Bond film is \"From Russia with Love\". On an episode of \"The South Bank Show\", Connery divulged his thoughts on Craig's casting as Bond, whom he described as \"fantastic, marvellous in the part\". When told that Craig had taken particular note of his performances, Connery said that he was \"flattered\" and that Craig really gets the \"danger element\" to Bond's character. Craig has remarked that Bond is \"...actually a misogynist... A lot of women are drawn to him chiefly because he embodies a certain kind of danger and never sticks around for too long.\"", "Craig participated in the Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS fundraising 8 December 2009, raising $1,549,953 in the 21st annual Gypsy of the Year competition, from six weeks of curtain appeals at their hit Broadway drama, \"A Steady Rain\". He is involved with multiple charities including S.A.F.E. Kenya, which uses street theatre to address social issues. He is also involved with the Opportunity Network, which provides access to education for low-income students in New York. In 2011, he collaborated with Dame Judi Dench to highlight gender inequality for International Women's Day. In August 2014, he added his name to a letter to British broadcasters calling for better representation of ethnic minorities. In April 2015, the United Nations appointed Craig the first global advocate for the elimination of mines and explosive hazards. The role involves raising awareness for the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS), and political and financial support for the cause. Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told Craig: \"You have been given a licence to kill, I'm now giving you a licence to save.\"", "In 1992, Craig married actress Fiona Loudon; they had a daughter named Ella before divorcing in 1994. He later began a relationship with German actress Heike Makatsch, which lasted for seven years before ending in 2004. He subsequently dated and was engaged to film producer Satsuki Mitchell from 2005 until 2010. Craig and actress Rachel Weisz had been friends for many years, and worked together on the 2011 film \"Dream House\". They began dating in December 2010. They were married in a private ceremony in New York City on 22 June 2011 with only four guests in attendance, including Craig's daughter and Weisz's son. It was reported on 1 September 2018 that their first child together, a daughter, had been born. In October 2008, Craig paid £4 million for an apartment in a converted old house in the Primrose Hill area of London. He also has homes in the Tribeca neighbourhood of New York City and Sunninghill, Berkshire. He is an avid fan of Liverpool FC and is a rugby fan, having travelled to Australia in 2013 to watch the British and Irish Lions tour. Craig is an atheist. He has been vocal about his opposition to Brexit. In 2016, he was pictured wearing a \"Vote Remain\" t-shirt which was adorned with the words, \"No man is an island. No country by itself.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 15521, 32547, 83, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 96113, 7, 2177, 191, 62, 50281, 136, 103857, 2434, 23, 70, 103857, 2434, 59338, 111, 70, 353, 44413, 16843, 5, 24372, 51515, 214, 28032, 10, 10846, 140635, 7, 111, 43157, 2071, 43141, 11084, 15, 86, 147, 7345, 19006, 7668, 247, 15490, 40101, 86608, 214, 3934, 70, 85437, 707, 8167, 14653, 442, 4, 442, 15504, 7, 98186, 70, 144477, 25617, 5, 360, 70, 27631, 7, 142, 10332, 96113, 13482, 35839, 1345, 18, 2749, 1459, 15, 289, 991, 667, 34, 1972, 16, 3126, 297, 70, 15521, 32547, 136, 2071, 43141, 11084, 5, 133698, 199349, 7, 2831, 111, 15521, 7401, 2806, 58359, 70, 85437, 4, 1284, 6044, 1810, 118664, 1556, 959, 2809, 51592, 16792, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 12426, 31, 9, 7763, 265, 53, 174097, 17990, 5, 24372, 452, 6953, 8305, 70, 653, 118201, 167240, 12035, 429, 15, 4, 44, 12647, 306, 1579, 1033, 6, 33768, 47515, 1033, 74054, 70, 96113, 30957, 7, 70, 151878, 21286, 49878, 15521, 53, 70237, 4, 28032, 3129, 28127, 70, 8667, 10566, 32189, 10323, 111, 14851, 26482, 343, 136, 70, 62084, 10684, 26349, 111, 13684, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 15521, 25, 7, 7401, 83, 45, 814, 3674, 3934, 10, 33120, 111, 26944, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 32774, 3751, 3449, 53, 73908, 4, 47, 193, 29430, 67, 70, 92895, 13, 22556, 221, 7870, 111, 70, 15521, 53, 70237, 100, 40617, 214, 4, 98, 15044, 70, 8667, 10566, 32189, 136, 62084, 10684, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 96113, 5, 1301, 70, 15521, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 15521, 53, 70237, 4, 442, 3173, 7, 70, 132988, 17721, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 136, 62084, 10684, 4384, 100, 1286, 3501, 10, 75281, 140635, 7, 4, 1284, 7068, 442, 31358, 7, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 136, 86608, 7, 3934, 62084, 10684, 4384, 4, 7440, 4, 1884, 5941, 3789, 96113, 7, 136, 75973, 7, 450, 8167, 73, 182688, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 442, 155605, 213566, 7, 23, 70, 2288, 7340, 4, 16610, 111, 58359, 214, 70, 109942, 2541, 395, 4, 102971, 442, 1556, 68018, 157578, 450, 96113, 23, 36311, 5369, 5, 581, 16128, 111, 903, 96113, 509, 7311, 538, 5368, 47, 70, 18721, 3378, 104235, 20257, 7, 2750, 113091, 1061, 9486, 27201, 4, 142, 24453, 18721, 3378, 46876, 5, 133698, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 70, 16128, 509, 99716, 25958, 5526, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 53550, 111, 45384, 128667, 4, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 65925, 43563, 238, 13714, 24869, 67, 136, 21618, 433, 6967, 4, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 9006, 9, 605, 57694, 1779, 5, 581, 15521, 32547, 87279, 10, 10512, 111, 199349, 214, 100, 9615, 19929, 7, 105866, 23, 70, 15521, 70237, 5, 360, 70, 41710, 111, 153459, 4, 142, 6, 2980, 7563, 429, 100, 4806, 98, 70, 15521, 32547, 1257, 86429, 1295, 66196, 31676, 4, 70, 86757, 11698, 111, 84420, 107, 7668, 13, 192859, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 390, 141591, 199349, 214, 450, 82649, 71, 70, 59444, 136, 70, 140280, 25, 7, 10323, 509, 109133, 47, 436, 4745, 17648, 15, 571, 4745, 92, 343, 194, 581, 96113, 86608, 83, 15913, 3674, 390, 70, 22539, 99, 12426, 31, 9, 7763, 265, 53, 174097, 17990, 23, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 88303, 23, 44321, 136, 70, 22539, 99, 9598, 818, 2590, 174097, 17990, 23, 62084, 10684, 4384, 88303, 23, 27898, 5, 581, 8667, 10566, 32189, 22836, 103310, 100, 126442, 32539, 748, 25443, 136, 70, 62084, 10684, 4384, 126442, 32539, 748, 109622, 12349, 15, 605, 1828, 180220, 1928, 16, 160404, 10, 14012, 111, 7401, 31897, 97204, 29398, 7, 98, 70, 15521, 32547, 136, 6863, 68762, 11, 10484, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 8667, 10566, 32189, 22836, 103310, 100, 126442, 32539, 748, 25443, 4, 23, 4821, 1104, 8318, 70, 7401, 210115, 63262, 111, 70, 15521, 32547, 23, 70, 15521, 70237, 37457, 71, 1295, 126175, 758, 47, 6, 134926, 25072, 7, 4, 3129, 83, 29481, 297, 237, 35014, 1995, 24073, 441, 34677, 7401, 51029, 581, 4734, 131527, 509, 10, 97204, 6275, 7565, 86429, 111, 13769, 379, 18117, 161, 54427, 7440, 70, 7401, 210115, 63262, 37457, 71, 1295, 6, 121254, 47, 34635, 25072, 7, 136, 7401, 31897, 509, 202120, 297, 237, 35014, 1995, 132, 441, 34677, 16, 64, 140803, 4830, 24073, 91616, 1704, 37838, 160, 16591, 3674, 51029, 129551, 47, 70, 62084, 10684, 4384, 126442, 32539, 748, 109622, 12349, 15, 605, 1828, 180220, 1928, 247, 70, 7401, 210115, 63262, 111, 70, 13684, 15, 441, 1132, 16, 32547, 23, 70, 13043, 72555, 16843, 111, 62084, 10684, 4384, 41170, 297, 47, 787, 6746, 15, 140803, 4830, 4, 44, 91616, 1704, 37838, 160, 16591, 3674, 18939, 23, 43304, 136, 615, 17168, 15, 140803, 4830, 4, 44, 91616, 1704, 37838, 160, 16591, 3674, 18939, 23, 20938, 62771, 7401, 31897, 171859, 7, 237, 3530, 34610, 21533, 230044, 35968, 4, 300, 3996, 1636, 4, 552, 8079, 4, 136, 6, 88322, 929, 7, 204839, 297, 70, 38132, 63769, 2886, 202104, 7, 5, 360, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 4, 4572, 12231, 96113, 7, 136, 26944, 7, 86608, 3934, 15521, 32547, 5, 581, 5303, 111, 70, 13036, 68762, 11, 10484, 26698, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 15521, 15, 294, 1132, 707, 15521, 14, 4, 15521, 53, 16, 15, 4, 44, 40888, 1673, 830, 5322, 14353, 74, 4, 44, 11384, 3449, 53, 830, 8071, 182169, 179, 74, 4, 44, 11384, 434, 58, 15, 161063, 4, 44, 15982, 244195, 58, 3142, 1388, 83, 10, 96113, 23, 182688, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 136, 174715, 62084, 10684, 4384, 5, 6619, 6863, 3622, 140909, 111, 189275, 106, 4880, 966, 140635, 7, 16156, 15748, 43222, 247, 70, 5117, 29187, 140635, 7, 621, 23, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 4, 7068, 100, 128811, 140635, 7, 70, 96113, 83, 70, 132988, 17721, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 136, 62084, 10684, 4384, 136, 70, 4568, 361, 5016, 140635, 7, 621, 23, 62084, 10684, 4384, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Course.", "History.", "Dams.", "Ecology and environment.", "Environmental monitoring.", "Water quality.", "Major tributaries." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Chu River is formed by the confluence of the rivers Joon Aryk and Kochkor in the Kochkor District of the Naryn Region. After approaching within a few kilometres of Lake Issyk Kul (near Balykchy), without either flowing into the lake or draining it, it turns towards the northwest. In the 1950s an old riverbed called Ketmaldy (also Buugan) linked the Chu River and Issyk Kul. During floods part of Chu water would reach the lake, but such outflow has not been seen since the construction of the Orto-Tokoy Reservoir. After passing through the narrow Boom Gorge (, \"Boomskoye ushchelye\"), the river enters the comparatively flat Chuy Valley, within which lie the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek and the Kazakh city of Shu. Much of the Chu's water is diverted into a network of canals, such as the Great Chüy Canal, to irrigate the fertile black soils of the Chuy Valley for farming, on both the Kyrgyz and Kazakh sides of the river. As the Chu flows through the Chuy Valley, it forms the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan for more than a hundred kilometres, but then it leaves Kyrgyzstan and flows into Kazakhstan, where, like many other rivers and streams that drain Northern Kyrgyzstan it eventually disappears in the steppe, short of reaching the Syr Darya, although it has sometimes reached that river in wet years.", "The area of this river was originally home to the Iranian Sughds who spoke Soghdian, an East Iranian language. During the Middle Ages, the area was strategically important. It was the setting of Suayub, the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate and Balasagun, the capital of the Kara-Khitans. The Chu River posed a risk of flooding for settlements located in the Chu Valley. In the winter of 1878, an ice gorge formed on the Chu River upstream from Tokmok, the administrative centre of Semirechye Province. This was followed by severe flooding that damaged the town and the province's capital was moved to Pishpek (Bishkek).", "The river flow is regulated by the dam at Orto-Tokoy Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan built in 1957 and the dam at Tasotkel Reservoir in Kazakhstan built in 1974.", "", "The Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology and the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet) operate a number of water quality monitoring stations on the Chu River and its tributaries.", "According to the Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08 the water pollution index of the Chu River in the Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units, which is interpreted as Class II (\"Clean water\"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream of Vasilyevka village where the water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 units and water quality was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III (\"Moderately polluted\"). According to the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet), the water pollution index of the Shu (Chu) River in the Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan amounted to 2.01 (Class III, \"Moderately polluted\") in 2008, and 1.83 (Class III, \"Moderately polluted\") in 2009. Such water quality parameters as biochemical oxygen demand, nitrites, copper, and phenols exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations.", "In Kyrgyzstan, 4892 rivers and canals flow into Chu River. The list of the major tributaries include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2005, 42, 49191, 159929, 83, 70, 373, 39, 79298, 71390, 111, 33346, 13, 4, 136, 67373, 47, 41272, 4, 32768, 136, 5695, 16857, 159929, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 775, 111, 60331, 136, 58480, 44, 37878, 15293, 58, 159929, 5, 2005, 42, 34658, 645, 106392, 12921, 74464, 23, 70, 5117, 4082, 50094, 7, 111, 44, 3957, 159929, 7, 740, 360, 2684, 50094, 7, 4, 764, 43240, 237, 70, 72249, 81900, 184427, 99, 70, 38026, 28394, 1429, 119488, 17170, 75628, 4, 10, 19069, 3129, 4, 217982, 8035, 2750, 12097, 51, 68879, 2886, 100, 4, 764, 1556, 34658, 16792, 44, 55376, 42, 25, 7, 180, 71360, 31947, 830, 70, 50960, 50094, 111, 70, 36549, 5, 1913, 70, 72249, 18153, 4, 2005, 42, 83, 27983, 124962, 71, 136, 64557, 240764, 390, 1919, 55983, 8414, 5, 135956, 7, 4, 136, 764, 178308, 123867, 10, 170572, 136, 124789, 15390, 7, 1919, 115, 2449, 5, 39162, 130013, 214, 1556, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 68872, 47, 765, 2005, 42, 4488, 99, 70, 14537, 18153, 6637, 111, 70, 38516, 100, 2005, 42, 47, 148, 57572, 141591, 256, 38965, 5, 98423, 111, 1919, 3789, 74464, 1556, 21, 14437, 4734, 1632, 50094, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 36549, 4, 70, 6, 70035, 7, 126809, 142, 187136, 1672, 3642, 764, 4163, 11476, 71, 1295, 70, 18153, 136, 509, 7068, 133698, 70, 73432, 111, 70, 14905, 271, 56195, 6032, 2775, 1176, 54530, 226347, 98, 49049, 98, 6088, 24470, 3640, 4, 2005, 42, 159929, 509, 65508, 71, 2096, 214, 70, 124850, 7103, 43032, 111, 1919, 10002, 14449, 4, 130013, 214, 24, 4806, 2005, 42, 7103, 1919, 67373, 4, 2750, 66570, 1902, 2809, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 142, 45964, 160600, 30260, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 5, 99342, 10176, 37076, 111, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 62816, 509, 35509, 98, 4049, 4, 136, 47, 23534, 450, 70, 91084, 50155, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 959, 88551, 4, 130013, 214, 14432, 24, 4806, 1919, 10002, 775, 2005, 42, 5, 129551, 47, 130013, 214, 4, 44, 55376, 42, 62038, 3674, 678, 759, 69236, 47, 15044, 10, 48824, 759, 2773, 67373, 4, 136, 1660, 8668, 53, 4049, 10, 10176, 4785, 5, 2646, 67373, 509, 142, 99, 7057, 9523, 4, 85403, 4, 54497, 1346, 55474, 136, 6, 70035, 4, 136, 70, 4734, 13580, 764, 1902, 1301, 82424, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 70, 36549, 4, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 190704, 203538, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 35011, 6, 38184, 678, 16610, 91, 133, 3134, 7, 136, 9803, 3365, 320, 4, 57571, 2652, 933, 4, 136, 4224, 53, 148100, 5, 1529, 83, 645, 165598, 136, 33984, 4, 40494, 100, 10, 5129, 23023, 111, 24887, 10932, 70, 4420, 136, 5609, 7, 111, 1919, 10336, 136, 6626, 9709, 2069, 24887, 7, 98, 2663, 4, 136, 1919, 2577, 11343, 29681, 10, 75678, 111, 186, 5861, 18784, 73163, 450, 34648, 538, 6835, 15555, 7, 217684, 764, 9638, 3132, 5, 581, 64194, 159929, 14449, 509, 82775, 221, 450, 1836, 2806, 186, 75530, 16523, 2886, 23, 5795, 13885, 8676, 5, 581, 14449, 509, 22684, 112, 538, 79442, 19, 6637, 130013, 214, 1902, 230121, 62822, 63926, 17007, 47, 70, 10127, 22230, 4, 10, 66596, 214, 1836, 2806, 46622, 2856, 1257, 74, 64457, 4, 1836, 1660, 144851, 71, 645, 1919, 188304, 7, 5, 3311, 187020, 329, 707, 959, 4, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 6713, 81148, 7, 10, 102337, 6492, 107777, 47, 70, 198394, 62816, 16173, 4503, 4, 75935, 390, 187951, 198394, 1419, 33598, 30492, 4503, 23, 23031, 5, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 72761, 66139, 621, 137567, 959, 11814, 23, 3789, 124850, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 23, 70, 14432, 34003, 7, 4, 110, 124850, 3789, 3501, 2005, 42, 4, 48078, 763, 159929, 4, 18226, 299, 141186, 4, 136, 28160, 8946, 70, 51053, 7710, 765, 10, 21373, 186, 5861, 13315, 5, 14847, 130013, 214, 7311, 538, 82775, 2005, 42, 4, 764, 3884, 1919, 61475, 7, 3934, 70, 62816, 25, 7, 24887, 2256, 136, 67896, 12, 70, 24887, 2256, 102337, 40099, 71, 142, 242, 594, 25, 4, 136, 70, 7108, 67896, 102337, 40099, 71, 10, 242, 724, 25, 5, 130013, 214, 68872, 450, 903, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 54479, 83, 51339, 297, 390, 2290, 33058, 66, 4241, 4, 2750, 54479, 7, 183851, 3789, 124850, 4, 26719, 48078, 763, 159929, 4, 28160, 8946, 70, 51053, 7710, 4, 71876, 53, 62617, 2661, 4, 205540, 7, 184308, 94081, 4, 104610, 7644, 96829, 136, 15745, 101828, 669, 5, 33058, 66, 4241, 1902, 2809, 2831, 111, 70, 20324, 37702, 111, 44, 3957, 4937, 329, 53, 14976, 73094, 17367, 58, 136, 1902, 198395, 16940, 3060, 54479, 9, 5465, 4488, 23, 58823, 33233, 8752, 1919, 58386, 94388, 89205, 5394, 5, 50484, 3542, 44841, 100, 70, 159929, 7, 16610, 7, 4, 221, 70, 108558, 7, 68872, 47, 26458, 33058, 66, 4241, 136, 145042, 37702, 32786, 64672, 113472, 1679, 47, 54479, 2005, 42, 136, 33346, 13, 43257, 3501, 1274, 107, 1286, 39329, 7, 5, 360, 70, 16610, 7, 136, 5117, 10846, 34003, 7, 111, 70, 23552, 9, 497, 474, 7639, 4, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 54479, 83, 12921, 1295, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 36549, 5, 581, 54479, 80723, 237, 10, 5078, 184, 49128, 111, 80490, 152212, 916, 4, 1284, 33058, 66, 4241, 5809, 959, 44, 3794, 20174, 14537, 50155, 450, 54479, 830, 707, 205027, 1919, 152212, 916, 49128, 100, 70, 300, 86, 9, 47, 1492, 9, 497, 474, 9, 10617, 182304, 104227, 4, 136, 1902, 47, 7413, 9844, 99156, 5, 133698, 70, 17932, 136, 50960, 34003, 7, 111, 70, 23552, 9, 497, 474, 7639, 4, 33058, 66, 4241, 44, 5814, 48398, 70, 54479, 7565, 58, 136, 126809, 442, 237, 1286, 153450, 13, 136, 16000, 10821, 4, 6, 190358, 2005, 42, 10, 4393, 56, 37457, 111, 112019, 7, 5, 33058, 66, 4241, 25, 7, 3638, 142146, 54479, 14602, 959, 81148, 2499, 102337, 6492, 107777, 47, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 5, 717, 51339, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 54479, 4, 33058, 66, 4241, 92319, 7, 1919, 1658, 19, 47, 1919, 290, 271, 136, 83, 2804, 47, 130922, 108558, 884, 16162, 73048, 450, 23, 44, 3957, 159929, 7, 58, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 25, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 32562, 17155, 4, 44, 30441, 9480, 13, 5161, 7, 32562, 100, 2005, 42, 830, 136, 5941, 111, 1919, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2005, 42, 49191, 159929, 83, 10, 127663, 289, 62816, 136, 70, 72745, 111, 70, 15672, 10127, 3674, 1661, 277, 44, 3957, 159929, 7, 740, 1529, 83, 54479, 71, 390, 2290, 33058, 66, 4241, 136, 5117, 118775, 98, 113976, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 10588, 111, 1919, 14449, 4, 23, 44, 3957, 4937, 329, 53, 14976, 73094, 17367, 58, 16610, 44, 144890, 36151, 58, 98, 7071, 17846, 22059, 5, 2005, 42, 509, 75935, 136, 82775, 390, 198394, 1419, 39162, 130013, 214, 12960, 764, 509, 89289, 23, 70, 120806, 111, 14631, 339, 5, 134331, 7, 25, 23179, 5, 130013, 214, 1902, 2809, 35839, 47, 163451, 10, 36549, 111, 16610, 7, 35509, 98, 1919, 131259, 43613, 44, 69397, 23, 43153, 58, 1284, 64457, 68872, 47, 28282, 10, 3525, 5423, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Role in \"The Simpsons\".", "Other television appearances.", "2019 Emmy Awards.", "Character.", "Creation.", "Design.", "Voice.", "Character development.", "Personality.", "Reception.", "Commendations.", "Analysis.", "Cultural influence.", "D'oh!", "Merchandising." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Homer Jay Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge, and father to Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson. He is the son of Mona and Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson. Homer held over 188 different jobs in the first 400 episodes of \"The Simpsons\". In most episodes, he works as the nuclear safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position which, whilst being wholly unsuitable for, he has held since \"Homer's Odyssey\", the third episode of the series. At the nuclear plant, Homer is often ignored and completely forgotten by his boss Mr. Burns, and he constantly falls asleep and neglects his duties. Matt Groening has stated that he decided to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to wreak severe havoc. Each of his other jobs has lasted only one episode. In the first half of the series, the writers developed an explanation about how he got fired from the plant and was then", "", "During the opening of the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards broadcast on Fox on September 22, 2019, Homer Simpson was introduced", "", "Naming the characters after members of his own family, Groening named Homer after his father, who himself had been named after the ancient Greek poet of the same name. Very little else of Homer's character was based on him, and to prove that the meaning behind Homer's name was not significant, Groening later named his own son Homer. According to Groening, \"Homer originated with my goal to both amuse my real father, and just annoy him a little bit. My father was an athletic, creative, intelligent filmmaker and writer, and the only thing he had", "As currently depicted in the series, Homer's everyday clothing consists of a white shirt with short sleeves and open collar, blue pants, and gray shoes. He is overweight and bald, except for a fringe of hair around the back and sides of his head and two curling hairs on top, and his face always sports a growth of beard stubble that instantly regrows whenever he shaves. The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. The family was crudely drawn because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings. By coincidence or not, Homer's look bears a resemblance to the cartoon character Adamsson, created by Swedish cartoonist Oscar Jacobsson in 1920. Homer's physical features are generally not used in other characters; for example, in the later seasons, no characters other than Homer, Grampa Simpson, Lenny Leonard, and Krusty the Clown have a similar beard line. When Groening originally designed Homer, he put his initials into the character's hairline and ear: the hairline resembled an 'M', and the right ear resembled a 'G'. Groening decided that this", "Homer's voice is performed by Dan Castellaneta, who voices numerous other characters, including Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Barney Gumble, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby and Hans Moleman. Castellaneta had been part of the regular cast of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" and had previously done some voice-over work in Chicago alongside his wife Deb Lacusta. Voices were needed for the Simpsons shorts, so the producers decided to ask Castellaneta and fellow cast member Julie Kavner to voice Homer and Marge rather than hire more actors. In the shorts and first few seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice is different from the majority of the series. The voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but Castellaneta could not \"get enough power behind that voice\", or sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions, and had to find something easier. During the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Castellaneta \"dropped the voice down\" and developed it as more versatile and humorous, allowing Homer a fuller range of emotions. Castellaneta's normal speaking voice does not bear any resemblance to Homer's. To perform Homer's voice, Castellaneta lowers his chin to his chest and is said to", "Executive producer Al Jean notes that in \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> writing room, \"everyone loves writing for Homer\", and many of his adventures are based on experiences of the writers. In the early seasons of the show, Bart was the main focus. But, around the fourth season, Homer became more of the focus. According to Matt Groening, this was because \"With Homer, there's just a wider range of jokes you can do. And there are far more drastic consequences to Homer's stupidity. There's only so far you can go with a juvenile delinquent. We wanted Bart to do anything up to the point of him being tried in court as a dad. But Homer is a dad, and his boneheaded-ness is funnier. [...] Homer is launching himself headfirst into every single impulsive thought that occurs to him.\" Homer's behavior has changed a number of times through the run of the series. He was originally \"very angry\" and oppressive toward Bart, but these characteristics were toned down somewhat as his persona was further explored. In early seasons, Homer appeared concerned", "The comic efficacy of Homer's personality lies in his frequent bouts of bumbling stupidity, laziness and his explosive anger that leads to cowardice. He has a low intelligence level and is described by director David Silverman as \"creatively brilliant in his stupidity\". Homer also shows immense apathy towards work, is overweight, and \"is devoted to his stomach\". His short attention span is evidenced by his impulsive decisions to engage in various hobbies and enterprises, only to \"change... his mind when things go badly\". Homer often spends his evenings drinking Duff Beer at Moe's Tavern, and was shown in the episode \"Duffless\" (season four, 1993) as a full-blown alcoholic. He is very envious of his neighbors, Ned Flanders and his family, and is easily enraged by Bart. Homer will often strangle Bart on impulse upon Bart angering him (and can also", "", "Homer's influence on comedy and culture has been significant. In 2010, \"Entertainment Weekly\" named Homer \"the greatest character of the last 20 years\". He was placed second on \"TV Guide\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 2002 Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters, behind Bugs Bunny; fifth on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters, one of only four cartoon characters on that list; and first in a Channel 4 poll of the greatest television characters of all time. In 2007, \"Entertainment Weekly\" placed Homer ninth on their list of the \"50 Greatest TV icons\" and first on their 2010 list of the \"Top 100 Characters of the Past Twenty Years\". Homer was also the runaway winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the \"greatest American\" and which fictional character people would like to see become the President of the United States. His relationship with Marge was included in \"TV Guide\" list of \"The Best TV Couples of All Time\". Dan Castellaneta has won several awards for voicing Homer, including", "Homer is an \"everyman\" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, dim-witted, childish, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic. Matt Groening describes him as \"completely ruled by his impulses\". Dan Castellaneta calls him \"a dog trapped in a man's body\", adding, \"He's incredibly loyal – not entirely clean – but you gotta love him.\" In his book \"Planet Simpson\", author Chris Turner describes Homer as \"the most American of the Simpsons\" and believes that while the other Simpson family members could be changed to other nationalities, Homer is \"pure American\". In the book \"God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture\", the authors comment that \"Homer's progress (or lack thereof) reveals a character who can do the right thing, if accidentally or begrudgingly.\" The book \"\" includes a chapter analyzing Homer's character from the perspective of Aristotelian virtue ethics. Raja Halwani writes that Homer's \"love of life\" is an admirable character trait, \"for many people are tempted to see in Homer nothing but buffoonery and immorality.... He is not politically correct, he is more than happy to judge others, and he certainly does not seem", "Homer Simpson is one of the most popular and influential television characters by a variety of standards. \"USA Today\" cited the character as being one of the \"top 25 most influential people of the past 25 years\" in 2007, adding that Homer \"epitomized the irony and irreverence at the core of American humor\". Robert Thompson, director of Syracuse University's Center for the Study of Popular Television, believes that \"three centuries from now, English professors are going to be regarding Homer Simpson as one of the greatest creations in human storytelling.\" Animation historian Jerry Beck described Homer as one of the best animated characters, saying, \"you know someone like it, or you identify with (it). That's really the key to a classic character.\" Homer has been described by \"The Sunday Times\" as \"the greatest comic creation of [modern] time\". The article remarked, \"every age needs its great, consoling failure, its lovable, pretension-free mediocrity. And we have ours in Homer Simpson.\" Homer has been cited as a bad influence on children; for example, a five-year study of more than 2,000 middle-aged people in France found a possible link between weight and brain function, the findings of which were dubbed the \"Homer Simpson syndrome\". Results from a word memory test showed that people with a body mass index (BMI) of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of nine out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of just seven out of 16 words. Despite Homer's partial embodiment of American culture, his influence has spread to other parts of the world. In 2003, Matt Groening revealed that his father, after whom Homer was named, was Canadian, and said that this made Homer himself a Canadian. The character was later made an honorary citizen of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, because Homer Groening was believed to be from there, although sources say the senior Groening was actually born in the province of Saskatchewan. In 2007, an image of Homer was painted next to the Cerne Abbas Giant in Dorset, England as part of a promotion for \"The Simpsons Movie\". This caused outrage among local neopagans who performed \"rain magic\" to try to get it washed away. In 2008, a defaced Spanish euro coin was found in Avilés, Spain with the face of Homer replacing the effigy of King Juan Carlos I. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer and the four other members of the Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production. The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. Homer has appeared, voiced by Castellaneta, in several other television shows, including the sixth season of \"American Idol\" where he opened the show; \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" where he performed a special animated opening monologue for the July 24, 2007, edition; and the 2008 fundraising television special \"Stand Up to Cancer\" where he was shown having a colonoscopy. On February 28, 1999, Homer Simpson was made an honorary member of the Junior Common Room of Worcester College, Oxford. Homer was granted the membership by the college's undergraduate body in the belief that ′′he would benefit greatly from an Oxford education′′.", "Homer's main and most famous catchphrase, the annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", is typically uttered when he injures himself, realizes that he has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to happen to him. During the voice recording session for a \"Tracey Ullman Show\" short, Homer was required to utter what was written in the script as an \"annoyed grunt\". Dan Castellaneta rendered it as a drawn out \"d'ooooooh\". This was inspired by Jimmy Finlayson, the mustachioed Scottish actor who appeared in 33 Laurel and Hardy films. Finlayson had used the term as a minced oath to stand in for the word \"Damn!\" Matt Groening felt that it would better suit the timing of animation if it were spoken faster. Castellaneta then shortened it to a quickly uttered \"D'oh!\" The first intentional use of", "Homer's inclusion in many Simpsons publications, toys, and other merchandise is evidence of his enduring popularity. \"The Homer Book\", about Homer's personality and attributes, was released in 2004 and is commercially available. It has been described as \"an entertaining little book for occasional reading\" and was listed as one of \"the most interesting books of 2004\" by \"The Chattanoogan\". Other merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, bobblehead dolls, mugs, alarm clocks, jigsaw puzzles, Chia Pets, and clothing such as slippers, T-shirts, baseball caps, and boxer shorts. Homer has appeared in commercials for Coke, 1-800-COLLECT, Burger King, Butterfinger, C.C. Lemon, Church's Chicken, Domino's Pizza, Intel, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Ramada Inn, Subway and T.G.I. Friday's. In 2004, Homer starred in a MasterCard \"Priceless\" commercial that aired during" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 21413, 8770, 509, 103122, 23, 2365, 6011, 4, 102374, 145359, 5, 18763, 67373, 189924, 102374, 46876, 136, 163136, 23, 11192, 10696, 4, 136, 1919, 42732, 189924, 700, 87168, 136, 32692, 99, 10, 10696, 100, 29526, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 102374, 4, 21413, 8770, 97384, 47, 70424, 3060, 92265, 1295, 1919, 42732, 136, 30839, 1295, 10, 121314, 5, 21413, 8770, 97384, 6, 155283, 14941, 23, 1919, 40466, 5369, 136, 14432, 5, 17006, 111, 1919, 39395, 104345, 7, 3542, 23, 30839, 707, 102374, 4, 1284, 764, 14432, 101089, 297, 47, 32562, 23, 14941, 100, 15044, 121392, 15122, 7, 136, 100, 70, 21, 53, 95771, 5, 1529, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 70, 43975, 111, 165712, 7, 136, 123426, 47148, 7, 23, 2365, 6011, 5173, 4015, 1104, 85520, 136, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 96125, 8961, 5173, 3742, 74668, 83679, 5, 21413, 8770, 22282, 71, 1379, 42814, 136240, 5761, 100, 3060, 1733, 23, 96125, 8961, 4, 24189, 136240, 5761, 25, 7, 39395, 47219, 23, 60487, 5, 1529, 10, 93685, 71, 47, 54, 1919, 22072, 289, 159688, 1379, 136240, 5761, 4, 1284, 1902, 47, 15549, 186533, 1363, 606, 51858, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 12535, 4, 21413, 8770, 7228, 23902, 678, 17262, 3789, 25921, 111, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 46736, 6557, 916, 4, 170467, 23698, 71511, 4, 136, 7656, 67709, 42911, 39899, 73, 5, 581, 22759, 100, 4806, 10, 21115, 51529, 237, 70, 129335, 128705, 6362, 1314, 4, 3129, 435, 47, 45252, 136, 7968, 53, 731, 70, 61585, 9, 70751, 214, 15122, 7, 98, 110436, 135969, 7, 91376, 20271, 8382, 5369, 5, 1529, 14432, 11814, 70, 5701, 113860, 47, 98363, 70, 884, 94266, 4, 69700, 4, 136, 21413, 8770, 21115, 5, 2161, 25975, 2320, 4, 764, 79786, 98, 110436, 154453, 23, 23912, 19514, 33, 4, 7440, 1919, 25188, 3934, 70, 34627, 1771, 315, 11030, 223, 62952, 70, 18231, 100, 1919, 22072, 2182, 5, 1529, 7068, 79786, 99, 70, 19635, 107, 70760, 165712, 7, 43975, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 161876, 1295, 61786, 47, 66426, 4, 678, 10, 36356, 47, 4488, 678, 101985, 124302, 56, 13534, 99, 70, 2041, 18077, 4745, 54593, 4597, 53, 23, 105109, 5, 1529, 136475, 47, 35187, 70, 34627, 1771, 315, 11030, 223, 15, 189461, 214, 70, 44, 150, 94385, 36069, 58, 3299, 247, 1284, 2843, 79786, 98, 29486, 320, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 678, 12452, 1913, 875, 1681, 136, 177545, 45471, 720, 47126, 5, 360, 66426, 4, 21413, 8770, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 42518, 214, 32786, 111, 70, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 111, 70, 345, 108371, 99, 32070, 1372, 46, 1632, 111, 70, 27150, 525, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 903, 53702, 5, 133698, 70, 14922, 66426, 1104, 209804, 4, 21413, 8770, 79786, 23, 70, 165712, 289, 63557, 111, 70, 26368, 316, 43975, 15, 5267, 592, 5589, 16, 10336, 297, 390, 5, 14713, 25, 7, 5117, 6, 192876, 36867, 509, 82775, 1379, 70, 196219, 136, 8951, 105226, 111, 81068, 5375, 21393, 515, 4, 46736, 2646, 7, 57884, 14, 136, 21413, 8770, 5, 360, 60775, 4, 21413, 8770, 136, 2646, 7, 57884, 14, 230121, 10, 144888, 4331, 100, 177229, 390, 70, 198919, 70615, 111, 70, 26368, 316, 43975, 4, 3129, 190238, 442, 5, 581, 6, 192876, 36867, 509, 959, 140528, 24189, 43357, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 5977, 71232, 76319, 3542, 51529, 47, 765, 62816, 48242, 78643, 80973, 8, 408, 53, 121297, 4, 707, 23552, 9, 24056, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 4567, 2320, 28, 54916, 3542, 51529, 47, 765, 24233, 62816, 48242, 14579, 7, 5, 3311, 61786, 4, 21413, 8770, 23, 23912, 19514, 33, 1902, 86869, 71, 70, 154453, 111, 70, 144, 14612, 8, 408, 53, 111, 10, 315, 11030, 223, 1829, 80208, 2069, 4, 678, 291, 140363, 70760, 4358, 1295, 50118, 14, 103857, 73, 5, 581, 2967, 509, 2843, 86869, 71, 41371, 538, 390, 90062, 601, 5, 41449, 10186, 136, 38157, 345, 5, 164517, 19, 5, 41449, 10186, 136, 164517, 19, 6777, 959, 4, 49903, 4, 69307, 70, 88779, 5844, 50339, 69307, 71, 390, 21413, 8770, 5, 51062, 25958, 4, 70, 915, 26147, 83, 17438, 14534, 47, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 6637, 111, 70, 11192, 48302, 64209, 674, 47, 144281, 70, 4552, 37515, 72249, 38516, 5299, 5, 22376, 18507, 71407, 4, 442, 51776, 142, 38040, 10821, 41170, 111, 48302, 47, 50065, 34955, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 4, 142, 19732, 450, 2806, 959, 74918, 150189, 79850, 5, 360, 110436, 135969, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 2685, 83, 10, 37242, 2481, 70, 915, 26147, 831, 44, 173569, 8305, 58, 70, 58982, 111, 70, 38516, 5299, 136, 144281, 5, 21413, 8770, 86869, 71, 10, 3299, 38516, 100, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 136, 16406, 4126, 1295, 5117, 24702, 1577, 10, 76755, 17721, 70, 23552, 9, 24804, 111, 70, 144, 14612, 9, 112, 408, 53, 19732, 9433, 136, 70, 48302, 111, 70, 28, 21150, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 198395, 134053, 352, 21738, 71407, 136, 509, 51529, 237, 70, 2206, 21358, 1104, 839, 18435, 1181, 27165, 5, 31384, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 9351, 21413, 8770, 31461, 707, 21413, 8770, 1104, 8912, 6947, 22341, 31461, 509, 190659, 47, 70, 37242, 2481, 111, 23, 277, 214, 72249, 2878, 66695, 80208, 2069, 8305, 70, 77556, 201939, 1311, 10391, 6492, 125861, 136, 1379, 519, 214, 72249, 132539, 7, 5, 21413, 8770, 79786, 99, 10, 14012, 111, 134349, 137633, 9035, 8108, 37476, 449, 47, 18738, 13, 70, 134349, 32528, 6637, 111, 124735, 233, 48448, 5, 360, 66426, 4, 764, 509, 51521, 538, 8, 93, 297, 168081, 47, 29966, 10, 57456, 108870, 23, 98848, 5, 22376, 23, 66426, 4, 764, 139505, 339, 128667, 515, 5346, 10684, 54216, 7, 5874, 15, 247, 15700, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 23, 134349, 32528, 4, 136565, 764, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 1052, 497, 58, 7103, 70, 160600, 31330, 5, 21413, 8770, 136, 1919, 3525, 58386, 66933, 5045, 111, 70, 11737, 6626, 5369, 31577, 47, 31358, 70, 134349, 32528, 4, 678, 707, 15490, 51521, 168081, 5, 131922, 56352, 42, 136, 3789, 23902, 77049, 71, 21413, 8770, 47, 19922, 20271, 903, 14922, 4, 1284, 21413, 8770, 5809, 959, 2046, 168081, 47, 31358, 5, 21413, 8770, 14432, 2804, 450, 1919, 5117, 6626, 81887, 7, 47, 72104, 678, 1919, 58386, 3542, 23, 60775, 136, 75412, 31577, 47, 87200, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14787, 21413, 8770, 15, 16305, 206, 201, 4, 96929, 46, 8055, 17846, 28015, 247, 103122, 101642, 53, 33263, 145739, 21413, 515, 4, 509, 10, 134349, 9, 127345, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 136, 191725, 106622, 5, 1529, 509, 142, 39395, 204797, 136, 106001, 111, 62612, 106824, 25, 7, 14195, 26387, 154453, 5, 1529, 134053, 10, 70, 4524, 70760, 187136, 111, 144, 14612, 8, 408, 53, 390, 110436, 80208, 214, 4, 26868, 297, 70, 41931, 36069, 3299, 136, 70, 5117, 291, 140363, 70760, 3299, 111, 70, 34627, 1771, 315, 11030, 223, 4, 136, 79786, 98, 5977, 71232, 8, 408, 53, 4, 6057, 27643, 4, 29486, 320, 241454, 12654, 2347, 6023, 136, 14195, 26387, 241454, 12654, 2347, 6023, 15, 143321, 764, 143849, 538, 35839, 241454, 7840, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and career.", "Radioactive decay.", "Defection.", "Move to America.", "Big Bang nucleosynthesis.", "DNA and RNA.", "Late career and life.", "Personal life.", "Writings.", "Books.", "Popular.", "\"Mr Tompkins\" series." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3" ], "content": [ "Gamow was born in Odessa, Russian Empire. His father taught Russian language and literature in high school, and his mother taught geography and history at a school for girls. In addition to Russian, Gamow learned to speak some French from his mother and German from a tutor. Gamow learned fluent English in his college years and later. Most of his early publications were in German or Russian, but he later switched to writing in English for both technical papers and for the lay audience. He was educated at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics in Odessa (1922–23) and at the University of Leningrad (1923–1929). Gamow studied under Alexander Friedmann for some time in Leningrad, until Friedmann's early death in 1925. He aspired to do his doctoral thesis under Friedmann, but had to change dissertation advisors. At the University, Gamow made friends with three other students of theoretical physics, Lev Landau, Dmitri Ivanenko, and Matvey Bronshtein. The four formed a group known as the Three Musketeers, which met to discuss and analyze the ground-breaking papers on quantum mechanics published during those years. He later used the same phrase to describe the Alpher, Herman, and Gamow group. On graduation, he worked on quantum theory in Göttingen, where his research into the atomic nucleus provided the basis for his doctorate. He then worked at the Theoretical Physics Institute of the University of Copenhagen from 1928 to 1931, with a break to work with Ernest Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He continued to study the atomic nucleus (proposing the \"liquid drop\" model), but also worked on stellar physics with Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houtermans. In 1931, Gamow was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR at age 28 – one of the youngest in the history of this organization. During the period 1931–1933, Gamow worked in the Physical Department of the Radium Institute (Leningrad) headed by. Europe's first cyclotron was designed under the guidance and direct participation of Igor Kurchatov, Lev Mysovskii and Gamow. In 1932, Gamow and Mysovskii submitted a draft design for consideration by the Academic Council of the Radium Institute, which approved it. The cyclotron was not completed until 1937.", "In the early 20th century, radioactive materials were known to have characteristic exponential decay rates, or half-lives. At the same time, radiation emissions were known to have certain characteristic energies. By 1928, Gamow in Göttingen had solved the theory of the alpha decay of a nucleus via tunnelling, with mathematical help from Nikolai Kochin. The problem was also solved independently by Ronald W. Gurney and Edward U. Condon. Gurney and Condon did not, however, achieve the quantitative results achieved by Gamow. Classically, the particle is confined to the nucleus because of the high energy requirement to escape the very strong nuclear potential well. Also classically, it takes an enormous amount of energy to pull apart the nucleus, an event that would not occur spontaneously. In quantum mechanics, however, there is a probability the particle can \"tunnel through\" the wall of the potential well and escape. Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived from first principles a relationship between the half-life of the alpha-decay event process and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically and was known as the Geiger–Nuttall law. Some years later, the name Gamow factor or Gamow–Sommerfeld factor was applied to the probability of incoming nuclear particles tunnelling through the electrostatic Coulomb barrier and undergoing nuclear reactions.", "Gamow worked at a number of Soviet establishments before deciding to flee the Soviet Union because of increased oppression. In 1931, he was officially denied permission to attend a scientific conference in Italy. Also in 1931, he married Lyubov Vokhmintseva (), another physicist in Soviet Union, whom he nicknamed \"Rho\" after the Greek letter. Gamow and his new wife spent much of the next two years trying to leave the Soviet Union, with or without official permission. Niels Bohr and other friends invited Gamow to visit during this period, but Gamow could not get permission to leave. Gamow later said that his first two attempts to defect with his wife were in 1932 and involved trying to kayak: first a planned 250-kilometer paddle over the Black Sea to Turkey, and another attempt from Murmansk to Norway. Poor weather foiled both attempts, but they had not been noticed by the authorities. In 1933, Gamow was suddenly granted permission to attend the 7th Solvay Conference on physics, in Brussels. He insisted on having his wife accompany him, even saying that he would not go alone. Eventually the Soviet authorities relented and issued passports for the couple. The two attended and arranged to extend their stay, with the help of Marie Curie and other physicists. Over the next year, Gamow obtained temporary work at the Curie Institute, University of London, and the University of Michigan.", "In 1934, Gamow and his wife moved to the United States. He became a professor at George Washington University (GWU) in 1934 and recruited physicist Edward Teller from London to join him at GWU. In 1936, Gamow and Teller published what became known as the \"Gamow–Teller selection rule\" for beta decay. During his time in Washington, Gamow would also publish major scientific papers with Mário Schenberg and Ralph Alpher. By the late 1930s, Gamow's interests had turned towards astrophysics and cosmology. In 1935, Gamow's son, Igor Gamow was born (in a 1947 book, Gamow's dedication was \"To my son Igor, who wanted to be a cowboy\"). George Gamow became a naturalized American in 1940. He retained his formal association with GWU until 1956. During World War II, Gamow did not work directly on the Manhattan Project producing the atomic bomb, in spite of his knowledge of radioactivity and nuclear fusion. He continued to teach physics at GWU and consulted for the US Navy. Gamow was interested in the processes of stellar evolution and the early history of the Solar System. In 1945, he co-authored a paper supporting work by German theoretical physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker on planetary formation in the early Solar System. Gamow published another paper in the British journal \"Nature\" in 1948, in which he developed equations for the mass and radius of a primordial galaxy (which typically contains about one hundred billion stars, each with a mass comparable with that of the Sun).", "Gamow's work led the development of the hot \"big bang\" theory of the expanding universe. He was the earliest to employ Alexander Friedmann's and Georges Lemaître's non-static solutions of Einstein's gravitational equations describing a universe of uniform matter density and constant spatial curvature. Gamow's crucial advance would provide a physical reification of Lemaître's idea of a unique primordial quantum. Gamow did this by assuming that the early universe was dominated by radiation rather than by matter. Most of the later work in cosmology is founded in Gamow's theory. He applied his model to the question of the creation of the chemical elements and to the subsequent condensation of matter into galaxies, whose mass and diameter he was able to calculate in terms of the fundamental physical parameters, such as the speed of light \"c\", Newton's gravitational constant \"G\", Sommerfeld's fine-structure constant α, and Planck's constant \"h\". Gamow's interest in cosmology arose from his earlier interest in energy generation and element production and transformation in stars. This work, in turn, evolved from his fundamental discovery of quantum tunneling as the mechanism of nuclear alpha decay, and his application of this theory to the inverse process to calculate rates of thermonuclear reaction. At first, Gamow believed that all the elements might be produced in the very high temperature and density early stage of the universe. Later, he revised this opinion on the strength of compelling evidence advanced by Fred Hoyle and others, that elements heavier than lithium are largely produced in thermonuclear reactions in stars and in supernovae. Gamow formulated a set of coupled differential equations describing his proposed process and assigned, as a PhD dissertation topic, his graduate student Ralph Alpher the task of solving the equations numerically. These results of Gamow and Alpher appeared in 1948 as the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper. Before his interest turned to the question of the genetic code, Gamow published about twenty papers on cosmology. The earliest was in 1939 with Edward Teller on galaxy formation, followed in 1946 by the first description of cosmic nucleosynthesis. He also wrote many popular articles as well as academic textbooks on this and other subjects. In 1948, he published a paper dealing with an attenuated version of the coupled set of equations describing the production of the proton and the deuteron from thermal neutrons. By means of a simplification and using the observed ratio of hydrogen to heavier elements, he was able to obtain the density of matter at the onset of nucleosynthesis and from this the mass and diameter of the early galaxies. In 1953 he produced similar results, but this time based on another determination of the density of matter and radiation, at the time at which they became equal. In this paper, Gamow determined the density of the relict background radiation, from which a present temperature of 7°K was predicted – a value which was slightly more than twice the presently-accepted value. In 1967, he published reminiscences and recapitulation of his own work as well as the work of Alpher and Robert Herman (both with Gamow and also independently of him). This was prompted by the discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Penzias and Wilson in 1965; Gamow, Alpher, and Herman felt that they did not receive the credit they deserved for their theoretical predictions of its existence and source. Gamow was disconcerted by the fact that the authors of a communication explaining the significance of the Penzias/Wilson observations failed to recognize and cite the previous work of Gamow and his collaborators.", "In 1953, Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin discovered the double helix structure of the DNA macromolecule. Gamow attempted to solve the problem of how the ordering of four different bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine) in DNA chains might control the synthesis of proteins from their constituent amino acids. Crick has said that Gamow's suggestions helped him in his own thinking about the problem. As related by Crick, Gamow observed that the 4 = 64 possible permutations of the four DNA bases, taken three at a time, would be reduced to 20 distinct combinations if the order was irrelevant.. Gamow proposed that these 20 combinations might code for the twenty amino acids which, he suggested, might well be the sole constituents of all proteins. Gamow's contribution to solving the problem of genetic coding gave rise to important models of biological degeneracy. The specific system that Gamow was proposing (called \"Gamow's diamonds\") proved to be incorrect. The triplets were supposed to be overlapping, so that in the sequence GGAC (for example), GGA could produce one amino acid and GAC another, and also non-degenerate (meaning that each amino acid would correspond to one combination of three bases – in any order). Later protein sequencing work proved that this could not be the case; the true genetic code is non-overlapping and degenerate, and changing the order of a combination of bases does change the amino acid. In 1954, Gamow and Watson co-founded the RNA Tie Club. This was a discussion group of leading scientists concerned with the problem of the genetic code, which counted among its members the physicists Edward Teller and Richard Feynman. In his autobiographical writings, Watson later acknowledged the great importance of Gamow's insightful initiative. However, this did not prevent him from describing this colorful personality as a \"zany\", card-trick playing, limerick-singing, booze-swilling, practical–joking \"giant imp\".", "Gamow worked at George Washington University from 1934 until 1954, when he became a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1956, he moved to the University of Colorado Boulder, where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1956, Gamow became one of the founding members of the Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC), which later reformed teaching of high-school physics in the post-Sputnik years. Also in 1956, he divorced his first wife. Gamow later married Barbara Perkins (an editor for one of his publishers) in 1958. In 1959, Gamow, Hans Bethe, and Victor Weisskopf publicly supported the re-entry of Frank Oppenheimer into teaching college physics at the University of Colorado, as the Red Scare began to fade (J. Robert Oppenheimer was the older brother of Frank Oppenheimer, and both of them had worked on the Manhattan Project before their careers in physics were derailed by McCarthyism). While in Colorado, Frank Oppenheimer became increasingly interested in teaching science through simple hands-on experiments, and he eventually moved to San Francisco to found the Exploratorium. Gamow would not live to see his colleague's opening of this innovative new science museum, in late August 1969. In his 1961 book \"The Atom and its Nucleus\", Gamow proposed representing the periodic system of the chemical elements as a continuous tape, with the elements in order of atomic number wound round in a three-dimensional helix whose diameter increased stepwise (corresponding to the longer rows of the conventional periodic table). Gamow continued his teaching at the University of Colorado Boulder and focused increasingly on writing textbooks and books on science for the general public. After several months of ill health, surgeries on his circulatory system, diabetes and liver problems, Gamow was dying from liver failure, which he had called the \"weak link\" that could not withstand the other stresses. In a letter written to Ralph Alpher on August 18, he had written, \"The pain in the abdomen is unbearable and does not stop\". Prior to this, there had been a long exchange of letters with his former student, in which he was seeking a fresh understanding of some concepts used in his earlier work, with Paul Dirac. Gamow relied on Alpher for deeper understanding of mathematics. On August 19, 1968, Gamow died at age 64 in Boulder, Colorado, and was buried there in Green Mountain Cemetery. The physics department tower at the University of Colorado at Boulder is named after him.", "Gamow had a son, Igor Gamow, with his first wife Rho. The son later became a professor of microbiology at the University of Colorado, as well as an inventor. Gamow was a well-known prankster, who delighted in practical jokes and humorous twists embedded in serious scientific publications. His most famous prank was the pioneering Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, which was serious in its style and content. However, Gamow could not resist adding his colleague Hans Bethe to the list of authors, as a pun on the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. Gamow was an atheist.", "Gamow was a highly successful science writer, with several of his books still in print more than a half-century after their initial publication. As an educator, Gamow recognized and emphasized fundamental principles that were unlikely to become obsolete, even as the pace of science and technology accelerated. He also conveyed a sense of excitement with the revolution in physics and other scientific topics of interest to the common reader. Gamow himself sketched the many illustrations for his books, which added a new dimension to and complemented what he intended to convey in the text. He was unafraid to introduce mathematics wherever it was essential, but he tried to avoid deterring potential readers by including large numbers of equations that did not illustrate essential points. In 1956, he was awarded the Kalinga Prize by UNESCO for his work in popularizing science with his \"Mr. Tompkins...\" series of books (1939–1967), his book \"One, Two, Three...Infinity\", and other works. Before his death, Gamow was working with Richard Blade on a textbook \"Basic Theories in Modern Physics\", but the work was never completed or published under that title. Gamow was also writing \"My World Line: An Informal Autobiography\", which was published posthumously in 1970. A collection of Gamow's writings was donated to The George Washington University in 1996. The materials include correspondence, articles, manuscripts and printed materials both by and about George Gamow. The collection is currently under the care of GWU's Special Collections Research Center, located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.", "", "", "Throughout these books, Mr Tompkins is introduced as \"C. G. H. Tompkins\" to emphasize the notion of cGh physics." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 509, 103122, 98, 616, 11994, 729, 14889, 23, 6760, 19, 865, 23, 5932, 4, 70, 16128, 111, 164111, 450, 1902, 24209, 2831, 111, 70, 235477, 7465, 147, 7668, 8305, 70, 23972, 9148, 1363, 23, 73073, 5442, 24372, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 34210, 15519, 1295, 70, 43396, 90, 141621, 71, 390, 113157, 4, 764, 109133, 678, 1919, 27863, 47, 171983, 4, 7440, 7103, 67229, 214, 116338, 10696, 15, 136913, 764, 157167, 67175, 66570, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 16, 136, 33284, 297, 70, 115, 6827, 84616, 237, 10, 809, 18266, 33, 9, 46799, 9, 18345, 377, 3667, 5, 1529, 33284, 297, 10, 28820, 127, 4927, 33150, 53, 25703, 674, 237, 10, 1614, 9, 6387, 34, 86216, 136, 7068, 23414, 86216, 23, 70, 92265, 4516, 4, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 92265, 116000, 191, 111, 49002, 7435, 55102, 4, 136, 221419, 538, 157167, 67175, 66570, 23, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 2290, 38170, 15, 16, 15, 67884, 2240, 53, 62329, 27417, 543, 63258, 4, 6, 69986, 70, 114996, 25, 7, 47832, 111, 70, 206010, 104, 25, 160945, 5, 24372, 70, 77699, 111, 181103, 23, 543, 1837, 4, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 34210, 15519, 509, 27198, 297, 3934, 70, 171484, 289, 117604, 111, 164111, 4, 10, 108750, 181991, 53, 111, 70, 102374, 145359, 4, 136, 97043, 100512, 10, 117914, 99, 10, 116338, 40466, 5, 8622, 764, 175100, 1810, 25188, 98, 10, 3525, 538, 82775, 13950, 126, 9, 5062, 18025, 1340, 4, 80299, 214, 1919, 25188, 678, 1119, 41745, 272, 164156, 7, 5, 97043, 100512, 75412, 23, 10, 68894, 180255, 2408, 47, 14359, 107, 164111, 47, 4393, 23, 215131, 4, 1284, 4, 3229, 1919, 209274, 23, 10, 23410, 65842, 1771, 49894, 509, 134053, 4, 764, 509, 53397, 3674, 136, 149357, 71, 15, 73, 543, 89647, 47, 1632, 6602, 23, 101085, 5, 106073, 70, 149357, 509, 45890, 297, 4, 97043, 199747, 297, 1919, 62458, 136, 109133, 47, 5932, 5, 360, 5932, 764, 25188, 297, 2288, 302, 87907, 7, 136, 2363, 38415, 4, 136, 13438, 91376, 1919, 50339, 5, 97043, 158930, 23, 339, 33328, 15, 4, 1388, 136, 77135, 53, 24189, 149635, 4, 7440, 764, 203251, 47, 33022, 10, 85689, 3075, 98, 70, 2288, 302, 87907, 5, 14847, 70, 7582, 345, 22876, 214, 4, 10, 151994, 100, 28820, 127, 23, 215131, 4, 7155, 350, 1810, 98, 7582, 30777, 149635, 4, 26548, 70, 102374, 145359, 4, 97043, 109312, 33284, 297, 70, 28820, 127, 23, 7102, 46825, 7, 5, 1529, 174920, 23, 34210, 15519, 4, 509, 34475, 10, 13036, 25, 7, 62458, 136, 70, 75101, 111, 70, 201, 927, 30948, 2041, 1405, 1294, 141117, 1799, 191, 4, 3129, 764, 12441, 20271, 70, 99381, 7, 111, 76016, 701, 136, 180, 6639, 37971, 161, 5, 133698, 70, 99381, 111, 180, 6639, 37971, 161, 4, 97043, 25, 7, 84616, 1620, 272, 538, 25534, 71, 70, 102374, 233, 54137, 7, 5, 106073, 70, 28820, 127, 187, 1176, 134729, 297, 10, 85583, 8, 88981, 678, 10, 86669, 111, 6, 102525, 453, 4, 97043, 25, 7, 61972, 56282, 297, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 64194, 187, 1176, 5, 1326, 1919, 32391, 474, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 4, 97043, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 102729, 118, 67485, 14, 43114, 47832, 136, 125568, 71, 47, 70, 30648, 111, 92343, 3938, 56, 9082, 5, 1529, 509, 2288, 712, 39473, 538, 26548, 65226, 72403, 24189, 70, 4552, 3564, 111, 70, 345, 22876, 214, 4, 20271, 70, 145342, 13, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 34210, 15519, 26548, 54041, 1342, 15189, 686, 206, 15, 4233, 6328, 27417, 30284, 543, 95787, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 28820, 127, 187, 1176, 509, 155605, 9969, 2118, 71, 47, 21, 53, 7565, 121641, 98, 18374, 190, 4, 543, 5016, 4, 136, 41421, 297, 70, 102374, 1104, 683, 6563, 39209, 2878, 43315, 132988, 1379, 70, 75101, 111, 9082, 4727, 73380, 164147, 14, 44275, 23, 70, 32774, 2775, 872, 30494, 5, 97043, 7068, 144281, 71, 47, 7270, 4, 7440, 764, 8060, 297, 66570, 390, 128169, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 360, 9942, 4, 764, 91376, 1919, 11737, 4488, 4, 98, 70, 9907, 345, 22876, 214, 23, 164111, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 959, 4734, 26038, 142, 4027, 12794, 289, 111, 70, 543, 5016, 23, 7, 33724, 10763, 4, 1284, 2843, 37842, 47, 13379, 10, 26693, 100, 70, 9454, 1363, 111, 70, 151994, 100, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 147452, 5, 133698, 1919, 24765, 23, 9942, 4, 764, 57119, 3674, 678, 70, 6, 179149, 224672, 53702, 136, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 165837, 289, 136, 135940, 1294, 67081, 5, 360, 543, 9185, 764, 23409, 47, 15604, 47, 30793, 70, 26697, 9343, 29465, 26548, 70, 132539, 6635, 9343, 40471, 4, 1284, 32997, 297, 70, 6528, 3229, 442, 509, 14037, 450, 10, 28820, 127, 135254, 5809, 959, 186, 100, 4806, 2685, 5, 14847, 23, 15604, 4, 764, 509, 70, 30388, 111, 142, 110938, 2320, 81887, 4, 175100, 1810, 390, 102374, 97957, 5, 62, 91257, 44457, 100, 1919, 103488, 8121, 71, 68034, 23, 129706, 15, 11, 10617, 678, 70, 66724, 19, 135555, 194, 23972, 764, 81887, 297, 47, 16401, 181103, 26548, 70, 109343, 3428, 68818, 111, 74733, 87, 4, 54041, 111, 38660, 9370, 9, 724, 65512, 169, 4, 136, 4, 7103, 70, 65226, 72403, 4, 21574, 33, 297, 47, 21072, 13593, 15, 4, 18925, 51864, 4, 192049, 16, 47, 18645, 1919, 11374, 47, 152251, 197787, 4, 5117, 65922, 214, 66570, 4, 23, 10, 4989, 116483, 4, 1295, 70, 94309, 5256, 111, 44, 18, 70443, 26976, 47, 70, 28820, 127, 22304, 58, 136, 44, 147, 5176, 15182, 9523, 112884, 90, 58, 6, 243730, 2451, 3129, 70, 1286, 94567, 21533, 40059, 111, 70, 28820, 127, 393, 266, 52590, 26368, 6827, 7, 119140, 297, 538, 91048, 26548, 4049, 5, 1529, 509, 22, 182825, 297, 678, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 11062, 8613, 75913, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 129706, 4, 136, 23, 543, 12977, 4, 237, 9082, 111, 70, 159, 121197, 21286, 3428, 68818, 4, 764, 51339, 297, 208546, 7, 678, 1919, 10176, 187, 1176, 4, 959, 78458, 99, 70, 6, 80728, 111, 3065, 1336, 15, 35613, 602, 111373, 4, 16554, 16, 98, 22482, 483, 4, 7440, 4, 7103, 181952, 756, 5155, 4, 764, 16810, 272, 4420, 142, 119883, 13, 37772, 111, 237360, 4295, 5, 24372, 28702, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 182622, 102142, 6232, 1330, 97043, 15, 4, 2819, 11994, 616, 4, 729, 14889, 4, 6760, 19, 865, 46, 14487, 209, 4, 127357, 4, 4733, 34241, 16, 509, 10, 28820, 127, 185118, 136, 4537, 4, 142, 180, 139891, 452, 528, 136, 10, 15889, 40814, 111, 164111, 136, 175055, 4, 136, 10, 26366, 1940, 18, 9494, 297, 678, 3789, 28811, 65842, 1771, 112664, 7, 5, 18852, 227145, 341, 15188, 223, 10202, 15, 434, 497, 5775, 46526, 23, 70, 15672, 5550, 111, 213867, 329, 16, 136, 3342, 45233, 92, 391, 595, 3267, 39428, 15, 434, 497, 5775, 46526, 33233, 8752, 113157, 80469, 30738, 23, 98848, 136, 23, 70, 92265, 360, 330, 6889, 111, 49002, 247, 97043, 5775, 46526, 50782, 164111, 25, 7, 132988, 7, 151107, 1919, 133465, 136, 116338, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "November Uprising.", "First exile.", "1848 hero.", "Second exile and death.", "Character and legacy.", "Works.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "He was born on 14 March 1794 in Tarnów in Galicia, the area of Poland that had become part of the Habsburg Monarchy through the First Partition in 1772. After the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw from the territories captured by Napoleon, he moved with his parents to Kraków, where after finishing military school (where he distinguished himself in mathematics) and joined the ducal forces as a fifteen-year-old cadet. He joined a Polish artillery regiment as a sub-lieutenant and then lieutenant in the French service, took part in the French invasion of Russia (1812), and subsequently distinguished himself in the defence of Danzig () (JanuaryNovember 1813), winning the Knight's Cross of the Legion d'honneur. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Duchy of Warsaw was transformed into the constitutional Kingdom of Poland, a dependent territory of the Russian Empire, and Bem became a teacher at a military college. There he carried out research on a newly designed rocket-like missile, publishing his research with extensive illustrations. Bem became involved in a political conspiracy to restore Poland to full independence, but, when his membership in a secret patriotic organisation was discovered, he was demoted and sentenced (in 1822) to one year in prison. Although the sentence was suspended, Bem resigned his commission and moved to Galicia. In Galicia he researched steam engines and their application, and again published his results. Bem lived in Lviv (, ) and Brody until 1830, where he planned to write a treatise on the steam engine.", "When the November Uprising, a struggle for Polish independence, broke out on November 29, 1830, against the Russian Empire, Bem immediately joined the Polish insurgents. He arrived in Warsaw, was given a major's commission and the command of the 4th Light Cavalry Battalion, which he led during the Battles of Iganie and Ostrołęka. During the Battle of Ostrołęka, Bem's forces bravely charged the Russian opponents. Although the Polish army suffered a serious defeat with a loss of 6,000 men, Bem's actions prevented the destruction of the entire army. For his valour on the battlefield, Bem was awarded the Virtuti Militari Golden Cross and promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He was steadfastly against capitulation until the very end of the Uprising, during the desperate defence of Warsaw against Prince Paskievich (September 27, 1831). Nonetheless, the Polish army was eventually compelled to lay down arms on October 5, 1831, and crossed the Russian–Prussian partitional border under the command of General Maciej Rybiński in the Great Emigration.", "Bem then escaped to Paris, where he supported himself by teaching mathematics. In France, he published his next work, on the National Uprising in Poland, in which he not only gave an appraisal of the 1831 insurrection, but also tried to present a programme for the continuation of the struggle for the country's freedom. During his stay in France, he collaborated with the Hôtel Lambert organization and was a member of the Historical and Literary Society. In 1833 he went to Portugal to assist the liberal Dom Pedro against the reactionary Dom Miguel, but abandoned the idea when it was found that a Polish legion could not be formed there. When in Portugal, he was the target of an assassination attempt, carried out by Russian agents.", "A wider field for his activity presented itself in 1848 (along with the Austrian Revolution). First he attempted to hold Vienna against the imperial troops of Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, and, after the capitulation, hastened to Pressburg (, today Bratislava, Slovakia) to offer his services to Lajos Kossuth, first defending himself, in a long speech, from the accusations of \"treachery to the Polish cause\" and \"aristocratic tendencies\" ̇— which the more fanatical section of the Polish émigré Radicals repeatedly brought against him. He was entrusted with the defence of Transylvania at the end of 1848, and in 1849, as General of the Székely troops, he performed miracles with his little army, notably at the bridge of Piski (now Simeria, Romania) on February 9, where, after fighting all day, he drove back an immense force of pursuers. After relieving Transylvania he was sent to drive the Austrian General Anton Freiherr von Puchner out of the Banat region. Bem defeated him at Orsova (now Orșova) on May 16, but the Russian invasion forced him to retreat to Transylvania. From July 12 to 22 he was fighting continually, but finally, on July 31, his army was annihilated by overwhelming numbers in the Battle of Segesvár (now Sighişoara), Bem escaping only after feigning death. Yet he fought a fresh action at Nagycsür (now Șura Mare) on August 6, and contrived to bring his fragmented army to the Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara), to aid the hard-pressed General Henryk Dembiński. Bem was in command and was seriously wounded in the last pitched battle of the war, fought there on August 9.", "On the collapse of the rebellion he fled to the Ottoman Empire, where he adopted Islam, and served as Governor of Aleppo under the name of Murad Paşa/Pasha. His last military victory was defeating Bedouins sieging the city of Aleppo. On 10 December 1850, he died of malaria.", "Bem was a man respected for his courage and heroic temper, both of which were in contrast with his small stature. His influence is said to have been magnetic: although none of his Székely subordinates understood the language he spoke, most revered him. As a soldier Bem was remarkable for his excellent handling of artillery and the rapidity of his marches. In Hungarian, he is often referred to affectionately as \"\"Bem apó\"\", which roughly translates into \"Grandpa Bem\" or \"Old man Bem\". A statue to his honour has been erected at Marosvásárhely (now Târgu-Mureş, Romania) but he lives still more enduringly in the verses of the Hungarian national poet Sándor Petőfi, who fell in the fatal action of July 31, 1849 at the Battle of Segesvár. His remains were brought back to Poland in 1929 and laid to rest in a mausoleum in in the city of Tarnów. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (which originally started as a sympathy protest, supporting the Polish Poznań protests) began on October 23 with a protest at the foot of the Bem Statue in Budapest.", "Józef Bem published also in French, Polish and German languages books about the history of Poland, technology and military aspects:", "The great Polish poet Cyprian Norwid, a descendant of Jan III Sobieski, dedicated to Józef Bem the poem \"Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Funeral Rhapsody in Memory of Bem)\", which was subsequently used by other artists including Zbigniew Herbert and Czesław Niemen. Since 1969 Czesław Niemen's \"Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Mourner's Rhapsody in Memory of Bem)\" became cult status in Central Europe and also beyond the Iron Curtain. In 1974 an English version was re-recorded with the help of Michał Urbaniak, John Abercrombie, Jan Hammer, Rick Laird and Don Grolnick, which was published worldwide by CBS Records International. In 1977 the \"Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Mourner's Rhapsody in Memory of Bem)\" intro from the 1970 initial issue was bootlegged by the West German rock band Jane as intro and reprise intro for the second side of their elegic Krautrock album \"Between Heaven and Hell\" also immediately achieving golden record status. Józef Bem's descendants are present mainly among artists and in music related business in Poland and in exile and include the jazz singer Ewa Bem and her brothers Aleksander Bem and the jazz guitarist Jarosław Bem." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14631, 216351, 509, 103122, 98, 7071, 29835, 729, 10057, 4, 23, 1919, 27863, 25, 18276, 23, 10, 109412, 297, 16128, 111, 10542, 17678, 1760, 47064, 4, 118623, 5, 581, 94419, 1764, 83, 1632, 84765, 1295, 70, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 26908, 51529, 18925, 237, 216351, 19449, 4, 118623, 5, 581, 14631, 216351, 59745, 2005, 20897, 509, 145870, 98, 70, 9907, 131423, 111, 165837, 41076, 7, 23, 24849, 5, 18763, 67373, 8019, 6620, 216351, 21067, 3768, 1104, 2489, 88151, 509, 10, 71644, 21286, 78737, 10821, 128988, 2750, 2843, 41361, 71, 2258, 2278, 15123, 5, 18763, 42732, 72542, 29304, 21067, 1197, 104279, 168766, 16, 139505, 8019, 6620, 216351, 23, 729, 12744, 136, 1836, 1902, 43606, 20020, 12, 72542, 4, 14631, 4, 8019, 6620, 4, 60701, 4, 136, 33876, 29304, 5, 18763, 78840, 6236, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 79139, 1021, 9319, 61201, 60701, 216351, 66399, 27686, 47, 21629, 1295, 176637, 23, 70, 4122, 13521, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 509, 2831, 111, 142, 142, 45964, 50695, 4745, 118820, 51529, 237, 165854, 15030, 516, 5, 360, 611, 2525, 764, 33407, 297, 10, 21334, 98687, 111, 3551, 23, 17955, 7270, 127, 4, 10542, 17678, 1760, 47064, 4, 118623, 5, 216351, 25, 7, 42732, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 14631, 29304, 4, 2750, 194704, 3674, 1295, 82588, 136, 9615, 6259, 23, 43573, 1272, 18813, 14787, 47064, 4, 118623, 5, 29304, 509, 10, 180187, 53, 107653, 5, 22376, 54940, 14631, 216351, 25, 7, 6, 60502, 22230, 3542, 92265, 7674, 74244, 818, 177705, 7, 4, 2750, 21449, 47, 118623, 23, 71792, 5, 1913, 32070, 534, 4, 216351, 509, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 70, 459, 86, 10696, 23, 70, 54529, 53, 5, 1529, 29966, 297, 903, 10696, 4734, 534, 40859, 10, 6602, 4, 237, 1919, 18940, 509, 44841, 98, 70, 40617, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 216351, 100, 4806, 10, 6897, 10617, 222002, 678, 142, 114210, 18507, 15829, 4, 4939, 157530, 5, 216351, 25, 7, 42732, 68, 71, 23, 729, 12825, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 6626, 5369, 14432, 5, 145733, 764, 23, 86151, 3674, 57266, 1295, 15044, 111, 1919, 27863, 4, 70, 22958, 46799, 9, 18345, 216351, 509, 168861, 47, 205850, 1295, 10696, 47, 8060, 1919, 27150, 56, 82953, 7, 5, 18763, 29041, 9393, 57988, 289, 51, 11030, 4, 33876, 29304, 4, 100512, 10, 613, 33003, 67, 67373, 47, 216351, 136, 1919, 78, 79298, 7, 5, 62, 32786, 111, 70, 118623, 13038, 111, 54309, 15650, 7, 4, 29304, 34739, 216351, 47, 70, 10323, 111, 40478, 13593, 4, 118623, 4, 136, 22, 27722, 297, 4049, 23, 70, 29693, 111, 25031, 136, 23213, 5, 29304, 2843, 65508, 71, 216351, 47, 5526, 118623, 1779, 6044, 237, 14978, 234484, 4, 61201, 45233, 4, 136, 14787, 17955, 5, 360, 729, 16360, 4, 177986, 47, 70, 56101, 27759, 3514, 434, 23, 70, 19669, 42, 8927, 156637, 3387, 23, 132539, 47, 70, 44, 4153, 131145, 2661, 25515, 7, 4, 58, 136, 118623, 9325, 10, 33743, 1363, 47, 70, 23972, 185827, 77699, 5, 216351, 100512, 75412, 23, 70, 177986, 47, 47443, 27859, 17678, 4, 70, 190070, 23607, 42, 111, 118623, 4, 136, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 77076, 214, 111, 70, 62493, 42, 25, 7, 73416, 5, 360, 39395, 729, 11835, 4, 1672, 10, 6602, 136, 10, 23552, 7103, 1919, 22, 27722, 674, 4, 216351, 36069, 20051, 1810, 111, 40466, 136, 33284, 297, 70, 138, 4216, 118623, 31951, 674, 23, 70, 185827, 126140, 5, 1301, 70, 18738, 71, 177, 2069, 187, 1176, 34292, 71, 15659, 11, 2408, 23, 6863, 93324, 7, 4, 216351, 509, 62458, 297, 678, 70, 30648, 111, 23414, 86216, 4, 520, 6496, 1379, 154564, 25031, 17955, 5, 24372, 21775, 111, 23189, 4, 216351, 136, 10044, 118623, 87880, 1294, 1055, 3542, 35839, 144477, 47, 21265, 23, 70, 2356, 5753, 136, 2356, 101033, 80399, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 70, 118623, 1779, 174920, 4, 14787, 17955, 12441, 70, 187, 1176, 23, 10, 10267, 1283, 18, 1295, 2356, 5753, 6406, 3934, 2356, 101033, 136, 7068, 36880, 70, 64997, 15876, 32547, 3934, 192670, 5, 360, 72399, 14487, 4, 2161, 22482, 611, 4, 729, 15276, 4, 216351, 139505, 72542, 31984, 54969, 2858, 84453, 132869, 62946, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 4687, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 151900, 62, 70956, 66769, 31984, 54969, 136, 94239, 329, 31984, 54969, 4, 10, 180187, 53, 188535, 136, 36770, 56101, 93324, 5, 216351, 435, 604, 12960, 520, 6496, 23, 70, 185827, 216351, 54324, 1919, 19336, 118623, 21873, 1363, 23, 729, 17168, 47, 30957, 27165, 136, 44951, 7, 5, 1529, 14432, 211394, 297, 1919, 29041, 44462, 48869, 111, 141753, 70, 101785, 111, 10, 21334, 21873, 1363, 136, 6, 87240, 6238, 6782, 68894, 14537, 4, 1284, 1919, 21873, 1363, 509, 8306, 18348, 2886, 5, 106073, 764, 6, 157272, 5045, 1286, 3551, 136, 5941, 1286, 94859, 7, 4, 136, 149575, 3674, 23, 57266, 4, 764, 509, 41207, 538, 98, 1764, 47, 645, 21231, 70, 41018, 7, 5, 9578, 184, 1314, 191607, 70, 94859, 7, 182, 1495, 538, 216351, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 118623, 13038, 111, 228532, 90, 23, 68388, 5442, 24372, 520, 6496, 98, 118623, 25, 7, 130922, 70615, 4, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 77699, 111, 70, 102668, 820, 2320, 23, 7582, 729, 17168, 136, 149976, 23, 7714, 34740, 24189, 77699, 158, 1353, 297, 23, 33633, 1507, 4, 2356, 101033, 23, 18237, 729, 13903, 5, 1529, 1902, 149976, 10, 3622, 111, 17262, 5369, 3229, 764, 77681, 90223, 71, 1295, 450, 23179, 390, 70, 79986, 111, 2062, 22062, 5, 3311, 450, 1733, 4, 70, 27759, 509, 41714, 23, 70, 142458, 53, 10323, 111, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 360, 729, 13903, 4, 216351, 1379, 188, 685, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 24745, 8305, 65925, 2356, 5753, 136, 192670, 47, 134071, 70, 27289, 23, 70, 23924, 25617, 5, 581, 9742, 122991, 71, 4049, 450, 70, 14098, 46684, 1902, 47, 81147, 130891, 47, 32997, 6863, 32323, 23, 70, 10776, 136, 237, 33657, 6226, 111, 70, 23924, 25617, 5, 51404, 520, 6496, 23, 77699, 4, 216351, 100512, 142, 204797, 100, 171827, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 136, 112730, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 70, 32562, 136, 46692, 111, 70, 23924, 25617, 68149, 7154, 5, 581, 23335, 3956, 75935, 70, 23924, 25617, 148503, 31667, 4, 101904, 100, 30361, 86052, 111, 70, 43396, 90, 10542, 45233, 136, 3789, 2874, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14631, 216351, 15, 74, 7071, 29835, 729, 10057, 46, 20414, 201, 4, 543, 95787, 509, 142, 15672, 117249, 669, 4, 183093, 4, 61634, 136, 215624, 214, 160960, 2750, 149976, 237, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 13918, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 1295, 543, 2489, 47, 543, 2588, 5, 62, 32786, 111, 70, 182017, 9, 4332, 143637, 19, 31016, 4, 216351, 509, 70, 4568, 13918, 111, 70, 118623, 68728, 8946, 74, 1919, 79390, 2408, 60754, 297, 678, 70, 14825, 111, 18621, 133903, 5180, 5, 1529, 83, 95134, 2965, 51529, 100, 83, 1159, 214, 70, 216351, 29048, 3996, 86, 4, 10, 44930, 111, 2343, 232, 214, 28811, 190070, 8780, 23, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 149976, 237, 70, 23607, 42, 111, 118623, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Revolutionary War service.", "Marriage and family.", "Plantations and slavery.", "Early political career.", "Virginia politics.", "Senator.", "Minister to France.", "Confrontations and strife with Alexander Hamilton.", "Governor of Virginia and diplomat.", "Governor of Virginia.", "Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain.", "1808 election and the Quids.", "Secretary of State and Secretary of War.", "Madison administration.", "Election of 1816.", "Presidency.", "Domestic affairs.", "Democratic-Republican Party dominance.", "Administration and cabinet.", "Missouri Compromise.", "Internal improvements.", "Panic of 1819.", "Foreign affairs.", "Treaties with Britain and Russia.", "Acquisition of Florida.", "Monroe Doctrine.", "Election of 1820.", "States admitted to the Union.", "Post-presidency.", "Religious beliefs.", "Slavery.", "Legacy.", "Historical reputation.", "Memorials." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in his parents' house in a wooded area of Westmoreland County, Virginia. The marked site is one mile from the unincorporated community known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. His father Spence Monroe (1727–1774) was a moderately prosperous planter who also practiced carpentry. His mother Elizabeth Jones (1730–1772) married Spence Monroe in 1752 and they had five children: Elizabeth, James, Spence, Andrew, and Joseph Jones. His paternal great-great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century, and was part of an ancient Scottish clan known as Clan Munro. In 1650 he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Monroe's mother was the daughter of James Jones, who immigrated from Wales and settled in nearby King George County, Virginia. Jones was a wealthy architect. Also among James Monroe's ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. At age 11, Monroe was enrolled in the lone school in the county. He attended this school only 11 weeks a year, as his labor was needed on the farm. During this time, Monroe formed a lifelong friendship with an older classmate, John Marshall. Monroe's mother died in 1772, and his father two years later. Though he inherited property from both of his parents, the 16-year-old Monroe was forced to withdraw from school to support his younger brothers. His childless maternal uncle, Joseph Jones, became a surrogate father to Monroe and his siblings. A member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Jones took Monroe to the capital of Williamsburg, Virginia, and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary. Jones also introduced Monroe to important Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Washington. In 1774, opposition to the British government grew in the Thirteen Colonies in reaction to the \"Intolerable Acts,\" and Virginia sent a delegation to the First Continental Congress. Monroe became involved in the opposition to Lord Dunmore, the colonial governor of Virginia, and took part in the storming of the Governor's Palace.", "In early 1776, about a year and a half after his enrollment, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army. As the fledgling army valued literacy in its officers, Monroe was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant, serving under Captain William Washington. After months of training, Monroe and 700 Virginia infantrymen were called north to serve in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Shortly after the Virginians arrived, George Washington led the army in a retreat from New York City into New Jersey and then across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. In late December,", "On February 16, 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830) in New York City. She was the daughter of Hannah Aspinwall Kortright and Laurence Kortright, a wealthy trader and former British officer. Monroe met her while serving in the Continental", "Monroe sold his small Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics. He later fulfilled his childhood dream of becoming the owner of a large plantation and wielding great political power, but his plantation was never profitable. Although he owned much more land and many more slaves, and speculated in property, he was rarely on site to oversee the operations. Overseers treated the slaves harshly", "", "Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782. After serving on Virginia's Executive Council, he was elected to the Congress of the Confederation in November 1783 and served in Annapolis until Congress convened in Trenton, New Jersey in June 1784. He had served a total of three years when he finally retired from that office by the rule of rotation. By that time, the government was meeting in the temporary capital of New York City. In 1784, Monroe undertook an extensive trip through Western New York and Pennsylvania to inspect the conditions in the Northwest. The tour convinced him that the United States had to pressure Britain to abandon its posts in the region and assert control of the Northwest. While serving in Congress, Monroe became an advocate for western expansion, and played a key role in the writing and passage of the Northwest Ordinance. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, providing for federal administration of the territories West", "Henry and other anti-federalists hoped to elect a Congress that would amend the Constitution to take away most of the powers it had been granted (\"commit suicide on [its] own authority,\" as Madison put it). Henry recruited Monroe to run against Madison for a House seat in the First Congress, and he had the Virginia legislature draw a congressional district designed to elect Monroe. During the campaign, Madison and Monroe often traveled together, and the election did not destroy their friendship. Madison prevailed over Monroe, taking 1,308 votes compared to Monroe's 972 votes. Following his defeat, Monroe returned to his legal duties and developed his farm in Charlottesville. After the death of Senator William Grayson in 1790,", "After arriving in France, Monroe addressed the National Convention, receiving a standing ovation for his speech celebrating republicanism. He experienced several early diplomatic successes, including the protection of U.S. trade from French attacks. He also used his influence to win the release of Thomas Paine and Adrienne de La Fayette, the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette. Months after Monroe arrived in France, the U.S. and Great Britain concluded the Jay Treaty, outraging both the French and Monroe—not fully informed about the treaty prior to its publication. Despite the undesirable effects of the Jay Treaty on Franco-American relations, Monroe won French support for U.S. navigational rights on the Mississippi River—the mouth of which was controlled by Spain—and in 1795 the U.S. and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty. The treaty granted the U.S.", "Back in 1792, then-Senator Monroe was investigating charges of corruption and misuse of Federal funds earmarked as pay for Revolutionary War veterans, when he encountered claims that Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton was involved. Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg, and Abraham Venable determined that Hamilton had been making payments to James Reynolds, a co-conspirator in the financial scheme using government money. The investigating committee prepared a report for George Washington, but confronted Hamilton before sending it. Hamilton confessed not to the corruption charge, but instead to an affair with Reynolds' wife, Maria. He claimed Reynolds had found out and was blackmailing him, and offered letters to prove his story. The investigators immediately dropped the matter, and Monroe promised Hamilton he would keep the matter private. When another suspect in that investigation, Jacob Clingman, told Maria Reynolds about the claim she'd had an affair with Hamilton, she denied", "", "On a party-line vote, the Virginia legislature elected Monroe as Governor of Virginia in 1799. He would serve as governor until 1802. The constitution of Virginia endowed the governor with very few powers aside from commanding the militia when the Assembly called it into action. But Monroe used his stature to convince legislators to enhance state involvement in transportation and education and to increase training for the militia. Monroe also began to give State of the Commonwealth addresses to the legislature, in which he highlighted areas in which he believed the legislature should act. Monroe also led an effort to create the state's first penitentiary, and imprisonment replaced other, often", "Shortly after the end of Monroe's gubernatorial tenure, President Jefferson sent Monroe back to France to assist Ambassador Robert R. Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. In the 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso, France had acquired the territory of Louisiana from Spain; at the time, many in the U.S. believed that France had also acquired West Florida in the same treaty. The American delegation originally sought to acquire West Florida and the city of New Orleans, which controlled the trade of the Mississippi River. Determined to acquire New Orleans even if it meant war with France, Jefferson also", "On his return to Virginia in 1807, Monroe received a warm reception, and many urged him to run in the 1808 presidential election. After Jefferson refused to submit the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, Monroe had come to believe that Jefferson had snubbed the treaty out of the desire to avoid elevating Monroe above Madison in 1808. Out of deference to Jefferson, Monroe agreed to avoid actively campaigning for the presidency, but he did not rule out accepting a draft effort. The Democratic-Republican Party was increasingly factionalized, with \"Old Republicans\" or \"Quids\" denouncing the Jefferson administration for abandoning what they considered to be true republican principles. The Quids tried to enlist", "", "Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was elected to another term as governor in 1811, but served only four months. In April 1811, Madison appointed Monroe as Secretary of State in hopes of shoring up the support of the more radical factions of the Democratic-Republicans. Madison also hoped that Monroe, an experienced diplomat with whom he had once been close friends, would improve upon the performance of the previous Secretary of State, Robert Smith. Madison assured Monroe that their differences regarding the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty had been a misunderstanding, and the two resumed their friendship. On", "Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from", "", "", "Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making federal appointments, which reduced political tensions and augmented the sense of \"oneness\" that pervaded the United States. He made two long national tours to build national trust. At Boston, a newspaper hailed his 1817 visit as", "Monroe appointed a geographically-balanced cabinet, through which he led the executive branch. At Monroe's request, Crawford continued to serve as Treasury Secretary. Monroe also chose to retain Benjamin Crowninshield of Massachusetts as Secretary of the Navy and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as Attorney General. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the", "In February 1819, a bill to enable the people of the Missouri Territory to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the House of Representatives. During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York \"tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings\" by offering the Tallmadge Amendment, which prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required that all future children of slave parents therein should be free at the age of twenty-five years. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, where both amendments were rejected. A House–Senate conference committee was unable to resolve the disagreements on the bill, and so the entire measure failed. The ensuing debates pitted the northern \"restrictionists\" (antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from", "As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of internal improvements to help the country develop. Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs. Monroe believed that the young nation needed an improved infrastructure, including a transportation network to grow and thrive economically, but did not think that the Constitution authorized Congress to build, maintain, and operate a national transportation system. Monroe repeatedly urged Congress to pass an amendment allowing Congress the power to finance internal improvements, but Congress never acted on his proposal, in part because many congressmen believed that the Constitution did in fact authorize the federal financing of internal improvements. In 1822, Congress passed a bill authorizing the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road, with the tolls being used to finance", "Two years into his presidency, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the Panic of 1819, the first major depression to hit the country since the ratification of the Constitution in 1788. The panic stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands, fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from", "According to historian William E. Weeks, \"Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally\". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.", "Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812. In 1817 the United States and Britain signed the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and British North America. The Treaty of 1818, also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present Canada–United States border from Minnesota to", "Spain had long rejected repeated American efforts to purchase Florida. But by 1818, Spain was facing a troubling colonial situation in which the cession of Florida made sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain and the United States. With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States. In response to these Seminole attacks, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. The expedition,", "Monroe was deeply sympathetic to the Latin American revolutionary movements against Spain. He was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain. Monroe initially refused to recognize the Latin American governments due to ongoing negotiations with Spain over Florida. In March 1822, Monroe officially recognized the countries of Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, all of which had won independence from Spain. Secretary of State Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was", "The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed, the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire, William Plumer, cast a", "Five new states were admitted", "When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill, what is now included in the grounds of the University of Virginia. He served on the university's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and under the second rector James Madison, both former presidents, almost until his death. He and his wife lived at Oak Hill in Aldie, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death at age 62 on September 23, 1830. In August 1825, the Monroes had received the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams as guests there. Monroe incurred many unliquidated debts during his years of public life. He sold off his Highland Plantation. It is now owned by his \"alma mater\", the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public as a historic site. Throughout his life, he was financially insolvent, which was exacerbated by his wife's poor health. Monroe was elected as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional", "\"When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion,\" historian Bliss Isely notes, \"less is known than that of any other President.\" No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain", "Monroe owned dozens of slaves. He took several slaves with him to Washington to serve at the White House from 1817 to 1825. This was typical of other slaveholders, as Congress did not provide for domestic staff of the presidents at that time. As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. \"What was the origin of our slave population?\" he rhetorically asked. \"The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown.\" To the dismay of states' rights proponents, he was willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance to emancipate and transport freed slaves to other countries. At the convention,", "", "Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Monroe as an above average president. Monroe presided over a period in which the United States began to turn away from European affairs and towards domestic issues. His presidency saw the United States", "The capital of Liberia is named Monrovia after Monroe; it is the only national capital other than Washington, D.C. named after a U.S. president. Monroe is the namesake of seventeen Monroe counties. Monroe, Maine, Monroe, Michigan, Monroe, Georgia, Monroe, Connecticut, both Monroe Townships in New Jersey, and Fort Monroe are" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 28090, 6863, 59665, 7, 237, 70, 44, 161397, 9, 568, 42, 939, 1495, 58, 15, 856, 4438, 6921, 939, 1495, 4, 7895, 26950, 13769, 18, 23, 43563, 238, 46876, 7, 1284, 2843, 22556, 5, 4966, 23, 70, 43701, 136, 20787, 48461, 69407, 56104, 15005, 7, 18410, 16, 23, 70, 187434, 19, 44492, 53, 101120, 7, 23, 53190, 658, 1463, 4, 9098, 4, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 86608, 7, 144477, 25617, 8305, 43157, 567, 76541, 23, 62084, 10684, 4384, 4, 41714, 70, 50389, 464, 136, 717, 7296, 96113, 7, 8108, 1143, 9966, 678, 70, 3545, 43573, 7712, 939, 9, 12662, 172, 74494, 23, 171827, 602, 21547, 11, 4, 49002, 7103, 5, 581, 9351, 10074, 6921, 939, 1495, 24073, 161397, 9, 568, 42, 939, 1495, 58, 23, 62084, 10684, 4, 707, 44, 15982, 56, 299, 6921, 939, 1495, 58, 23, 102374, 16, 83, 190659, 390, 3060, 42179, 7, 4, 41866, 23, 49002, 136, 62084, 10684, 4384, 4, 47, 70, 1407, 56, 15411, 111, 70, 96113, 4, 1295, 6863, 31344, 22, 33558, 43157, 567, 76541, 5, 581, 13579, 22392, 6921, 939, 1495, 4, 23, 177986, 47, 70, 10074, 6921, 939, 1495, 4, 509, 46505, 25958, 11814, 23, 70, 11015, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 35064, 85437, 567, 76541, 74, 5036, 903, 127689, 83, 21334, 538, 228908, 13, 5, 581, 142105, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 621, 4, 1295, 31344, 47, 113008, 12, 360, 62084, 10684, 4384, 136, 49002, 4, 70069, 7, 4, 44828, 1505, 136, 3980, 519, 109923, 7, 56136, 67, 70, 96113, 20271, 70, 6, 2980, 9, 32087, 34003, 4, 17721, 7071, 136, 18374, 5, 2383, 1042, 4, 5368, 47, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 11341, 9, 157272, 6921, 939, 1495, 32547, 8294, 26783, 33734, 4, 32354, 7, 237, 70, 142105, 96113, 11469, 23, 65925, 602, 21547, 11, 5, 2161, 70, 62084, 10684, 4384, 40059, 111, 70, 96113, 2685, 621, 13379, 538, 17262, 13036, 64707, 219945, 18153, 7, 4, 24, 110987, 99, 667, 10684, 867, 192, 4, 345, 271, 9, 8139, 43483, 6504, 1042, 136, 7525, 202, 7568, 1042, 5, 581, 8999, 25, 7, 53894, 525, 56776, 4, 678, 10, 36069, 111, 4, 114864, 96113, 83629, 47, 390, 9, 13409, 70, 22539, 99, 345, 271, 9, 8139, 43483, 6504, 1042, 5, 5586, 7, 32316, 100, 70, 50961, 111, 40368, 1286, 22539, 7, 5, 129335, 22539, 7, 765, 2809, 64549, 297, 98, 70, 76438, 40059, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 237, 5299, 12, 70, 1345, 350, 76457, 15251, 15, 1403, 1403, 17078, 2767, 16, 25844, 15, 247, 70, 29269, 115940, 15, 182148, 244485, 84861, 3987, 16, 25844, 15, 247, 136, 70, 27331, 6, 166000, 25844, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 70, 7362, 39988, 4960, 449, 1132, 25, 56, 25844, 136, 70, 7362, 39988, 41115, 6140, 25844, 98, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 25, 7, 7108, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 7362, 39988, 32547, 136, 70, 3291, 133, 32262, 350, 25844, 136, 33124, 11, 32547, 41115, 6140, 25844, 98, 15700, 7108, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 33124, 11, 32547, 5, 581, 182688, 96113, 39531, 2317, 152132, 7, 4, 38134, 538, 45252, 297, 390, 70, 345, 108371, 1774, 43148, 136, 172647, 7, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 19340, 7, 4, 2806, 25379, 3060, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 25, 7, 15, 2940, 144681, 3545, 25, 7, 16, 7401, 47, 70, 7401, 9, 71, 110410, 10776, 7, 111, 9879, 62084, 10684, 4384, 136, 221787, 5, 31384, 11389, 7, 111, 903, 13452, 2806, 765, 51592, 70, 48225, 111, 86608, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 39531, 5281, 23, 6863, 40059, 17721, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 717, 7296, 15, 257, 717, 7296, 1042, 16, 136, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 678, 70, 3545, 99, 7712, 939, 9, 12662, 172, 74494, 4, 4911, 7, 105233, 142, 44, 142238, 9, 568, 42, 939, 1495, 740, 51404, 6097, 67722, 1771, 1940, 5918, 73, 12302, 150370, 7, 3542, 959, 29479, 297, 4, 10, 164917, 6921, 939, 1495, 1104, 161397, 38269, 73908, 509, 88303, 17721, 38576, 136, 27898, 47, 100677, 7401, 47, 70, 36898, 62084, 10684, 29954, 13569, 136, 47, 1632, 111, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 5201, 25297, 27585, 4, 9006, 38269, 5, 360, 5726, 4, 137158, 59801, 3542, 64549, 297, 47, 100677, 7401, 1295, 70, 26944, 47, 70, 50389, 464, 136, 62084, 10684, 4384, 25, 7, 10323, 4, 10772, 9, 294, 202, 1076, 5, 360, 9098, 4, 10, 16610, 26944, 509, 64549, 297, 23, 22059, 15, 36448, 23, 78219, 99, 1388, 47, 45, 11549, 3060, 111, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 7401, 47, 70, 22, 1846, 42, 1106, 1771, 43157, 345, 11898, 474, 4, 124901, 17366, 1902, 2809, 6817, 214, 127841, 79850, 4743, 47, 70, 118055, 193, 10384, 2320, 4527, 111, 70, 85437, 25, 7, 5201, 261, 155283, 4, 70, 345, 11898, 474, 32547, 5, 360, 70, 4568, 5369, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 136, 70, 39395, 3576, 7, 4, 10, 5045, 1286, 13036, 13452, 4, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 1104, 161397, 11354, 1104, 48743, 16588, 10084, 73908, 509, 140528, 5, 8942, 1283, 5281, 7401, 4527, 23, 9098, 1556, 143434, 88551, 50509, 7, 54940, 62084, 10684, 136, 102374, 156444, 64370, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 13416, 91376, 390, 62084, 10684, 4384, 67155, 26976, 25188, 1314, 23, 24159, 70, 3622, 6921, 939, 1495, 7401, 4527, 23, 9098, 83, 1672, 117, 6602, 74, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 4734, 1672, 77325, 111, 2367, 2806, 186, 70, 96113, 25, 7, 44, 84832, 58, 86608, 16156, 1785, 1810, 111, 483, 1785, 16, 58359, 70, 62084, 10684, 132988, 5, 49953, 162708, 33233, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 4, 1295, 31344, 47, 113008, 4, 26698, 12, 132556, 6, 68823, 7514, 6, 80728, 7, 27734, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 5, 10660, 621, 105866, 23, 70, 25632, 162708, 12, 1301, 70, 1461, 53, 8627, 1104, 6766, 217, 309, 85736, 7514, 23, 9098, 25, 7, 53190, 658, 1463, 83, 8035, 65042, 297, 154732, 44492, 53, 6406, 4, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 6, 80728, 645, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 99, 7473, 8627, 1221, 3871, 47, 186, 64549, 297, 237, 5299, 5, 93511, 10821, 11192, 7514, 6, 80728, 7, 645, 70, 6921, 939, 1495, 32316, 23, 9098, 4, 62084, 10684, 4384, 4, 136, 49002, 5, 8622, 621, 110, 6, 80728, 7, 111, 2499, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6921, 939, 1495, 15, 4, 44, 18468, 1861, 7, 347, 164821, 19, 830, 44, 56, 206, 28371, 830, 44, 18, 17084, 141, 56128, 2819, 4, 1004, 1814, 4, 2819, 76438, 12, 6, 22878, 5100, 37530, 2920, 10970, 4, 6520, 9298, 12, 44, 6642, 25, 2353, 42, 864, 430, 122271, 35709, 830, 211423, 25, 56, 91577, 12, 2620, 278, 1195, 278, 835, 21107, 488, 926, 488, 6257, 1060, 74, 4, 93007, 122141, 4, 44, 18468, 16560, 56128, 4, 602, 21547, 66, 1218, 867, 12, 178405, 71620, 226, 736, 4, 44, 647, 395, 26, 42, 1636, 26, 18939, 83, 10, 96113, 23, 49002, 4, 9098, 4, 136, 62084, 10684, 4384, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 185256, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 3545, 136, 83, 2843, 4989, 525, 68762, 6635, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Main tributaries.", "Economic use.", "Cities.", "Bridges.", "History.", "Cultural references." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "From its origins as the \"Kara-Irtysh\" (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after. The name Black Irtysh (\"Kara-Irtysh\" in Kazakh, or \"Cherny Irtysh\" in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan; now this usage is largely obsolete.", "The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:", "In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and Cargo ships navigate the river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia. On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The world's deepest lock, with a drop of, allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk. Plans exist for the construction of several more dams. Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well: the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam (), the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam (), and the Project 635 Dam. There are also the Burqin Chonghu'er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh's right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River. The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh's (and possibly Ob's) water to the water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an \"Anti-Irtysh\". While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country's main industrial center, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan's capital, Nur-Sultan. In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at ) to divert some of the Irtysh water to the endorrheic Lake Ulungur, whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake's main affluent, the Ulungur River. In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists. According to a report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river's \"natural\" flow (6 km out of 9 km) reach the Kazakh border.", "Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include:", "Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in the following cities: As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China's Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well. Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. There are no bridges of any kind on the Irtysh downstream of Tobolsk (nor, for that matter, anywhere on the Ob downstream from its confluence with the Irtysh).", "A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks. Helu's defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks. In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir) was located on the Irtysh a few miles upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today's Tobolsk is situated). The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen) was Tobolsk, founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from the former Qashliq. Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south. In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia's southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh. The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities' attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes. Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River, north of Lake Zaysan. Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides. The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof (; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing empire, it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host. The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing \"amban\" from Chuguchak to one of the Cossacks' fishing stations (\"Batavski Piket\"). The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China's modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860. The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side. The Qing empire's military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia's favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).", "The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1866 novel \"Crime and Punishment\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 121793, 49553, 71479, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 47, 42459, 70, 207116, 111, 84158, 271, 7, 20697, 100, 10, 139869, 456, 57964, 23, 1919, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 571, 4689, 581, 6023, 58, 111, 54566, 5, 58592, 4439, 456, 71013, 297, 23, 28980, 12, 1650, 83, 7941, 100, 2684, 3395, 47, 28987, 3642, 145358, 21533, 903, 45730, 297, 7068, 5, 106073, 70, 84247, 927, 77699, 111, 70, 198387, 8357, 6777, 41392, 903, 237, 10, 207116, 4, 442, 509, 137567, 17569, 47, 186, 186768, 538, 69201, 47, 5646, 6044, 10, 24036, 44286, 29954, 4, 237, 175055, 1902, 21771, 2809, 10, 115524, 456, 57964, 23, 45913, 5, 33876, 79062, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 23, 134349, 86052, 87420, 70, 102374, 18543, 5550, 136, 6863, 7103, 125458, 4, 5299, 37629, 297, 3642, 70, 81887, 47, 78431, 12981, 7816, 5342, 9, 40946, 98834, 7, 87420, 14713, 20271, 136, 7103, 6661, 5550, 87, 2451, 2347, 98834, 7, 111, 38222, 74668, 3742, 2451, 8408, 153161, 165523, 5, 52455, 25074, 12981, 7816, 5342, 7, 1902, 17569, 99, 70, 1733, 450, 6097, 98834, 7, 3542, 70, 131, 32116, 111, 70, 8999, 98834, 4, 1284, 70, 21, 3055, 8306, 4912, 29367, 5, 1650, 509, 903, 4552, 50081, 450, 1902, 22648, 19, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 6528, 111, 184903, 23, 1632, 23295, 237, 70, 134349, 32528, 25, 7, 10002, 60875, 5, 17106, 6044, 186768, 182417, 23, 7086, 4, 79062, 42459, 297, 47, 70, 119893, 111, 24453, 9022, 28811, 52287, 271, 68036, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 450, 1836, 5608, 13379, 61261, 237, 204797, 7, 111, 10, 44, 223354, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 740, 24372, 70, 8, 88981, 111, 83572, 102126, 136, 6863, 756, 3387, 23, 24453, 9022, 14713, 4, 66128, 1419, 1104, 5267, 694, 1419, 3790, 43866, 69438, 7, 5117, 80723, 71062, 214, 98, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 7722, 88669, 7844, 149307, 47, 184903, 4, 34475, 70, 169424, 111, 70, 134349, 6096, 126140, 5, 360, 2684, 58555, 111, 24453, 9022, 14713, 4, 70, 84158, 271, 9148, 90, 6777, 959, 109312, 5646, 14537, 105237, 1284, 64457, 79786, 23, 37197, 1311, 1799, 5256, 678, 161838, 68036, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 134349, 32528, 4, 3129, 509, 51521, 538, 10, 1632, 9, 71983, 11341, 4, 10, 144732, 111, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 58732, 111, 24453, 9022, 14713, 3542, 3790, 2264, 71407, 6024, 9, 71983, 117249, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 3114, 2069, 66128, 1419, 1104, 5267, 694, 1419, 68036, 110, 51713, 35839, 61261, 84158, 271, 23, 2363, 51521, 44759, 237, 1836, 1902, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 581, 7142, 1419, 172904, 31016, 111, 102126, 15, 119089, 16, 100, 110527, 509, 362, 41745, 38526, 10, 69941, 111, 70, 103246, 136, 70, 84158, 271, 31016, 111, 102126, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 3789, 28811, 117249, 3542, 79986, 71, 390, 27985, 56, 25, 7, 707, 7142, 1419, 9148, 90, 5, 360, 70, 24453, 9022, 178109, 4, 44, 243238, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 58, 509, 10, 164661, 100, 99866, 11341, 5, 106685, 3786, 40235, 26171, 71, 10, 21373, 6528, 111, 10, 41421, 9, 67413, 53397, 15182, 2408, 23, 70, 27712, 34666, 44, 20320, 2356, 240596, 740, 360, 45604, 4, 764, 2806, 3249, 10, 116483, 98, 70, 3395, 25, 7, 139869, 28214, 1290, 16070, 5, 581, 3395, 25, 7, 139869, 3299, 2806, 14432, 186, 190659, 47, 99866, 117249, 23, 14237, 4, 26719, 9098, 4, 239, 232, 4, 23924, 26320, 136, 39272, 5, 51404, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 58732, 3542, 90698, 10, 3173, 111, 70, 28214, 1290, 16070, 111, 70, 208539, 29270, 4, 61112, 6044, 237, 70, 280, 11597, 15123, 4, 28672, 6, 168519, 13, 5380, 3629, 136, 161838, 6, 168519, 13, 5380, 3629, 3542, 107003, 47, 42938, 13, 5, 17348, 913, 16362, 86532, 1430, 334, 143726, 538, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 207116, 111, 88669, 7844, 149307, 47, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 509, 1653, 2063, 3674, 23, 70, 7964, 90254, 111, 70, 345, 108371, 237, 10, 1601, 62783, 5, 581, 134349, 24129, 14137, 44, 284, 147638, 111, 210017, 84158, 7, 39, 58, 61924, 71, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 129099, 1002, 64370, 136, 3789, 109091, 37379, 2874, 9, 42378, 86631, 18, 84158, 271, 7, 3542, 26548, 70, 6528, 111, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 3129, 1836, 24124, 237, 168, 38543, 70, 96125, 1419, 51636, 6620, 98, 70, 18507, 3533, 3956, 111, 756, 11341, 14537, 5, 581, 66128, 64370, 2665, 97291, 45, 10763, 6635, 127472, 7, 3395, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 41021, 25, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 509, 10, 70, 4524, 70760, 23755, 28032, 66128, 8780, 1104, 5267, 694, 8780, 136, 10, 3173, 111, 27759, 23, 52287, 271, 117249, 3129, 126809, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 136, 450, 107003, 23, 154453, 100, 10, 6024, 9, 67413, 4, 6024, 9, 71983, 53397, 15182, 2408, 98, 70, 60875, 7514, 47, 184903, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Idea." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "György Lukács was one of the first to suggest the possibility of Communists working for a democratic republic in his so-called \"Blum Thesis\" of 1929. Lukacs recounted in 1967: It is hard for most people to imagine how paradoxical this sounded then. Although the Sixth Congress of the Third International did mention this as a possibility, it was generally thought to be historically impossible to take such a retrograde step, as Hungary had already been a soviet republic in 1919. Joseph Stalin, who had been in Soviet administration throughout the Russian Civil War and its aftermath, well remembered how the attempt to fight Bolshevik-style revolutions throughout Europe during and after World War I—the revolutions of 1917–1923—had mostly failed. Many Old Bolsheviks had thought at the time that these revolutions were the vanguard of the world revolution, but the latter never materialized. It was this very reality that had driven the development of the idea of socialism in one country as the Soviet Union's own path. With such historical lessons in mind, Stalin suggested to the leaders of Eastern European communist parties at the end of World War II that they should present themselves as advocates of a \"people's democracy\". After the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies in Eastern Europe, Marxist–Leninist theoreticians first began expanding on the idea of a possible peaceful transition to socialism, given the presence of the Soviet Red Army. In most areas of Eastern Europe, the Communist Parties did not immediately take power directly but instead worked in Popular Coalitions with progressive parties. Unlike the Soviet Union, which was officially a one-party state, a majority of people's democracies of Eastern Europe were theoretically multi-party states. Many of the ruling Marxist–Leninist parties no longer called themselves Communist in their official title as they had in the 1930s. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) for instance was ostensibly a union of the SPD and the Communist Party of Germany. Many of the other European states were ruled by Worker's or Socialist Parties. In the Eastern Bloc, \"People's democracy\" was a synonym for socialist state. Mao Zedong proposed a similar idea of a cross-class democracy in the 1940 essay \"On New Democracy\". In 1949, he would make a speech on the people's democratic dictatorship. The people's democratic model would later be applied to socialist states in Asia, including China, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam.", "While people's democracies were considered a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat, classes such as the peasantry, petite bourgeoisie and progressive bourgeoisie were allowed to participate. Nikita Khrushchev explicitly stated that the possibility of peaceful transition to people's democracy was predicated in the global strength of the USSR as a superpower. The Soviet Textbook \"A Dictionary of Scientific Communism\" defined people's democracy as follows: Trotskyists and other dissident anti-Stalinist Communists were against the idea of people's democracy which they saw as denying the Leninist insistence on the class essence of all state power. The Marxists Internet Archive dictionary critiques people's democracy as follows:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 74855, 7, 111, 290, 6133, 1294, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 47, 70, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 111, 6818, 592, 5, 31143, 509, 10, 759, 7, 70760, 37772, 450, 27198, 297, 1632, 161451, 3934, 15700, 136, 4911, 7, 509, 111, 158978, 33946, 47, 332, 68347, 5, 1650, 509, 11476, 450, 12441, 47, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 193, 191, 136, 47589, 90, 5, 24372, 86761, 509, 134053, 136, 100512, 10, 33757, 223, 12924, 4, 5941, 3395, 3542, 60892, 47, 7413, 10, 55300, 450, 5809, 96760, 3789, 161451, 7, 3934, 86761, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 70, 22664, 175201, 35839, 144, 1430, 1176, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 1430, 6133, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 2356, 42845, 110, 309, 44, 1861, 11714, 830, 142, 1563, 105160, 14, 2320, 111, 44, 289, 1861, 11714, 58, 15, 289, 1430, 6133, 194, 884, 34610, 64370, 134053, 5941, 165045, 9433, 90, 450, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 5744, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 83230, 38904, 237, 642, 3714, 442, 18925, 4, 509, 26868, 297, 390, 180611, 239, 26789, 56904, 678, 1919, 27165, 111, 17467, 1363, 111, 46889, 23, 729, 17168, 5, 581, 103882, 3387, 111, 70, 165045, 80854, 1556, 10, 4989, 32692, 167575, 1916, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 120164, 23180, 390, 170467, 276, 217822, 334, 5, 581, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 75935, 23, 91255, 76199, 142, 40881, 645, 22751, 111, 165045, 103882, 53, 16792, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 73401, 100, 290, 6133, 7, 137567, 64209, 99, 19713, 10, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 4, 1284, 5941, 19069, 7, 4, 41866, 8382, 23, 25188, 4, 64209, 10, 18897, 111, 28745, 707, 10, 52625, 111, 6, 197652, 53, 15, 45689, 397, 5, 194, 17006, 1379, 88610, 2182, 103391, 352, 14612, 62539, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 2831, 538, 6637, 290, 6133, 1294, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 2347, 9879, 41664, 830, 4911, 7, 290, 6133, 7, 36, 46526, 47, 765, 10, 5299, 9, 42, 167457, 51359, 1672, 41664, 5, 1913, 70, 18897, 25, 7, 17366, 136, 77546, 4, 25921, 17660, 47, 26341, 731, 23, 10, 17311, 44457, 5, 117657, 7, 111, 5361, 47691, 26698, 3530, 1430, 6133, 1294, 4, 72249, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 23, 125733, 238, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 35874, 1991, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 6, 140815, 289, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 72761, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 70, 4524, 70760, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 110436, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 156444, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 136, 182342, 1430, 6133, 1294, 5, 2795, 246, 18770, 289, 16981, 1543, 186, 56065, 100, 24233, 19069, 7, 5, 27985, 1314, 124901, 4488, 83687, 7, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 1284, 959, 99, 10, 27140, 2481, 186607, 449, 142, 53019, 678, 10, 290, 6133, 1294, 79385, 4, 621, 39210, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 34610, 21533, 6, 55875, 72004, 740, 62771, 6, 55875, 72004, 39210, 538, 54, 6044, 4488, 237, 8781, 42, 4, 124374, 51422, 7, 100, 31897, 6226, 707, 23, 56465, 289, 86755, 90, 4, 19441, 142, 30699, 67, 79385, 5, 62, 165045, 39713, 1419, 1556, 1286, 53019, 707, 16981, 3501, 10, 165045, 6, 55875, 3378, 1284, 40715, 3501, 10, 290, 6133, 4, 27983, 19441, 10, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 10, 12921, 44457, 111, 41664, 678, 2843, 142, 30699, 67, 79385, 23, 290, 6133, 1294, 15, 748, 5941, 22299, 7, 62548, 47, 290, 6133, 1294, 16, 707, 19441, 70, 5701, 53019, 237, 10, 165045, 6, 55875, 3378, 1284, 1286, 16981, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 79385, 7, 29458, 47, 24209, 10, 165045, 39713, 1419, 4, 3129, 621, 208806, 117781, 1295, 8382, 56065, 3229, 10, 9836, 83, 60892, 23, 141753, 10, 23182, 290, 6133, 5, 62, 83230, 6827, 39713, 1419, 83, 1286, 75412, 23, 70, 24365, 136, 41018, 111, 70, 98154, 136, 13984, 2320, 63559, 47, 51339, 165045, 7968, 53, 13105, 3501, 10, 165045, 6, 55875, 3378, 5, 10660, 621, 2831, 111, 70, 7175, 111, 10, 165045, 139915, 53, 23, 3129, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 49649, 4912, 4, 81814, 2182, 38742, 136, 122799, 38742, 83, 7968, 53, 64807, 5, 10660, 2843, 51339, 32354, 7, 23, 70, 58555, 111, 156444, 31897, 6226, 136, 70, 41018, 289, 93402, 111, 10, 165045, 18153, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 756, 70, 23189, 56104, 34475, 47, 165045, 39713, 64370, 23, 2363, 107013, 79385, 15, 748, 1632, 34475, 1829, 142, 30699, 67, 79385, 247, 10, 290, 6133, 83, 2843, 25550, 297, 47, 28219, 1286, 41653, 62548, 47, 165045, 11521, 21004, 12470, 221, 450, 70, 290, 6133, 831, 186, 87709, 111, 1286, 58136, 98, 70, 98441, 47, 69307, 10, 117781, 69236, 1829, 10, 290, 6133, 1294, 9, 174822, 28117, 11, 3104, 5, 581, 77546, 70, 98438, 27771, 17366, 69307, 71, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 290, 6133, 1294, 15, 162, 202120, 297, 1829, 10, 162515, 111, 53019, 4, 16981, 136, 3357, 69307, 9035, 247, 70, 77546, 70, 153579, 34475, 47, 450, 290, 6133, 136, 70, 1286, 96704, 297, 70, 66211, 13648, 186, 5, 83230, 38904, 4, 237, 10, 44457, 4, 765, 221, 5941, 86685, 450, 12921, 66211, 7, 136, 151814, 7, 831, 186, 34475, 47, 133325, 707, 172647, 7, 678, 6097, 12921, 90926, 111, 53019, 707, 16981, 5, 581, 29458, 44759, 111, 12638, 12447, 41110, 7, 1295, 19069, 47, 19069, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 120103, 6044, 237, 70, 8562, 111, 53099, 4, 70, 124374, 17366, 111, 70, 66211, 4, 70, 43581, 27117, 111, 10, 17311, 202681, 4, 70, 13267, 111, 70, 202681, 707, 1274, 2852, 11037, 4, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 24365, 24702, 1577, 111, 70, 1274, 2852, 11037, 4, 70, 108625, 939, 111, 70, 98438, 27771, 136, 11651, 69307, 9035, 111, 70, 1632, 191618, 188513, 4, 25313, 120103, 6044, 237, 456, 141840, 707, 25313, 105774, 4, 54940, 3789, 120103, 4, 221, 903, 30482, 442, 34844, 47, 149133, 731, 70, 24763, 31486, 7, 111, 6097, 290, 6133, 1294, 9, 174822, 133325, 237, 5570, 100, 450, 34475, 17366, 111, 53019, 5, 88949, 111, 6097, 120103, 52490, 214, 24763, 12447, 44759, 7, 678, 117781, 6, 240906, 4, 3060, 290, 6133, 7, 13648, 9842, 20594, 6, 55875, 3378, 66211, 7, 12960, 3789, 290, 6133, 7, 13648, 9842, 20594, 1286, 96704, 297, 66211, 7, 3501, 8382, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 290, 6133, 15, 161063, 160600, 3863, 20766, 15, 3290, 16, 144, 1430, 1176, 74, 456, 133266, 214, 290, 6133, 1295, 11214, 13, 1405, 42845, 144, 1861, 11714, 16, 83, 10, 172647, 25550, 297, 23, 70, 35187, 111, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 83230, 271, 7, 35187, 70, 166577, 111, 26866, 136, 6863, 183871, 5, 83230, 271, 7, 197918, 98363, 70, 183871, 1836, 35187, 23, 69407, 111, 102134, 2449, 4, 678, 22443, 98, 70, 17366, 111, 49711, 70838, 136, 2363, 82761, 34627, 7, 5, 83230, 271, 7, 197918, 72350, 161451, 123875, 7, 4, 132539, 121297, 4, 136, 3789, 165045, 183871, 5, 581, 2565, 242, 1430, 6133, 25, 83, 2843, 11814, 47, 29823, 130480, 10794, 933, 23, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 14941, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History of chemistry.", "Education.", "Employment.", "Professional societies.", "Honors and awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word \"chemist\" is derived from the New Latin noun \"chimista\", an abbreviation of \"alchimista\" (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century.", "Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as \"the central science\", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and thermochemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions. Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as \"chemical technicians\". Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories, having an associate degree. A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in a different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in the management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant. In addition to all the training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via a combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as the kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression, among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize the exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within the responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist. It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold a bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, regulatory affairs, \"on-demand\" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as a legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become a manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or a chemistry consultant. Other chemists choose to combine their education and experience as a chemist with a distinct credential to provide different services (e.g., forensic chemists, chemistry-related software development, patent law specialists, environmental law firm staff, scientific news reporting staff, engineering design staff, etc.). In comparison, chemists who have obtained a Master of Science (M.S.) in chemistry or in a very related discipline may find chemist roles that allow them to enjoy more independence, leadership and responsibility earlier in their careers with less years of experience than those with a bachelor's degree as highest degree. Sometimes, M.S. chemists receive more complex tasks duties in comparison with the roles and positions found by chemists with a bachelor's degree as their highest academic degree and with the same or close-to-same years of job experience. There are positions that are open only to those that at least have a degree related to chemistry at the master's level. Although good chemists without a Ph. D. degree but with relatively many years of experience may be allowed some applied research positions, the general rule is that Ph. D. chemists are preferred for research positions and are typically the preferred choice for the highest administrative positions on big enterprises involved in chemistry-related duties. Some positions, especially research oriented, will only allow those chemists who are Ph. D. holders. Jobs that involve intensive research and actively seek to lead the discovery of completely new chemical compounds under specifically assigned monetary funds and resources or jobs that seek to develop new scientific theories require a Ph. D. more often than not. Chemists with a Ph. D. as the highest academic degree are found typically on the research-and-development department of an enterprise and can also hold university positions as professors. Professors for research universities or for big universities usually have a Ph. D., and some research-oriented institutions might require post-doctoral training. Some smaller colleges (including some smaller four-year colleges or smaller non-research universities for undergraduates) as well as community colleges usually hire chemists with a M.S. as professors too (and rarely, some big universities who need part-time or temporary instructors, or temporary staff), but when the positions are scarce and the applicants are many, they might prefer Ph. D. holders instead.", "The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories. Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology, and several engineering disciplines. All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry), atmospheric chemistry, chemical engineering, chemo-informatics, electrochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, geochemistry, green chemistry, history of chemistry, materials science, medical science, molecular biology, molecular genetics, nanotechnology, nuclear chemistry, oenology, organometallic chemistry, petrochemistry, pharmacology, photochemistry, phytochemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry.", "Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within the field of Chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.", "The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7893, 29874, 127689, 7, 111, 22, 13, 1510, 621, 12, 1301, 337, 8420, 28029, 10840, 4, 22, 13, 1510, 621, 6, 212423, 100, 70, 5701, 60042, 7, 237, 30202, 538, 606, 35485, 297, 21, 3798, 42991, 12, 717, 28702, 3134, 158, 7, 30019, 2320, 74, 717, 85689, 3820, 6827, 24725, 1830, 74, 717, 201505, 70, 46512, 41928, 47, 10, 29874, 50491, 6044, 237, 10, 46512, 232, 137366, 5, 62, 21334, 21950, 111, 22, 11883, 831, 186, 34475, 47, 46622, 184, 237, 5045, 111, 70, 46512, 237, 7722, 111, 87901, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 27226, 22, 11883, 83, 137567, 80234, 4734, 100, 3474, 929, 23, 70, 456, 46097, 4, 959, 23, 70, 143232, 98687, 5, 62771, 22, 13, 1510, 25, 191619, 58055, 7, 111, 70, 21950, 111, 70, 41931, 216806, 25545, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 143232, 98687, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 4, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 24233, 51347, 4, 72405, 1363, 111, 70, 143232, 842, 140090, 3129, 142405, 1636, 117, 1035, 141, 6023, 136, 3100, 12056, 1636, 70, 3474, 929, 47, 65524, 10, 337, 8420, 112664, 5, 360, 12989, 100, 70, 22, 11883, 47, 186, 70, 60266, 70, 37896, 5608, 112033, 73, 70, 29806, 100, 43606, 47, 1492, 14633, 4, 237, 47, 603, 27686, 5, 707, 4, 237, 3060, 1649, 6953, 7986, 81415, 67330, 4, 100, 43606, 47, 809, 18266, 33, 14633, 707, 237, 4989, 237, 7722, 5, 8950, 73, 7401, 831, 186, 11814, 4, 42856, 32354, 214, 135969, 25958, 47, 71062, 70, 46512, 4, 4911, 7, 105876, 214, 166499, 1363, 5, 32301, 1340, 221, 2631, 83, 39210, 538, 49814, 6637, 6863, 72405, 1363, 111, 70, 46512, 25, 7, 400, 592, 51312, 7, 70, 104687, 27771, 47, 8, 17928, 2182, 5, 33306, 4, 41931, 44540, 31, 2631, 7, 136, 217655, 7, 5608, 959, 186, 11814, 5, 527, 538, 3443, 929, 83, 10, 29458, 337, 8420, 842, 140090, 72405, 660, 520, 6496, 47, 135989, 13, 117, 1035, 141, 6023, 1829, 10, 59058, 232, 432, 9523, 21543, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 23, 10, 109971, 67, 29806, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 21280, 5, 28723, 57, 2256, 83, 19713, 72405, 1916, 47, 70, 46512, 4, 99, 70, 198274, 3564, 111, 70, 235079, 5, 18852, 111719, 7401, 4, 442, 42856, 32354, 7, 135969, 25958, 47, 71062, 70, 46512, 4, 1284, 19441, 10, 62276, 202104, 35358, 2517, 4, 442, 2725, 9319, 123840, 77556, 538, 1636, 1295, 70, 14361, 4, 237, 96276, 678, 111719, 7401, 4, 12488, 123840, 7401, 3934, 70, 46512, 4, 237, 74918, 7, 678, 6, 134208, 14612, 1636, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 10, 28279, 7401, 29806, 831, 186, 11814, 3229, 10, 51713, 14922, 111, 456, 62500, 83, 104851, 71, 4, 6044, 237, 47, 32977, 33, 142, 24725, 1830, 5, 241, 71723, 63920, 111, 124111, 136, 931, 134647, 7, 764, 27686, 25842, 47, 161549, 36917, 3638, 14361, 52768, 765, 2809, 11814, 5, 30097, 9319, 70, 124111, 101087, 7, 136, 21308, 7, 12488, 70, 931, 134647, 7, 621, 57622, 297, 23, 70, 92319, 892, 7, 10325, 4, 4911, 7, 120260, 70, 7401, 1295, 70, 22, 11883, 23, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 5, 132268, 765, 127887, 450, 124111, 136, 931, 134647, 7, 22, 13, 1510, 765, 10, 27226, 51455, 1363, 34515, 3229, 11814, 23, 70, 161203, 130625, 136, 621, 46002, 136, 60266, 678, 20187, 5609, 93425, 5, 132104, 29700, 32354, 7, 237, 10, 3100, 12056, 660, 136, 3474, 929, 32977, 39060, 4, 1284, 1543, 765, 5609, 93425, 26719, 148734, 141, 21722, 72405, 1363, 136, 95, 344, 4588, 111, 29700, 3129, 831, 221, 379, 1379, 1970, 9035, 100, 1257, 47, 744, 21974, 5, 44, 4153, 6, 229231, 21533, 12989, 58, 10463, 1861, 7, 29700, 15, 97862, 1003, 29700, 16, 22, 11883, 83, 80234, 100, 32977, 33, 214, 3474, 929, 7, 3129, 621, 24725, 297, 77546, 3501, 70, 456, 46097, 5, 37003, 587, 1459, 141, 142405, 1636, 30957, 1771, 24030, 90, 47, 22304, 46512, 1771, 18264, 17514, 5, 2290, 36867, 83, 10, 28029, 1236, 48683, 136, 3474, 929, 32977, 39060, 11814, 75447, 707, 23, 162515, 7, 23, 22, 13, 1510, 5, 137399, 297, 47, 186, 10, 2258, 44924, 1409, 6863, 4527, 83, 84046, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 173072, 297, 23, 70, 17274, 47, 60264, 2750, 21771, 765, 10, 6, 47099, 164, 111, 33949, 27968, 136, 959, 11814, 99, 756, 23, 70, 4602, 5, 29048, 223, 2182, 527, 538, 3443, 929, 1556, 10, 59058, 232, 432, 9523, 21543, 136, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 19336, 9, 23232, 282, 4700, 1104, 963, 7115, 16, 22, 11883, 15, 748, 15811, 59111, 1294, 194, 132104, 29700, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 3100, 12056, 660, 6637, 2684, 111, 70, 26689, 14437, 4912, 83, 1119, 7612, 3674, 23, 70, 3474, 929, 43257, 3501, 8035, 57622, 297, 390, 70, 14361, 5, 1061, 28483, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 5, 22376, 51529, 390, 70, 8796, 9351, 22964, 126, 5, 238204, 99, 125694, 23723, 74, 56104, 15970, 9, 712, 35485, 297, 5, 667, 18234, 297, 221, 28483, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 29806, 123840, 78301, 7401, 1295, 70, 59714, 86429, 3934, 70, 46512, 47, 51312, 70, 60266, 7432, 111, 70, 22, 11883, 5, 4966, 442, 831, 186, 43257, 72405, 1916, 47, 70, 46512, 4, 216806, 108938, 6, 15182, 44287, 707, 44, 77663, 214, 1242, 22964, 126, 22, 13, 1510, 56104, 113660, 10, 337, 8420, 112664, 23, 106, 47, 190, 14633, 5, 70829, 19, 64406, 13, 93425, 5, 13965, 3137, 929, 50065, 7, 7401, 3934, 70, 21334, 892, 12729, 90, 216806, 2837, 62500, 4, 2685, 1272, 142405, 1916, 70, 3638, 40225, 112664, 111, 70, 337, 8420, 7, 5, 13965, 3137, 929, 83, 14037, 23, 3060, 19014, 71, 93151, 136, 1543, 162466, 47, 70, 21, 425, 45023, 93425, 111, 25230, 1444, 5, 136, 83, 19882, 100, 35971, 30202, 538, 237, 10, 21, 425, 45023, 5, 1301, 142, 22, 11883, 100, 158, 7, 30019, 2320, 4, 70, 170198, 25171, 39098, 83, 5390, 347, 866, 111, 172233, 3949, 29806, 4, 606, 35485, 297, 24145, 5, 18622, 450, 13965, 3137, 929, 83, 142, 186227, 111, 70, 6, 135775, 135225, 72850, 357, 11883, 5, 44, 4153, 6, 229231, 21533, 12989, 111, 70, 7311, 8796, 123055, 58, 341, 538, 425, 70541, 7, 54, 11680, 2182, 221, 28483, 106, 12010, 64, 39, 866, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 22, 11883, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 10, 501, 538, 1515, 4, 83, 142, 115049, 1830, 111, 79552, 3934, 70, 92319, 337, 8420, 390, 3917, 111, 70, 456, 46097, 5, 22376, 4, 70, 2565, 22, 11883, 831, 15005, 47, 70, 41931, 221, 115049, 297, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 47, 10, 75186, 100, 606, 35485, 214, 6044, 142, 115049, 1830, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Medical usage.", "Bowel cleansing.", "Acute treatments.", "Large volume enemas.", "Water-based solutions.", "Other solutions.", "Micro-enemas.", "Single substance solutions.", "Compounded from multiple ingredients.", "Chronic treatments.", "Transanal irrigation.", "Bowel management.", "Contrast (X-ray).", "Medication administration.", "Adverse effects.", "History.", "Society and culture.", "Alternative medicine.", "Benign.", "Colonic irrigation.", "Colon cleansing.", "Kellogg's enemas.", "Dangerous.", "Bleach enemas.", "Coffee enemas.", "Recreational usage.", "Pleasure.", "Intoxication.", "Religious rituals.", "Punitive usage.", "In arts and literature.", "Written literature.", "Film.", "Song.", "Monument.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "5", "4", "5", "5", "4", "4", "4", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "4", "4", "3", "4", "4", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "The principal medical usages of enemas are:", "", "As bowel stimulants, enemas are employed for the same purposes as orally administered laxatives: To relieve constipation; To treat fecal impaction; To empty the colon prior to a medical procedure such as a colonoscopy. A large volume of enema can be given to cleanse as much of the colon as possible of feces. However, a low enema is generally useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract. Such enemas' mechanism consists of the volume of the liquid causing rapid expansion of the intestinal tract in conjunction with, in the case of certain solutions, irritation of the intestinal mucosa which stimulates peristalsis and lubricates the stool to encourage a bowel movement. In order for the enema to be the effective the patient should retain the solution for five to ten minutes, as tolerated. or, as some nursing textbooks recommend, for five to fifteen minutes or as long as possible.", "", "Plain water can be used, simply functioning mechanically to expand the colon, thus prompting evacuation. Castile soap is commonly added because its irritation of the colon's lining increases the urgency to defecate. However, liquid handsoaps and detergents should not be used. Glycerol is a specific bowel mucosa irritant serving to induce peristalsis via a hyperosmotic effect. It is used in a dilute solution, e.g., 5%. Normal saline is least irritating to the colon, at the opposite end of the spectrum. Like plain water, it simply functions mechanically to expand the colon, but having a neutral concentration gradient, it neither draws electrolytes from the body, as happens with plain water, nor draws water into the colon, as occurs with phosphates. Thus, a salt water solution can be used when a longer period of retention is desired, such as to soften an impaction.", "Equal parts of milk and molasses heated together to slightly above normal body temperature have been used. Neither the milk sugars and proteins nor the molasses are absorbed in the lower intestine, thus keeping the water from the enema in the intestine. Studies have shown that milk and molasses enemas have a low complication rate when used in the emergency department and are safe and effective with minimal side effects. Mineral oil functions as a lubricant and stool softener, but may have side effects including rectal skin irritation and leakage of oil which can soil undergarments for up to 24 hours.", "", "\"In alphabetical order\" Arachis oil (peanut oil) enema is useful for softening stools which are impacted higher than the rectum. Bisacodyl stimulates enteric nerves to cause colonic contractions. Dantron is a stimulant drug and stool softener used alone or in combinations in enemas. Considered to be a carcinogen its use is limited, e.g., restricted in the UK to patients who already have a diagnosis of terminal cancer and not used at all in the USA. Docusate Glycerol has a hyperosmotic effect and can be used as a small-volume (2–10 ml) enema (or suppository). Mineral oil is used as a lubricant because most of the ingested material is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body. Sodium phosphate. Also known by the brand name Fleet. Available at drugstores; usually self-administered. Buffered sodium phosphate solution draws additional water from the bloodstream into the colon to increase the effectiveness of the enema. But it can be rather irritating to the colon, causing intense cramping or \"griping.\" Fleet enemas usually causes a bowel movement in 1 to 5 minutes. Known adverse effects. Sorbitol pulls water into the large intestines causing distention, thereby stimulating the normal forward movement of the bowels. Sorbitol is found in some dried fruits and may contribute to the laxative effects of prunes. and is available for taking orally as a laxative. As an enema for constipation, the recommended adult dose is 120 mL of 25-30% solution, administered once. Note that Sorbitol is an ingredient of the MICROLAX Enema.", "\"In alphabetical order of the original brand names\" Klyx contains docusate sodium 1 mg/mL and sorbitol solution (70%) (crystallising) 357 mg/mL and is used for faecal impaction or constipation or for colon evacuation prior medical procedures, developed by Ferring B.V.. Micralax (not to be confused with MICROLAX®) MICROLAX® (not to be confused with Micralax) combines the action of sodium citrate, a peptidising agent which can displace bound water present in the faeces, with sodium alkyl sulphoacetate, a wetting agent, and with glycerol, an anal mucosa irritant and hyperosmotic. However, also sold under the name \"Micralax\", is a preparation containing sorbitol rather than glycerol; which was initially tested in preparation for sigmoidoscopy. Micolette Micro-enema® contains 45 mg sodium lauryl sulphoacetate, 450 mg per 5 ml sodium citrate BP, and 625 mg glycerol BP and is a small volume stimulant enema suitable where large-volume enemas are contra-indicated.", "", "\"TAI\", also termed \"retrograde irrigation\", is designed to assist evacuation using a water enema as a treatment for persons with bowel dysfunction, including fecal incontinence or constipation, especially obstructed defecation. By regularly emptying the bowel using transanal irrigation, controlled bowel function is often re-established to a high degree, thus enabling development of a consistent bowel routine. Its effectiveness varies considerably, some individuals experiencing complete control of incontinence but others reporting little or no benefit. An international consensus on when and how to use transanal irrigation for people with bowel problems was published in 2013, offering practitioners a clear, comprehensive and simple guide to practice for the emerging therapeutic area of transanal irrigation. The term \"retrograde irrigation\" distinguishes this procedure from the Malone antegrade continence enema, where irrigation fluid is introduced into the colon proximal to the anus via a surgically created irrigation port.", "Patients who have a bowel disability, a medical condition which impairs control of defecation, e.g., fecal incontinence or constipation, can use bowel management techniques to choose a predictable time and place to evacuate. Without bowel management, such persons might either suffer from the feeling of not getting relief, or they might soil themselves. While simple techniques might include a controlled diet and establishing a toilet routine, a daily enema can be taken to empty the colon, thus preventing unwanted and uncontrolled bowel movements that day.", "In a lower gastrointestinal series an enema that may contain barium sulfate powder or a water-soluble contrast agent is used in the radiological imaging of the bowel. Called a \"barium enema\", such enemas are sometimes the only practical way to \"view\" the colon in a relatively safe manner. Failure to expel all of the barium may cause constipation or possible impaction and a patient who has no bowel movement for more than two days or is unable to pass gas rectally should promptly inform a physician and may require an enema or laxative.", "The administration of substances into the bloodstream. This may be done in situations where it is undesirable or impossible to deliver a medication by mouth, such as antiemetics given to reduce nausea (though not many antiemetics are delivered by enema). Additionally, several anti-angiogenic agents, which work better without digestion, can be safely administered via a gentle enema. The topical administration of medications into the rectum, such as corticosteroids and mesalazine used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Administration by enema avoids having the medication pass through the entire gastrointestinal tract, therefore simplifying the delivery of the medication to the affected area and limiting the amount that is absorbed into the bloodstream. Rectal corticosteroid enemas are sometimes used to treat mild or moderate ulcerative colitis. They also may be used along with systemic (oral or injection) corticosteroids or other medicines to treat severe disease or mild to moderate disease that has spread too far to be treated effectively by medicine inserted into the rectum alone.", "Improper administration of an enema can cause electrolyte imbalance (with repeated enemas) or ruptures to the bowel or rectal tissues resulting in internal bleeding. However, these occurrences are rare in healthy, sober adults. Internal bleeding or rupture may leave the individual exposed to infections from intestinal bacteria. Blood resulting from tears in the colon may not always be visible, but can be distinguished if the feces are unusually dark or have a red hue. If intestinal rupture is suspected, medical assistance should be obtained immediately. Frequent use of enemas can cause laxative dependency. The enema tube and solution may stimulate the vagus nerve, which may trigger an arrhythmia such as bradycardia. Enemas should not be used if there is an undiagnosed abdominal pain since the peristalsis of the bowel can cause an inflamed appendix to rupture. There are arguments both for and against colonic irrigation in people with diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, severe or internal hemorrhoids or tumors in the rectum or colon, and its usage is not recommended soon after bowel surgery (unless directed by one's health care provider). Regular treatments should be avoided by people with heart disease or kidney failure. Colonics are inappropriate for people with bowel, rectal or anal pathologies where the pathology contributes to the risk of bowel perforation. Recent research has shown that ozone water, which is sometimes used in enemas, can immediately cause microscopic colitis. A recent case series of 11 patients with five deaths illustrated the danger of phosphate enemas in high-risk patients.", "\"Enema\" entered the English Language c.1675 from Latin in which, in the 15th century, it was first used in the sense of a rectal injection, from Greek ἔνεμα (énema), “injection”, itself from ἐνίηναι (enienai) \"to send in, inject\", from ἐν (en), \"in\" + ἱέναι (hienai), \"to send, throw\". \"Clyster\" entered the English Language in the late 14th century from Old French or Latin, from Greek κλυστήρ (klystir), \"syringe\", itself from κλύζειν (klyzein), \"to wash out\". Also spelled \"glister\" in the 17th century, rarely \"cloiste\"\" or \"clister\", it is a generally archaic word for enema, more particularly for enemas administered using a \"clyster syringe\". The first mention of the enema in medical literature is in the Ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus ( BCE). One of the many types of medical specialists was an Iri, the Shepherd of the Anus. Many medications were administered by enemas. There was a Keeper of the Royal Rectum who may have primarily been the pharaoh's enema maker. The god Thoth, according to Egyptian mythology, invented the enema. The Olmec from their middle preclassic period (10th through 7th centuries BCE) through the Spanish Conquest used trance-inducing substances ceremonially, and these were ingested via, among other routes, enemas administered using jars. As further described below in religious rituals, the Maya in their late classic age (7th through 10th centuries CE) used enemas for, at least, ritual purposes, Mayan sculpture and ceramics from that period depicting scenes in which, injected by syringes made of gourd and clay, ritual hallucinogenic enemas were taken. In the Xibalban court of the God D, whose worship included ritual cult paraphernal, the Maya illustrated the use of a characteristic enema bulb syringe by female attendants administering clysters ritually. For combating illness and discomfort of the digestive tract, the Mayan also employed enemas, as documented during the colonial period, e.g., in the Florentine Codex. The indigenous peoples of North America employed tobacco smoke enemas to stimulate respiration, injecting the smoke using a rectal tube. A rubber bag connected with a conical nozzle, at an early period, was in use among the indigenous peoples of South America as an enema syringe, and the rubber enema bag with a connecting tube and ivory tip remained in use by them while in Europe a syringe was still the usual means for conducting an enema. In Babylonia, by 600 BCE, enemas were in use, although it appears that initially they were in use because of a belief that the demon of disease would, by means of an enema, be driven out of the body. In China, c. 200 CE, Zhang Zhongjing was the first to employ enemas. \"Secure a large pig's bile and mix with a small quantity of vinegar. Insert a bamboo tube three or four inches long into the rectum and inject the mixture\" are his directions, according to Wu Lien-teh. In India, in the fifth century CE, Sushruta enumerates the enema syringe among 121 surgical instruments described. Early Indian physicians' enema apparatus consisted of a tube of bamboo, ivory, or horn attached to the scrotum of a deer, goat, or ox. Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) frequently mentions enemas, e.g., \"if the previous food which the patient has recently eaten should not have gone down, give an enema if the patient be strong and in the prime of life, but if he be weak, a suppository should be administered, should the bowels be not well moved on their own accord.\" In the first century BCE the Greek physician Asclepiades of Bithynia wrote \"Treatment consists merely of three elements: drink, food, and the enema\". Also, he contended that indigestion is caused by particles of food that are too big and his prescribed treatment was proper amounts of food and wine followed by an enema which would remove the improper food doing the damage. In the second century CE the Greek physician Soranus prescribed, among other techniques, enemas as a safe abortion method, and the Greek philosopher Celsus recommended an enema of pearl barley in milk or rose oil with butter as a nutrient for those suffering from dysentery and unable to eat, and also Galen mentions enemas in several contexts. In medieval times appear the first illustrations of enema equipment in the Western world, a clyster syringe consisting of a tube attached to a pump action bulb made of a pig bladder. A simple piston syringe clyster was in use from the 15th through 19th centuries. This device had its rectal nozzle connected to a syringe with a plunger rather than to a bulb. Beginning in the 17th century enema apparatus was chiefly designed for self-administration at home and many were French as enemas enjoyed wide usage in France. When clyster syringes were in use in Europe, the patient was placed in an appropriate position (kneeling, with the buttocks raised, or lying on the side); a servant or apothecary would then insert the nozzle into the anus and press the plunger, resulting in the liquid remedy (generally, water, but also some other preparations) being injected into the colon. Because of the embarrassment a woman might feel when showing her buttocks (and possibly her genitals, depending on the position) to a male apothecary, some contraptions were invented that blocked all from the apothecary's view except for the anal area. Another invention was syringes equipped with a special bent nozzle, which enabled self-administration, thereby eliminating the embarrassment. Clysters were administered for symptoms of constipation and, with more questionable effectiveness, stomach aches and other illnesses. In 1694 François Mauriceau in his early-modern treatise, \"The Diseases of Women with Child,\" records that both midwives and man-midwives commonly administered clysters to labouring mothers just prior to their delivery. In the 17th century, satirists made physicians a favorite target, resembling Molière's caricature whose prescription for anything was \"clyster, bleed, purge,\" or \"purge, bleed, clyster.\", e.g., in his 1673 play \"The Imaginary Invalid\". Sir Thomas More's eldest daughter had fallen sick of the sweating sickness and could not be awakened by doctors. More prayed for her recovery, and then where incontinent came into his mind, that a glister should be the only way to help her, which when he had told the physicians, they by-and-by confessed, that if there were any hope of health, that it was the very best help indeed, much marvelling of themselves, that they had not afore remembered it. In 1753 an enema bag prepared from a pig's or beef's bladder attached to a tube was described by Johann Jacob Woyts as an alternative to a syringe. In the 18th century Europeans began emulating the indigenous peoples of North America's use of tobacco smoke enemas to resuscitate drowned people. Tobacco resuscitation kits consisting of a pair of bellows and a tube were provided by the Royal Humane Society of London and placed at various points along the Thames. Furthermore, these enemas came to be employed for headaches, respiratory failure, colds, hernias, abdominal cramps, typhoid fever, and cholera outbreaks. Clysters were a favourite medical treatment in the bourgeoisie and nobility of the Western world up to the 19th century. As medical knowledge was fairly limited at the time, purgative clysters were used for a wide variety of ailments, the foremost of which were stomach aches and constipation. Molière, in several of his plays, introduces characters of incompetent physicians and apothecaries fond of prescribing this remedy, also discussed by Argan, the hypochondriac patient of \"Le Malade Imaginaire\". More generally, clysters were a theme in the burlesque comedies of that time. According to Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, clysters were so popular at the court of King Louis XIV of France that the duchess of Burgundy had her servant give her a clyster in front of the King (her modesty being preserved by an adequate posture) before going to the comedy. However, he also mentions the astonishment of the King and Mme de Maintenon that she should take it before them. In the 19th century many new types of enema administration equipment were devised, including the bulb enema. Later devices allowing gravity to infuse the solution, like those mentioned above used by South American indigenous people and like the enema bag described by Johann Jacob Woyts, came into common use. These consist of a nozzle at the end of a hose which connects a reservoir of solution, either a bucket or a rubber bag, which is hung above the patient. In the early 20th century the disposable microenema, a squeeze bottle, was invented by Charles Browne Fleet. Its contents cause the body to draw water into the colon, e.g., sodium biphosphate (popular in the United States) or glycerin (popular in Japan).", "", "", "", "The term \"colonic irrigation\" is commonly used in gastroenterology to refer to the practice of introducing water through a colostomy or a surgically constructed conduit as a treatment for constipation. The Food and Drug Administration has ruled that colonic irrigation equipment is not approved for sale for the purpose of general well-being and has taken action against many distributors of this equipment, including a Warning Letter.", "The same term is also used in alternative medicine where it may involve the use of substances mixed with water in order to detoxify the body. Practitioners believe the accumulation of fecal matter in the large intestine leads to ill health. This resurrects the old medical concept of \"autointoxication\" which was orthodox doctrine up to the end of the 19th century but which has now been discredited.", "In the late 19th century Dr. John Harvey Kellogg made sure that the bowel of each and every patient was plied with water, from above and below. His favorite device was an enema machine (\"just like one I saw in Germany\") that could run fifteen gallons of water through a person's bowel in a matter of seconds. Every water enema was followed by a pint of yogurt—half was eaten, the other half was administered by enema \"thus planting the protective germs where they are most needed and may render most effective service.\" The yogurt served to replace \"the intestinal flora\" of the bowel, creating what Kellogg claimed was a completely clean intestine.", "", "Chlorine dioxide enemas have been fraudulently marketed as a medical treatment, primarily for autism. This has resulted, for example, in a six-year-old boy needing to have his bowel removed and a colostomy bag fitted, complaints to the FDA reporting life-threatening reactions, and even death. Patently false claims that administering autistic children these enemas results in their expulsion of parasites (\"rope worms\"), which actually are the intestinal lining and membranes. These enemas have also been promoted as a cure for HIV, malaria, hepatitis viruses, the H1N1 flu virus, common colds, acne, cancer, Parkinson's, and much more. Chlorine dioxide is a potent and toxic bleach that is relabeled for \"medicinal\" purposes to a variety of brand names including, but not limited, to MMS, Miracle Mineral Supplement, and CD protocol. For oral use, the doses recommended on the labeling can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe dehydration, and other life-threatening conditions. No clinical trials have been performed to test these enemas' claims, which come only from former Scientologist Jim Humble in his 2006 self-published book, \"The Miracle Mineral Solution of the 21st Century\" and from anecdotal reports. The name MMS was coined by Humble. Sellers sometimes describe MMS as a water purifier so as to circumvent medical regulations. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies rejected \"in the strongest terms\" reports by promoters of MMS that they had used the product to fight malaria.", "Well documented as having no proven benefits and considered by medical authorities as rash and potentially dangerous is an enema of coffee. A coffee enema can cause numerous maladies including infections, sepsis (including campylobacter sepsis), severe electrolyte imbalance, colitis, polymicrobial enteric sepsis, proctocolitis, salmonella, brain abscess, and heart failure, and deaths related to coffee enemas have been documented. Gerson therapy includes administering enemas of coffee, as well as of castor oil and sometimes of hydrogen peroxide or of ozone. Some proponents of alternative medicine have claimed that coffee enemas have an anti-cancer effect by \"detoxifying\" metabolic products of tumors but there is no medical scientific evidence to support this.", "", "Enjoyment of enemas is known as klismaphilia, which medically is classified as a paraphilia. A person with klismaphilia is a \"klismaphile\". Klismaphiles can gain satisfaction of enemas through fantasies, by actually receiving or giving one, or through the process of eliminating steps to being administered one (e.g., under the pretence of being constipated). An enema can be an auxiliary to, or even a substitute for, genital sexual activity. That some women use enemas while masturbating was documented by Alfred Kinsey in \"Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.\" He stated, \"There still [are] other masturbatory techniques which were regularly or occasionally employed by some 11 percent of the females in the sample... enemas, and other anal insertions,... were employed.\" Enemas are sometimes used in sadomasochistic activities for erotic humiliation or for physical discomfort. An enema can be employed prior to anal sexual activities such as anal sex, anilingus, and pegging to enhance sensation or remove feces, possibly reducing risk of infection.", "Noting that deaths have been reported from alcohol poisoning via enemas, an alcohol enema can be used to very quickly instill alcohol into the bloodstream, absorbed through the membranes of the colon. However, great care must be taken as to the amount of alcohol used. Only a small amount is needed as the intestine absorbs the alcohol far more quickly than the stomach. Preceding an enema for administration of drugs or alcohol, a cleansing enema may first be used for cleaning the colon to help increase the rate of absorption.", "All across Mesoamerica ritual enemas were employed to consume psychoactive substances, e.g., balché, alcohol, tobacco, peyote, and other hallucinogenic drugs and entheogens, most notably by the Maya, thus attaining more intense trance states more quickly, and Mayan classic-period sculpture and ceramics depict hallucinogenic enemas used in rituals. Some tribes continue the practice in the present day. With historical roots in the Indian subcontinent, enemas in Ayurveda, called Basti or Vasti, form part of Panchakarma procedure in which herbal medicines are introduced rectally.", "Enemas have also been forcibly applied as a means of punishment. In the vastly influential Argentine text \"Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism\", for example, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento describes the use of pepper and turpentine enemas by police forces as a way of discouraging political dissent in post-independence Argentina. Turpentine enemas are very harsh purgatives. In the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp, the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture documented instances of enemas being used by the Central Intelligence Agency in order to ensure \"total control\" over detainees. Enemas, officials said, are uncomfortable and degrading, The CIA forced nutrient enema on detainees who attempted hunger strikes, documenting “With head lower than torso... sloshing up the large intestines... [what] I infer is that you get a tube up as you can... We used the largest Ewal tube we had” wrote an officer, and \"violent enemas\" is how a detainee described what he received.", "", "In the Dionysus' satyr play \"Limos\", Silenus attempts to give an enema to Heracles. In Shakespeare's play \"Othello\" (Act II, Scene I) Iago says, \"Yet again your fingers to your lips? would they were clyster-pipes for your sake!\" In George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", the narrator notes, \"Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema.\" In Grace Metalious's novel Peyton Place, the town doctor tells of “a young boy with the worst case of dehydration I ever saw. It came from getting too many enemas that he didn’t need. Sex, with a capital S-E-X.”. As a teenager, the boy enjoys receiving enemas from his mother. In Flora Rheta Schreiber's book Sybil, Sybil's psychiatrist asks her “What’s Mama been doing to you, dear?... I know she gave you the enemas.\" In Anne Roiphe's novel \"Torch Song\", Marjorie, not knowing how to otherwise address her dysphonia, reminisces on unhappy memories, one of which is her German nurse inflicting on her painful enemas. In Anne Sexton's poem \"Cripples And Other Stories\", is the couplet \"Oh the enemas of childhood, reeking of outhouses and shame!\"", "In \"The Right Stuff\", during flight training astronaut Alan Shepard retains a barium enema, given two floors away from a toilet, embarrassingly riding a public elevator wearing a hospital gown and holding the enema bag with its tip still inserted in him. In Sybil, Sybil's psychiatrist, while having taken her for a picnic in the country, heard her re-experience, among other things, her mother having bound her with a broom handle on the kitchen table and suspended her by her feet from the hanging light, in preparation for forcing her to take an enema.", "The lyrics of Frank Zappa's song \"The Illinois Enema Bandit\" are concerned with Michael H. Kenyon's sexual assaults which included administering involuntary enemas", "A brass statue of a syringe enema bulb held aloft by three cherubs stands in front of the \"Mashuk\" spa in the settlement of Zheleznovodsk in Russia. Inspired by the 15th century Renaissance painter Botticelli, it was created by a local artist who commented that \"An enema is an unpleasant procedure as many of us may know. But when cherubs do it, it's all right.\" When unveiled on 19 June 2008, posted on one of the spa's wall was a banner declaring \"Let's beat constipation and sloppiness with enemas.\" The spa lying in the Caucasus Mountains region, known for dozens of spas that routinely treat digestive and other complaints with enemas of mineral spring water, the director commented \"An enema is almost a symbol of our region.\" It is the only known monument to the enema.", "Notes" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 1831, 56379, 47, 12403, 1601, 1681, 71407, 23, 17366, 113014, 509, 70, 15672, 33500, 1193, 5759, 195935, 47880, 3129, 509, 14537, 297, 390, 10, 43877, 9, 48543, 5675, 43245, 13950, 126, 14537, 297, 390, 41931, 230044, 136, 82, 65853, 57913, 5, 581, 144732, 111, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 765, 2809, 116338, 707, 195935, 1831, 56379, 5, 360, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 242, 5757, 7, 4, 5941, 4331, 96335, 100, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 79852, 7, 3542, 16940, 136, 155605, 6626, 52895, 30957, 297, 4516, 4, 70, 134349, 1371, 771, 11150, 1371, 9, 131663, 5173, 90419, 136, 2393, 365, 9, 919, 982, 206, 140932, 13, 5173, 84772, 5, 33306, 68894, 4, 156444, 136, 25313, 6, 174408, 7, 136, 1632, 85235, 140932, 13, 150631, 56282, 297, 2856, 1295, 8035, 11814, 47, 2363, 4393, 60091, 38516, 5, 4265, 1681, 1771, 113014, 19095, 7, 678, 442, 193984, 121392, 127125, 4, 237, 70, 37511, 242554, 7, 111, 1601, 1681, 1771, 113014, 621, 155034, 25958, 12921, 1295, 8382, 111, 1614, 1681, 1771, 113014, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 113014, 99, 38352, 7, 72803, 56, 3501, 450, 111, 45730, 194, 360, 17311, 4, 37511, 242554, 24911, 9588, 90, 189173, 538, 237, 70, 1831, 56379, 10922, 7, 70, 3900, 31, 6402, 63647, 4, 186607, 449, 5045, 117396, 87907, 14537, 136, 1286, 75973, 2256, 71, 1831, 160328, 7, 5, 717, 13695, 24911, 27226, 4, 6, 14775, 19332, 8110, 186, 84046, 4, 3129, 2843, 34390, 7, 70, 37511, 242554, 227066, 3229, 12403, 214, 191975, 5, 66016, 10, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 8110, 5646, 5773, 136, 3551, 99, 10, 35845, 538, 72803, 38352, 4, 6863, 37511, 242554, 4331, 8110, 186, 10, 134454, 13, 17721, 70, 96679, 100, 15044, 3564, 7, 111, 70, 38352, 37457, 5, 6561, 51515, 47, 166996, 449, 903, 134454, 13, 83, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 77336, 9, 429, 87739, 53, 6, 14775, 4, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 7, 14775, 9, 14775, 4, 58, 3129, 93403, 7, 38134, 100, 27226, 9, 175870, 113014, 136, 7068, 52113, 4517, 7, 189173, 538, 4, 56104, 4420, 19364, 7, 4, 100, 1601, 1681, 1771, 113014, 5, 33306, 4, 144291, 214, 52490, 7, 70, 152050, 73, 289, 85247, 111, 70, 1831, 56379, 136, 70, 144291, 214, 191619, 15190, 7, 57888, 136, 11034, 5, 36836, 111, 10, 40703, 6, 14775, 4, 6044, 237, 8382, 11814, 98, 70, 55061, 7, 73433, 133, 9, 8031, 441, 140932, 13, 139392, 7, 10, 1248, 24371, 3129, 7042, 5908, 70, 86608, 98, 70, 1407, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 6, 14775, 99, 11192, 38352, 7, 136, 52875, 55291, 7, 4, 7645, 38543, 86608, 37451, 1363, 4, 136, 68772, 70, 1831, 56379, 10, 4552, 11192, 6, 92621, 55291, 5, 1650, 2843, 86869, 7, 70, 31089, 111, 79552, 46683, 12551, 83259, 99, 3900, 31, 6402, 136, 1601, 1681, 1771, 38352, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 83, 4, 111, 15411, 4, 23, 13, 24500, 45964, 99, 92319, 38352, 7, 4743, 47, 70, 64209, 674, 111, 10, 11192, 55291, 111, 52875, 4, 136, 127298, 3871, 70, 4527, 111, 1238, 96091, 5, 116267, 2967, 83, 70, 80097, 139392, 71, 390, 5129, 10763, 237, 70, 1831, 86608, 7, 645, 70, 1831, 56379, 5, 17006, 1614, 1681, 1771, 4331, 7, 4527, 81406, 24286, 4778, 6044, 237, 118337, 4689, 73, 4, 3129, 621, 64720, 136, 23468, 47, 4488, 1284, 388, 13, 2363, 90254, 69405, 99, 11192, 52768, 7, 5, 3293, 17475, 7, 38132, 38352, 47, 10932, 60154, 41187, 5, 17006, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 4, 26719, 5941, 116338, 6, 202523, 1831, 56379, 4, 621, 82775, 47, 47445, 2684, 111, 2363, 113014, 99, 1614, 1681, 1771, 38352, 7, 4, 136, 4734, 47, 204839, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 100, 16610, 14922, 7, 6044, 237, 3229, 1940, 19462, 214, 142, 22, 195, 53, 1831, 56379, 5, 62, 164917, 14012, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 80002, 86232, 26098, 9, 15770, 10074, 91157, 227476, 1831, 56379, 136, 70, 140932, 13, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 79852, 4, 765, 2809, 82775, 47, 149509, 19686, 79850, 99, 38352, 7, 36917, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 4, 136, 678, 6097, 4331, 7, 70, 44402, 111, 1601, 1681, 1771, 113014, 621, 1286, 141591, 5, 31384, 39395, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 4, 26719, 70, 5117, 4, 28702, 297, 98, 13950, 126, 14537, 47, 22691, 70, 63559, 5675, 43245, 4, 102971, 13950, 7831, 96865, 10, 5915, 111, 160692, 136, 221, 113014, 20028, 3542, 16610, 5, 241, 147, 538, 94779, 4249, 7, 3542, 1286, 160692, 9, 13, 24500, 45964, 1284, 6777, 959, 765, 20174, 5675, 43245, 136, 3060, 195935, 1831, 56379, 3542, 112031, 71, 678, 15044, 10, 94779, 4249, 100, 27226, 9, 175870, 113014, 136, 10, 13950, 126, 87907, 100, 1601, 1681, 1771, 113014, 5, 581, 23, 57241, 111, 70, 7103, 105236, 56, 4, 23, 3129, 4173, 160692, 83, 96865, 297, 23, 70, 55, 18, 146353, 4, 7228, 6097, 17664, 297, 14537, 48538, 52895, 228908, 13, 5, 581, 94779, 7260, 87907, 10922, 7, 78301, 91097, 1831, 10932, 70, 87907, 56458, 4, 53333, 118055, 6863, 160692, 227066, 4, 136, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 18925, 621, 14537, 297, 390, 94779, 7260, 7, 112031, 71, 678, 7103, 105236, 1314, 5, 4265, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 56104, 4527, 27226, 390, 13409, 94779, 7260, 7, 237, 1836, 765, 213850, 227066, 35064, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 237, 5299, 237, 36917, 74, 707, 2174, 1601, 47913, 3075, 83, 44841, 94779, 4249, 87907, 7, 1543, 186, 224, 481, 2886, 237, 1836, 8337, 40715, 24, 329, 1229, 24911, 99, 1601, 1681, 1771, 38352, 7, 5, 581, 65368, 18, 619, 127325, 10186, 821, 10057, 87907, 7, 111, 70, 80002, 86232, 26098, 9, 15770, 10074, 91157, 160404, 71, 23, 116, 48322, 4, 35971, 5773, 136, 132260, 237, 94779, 4249, 7, 678, 110, 390, 13409, 4, 1284, 390, 13409, 214, 3060, 111, 70, 46683, 7, 4970, 1831, 47, 70, 7103, 105236, 56, 99, 77546, 38352, 7, 5, 3293, 107003, 70, 10074, 91157, 47, 12403, 99, 645, 60154, 138, 4, 4271, 56, 3501, 2499, 3789, 36049, 1831, 56379, 5, 581, 80097, 214, 21543, 111, 1831, 5129, 10763, 99, 6097, 38352, 7, 131148, 450, 10, 5361, 160692, 1902, 47, 186, 126809, 3129, 6777, 959, 36356, 7565, 23, 70, 80097, 136, 501, 4867, 70, 160692, 137158, 7, 98, 6863, 3917, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 83, 142, 1831, 56379, 19048, 47, 12403, 4271, 56, 3501, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 15, 594, 934, 14012, 4879, 5, 4265, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 3542, 126809, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 136, 765, 2809, 11814, 39555, 167969, 100, 25188, 136, 116338, 60042, 7, 5, 87293, 6626, 4, 1371, 771, 11150, 1371, 9, 131663, 15, 13448, 271, 113014, 20, 14487, 48877, 28015, 16, 136, 70, 140932, 13, 15, 13448, 271, 113014, 20, 11994, 116, 4, 31060, 247, 17669, 30957, 297, 4516, 100, 9782, 4527, 237, 1831, 79852, 7, 5, 106313, 56, 55, 933, 621, 70, 2684, 39210, 27781, 111, 1601, 1681, 1771, 1831, 56379, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Design principles.", "Wings.", "Heating.", "Engines.", "Transonic flight.", "Hypersonic flight.", "Sonic boom.", "Supercruise.", "Supersonic transports.", "Supersonic business jet.", "Supersonic strategic bombers.", "Supersonic strategic reconnaissance.", "Supersonic fighter/attack jets." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The first aircraft to fly supersonically in level flight was the American Bell X-1 experimental plane which was powered by a 6000-lb thrust rocket powered by liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol. The majority of supersonic aircraft have been military or experimental aircraft. In the 1960s and '70s, many design studies for supersonic airliners were done and eventually two types entered service, the Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 (1968) and Anglo-French Concorde (1969). However political, environmental and economic obstacles and one fatal Concorde crash prevented them from being used to their full commercial potential.", "Supersonic flight brings with it substantial technical challenges, as the aerodynamics of supersonic flight are dramatically different from those of subsonic flight (i.e., flight at speeds slower than that of sound). In particular, aerodynamic drag rises sharply as the aircraft passes the transonic regime, requiring much greater engine power and more streamlined airframes.", "To keep drag low, wingspan must be limited, which also reduces the aerodynamic efficiency when flying slowly. Since a supersonic aircraft must take off and land at a relatively slow speed, its aerodynamic design must be a compromise between the requirements for both ends of the speed range. One approach to resolving this compromise is the use of a variable-geometry wing, commonly known as the \"swing-wing,\" which spreads wide for low-speed flight and then sweeps sharply, usually backwards, for supersonic flight. However, swinging affects the longitudinal trim of the aircraft and the swinging mechanism adds weight and cost. Use of a delta wing, such as those used on the Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde generates a vortex which energises the flow on the upper surface of the wing at high speeds and attack angles, delaying flow separation, and giving the aircraft a very high stall angle. It also solves the issue of fluid compressibility at transonic and supersonic speeds. However, it is, of course, inefficient at lower speeds due to the requirement of a high angle of attack, and therefore need the use of flaps.", "Another problem is the heat generated by friction as the air flows over the aircraft. Most subsonic designs use aluminium alloys such as Duralumin, which are cheap and easy to work but lose their strength quickly at high temperatures. This limits maximum speed to around Mach 2.2. Most supersonic aircraft, including many military fighter aircraft, are designed to spend most of their flight at subsonic speeds, and only to exceed the speed of sound for short periods such as when intercepting an enemy aircraft. A smaller number, such as the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft and the Concorde supersonic airliner, have been designed to cruise continuously at speeds above the speed of sound, and with these designs the problems of supersonic flight are more severe.", "Some early supersonic aircraft, including the first, relied on rocket power to provide the necessary thrust, although rockets burn a lot of fuel and so flight times were short. Early turbojets were more fuel-efficient but did not have enough thrust and some experimental aircraft were fitted with both a turbojet for low-speed flight and a rocket engine for supersonic flight. The invention of the afterburner, in which extra fuel is burned in the jet exhaust, made these mixed powerplant types obsolete. The turbofan engine passes additional cold air around the engine core, further increasing its fuel efficiency, and supersonic aircraft today are powered by turbofans fitted with afterburners. Supersonic aircraft usually use low bypass turbofans as they have acceptable efficiency below the speed of sound as well as above; or if supercruise is needed turbojet engines may be desirable as they give less nacelle drag at supersonic speeds. The Pratt & Whitney J58 engines of the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird operated in 2 ways, taking off and landing as turbojets with no bypass, but bypassing some of the compressor air to the afterburner at higher speeds. This allowed the Blackbird to fly at over Mach 3, faster than any other production aircraft. The heating effect of air friction at these speeds meant that a special fuel had to be developed which did not break down in the heat and clog the fuel pipes on its way to the burner. Another high-speed powerplant is the ramjet. This needs to be flying fairly fast before it will work at all.", "Airflow can speed up or slow down locally at different points over an aircraft. In the region around Mach 1, some areas may experience supersonic flow while others are subsonic. This regime is called transonic flight. As the aircraft speed changes, pressure waves will form or move around. This can affect the trim, stability and controllability of the aircraft, and the designer needs to ensure that these effects are taken into account at all speeds.", "Flight at speeds above about Mach 5 is often referred to as hypersonic. In this region the problems of drag and heating are even more acute. It is difficult to make materials which can stand the forces and temperatures generated by air resistance at these speeds, and hypersonic flight for any significant length of time has not yet been achieved.", "A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created whenever an object traveling through the air travels faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms generate significant amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to the human ear. The crack of a supersonic bullet passing overhead or the crack of a bullwhip are examples of a sonic boom in miniature. Sonic booms due to large supersonic aircraft can be particularly loud and startling, tend to awaken people, and may cause minor damage to some structures. They led to prohibition of routine supersonic flight over land. Although they cannot be completely prevented, research suggests that with careful shaping of the vehicle the nuisance due to them may be reduced to the point that overland supersonic flight may become a practical option.", "\"Supercruise\" is sustained supersonic flight of a supersonic aircraft with a useful cargo, passenger, or weapons load performed efficiently, which typically precludes the use of highly inefficient afterburners or \"reheat\". Many well known supersonic military aircraft not capable of supercruise can only maintain Mach 1+ flight in short bursts, typically with afterburners. Aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird are designed to cruise at supersonic speed with afterburners enabled. One of the best known examples of an aircraft capable of supercruise was Concorde. Due to its long service as a commercial airliner, Concorde holds the record for the most time spent in supercruise; more than all other aircraft combined.", "A supersonic transport (SST) is a civil aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. The only supersonic civilian aircraft to see service were the Soviet produced Tupolev Tu-144 which first flew in 1968 and was retired in 1997; and the Franco-British produced Concorde, which first flew in 1969 and remained in service until 2003. Since 2003, there have been no supersonic civilian aircraft in service. A key feature of these designs is the ability to maintain supersonic cruise for long periods, so low drag is essential to limit fuel consumption to a practical and economic level. As a consequence, these airframes are highly streamlined and the wings have a very short span. The requirement for low speeds when taking off and landing is met by using vortex lift: as the aircraft slows, lift must be restored by raising the nose to increase the angle of attack of the wing. The sharply swept leading edge causes the air to twist as it flows over the wing, speeding up the airflow locally and maintaining lift. Other SST projects have included:", "Supersonic business jets (SSBJ) are a proposed class of small supersonic aircraft. None have yet flown. Typically intended to transport about ten passengers, SSBJs are about the same size as traditional subsonic business jets. Projects for both large-scale and business jet (see lower) passenger supersonic and hypersonic airliners (Aerion SBJ, Spike S-512, HyperMach SonicStar, Next Generation Supersonic Transport, Tupolev Tu-444, Gulfstream X-54, LAPCAT, Reaction Engines A2, Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport, SpaceLiner, etc.) were proposed and now are under development.", "A strategic bomber must carry a large bomb load over long distances. Consequently, it is a large aircraft typically with an empty weight exceeding 25,000 kg. Some have also been designed for related roles such as strategic reconnaissance and anti-shipping strike. Typically the aircraft will cruise subsonically for most of its flight to conserve fuel, before accelerating to supersonic speed for its bombing run. Few supersonic strategic bombers have entered service. The earliest type, the Convair B-58 Hustler, first flew in 1956 and the most recent, the Rockwell B-1B Lancer, in 1983. Although this and a few other types are still in service today, none remains in production. Other types to have flown include: Out of these, only the Tu-22, Tu-22M, FB-111A, B-1B, and Tu-160 entered production. A next-generation stealthy supersonic strategic bomber is being planned in United States under the 2037 Bomber project.", "Some supersonic strategic bombers, such as the Sukhoi T-4 are also capable of the reconnaissance role (although the Sukhoi remained a prototype). The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird was specifically designed for the role, and was a larger development of the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft which first flew in 1962.", "Supersonic fighters and related aircraft are sometimes called fast jets. They make up the overwhelming majority of supersonic aircraft and some, such as the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and Dassault Mirage III, have been produced in large numbers. Many military supersonic fighters and similar aircraft of fourth- and fifth- generations are under development in several countries, including Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Iran and the United States." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 47143, 7, 450, 765, 2809, 14037, 117414, 450, 70, 16128, 7440, 166200, 9157, 7, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 16792, 479, 979, 86385, 5, 360, 73584, 20271, 70, 50961, 111, 10, 80208, 100, 1632, 111, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 6, 68823, 7514, 124519, 4, 10, 479, 66029, 238, 1764, 509, 14037, 23, 70, 5227, 111, 36254, 6276, 90683, 4, 678, 6, 34165, 72977, 136, 165082, 7, 111, 1926, 3674, 85825, 1740, 4420, 7607, 4, 9508, 47, 106, 158887, 5369, 4, 20662, 903, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 479, 66029, 238, 15271, 23, 14713, 5, 166200, 62038, 3674, 237, 70, 12610, 59444, 111, 44, 647, 17117, 58, 24073, 10685, 4158, 1434, 316, 29927, 686, 316, 241, 17117, 74054, 3129, 509, 14037, 297, 20271, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 38720, 84123, 66, 15, 14212, 9, 22377, 18471, 247, 33233, 8752, 70, 124225, 111, 36254, 6276, 90683, 15, 157, 89529, 4778, 142, 27081, 9201, 16, 20903, 47, 70, 87, 21547, 66, 59444, 111, 44, 647, 8797, 11, 830, 98, 70, 1764, 111, 3129, 3060, 161259, 7, 136, 43780, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 5, 64511, 5526, 47143, 7, 1295, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 621, 70, 36770, 7515, 5252, 7263, 4, 70, 37702, 133, 111, 36254, 6276, 90683, 15, 161063, 702, 12465, 47, 616, 2681, 10, 3980, 8805, 39209, 6, 124722, 53, 136, 18925, 10, 14834, 59052, 16, 136, 70, 47, 6488, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 9, 16917, 329, 111, 70, 54529, 9, 6048, 5, 360, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 70, 26349, 112730, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 25297, 98834, 4, 5361, 84382, 23, 4323, 31, 8405, 109379, 7, 4, 136, 18925, 2685, 83, 10, 13036, 44, 91616, 56, 81680, 58, 6, 3257, 2408, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 131011, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 9148, 25667, 538, 135818, 44, 91616, 56, 81680, 58, 33976, 7, 26698, 70, 3010, 399, 36443, 3798, 5173, 112834, 4, 70, 3453, 4680, 6631, 30547, 206, 4, 62, 2227, 17, 2177, 814, 67773, 13, 48137, 5173, 112834, 15, 35613, 70, 25946, 111, 28745, 136, 164254, 111, 128342, 43265, 247, 70, 109411, 6, 104241, 5173, 73419, 4, 70, 26349, 23664, 5173, 101432, 4, 70, 149564, 8, 51078, 98825, 18276, 64, 78909, 5173, 48105, 4, 70, 81207, 19188, 5173, 112072, 4, 70, 14091, 14218, 5173, 73419, 4, 70, 40157, 8, 262, 1596, 17928, 1538, 5173, 73419, 4, 136, 70, 360, 105254, 9897, 16839, 5173, 109168, 5, 166200, 83, 10, 4755, 26349, 111, 70, 4713, 21293, 33120, 4, 10, 28811, 33120, 111, 552, 9, 21473, 1363, 75935, 23, 8272, 100, 70, 35187, 4, 122785, 1363, 136, 34754, 111, 4713, 232437, 5, 2161, 714, 6088, 38576, 4, 7103, 10, 4989, 36898, 34003, 4, 17721, 80454, 136, 714, 304, 116380, 7, 111, 102044, 117, 6, 108047, 106810, 77736, 23, 17262, 21974, 5, 1650, 143434, 70, 96113, 7, 113362, 136, 24782, 2516, 7, 136, 2363, 68762, 11, 10484, 47, 645, 118664, 4, 105233, 10, 7401, 10, 68334, 450, 143434, 10044, 91519, 7, 136, 71358, 111, 4912, 388, 5908, 5, 581, 123199, 203170, 44, 277, 64250, 58, 509, 70, 2684, 82649, 71, 5, 360, 106480, 166200, 4, 678, 138, 3768, 91519, 7, 5, 581, 31635, 111, 6097, 101935, 509, 450, 33976, 509, 28897, 3674, 10932, 6626, 36898, 75973, 7, 11814, 47, 19095, 102044, 7401, 47, 70, 113362, 96113, 5, 10660, 435, 23, 10, 642, 61007, 115700, 136, 3542, 959, 155965, 86723, 29367, 5, 14847, 70, 75973, 7, 645, 118664, 297, 442, 75935, 2367, 509, 35839, 44, 2347, 103494, 1927, 109217, 830, 678, 1286, 3501, 10, 75281, 91519, 7, 4734, 23, 70, 19443, 17117, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 5, 581, 56877, 289, 1957, 111, 19443, 17117, 21771, 13835, 71, 390, 1672, 23547, 18471, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 170920, 98, 181991, 53, 65450, 5773, 1295, 70, 12610, 129574, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 5755, 4, 1379, 70, 115364, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 111, 75233, 5, 11584, 13, 26370, 116613, 39563, 297, 6863, 58963, 53, 186, 168, 38543, 10, 50336, 10932, 6, 169531, 47, 51, 1486, 442, 678, 70, 5755, 1379, 6863, 10002, 5117, 333, 10534, 4, 150532, 223, 5, 1650, 48402, 297, 63920, 111, 6097, 3288, 147, 7162, 111, 128342, 43265, 15, 20370, 19642, 103724, 7, 16, 152, 10544, 180480, 4, 11576, 399, 4, 86255, 113362, 4, 123199, 203170, 136, 123199, 141483, 5, 62, 114413, 70615, 111, 75233, 509, 34658, 2685, 23, 305, 1837, 5, 1650, 191984, 42593, 10591, 13482, 47, 70, 19128, 15, 55668, 3141, 16, 158, 75616, 23, 70, 382, 927, 142642, 136, 509, 31895, 15811, 11856, 297, 4, 6863, 181991, 53, 8035, 15, 219, 9319, 109650, 538, 16, 176377, 47, 70, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 5755, 5, 581, 71718, 7515, 5252, 7263, 136475, 47, 32316, 24189, 361, 1819, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 39958, 645, 20271, 70, 2793, 96284, 71, 158, 75616, 111, 178968, 4, 1284, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 23, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 47143, 7, 2831, 111, 10, 155655, 27140, 111, 142, 45964, 28896, 9904, 75708, 9, 158271, 105397, 106820, 90, 111, 5906, 43952, 8, 166200, 136, 5906, 134042, 98, 70, 1764, 5, 24372, 70, 129574, 154807, 121061, 111, 70, 10776, 23, 70, 1492, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 1957, 509, 959, 14359, 2822, 4, 6863, 181991, 53, 8035, 49504, 3674, 23, 70, 15, 432, 9319, 16, 45, 45407, 184, 111, 5755, 5, 44084, 10, 50336, 47, 14359, 107, 70, 333, 10534, 12259, 390, 6863, 115364, 111, 75233, 4, 139821, 20756, 4, 58954, 25, 18, 20338, 297, 390, 11584, 13, 4939, 39198, 15, 187413, 15205, 88235, 83, 51, 119488, 5, 2161, 86097, 11584, 13, 4939, 10208, 1995, 75935, 70, 3525, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 166200, 237, 10, 190407, 1363, 1295, 70, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 111, 5755, 5, 1650, 7, 40, 257, 83, 70, 234120, 111, 152239, 49188, 217, 136, 55337, 6, 238474, 51004, 1418, 87051, 5908, 83, 70, 43581, 333, 10534, 5, 360, 31060, 70, 45, 45407, 184, 509, 109650, 538, 14359, 2822, 237, 104665, 147, 333, 10534, 12259, 111, 241, 17117, 5, 1650, 1556, 1902, 70, 25632, 23, 10591, 76576, 7, 4, 221, 2060, 111, 70, 809, 19514, 56877, 289, 15, 17336, 525, 16, 30648, 12, 32255, 17262, 106820, 90, 3542, 88303, 20903, 47, 70, 1764, 111, 10332, 19443, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 166200, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 9879, 10776, 111, 128342, 43265, 4, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 5755, 4, 44, 277, 64250, 58, 111, 123199, 203170, 4, 111, 3129, 442, 83, 70, 552, 215652, 33233, 678, 170462, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 35484, 219, 1192, 58, 1543, 5299, 186, 10, 158, 117474, 64, 66157, 1830, 111, 72399, 42845, 12, 242, 34290, 6, 4084, 41746, 25, 33079, 22664, 9, 11, 75334, 7717, 242, 34290, 9, 15697, 9, 433, 25, 15, 91384, 12, 242, 86673, 185, 3378, 64, 25, 137160, 25, 3687, 25, 16, 38516, 538, 158, 150632, 297, 678, 242, 34290, 9, 17147, 9, 7, 1298, 25, 44, 115840, 9, 23935, 64, 11030, 66, 9, 23935, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Catastrophes.", "Ecclesiastical history.", "Titular see.", "Notable Sites.", "The churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter).", "Other.", "Municipal Government.", "Transportation.", "Culture.", "Music and theater.", "Mass media.", "Sports.", "Twin towns." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The remains that have been found indicate that the area where Terrassa stands has been inhabited since prehistory. In 2005, during the construction of a tunnel for one of the city's railway lines, a prehistoric site was found in the Park of Vallparadís, with stone tools and fossils of hunted animals dating back 800,000 to 1,000,000 years, making this one of the oldest prehistoric sites in Europe. Terrassa originated as the Roman town of \"Egara\" (\"Municipium Flavium Egara\"), which was founded during the time of the emperor Vespasian (69-79 CE), alongside the torrent of Vallparadís (nowadays an urban park) close to the Iberian town of \"Egosa\", on the site of which some ceramics and coins have been found. Other important remains from the Middle Ages are the former cathedral, the castle of Vallparadís (from 1344 to 1413 a Carthusian monastery and today a municipal museum) and the tower of the castle-palace of the count-king. In the 19th century the city played an important role in the industrial revolution, specializing in woollen fabrics, and today there is a major \"Modernista\" legacy as a result of the city's importance at that time. Particularly notable \"Modernista\" buildings include the Masia Freixa (1907), the Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover textile mill (1907) (now the Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia), the Principal theater (1920), the city hall (1902), the Alegre de Sagrera house/museum (1911), the Industrial School (1904), the Gran Casino (1920), the Parc de Desinfecció (1920), and the Independència market (1908). Terrassa is a partner city of the Art nouveau network, a European network of co-operation created in 1999 for the study, preservation and development of Art Nouveau.", "On 25 September 1962, after a long dry season, between 212 and 252 litres of rain per square metre fell in three hours. It caused the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and their tributaries to overflow, creating a water avenue that caused 700 victims and lots of material losses. The Vallès Occidental \"comarca\" was the most damaged. In particularly Terrassa, with 327 victims. The reason of these numbers was that building was permitted around two dry streams used to bring rain water to the Llobregat river. They met in a wedge shape and were not properly channelized. When the streams overflowed it created what was called \"the dead triangle\", with more than a hundred victims only in the Ègara neighbourhood.", "The episcopal see of Ègara already existed by about 450 CE, when it was established on territory split off from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona, under the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tarragona. Pope Hilarius confirmed its autonomy be denying a request around 469 to unite it with the Barcelona under its own first bishop, Ireneus. It comprised parts of these Comarques of Catalonia (Catalan districts) : Alt Penedès, Anoia, Baix Llobregat, Vallès Occidental and Vallès Oriental. A Provincial Council of Tarragona was held there in 615. It effectively succumbed to the Arab (Muslim) conquest in the 8th century and was probably suppressed, its territory being (rather nominally) returned to the Diocese of Barcelona. The Marian cathedral continued to exist until 718, when it was taken over during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, but was rebuilt in the 12th century, and remains part of a monumental complex of ancient Visigothic-Romanesque churches of Sant Pere de Terrassa and Sant Miquel on the site. After the Catholic Reconquista of the region in the tenth century, the see was not restored, its territory being incorporated in the (mother) diocese of Barcelona. Why a request to restore the bishopric by its Metropolitan of Tarragona, Cesareo, wasn't honored by Pope John XII (955-964) is unclear. On 2004, Pope John Paul II created the new Diocese of Terrassa as a segregation from the Archdiocese of Barcelona. Its seat is the Cathedral of Holy Sprit and Josep Àngel Sáiz Meneses is the current bishop.", "In 1969 the diocese was nominally restored as Titular bishopric of Egara. It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank:", "", "These three churches were built close to the site of old Ègara to be the seat of the Ègara Diocese, which was founded around 450 CE and remained in existence until the 8th century. This episcopal complex follows the Byzantine model of antiquity, with two churches (Sant Pere and Santa Maria) and a mausoleum (Sant Miquel). After a long period of construction, the churches were finished in the then-current manner about the 11th and 12th centuries and in Romanesque style, on the site of the pre-Romanesque buildings of the Visigothic period. The church of Santa Maria contains outstanding works of art, and there are murals dating from the Romanesque period to the Gothic. There is also an altar stone dating from the 10th century and medieval and Romanesque tombstones (one of which documents the name of the Roman town of Egara). In the transept there are three Gothic altarpieces.", "The city is heir to a rich medieval, \"Modernista\" and industrial legacy, and possesses an extensive network of libraries, historical archives and museums.", "The Municipal Council has 27 seats and according to the result of the local elections of May 2019 is formed by: The municipal government is formed by a coalition of Tot per Terrassa and ERC. The Mayor is Jordi Ballart (TxT).", "Terrassa is well connected with Barcelona's port and airport by highway and railway. The C-58 and C-16 also link the city with (Manresa), (Girona, France), and (Tarragona). The railway reached Terrassa in 1856, and nowadays two lines serve the city. The first, operated by RENFE, connects with Barcelona and Lleida, and the second, operated by FGC, with Barcelona. Recently FGC extended its line to the north of the city, building three new stations; one of them acts as a rail hub with the RENFE line. This extension is known as the Terrassa Metro. Several interurban bus lines connect Terrassa with the closest cities and towns such as Sabadell, Castellar del Vallès, Martorell, Rubí, Sant Cugat del Vallès and Vacarisses. Transport inside the city is provided by 14 bus lines operated by a municipal company (Transports Municipals d'Ègara). In the future, when the three new FGC stations and the two planned for the RENFE line are in use, the railway will also serve as urban transport.", "", "A lot of musicians and actors are based in Terrassa because of the large number of music schools, a long amateur theater tradition and the local seat of the University of Drama. Since 1982, the Terrassa Jazz Festival has been especially outstanding, with guests like Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dexter Gordon, Tete Montoliu, Dizzy Gillespie. Local bands such as Doctor Prats have also developed a national and international following.", "Terrasa has a local newspaper, the \"Diari de Terrassa\", that is published daily from Tuesday to Saturday, as well as several radio stations: Ràdio Terrassa/Cadena SER Vallès on 828 AM and 89.4 FM, with more than 75 years of history behind it, being one of the pioneering radio stations in Catalonia and Spain; the municipal radio (Noucincpuntdos, 95.2 FM); and Radio Star de Terrassa, the city's cultural station, on 100.5 FM, which was founded in 1984 and is one of the historic local radios of Catalonia. Also, the city has several local channels - TV20 Locàlia Vallès and Canal Terrassa, with an audience of more than 50,000 viewers. In addition, there is the free newspaper \"Terrassa Societat\", published monthly with a circulation of 50,000, and \"Terrassa Month\", published of Monday through Friday and also covering local events. Since 2005 the municipal digital newspaper e-newsterrassa.com, in Catalan, has been on line \"(as for 2013, this digital newspaper has been taken down)\". The municipal Web site www.terrassa.cat receives no fewer than 150,000 monthly visitors. As for 2013, current and working digital newspaper in Terrassa is Diari de Terrassa i Catalunya InfoTalQual.com There's a new media, free magazine called \"La Veu de Terrassa\" owned by El Grup la veu.", "Terrassa was a pioneer in the introduction of field hockey and korfball in Catalonia and played an important role in the introduction of basketball. The most important sport in the city is field hockey. During the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, Terrassa was the city where the field hockey competition was played. The great number of hockey players from Terrassa who have participated in the Olympic Games over the years has led to Terrassa's being referred to as the \"most Olympic city in the world\". Between 1928 and 2004, Terrassa sent 124 athletes to the Olympic Games, the majority of whom were hockey players. Three local field hockey clubs, Atlètic Terrassa, Club Egara and Club Deportiu Terrassa have all won the División de Honor de Hockey Hierba and the Copa del Rey de Hockey Hierba. Atlètic Terrassa and Club Egara have also won the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup. Other local sports teams include CN Terrassa (water polo), Terrassa FC (association football) and Sferic Terrassa (basketball). Terrassa is the home and birthplace of FC Barcelona and Spain national football team midfielder Xavi. The city's castells teams are the Minyons de Terrassa and the Castellers de Terrassa. On November 22, 2015, Terrassa's Plaça Vella was the scene of the world's first successful \"4 de 10 amb folre i manilles,\" completed by the Minyons.", "Terrassa is twinned with five cities: Terrassa also signed a protocol of special relations cooperation with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4565, 206, 44, 5429, 22904, 17925, 23, 1492, 13312, 58, 23, 11857, 4, 19441, 2809, 44, 31688, 73032, 297, 47, 10086, 98224, 678, 70, 103036, 111, 242, 246, 214, 34702, 282, 25, 23, 70, 31842, 740, 360, 34975, 4565, 206, 12302, 2822, 24365, 111, 70, 103336, 46674, 19770, 18151, 47, 103383, 47196, 37755, 5, 103336, 46674, 19770, 29479, 7, 59947, 8218, 51372, 304, 79737, 68433, 15, 16546, 8218, 147845, 16, 136, 40368, 49814, 66139, 5, 59947, 8218, 9, 115021, 15, 16546, 8218, 147845, 100, 92537, 15, 647, 617, 1542, 16, 16, 509, 36069, 20051, 23, 39395, 10520, 31267, 21208, 103336, 46674, 19770, 83, 11814, 23, 43568, 4, 442, 14602, 959, 22691, 27980, 65998, 7, 6044, 237, 43101, 134549, 13293, 15, 127214, 194, 360, 109875, 77635, 450, 8060, 70, 69285, 4, 527, 97682, 87344, 70, 27980, 65998, 5, 103336, 46674, 19770, 83, 59121, 23, 313, 64, 441, 37223, 136, 70541, 7, 142, 29481, 56, 4, 70, 37859, 46674, 19770, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 4, 136, 10, 3671, 402, 429, 43799, 748, 5, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 509, 70, 5117, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 59121, 100, 70, 17925, 46876, 5, 581, 9969, 34759, 509, 5117, 121447, 237, 2831, 111, 103336, 46674, 19770, 23, 43568, 38704, 4, 101904, 44, 1264, 5037, 7154, 136912, 7, 17163, 214, 17721, 387, 136, 1112, 20028, 4271, 56, 58, 3501, 70, 3647, 2256, 29481, 56, 23, 43568, 1031, 175399, 111, 9969, 49725, 28271, 32354, 7, 4, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 509, 10, 1152, 21896, 821, 6371, 4, 3129, 160404, 7, 390, 182304, 6226, 86608, 136, 2053, 52895, 20271, 29481, 56, 71924, 1830, 5, 3293, 2053, 7068, 27257, 71, 70, 50961, 111, 4937, 329, 4804, 90, 4, 103210, 5361, 29367, 60875, 7, 111, 24, 4935, 18151, 5, 3370, 66187, 9035, 47, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 155605, 7228, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 228908, 13, 4, 41866, 678, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 103336, 46674, 19770, 10644, 53498, 6620, 87907, 5, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 83, 146291, 1295, 103336, 46674, 19770, 1295, 43568, 534, 98, 19364, 5, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 4, 70796, 538, 24, 4806, 74644, 1375, 6371, 4, 509, 10, 28271, 9, 1928, 7352, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 82775, 47, 52295, 23718, 23, 50218, 7440, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 5809, 959, 139392, 144142, 24, 4935, 18151, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 121447, 23, 43568, 201, 136, 155605, 167969, 15811, 48538, 297, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 5, 1650, 1556, 68034, 2809, 91995, 71, 390, 37859, 46674, 19770, 5, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 160404, 71, 4552, 12921, 538, 1295, 3789, 9969, 34759, 7, 23, 6863, 18507, 12, 12960, 222201, 9969, 34759, 7, 79786, 390, 64549, 214, 136, 15572, 84382, 10, 6226, 86608, 6, 41382, 33636, 214, 70, 32354, 4, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 64457, 160404, 71, 390, 17, 67, 98767, 192617, 538, 40225, 8305, 103336, 46674, 19770, 390, 67, 40899, 4, 70, 70796, 32354, 18811, 1363, 5, 106073, 903, 63323, 933, 87235, 5256, 450, 64209, 6, 188336, 456, 80596, 214, 4, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 9969, 49725, 1556, 70, 92940, 111, 8035, 4552, 4271, 4, 3129, 83, 80234, 100, 17925, 16792, 33844, 11368, 2069, 4743, 47, 151134, 77336, 52895, 83, 103351, 5, 109875, 29479, 297, 10, 14012, 111, 130306, 87235, 5256, 23, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 4, 2684, 5526, 538, 35874, 178851, 1771, 23, 2256, 82365, 7, 136, 10644, 53498, 6620, 5, 581, 60212, 17721, 4937, 329, 46674, 19770, 136, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 821, 6371, 53088, 136, 70, 3871, 100, 15044, 509, 189050, 23, 10, 85526, 7, 5, 51610, 2298, 5, 1478, 5582, 5, 62, 1286, 23, 9, 168867, 187136, 111, 70, 121392, 41653, 509, 62952, 390, 31745, 636, 6635, 4, 1632, 111, 103336, 46674, 19770, 25, 7, 106001, 7, 4, 23, 10, 1415, 1305, 5, 5455, 121392, 4677, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 3789, 106001, 25, 7, 50684, 12, 5968, 7944, 4, 104, 12018, 37755, 5, 37859, 46674, 19770, 83, 70, 9351, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 43581, 17925, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 4, 3129, 131264, 47, 22, 2886, 5941, 3525, 87235, 5256, 450, 3542, 69201, 678, 70, 41928, 25357, 1505, 46674, 19770, 6, 159958, 5, 37859, 46674, 19770, 83, 10, 1286, 89160, 9969, 34759, 12, 442, 3900, 19309, 7, 103336, 46674, 19770, 390, 67, 40899, 3934, 10, 6226, 86608, 6, 41382, 4, 17368, 6, 201939, 11001, 95486, 674, 3173, 15, 82619, 16, 100, 70, 81814, 2182, 18811, 1363, 5, 3293, 6, 159958, 22, 19736, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 87235, 5256, 1295, 3789, 56037, 449, 46876, 7, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 17925, 4, 26719, 10644, 5361, 47691, 4, 32354, 23, 150, 592, 4, 192617, 9, 7, 4398, 68067, 144, 87632, 4, 103494, 18151, 27169, 1363, 4, 136, 40956, 9, 73, 162591, 18151, 78112, 5, 581, 9969, 34759, 831, 53225, 4271, 24, 4935, 18151, 153648, 7, 111, 17925, 32354, 7, 98, 70, 126139, 4, 1022, 15276, 4, 136, 1022, 15276, 9, 13307, 13651, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 114977, 87907, 16792, 43568, 7744, 2365, 73, 46674, 19770, 83, 70, 9351, 111, 109875, 25, 7, 3525, 87235, 1363, 88996, 100, 237, 39, 5, 28175, 4, 142, 72546, 98352, 2661, 1614, 3509, 111, 17925, 5, 2365, 73, 46674, 19770, 68034, 83, 959, 10, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 4, 442, 4527, 7, 70, 43581, 821, 6371, 9969, 34759, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 99201, 678, 43568, 1295, 54452, 8892, 103336, 46674, 19770, 83, 179140, 47, 186, 6, 55720, 69819, 23, 3789, 86685, 450, 22691, 27980, 65998, 7, 100, 17925, 5, 893, 82940, 46485, 5303, 28960, 7, 12, 103336, 46674, 19770, 96853, 10, 17925, 108362, 100, 212398, 17925, 34754, 136, 100, 75101, 9, 2256, 23, 202010, 111, 17925, 1528, 102158, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 103336, 46674, 19770, 83, 70, 18151, 9351, 100, 70, 5117, 17925, 87907, 4, 59121, 390, 174762, 19, 4565, 206, 99, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 4, 14432, 121447, 237, 9803, 9, 60427, 136, 82424, 76104, 297, 390, 70, 109875, 32807, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Standards.", "Internals.", "TraceMonkey.", "JägerMonkey.", "IonMonkey.", "OdinMonkey.", "Use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Eich \"wrote JavaScript in ten days\" in 1995, having been \"recruited to Netscape with the promise of 'doing Scheme' in the browser\". In 2011, Eich transferred management of the SpiderMonkey code to Dave Mandelin.", "SpiderMonkey implements ECMA-262 edition 5.1 (ECMAScript) and several added features. ECMA-357 (ECMAScript for XML (E4X)) was dropped in early 2013. Even though SpiderMonkey is used in Firefox, it does not provide host environments such as Document Object Model (DOM). In Mozilla projects that support the DOM, Gecko provides the host environment.", "SpiderMonkey is written in C/C++ and contains an interpreter, the IonMonkey JIT compiler, and a garbage collector.", "TraceMonkey was the first JIT compiler written for the JavaScript language. The compiler was first released as part of SpiderMonkey in Firefox 3.5, providing \"performance improvements ranging between 20 and 40 times faster\" than the baseline interpreter in Firefox 3. Instead of compiling whole functions, TraceMonkey was a tracing JIT, which operates by recording control flow and data types during interpreter execution. This data then informed the construction of Trace Trees, highly specialized paths of native code. Improvements to JägerMonkey eventually made TraceMonkey obsolete, especially with the development of the SpiderMonkey type inference engine. TraceMonkey is absent from SpiderMonkey from Firefox 11 onward.", "JägerMonkey, internally named MethodJIT, was a whole-method JIT compiler designed to improve performance in cases where TraceMonkey could not generate stable native code. It was first released in Firefox 4 and eventually entirely supplanted TraceMonkey. It has itself been replaced by IonMonkey. JägerMonkey operated very differently from other compilers in its class: while typical compilers worked by constructing and optimizing a control flow graph representing the function, JägerMonkey instead operated by iterating linearly forward through SpiderMonkey bytecode, the internal function representation. Although this prohibits optimizations that require instruction reordering, JägerMonkey compiling has the advantage of being very fast, which is useful for JavaScript since recompiling due to changing variable types is frequent. Mozilla implemented a number of critical optimizations in JägerMonkey, most importantly polymorphic inline caches and type inference. The difference between TraceMonkey and JägerMonkey JIT techniques and the need for both was explained in a hacks.mozilla.org article. A more in-depth explanation of the technical details was provided by Chris Leary, one of SpiderMonkey's developers, in a blog post. More technical information can be found in other developer's blogs: dvander, dmandelin.", "IonMonkey is the name of Mozilla's current JavaScript JIT compiler, which aims to enable many new optimizations that were impossible with the prior JägerMonkey architecture. IonMonkey is a more traditional compiler: it translates SpiderMonkey bytecode into a control flow graph, using static single assignment form (SSA) for the intermediate representation. This architecture enables well-known optimizations from other programming languages to be used for JavaScript, including type specialization, function inlining, linear-scan register allocation, dead code elimination, and loop-invariant code motion. The compiler can emit fast native code translations of JavaScript functions on the ARM, x86, and x86-64 platforms. It is the default engine since Firefox 18.", "OdinMonkey is the name of Mozilla's new optimization module for asm.js, an easily compilable subset of JavaScript. OdinMonkey itself is not a JIT compiler, it uses the current JIT compiler. It's included with Firefox from release 22.", "SpiderMonkey is intended to be embedded in other applications that provide host environments for JavaScript. An incomplete list follows: SpiderMonkey includes a JavaScript Shell for interactive JavaScript development and for command-line invocation of JavaScript program files." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8022, 939, 5631, 14, 509, 103122, 8022, 939, 175264, 9552, 133936, 3934, 10, 845, 114686, 14449, 23, 210721, 23, 121049, 5, 1840, 67373, 4, 71047, 9552, 133936, 4, 509, 10, 290, 6133, 2750, 100512, 31095, 111, 101087, 18831, 1212, 10484, 7103, 26868, 214, 10, 65771, 55300, 100, 18831, 14653, 101087, 5, 1840, 42732, 4, 181010, 4, 10, 34391, 111, 86914, 176518, 4, 509, 10, 15380, 538, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 46667, 5, 8022, 939, 509, 121314, 297, 99, 5368, 8108, 22, 27722, 214, 23, 10, 16500, 329, 316, 100, 29526, 4, 136, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 611, 4, 2412, 68872, 2412, 36663, 47, 186, 10, 29874, 22072, 5, 16915, 1159, 214, 70, 35187, 111, 41664, 4, 8022, 939, 97384, 450, 2412, 21, 76622, 70, 479, 107, 3181, 100758, 23, 42845, 4, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 136, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 9578, 70, 15411, 111, 10, 6602, 4, 2412, 145755, 47, 35187, 70, 183234, 111, 136659, 5369, 111, 42845, 4, 43606, 5369, 111, 41664, 4, 136, 43606, 5369, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 1840, 51, 11030, 4, 10, 16030, 111, 131316, 28021, 4, 65524, 71, 604, 47, 29966, 29874, 10696, 4, 221, 2412, 22282, 71, 100, 136, 115081, 70, 152363, 14018, 3956, 96730, 1363, 5, 4687, 509, 36456, 3674, 47, 70, 29874, 10696, 111, 70, 17038, 9, 89742, 3035, 2940, 7, 9, 193485, 23, 210721, 23, 41310, 4, 142, 225073, 69307, 674, 100, 24793, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 51404, 35187, 214, 4, 2412, 435, 25075, 5631, 14, 4, 2750, 509, 109312, 110281, 297, 47, 604, 108654, 4, 30306, 2481, 4, 10422, 111, 16000, 4, 136, 604, 5161, 111, 70, 98145, 7, 136, 101120, 194637, 214, 5, 8022, 939, 136, 25075, 1902, 15044, 30957, 297, 29874, 10696, 99, 136659, 5997, 136, 15044, 150180, 71, 23, 23031, 5, 10660, 139505, 450, 5701, 6602, 5, 8022, 939, 117176, 71, 47, 129574, 8780, 4, 22, 11, 79298, 604, 136, 25075, 47, 1108, 1294, 23, 70, 12610, 129574, 84084, 5, 10660, 109133, 47, 181103, 4, 10323, 111, 66724, 4, 7440, 8022, 939, 66933, 70, 11737, 6626, 5369, 99, 70, 117619, 19, 91345, 25, 7, 27123, 4, 136, 604, 71390, 79786, 23, 10, 139915, 53, 5, 51404, 99, 70, 17986, 4, 8022, 939, 5631, 14, 79786, 98, 70, 131316, 28021, 25072, 136, 55080, 297, 28007, 7, 23, 52768, 15913, 1363, 4, 37397, 214, 52768, 7, 8108, 136, 7103, 96055, 63964, 39734, 4, 136, 91376, 15122, 7, 98, 59714, 171986, 7, 5, 25075, 509, 144888, 297, 3934, 70, 66724, 19, 187, 1176, 136, 149976, 20271, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 16505, 509, 34844, 7103, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 8022, 939, 134729, 297, 1295, 4449, 28437, 127, 56680, 7605, 143434, 390, 141591, 960, 143674, 1363, 4743, 47, 15381, 16610, 52467, 5, 32255, 44402, 4, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 70, 118055, 2874, 9, 4233, 4007, 8780, 4, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 5631, 164, 25, 51957, 47, 31358, 14713, 5, 360, 63445, 4, 70, 5631, 164, 15044, 194704, 3674, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 15, 90391, 939, 37195, 21775, 7103, 25075, 6637, 111, 34844, 53, 23, 113054, 214, 10, 19069, 16, 47, 237360, 29874, 25188, 99, 70, 22836, 43975, 100, 70, 148027, 111, 22704, 144546, 229200, 7, 15, 35613, 70, 12015, 19256, 5227, 147146, 43975, 16, 23, 216231, 4, 2356, 5753, 5, 360, 61786, 4, 1836, 100512, 6083, 29367, 130367, 7, 5, 581, 14364, 100, 70, 43975, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 2837, 45188, 8022, 939, 2174, 2412, 6777, 959, 8360, 184, 57119, 4935, 25188, 678, 604, 71390, 5, 4687, 136475, 47, 4488, 678, 25075, 136, 509, 2843, 93544, 98, 99, 70, 43975, 5, 106073, 70, 5631, 164, 3542, 20947, 3168, 17704, 1295, 20697, 25842, 99, 12015, 19256, 4, 1836, 136475, 47, 54, 221, 4, 5361, 84382, 23, 32603, 1916, 2258, 837, 99735, 13, 159531, 5, 10660, 3542, 106480, 60892, 23, 3642, 157935, 184, 83, 93447, 29367, 23, 70, 14135, 14361, 136, 70, 133818, 7, 450, 15913, 67, 903, 9433, 5, 10660, 91376, 809, 2480, 53, 15122, 7, 12960, 99, 12015, 19256, 4, 678, 5117, 42179, 10778, 7730, 47, 70, 1632, 2750, 1902, 16940, 2684, 111, 70, 25188, 100, 10, 34475, 15122, 5, 8022, 939, 5631, 14, 91376, 103155, 38440, 237, 70, 31247, 42179, 5, 360, 54566, 4, 1836, 26171, 71, 70, 70, 4524, 70760, 105823, 450, 14432, 23742, 2856, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 4, 70, 5631, 14, 105823, 5, 581, 105823, 98363, 7, 3642, 70, 14135, 14361, 4527, 7, 165045, 132539, 7, 47, 36356, 3060, 2258, 837, 99735, 90, 6044, 237, 100483, 587, 1409, 23, 123635, 108055, 13, 3934, 21, 49086, 43840, 4, 12960, 142518, 90, 84382, 27060, 5, 581, 5631, 164, 25737, 12015, 19256, 23, 66426, 7103, 80299, 214, 2363, 4488, 98, 2258, 837, 99735, 13, 159531, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 141626, 90, 122399, 25075, 10, 19069, 1284, 128120, 71, 47, 1274, 107, 8022, 939, 5, 8022, 939, 509, 27257, 71, 20271, 1632, 152363, 33683, 450, 442, 509, 90698, 44, 309, 152644, 19, 58, 100, 10, 139505, 24941, 47, 4488, 25842, 5, 25075, 128120, 71, 10, 19069, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 216231, 6637, 70, 10696, 2806, 959, 63769, 4049, 47, 4488, 678, 1919, 58386, 5, 360, 66426, 4, 1836, 109133, 47, 2907, 5, 37405, 4, 220983, 4, 237, 17955, 12535, 122399, 15044, 25075, 136, 8022, 939, 19069, 7, 4, 102971, 8022, 939, 25, 7, 30648, 136, 4559, 1294, 3542, 5045, 92319, 3501, 604, 71390, 25, 7, 5, 262, 61518, 604, 25188, 76615, 4, 8022, 939, 509, 4734, 122399, 10, 19069, 237, 10, 25188, 30699, 67, 99, 10, 4559, 1294, 1632, 1492, 927, 111, 450, 75204, 390, 604, 71390, 74, 2412, 509, 1631, 14534, 450, 2412, 13648, 182, 39, 604, 71390, 25, 7, 80997, 5, 17955, 12535, 25, 7, 76710, 141, 1484, 4, 79281, 15612, 1507, 4, 7228, 10, 5361, 63769, 7154, 100, 8022, 939, 47, 16401, 10, 19069, 2685, 4, 7730, 26548, 70, 152363, 25, 7, 8490, 1814, 39, 91736, 5, 8022, 939, 1902, 47, 40485, 6, 95037, 8927, 5369, 8108, 2412, 243, 122009, 70, 5701, 30648, 237, 604, 71390, 5, 360, 40464, 4, 2412, 509, 7228, 142, 30699, 67, 16030, 111, 42477, 1843, 109622, 83230, 38904, 136, 130480, 238, 25443, 5, 12982, 127, 7, 8108, 2412, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8022, 939, 175264, 5631, 14, 15, 40062, 9552, 133936, 74, 8055, 423, 4, 121049, 46, 18374, 29620, 44321, 16, 509, 10, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 9, 127345, 3530, 1430, 6133, 2750, 23, 40191, 509, 70, 50960, 46667, 47, 19916, 10, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 41664, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 46667, 47, 186, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 13000, 53, 172, 25443, 707, 119210, 4, 100, 604, 31486, 23, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 100483, 587, 1409, 159531, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Marriage and early career.", "Working in the United States.", "Washington University.", "Awards and recognitions.", "Final years." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896. Her father, Otto Radnitz, was a chemist who became manager of sugar refineries after inventing a successful method for refining sugar. Her mother, Martha, a friend of Franz Kafka, was a culturally sophisticated woman. Gerty was tutored at home before enrolling in a lyceum for girls, and at the age of 16, she decided she wanted to be a medical doctor. Pursuing the study of science, Gerty learned that she lacked the prerequisites in Latin, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Over the course of a year, she managed to study the equivalent of eight years of Latin, five years of science, and five years of mathematics. Her uncle, a professor of pediatrics, encouraged her to attend medical school, so she studied for and passed the university entrance examination. She was admitted to the medical school of the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prague in 1914, an unusual achievement for women at that time.", "While studying, she met Carl Cori, who was immediately attracted to her charm, vitality, sense of humor, and her love of the outdoors and mountain climbing. Gerty and Carl had both entered medical school at eighteen and both graduated in 1920. They married that same year. Gerty converted to Catholicism, enabling her and Carl to marry in the Roman Catholic Church. They moved to Vienna, capital of Austria, where Gerty spent the next two years at the Carolinen Children's Hospital, and her husband worked in a laboratory. While at the hospital, Gerty Cori worked on the pediatrics unit and conducted experiments in temperature regulation, comparing temperatures before and after thyroid treatment, and published papers on blood disorders. Carl was drafted into the Austrian army and served during World War I. Life was difficult after the war, and Gerty suffered from xerophthalmia caused by severe malnutrition due to food shortages. These problems, in conjunction with the increasing anti-Semitism, contributed to the Coris' decision to leave Europe.", "In 1922, the Coris both immigrated to the United States (Gerty six months after Carl because of difficulty in obtaining a position) to pursue medical research at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases (now the Roswell Park Cancer Institute) in Buffalo, New York. In 1928, they became naturalized citizens. The director for the Institute threatened to dismiss Gerty if she did not cease collaborative research with her husband. She continued to work with Carl and was also kept on at the Institute. Although the Coris were discouraged from working together at Roswell, they continued to do so, specializing in investigating carbohydrate metabolism. They were particularly interested in how glucose is metabolized in the human body and the hormones that regulate this process. They published fifty papers while at Roswell, with first author status going to the one who had done most of the research for a given paper. Gerty Cori published eleven articles as the sole author. In 1929, they proposed the theoretical cycle that later won them the Nobel Prize, the Cori cycle. The cycle describes how the human body uses chemical reactions to break some carbohydrates such as glycogen in muscle tissue into lactic acid, while synthesizing others.", "The Coris left Roswell in 1931 after publishing their work on carbohydrate metabolism. A number of universities offered Carl a position but refused to hire Gerty. Gerty was informed during one university interview that it was considered \"unamerican\" for a married couple to work together. Carl refused a position at the University of Buffalo because the school would not allow him to work with his wife. In 1931, they moved to St. Louis, Missouri, as Washington University offered both Carl and Gerty positions, although Gerty's rank and salary were much lower than her husband's. Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career. Washington University's Chancellor, Arthur Compton, made a special allowance for Gerty to hold a position there, going against the university's nepotism rules. Gerty had to wait thirteen years before she attained the same rank as her husband. In 1943, she was made an associate professor of Research Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology. Months before she won the Nobel Prize, she was promoted to full professor, a post she held until her death in 1957. While working at Washington University, they discovered an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose 1-phosphate, now known as the Cori ester. They established the compound's structure, identified the enzyme phosphorylase that catalyzed its chemical formation, and showed that the Cori ester is the beginning step in the conversion of the carbohydrate glycogen into glucose (breaking down energy stores into a format in which they can be used). It can also be the last step in the conversion of blood glucose to glycogen, as it is a reversible step. Gerty Cori also studied glycogen storage disease, identifying at least four forms, each related to a particular enzymatic defect. She was the first to show that a defect in an enzyme can be the cause of a human genetic disease. Gerty and Carl Cori collaborated on most of their work, including that which won them the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\". They received one half the prize, the other half going to the Argentinian physiologist, Bernardo Houssay \"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\". Their work continued to clarify the mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism, advancing understanding of the reversible conversion of sugars and starch, findings which proved crucial in the development of treatments for diabetics.", "In 1947, Gerty Cori became the third woman—and the first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science, the previous recipients being Marie Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie. She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953. Cori was the fourth women elected to the National Academy of Sciences. She was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as board member of the National Science Foundation, a position she held until her death. Gerty was also a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Chemical Society and the American Philosophical Society. She and her husband were presented jointly with the Midwest Award (American Chemical Society) in 1946 and the Squibb Award in Endocrinology in 1947. In addition, Cori received the Garvan-Olin Medal (1948), the St. Louis Award (1948), the Sugar Research Prize (1950), the Borden Award (1951). She received honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Boston University (1948), Smith College (1949), Yale University (1951), Columbia University (1954), and the University of Rochester (1955). The twenty-five square foot laboratory shared by Cori and her husband at Washington University was deemed a National Historic Landmark by the American Chemical Society in 2004. Six of the scientists mentored by Cori and her husband went on to win Nobel Prizes, which is only superseded by the mentored scientists of British physicist J.J. Thomson. In 1949, she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution. The crater Cori on the Moon is named after her, as is the Cori crater on Venus. She shares a star with her husband on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998. Cori was honored by the release of a US Postal Service stamp in April 2008. The 41-cent stamp was reported by the Associated Press to have a printing error in the chemical formula for glucose-1-phosphate (Cori ester), but was distributed despite the error. Her description reads: \"Biochemist Gerty Cori (1896–1957), in collaboration with her husband, Carl, made important discoveries—including a new derivative of glucose—that elucidated the steps of carbohydrate metabolism and contributed to the understanding and treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. In 1947, the couple was awarded a half share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.\" The US Department of Energy named the NERSC-8 supercomputer installed at Berkeley Lab in 2015/2016 after Cori. In November 2016, NERSC's Cori ranked 5th on the TOP500 list of world's most powerful high-performance computers. Although prejudiced against in her time for being a woman, today she is the more celebrated of the Coris as she considered a pioneer as a woman of science.", "Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow. During her years at the Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, Gerty had worked with X-rays, studying their effects on the human body, which may have contributed to her illness. She struggled for ten years with the illness while continuing her scientific work; only in the final months did she let up. In 1957, she died in her home. Gerty was cremated and her ashes scattered. Later, her son erected a cenotaph for Gerty and Carl Cori in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. She was survived by her husband and their only child, Tom Cori, who married the daughter of conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly. Carl Cori remarried in 1960 to Anne Fitzgerald-Jones. The two later moved to Boston, where Carl taught at Harvard Medical School. He continued to work there until his death in 1984 at the age of eighty-eight." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 155455, 7, 111, 70, 13579, 44, 25395, 1651, 58, 765, 10861, 297, 87420, 32692, 5, 44, 3957, 42673, 14941, 147638, 58, 96853, 6626, 3173, 7, 111, 70, 2565, 12, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 44, 11, 41238, 9523, 830, 3129, 442, 61924, 7, 237, 44, 188, 186, 99, 10, 86669, 830, 44, 464, 13409, 2886, 830, 136, 44, 73, 92768, 297, 47, 92814, 4, 707, 47, 138804, 36746, 17514, 56128, 136, 70, 110, 309, 3173, 44, 25395, 1651, 830, 3129, 442, 61924, 7, 237, 70, 44, 61340, 111, 70, 10, 41238, 9523, 58, 136, 44, 11, 117, 44974, 2481, 707, 34844, 53, 740, 581, 45, 10763, 6635, 42805, 2843, 96853, 6626, 39395, 90426, 289, 4527, 7, 4, 3129, 15044, 15005, 47, 70, 13579, 25, 7, 60971, 1290, 21533, 15, 219, 9319, 3501, 99644, 6827, 16, 127689, 5, 360, 14787, 19577, 510, 3915, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 28114, 111, 14941, 663, 90, 478, 58, 20808, 122705, 4, 6885, 1651, 83, 44, 2347, 40641, 16723, 7844, 4, 378, 991, 268, 35839, 27, 372, 408, 4032, 27983, 642, 1221, 48903, 47, 377, 824, 117, 7870, 4, 136, 3249, 92814, 7, 111, 8966, 3229, 390, 10, 111719, 13, 144996, 111, 116483, 642, 13648, 261, 38949, 707, 8, 299, 378, 2347, 39, 268, 740, 360, 10, 91067, 1295, 611, 12243, 4, 821, 5, 37700, 25, 7, 44, 31852, 7, 70760, 80658, 3826, 238, 4, 58, 70, 13579, 24209, 7, 44, 11, 26366, 7440, 1272, 70, 119578, 2412, 1177, 927, 450, 764, 92814, 12421, 4, 40101, 7440, 47, 9842, 100, 70, 95937, 13, 111, 26866, 7, 4, 707, 2367, 47, 54, 707, 5154, 23, 3060, 114453, 707, 920, 12282, 10821, 13580, 58, 15, 670, 17610, 194, 177592, 1401, 481, 159, 1176, 927, 25, 7, 44, 91127, 343, 48078, 1727, 58, 5173, 74757, 2843, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 60971, 1290, 21533, 127689, 390, 13204, 449, 6885, 1651, 237, 44, 66, 17662, 56284, 390, 3129, 10, 119578, 1238, 38529, 7, 92814, 7, 237, 47, 7440, 764, 35299, 9842, 707, 3564, 707, 2367, 764, 35299, 54, 707, 5154, 58, 16156, 88151, 5, 5455, 5744, 97264, 4, 95134, 6637, 1836, 1380, 7103, 70, 68451, 111, 1305, 9, 36716, 82451, 8780, 4, 765, 19667, 19, 47, 171, 217, 70, 60971, 1290, 21533, 127689, 111, 70, 13579, 5, 360, 25031, 1950, 3796, 25, 7, 44, 284, 10639, 14137, 47, 95935, 13, 4, 58, 100, 27781, 4, 6885, 1651, 83, 207487, 237, 44, 11, 34844, 53, 4, 21980, 35055, 4, 707, 6275, 111, 92814, 136, 19538, 318, 6889, 830, 12960, 2843, 959, 214, 450, 35778, 7, 6044, 237, 117085, 1310, 33771, 765, 6, 212423, 70, 13579, 47, 44, 69442, 67, 10, 6275, 111, 9232, 24750, 83259, 4, 3129, 64040, 1636, 70, 1764, 99, 3129, 70, 7986, 2684, 171259, 1379, 2962, 7, 6863, 10002, 60971, 1290, 21533, 45646, 4, 2837, 45660, 1577, 4, 707, 8, 2271, 36716, 7, 68034, 58, 129679, 5, 81421, 45492, 36840, 7, 4, 23, 1919, 34666, 44, 28542, 4665, 4, 8647, 2414, 299, 4, 136, 180423, 8780, 830, 62816, 20650, 7, 77890, 237, 6885, 1651, 4, 10, 4323, 7030, 678, 773, 33770, 141037, 5, 25447, 474, 37277, 669, 4, 23, 1919, 12877, 44, 44851, 56359, 21094, 12, 155057, 7, 23, 135940, 1294, 581, 30675, 44, 81757, 4, 189050, 6885, 1651, 237, 10, 85403, 37772, 23, 15044, 70, 22104, 136, 2363, 4927, 74, 442, 83, 4, 100, 70, 22104, 4, 142, 121303, 9393, 121303, 111, 70, 7986, 707, 10, 4488, 111, 4927, 5, 581, 37451, 1363, 111, 6885, 1651, 3934, 6863, 6626, 2993, 20133, 3716, 44, 11, 58, 9, 136, 44, 70924, 7, 58, 15, 25, 76228, 6056, 25, 136, 242, 137716, 429, 25, 16, 122273, 7, 70, 2565, 25, 7, 98870, 82, 4650, 109622, 76615, 237, 5299, 237, 6863, 94878, 47, 163334, 1771, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 44582, 1204, 420, 669, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 6097, 6626, 82761, 7, 621, 106157, 47, 10, 4393, 56, 100094, 111, 70, 2565, 4, 3129, 1556, 2809, 186768, 538, 3900, 143, 3674, 136, 217064, 208806, 74906, 4935, 538, 12, 44, 30145, 143, 22230, 4, 2750, 56104, 144281, 2363, 117, 44974, 2481, 390, 3900, 143, 1916, 44, 70924, 7, 58, 237, 242, 3355, 60867, 33, 2408, 25, 136, 44, 25395, 1651, 58, 237, 242, 152462, 71333, 939, 25, 27, 133, 8216, 70, 155255, 23, 70, 43334, 237, 47, 756, 70, 484, 109109, 98870, 7432, 111, 44, 70924, 7, 58, 136, 44, 25395, 1651, 58, 136, 8337, 110, 5122, 18, 237, 47, 2363, 22317, 678, 3789, 34153, 66165, 81551, 47, 70, 5701, 242, 212122, 11438, 5, 62771, 22317, 23, 111599, 78458, 106804, 13, 450, 70, 69407, 621, 2831, 111, 10, 44, 209990, 58, 450, 22387, 31, 3017, 15555, 7, 1295, 4, 10, 40250, 3129, 44, 70751, 7, 678, 10, 99644, 6827, 145520, 111, 153648, 4, 136, 678, 70, 62775, 111, 182324, 450, 442, 35388, 90, 58, 17857, 5, 717, 106804, 13, 6044, 10, 36356, 4, 1204, 420, 669, 98865, 48716, 110527, 7, 111, 70, 13579, 87420, 22387, 31, 25, 7, 4488, 5, 1840, 35107, 111, 70, 759, 927, 111, 1818, 232, 4, 436, 2787, 4, 136, 1004, 232, 23, 22387, 31, 25, 7, 44, 294, 4650, 67890, 316, 58, 41866, 122273, 7, 70, 23755, 25, 7, 51, 30145, 2335, 41159, 5, 436, 2787, 4, 70, 44, 206, 38472, 111, 234694, 830, 28288, 7, 47, 37772, 126351, 192915, 2182, 164055, 678, 70, 23, 13, 7928, 27686, 1818, 232, 4, 70, 3445, 41274, 111, 87794, 4, 2750, 83, 11343, 23, 177986, 678, 6885, 1651, 136, 4911, 7, 13204, 449, 6885, 1651, 5, 581, 16750, 111, 903, 69941, 83, 1004, 232, 4, 2750, 23, 3334, 14481, 70, 128994, 67, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 1919, 27863, 59791, 5, 581, 117, 44974, 214, 43585, 111, 70, 759, 927, 83, 122273, 297, 237, 1632, 92154, 7, 450, 436, 2787, 83, 1030, 1916, 1810, 111, 177953, 7844, 7432, 4, 10, 31897, 3638, 538, 150380, 297, 47, 1818, 232, 4, 136, 1818, 232, 25, 23, 44713, 122273, 7, 1919, 10002, 101766, 2481, 4, 10, 234694, 111, 122921, 707, 44, 70924, 7, 740, 62771, 10, 76755, 108938, 538, 52490, 7, 959, 4734, 70, 43701, 111, 6885, 1651, 1284, 6863, 91084, 237, 5299, 12, 137625, 538, 4, 6885, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 142, 6885, 1651, 15, 16, 83, 10, 104192, 707, 11341, 111, 104192, 674, 5, 360, 60971, 3826, 238, 4, 442, 83, 10, 21635, 1363, 111, 92814, 4, 7228, 100, 60971, 1290, 21533, 60042, 136, 27983, 3820, 40255, 71, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definitions.", "Etymology.", "Philosophy.", "Rhetoric." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Definitions of the term \"aporia\" have varied throughout history. \"The Oxford English Dictionary\" includes two forms of the word: the adjective \"aporetic\", which it defines as \"to be at a loss\", \"impassable\", and \"inclined to doubt, or to raise objections\"; and the noun form \"aporia\", which it defines as the \"state of the aporetic\" and \"a perplexity or difficulty\". The dictionary entry also includes two early textual uses, which both refer to the term's rhetorical (rather than philosophical) usage. In George Puttenham's \"The Arte of English Poesie\" (1589), aporia is \"the Doubtful, [so] called...because often we will seem to caste perils, and make doubts of things when by a plaine manner of speech we might affirm or deny [them]\". In a reference from 1657, J. Smith's \"Mystical Rhetoric,\" the term becomes \"a figure whereby the speaker sheweth that he doubteth, either where to begin for the multitude of matters, or what to do or say in some strange or ambiguous thing\" (OED). Herbert Weir Smyth's \"Greek Grammar\" (1956) also focuses on the rhetorical usage by defining aporia as \"an artifice by which a speaker feigns doubts as to where he shall begin or end or what he shall do or say\" (674). More modern sources, perhaps because they come after the advent of post-structuralism, have chosen to omit the rhetorical usage of the term. In William Harmon's \"A Handbook to Literature,\" for example, aporia is identified as \"a difficulty, impasse, or point of doubt and indecision\", while also noting that critics such as Jacques Derrida have employed the term to \"indicate a point of undecidability, which locates the site at which the text most obviously undermines its own rhetorical structure, dismantles, or deconstructs itself\" (39). Julian Wolfreys, in his essay \"Trauma, Testimony, and Criticism\", characterizes trauma as aporia, a wound with unending trail. Valiur Rahaman, in his book \"Interpretations: Essays in Literary Theory \" (2011), explained aporia as a creative force in both the artist and their art; it is, for the artist, an edgeless edge of the text or a work of art.", "The separation of aporia into its two morphemes \"a\"- and \"poros\" ('without' and 'passage') reveals the word's rich etymological background as well as its connection to Platonic mythology. Sarah Kofman asserts that these two components are crucial to a fuller understanding of the word, which has been historically translated and understood somewhat reductively: \"translators, who usually escape their perplexity by translating \"poros\" as 'expediency' and \"aporia\" as 'difficulty'...leave the reader in the dark as to all the semantic richness of \"poros\" and \"aporia\" and give no hint as to their links with other words belonging to the same 'family (9). Such links inevitably demonstrate that the terms are part of a \"tradition\" that Plato borrows from, a tradition which \"breaks with a philosophical conception of translation, and with the logic of identity that it implies\" (10). To demonstrate such a break, Kofman reviews multiple instances of the term throughout Plato's work. Her discussion of the myth of Poros, Penia, and Eros in Plato's \"Symposium\" especially reveals the concept's untranslatability. Penia, the \"child of poverty\", decides to forcefully impregnate herself with the inebriated Poros, the personification of plenty, who is always in opposition with aporia and thus defining aporia. The result of this union is Eros, who inherits the disparate characteristics of his parents (25). The perplexing aspect of the myth is revealed as one realizes that Penia is acting out of resourcefulness, a quality normally attributed to Poros, and Poros' inaction reveals his own passivity, a poverty of agency or \"poros\". Such a relationship intensely affects not only the context of aporia but its meaning as well: Ultimately, aporia cannot be separated from this etymological and cultural history. Such history provides insight into aporia's perplexing semantic qualities as well as into the historical context in which the word functions as an indicator of the limits of language in constructing knowledge.", "In philosophy, an aporia is a philosophical puzzle or a seemingly insoluble impasse in an inquiry, often arising as a result of equally plausible yet inconsistent premises (i.e. a paradox). It can also denote the state of being perplexed, or at a loss, at such a puzzle or impasse. The notion of an aporia is principally found in Greek philosophy, but it also plays a role in post-structuralist philosophy, as in the writings of Jacques Derrida and Luce Irigaray, and it has also served as an instrument of investigation in analytic philosophy. Plato's early dialogues are often called his 'aporetic' (Greek: ἀπορητικός) dialogues because they typically end in aporia. In such a dialogue, Socrates questions his interlocutor about the nature or definition of a concept, for example virtue or courage. Socrates then, through elenctic testing, shows his interlocutor that his answer is unsatisfactory. After a number of such failed attempts, the interlocutor admits he is in aporia about the examined concept, concluding that he does not know what it is. In Plato's \"Meno\" (84a-c), Socrates describes the purgative effect of reducing someone to aporia: it shows someone who merely thought he knew something that he does not in fact know it and instills in him a desire to investigate it. In Aristotle's \"Metaphysics\", aporia plays a role in his method of inquiry. In contrast to a rationalist inquiry that begins from \"a priori\" principles, or an empiricist inquiry that begins from a \"tabula rasa\", he begins the \"Metaphysics\" by surveying the various \"aporiai\" that exist, drawing in particular on what puzzled his predecessors: \"with a view to the science we are seeking [i.e., metaphysics], it is necessary that we should first review the things about which we need, from the outset, to be puzzled\" (995a24). Book Beta of the \"Metaphysics\" is a list of the \"aporiai\" that preoccupy the rest of the work. In Pyrrhonism aporia is intentionally induced as a means of producing ataraxia. Contemporary academic studies of the term further characterize its usage in philosophical discourses. In \"Aporetics: Rational Deliberation in the Face of Inconsistency\" (2009), Nicholas Rescher is concerned with the methods in which an aporia, or \"apory\", is intellectually processed and resolved. In the Preface, Rescher identifies the work as an attempt to \"synthesize and systematize an aporetic procedure for dealing with information overload (of 'cognitive dissonance', as it is sometimes called)\" (ix). The text is also useful in that it provides a more precise (although specialized) definition of the concept: \"any cognitive situation in which the threat of inconsistency confronts us\" (1). Rescher further introduces his specific study of the apory by qualifying the term as \"a group of individually plausible but collectively incompatible theses\", a designation he illustrates with the following syllogism or \"cluster of contentions\": The aporia, or \"apory\" of this syllogism lies in the fact that, while each of these assertions is individually conceivable, together they are inconsistent or impossible (i.e. they constitute a paradox). Rescher's study is indicative of the continuing presence of scholarly examinations of the concept of aporia and, furthermore, of the continuing attempts of scholars to translate the word, to describe its modern meaning.", "Aporia is also a rhetorical device whereby the speaker expresses a doubt—often feigned—about his position or asks the audience rhetorically how he or she should proceed. One aim of aporia may be to discredit the speaker's opponent. Aporia is also called \"dubitatio\". For example:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10332, 525, 51529, 41392, 111, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 32497, 1295, 702, 12975, 4, 102971, 442, 13835, 71, 110680, 5, 62, 5381, 329, 111, 70, 63666, 964, 10534, 7, 111, 527, 701, 35732, 21771, 13835, 71, 23, 70, 54427, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 21647, 297, 14834, 38109, 23, 616, 12243, 136, 509, 173, 14437, 678, 67842, 219475, 7, 23, 616, 13683, 1104, 2592, 10057, 5, 141598, 21286, 442, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 109997, 11, 22591, 965, 112, 16070, 111, 70, 32774, 56, 164111, 192859, 111, 70, 28820, 127, 174462, 24189, 70, 9148, 5256, 111, 164111, 5, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 509, 105866, 98, 10, 52350, 36439, 37067, 214, 13036, 28820, 127, 162708, 6653, 34, 6419, 136, 339, 434, 865, 5, 24172, 1143, 62956, 7, 2843, 42938, 297, 23, 52350, 678, 124894, 4, 1734, 2189, 164111, 136, 5421, 5674, 11, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 30839, 117249, 5, 6561, 6602, 538, 44075, 34739, 3687, 16792, 616, 12243, 4, 23, 423, 3768, 18813, 26729, 164, 26770, 87, 70, 25074, 170920, 10, 17932, 44075, 4, 136, 23, 611, 8894, 70, 503, 14466, 170920, 6626, 1286, 44075, 7, 5, 581, 59444, 134729, 297, 23, 70, 543, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 187951, 116000, 191, 111, 164111, 136, 83063, 4439, 4, 136, 23, 729, 11591, 442, 509, 3398, 3355, 297, 390, 55386, 7, 3478, 23, 70, 77648, 9148, 1363, 111, 164111, 5, 11678, 122009, 390, 82224, 7, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 786, 7668, 111, 34210, 15519, 23, 543, 9016, 4, 23, 543, 1837, 442, 100512, 2831, 111, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 77699, 164111, 136, 77736, 47, 70, 102374, 9148, 1363, 5, 360, 543, 4633, 70, 34210, 15519, 9, 6609, 33, 76, 85736, 7514, 509, 142096, 4, 3129, 115081, 8305, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 5, 94341, 297, 47, 8332, 9, 7192, 15227, 136, 51211, 41274, 102880, 4, 5941, 23, 109261, 16037, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 28820, 127, 18982, 345, 22876, 214, 23, 141745, 136, 23, 66007, 74668, 9016, 28820, 127, 18782, 7, 34739, 3687, 23, 70, 59444, 5, 2161, 6088, 423, 4, 166555, 442, 509, 70, 53550, 100, 70, 41714, 111, 70, 129335, 31678, 56, 25251, 25, 19175, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 87, 442, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 102126, 4, 136, 7103, 70, 1631, 4, 23, 24531, 4, 442, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 456, 9, 7752, 7121, 67175, 28820, 127, 11341, 5, 133698, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 164111, 4, 3129, 94419, 70, 86595, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 23, 6088, 34578, 4, 70, 30839, 7, 79904, 297, 70, 59444, 4, 54330, 214, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 18276, 7, 4, 70, 17986, 136, 10, 106820, 20271, 10, 106820, 4516, 5, 62, 67688, 3252, 3395, 3542, 152388, 4, 136, 15700, 1781, 3542, 148, 167457, 4, 805, 33976, 7, 3542, 163684, 297, 5, 14304, 987, 297, 390, 70, 1401, 4097, 88083, 98, 6088, 209, 4, 34578, 4, 70, 11737, 5155, 30839, 3428, 68818, 175100, 1810, 142, 71924, 1830, 111, 1496, 82224, 7, 23, 70, 59444, 5, 2161, 6088, 534, 9955, 4, 101910, 41555, 36997, 71, 70, 59444, 5, 133698, 70, 6, 167618, 4, 70, 30839, 7, 170920, 10, 62621, 11491, 100, 28820, 127, 101085, 1314, 111, 1631, 4, 14432, 59357, 71, 47, 83572, 102126, 4, 136, 10, 6, 218240, 100, 845, 19725, 4, 14432, 59357, 71, 47, 70, 34210, 15519, 84414, 10628, 136, 83572, 202104, 11491, 7, 5, 581, 30839, 7, 71924, 297, 645, 1781, 3395, 23, 70, 59444, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 28820, 127, 1379, 64330, 39746, 7154, 112664, 7464, 160404, 71, 2685, 5, 581, 26349, 26, 7, 111503, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 15, 56464, 1295, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 237, 10, 40989, 114014, 26, 11698, 16, 136, 70, 142901, 111, 40617, 36279, 1294, 136, 65133, 38742, 5, 17106, 142, 120767, 141, 25188, 32872, 13, 4, 442, 83, 2843, 51529, 100, 41896, 40617, 214, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 105719, 143839, 7, 111, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 621, 12, 136, 101740, 117406, 621, 35509, 23, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 5, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 52917, 10821, 3395, 162711, 678, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 10776, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 9879, 164111, 678, 4572, 4, 363, 3768, 23, 109261, 16037, 68766, 4, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 240963, 22591, 10455, 16070, 15, 7, 42380, 8272, 247, 198395, 10323, 111, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 22591, 10455, 16070, 15, 134420, 74668, 125435, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 20491, 56, 701, 2452, 329, 47064, 5, 581, 59444, 83, 39501, 297, 39555, 66161, 23552, 7514, 17721, 240963, 136, 34210, 15519, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Sights.", "Sports.", "International relations.", "Twin towns – Sister cities.", "Notable people." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The oldest known mention of Skierniewice comes from 1359, although it existed earlier. A palace of the archibishops of Gniezno already existed in the village at that time. Skierniewice gained municipal rights in 1457 and was vested with various privileges in 1456–1458. Administratively it was part of the Rawa Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown until the Partitions of Poland. Skierniewice was located on a trade route connecting major Polish cities Toruń and Lwów. Local merchants also participated in trade with Gdańsk, Lesser Poland and Podolia, as well as German states. One yearly fair took place since 1457, in 1527 King Sigismund I the Old established a second fair, and in 1641 the Sejm established two more fairs. The town suffered in the 18th-century as a result of the Swedish invasion of Poland and epidemics, and in 1793 it was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland. Regained by Poles as part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw in 1806, in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland and fell to the Russian Partition. In 1845 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway was opened, which passed through Skierniewice. Subjected to Anti-Polish and Russification policies, many inhabitants took part in the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising in 1863 and in 1905–1906 Polish protests took place in the town. On September 15, 1884 it was the setting for the meeting of the Three Emperors' League. During World War I it was occupied by Germany, and after the war, in 1918, it became part of the re-established Polish state. During the invasion of Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, in September 1939, the Germans raided the town, bombing the railway station, as well as houses, the hospital and a church during a church service. Around 150 people were killed, and another 200 were wounded, 100 buildings were destroyed. Captured by the Wehrmacht on September 10, 1939, the next day German troops carried out an execution of 60 Poles in the town. On September 11-12, Adolf Hitler visited the town. During the occupation, the Germans established a transit camp for Polish prisoners of war, later deported to Nazi Germany, and a ghetto for Jews, later deported to the Warsaw Ghetto and Nazi concentration camps. The Germans executed over 200 people in the town, however, the Polish underground resistance movement still operated there. The city’s economy is based on the textile industry (dating from the 17th century as a dressmakers’ centre) and the manufacture of farm machinery and electronic products. With an agricultural research institute, it is also known for fruit farming.", "Among the historic sights of Skierniewice are:", "and football clubs are based in Skierniewice.", "", "Skierniewice is twinned with:", "Famous people connected with Skierniewice region:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 34525, 538, 31089, 71, 23, 10, 111719, 22556, 91, 133, 3134, 4, 70, 11001, 509, 70, 4734, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 182304, 121447, 390, 6, 121517, 4, 136, 157578, 14012, 4520, 98, 70, 17274, 43609, 7, 110373, 8108, 6, 121517, 36069, 20051, 70, 21115, 98, 305, 18982, 27193, 4, 10, 31150, 7103, 43032, 111, 70, 8753, 11814, 15214, 66, 2481, 20271, 10, 6867, 113976, 226347, 5, 15, 6210, 197271, 70, 6, 121517, 11389, 509, 17164, 297, 98, 729, 18374, 28506, 4, 142, 110680, 53397, 11389, 509, 17164, 297, 17721, 209, 136, 427, 18374, 99, 10082, 7, 34695, 13, 64, 12137, 7, 13802, 137869, 4, 9020, 5, 3293, 11389, 14432, 71579, 71, 98, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 49935, 2828, 7156, 44, 294, 115755, 740, 16, 360, 70, 128745, 53, 44, 3957, 24158, 927, 136, 70, 27766, 53, 830, 4939, 129965, 191, 151552, 70, 166577, 111, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 73432, 68944, 4, 73342, 214, 450, 70, 2965, 119556, 282, 764, 5809, 8, 41079, 100, 70, 5117, 13315, 4, 44, 568, 444, 142, 8332, 206, 24816, 830, 509, 70, 17932, 13315, 4, 44, 568, 444, 142, 28556, 58, 206, 4435, 58, 740, 15, 133011, 4445, 39563, 297, 450, 764, 83, 959, 142, 142, 54689, 271, 23, 10, 1324, 33683, 5, 16, 62, 84046, 79737, 361, 58, 23, 206, 49726, 17116, 111, 70, 11001, 509, 121447, 98, 952, 7071, 1324, 100, 450, 6602, 25, 7, 54877, 14934, 10013, 5, 581, 1563, 105160, 14, 21094, 11814, 23, 70, 68944, 621, 10, 132216, 111, 9782, 1631, 91067, 7, 1295, 19340, 7, 10336, 59801, 4, 10, 199015, 111, 2367, 5809, 53383, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 581, 6, 42345, 136, 70, 6, 82302, 3542, 70, 142105, 121, 120430, 6635, 50588, 90, 23, 70, 79612, 23, 182688, 122963, 12, 70, 17305, 5115, 53, 187, 4806, 6, 42345, 15, 568, 16507, 131161, 126140, 16, 3542, 98, 70, 131161, 15, 5772, 9, 111345, 4745, 4, 502, 9, 309, 41274, 16, 5609, 4, 12960, 70, 137107, 9, 6639, 449, 6, 82302, 15, 93193, 1515, 85535, 6620, 56187, 16, 3542, 98, 70, 2091, 395, 6562, 15, 3454, 9, 111345, 4745, 4, 2874, 9, 309, 41274, 16, 5609, 5, 581, 276, 149643, 15, 594, 515, 21287, 37197, 8, 20846, 92543, 8, 202468, 4, 707, 70, 41021, 25, 7, 209410, 100, 70, 20846, 2320, 111, 202468, 16, 3542, 70, 68894, 19085, 450, 34739, 6226, 111, 202468, 4, 36770, 538, 1632, 111, 15604, 25, 7, 101334, 46512, 3387, 4, 23, 10, 26527, 9, 11835, 9782, 1631, 4, 136, 7464, 11675, 70, 23295, 18925, 5, 14847, 46037, 510, 5367, 7, 4, 52, 568, 4527, 70, 22, 195, 53, 4, 63, 442, 25, 7, 10, 91755, 67, 12840, 5264, 100, 52, 568, 4527, 70, 541, 10611, 4, 63, 707, 2356, 108341, 25129, 4, 70, 56101, 5895, 538, 19612, 73962, 5, 581, 68944, 22, 1846, 184, 10, 106480, 129357, 289, 4, 48673, 23755, 111, 28556, 7668, 450, 44961, 297, 70, 117, 330, 29888, 10422, 111, 28, 6332, 3055, 297, 348, 56, 4, 169463, 4, 10588, 9393, 7432, 4, 25313, 208844, 136, 2265, 66961, 2320, 3129, 509, 8035, 29131, 390, 10, 58093, 111, 45, 1015, 95022, 979, 5281, 156206, 444, 532, 271, 70, 8, 92768, 214, 25313, 16648, 136, 12608, 19612, 28302, 111, 70, 4122, 9, 106438, 7, 5, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 31095, 233870, 191390, 90698, 70, 11531, 44, 11, 11782, 47, 121641, 47, 70, 34376, 2750, 18822, 450, 13950, 136, 21972, 509, 39958, 16065, 1295, 2856, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 10, 63805, 111, 15970, 79986, 4, 111, 20654, 67, 23, 215131, 1242, 360, 56434, 70, 613, 686, 6496, 43032, 15, 10869, 26719, 7311, 3065, 26391, 7, 164938, 271, 95932, 7656, 21135, 16, 456, 9, 107, 32271, 297, 44, 284, 2322, 7668, 23, 70, 345, 5, 605, 1242, 100, 70, 1202, 6712, 44, 58, 6637, 70, 6024, 9, 125728, 31347, 5809, 959, 186, 14037, 15, 217, 509, 4842, 164, 63127, 297, 33233, 678, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 44, 6433, 814, 29616, 581, 12981, 21135, 7, 58, 31347, 7, 20271, 10, 25813, 23, 18982, 98946, 5, 581, 44, 22769, 30188, 56889, 58, 11389, 2843, 135179, 23, 70, 1346, 39908, 1830, 111, 70, 44, 284, 9, 101409, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 2843, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 1202, 6712, 44, 7763, 299, 96139, 25, 7, 1250, 12224, 720, 201, 58, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 217148, 5, 581, 11531, 2843, 135179, 23, 70, 73138, 13, 1910, 36549, 20271, 70, 50094, 44, 3957, 130679, 25, 7, 11751, 8613, 740, 893, 30700, 182304, 111, 70, 11531, 23, 1733, 4, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 44755, 73, 136, 61047, 1830, 4, 198371, 15044, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 92265, 136, 44028, 390, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 26366, 35839, 37405, 140724, 191, 15, 289, 991, 24, 4806, 237, 27971, 11363, 53, 23, 3060, 97264, 247, 118775, 98, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 25, 24849, 7156, 44, 3957, 32774, 14434, 242, 19, 25, 48615, 159, 50777, 133, 740, 44, 284, 2322, 7668, 23, 70, 345, 5, 605, 1242, 509, 127918, 390, 15672, 99162, 12924, 8753, 26842, 112, 927, 100, 2363, 50960, 7156, 44, 8912, 7325, 4, 1061, 18621, 27, 1061, 4865, 3890, 4, 121447, 23, 18592, 5, 26842, 112, 927, 25, 7, 11389, 1556, 37264, 297, 68944, 5, 103383, 41109, 1212, 189050, 450, 764, 5809, 959, 28219, 99051, 46037, 510, 25, 7, 5367, 214, 4, 221, 764, 7228, 1257, 70, 63920, 764, 5809, 959, 28219, 15, 73, 10, 135818, 27781, 4, 70, 13315, 44, 66, 126340, 215394, 23582, 27771, 58, 83, 98816, 47, 44, 2940, 3789, 314, 660, 9, 5062, 112884, 90, 51029, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 23295, 83, 98816, 47, 44, 42101, 830, 21208, 70, 44759, 83, 93544, 51, 152028, 71, 5, 581, 11531, 25, 7, 19612, 1202, 83, 10, 124643, 111, 6867, 57616, 4588, 111, 70, 8753, 4, 198394, 68894, 26366, 7, 4, 67842, 28302, 7, 111, 95319, 4, 136, 111, 10, 332, 8035, 168861, 47, 39544, 15, 561, 206, 1884, 20984, 25, 7, 6, 106864, 23, 44, 284, 313, 21135, 18244, 74888, 51029, 41550, 29304, 112730, 70, 17932, 2639, 5, 41109, 1212, 5036, 128120, 7, 47, 11301, 70, 11531, 6867, 4743, 47, 68944, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 8332, 9, 136658, 4, 136, 764, 18822, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 284, 2322, 7668, 23, 70, 345, 5, 605, 1242, 83, 10, 11531, 390, 70, 14941, 87221, 13950, 8753, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 237, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 34377, 11001, 98, 1381, 7582, 28506, 136, 509, 14432, 60213, 71, 98, 2363, 7156, 44, 6433, 814, 29616, 70, 12981, 21135, 7, 4, 11853, 25, 7, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 740, 44, 284, 2322, 7668, 23, 70, 345, 5, 605, 1242, 83, 14012, 9103, 98, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 41260, 25, 7, 5303, 111, 70, 2101, 32774, 525, 23721, 111, 3164, 19055, 136, 83, 99201, 23, 70, 14434, 136, 48615, 19449, 111, 52917, 13, 25, 7, 2101, 23721, 450, 7224, 20051, 14434, 136, 48615, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Information.", "Lyrics.", "Abbreviations.", "Critic.", "\"L'Anarchie Pour Le UK\".", "Megadeth cover.", "Green Jellÿ cover.", "Mötley Crüe cover." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Originally issued in a plain black sleeve, the single was the only Sex Pistols recording released by EMI, and reached number 38 on the UK Singles Chart before EMI dropped the group on 6 January 1977, a month after members of the band used profanity during a live television broadcast. (Although the EMI version was recorded on 17 October 1976, an earlier demo version was recorded between 10 and 12 October at Lansdowne/Wessex Studios, London. This version later surfaced on the Sex Pistols bootleg album \"Spunk\".) In the documentary \"The Filth and the Fury\", John Lydon described the composition of the song's opening lyrics, explaining that the best rhyme he could devise for the first line, \"I am an Antichrist\", was the second line, \"I am an anar\"chiste\"\". (Lydon confirmed that he is not an anarchist in a 2012 interview.) A limited edition 7\" inch picture disc of the single was released on 21 April 2012 for that year's Record Store Day.", "", "The abbreviations used in the lyrics are a selection of civil war references from 1970s headlines, a suggestion of what could happen in the United Kingdom. The IRA and the UDA were the largest paramilitary armies in the conflict in Northern Ireland: the heavily armed IRA (Irish Republican Army) were on the Republican (anti-British, pro-unification) side, while the thousands-strong UDA (Ulster Defence Association) were on the Loyalist (pro-British, anti-unification) side. The MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, or the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) were the political party that took control of Angola, formerly one of Portugal's African colonies, in a 1975-76 civil war, and still run the country today. When Rotten sings, “I use the enemy,” it's a deliberate homonym for “I use the NME,” or New Musical Express, the British weekly music newspaper.", "The lyrics endorse a particularly sensational, violent concept of anarchy that reflected the pervasive sense of embittered anger, confusion, restlessness, economic frustration and social alienation which was being felt by a generation of disenfranchised youth amidst the declining economic situation and bland music scene of the mid-1970s. Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren considered the song \"a call to arms to the kids who believe that rock and roll was taken away from them. It's a statement of self rule, of ultimate independence.\" In 2007, the surviving members (not including original Pistols bassist Glen Matlock) re-recorded \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" for the video game \"\" because the multi-track master could not be found (it was rediscovered along with the rest of the \"Never Mind The Bollocks\" masters during a move in January 2012). The \"Guitar Hero\" version also appears in the film adaption of the \"A-Team\". The song was also featured in the video game \"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4\" as part of the soundtrack. The song also appears in the Constantine TV series during the episode \"The Devil's Vinyl\".", "An alternative recording of the song in time, accompanied by violin and accordion, apparently both translated into French and sung by a mysterious figure called Louis Brennon (also named as Jerzimy in some sources), appeared on the Sex Pistols' 1979 album \"The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle\".", "\"Anarchy in the U.K.\" was covered by American heavy metal band Megadeth for their third album \"So Far, So Good... So What!\", released in 1988. Megadeth's version has altered lyrics. Dave Mustaine explained that he could not understand Johnny Rotten's singing, so he made up the parts he could not understand (in a notable example, the line \"another council tenancy\" is changed to \"and other cunt-like tendencies\"). In addition, the country is changed to \"USA\", though the title is kept unchanged. The song's music video is a montage of live footage of the band, cartoon political figures, various scenes of violence, and of a man being forced to watch (much like Alex's therapy in \"A Clockwork Orange\"). Steve Jones played the second solo. Mustaine now refuses to play the song live due to lyrics referring to the Anti-Christ, and he believes he's \"better for it\".", "Green Jellÿ's version of \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" is a parody cover of the original. This version takes the original song and combines it with \"Flintstones\" references. Although the version's proper title is \"Anarchy in the U.K.\", it was originally titled \"Anarchy in Bedrock\" on Green Jellÿ's (then Green Jellö's) \"Triple Live Möther Gööse at Budokan\" album. William Hanna and Joseph Barbera took offence to this version and to Green Jellÿ mocking \"The Flintstones\", but later relented, as this version was featured on the soundtrack to the \"Flintstones\" film that was released in 1994.", "American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe also covered the song on their 1991 compilation album \"Decade of Decadence\", substituting USA analogies and organizations in the lyrics for UK ones." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 209, 927, 142642, 44, 69956, 275, 144, 9, 161671, 41336, 830, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 197212, 110309, 14137, 4, 70541, 7, 10, 48564, 100, 10, 67155, 237, 18695, 35839, 44, 29199, 164, 740, 1650, 509, 7228, 390, 337, 49725, 40368, 21334, 67155, 10336, 7, 678, 27888, 1970, 4, 366, 7, 4293, 4, 4611, 3478, 4, 28271, 98, 17514, 4, 60221, 4, 22556, 146309, 4, 21859, 56, 4, 16195, 1098, 5861, 4, 4749, 50082, 4, 20450, 272, 4, 8231, 14, 37412, 40, 297, 7, 136, 4989, 146309, 5, 1650, 83, 10576, 297, 678, 57, 4902, 1900, 20174, 47, 15190, 10, 44, 10541, 1236, 4842, 740, 581, 110309, 297, 67155, 10336, 7, 3542, 184750, 1295, 70, 27888, 1970, 179065, 41931, 33233, 678, 70, 34003, 5180, 4, 136, 4734, 70, 8721, 21325, 136, 66265, 3542, 176377, 47, 2288, 4517, 23, 70, 41931, 24189, 442, 21185, 297, 136, 214743, 29367, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 30260, 1771, 91067, 390, 30005, 82945, 144, 9, 4613, 43117, 28852, 23709, 10, 11389, 111, 70, 45, 1495, 133888, 678, 69496, 14, 2258, 254, 442, 509, 44, 5062, 21922, 53, 98, 70, 7007, 720, 4, 5423, 23, 10, 280, 147, 141, 27, 824, 13, 20051, 23, 57, 4902, 1900, 4911, 7, 4, 1884, 3671, 1179, 442, 33342, 4, 210773, 538, 4842, 4, 6544, 6947, 214, 98, 115392, 1242, 165837, 25958, 4, 163, 257, 237, 18695, 7, 3542, 7228, 8108, 41896, 9, 136, 55670, 2661, 9, 13034, 3104, 297, 237, 18695, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 99, 70, 42850, 4, 110309, 7, 1902, 134053, 450, 10, 6117, 11960, 297, 163, 257, 7155, 927, 5809, 186, 7228, 3934, 10, 55, 12097, 5, 62, 185688, 48564, 100, 237, 18695, 83, 14037, 23, 44, 5267, 582, 8915, 56, 830, 59121, 23, 707, 10932, 702, 6873, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 24479, 9, 7251, 188, 1212, 3980, 13033, 13, 75935, 44, 1436, 1674, 110916, 58, 23, 9942, 5, 44, 62467, 1674, 110916, 58, 26950, 44, 21620, 91097, 58, 23, 92265, 4, 15005, 2852, 47, 15381, 7, 450, 3542, 133888, 8010, 136, 149976, 91097, 5, 1301, 18695, 509, 11814, 237, 10, 44, 1436, 1674, 110916, 58, 139910, 23, 5941, 91097, 67155, 136, 160, 202, 15123, 109911, 7, 5, 581, 139910, 49814, 13411, 6644, 136, 196634, 47, 70, 15381, 5, 3980, 13033, 13, 26868, 297, 67842, 52895, 111, 237, 18695, 136, 48322, 111, 58172, 214, 442, 5, 1301, 18695, 4, 3229, 11814, 47, 16401, 163, 9821, 4, 56282, 7, 2856, 1295, 141753, 5732, 14, 6259, 5, 581, 214743, 13695, 7, 1810, 1831, 136, 152818, 4, 120260, 70, 110309, 297, 163, 257, 63335, 5, 1301, 18695, 21449, 3934, 502, 7732, 329, 23, 21629, 23, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 3311, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 163, 257, 237, 18695, 509, 10, 5700, 94000, 41147, 133, 87420, 70, 14098, 46684, 237, 3542, 3789, 214743, 9, 77007, 45, 114942, 6044, 237, 168390, 237, 18695, 5, 79479, 7, 11814, 47, 7639, 5773, 10, 13, 237398, 59376, 390, 105233, 26868, 5844, 237, 18695, 7, 5, 14847, 21185, 297, 4, 31837, 450, 83, 7228, 1295, 163, 257, 158, 429, 16765, 6637, 111, 70, 6083, 214743, 14037, 23, 70, 163, 257, 5, 581, 31837, 831, 186, 17306, 47314, 678, 56125, 35011, 7, 4, 136, 7068, 152382, 136, 196634, 297, 1660, 8108, 70, 237, 18695, 5423, 7, 5, 78289, 5510, 2499, 10644, 111, 15381, 831, 186, 5423, 3934, 237, 18695, 7, 5, 17006, 39210, 621, 163, 257, 126371, 4, 93151, 4, 707, 231718, 5, 1301, 18695, 7, 621, 56104, 149976, 98, 91097, 182482, 221, 450, 70, 6434, 1221, 959, 6, 76681, 8108, 8035, 73203, 33, 5, 62, 163, 257, 55, 12097, 450, 96853, 24709, 83, 35839, 10, 44, 1436, 1674, 9, 45701, 532, 740, 78289, 5510, 2499, 163, 257, 15, 771, 202, 15123, 707, 67155, 99201, 16, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 3249, 214743, 5, 581, 237, 18695, 1543, 3871, 78301, 214743, 23, 12989, 47, 5423, 155965, 5, 2609, 289, 31837, 15, 73, 17311, 4, 31837, 1295, 10, 337, 14, 6259, 6510, 420, 25, 7, 57616, 16, 87344, 10, 6782, 35142, 111, 214743, 74, 23, 20662, 31837, 4, 173, 289, 83, 27983, 99201, 678, 3789, 163, 257, 100, 450, 31635, 5, 104796, 158, 5084, 10528, 7, 56104, 765, 5792, 10176, 6083, 214743, 4, 221, 70, 67155, 31837, 1543, 186, 41929, 9, 587, 685, 297, 707, 107506, 297, 5, 66016, 67155, 214743, 21501, 933, 99, 10, 92319, 52768, 3501, 214743, 7, 111, 3789, 163, 9821, 4, 67155, 237, 18695, 83, 1286, 71110, 13, 136, 21501, 933, 1286, 12301, 20102, 23, 70, 113008, 5, 104796, 31837, 7, 56104, 3871, 49814, 214743, 47, 76104, 10, 158583, 71, 115700, 5, 149965, 13566, 765, 110, 6083, 214743, 5, 1301, 18695, 55, 12097, 1543, 186, 10576, 9393, 15, 148477, 237, 18695, 16, 707, 70541, 67842, 9638, 988, 111, 920, 56, 5, 1301, 18695, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 59959, 15381, 1295, 70, 1831, 4, 47, 8337, 15381, 1286, 196634, 4, 707, 237, 10, 65177, 1363, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 52895, 111, 237, 18695, 12, 71110, 13, 4, 91, 13348, 2886, 4, 136, 23, 297, 28236, 5, 581, 71110, 13, 237, 18695, 83, 32977, 5, 581, 91, 13348, 2886, 237, 18695, 8110, 186, 7228, 23, 10, 704, 36186, 707, 23, 142, 237, 18695, 105751, 5, 1650, 83, 11037, 56, 3501, 70, 71110, 13, 237, 18695, 5, 581, 23, 297, 28236, 237, 18695, 83, 8306, 100, 18588, 254, 1363, 5, 1650, 83, 56104, 100, 65177, 1363, 5, 1301, 18695, 83, 27983, 11814, 47, 70019, 13, 15381, 126371, 23, 15381, 130412, 7, 47, 3249, 70, 15381, 1978, 2581, 136, 3249, 442, 1286, 149528, 214, 47, 70, 36298, 5, 34562, 7, 45, 48398, 23, 237, 18695, 765, 10, 52879, 944, 2822, 67229, 100, 10, 1207, 2408, 92252, 5, 1301, 18695, 831, 186, 59226, 3934, 67842, 115700, 7, 136, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 3671, 78183, 100, 8, 150, 163, 9821, 707, 81189, 16681, 5, 1818, 92, 55, 12097, 83, 142, 237, 18695, 7228, 1295, 27226, 9, 44286, 314, 933, 111, 53408, 163, 257, 4, 6044, 237, 3428, 3055, 7, 4, 70541, 214, 10, 88551, 123875, 111, 37067, 5844, 108055, 13, 5, 1818, 92, 55, 12097, 83, 10, 5700, 4027, 126, 52825, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1301, 18695, 15, 16, 83, 10, 45, 1495, 23, 3129, 145170, 621, 5423, 3934, 10, 214743, 7228, 1295, 10, 163, 257, 31837, 707, 158, 5084, 10528, 5, 1301, 18695, 831, 2843, 186, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 162, 18695, 6434, 4170, 58, 707, 44, 162, 18695, 55, 12097, 740, 3775, 9, 35892, 30675, 4, 53673, 45, 114942, 4, 27983, 7228, 678, 60091, 214743, 17664, 90, 15490, 31837, 707, 158, 5084, 10528, 4, 621, 56104, 35839, 44, 236, 9284, 4559, 6468, 58, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 707, 44, 2679, 77490, 4559, 6468, 58, 234311, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Culinary preparation.", "Culinary uses.", "Pork jelly.", "Preparation.", "Pihtije.", "Romanian and Moldovan piftie.", "International variants.", "Asia.", "Korea.", "Nepal.", "Europe.", "Eastern Europe.", "Croatia.", "Romania.", "Slovenia.", "Denmark.", "Georgia.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "The 10th century \"Kitab al-Tabikh\", the earliest known Arabic cookbook, contains a recipe for a fish aspic called \"qaris\". It was made by boiling several large fish heads with vinegar, parsley, cassia, whole onions, rue, black pepper, ginger, spikenard, galangal, clove, coriander seeds and long pepper. It is colored with saffron enough to add a \"radiant red\". The cooked fish heads were removed from the vinegar cooking liquid along with the seasonings, and only the tongues and lips were returned to steep in the liquid until it cooled and gelatinized. According to one poetic reference by Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi describing a version of the dish prepared with Iraqi carp it was \"like ruby on the platter, set in a pearl...steeped in saffron thus, like garnet it looks, vibrantly red, shimmering on silver.\" Historically, meat aspics were made before fruit- and vegetable-flavored aspics. By the Middle Ages at the latest, cooks had discovered that a thickened meat broth could be made into a jelly. A detailed recipe for aspic is found in \"Le Viandier\", written in or around 1375. In the early 19th century, Marie-Antoine Carême created \"chaud froid\" in France. \"Chaud froid\" means \"hot cold\" in French, referring to foods that were prepared hot and served cold. Aspic was used as a \"chaud froid\" sauce in many cold fish and poultry meals. The sauce added moisture and flavor to the food. Carême invented various types of aspic and ways of preparing it. Aspic, when used to hold meats, prevents them from becoming spoiled. The gelatin keeps out air and bacteria, keeping the cooked meat fresh. Aspic came into prominence in America in the early 20th century. By the 1950s, meat aspic was a popular dinner staple throughout the United States as were other gelatin-based dishes such as tomato aspic. Cooks used to show off aesthetic skills by creating inventive aspics.", "When cooled, stock that is made from meat congeals because of the natural gelatin found in the meat. The stock can be clarified with egg whites, and then filled and flavored just before the aspic sets. Almost any type of food can be set into aspics. Most common are meat pieces, fruits, or vegetables. Aspics are usually served on cold plates so that the gel will not melt before being eaten. A meat jelly that includes cream is called a \"chaud-froid\". Almost any meat (poultry or fish included) can be used to make gelatin. The aspic may need additional gelatin in order to set properly. Veal stock (in particular, stock from a boiled calf's foot) provides a great deal of gelatin; in making stock, veal is often included with other meat for that reason. Fish consommés usually have too little natural gelatin, so the fish stock may be double-cooked or supplemented. Since fish gelatin melts at a lower temperature than gelatins of other meats, fish aspic is more delicate and melts more readily in the mouth. Fish stocks usually need added gelatin to maintain a molded shape. Vegetables have no natural gelatin.", "Aspic jelly may be colorless (white aspic) or contain various shades of amber. Aspic can be used to protect food from the air, to give food more flavor, or as a decoration. There are three types of aspic: delicate, sliceable, and inedible. The delicate aspic is soft. The sliceable aspic must be made in a terrine or in an aspic mold. It is firmer than the delicate aspic. The inedible aspic is never for consumption. It is usually for decoration. Aspic is often used to glaze food pieces in food competitions to make the food glisten and make it more appealing to the eye. Foods dipped in aspic have a lacquered finish for a fancy presentation. Aspic can be cut into various shapes and be used as a garnish for deli meats or pâtés.", "Pork jelly is an aspic made from low-grade cuts of pig meat, such as trotters, containing a significant proportion of connective tissue. Pork jelly is a popular appetizer and, nowadays, is sometimes prepared in a more modern version using lean meat, with or without pig leftovers which are substituted with store-bought gelatin. It is very popular in Croatia (especially in the northwest where it's called \"hladetina\" or \"hladnetina\"), Serbia (where it is called \"пихтије/pihtije\"), Poland (where it is called \"galareta\"), in Romania and Moldova (\"piftie\", \"răcitură\"), in Estonia (\"sült\"), in Latvia (\"aukstā gaļa\"), in Lithuania (\"šaltiena\"), in Slovakia (\"huspenina\", \"studeno\"), in Hungary (\"kocsonya\"; can also refer to aspic of other meats), in Greece (where it is called \"pichti\"), in Ukraine originally \"studenets\" but since 1930's the Russian word was forced to be used except in the worldwide diaspora community. In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine (\"kholodets\", \"kholodne\") during Christmas or Easter, in Russia \"kholodets\" is a traditional winter and especially Christmas and New Year's dish which is eaten with chrain (horseradish paste) or mustard, in Vietnam (\"thịt nấu đông\") during Lunar New Year. The meat in pork pies is preserved using pork jelly.", "The preparation of pork jelly includes placing lean pork meat, trotters, rind, ears and snout in a pot of cold water, and letting it cook over a slow fire for three hours. The broth is allowed to cool, while also removing any undesirable fat. Subsequently, white vinegar and the juice of half an orange or lemon can be added to the meat so that it is covered. The entire mixture is then allowed to cool and gel. Bay leaves or chili can be added to the broth for added taste (the Romanian variety is based on garlic and includes no vinegar, orange, lemon, chili, bay leaves, etc.). However, there are many alternate ways of preparing pork jelly, such as the usage of celery, beef and even pig bones. Poultry jellies are made the same way as making pork jelly, but less water is added to compensate for lower natural gelatin content.", "Pihtije (Serbian Cyrillic: пихтије), pivtija (Macedonian: пивтија), pača (Bulgarian: пача), piftie or răcitură in Romanian is an aspic-like dish, generally made from low-cost pork meat, such as the head, shank or hock made into a semi-consistent gelatinous cake-like form. In some varieties, chicken is used instead of pork. Some recipes also include smoked meat. Pihtije is commonly just one component of the traditional meal (or an appetizer), although it can be served as a main dish. It is usually accompanied by cold rakija (strong šljivovica or apricot brandy is common, but quince brandy is sometimes used) and turšija (cold pickled vegetables, usually horse-radish, bell peppers, hot peppers, green tomatoes and cabbage/sauerkraut). The recipe calls for the meat to be cleaned, washed and then boiled for a short time, no longer than 5–10 minutes. Then the water is changed, and vegetables and spices are added (usually pepper, bay leaves, onion, carrots, celery). This is cooked until the meat begins to separate from the bones by itself; then, the bones are removed, the meat stock is filtered and the meat and stock are poured into shallow bowls. Garlic is added, as well as thin slices of carrots or green peppers, or something similar for decoration. It is left to sit in a cold spot, such as a fridge or outside if the weather is cold enough (this is a traditional winter dish). It congeals into jelly and can be cut into cubes (it is often said that good pihtijas are \"cut like glass\"). These cubes can be sprinkled with dried ground red pepper (\"aleva paprika\"), as desired, before serving. Pihtije is usually cut and served in equal sized cubes. Pihtije are frequently used in slavas and other celebratory occasions with Serbs.", "Romanian and Moldovan piftie (răcitură) is usually made with pork offal, boiled with garlic and bay leaves. Piftie has a different method of preparation. Usually the pig's trotters are boiled to make a soup; the trotters are used because they contain a lot more gelatin than any other part of the pig. The mixture is then cooled to become a jelly. Usually garlic is added. Piftie is traditionally served for Epiphany.", "", "", "\"Jokpyeon\" () is a dish prepared by boiling cow's trotters or other cuts with high collagen content, such as cow's head, skin, tail and pig's head in water for a long time, so that the stewing liquid sets to form a jelly-like substance when cooled.", "Among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, buffalo meat jelly, known as \"ta khaa\", is a major component of the winter festivity gourmet. It is eaten in combination with fish aspic (\"sanyaa khunna\"), which is made from dried fish and buffalo meat stock, soured, and contains a heavy mix of spices and condiments.", "", "In Belarusan, Russian, and Ukrainian cuisine, a meat aspic dish is called \"kholodets\" (,, ) derived from the word \"kholod\" meaning \"cold\". In some parts of Russia it is called \"studen\"' (), derived from another root with a similar meaning. The dish is mostly part of winter holiday festive meals, although modern refrigerators allow to cook it all year round, and it is not surprising to see kholodets on a Russian table in summer. However, \"kholodets\" is still considered as a traditional New Year's dish in Russia and is usually eaten with chrain (horseradish paste) or mustard. In Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe, aspic often takes the form of pork jelly, and it is popular around the Christmas and Easter Holidays. In Poland certain meats, fish and vegetables are set in aspic, creating a dish called \"galareta\". \"Kholodets\" is usually made by boiling the bones and meat for about 5-8 hours to produce a fatty broth, mixed with salt, pepper and other spices. After boiling, the meat is separated from the bones and minced into small pieces, then returned into the broth and cooled down until solidifying into a jelly.", "The Croatian version of this dish is called \"hladetina\" (\"hladno\" meaning cold). Variants range from one served in a dish with lot or rather delicate gelatin, to \"tlačenica\" more resembling German \"Sülze\", a kind of head cheese.", "The Romanian version is called \"răcituri\" (derived from \"rece\" which means cold). It is made mainly with pork meat. Some prefer adding carrot bytes or other vegetables as well. The broth containing gelatin is poured in bowls, over meat and mashed garlic.", "In Slovenia, aspic is known as \"žolca\", and is traditionally served for Easter. The word comes from the German \"Sülze\", which originally means head cheese (otherwise known as \"tlačenka\" in Slovene).", "In Denmark aspic is called \"sky\" and is mainly used as a topping in open sandwiches, it is made from meat juices and gelatin, sometimes with mushrooms in. Sky is almost solely used in the Danish open faced sandwiches, smørrebrød, where is it a topping for cold cuts. It is in particular important in Dyrlægens natmad (\"veterinarian's midnight snack\"), where it is used with leverpostej, sliced salt beef and onions. It is also used on top of rullepølse. Sky, with and without mushrooms, is an easy-to-find product in all supermarkets.", "\"Mujuji\" or \"muzhuzhi\" () is a traditional Georgian dish of cold jellied pork. Its ingredients include pork meat, tails, ears, feet, carrots, vinegar, garlic, herbs, onions, roots, bay leaves, allspice and cinnamon. In some common recipes, the dish is prepared in two parallel processes. One component is made from pork feet, tails and ears, and another component is made from lean meat of piglets. Each component is processed in a different way. They are combined into one dish after each part is already cooked. Both components are slightly pickled with wine vinegar and spiced with tarragon and basil. The dish is served cold a day after cooking with green onions and spicy herbs.", "Notes Bibliography" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129551, 47, 241096, 9335, 21943, 4, 70, 53918, 11226, 111, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 4, 442, 83, 10, 1614, 4384, 4935, 16128, 111, 35187, 136, 41361, 450, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 151878, 13, 15380, 142424, 111, 2258, 214, 4, 70, 144239, 7, 136, 41361, 7, 111, 79165, 707, 94407, 111, 21373, 707, 12921, 29394, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 48114, 57339, 4, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 83, 142, 16128, 111, 107963, 23, 1649, 6953, 450, 35644, 7, 47, 70, 3871, 100, 168698, 7964, 80280, 28032, 1649, 6953, 41361, 23, 10, 8999, 111, 1940, 181063, 24, 5256, 136, 3395, 5, 1301, 10, 80244, 4, 442, 27585, 7, 98, 375, 964, 592, 21640, 136, 3900, 93782, 10941, 3934, 70, 23189, 111, 160020, 7, 5, 1650, 96853, 52080, 15380, 60212, 7, 4, 1649, 6953, 23, 3789, 76726, 4, 21640, 16227, 37348, 4, 136, 21640, 16227, 53702, 7, 5, 581, 109458, 111, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 83, 47, 8337, 15380, 538, 158, 38242, 2517, 1649, 6953, 517, 4, 136, 47, 22691, 29394, 29458, 136, 32813, 1649, 6953, 517, 41361, 7, 100, 70, 16227, 136, 5299, 9, 372, 214, 111, 3395, 707, 47, 36442, 2856, 23, 7808, 214, 64406, 13, 14135, 27289, 4, 202711, 707, 47219, 23, 15380, 538, 91084, 7844, 48322, 5, 1301, 70, 173969, 748, 111, 136, 70, 57724, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 4, 241096, 9335, 21943, 509, 70, 5117, 23182, 160020, 2750, 122799, 10, 22072, 2182, 79385, 23, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 5, 9335, 21943, 5117, 189924, 10, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 15411, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 156256, 23, 36236, 5, 360, 9571, 4, 9335, 21943, 509, 20338, 297, 237, 10, 43722, 52639, 111, 70, 15672, 62903, 111, 10772, 6953, 5, 9335, 21943, 509, 70, 30391, 111, 70, 34419, 111, 11062, 93782, 10772, 6953, 4, 70, 51521, 104345, 111, 70, 11062, 93782, 10772, 6953, 67081, 4, 1295, 13501, 47, 98147, 4687, 42179, 297, 42840, 1672, 70, 44457, 111, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 5, 194397, 9335, 21943, 4, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 26859, 237, 10, 154453, 111, 18595, 939, 136, 32813, 2481, 111, 15380, 517, 5, 11062, 93782, 1649, 6953, 509, 170920, 1295, 47114, 47, 26527, 5, 360, 26527, 4, 9335, 21943, 18831, 73, 297, 70, 5361, 939, 8305, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 44, 6548, 58944, 3299, 58, 23755, 5, 1650, 509, 53333, 71062, 297, 1295, 26527, 47, 26819, 5, 1650, 7, 21640, 137633, 674, 237, 10, 44457, 23, 1649, 6953, 136475, 1295, 26819, 47, 70, 13379, 5, 24372, 8035, 23113, 29367, 237, 10, 1649, 6953, 15411, 23, 36236, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 156256, 4, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 103391, 136, 28560, 103391, 3542, 122399, 237, 31347, 7, 136, 22072, 289, 212485, 7, 20271, 70, 39395, 63920, 111, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 10772, 5908, 2750, 41361, 70, 80244, 111, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 621, 35839, 3900, 93782, 160020, 7, 5, 11062, 93782, 160020, 7, 4, 23, 4537, 4, 621, 160020, 7, 2750, 27992, 237, 17496, 7, 4, 4537, 64370, 4, 136, 129275, 7, 23, 12989, 47, 35187, 70, 1940, 107, 57860, 16070, 7, 111, 15380, 538, 11764, 3674, 517, 1295, 10, 1649, 6953, 6275, 111, 21455, 5, 10660, 621, 160020, 7, 2750, 22691, 51359, 2886, 4, 6, 122103, 4, 136, 46002, 517, 47, 3395, 111, 9789, 29394, 7, 47, 61261, 136, 27060, 5, 83991, 1363, 237, 10, 3900, 93782, 160020, 83, 122399, 1379, 10, 150180, 35187, 707, 28560, 103391, 390, 70, 11062, 93782, 10772, 6953, 67081, 16792, 18592, 5, 581, 11062, 93782, 10772, 6953, 67081, 83, 70, 51521, 53702, 111, 3900, 93782, 160020, 7, 5, 110373, 56, 297, 23, 27898, 4, 70, 100510, 83, 70, 80299, 56, 111, 70, 34419, 111, 11062, 8972, 29088, 10772, 6953, 4, 10, 104345, 450, 1902, 2809, 23, 6, 116311, 16792, 13501, 5, 78293, 1295, 70, 44, 238158, 111, 11062, 93782, 10772, 6953, 830, 3789, 104345, 7, 62548, 47, 3900, 93782, 1649, 6953, 26698, 70, 44, 238158, 111, 38128, 74802, 2481, 58, 15, 7, 42380, 13211, 247, 136, 70, 44, 238158, 111, 19335, 93782, 10772, 6953, 58, 15, 7, 42380, 13211, 4, 82424, 91376, 237, 70, 44, 238158, 111, 19335, 93782, 10772, 6953, 136, 19102, 12, 90512, 34419, 111, 70, 11588, 100, 70, 148027, 111, 19335, 93782, 8780, 136, 19102, 20731, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11062, 93782, 1649, 6953, 83, 3642, 23182, 1649, 6953, 78974, 7, 678, 70, 23755, 111, 29394, 5, 44978, 71, 23, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 136, 1649, 6953, 4, 442, 83, 8060, 297, 390, 1649, 6953, 154453, 4, 25188, 4, 136, 41361, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 29458, 241761, 5361, 939, 23, 1649, 6953, 450, 32153, 90, 98, 7964, 29394, 7, 136, 151878, 13, 15380, 2258, 214, 4, 16227, 4, 136, 1649, 6953, 11521, 21004, 12470, 5, 1650, 509, 170920, 23, 47114, 237, 10, 23113, 16128, 111, 23, 3181, 1294, 136, 41361, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 14361, 111, 51359, 450, 30793, 7, 23, 101904, 15380, 538, 95307, 1649, 6953, 517, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Goals.", "Founder.", "History.", "Transcultural nurses.", "Certification.", "Transcultural Nursing Society.", "Publications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "According to Madeleine Leininger, the pioneer of transcultural nursing, it is a substantive area of study and practice that focuses on the comparative cultural values of caring, the beliefs and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures. According to MEDLINE, transcultural nursing is an area of expertise in nursing that responds to the need for developing global perspective within nursing practice in a world of interdependent nations and people. As a discipline, it centers on combining international and transcultural content into the training of nurses. It includes learning cultural differences, nursing in other countries, international health issues, and international health organizations.", "The goals of transcultural nursing is to give culturally congruent nursing care, and to provide culture specific and universal nursing care practices for the health and well-being of people or to aid them in facing adverse human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful ways.", "As the initiator of and the leader in the field of transcultural nursing, Madeleine Leininger was the first professional nurse who finished a doctorate degree in anthropology. Leininger first taught a transcultural nursing course at the University of Colorado in 1966. In 1998, Leininger was honored as a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing. Leininger was the editor of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, the official publication of the Transcultural Nursing Society, from 1989 to 1995. She authored books about the field of transcultural nursing.", "Through Leininger, transcultural nursing started as a theory of diversity and universality of cultural care. Transcultural nursing was established from 1955 to 1975. In 1975, Leininger refined the specialty through the use of the \"sunrise model\" concept. It was further expanded from 1975 to 1983. Its international establishment as a field in nursing continued from 1983 to the present. After being formalized as a nursing course in 1966 at the University of Colorado, transcultural nursing programs and track programs were offered as masters and doctoral preparations during the early parts of the 1970s.", "Nurses who practice the discipline of transcultural nursing are called transcultural nurses. Transcultural nurses, in general, are nurses who act as specialists, generalists, and consultants in order to study the interrelationships of culturally constituted care from a nursing point of view. They are nurses who provide knowledgeable, competent, and safe care to people of diverse cultures to themselves and others.", "Certification as a transcultural nurse is offered under a graduate study or track programs by the Transcultural Nursing Society since 1988.", "The Transcultural Nursing Society is the official organization of transcultural nurses. Chartered in 1974, the society is the publisher of the Journal of Transcultral Nursing, a publication that had been in existence since 1989.", "Apart from the \"Journal of Transcultural Nursing\", other publications related to transcultural nursing include the \"Journal of Cultural Diversity\" (since 1994), and the \"Journal of Multicultural Nursing\" (since 1994, currently published as the \"Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health: Official Journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 825, 20191, 114888, 25, 7, 3357, 15426, 83, 70, 4734, 31344, 100, 70, 13765, 5, 438, 3789, 186768, 209806, 32316, 7, 136, 110, 37526, 1294, 31344, 100, 70, 47353, 23, 9655, 32316, 7, 5, 438, 86, 111, 70, 30839, 7, 119056, 390, 825, 20191, 114888, 26719, 89537, 4, 89537, 25, 7, 76849, 4, 707, 70, 30839, 101085, 56, 111, 1631, 2750, 825, 20191, 114888, 17378, 207487, 89537, 765, 17669, 2809, 207487, 23, 3789, 115923, 5, 581, 13765, 111, 70, 134349, 103882, 53, 111, 89537, 25, 7, 30780, 141, 21449, 1295, 10, 30839, 79063, 56, 2750, 1902, 2809, 101934, 3674, 390, 70, 134349, 84616, 15, 162, 11341, 71, 23, 825, 20191, 114888, 25, 7, 7199, 17990, 7, 194, 22376, 825, 20191, 114888, 140526, 23, 1919, 7199, 17990, 47, 765, 14037, 70, 22, 195, 53, 91, 93, 1264, 23, 10, 11675, 9, 34695, 25297, 16128, 4, 64040, 1916, 4049, 1379, 10, 155434, 111, 120948, 12924, 390, 70, 1978, 660, 111, 1919, 22, 195, 53, 25, 7, 111567, 6, 70820, 5, 1529, 7068, 140526, 47, 765, 39958, 70, 6, 70820, 237, 10, 90907, 5, 360, 1919, 7199, 17990, 7, 4, 825, 20191, 114888, 15005, 7, 47, 4049, 237, 8035, 10, 30839, 91, 93, 1264, 24, 4806, 27420, 175713, 24073, 58, 29543, 214, 58, 58, 83, 174705, 100, 18813, 4, 72180, 2182, 47, 89537, 23, 30839, 247, 207487, 237, 70, 10336, 111, 10, 91, 93, 1264, 10696, 23, 10271, 4, 390, 60525, 39958, 1295, 1919, 103494, 14361, 5, 3293, 83, 51, 2271, 38949, 297, 237, 30839, 44, 13025, 56, 58, 35768, 115923, 3249, 110, 41392, 111, 2499, 30839, 91, 93, 1264, 35839, 89537, 707, 175713, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 11341, 71, 390, 825, 20191, 114888, 450, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 89537, 21449, 1295, 142, 51, 42485, 297, 30839, 101085, 56, 5, 62, 127663, 289, 29367, 15426, 111, 70, 115, 583, 23, 70, 1346, 44, 647, 86, 1176, 99, 70, 126507, 58, 11469, 7092, 7, 1004, 9494, 89537, 2451, 20706, 297, 390, 10462, 137028, 2451, 162, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 44, 12137, 4097, 88083, 58, 159, 93, 1264, 19188, 5, 1529, 83, 9325, 47, 79062, 8961, 47, 5646, 98, 70, 118055, 538, 124030, 13, 134349, 91, 93, 21777, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 764, 83, 65771, 4, 200, 30319, 22759, 111, 825, 20191, 114888, 25, 7, 89543, 4, 1284, 155605, 764, 83, 1810, 14817, 3674, 390, 70, 102374, 4, 11469, 7092, 297, 390, 78182, 36293, 5, 89537, 83, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 127663, 289, 15426, 7, 237, 10, 6, 75481, 9393, 1853, 21690, 66, 187, 5176, 138195, 13380, 3674, 26548, 825, 20191, 114888, 5, 360, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1346, 4, 764, 83, 152388, 99, 70, 79062, 8961, 25550, 143915, 5, 1004, 9494, 89537, 2843, 135179, 23, 44, 71947, 111, 70, 21109, 7, 830, 10, 8272, 21261, 390, 6765, 339, 5, 143118, 5425, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 83, 8, 18695, 3674, 237, 142, 29581, 156637, 583, 24, 4806, 65528, 169, 38692, 35263, 5, 94691, 29641, 2658, 54397, 10, 131259, 1672, 70, 79612, 17721, 825, 20191, 114888, 136, 89537, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1004, 9494, 89537, 83, 10, 9351, 111, 142, 6885, 238, 1294, 195994, 44, 12137, 4097, 88083, 58, 91, 93, 1264, 747, 17704, 538, 152388, 390, 70, 134349, 91, 93, 1264, 13769, 20102, 825, 20191, 114888, 20271, 70, 99381, 111, 79062, 8961, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Factuality.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Zaytsev's personal account is the only source for the story. No other historical documentation exists and no secondary source for the events in question exists. None of the Germans mentioned by Zaytsev including König, König's daughter, or the German prisoner of war who Zaytsev says identified König have ever been identified in other records. The story of the Soviet discovery of König's arrival came from a German soldier who had been interrogated by the Soviet forces (as stated in Zaytsev's memoirs). Also Zaytsev claims in his memoir to have found the enemy sniper in a run-down industrial area, locating him under a sheet of scrap metal by the glint of his enemy's rifle scope. He then claims to have taken the scope as a souvenir. In his memoirs, Zaytsev refers to him as being a German sniper named Herr Koning (\"\"Koning\"\" is Dutch for King, cognate to König in German), identified as the head of a sniper school in Berlin, by documents taken from his dead body. This is unconfirmed as German \"Heer\" personnel records make no mention of any German sniper called König or Koning. It was also stated by Zaytsev that the existence of König came from an unidentified German prisoner.", "A fictionalized account of the duel in the film \"Enemy at the Gates\" portrays Erwin König—played by Ed Harris—as the head of the \"Wehrmacht\" Sniper School. He is sent to Stalingrad to take on the increasingly aggressive Soviet snipers. Initially he is successful, killing four of Zaytsev's partners, but eventually he is outwitted by the Russian, portrayed by Jude Law. König is depicted in fictional accounts as a ruthless Bavarian aristocrat pitted against Zaytsev. In the end of the film, he is killed at the Stalingrad train yard. Erwin König also appears in \"War of the Rats\", a 1999 novel by David L. Robbins, in which he is depicted as an SS Colonel named Heinz Thorvald. Ramón Rosanas wrote a comic about the conflict between Zaytsev and König." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 105141, 83, 90698, 10, 9879, 23755, 23, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 4, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 70, 37457, 111, 11521, 21004, 12470, 450, 621, 71872, 3674, 8305, 2265, 52080, 23, 14135, 38887, 68794, 5, 38128, 32813, 7, 621, 14037, 23, 756, 14135, 38887, 68794, 74, 6097, 26698, 36510, 5844, 3173, 7, 1884, 4927, 4, 19612, 4, 82393, 4, 68869, 4, 42615, 4, 136, 118299, 1884, 55516, 127689, 4, 179065, 4, 2412, 1277, 56, 4, 136, 203538, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 4912, 29394, 29256, 7, 70, 72761, 125195, 7, 111, 29394, 4, 6044, 237, 55556, 4, 6, 159958, 136, 4927, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 566, 39886, 128746, 111, 29394, 6044, 237, 24702, 1577, 111, 2265, 53702, 15, 216561, 41361, 7, 111, 68894, 53702, 136, 2265, 38016, 7, 247, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 163136, 15, 837, 927, 59121, 136, 30202, 247, 136, 41664, 48402, 13, 70, 23, 14525, 28236, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 111, 10, 100510, 5, 360, 70, 80267, 3387, 4, 1632, 10422, 111, 29394, 237, 142, 150380, 13, 111, 70, 11651, 1556, 2809, 70, 79385, 47, 3129, 1836, 765, 98174, 3674, 10, 17311, 17366, 111, 221, 11727, 71412, 1363, 23, 70, 81693, 4, 41664, 7, 4, 53019, 4, 707, 144996, 7, 5, 581, 17366, 111, 15380, 221, 11727, 71412, 1363, 1556, 2843, 68018, 2809, 11814, 47, 157167, 1495, 91944, 5256, 1295, 40715, 27140, 38887, 68794, 5, 62771, 1791, 54689, 6827, 80280, 7, 98, 29394, 621, 2843, 14037, 23, 18507, 9, 77007, 149067, 1779, 17721, 10, 11192, 29394, 111, 70, 2265, 100307, 136, 10, 27226, 29394, 4, 5700, 29394, 4, 707, 7262, 29394, 111, 70, 92319, 61112, 4, 157167, 67175, 390, 70, 48358, 47314, 17203, 47, 15380, 10323, 5, 360, 39210, 366, 107777, 4, 29394, 83, 27983, 11814, 47, 15005, 183037, 47, 70, 128201, 238, 71323, 7, 11814, 390, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 47, 157167, 1495, 61261, 9105, 38526, 1295, 12638, 3789, 6044, 237, 14361, 129344, 4, 203538, 707, 6, 238402, 5, 74227, 29394, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 46889, 9, 102446, 297, 136, 46889, 2450, 3674, 3173, 7, 111, 107222, 29394, 450, 74216, 71, 23, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 31384, 115215, 111, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 6044, 237, 66128, 8780, 136, 130306, 154453, 4, 765, 106926, 297, 450, 29394, 83, 27983, 11814, 68894, 538, 237, 10, 55516, 111, 70, 3870, 90, 47, 45258, 67, 70, 92319, 61112, 136, 28282, 10, 98320, 6, 144729, 7432, 5, 62771, 80280, 7, 621, 39210, 23, 70, 80244, 111, 15380, 96335, 5, 360, 70, 91257, 2265, 41664, 7, 4, 70, 70, 4524, 70760, 80280, 111, 15380, 4912, 8780, 16401, 7, 450, 14135, 128201, 238, 29394, 187, 62093, 1295, 70, 4912, 27289, 111, 14135, 6897, 4, 237, 118103, 28282, 70, 27289, 100, 72761, 218018, 4, 136, 450, 70, 18231, 111, 29394, 83, 14037, 23, 216479, 71, 333, 109622, 50745, 7, 5, 14847, 11814, 237, 10, 54529, 110, 309, 4, 10, 44, 88528, 58, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 114122, 7, 4, 40250, 7, 4, 136, 142424, 111, 10, 100510, 707, 26908, 4, 6044, 237, 142, 82, 127, 6402, 21115, 707, 64857, 5, 105141, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 51359, 163629, 71, 645, 1733, 5, 360, 903, 10422, 4, 6024, 93782, 8780, 142424, 70, 88669, 7844, 552, 116311, 136, 199849, 15072, 17721, 12921, 29394, 7, 23, 54815, 1916, 70, 5701, 23208, 5, 160193, 44, 88528, 58, 83, 2843, 11814, 47, 98363, 29458, 41361, 7, 28032, 10, 1614, 51588, 111, 10, 100510, 4, 10, 1614, 88528, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 44, 6369, 29394, 74054, 707, 10, 105416, 88528, 5, 17106, 73, 15380, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 4, 70, 5415, 25443, 136, 6, 140815, 289, 6, 116071, 111, 15380, 37898, 8780, 16401, 450, 29394, 7, 53418, 72546, 186, 151814, 538, 30648, 297, 707, 151575, 297, 6637, 2499, 219836, 83, 204988, 39501, 297, 28032, 70, 34292, 5426, 111, 10, 34475, 29394, 5, 581, 5744, 13579, 44, 88528, 58, 83, 35509, 98, 10, 13579, 11814, 390, 70, 893, 45964, 12610, 707, 4597, 185571, 23, 1919, 44, 15665, 76153, 1500, 13, 6206, 54892, 64202, 830, 7440, 764, 54397, 111, 10, 98174, 1363, 111, 70, 57289, 707, 44, 58, 47329, 107556, 4, 58, 58, 17368, 142, 120767, 141, 23550, 139006, 100, 70, 34754, 111, 10, 99644, 6827, 57289, 4, 217064, 5501, 109622, 538, 237, 70, 167375, 7722, 6397, 100, 14135, 34754, 5, 59176, 3561, 420, 127830, 34739, 645, 903, 23550, 139006, 23, 10, 5744, 43701, 4, 91084, 9844, 21373, 4, 1284, 110, 51713, 10, 66596, 214, 450, 6, 119598, 53, 509, 332, 25, 7, 6083, 157799, 5, 18763, 4527, 4, 136, 450, 111, 5941, 6, 70035, 7, 7103, 4049, 4, 44, 58, 107, 73898, 47, 756, 70, 48322, 23, 3129, 14135, 8035, 7, 645, 45738, 2363, 7311, 95974, 8780, 4, 136, 8305, 17662, 56284, 4, 24209, 89554, 14135, 1242, 58, 360, 21735, 4, 6, 119598, 56, 38157, 159, 5, 43731, 53, 54397, 4, 44, 3957, 4552, 2565, 44, 88528, 58, 131148, 242, 23935, 570, 297, 25, 23, 102256, 14941, 4, 136, 70, 5701, 2565, 60899, 4420, 47, 42845, 44, 587, 6660, 830, 242, 188, 23, 54815, 18, 4, 517, 100, 4, 570, 4, 225415, 25, 136, 44, 8972, 2143, 830, 242, 284, 58984, 4, 41866, 10, 167821, 1632, 5, 25, 717, 186, 15380, 4, 47, 765, 10, 29394, 4, 83, 47, 23, 54815, 18, 10, 3687, 6, 129980, 538, 108938, 538, 47, 98174, 67, 442, 2451, 188, 186, 102778, 100, 442, 4, 47, 35644, 47, 442, 4, 47, 29966, 47, 442, 2258, 214, 538, 1242, 105141, 151552, 390, 22758, 9539, 92, 4293, 12, 27, 7311, 538, 131148, 70, 98174, 1363, 111, 70, 57289, 707, 7086, 4, 163629, 7, 2684, 111, 6863, 14432, 5744, 91084, 23, 70, 32562, 7, 111, 70, 543, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 30839, 5351, 1314, 4, 2750, 3542, 98, 67842, 90926, 168698, 56709, 2619, 916, 25, 7, 35778, 8780, 111, 44, 49748, 26697, 8780, 136, 357, 20016, 33, 674, 1242, 12613, 7, 10, 69822, 17721, 44, 88528, 58, 136, 44, 236271, 2320, 58, 83, 56104, 35388, 297, 23, 6097, 42179, 7, 4, 3853, 3229, 959, 36510, 297, 237, 6044, 5, 360, 70, 34153, 111, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 241, 5, 571, 5, 8064, 1484, 4, 442, 83, 44, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 105141, 15, 16, 83, 142, 286, 4134, 1165, 13579, 3129, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 70, 2265, 123166, 136, 22599, 7, 14037, 23, 14135, 38887, 68794, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 51359, 4, 144239, 7, 4, 81693, 4, 131703, 4, 114122, 7, 4, 130732, 31075, 4, 136, 62122, 7, 111, 70, 79165, 23, 6097, 94407, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Etymology.", "Change.", "Early modern discourses.", "German Romanticism.", "English Romanticism.", "Anthropology.", "Sociology.", "Early researchers and development of cultural sociology.", "Cultural studies.", "Psychology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Cultural universals are found in all human societies; these include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science comprise the intangible cultural heritage of a society. In the humanities, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture, or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions. When used as a count noun, a \"culture\" is the set of customs, traditions, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense, multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes \"culture\" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. \"bro culture\"), or a counterculture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.", "The modern term \"culture\" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his \"Tusculanae Disputationes\", where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or \"\"cultura animi,\"\" using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him, \"\"refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human.\"\" In 1986, philosopher Edward S. Casey wrote, \"The very word \"culture\" meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin \"colere\", 'to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and \"cultus\", 'A cult, especially a religious one.' To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly.\" Culture described by Richard Velkley:... originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing Rousseau's criticism of \"modern liberalism and Enlightenment.\" Thus a contrast between \"culture\" and \"civilization\" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is \"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.\" Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, \"Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. The \"Cambridge English Dictionary\" states that culture is \"the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.\" Terror management theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as \"person[s] of worth within the world of meaning\"—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that \"Homo sapiens\" became aware of when they acquired a larger brain. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form.", "It has been estimated from archaeological data that the human capacity for cumulative culture emerged somewhere between 500,000–170,000 years ago. Raimon Panikkar identified 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. Rein Raud, building on the work of Umberto Eco, Pierre Bourdieu and Jeffrey C. Alexander, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their cognitive adequacy and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question. Cultural invention has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global \"accelerating culture change period,\" driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the human population explosion, among other factors. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both social structures and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which themselves are subject to change. (See structuration.) Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily it's meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. \"Stimulus diffusion\" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. \"Direct borrowing,\" on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products. acculturation has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain Native American tribes and many indigenous peoples across the globe during the process of colonization. Related processes on an individual level include assimilation (adoption of a different culture by an individual) and transculturation. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.", "", "Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of \"enlightenment\" similar to the concept of \"bildung\": \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.\" He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: \"Sapere Aude\", \"Dare to be wise!\" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of \"Bildung\": \"For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people.\" In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a \"Germany\" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as \"worldview\" (\"Weltanschauung\"). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between \"civilized\" and \"primitive\" or \"tribal\" cultures. In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for \"the psychic unity of mankind.\" He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of \"elementary ideas\" (\"Elementargedanken\"); different cultures, or different \"folk ideas\" (\"Völkergedanken\"), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.", "In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) used the word \"culture\" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of \"the best that has been thought and said in the world.\" This concept of culture is also comparable to the German concept of \"bildung\": \"...culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world.\" In practice, \"culture\" referred to an elite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, \"culture\" was identified with \"civilization\" (from lat. \"civitas\", city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a \"culture\" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of \"culture\" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies. Matthew Arnold contrasted \"culture\" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted \"culture\" with \"the state of nature.\" According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between \"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\" According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects. Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by \"the folk,\" i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as \"noble savages\" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West. In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.", "Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century \"culture\" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and in the United States, archaeology. The term \"Kulturbrille\", or \"culture glasses,\" coined by German American anthropologist Franz Boas, refers to the \"lenses\" through which we see our own countries. Martin Lindstrom asserts that \"Kulturbrille\", which allow us to make sense of the culture we inhabit, also \"can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately.\"", "The sociology of culture concerns culture as manifested in society. For sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to \"the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history.\" As such, culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present. Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term \"Kultursoziologie\" (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then \"reinvented\" in the English-speaking world as a product of the \"cultural turn\" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods, instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. \"Culture\" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science.", "The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.", "In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988) developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified \"culture\" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production. In the United States, cultural studies focuses largely on the study of popular culture; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as \"Western civilization\" or \"globalism.\" From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies, and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender. Cultural studies is concerned with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to \"fit in\" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a \"text\" includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of \"culture.\" \"Culture\" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies. Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart, E.P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as \"capitalist\" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the \"culture industry\" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy. In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, \"Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition.\" The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom. The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the \"production\" of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, the mode and relations of production form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences superstructures, such as culture. Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book \"Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman\" (by Paul du Gay \"et al.\"), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism. Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups: In 2016, a new approach to culture was suggested by Rein Raud, who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory.", "Starting in the 1990s, psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology. Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's personalities across cultures. As different cultures dictate distinctive norms, culture shock is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture. For example, people that are raised in a culture with an abacus are trained with distinctive reasoning style. Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure. Culture is important for psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 53697, 5117, 118775, 23, 10, 729, 10289, 15122, 390, 70, 140434, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 31746, 25612, 5177, 603, 4, 44759, 71, 44, 4657, 1250, 148448, 4284, 22313, 10794, 150556, 90, 58, 15, 647, 86, 30011, 31471, 6260, 194, 5177, 603, 11814, 70, 959, 21094, 136, 100, 70, 53697, 5, 360, 729, 5039, 4, 89176, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 103145, 3010, 5372, 4370, 11814, 70, 959, 21094, 136, 100, 70, 53697, 5, 581, 110, 22062, 135179, 110, 136913, 23, 70, 32562, 7, 111, 40101, 5177, 603, 707, 3010, 5372, 4370, 4, 136, 509, 19667, 19, 99, 10, 14432, 1733, 95134, 6637, 111, 70, 53697, 25, 7, 94878, 47, 70, 87506, 32354, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 30839, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 25075, 33263, 6499, 66489, 86, 62160, 11814, 70, 110, 22062, 23, 543, 5843, 136, 163094, 262, 72085, 11814, 442, 23, 10, 7986, 14137, 91376, 23, 63920, 1295, 543, 8659, 47, 543, 13023, 581, 5177, 603, 1104, 4613, 40676, 4370, 53697, 135179, 4, 54940, 3789, 44677, 4, 23, 70, 25632, 15, 25, 1639, 25, 26950, 450, 903, 42805, 70541, 7, 142, 143726, 28, 5490, 2320, 2077, 581, 14012, 1556, 959, 2809, 77443, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 707, 159527, 33, 1803, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 442, 83, 959, 3853, 51529, 36766, 83, 193, 30494, 289, 5, 345, 6953, 10, 136475, 6, 175921, 114137, 4, 17523, 93, 24004, 796, 168360, 23, 10586, 450, 2174, 83, 168487, 4, 6863, 52240, 1290, 8110, 186, 117396, 3501, 4068, 581, 17982, 3181, 939, 111, 122273, 297, 390, 70, 21334, 14012, 111, 28, 13722, 5256, 35064, 30482, 70, 193, 30494, 134393, 111, 10, 13036, 9803, 9655, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 22376, 1957, 5, 83, 62548, 47, 70, 1466, 36557, 32354, 4, 136, 8311, 329, 70, 30057, 4935, 111, 70, 87506, 32354, 4, 3229, 15044, 32354, 7, 621, 151575, 297, 99, 615, 12613, 7, 12, 3293, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 17475, 7, 12, 27766, 9319, 17475, 50339, 621, 152, 62, 17475, 62548, 47, 70, 51703, 32354, 15, 136091, 297, 23, 69407, 111, 87506, 32354, 7, 16, 83, 831, 2843, 186, 36510, 297, 237, 142, 54241, 13, 10554, 124901, 69407, 83687, 70, 41419, 5761, 932, 102, 32354, 151575, 297, 99, 24491, 892, 26255, 12, 64511, 36549, 62548, 47, 70, 932, 102, 32354, 26698, 12, 581, 18499, 13579, 23, 70, 4568, 28, 5490, 2320, 83, 10, 25545, 538, 8, 7612, 162, 214, 32354, 111, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 26168, 83, 5299, 9, 68879, 297, 100, 93766, 181135, 1363, 111, 70, 53697, 47, 11192, 22619, 1830, 5, 64511, 49041, 17475, 7, 105950, 214, 70, 5177, 603, 1104, 4613, 40676, 4370, 53697, 621, 70, 2874, 230612, 238, 17475, 152, 136, 8, 21, 36254, 4170, 9, 7192, 223, 1596, 25, 7, 26168, 7440, 26168, 454, 1662, 621, 405, 49725, 1620, 27853, 7, 5, 153335, 538, 62548, 47, 903, 83, 70, 168487, 932, 102, 36549, 125195, 5, 3311, 35971, 84797, 538, 70, 5117, 10846, 69407, 111, 70, 36549, 36917, 4, 1632, 113054, 7, 142, 25902, 67, 100, 70, 54704, 289, 36549, 17475, 12, 7440, 83, 70, 11872, 147595, 932, 102, 32354, 5, 581, 10554, 23, 903, 28, 5490, 2320, 83687, 7, 70, 22313, 238, 101935, 4, 5, 60075, 11, 33770, 3060, 111, 70, 69407, 23, 70, 11872, 147595, 932, 102, 32354, 76199, 12, 7440, 105950, 7, 70, 34292, 111, 10, 14012, 111, 71496, 13, 28970, 7, 12, 7440, 83, 70, 6, 175921, 289, 22313, 238, 14012, 5, 88606, 67, 28970, 7, 23, 3129, 135179, 26698, 12, 6561, 831, 36510, 17368, 10, 5361, 7225, 111, 28129, 170, 22129, 1073, 25, 7, 26168, 237, 10, 41929, 28970, 136, 678, 183234, 36549, 12, 893, 49041, 225490, 390, 83, 70, 41929, 28970, 136, 75939, 214, 36549, 1650, 45831, 450, 1543, 186, 17569, 111, 237, 142, 44, 48283, 76, 1916, 5177, 603, 53697, 740, 581, 6626, 53697, 7, 621, 2843, 62548, 390, 70, 80836, 111, 36549, 7440, 136, 621, 70, 14012, 111, 106, 7, 136, 757, 7, 4, 107013, 538, 4, 23, 70, 3647, 116, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 5, 1401, 765, 2843, 168655, 25, 7, 168707, 28970, 15, 21231, 1388, 360, 4537, 4, 100, 2499, 26168, 454, 3742, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 34515, 111, 158, 814, 110343, 111, 903, 14700, 66, 6889, 56566, 7, 207583, 98, 26168, 454, 20682, 360, 17311, 4, 26168, 454, 2588, 80788, 933, 5045, 1286, 25545, 158, 814, 110343, 3501, 70, 101805, 289, 14700, 66, 6889, 26168, 454, 4046, 15, 74, 6, 194, 3293, 83, 6637, 12960, 31267, 221, 4, 2685, 32316, 3789, 36549, 14700, 66, 63239, 3129, 158, 74789, 1286, 25545, 538, 3501, 903, 74, 3060, 111, 6097, 621, 45252, 297, 35064, 5, 5177, 603, 168360, 450, 70, 25632, 54241, 13, 36549, 51515, 90, 152, 581, 36549, 100, 83, 183234, 47, 10, 36549, 89485, 14037, 23, 117430, 15, 4, 6, 2077, 360, 64972, 4, 58698, 408, 14037, 70, 20903, 538, 62548, 36549, 15, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1388, 7440, 83, 70, 459, 1970, 8962, 39, 47, 3647, 116, 136, 83, 70, 74912, 32354, 5, 360, 70777, 764, 14037, 10, 17932, 36549, 12, 28090, 70, 3658, 39, 2581, 1104, 15834, 6947, 14700, 66, 6889, 100, 70, 459, 1970, 8962, 39, 111, 70, 87506, 32354, 642, 2046, 12, 893, 5526, 14700, 66, 6889, 100, 5177, 603, 25, 7, 53697, 83, 4743, 47, 40788, 1500, 136, 3010, 5372, 4370, 7440, 621, 139256, 53, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 15, 4, 4, 1388, 3293, 36549, 83, 70, 5361, 7225, 26168, 454, 5843, 111, 70, 14700, 66, 63239, 158, 814, 46825, 100, 26168, 454, 10945, 62, 21373, 36549, 678, 70, 60570, 7668, 101935, 111, 70, 17932, 8562, 83, 15, 74, 1388, 22446, 59306, 99326, 58296, 14037, 142, 49041, 4537, 15032, 111, 70, 40788, 1500, 9, 4613, 40676, 4370, 36549, 7440, 621, 70, 44, 33189, 3165, 7532, 35874, 1687, 15403, 7, 111, 70, 17932, 8562, 830, 3129, 621, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 12663, 1916, 32354, 1326, 2499, 168487, 903, 36549, 70541, 7, 168487, 69407, 4734, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 99, 4, 442, 24209, 7, 1957, 136, 5, 64511, 36549, 678, 70, 5701, 35874, 1687, 15403, 7, 26698, 6097, 27781, 7, 12, 136, 7440, 83, 70, 87506, 32354, 5, 62, 36549, 62548, 47, 70, 36851, 41975, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 5177, 603, 1104, 4613, 40676, 4370, 53697, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 5177, 603, 25, 7, 53697, 16, 83, 10, 291, 140363, 70760, 53697, 456, 64240, 214, 23, 114137, 136, 14012, 154453, 4, 56104, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 70, 92319, 58437, 160600, 31330, 87506, 15, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Appearances.", "Properties.", "Relation to gamma function.", "Relation to the zeta function.", "Integrals.", "Series expansions.", "Asymptotic expansions.", "Exponential.", "Continued fraction.", "Generalizations.", "Published digits." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The constant first appeared in a 1734 paper by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, titled \"De Progressionibus harmonicis observationes\" (Eneström Index 43). Euler used the notations and for the constant. In 1790, Italian mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni used the notations and for the constant. The notation appears nowhere in the writings of either Euler or Mascheroni, and was chosen at a later time perhaps because of the constant's connection to the gamma function. For example, the German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider used the notation in 1835 and Augustus De Morgan used it in a textbook published in parts from 1836 to 1842", "The Euler–Mascheroni constant appears, among other places, in the following ('*' means that this entry contains an explicit equation):", "The number has not been proved algebraic or transcendental. In fact, it is not even known whether is irrational. Using a continued fraction analysis, Papanikolaou showed in 1997 that if is rational, its denominator must be greater than 10. The ubiquity of revealed by the large number of equations below makes the irrationality of a major open question in mathematics. Also see.", "is related to the digamma function, and hence the derivative of the gamma function, when both functions are evaluated at 1. Thus: This is equal to the limits: Further limit results are : A limit related to the beta function (expressed in terms of gamma functions) is", "can also be expressed as an infinite sum whose terms involve the Riemann zeta function evaluated at positive integers: Other series related to the zeta function include: The error term in the last equation is a rapidly decreasing function of. As a result, the formula is well-suited for efficient computation of the constant to high precision. Other interesting limits equaling the Euler–Mascheroni constant are the antisymmetric limit : and de la Vallée-Poussin's formula where formula_11 are ceiling brackets. Closely related to this is the rational zeta series expression. By taking separately the first few terms of the series above, one obtains an estimate for the classical series limit: where is the Hurwitz zeta function. The sum in this equation involves the harmonic numbers,. Expanding some of the terms in the Hurwitz zeta function gives: where", "equals the value of a number of definite integrals: where is the fractional harmonic number. Definite integrals in which appears include: One can express using a special case of Hadjicostas's formula as a double integral and with equivalent series: An interesting comparison by is the double integral and alternating series It shows that may be thought of as an \"alternating Euler constant\". The two constants are also related by the pair of series where and are the number of 1s and 0s, respectively, in the base 2 expansion of. We have also Catalan's 1875 integral (see )", "In general, for any formula_23. However, the rate of convergence of this expansion depends significantly on formula_24. In particular, formula_25 exhibits much more rapid convergence than the conventional expansion formula_26 (; ). This is because while Even so, there exist other series expansions which converge more rapidly than this; some of these are discussed below. Euler showed that the following infinite series approaches : The series for is equivalent to a series Nielsen found in 1897 (, ): In 1910, Vacca found the closely related series (,,,,,, ) where is the logarithm to base 2 and is the floor function. In 1926 he found a second series: From the Malmsten–Kummer expansion for the logarithm of the gamma function we get: An important expansion for Euler's constant is due to Fontana and Mascheroni where are Gregory coefficients (,, ) This series is the special case formula_35 of the expansions convergent for formula_37 A similar series with the Cauchy numbers of the second kind is (; ) Blagouchine (2018) found an interesting generalisation of the Fontana-Mascheroni series where are the \"Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind\", which are defined by the generating function For any rational this series contains rational terms only. For example, at, it becomes see and. Other series with the same polynomials include these examples: and where is the gamma function. A series related to the Akiyama-Tanigawa algorithm is where are the Gregory coefficients of the second order. Series of prime numbers:", "equals the following asymptotic formulas (where is the th harmonic number): The third formula is also called the Ramanujan expansion. formula_49 formula_50 formula_51", "The constant is important in number theory. Some authors denote this quantity simply as. equals the following limit, where is the th prime number: This restates the third of Mertens' theorems. The numerical value of is: Other infinite products relating to include: These products result from the Barnes -function. In addition, where the th factor is the th root of This infinite product, first discovered by Ser in 1926, was rediscovered by Sondow using hypergeometric functions.", "The continued fraction expansion of is of the form, which has no \"apparent\" pattern. The continued fraction is known to have at least 475,006 terms, and it has infinitely many terms if and only if is irrational.", "\"Euler's generalized constants\" are given by for, with as the special case. This can be further generalized to for some arbitrary decreasing function. For example, gives rise to the Stieltjes constants, and gives where again the limit appears. A two-dimensional limit generalization is the Masser–Gramain constant. \"Euler–Lehmer constants\" are given by summation of inverses of numbers in a common modulo class : The basic properties are and if then", "Euler initially calculated the constant's value to 6 decimal places. In 1781, he calculated it to 16 decimal places. Mascheroni attempted to calculate the constant to 32 decimal places, but made errors in the 20th–22nd and 31st-32nd decimal places; starting from the 20th digit, he calculated...1811209008239 when the correct value is...0651209008240." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 142672, 7090, 34, 379, 9, 8331, 69076, 4, 5813, 33970, 4, 4368, 76, 7136, 80723, 1919, 23182, 80997, 678, 162604, 161623, 23, 70, 7082, 866, 23972, 127152, 23, 86097, 136, 112730, 17262, 168296, 27528, 100, 70, 7175, 41928, 47, 1144, 592, 678, 19336, 103655, 5609, 52767, 397, 17006, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 112730, 2685, 33233, 8752, 36770, 6057, 153350, 42, 7974, 271, 727, 11016, 136, 7228, 7621, 170894, 7, 100, 17006, 23, 70, 21413, 111367, 223, 19881, 136, 70, 103655, 787, 17703, 5, 1529, 47763, 71, 10, 6712, 9, 69986, 69236, 100, 2856, 23, 70, 14073, 927, 15393, 111, 1919, 192428, 34377, 26548, 64738, 18778, 265, 23, 22482, 30739, 1529, 2843, 66933, 10, 59335, 1733, 98, 111628, 678, 102115, 210721, 8108, 30646, 214, 47, 23924, 21629, 5, 581, 122046, 73327, 432, 171530, 98, 7071, 616, 4, 37771, 450, 1836, 1902, 111670, 71, 4368, 76, 7136, 25, 7, 21640, 12302, 163769, 1295, 17006, 74, 764, 1902, 2809, 23189, 678, 70, 7175, 87420, 70, 1877, 479, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 509, 181141, 47, 10, 5570, 22759, 9, 46799, 276, 19759, 18264, 136, 7228, 10, 3647, 4559, 1294, 111, 3650, 11663, 4, 63652, 23, 20938, 1529, 7228, 1919, 276, 19759, 34377, 100, 122046, 98, 4347, 138, 4, 37771, 38162, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 100, 3316, 112, 3253, 20574, 23, 10, 6712, 26548, 2356, 30715, 135555, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 69347, 7565, 10, 11782, 9, 2037, 100, 6626, 1049, 37671, 6661, 15619, 209864, 14858, 90, 4743, 47, 142, 5526, 11938, 14858, 9, 2037, 26548, 70, 195997, 13320, 1297, 7, 98, 18374, 423, 4, 13999, 1650, 69347, 1810, 47, 186, 10, 13036, 31461, 23, 70, 6712, 4, 678, 4368, 76, 7136, 28780, 214, 1919, 5117, 69236, 111, 70, 34003, 136, 73432, 69236, 111, 70, 6712, 1295, 10, 58595, 104125, 4092, 101630, 5, 122046, 23409, 98, 47, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 16065, 19916, 4, 6, 92768, 59207, 10, 220247, 13162, 5, 147466, 23, 34975, 764, 47763, 71, 6626, 220247, 109458, 4, 26719, 70, 73432, 69236, 23, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 19916, 23, 70, 24453, 9022, 114732, 27188, 111, 70, 1392, 276, 19759, 15619, 11356, 16713, 7, 4, 135834, 70, 73327, 432, 47, 2363, 5117, 276, 19759, 15619, 16792, 25499, 122046, 77736, 47, 70, 3731, 31754, 13356, 98, 7582, 387, 4, 34975, 23, 10, 106, 1104, 2389, 2704, 4, 678, 10, 69236, 1295, 6557, 191, 7650, 53181, 5, 24372, 142, 5773, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 678, 5045, 149575, 1363, 111, 10, 12302, 47, 164298, 4, 4368, 76, 7136, 47143, 297, 23, 122046, 100, 1324, 136, 47763, 71, 70, 6712, 9, 69986, 69236, 645, 5585, 4079, 4602, 23, 70, 34003, 9803, 56, 98, 11994, 534, 4, 12453, 24372, 70, 1324, 49953, 19175, 183845, 34003, 4, 10, 34003, 23, 3129, 4368, 76, 7136, 509, 36069, 20051, 1295, 70, 72134, 13315, 9, 2037, 100, 70, 2704, 6626, 21775, 4, 764, 181141, 100, 50695, 4745, 26521, 19175, 11938, 53434, 47064, 98, 10, 4092, 12302, 5, 15236, 56, 73327, 432, 7175, 15829, 136, 36770, 53434, 47064, 58585, 16173, 2501, 17123, 18, 54324, 4049, 98, 70, 51957, 5, 1650, 509, 171530, 98, 18982, 1702, 450, 4368, 76, 7136, 1902, 2809, 190238, 100, 10, 4488, 28897, 47, 51521, 538, 33284, 70, 11938, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 7228, 1919, 34377, 100, 70, 11938, 98, 22482, 24645, 1210, 26548, 115217, 19256, 237, 10, 2510, 927, 9, 67403, 13, 161740, 13, 100, 10208, 36293, 1681, 5, 2161, 4347, 17846, 24159, 4368, 76, 7136, 100512, 142, 34648, 37254, 678, 70, 53434, 47064, 109208, 7844, 678, 10, 12417, 119300, 50833, 53, 297, 69236, 23, 70, 106, 1104, 2389, 19916, 26548, 38781, 329, 4000, 43876, 7, 148639, 7432, 127164, 80352, 66, 3293, 17991, 47, 3564, 70, 148639, 7432, 7175, 25, 7, 15673, 7, 111, 7002, 151138, 100, 14713, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 17669, 5, 581, 69236, 509, 4368, 76, 7136, 25, 7, 5117, 100, 70, 11938, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 34003, 4, 8, 61518, 117729, 450, 53434, 47064, 3542, 5423, 47, 456, 9, 31304, 4049, 4, 2161, 20414, 201, 4, 24159, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 4368, 76, 7136, 2806, 33284, 30839, 11938, 310, 420, 1052, 62, 62225, 111, 70, 787, 167209, 98, 10, 6626, 9, 46799, 18264, 86595, 678, 70, 1210, 1104, 2592, 787, 167209, 34003, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 112730, 1112, 14858, 90, 100, 62, 62225, 4, 1284, 24124, 1919, 18264, 959, 75312, 24243, 23, 7891, 1529, 7068, 33284, 297, 3525, 538, 125568, 71, 1031, 17703, 5609, 615, 15161, 5695, 112, 13593, 98, 10, 4092, 12302, 4, 1144, 592, 10, 1632, 9, 46799, 18264, 5, 2161, 7071, 387, 4, 20400, 764, 65042, 297, 1919, 18264, 678, 615, 15161, 5695, 112, 13593, 24189, 4152, 24372, 132283, 88551, 1733, 23, 70, 96362, 6626, 5369, 47, 182260, 4, 4368, 76, 7136, 176377, 47, 70, 13315, 2037, 186085, 136, 4358, 37105, 5695, 112, 13593, 47, 82641, 47, 70, 787, 167209, 23, 4152, 1529, 69347, 7565, 10, 3525, 18264, 18645, 1295, 70, 11938, 4, 136, 181141, 10, 6626, 9, 46799, 18264, 678, 615, 15161, 138789, 7, 17697, 22766, 23, 70, 5773, 184, 11, 1681, 5, 4368, 76, 7136, 112730, 756, 17262, 111, 25730, 25, 7, 14858, 90, 99, 70, 4078, 37671, 6661, 116233, 161912, 23, 70, 231118, 5, 1529, 7228, 1919, 22962, 34377, 100, 25730, 23, 10, 7582, 3295, 101786, 14858, 26548, 175055, 5, 3311, 14487, 37771, 764, 1902, 85168, 297, 10, 3622, 111, 423, 3540, 7, 4, 28780, 214, 1632, 69236, 5, 1529, 1556, 221, 2060, 33636, 297, 25730, 23, 17262, 37671, 6661, 15619, 209864, 14858, 90, 5, 2161, 11994, 30777, 34975, 4368, 76, 7136, 47763, 71, 1919, 17932, 21640, 69236, 1295, 10, 20255, 59520, 107767, 101630, 23, 101786, 119475, 113852, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 51575, 4368, 76, 7136, 15, 57332, 18237, 21567, 21735, 16, 83, 10, 180972, 21640, 38887, 3443, 58585, 2750, 11301, 7, 237, 10, 86841, 100, 615, 15161, 138789, 7, 17697, 22766, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Club career.", "Czech Republic.", "Major League Soccer.", "Scottish Premier League.", "Germany.", "International career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Born in Vaudreuil-Dorion, Quebec, Hainault began his professional career with Montreal Impact in the USL First Division in 2004, and played three competitive games for the team prior to signing with small Czech side SIAD Most. Hainault played there alongside former star striker Horst Siegl and made 46 appearances for Most in the Gambrinus liga and the Czech 2. Liga. He scored a game-winning goal for them in the 88th minute of his league debut against Slovácko in February 2006. He also spent a brief time on loan with Sparta Prague before returning to North America.", "The Houston Dynamo announced on April 14, 2009, that they had secured Hainault's international transfer certificate from Most; he had been training with the team throughout the 2009 pre-season. Hainault was signed to a standard four-year MLS contract and made a base salary of $55,125 in 2009. He made his MLS debut for Houston on May 3, 2009, coming on as a substitute for Wade Barrett in a game against New England Revolution. Hainault turned down a call-up for two 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches due to an important club match-up against the Portland Timbers on October 15, 2011. It turned out to be a major factor in the game, with Hainault scoring his first goal of the season and opening goal of the game from a Brad Davis free kick. Houston went on to a 2–0 away win, clinching a playoff spot. Later in 2011, he scored two playoff goals, including the opening goal in a 2–0 win in the Eastern Conference Final of the 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs, sending the Dynamo to their first MLS Cup since 2007. Houston fell to the Los Angeles Galaxy on November 20, 2011, in a 1–0 final, with a goal from Landon Donovan. After an off-season with much speculation of a transfer to Bordeaux, Hainault remained in Houston for 2012 and scored the game-winning goal over Chivas USA in the season opener on March 11, 2012.", "After the 2012 Major League Soccer season, a season in which Hainault was dropped from the starting line-up for the final two months, he signed for Scottish Premier League club Ross County on a free transfer. Former Dynamo teammate and former Ross County player Adam Moffat sold him on the decision. It was announced on January 29 that Hainault had been approved for a work permit to officially join the club. Hainault made his debut for the club on February 23, 2013 against Motherwell as a 90th-minute substitute for Paul Lawson. On May 19, 2013, Hainault became an instant legend with the Ross County faithful with a 10-yard volleyed goal in the 1–0 win against fierce local rivals Inverness Caledonian Thistle to end the Inverness team's hopes of qualifying for Europe for the first time ever. The goal was Hainault's first for the club. Following the season, despite reports that Ross County were set to re-sign him,", "On July 4, 2013, it was announced that Hainault would join German club VfR Aalen of the 2. Bundesliga on a two-year contract beginning with the 2013–14 2. Bundesliga season. Hainault played 40 matches for Aalen, but saw his contract not renewed in 2015. He then joined newly promoted 3. Liga side 1. FC Magdeburg on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract. On April 20, 2016, he extended his contract with 1. FC Magdeburg until 2018. After missing significant time in the previous two years to injury, Hainault returned to the lineup regularly and help lead Magdeburg to promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in 2018. He turned down a new contract offer from the club, and signed a two-year contract with 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the offseason.", "Hainault played all three of Canada's matches at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands. He made his senior debut for Canada in a November 2006 friendly match against Hungary. By December 2009, he had earned a total of 15 caps, scoring one goal. He has so far represented Canada in three FIFA World Cup qualification matches. On March 29, 2011, Hainault scored his second international goal from a Will Johnson corner kick in friendly versus Belarus." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 3115, 820, 32497, 1295, 70, 102256, 14941, 2565, 4, 1829, 25074, 92265, 136, 4, 1295, 70, 42845, 4, 91084, 44, 188, 3249, 18652, 740, 581, 28811, 32528, 5282, 67, 89917, 289, 136, 87673, 73357, 674, 42666, 5844, 15, 1456, 129969, 16, 136, 853, 7655, 10763, 111, 226013, 10821, 8273, 116071, 7, 42666, 5844, 15, 12724, 38131, 16, 3542, 30666, 297, 23, 39395, 6052, 136, 21449, 3934, 21543, 98, 20414, 106, 4, 65942, 173072, 214, 70, 190440, 191, 111, 37105, 23, 2684, 107222, 65133, 7, 54324, 23, 70, 3747, 4, 136, 19441, 10, 134744, 21543, 98, 107222, 65133, 7, 54324, 214574, 5, 360, 70, 7082, 4, 142901, 4295, 1543, 53299, 24643, 72382, 390, 6, 241866, 70, 4527, 111, 37105, 9, 77007, 3115, 820, 5, 165507, 9, 32087, 3115, 14202, 23, 60091, 4527, 1543, 70541, 2478, 4, 552, 8079, 4, 115392, 4, 2464, 561, 927, 4, 23, 28483, 4, 97, 38893, 4, 2874, 432, 299, 4, 136, 144851, 7, 111, 3789, 12924, 7, 5, 17006, 37105, 9, 32087, 91995, 9035, 100, 101805, 289, 1496, 64, 2839, 136, 12069, 64, 10945, 159, 19, 9, 683, 275, 3115, 820, 765, 21501, 1916, 26847, 1295, 836, 47, 1781, 16207, 441, 77546, 4, 21208, 2685, 621, 2843, 3115, 14202, 678, 5045, 92319, 21501, 1916, 26847, 5, 165507, 9, 32087, 3115, 820, 205794, 144570, 10932, 41516, 85679, 390, 46889, 100, 160370, 13, 642, 19514, 81273, 5, 14847, 37105, 9, 32087, 3115, 820, 83, 11814, 23, 259, 272, 54324, 4209, 4, 10, 161549, 73197, 297, 3115, 820, 1540, 1543, 186, 224, 481, 2886, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 140147, 6664, 400, 43148, 707, 21980, 14191, 7, 16, 47, 34390, 121097, 11034, 4743, 47, 124735, 2478, 9, 16275, 1353, 9966, 111, 11192, 9, 2311, 3115, 820, 5, 165507, 9, 32087, 3115, 820, 1543, 186, 40715, 224, 481, 2886, 100, 130306, 86685, 4, 6044, 237, 37511, 65421, 136, 29874, 77635, 4, 6637, 6863, 183871, 621, 40715, 209183, 538, 51529, 5, 8081, 9, 10801, 814, 9, 587, 8079, 15, 294, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 4, 707, 44, 6703, 441, 18939, 3115, 14202, 621, 11814, 390, 6626, 9, 95037, 6468, 111, 148926, 142901, 4295, 100, 456, 118664, 136, 259, 272, 54324, 4209, 4, 136, 390, 1672, 62582, 111, 53095, 100, 3535, 54324, 4209, 5, 581, 38134, 21329, 712, 4527, 111, 903, 5700, 37105, 9, 32087, 3115, 820, 24286, 53, 14449, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 34390, 71, 21501, 1916, 6275, 111, 70, 159, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 6, 31586, 1294, 1175, 67, 49086, 123166, 15, 247, 3129, 83, 35064, 70, 1039, 64, 19051, 159, 19, 9, 54431, 15, 434, 18, 5, 26244, 1175, 67, 49086, 111, 136, 70, 11156, 64, 8894, 159, 19, 9, 33177, 1175, 67, 49086, 111, 5, 581, 6, 31586, 1294, 1175, 67, 49086, 123166, 111, 159, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 136, 6863, 38415, 100, 65133, 7, 10, 89845, 38526, 509, 134053, 15, 2940, 33407, 297, 16, 390, 10, 7175, 111, 25188, 1314, 1295, 2022, 90, 54593, 4597, 53, 4, 87, 4625, 22836, 12535, 4, 136, 1295, 13552, 399, 9907, 115816, 90, 9, 116317, 34, 27227, 944, 5, 79616, 17309, 25188, 1556, 162393, 98, 70, 66044, 111, 10, 22759, 927, 12830, 47, 159, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 3115, 820, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 22691, 112793, 2481, 100, 70, 34390, 71, 21185, 214, 34515, 111, 3115, 820, 6, 157695, 456, 118664, 100, 10, 89845, 38526, 111, 16446, 6, 120067, 10298, 4778, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 6097, 22759, 9, 62766, 166577, 7, 621, 543, 64, 13307, 53356, 17357, 2478, 9, 10801, 814, 9, 587, 8079, 9, 7299, 238, 15, 294, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 9, 1511, 19, 16, 15, 76681, 214, 37457, 129650, 1104, 61107, 16207, 441, 16, 136, 543, 64, 13307, 44166, 12477, 2478, 9, 10801, 814, 9, 587, 8079, 9, 669, 208, 24366, 15, 294, 19, 9, 54431, 9, 33177, 9, 594, 19, 16, 15, 76681, 214, 37457, 111, 112713, 1104, 304, 1837, 16207, 441, 194, 8081, 9, 77007, 3115, 14202, 12301, 20102, 2837, 86918, 86761, 4, 3173, 214, 22473, 17991, 1940, 185790, 1771, 33284, 7, 74, 100, 159, 19, 9, 683, 275, 24286, 4778, 70, 130306, 202104, 111, 86761, 47, 352, 7928, 46401, 70, 124416, 83, 1672, 87611, 5, 22420, 316, 9, 26932, 3115, 14202, 15, 16345, 25958, 23, 28483, 9, 133, 712, 16, 621, 1286, 202319, 100, 54324, 4209, 6117, 11050, 86761, 135355, 237, 70, 2837, 166589, 34515, 111, 86761, 23, 23, 28483, 83, 5045, 72803, 56, 5, 8081, 9, 26932, 3115, 14202, 2843, 12301, 20102, 2837, 86918, 115392, 74, 100, 54324, 4209, 115392, 68259, 47691, 707, 71579, 7, 4, 24286, 4778, 678, 66044, 111, 115392, 7, 621, 202319, 74, 2478, 9, 32087, 24286, 4778, 621, 2843, 10, 44126, 4, 21208, 2363, 148, 4204, 41159, 83, 70425, 56, 5, 4263, 70, 54324, 4209, 1733, 83, 4989, 20174, 47, 3173, 70, 1940, 185790, 28021, 4, 70, 2478, 71579, 111, 10, 124416, 3115, 820, 297, 47, 86761, 83, 4552, 115, 1181, 5, 8081, 9, 133, 712, 15, 294, 19, 9, 683, 275, 16, 3115, 14202, 4, 2843, 35839, 32977, 3115, 14202, 4, 621, 60091, 538, 19882, 678, 2478, 202104, 7, 17721, 21280, 136, 26134, 390, 57888, 5, 581, 117396, 70, 2478, 202104, 4, 70, 117396, 70, 3115, 820, 26, 7, 93396, 1340, 136, 2412, 147, 90254, 7, 5, 165837, 25958, 4, 37105, 1556, 2809, 38134, 538, 18822, 71, 47, 491, 1758, 67, 70, 27643, 111, 2478, 148, 31047, 25306, 4, 21208, 70, 134995, 191619, 100, 903, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 38396, 4, 5941, 53088, 621, 11814, 47, 491, 1758, 67, 70, 2967, 4, 26719, 65572, 47, 70, 42230, 11, 2069, 9433, 15, 1106, 26518, 136, 21185, 214, 247, 66044, 111, 80854, 1884, 552, 8079, 136, 300, 94558, 4, 136, 70, 190440, 191, 111, 19911, 289, 5798, 1916, 7, 5, 3164, 31, 4778, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 39108, 289, 54324, 4209, 621, 1496, 64, 2839, 159, 19, 9, 683, 275, 4, 3129, 21501, 933, 99, 4, 136, 12069, 64, 10945, 159, 19, 9, 683, 275, 11814, 7893, 538, 23, 39108, 289, 64, 13, 8996, 108736, 4488, 5, 3293, 17664, 6644, 83, 10, 1175, 67, 49086, 24286, 53, 111, 6097, 12924, 7, 4, 3129, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6678, 820, 15, 4, 707, 23, 23924, 21629, 1388, 83, 10, 5639, 55356, 12924, 24286, 53, 11814, 47, 28282, 10, 28123, 71052, 17721, 12924, 4488, 152667, 7, 5, 6678, 820, 83, 21501, 3674, 23, 12989, 47, 606, 35593, 47, 136, 37067, 70, 126371, 25842, 7103, 21185, 214, 4, 3129, 144570, 450, 142, 24286, 53, 202319, 100, 4527, 237, 3115, 820, 765, 10, 92319, 21501, 1916, 6275, 3501, 70, 126371, 8035, 33284, 297, 5, 581, 3115, 820, 5608, 2843, 186, 39746, 1236, 47, 128713, 45023, 136, 121720, 29888, 93425, 450, 2806, 8, 44286, 70, 124416, 645, 1733, 5, 6678, 820, 11814, 23, 20662, 39108, 289, 94878, 7, 2843, 27117, 47, 765, 110990, 39108, 289, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Lead-free solder.", "Lead solder.", "Flux.", "Hard solder.", "Solidifying.", "Alloys.", "Alloying element roles.", "Impurities in solders.", "Intermetallics in solders.", "Glass solder.", "Preform." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word solder comes from the Middle English word, via Old French and, from the Latin, meaning \"to make solid\".", "The European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) were adopted in early 2003 and came into effect on July 1, 2006, restricting the inclusion of lead in most consumer electronics sold in the EU, and having a broad effect on consumer electronics sold worldwide. In the US, manufacturers may receive tax benefits by reducing the use of lead-based solder. Lead-free solders in commercial use may contain tin, copper, silver, bismuth, indium, zinc, antimony, and traces of other metals. Most lead-free replacements for conventional 60/40 and 63/37 Sn-Pb solder have melting points from 50 to 200 °C higher, though there are also solders with much lower melting points. Lead-free solder typically requires around 2% flux by mass for adequate wetting ability. When lead-free solder is used in wave soldering, a slightly modified solder pot may be desirable (e.g. titanium liners or impellers) to reduce maintenance cost due to increased tin-scavenging of high-tin solder. Lead-free solder may be less desirable for critical applications, such as aerospace and medical projects, because its properties are less thoroughly known. Tin-silver-copper (Sn-Ag-Cu, or \"SAC\") solders are used by two-thirds of Japanese manufacturers for reflow and wave soldering, and by about 75% of companies for hand soldering. The widespread use of this popular lead-free solder alloy family is based on the reduced melting point of the Sn-Ag-Cu ternary eutectic behavior (), which is below the 22/78 Sn-Ag (wt.%) eutectic of and the 59/41 Sn-Cu eutectic of. The ternary eutectic behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu and its application for electronics assembly was discovered (and patented) by a team of researchers from Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, and from Sandia National Laboratories-Albuquerque. Much recent research has focused on the addition of a fourth element to Sn-Ag-Cu solder, in order to provide compatibility for the reduced cooling rate of solder sphere reflow for assembly of ball grid arrays. Examples of these four-element compositions are 18/64/14/4 tin-silver-copper-zinc (Sn-Ag-Cu-Zn) (melting range 217–220 °C) and 18/64/16/2 tin-silver-copper-manganese (Sn-Ag-Cu-Mn) (melting range of 211–215 °C). Tin-based solders readily dissolve gold, forming brittle intermetallic joins; for Sn-Pb alloys the critical concentration of gold to embrittle the joint is about 4%. Indium-rich solders (usually indium-lead) are more suitable for soldering thicker gold layer as the dissolution rate of gold in indium is much slower. Tin-rich solders also readily dissolve silver; for soldering silver metallization or surfaces, alloys with addition of silvers are suitable; tin-free alloys are also a choice, though their wettability is poorer. If the soldering time is long enough to form the intermetallics, the tin surface of a joint soldered to gold is very dull.", "Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) solders, also called soft solders, are commercially available with tin concentrations between 5% and 70% by weight. The greater the tin concentration, the greater the solder’s tensile and shear strengths. Historically, lead has been widely believed to mitigate the formation of tin whiskers, though the precise mechanism for this is unknown. Today, many techniques are used to mitigate the problem, including changes to the annealing process (heating and cooling), addition of elements like copper and nickel, and the inclusion of conformal coatings. Alloys commonly used for electrical soldering are 60/40 Sn-Pb, which melts at, and 63/37 Sn-Pb used principally in electrical/electronic work. This mixture is a eutectic alloy of these metals, which: In the United States, lead is prohibited in solder and flux in plumbing applications for drinking water use, per the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Historically, a higher proportion of lead was used, commonly 50/50. This had the advantage of making the alloy solidify more slowly. With the pipes being physically fitted together before soldering, the solder could be wiped over the joint to ensure water tightness. Although lead water pipes were displaced by copper when the significance of lead poisoning began to be fully appreciated, lead solder was still used until the 1980s because it was thought that the amount of lead that could leach into water from the solder was negligible from a properly soldered joint. The electrochemical couple of copper and lead promotes corrosion of the lead and tin. Tin, however, is protected by insoluble oxide. Since even small amounts of lead have been found detrimental to health, lead in plumbing solder was replaced by silver (food-grade applications) or antimony, with copper often added, and the proportion of tin was increased (see Lead-free solder.) The addition of tin—more expensive than lead—improves wetting properties of the alloy; lead itself has poor wetting characteristics. High-tin tin-lead alloys have limited use as the workability range can be provided by a cheaper high-lead alloy. Lead-tin solders readily dissolve gold plating and form brittle intermetallics. 60/40 Sn-Pb solder oxidizes on the surface, forming a complex 4-layer structure: tin(IV) oxide on the surface, below it a layer of tin(II) oxide with finely dispersed lead, followed by a layer of tin(II) oxide with finely dispersed tin and lead, and the solder alloy itself underneath. Lead, and to some degree tin, as used in solder contains small but significant amounts of radioisotope impurities. Radioisotopes undergoing alpha decay are a concern due to their tendency to cause soft errors. Polonium-210 is especially problematic; lead-210 beta decays to bismuth-210 which then beta decays to polonium-210, an intense emitter of alpha particles. Uranium-238 and thorium-232 are other significant contaminants of alloys of lead.", "Flux is a reducing agent designed to help reduce (return oxidized metals to their metallic state) metal oxides at the points of contact to improve the electrical connection and mechanical strength. The two principal types of flux are acid flux (sometimes called \"active flux\"), containing strong acids, used for metal mending and plumbing, and rosin flux (sometimes called \"passive flux\"), used in electronics. Rosin flux comes in a variety of \"activities\", corresponding roughly to the speed and effectiveness of the organic acid components of the rosin in dissolving metallic surface oxides, and consequently the corrosiveness of the flux residue. Due to concerns over atmospheric pollution and hazardous waste disposal, the electronics industry has been gradually shifting from rosin flux to water-soluble flux, which can be removed with deionized water and detergent, instead of hydrocarbon solvents. Water soluble fluxes are generally more conductive than traditionally used electrical / electronic fluxes and so have more potential for electrically interacting with a circuit; in general it is important to remove their traces after soldering. Some rosin type flux traces likewise should be removed, and for the same reason. In contrast to using traditional bars or coiled wires of all-metal solder and manually applying flux to the parts being joined, much hand soldering since the mid-20th century has used flux-core solder. This is manufactured as a coiled wire of solder, with one or more continuous bodies of inorganic acid or rosin flux embedded lengthwise inside it. As the solder melts onto the joint, it frees the flux and releases that on it as well.", "Hard solders are used for brazing, and melt at higher temperatures. Alloys of copper with either zinc or silver are the most common. In silversmithing or jewelry making, special hard solders are used that will pass assay. They contain a high proportion of the metal being soldered and lead is not used in these alloys. These solders vary in hardness, designated as \"enameling\", \"hard\", \"medium\" and \"easy\". Enameling solder has a high melting point, close to that of the material itself, to prevent the joint desoldering during firing in the enameling process. The remaining solder types are used in decreasing order of hardness during the process of making an item, to prevent a previously soldered seam or joint desoldering while additional sites are soldered. Easy solder is also often used for repair work for the same reason. Flux is also used to prevent joints from desoldering. Silver solder is also used in manufacturing to join metal parts that cannot be welded. The alloys used for these purposes contain a high proportion of silver (up to 40%), and may also contain cadmium.", "The solidifying behavior depends on the alloy composition. Pure metals solidify at a certain temperature, forming crystals of one phase. Eutectic alloys also solidify at a single temperature, all components precipitating simultaneously in so-called coupled growth. Non-eutectic compositions on cooling start to first precipitate the non-eutectic phase; dendrites when it is a metal, large crystals when it is an intermetallic compound. Such a mixture of solid particles in a molten eutectic is referred to as a mushy state. Even a relatively small proportion of solids in the liquid can dramatically lower its fluidity. The temperature of total solidification is the solidus of the alloy, the temperature at which all components are molten is the liquidus. The mushy state is desired where a degree of plasticity is beneficial for creating the joint, allowing filling larger gaps or being wiped over the joint (e.g. when soldering pipes). In hand soldering of electronics it may be detrimental as the joint may appear solidified while it is not yet. Premature handling of such joint then disrupts its internal structure and leads to compromised mechanical integrity.", "", "Different elements serve different roles in the solder alloy:", "Impurities usually enter the solder reservoir by dissolving the metals present in the assemblies being soldered. Dissolving of process equipment is not common as the materials are usually chosen to be insoluble in solder.", "Many different intermetallic compounds are formed during solidifying of solders and during their reactions with the soldered surfaces. The intermetallics form distinct phases, usually as inclusions in a ductile solid solution matrix, but also can form the matrix itself with metal inclusions or form crystalline matter with different intermetallics. Intermetallics are often hard and brittle. Finely distributed intermetallics in a ductile matrix yield a hard alloy while coarse structure gives a softer alloy. A range of intermetallics often forms between the metal and the solder, with increasing proportion of the metal; e.g. forming a structure of Cu-CuSn-CuSn-Sn. Layers of intermetallics can form between the solder and the soldered material. These layers may cause mechanical reliability weakening and brittleness, increased electrical resistance, or electromigration and formation of voids. The gold-tin intermetallics layer is responsible for poor mechanical reliability of tin-soldered gold-plated surfaces where the gold plating did not completely dissolve in the solder. Gold and palladium readily dissolve in solders. Copper and nickel tend to form intermetallic layers during normal soldering profiles. Indium forms intermetallics as well. Indium-gold intermetallics are brittle and occupy about 4 times more volume than the original gold. Bonding wires are especially susceptible to indium attack. Such intermetallic growth, together with thermal cycling, can lead to failure of the bonding wires. Copper plated with nickel and gold is often used. The thin gold layer facilitates good solderability of nickel as it protects the nickel from oxidation; the layer has to be thin enough to rapidly and completely dissolve so bare nickel is exposed to the solder. Lead-tin solder layers on copper leads can form copper-tin intermetallic layers; the solder alloy is then locally depleted of tin and form a lead-rich layer. The Sn-Cu intermetallics then can get exposed to oxidation, resulting in impaired solderability. Two processes play a role in a solder joint formation: interaction between the substrate and molten solder, and solid-state growth of intermetallic compounds. The base metal dissolves in the molten solder in an amount depending on its solubility in the solder. The active constituent of the solder reacts with the base metal with a rate dependent on the solubility of the active constituents in the base metal. The solid-state reactions are more complex – the formation of intermetallics can be inhibited by changing the composition of the base metal or the solder alloy, or by using a suitable barrier layer to inhibit diffusion of the metals.", "Glass solders are used to join glasses to other glasses, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, mica, and other materials, in a process called glass frit bonding. The glass solder has to flow and wet the soldered surfaces well below the temperature where deformation or degradation of either of the joined materials or nearby structures (e.g., metallization layers on chips or ceramic substrates) occurs. The usual temperature of achieving flowing and wetting is between. Two types of glass solders are used: vitreous, and devitrifying. Vitreous solders retain their amorphous structure during remelting, can be reworked repeatedly, and are relatively transparent. Devitrifying solders undergo partial crystallization during solidifying, forming a glass-ceramic, a composite of glassy and crystalline phases. Devitrifying solders usually create a stronger mechanical bond, but are more temperature-sensitive and the seal is more likely to be leaky; due to their polycrystalline structure they tend to be translucent or opaque. Devitrifying solders are frequently \"thermosetting\", as their melting temperature after recrystallization becomes significantly higher; this allows soldering the parts together at lower temperature than the subsequent bake-out without remelting the joint afterwards. Devitrifying solders frequently contain up to 25% zinc oxide. In production of cathode ray tubes, devitrifying solders based on PbO-BO-ZnO are used. Very low temperature melting glasses, fluid at, were developed for sealing applications for electronics. They can consist of binary or ternary mixtures of thallium, arsenic and sulfur. Zinc-silicoborate glasses can also be used for passivation of electronics; their coefficient of thermal expansion must match silicon (or the other semiconductors used) and they must not contain alkaline metals as those would migrate to the semiconductor and cause failures. The bonding between the glass or ceramics and the glass solder can be either covalent, or, more often, van der Waals. The seal can be leak-tight; glass soldering is frequently used in vacuum technology. Glass solders can be also used as sealants; a vitreous enamel coating on iron lowered its permeability to hydrogen 10 times. Glass solders are frequently used for glass-to-metal seals and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals. Glass solders are available as frit powder with grain size below 60 micrometers. They can be mixed with water or alcohol to form a paste for easy application, or with dissolved nitrocellulose or other suitable binder for adhering to the surfaces until being melted. The eventual binder has to be burned off before melting proceeds, requiring careful firing regime. The solder glass can be also applied from molten state to the area of the future joint during manufacture of the part. Due to their low viscosity in molten state, lead glasses with high PbO content (often 70–85%) are frequently used. The most common compositions are based on lead borates (leaded borate glass or borosilicate glass). Smaller amount of zinc oxide or aluminium oxide can be added for increasing chemical stability. Phosphate glasses can be also employed. Zinc oxide, bismuth trioxide, and copper(II) oxide can be added for influencing the thermal expansion; unlike the alkali oxides, these lower the softening point without increasing of thermal expansion. Glass solders are frequently used in electronic packaging. CERDIP packagings are an example. Outgassing of water from the glass solder during encapsulation was a cause of high failure rates of early CERDIP integrated circuits. Removal of glass-soldered ceramic covers, e.g., for gaining access to the chip for failure analysis or reverse engineering, is best done by shearing; if this is too risky, the cover is polished away instead. As the seals can be performed at much lower temperature than with direct joining of glass parts and without use of flame (using a temperature-controlled kiln or oven), glass solders are useful in applications like subminiature vacuum tubes or for joining mica windows to vacuum tubes and instruments (e.g., Geiger tube). Thermal expansion coefficient has to be matched to the materials being joined and often is chosen in between the coefficients of expansion of the materials. In case of having to compromise, subjecting the joint to compression stresses is more desirable than to tensile stresses. The expansion matching is not critical in applications where thin layers are used on small areas, e.g., fireable inks, or where the joint will be subjected to a permanent compression (e.g., by an external steel shell) offsetting the thermally introduced tensile stresses. Glass solder can be used as an intermediate layer when joining materials (glasses, ceramics) with significantly different coefficient of thermal expansion; such materials cannot be directly joined by diffusion welding. Evacuated glazing windows are made of glass panels soldered together. A glass solder is used, e.g., for joining together parts of cathode ray tubes and plasma display panels. Newer compositions lowered the usage temperature from by reducing the lead(II) oxide content down from 70%, increasing the zinc oxide content, adding titanium dioxide and bismuth(III) oxide and some other components. The high thermal expansion of such glass can be reduced by a suitable ceramic filler. Lead-free solder glasses with soldering temperature of were also developed. Phosphate glasses with low melting temperature were developed. One of such compositions is phosphorus pentoxide, lead(II) oxide, and zinc oxide, with addition of lithium and some other oxides. Conductive glass solders can be also prepared.", "A preform is a pre-made shape of solder specially designed for the application where it is to be used. Many methods are used to manufacture the solder preform, stamping being the most common. The solder preform may include the solder flux needed for the soldering process. This can be an internal flux, inside the solder preform, or external, with the solder preform coated." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2967, 111, 73342, 214, 70, 31344, 111, 613, 32108, 34292, 83, 36510, 297, 390, 93726, 53247, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 66128, 25, 7, 29806, 509, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 18940, 9, 6032, 79786, 136, 18940, 14537, 5, 62, 4488, 56, 2750, 83, 6, 129980, 538, 12996, 5844, 831, 27489, 142, 140992, 34292, 117396, 3501, 2367, 442, 84458, 47, 1274, 107, 4049, 5, 106073, 1919, 259, 429, 37202, 47, 186, 35509, 98, 21974, 79786, 4, 23, 142, 25313, 10422, 903, 259, 429, 14602, 959, 44961, 70, 4393, 34292, 111, 2367, 70, 4488, 56, 27489, 7, 5, 216741, 538, 442, 83, 959, 150385, 3129, 70, 4488, 56, 74703, 7, 4, 1284, 1919, 177399, 47, 4488, 5, 133196, 10, 4488, 56, 2750, 83, 1274, 2822, 100, 142, 56816, 136, 72090, 168404, 117, 56816, 5, 76556, 23, 70, 10323, 1419, 25, 7, 187016, 4, 70, 10323, 1419, 831, 765, 4049, 160404, 10, 49935, 9, 109513, 36279, 678, 3129, 70, 4488, 56, 27489, 7, 168404, 41965, 111, 4488, 11907, 423, 14633, 5, 87769, 56816, 4, 70, 10323, 1419, 53299, 7, 3650, 2839, 41965, 111, 4488, 136, 4734, 19859, 70, 4488, 56, 168404, 4, 3540, 109561, 70, 47143, 214, 3650, 1197, 237, 55215, 146295, 5, 76556, 70, 10323, 1419, 1556, 8, 77193, 297, 188347, 136, 77336, 172852, 84458, 111, 15, 20347, 16, 3650, 1549, 15, 14507, 9319, 4, 8, 51606, 2320, 111, 70, 36279, 4, 3021, 5, 247, 764, 83, 25737, 678, 168404, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 100, 142, 1810, 5259, 111, 10323, 111, 3650, 1197, 4, 70, 10323, 1419, 113054, 7, 10, 613, 32108, 34292, 111, 168404, 74, 1919, 10323, 1556, 959, 4734, 2809, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 41018, 4, 1284, 2843, 1556, 124735, 390, 168404, 5, 581, 4488, 56, 53418, 141621, 903, 68073, 105237, 6637, 764, 1556, 110, 63043, 47, 70, 26950, 111, 36049, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 70, 49935, 9, 109513, 36279, 16, 707, 47, 6863, 38742, 4, 136, 1919, 177399, 47, 1909, 208, 73, 645, 259, 4188, 83, 173072, 297, 390, 131703, 136, 70, 100677, 64, 112, 12018, 100, 259, 429, 150385, 5, 44, 169473, 58, 613, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 23, 142, 111503, 15, 16305, 425, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 44, 1510, 7, 58, 707, 21950, 111, 613, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 16, 83, 198343, 105950, 47, 70, 10554, 111, 2043, 15917, 3674, 136, 165, 164, 191145, 71, 18348, 4, 2043, 33946, 4, 2043, 14457, 7, 4, 2043, 24643, 98, 36049, 136, 67842, 2043, 27747, 3442, 933, 137272, 678, 121678, 2449, 4, 400, 35481, 214, 4, 95, 162, 214, 4, 24233, 20338, 58591, 7, 3021, 5, 15, 21231, 2843, 34292, 12996, 194, 6619, 15411, 4, 70, 3917, 189534, 18348, 91763, 83, 74907, 71, 136, 11970, 297, 23, 2265, 15426, 214, 1543, 129927, 208806, 1295, 70, 3917, 142, 11651, 8063, 14602, 450, 15, 21231, 2843, 16556, 1916, 613, 32108, 194, 66128, 25, 7, 10002, 35107, 32153, 90, 5201, 538, 98, 18348, 4, 33946, 136, 14457, 4, 21334, 538, 47438, 214, 36235, 1363, 136, 121678, 939, 9, 50986, 108112, 3129, 3542, 123875, 25958, 4552, 19336, 82761, 7, 111, 70, 15889, 91763, 3229, 764, 158930, 5, 9578, 70, 4568, 3252, 5369, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 31486, 111, 70, 11341, 23, 70, 111503, 1556, 124735, 23, 39555, 11907, 23295, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 62, 67688, 127357, 4, 70, 83080, 12008, 111, 27759, 140533, 23, 6, 69731, 15, 81779, 2843, 92416, 140533, 16, 23, 70, 175961, 10323, 1419, 97558, 7, 509, 10932, 21280, 74, 23, 111994, 4, 10, 4785, 36917, 95531, 74, 98, 70, 6, 3134, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 1660, 1379, 10662, 74, 1660, 8108, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 10932, 12719, 74, 390, 27631, 4, 110518, 16279, 74, 136, 18925, 70, 83080, 83, 10932, 2273, 1104, 89858, 5, 15, 21231, 100, 27781, 44576, 41961, 56, 92931, 124324, 4, 44, 3957, 75678, 111, 3835, 1119, 40930, 6644, 830, 23, 44, 647, 235620, 111, 16934, 181948, 830, 38026, 56, 88847, 32261, 5, 6, 204216, 1104, 191304, 194, 8018, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 1543, 186, 21455, 297, 23, 43606, 48322, 12, 66128, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 4989, 9, 32166, 186768, 72201, 27771, 2806, 186, 100, 60212, 7, 23, 121297, 111, 613, 32108, 34292, 17721, 202681, 7, 136, 25313, 8916, 7, 47, 17366, 1810, 4, 237, 66128, 73342, 7, 23, 6626, 44677, 23, 44, 87926, 14, 1803, 58, 5976, 5, 22408, 572, 6620, 4, 764, 41591, 71, 10, 61514, 34515, 111, 613, 32108, 34292, 23, 1919, 115774, 111, 3642, 613, 32108, 34292, 2806, 186, 99764, 1810, 1379, 168296, 27289, 5, 149766, 23, 1858, 92122, 136, 23, 30923, 30675, 29053, 32032, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 724, 99720, 42, 11999, 58, 136, 44, 4332, 10178, 933, 111, 70, 168894, 9433, 111, 36049, 830, 66128, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 97879, 390, 36541, 7, 27198, 7, 10, 351, 9, 215652, 1419, 36049, 9433, 3934, 10, 10323, 1419, 36049, 9433, 4, 78779, 214, 442, 89554, 3934, 16839, 7, 4, 221, 450, 756, 107730, 7, 136, 140992, 7, 24209, 16839, 297, 4127, 7, 707, 11374, 5, 14847, 450, 9433, 83, 28484, 4, 59499, 47, 66128, 4, 70, 28271, 111, 36049, 1556, 24209, 134477, 13, 79850, 10, 18940, 9433, 105233, 4527, 9, 27494, 90, 136, 10, 6053, 15032, 9433, 105233, 3525, 34292, 4, 136, 1286, 183037, 10, 613, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 95307, 71, 237, 2043, 91763, 15, 21231, 2843, 10323, 183278, 1363, 194, 66128, 25212, 6468, 450, 70, 28271, 60042, 111, 36049, 23, 903, 16648, 24209, 7, 70, 75678, 111, 10323, 74, 17, 5, 13, 5, 450, 36049, 111, 140992, 24209, 7, 44, 126940, 289, 58, 98, 10323, 183278, 1363, 5, 4263, 36049, 24209, 7, 51, 39348, 2886, 4, 10323, 1221, 186, 205850, 19, 1295, 36049, 33662, 56, 707, 14432, 5, 581, 17914, 1363, 83, 450, 70, 5201, 132442, 37772, 111, 10323, 8780, 24209, 7, 70, 38694, 47, 39771, 3075, 70, 6, 189958, 1363, 111, 613, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 9620, 674, 214, 70, 31837, 111, 10323, 5, 581, 645, 416, 6238, 53250, 50155, 79825, 47, 63197, 184, 65514, 136, 18940, 2806, 4911, 7, 186, 47, 113054, 70, 38132, 7722, 51312, 23, 91763, 136, 10323, 181079, 24073, 169600, 75678, 74054, 136, 22691, 10, 67788, 1459, 707, 105925, 30646, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 84041, 32108, 34292, 58, 83, 10, 153648, 111, 70, 30839, 2565, 44, 58, 207720, 22974, 58, 830, 3129, 42856, 26950, 34292, 49814, 15, 7, 21183, 146295, 40715, 70, 11034, 111, 76319, 11814, 1257, 247, 136, 83, 72180, 2182, 47, 14941, 44, 17678, 41965, 740, 8018, 32108, 9, 27494, 13, 83, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 41170, 165249, 8305, 10, 11473, 111, 10, 12996, 136, 70, 41170, 442, 11034, 47, 70, 101785, 111, 450, 12996, 47, 142901, 442, 12, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 41170, 165249, 8305, 11473, 111, 70, 12996, 26948, 70, 11034, 111, 70, 76319, 4, 18153, 136, 150385, 14537, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 9879, 23755, 23, 17038, 66128, 25, 7, 127472, 111, 68894, 111503, 5, 155358, 25958, 4, 34292, 9, 11, 69819, 83, 105950, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Theory.", "Definition.", "Interpretations.", "Equalization of rates.", "Appropriation from production.", "Absolute vs. relative.", "Production versus realisation.", "Relation to taxation.", "Relation to the circuits of capital.", "Measurement.", "Different conceptions.", "Morality and power." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by Friedrich Engels as follows: Marx's solution was to distinguish between labor-time worked and labor power. A worker who is sufficiently productive can produce an output value greater than what it costs to hire him. Although his wage seems to be based on hours worked, in an economic sense this wage does not reflect the full value of what the worker produces. Effectively it is not labour which the worker sells, but his capacity to work. Imagine a worker who is hired for an hour and paid $10 per hour. Once in the capitalist's employ, the capitalist can have him operate a boot-making machine with which the worker produces $10 worth of work every 15 minutes. Every hour, the capitalist receives $40 worth of work and only pays the worker $10, capturing the remaining $30 as gross revenue. Once the capitalist has deducted fixed and variable operating costs of (say) $20 (leather, depreciation of the machine, etc.), he is left with $10. Thus, for an outlay of capital of $30, the capitalist obtains a surplus value of $10; his capital has not only been replaced by the operation, but also has increased by $10. The worker cannot capture this benefit directly because he has no claim to the means of production (e.g. the boot-making machine) or to its products, and his capacity to bargain over wages is restricted by laws and the supply/demand for wage labour.", "\"Total\" surplus-value in an economy (Marx refers to the \"mass\" or volume of surplus-value) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed profit, net interest, net rents, net tax on production and various net receipts associated with royalties, licensing, leasing, certain honorariums etc. (see also value product). Of course, the way generic profit income is grossed and netted in social accounting may differ somewhat from the way an individual business does that (see also Operating surplus). Marx's own discussion focuses mainly on profit, interest and rent, largely ignoring taxation and royalty-type fees which were proportionally very small components of the national income when he lived. Over the last 150 years, however, the role of the state in the economy has increased in almost every country in the world. Around 1850, the average share of government spending in GDP (See also Government spending) in the advanced capitalist economies was around 5%; in 1870, a bit above 8%; on the eve of World War I, just under 10%; just before the outbreak of World War II, around 20%; by 1950, nearly 30%; and today the average is around 35–40%. (see for example Alan Turner Peacock, \"The growth of public expenditure\", in \"Encyclopedia of Public Choice\", Springer 2003, pp. 594–597).", "Surplus-value may be viewed in five ways:", "Marx believed that the long-term historical tendency would be for differences in rates of surplus value between enterprises and economic sectors to level out, as Marx explains in two places in \"Capital\" Vol. 3: Hence, he assumed a uniform rate of surplus value in his models of how surplus value would be shared out under competitive conditions.", "Both in Das Kapital and in preparatory manuscripts such as the \"Grundrisse\" and \"Results of the immediate process of production\", Marx asserts that commerce by stages transforms a non-capitalist production process into a capitalist production process, integrating it fully into markets, so that all inputs and outputs become marketed goods or services. When that process is complete, according to Marx, the whole of production has become simultaneously a labor process creating use-values and a valorisation process creating new value, and more specifically a surplus-value appropriated as net income (see also capital accumulation). Marx contends that the whole purpose of production in this situation becomes the growth of capital; i.e. that production of output becomes \"conditional\" on capital accumulation. If production becomes unprofitable, capital will be withdrawn from production sooner or later. The implication is that the main driving force of capitalism becomes the quest to maximise the appropriation of surplus-value augmenting the stock of capital. The overriding motive behind efforts to economise resources and labor would thus be to obtain the maximum possible increase in income and capital assets (\"business growth\"), and provide a steady or growing return on investment.", "According to Marx, \"absolute surplus value\" is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in an accounting period. Marx talks mainly about the length of the working day or week, but in modern times the concern is about the number of hours worked per year. In many parts of the world, as productivity rose, the workweek decreased from 60 hours to 50, 40 or 35 hours. \"Relative surplus value\" is obtained mainly by: The attempt to extract more and more surplus-value from labor on the one side, and on the other side the resistance to this exploitation, are according to Marx at the core of the conflict between social classes, which is sometimes muted or hidden, but at other times erupts in open class warfare and class struggle.", "Marx distinguished sharply between value and price, in part because of the sharp distinction he draws between the \"production of surplus-value\" and the \"realisation of profit income\" (see also value-form). Output may be \"produced\" containing surplus-value (valorisation), but \"selling\" that output (realisation) is not at all an automatic process. Until payment from sales is received, it is uncertain how much of the surplus-value produced will actually be realised as profit from sales. So, the magnitude of \"profit realised\" in the form of money and the magnitude of \"surplus-value produced\" in the form of products may differ greatly, depending on what happens to market prices and the vagaries of supply and demand fluctuations. This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value, prices of production and the tendency of the rate of profit of different enterprises to be levelled out by competition. In his published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx went into great detail to examine many different factors which could affect the production and realisation of surplus-value. He regarded this as crucial for the purpose of understanding the dynamics and dimensions of capitalist competition, not just business competition but also competition between capitalists and workers and among workers themselves. But his analysis did not go much beyond specifying some of the overall outcomes of the process. His main conclusion though is that employers will aim to maximise the productivity of labour and economise on the use of labour, to reduce their unit-costs and maximise their net returns from sales at current market prices; at a given ruling market price for an output, every reduction of costs and every increase in productivity and sales turnover will increase profit income for that output. The main method is \"mechanisation\", which raises the fixed capital outlay in investment. In turn, this causes the unit-values of commodities to decline over time, and a \"decline of the average rate of profit\" in the sphere of production occurs, culminating in a crisis of capital accumulation, in which a sharp reduction in productive investments combines with mass unemployment, followed by an intensive rationalisation process of take-overs, mergers, fusions, and restructuring aiming to restore profitability.", "In general, business leaders and investors are hostile to any attempts to encroach on total profit volume, especially those of government taxation. The lower taxes are, other things being equal, the bigger the mass of profit that can be distributed as income to private investors. It was \"tax revolts\" that originally were a powerful stimulus motivating the bourgeoisie to wrest state power from the feudal aristocracy at the beginning of the capitalist era. In reality, of course, a substantial portion of tax money is also \"redistributed\" to private enterprise in the form of government contracts and subsidies. Capitalists may therefore be in conflict among themselves about taxes, since what is a cost to some, is a source of profit to others. Marx never analysed all this in detail; but the concept of surplus value will apply mainly to taxes on gross income (personal and business income from production) and on the trade in products and services. Estate duty for example rarely contains a surplus value component, although profit could be earned in the transfer of the estate. Generally, Marx seems to have regarded taxation imposts as a \"form\" which disguised real product \"values\". Apparently following this view, Ernest Mandel in his 1960 treatise \"Marxist Economic Theory\" refers to (indirect) taxes as \"arbitrary additions to commodity prices\". But this is something of a misnomer, and disregards that taxes become part of the normal cost-structure of production. In his later treatise on late capitalism, Mandel astonishingly hardly mentions the significance of taxation at all, a very serious omission from the point of view of the real world of modern capitalism since taxes can reach a magnitude of a third, or even half of GDP (see E. Mandel, \"Late Capitalism\". London: Verso, 1975).For example in the United Kingdom alone 75% of all taxation revenue comes from just three taxes Income tax,National insurance and VAT which in reality is 75% of the GDP of the country.", "Generally, Marx focused in Das Kapital on the new surplus-value generated by production, and the distribution of this surplus value. In this way, he aimed to reveal the \"origin of the wealth of nations\" given a capitalist mode of production. However, in any real economy, a distinction must be drawn between the primary circuit of capital, and the secondary circuits. To some extent, national accounts also do this. The primary circuit refers to the incomes and products generated and distributed from productive activity (reflected by GDP). The secondary circuits refer to trade, transfers and transactions occurring \"outside\" that sphere, which can also generate incomes, and these incomes may also involve the realisation of a surplus-value or profit. It is true that Marx argues no net additions to value can be created through acts of exchange, economic value being an attribute of labour-products (previous or newly created) only. Nevertheless, trading activity outside the sphere of production can obviously also yield a surplus-value which represents a \"transfer\" of value from one person, country or institution to another. A very simple example would be if somebody sold a second-hand asset at a profit. This transaction is not recorded in gross product measures (after all, it isn't new production), nevertheless a surplus-value is obtained from it. Another example would be capital gains from property sales. Marx occasionally refers to this kind of profit as \"profit upon alienation\", alienation being used here in the juridical, not sociological sense. By implication, if we just focused on surplus-value newly created in production, we would \"underestimate\" total surplus-values \"realised as income\" in a country. This becomes obvious if we compare census estimates of income & expenditure with GDP data. This is another reason why surplus-value \"produced\" and surplus-value \"realised\" are two different things, although this point is largely ignored in the economics literature. But it becomes highly important when the real growth of production stagnates, and a growing portion of capital shifts out of the sphere of production in search of surplus-value from other deals. Nowadays the volume of world trade grows significantly faster than GDP, suggesting to Marxian economists such as Samir Amin that surplus-value realised from commercial trade (representing to a large extent a transfer of value by intermediaries between producers and consumers) grows faster than surplus-value realised directly from production. Thus, if we took the final price of a good (the cost to the final consumer) and analysed the cost structure of that good, we might find that, over a period of time, the direct producers get less income and intermediaries between producers and consumers (traders) get more income from it. That is, control over the \"access\" to a good, asset or resource as such may increasingly become a very important factor in realising a surplus-value. In the worst case, this amounts to parasitism or extortion. This analysis illustrates a key feature of surplus value which is that it accumulated by the owners of capital only within \"inefficient\" markets because only inefficient markets – i.e. those in which transparency and competition are low – have profit margins large enough to facilitate capital accumulation. Ironically, profitable – meaning inefficient – markets have difficulty meeting the definition a free market because a free market is to some extent defined as an efficient one: one in which goods or services are exchanged without coercion or fraud, or in other words with competition (to prevent monopolistic coercion) and transparency (to prevent fraud).", "The first attempt to measure the rate of surplus-value in money-units was by Marx himself in chapter 9 of \"Das Kapital\", using factory data of a spinning mill supplied by Friedrich Engels (though Marx credits \"a Manchester spinner\"). Both in published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx examines variables affecting the rate and mass of surplus-value in detail. Some Marxian economists argue that Marx thought the possibility of measuring surplus value depends on the publicly available data. We can develop statistical \"indicators\" of trends, without mistakenly conflating data with the real thing they represent, or postulating \"perfect measurements or perfect data\" in the empiricist manner. Since early studies by Marxian economists like Eugen Varga, Charles Bettelheim, Joseph Gillmann, Edward Wolff and Shane Mage, there have been numerous attempts by Marxian economists to measure the trend in surplus-value statistically using national accounts data. The most convincing modern attempt is probably that of Anwar Shaikh and Ahmet Tonak. Usually this type of research involves reworking the components of the official measures of gross output and capital outlays to approximate Marxian categories, in order to estimate empirically the trends in the ratios thought important in the Marxian explanation of capital accumulation and economic growth: the rate of surplus-value, the organic composition of capital, the rate of profit, the rate of increase in the capital stock, and the rate of reinvestment of realised surplus-value in production. The Marxian mathematicians Emmanuel Farjoun and Moshé Machover argue that \"even if the rate of surplus value has changed by 10–20% over a hundred years, the real problem [to explain] is why it has changed so little\" (quoted from \"The Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy\" (1983), p. 192). The answer to that question must, in part, be sought in artifacts (statistical distortion effects) of data collection procedures. Mathematical extrapolations are ultimately based on the data available, but that data itself may be fragmentary and not the \"complete picture\".", "In neo-Marxist thought, Paul A. Baran for example substitutes the concept of \"economic surplus\" for Marx's surplus value. In a joint work, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy define the economic surplus as \"the difference between what a society produces and the costs of producing it\" (\"Monopoly Capitalism\", New York 1966, p. 9). Much depends here on how the costs are valued, and which costs are taken into account. Piero Sraffa also refers to a \"physical surplus\" with a similar meaning, calculated according to the relationship between prices of physical inputs and outputs. In these theories, surplus product and surplus value are equated, while value and price are identical, but the \"distribution\" of the surplus tends to be separated theoretically from its \"production\"; whereas Marx insists that the distribution of wealth is governed by the social conditions in which it is \"produced\", especially by property relations giving entitlement to products, incomes and assets (see also relations of production). In \"Kapital\" Vol. 3, Marx insists strongly that This is a substantive – if abstract – thesis about the basic social relations involved in giving and getting, taking and receiving in human society, and their consequences for the way work and wealth is shared out. It suggests a \"starting point\" for an inquiry into the problem of social order and social change. But obviously it is \"only\" a starting point, not the whole story, which would include all the \"variations and gradations\".", "A textbook-type example of an alternative interpretation to Marx's is provided by Lester Thurow. He argues: \"In a capitalistic society, profits – and losses – hold center stage.\" But what, he asks, explains profits? There are \"five\" reasons for profit, according to Thurow: The problem here is that Thurow doesn't really provide an objective explanation of profits so much as a moral justification for profits, i.e. as a legitimate entitlement or claim, in return for the supply of capital. He adds that \"Attempts have been made to organize productive societies without the profit motive (...) [but] since the industrial revolution... there have been essentially no successful economies that have not taken advantage of the profit motive.\" The problem here is again a moral judgement, dependent on what you mean by success. Some societies using the profit motive were ruined; profit is no guarantee of success, although you can say that it has powerfully stimulated economic growth. Thurow goes on to note that \"When it comes to actually measuring profits, some difficult accounting issues arise.\" Why? Because after deduction of costs from gross income, \"It is hard to say exactly how much must be reinvested to maintain the size of the capital stock\". Ultimately, Thurow implies, the tax department is the arbiter of the profit volume, because it determines depreciation allowances and other costs which capitalists may annually deduct in calculating taxable gross income. This is obviously a theory very different from Marx's. In Thurow's theory, the aim of business is to \"maintain\" the capital stock. In Marx's theory, competition, desire and market fluctuations create the striving and pressure to \"increase\" the capital stock; the whole aim of capitalist production is capital accumulation, i.e. business growth maximising net income. Marx argues there is no evidence that the \"profit\" accruing to capitalist owners is \"quantitatively connected\" to the \"productive contribution\" of the capital they own. In practice, within the capitalist firm, no standard procedure exists for measuring such a \"productive contribution\" and for distributing the residual income accordingly. In Thurow's theory, profit is mainly just \"something that happens\" when costs are deducted from sales, or else a \"justly deserved\" income. For Marx, increasing profits is, at least in the longer term, the \"bottom line\" of business behaviour: the quest for obtaining extra surplus-value, and the incomes obtained from it, are what guides capitalist development (in modern language, \"creating maximum shareholder value\"). That quest, Marx notes, always involves a power relationship between different social classes and nations, inasmuch as attempts are made to force \"other\" people to pay for costs as much as possible, while maximising one's own entitlement or claims to \"income\" from economic activity. The clash of economic interests that invariably results, implies that the battle for surplus value will always involve an irreducible moral dimension; the whole process rests on complex system of negotiations, dealing and bargaining in which reasons for claims to wealth are asserted, usually within a legal framework and sometimes through wars. Underneath it all, Marx argues, was an exploitative relationship. That was the main reason why, Marx argues, the real sources of surplus-value were shrouded or obscured by ideology, and why Marx thought that political economy merited a critique. Quite simply, economics proved unable to theorise capitalism as a \"social system\", at least not without moral biases intruding in the very \"definition\" of its conceptual distinctions. Hence, even the most simple economic concepts were often riddled with contradictions. But market trade could function fine, even if the \"theory\" of markets was false; all that was required was an agreed and legally enforceable accounting system. On this point, Marx probably would have agreed with Austrian School economics – no knowledge of \"markets in general\" is required to participate in markets." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 149993, 509, 103122, 23, 7270, 4, 9942, 4, 47, 14941, 183093, 7, 823, 238, 944, 2256, 69280, 71832, 136, 31745, 149993, 5, 149993, 158930, 23, 109417, 7, 9, 866, 83820, 3135, 43573, 7270, 24189, 70, 32070, 111, 43606, 5, 1840, 27863, 168265, 71, 3229, 2412, 509, 27150, 4, 136, 149993, 109133, 47, 30715, 47, 6867, 678, 604, 42732, 23, 42673, 72567, 12960, 140533, 14000, 7, 99, 604, 67373, 25, 7, 18276, 23, 9020, 5, 149993, 1556, 2804, 2412, 70424, 7, 3060, 92265, 4, 21208, 44, 10869, 237, 5299, 58, 237, 2412, 11814, 47, 5, 24372, 98567, 47, 42673, 678, 604, 42732, 136, 82953, 4, 2412, 29966, 297, 70, 60884, 19188, 4, 47143, 214, 2685, 24189, 46730, 28090, 70, 32070, 111, 37195, 4, 2412, 36663, 47, 24209, 142, 215542, 4, 136, 25550, 297, 99, 70, 42673, 32845, 206, 111, 149282, 146600, 146613, 64624, 4, 10, 2831, 9, 6032, 163198, 13, 10696, 7440, 2412, 22282, 71, 5367, 214, 4, 123, 21896, 4, 136, 1030, 1916, 5, 3311, 70, 32070, 111, 209, 4, 149993, 1902, 51339, 297, 23, 149282, 146600, 36049, 7, 136, 10696, 11301, 7, 26719, 44, 23825, 10437, 12, 581, 44389, 42552, 7, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 32506, 54041, 830, 1284, 2412, 1902, 8306, 10, 89829, 23182, 538, 41928, 47, 70, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 58, 36549, 5, 24372, 70, 60884, 19188, 4, 149993, 109133, 98, 47, 44816, 42562, 19188, 4, 42673, 5, 51404, 98, 1346, 5423, 7, 4, 2412, 136, 604, 37702, 120126, 3542, 121314, 297, 100, 1257, 47, 43606, 21974, 10, 5155, 5, 360, 18237, 65942, 2412, 34739, 6, 69657, 9127, 10696, 96730, 5256, 23, 209, 28368, 7, 4, 10, 55391, 6496, 136659, 62, 1639, 136, 6626, 62, 44000, 7, 5, 360, 4347, 56434, 2412, 34739, 6483, 90926, 23, 14941, 4, 2206, 87168, 4, 4713, 4, 136, 65786, 111, 4713, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 2412, 36069, 20051, 65786, 111, 4713, 47, 237360, 70, 17262, 62, 90926, 4, 217063, 142, 62, 44000, 23, 12638, 28368, 5, 149993, 34739, 10, 43599, 6602, 7103, 137802, 11192, 10696, 4, 47, 1346, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 136, 70, 96719, 538, 54029, 19725, 58, 86595, 23, 22482, 37771, 1284, 2804, 2412, 179140, 47, 21342, 604, 96335, 136, 14432, 39563, 297, 450, 2412, 1902, 19667, 19, 40218, 12535, 23, 123089, 3956, 4, 97360, 13, 18481, 5, 360, 11994, 34975, 7103, 543, 21775, 99, 70, 152363, 4, 149993, 171530, 450, 2412, 509, 8, 2875, 2852, 604, 15411, 100, 44, 11, 49345, 707, 6626, 830, 21208, 2412, 29966, 297, 145062, 329, 1515, 29693, 4, 42673, 20271, 70, 1392, 1104, 1530, 108858, 6602, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 98684, 214, 26696, 91377, 5, 360, 142, 33683, 98, 44, 3957, 78196, 262, 135932, 2109, 17367, 830, 149993, 2804, 1660, 8108, 25975, 2320, 450, 442, 34739, 43606, 5369, 47, 67229, 64457, 111, 22759, 6637, 4, 36, 14775, 47, 604, 1030, 1916, 4488, 4, 2412, 44, 2285, 71, 1257, 35971, 6626, 4393, 49345, 7, 5773, 740, 2161, 714, 4347, 27580, 2412, 150180, 71, 1295, 40218, 12535, 678, 10, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 14941, 163136, 5, 360, 24159, 2412, 100512, 35649, 47314, 47, 94957, 48173, 136, 216569, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 903, 219508, 4, 2412, 29966, 297, 10, 5895, 9, 10617, 216569, 15411, 99, 10, 180972, 178290, 4, 23, 3129, 160641, 621, 959, 107003, 47, 70424, 4, 23, 12989, 44, 188, 26366, 1810, 3642, 47, 186, 99, 5368, 678, 35978, 740, 360, 142, 33683, 678, 44, 647, 1229, 28173, 830, 2412, 2804, 450, 142, 51, 106290, 73, 22690, 131148, 90791, 44, 11, 3917, 47, 11343, 12319, 46002, 136, 99, 5368, 28032, 35978, 5, 88949, 87, 831, 8306, 456, 538, 98, 10, 72761, 3687, 1242, 360, 8272, 4, 176050, 80723, 100, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 136, 70, 6, 197652, 56, 25, 7, 47002, 830, 70, 1346, 6, 202444, 111, 56101, 42179, 821, 5, 341, 5, 96190, 2069, 25, 7, 2965, 9, 1428, 2069, 21261, 5, 32301, 214, 97957, 14037, 149993, 8305, 604, 42673, 163198, 13, 117914, 4, 136, 108558, 7, 3542, 204971, 390, 604, 159454, 5, 24372, 136659, 20461, 5256, 4, 108558, 6765, 28240, 669, 30745, 149993, 136, 145042, 41816, 16037, 11555, 9552, 195167, 13, 136, 72693, 2529, 170726, 18, 450, 1836, 1902, 2809, 37702, 23, 70, 31486, 7, 111, 70, 10696, 23902, 1840, 39, 20493, 14091, 1505, 4, 20904, 59566, 136, 33276, 1401, 162, 4293, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 96190, 2069, 8060, 297, 149993, 1295, 604, 5117, 49119, 3034, 5, 581, 54452, 111, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 136, 70, 6, 197652, 56, 25, 7, 47002, 58, 23, 6789, 509, 149993, 25, 7, 34377, 49119, 23718, 5, 581, 1346, 7155, 350, 115923, 100, 73432, 9, 5636, 40575, 136, 73432, 9, 47477, 3611, 35971, 7, 136, 509, 70, 167375, 9, 8407, 38001, 1346, 111, 55197, 180423, 7, 1645, 52021, 70, 23718, 7, 111, 70, 17262, 37105, 7, 4, 27983, 5367, 2069, 1810, 149993, 100, 17311, 1030, 164779, 74, 44, 3957, 23865, 199668, 58, 35839, 604, 23718, 44, 712, 4326, 2886, 830, 136, 6, 151657, 2804, 2412, 44, 26391, 13, 70, 7639, 740, 149993, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 43606, 70318, 7, 100, 604, 23718, 23, 44, 197652, 56, 25, 7, 47002, 830, 6, 69986, 70, 44389, 69891, 60992, 100, 165507, 214, 44389, 9852, 87463, 5, 62, 6602, 14432, 4, 149993, 13438, 6057, 2822, 237, 1840, 39, 20493, 23, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 136, 70, 177467, 111, 39008, 7, 830, 70, 17932, 17283, 674, 111, 70, 36549, 5, 35881, 1314, 1645, 52021, 70, 37105, 39329, 7, 25, 23718, 7, 5, 581, 44, 100604, 31754, 19114, 58, 2804, 149993, 136, 604, 552, 9, 5613, 7, 1902, 90638, 71, 17721, 54180, 4, 12960, 44, 3957, 19114, 58, 35778, 52021, 14364, 31745, 205197, 100, 44, 24658, 9, 109308, 38543, 58, 149993, 25, 7, 58696, 538, 5700, 62816, 5, 149993, 75204, 142, 71047, 60992, 1295, 70, 30839, 41260, 44, 49960, 965, 58, 100, 604, 23718, 5, 360, 86097, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 136, 70, 20204, 64712, 111, 1155, 161, 761, 58, 509, 121447, 5, 149993, 509, 1747, 51606, 45023, 111, 70, 1286, 10, 16865, 4935, 31486, 1840, 39, 20493, 112730, 4, 159029, 604, 62816, 44, 9254, 164, 47148, 58, 136, 44, 11, 47823, 31486, 47, 11301, 740, 106073, 35778, 7, 87740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 51627, 79602, 786, 56, 107, 149993, 15, 57332, 423, 7071, 11704, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 215542, 4, 3299, 4, 136, 177500, 5, 7422, 19, 23, 7270, 136, 91048, 1257, 23, 42673, 72567, 4, 149993, 29966, 297, 70, 60884, 19188, 136, 25550, 297, 237, 142, 215542, 99, 70, 42673, 32845, 206, 111, 149282, 146600, 146613, 64624, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 2412, 49175, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 678, 604, 5117, 23182, 1030, 1916, 31486, 237, 1840, 39, 20493, 14091, 1505, 23, 70, 44, 30404, 1294, 59566, 58, 1346, 36549, 4, 19441, 10, 89829, 4734, 23, 10696, 11301, 7, 198395, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Career.", "1999–2003: Beginnings and breakthrough.", "2004–2011: \"Harry Potter\" and other roles.", "2012–present.", "Other ventures.", "Modelling and fashion.", "Women's rights work.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Watson was born in Paris, France, to English lawyers Jacqueline Luesby and Chris Watson. Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until the age of five. Her parents divorced when she was young, and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her father's house in London. Watson has said she speaks some French, though \"not as well\" as she used to. After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother, she attended the Dragon School, remaining there until 2003. From the age of six, she wanted to become an actress, and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts, a part-time theatre school where she studied singing, dancing, and acting. By the age of 10, Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including \"Arthur: The Young Years\" and \"The Happy Prince\", but she had never acted professionally prior to the \"Harry Potter\" series. After the Dragon School, Watson moved on to Headington School, Oxford. While on film sets, she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day. In June 2006, she took GCSE school examinations in 10 subjects, achieving eight A* and two A grades. In May 2007, she took AS levels in English, Geography, Art, and History of Art. The following year, she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels, receiving an A grade in each subject. Watson took a gap year after leaving high school, to film \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\" beginning in February 2009, but said she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed that she had chosen Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. In March 2011, after 18 months at the university, Watson announced that she was deferring her course for \"a semester or two\", though she attended Worcester College, Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme. In an interview on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish instead of four because, owing to her acting work, she \"ended up taking two full semesters off\". On 25 May 2014, she graduated from Brown University with a bachelor's degree in English literature. In 2013, she became certified to teach yoga and meditation. As part of this certification, she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility, in which residents are not allowed to speak, in order \"to figure out how to be at home with myself\". In an interview with \"Elle Australia\", she said that an uncertain future meant finding \"a way to always feel safe and at home within myself. Because I can never rely on a physical place.\"", "", "In 1999, casting began for \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling's best-selling novel. Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher, and producers were impressed by her confidence. After eight auditions, producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger, Harry Potter and Ron Weasley, respectively. Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test. The release of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" in 2001 was Watson's debut screen performance. The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001. Critics praised the performances of the three leads, often singling out Watson for particular acclaim; \"The Daily Telegraph\" called her performance \"admirable\", and IGN said she \"stole the show\". Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in \"Philosopher's Stone\", winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress. A year later, Watson again starred as Hermione in \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\", the second instalment of the series. Reviewers praised the lead actors' performances. The \"Los Angeles Times\" said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films, while \"The Times\" criticised director Chris Columbus for \"under-employing\" Watson's hugely popular character. Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine \"Bravo\" for her performance.", "In 2004, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was released. Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played, calling her character \"charismatic\" and \"a fantastic role to play\". Although critics panned Radcliffe's performance, labelling him \"wooden\", they praised Watson; \"The New York Times\" lauded her performance, saying: \"Luckily Mr. Radcliffe's blandness is offset by Ms. Watson's spiky impatience. Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills... but Hermione... earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoy's deserving nose.\" Although \"Prisoner of Azkaban\" proved to be the lowest-grossing \"Harry Potter\" film of the entire series, Watson's personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from \"Total Film\". With \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" (2005), both Watson and the \"Harry Potter\" film series reached new milestones. The film set records for a \"Harry Potter\" opening weekend, a non-May opening weekend in the US, and an opening weekend in the UK. Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars; \"The New York Times\" called her performance \"touchingly earnest\". For Watson, much of the humour of the film sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured. She said, \"I loved all the arguing.... I think it's much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems.\" Nominated for three awards for \"Goblet of Fire\", Watson won a bronze Otto Award. Later that year, Watson became the youngest person to appear on the cover of \"Teen Vogue\", an appearance she reprised in August 2009. In 2006, Watson played Hermione in \"The Queen's Handbag\", a special mini-episode of \"Harry Potter\" in celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's 80th birthday. The fifth film in the \"Harry Potter\" franchise, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\", was released in 2007. A huge financial success, the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million. Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance. As the fame of the actress and the series continued, Watson and her \"Harry Potter\" co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands, feet and wands in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007. By July 2007, Watson's work on the \"Harry Potter\" series was said to have earned her more than £10 million, and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again. In March 2009, she was ranked sixth on the \"Forbes\" list of \"Most Valuable Young Stars\", and in February 2010, she was named as Hollywood's highest-paid female star, having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009. Despite the success of \"Order of the Phoenix\", the future of the \"Harry Potter\" franchise became surrounded in doubt, as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final two episodes. Radcliffe eventually signed for the final films on 2 March 2007, but Watson was considerably more hesitant. She explained that the decision was significant, as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role, but eventually conceded that she \"could never let [the role of] Hermione go\", signing for the role on 23 March 2007. Watson's first non-\"Potter\" role was the 2007 BBC film \"Ballet Shoes\", an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild. The film's director, Sandra Goldbacher, commented that Watson was \"perfect\" for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil: \"She has a piercing, delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her.\" \"Ballet Shoes\" was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day 2007 to an audience of 5.7 million viewers, to mixed reviews. The following year, she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation \"The Tale of Despereaux\", a children's comedy starring Matthew Broderick, with \"Harry Potter\" co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film. \"The Tale of Despereaux\" was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide.Principal photography for the sixth \"Harry Potter\" film began in late 2007, with Watson's part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008. \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" premiered on 15 July 2009, having been delayed from November 2008. With the lead actors now in their late teens, critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the film's all-star cast, which the \"Los Angeles Times\" described as \"a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting\". \"The Washington Post\" felt Watson to have given \"[her] most charming performance to date\", while \"The Daily Telegraph\" described the lead actors as \"newly liberated and energised, eager to give all they have to what's left of the series\". In December 2008, Watson stated she wanted to go to university after she completed the \"Potter\" series. Watson's filming for the final instalment, \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010. For financial and scripting reasons, the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively. \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\" was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011. \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" became a commercial and critical success. The highest-grossing film in the franchise, it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and proved to be Watson's most commercially successful film to date. She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only, after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign. The video, \"Say You Don't Want It\", was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August. In her first post-\"Harry Potter\" film, Watson appeared in 2011's \"My Week with Marilyn\" as Lucy, a wardrobe assistant who is flirted with by the main character, Colin Clark, and has a few dates with him.", "In May 2010, Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chbosky's \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower,\" based on the 1999 novel of the same name. Filming began in summer 2011, and the film was released in September 2012. Watson starred as Sam, a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie (Logan Lerman), and helps him through his freshman year. The film opened to favourable reviews; David Sexton of the \"London Evening Standard\" opined that Watson's performance was \"plausible and touching\". In \"The Bling Ring\" (2013), Watson starred as Nicki. The film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies, with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers, a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies. While the film mostly received mixed reviews, critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watson's performance. Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy \"This Is the End\" (2013), in which she, Seth Rogen, James Franco and many others played \"exaggerated versions of themselves\" and Watson memorably dropped the \"f-bomb\". She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and \"work with some of the best comedians... in the world right now\". In June 2012, Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila in Darren Aronofsky's \"Noah\", which began filming the following month, and was released in March 2014. In March 2013, it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of \"Cinderella\". Kenneth Branagh was attached to direct the adaptation, while Cate Blanchett had reportedly agreed to play the evil stepmother. Watson was offered the role, but turned it down because she did not connect with the character. The role ultimately went to Lily James. In October 2013, Watson was chosen as the Woman of the Year by \"British GQ\". That same month, she was one of two British actors to land atop a readers' poll of the sexiest movie stars of 2013, beating Scarlett Johansson and Jennifer Lawrence for the actresses' title in an online poll of more than 50,000 film fans. Benedict Cumberbatch took the men's vote. Watson joined Judi Dench, Robert Downey Jr., Mike Leigh, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards, presented on 30 October in Los Angeles. Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie, her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". Watson starred in two 2015 releases, the thriller films \"Colonia\", opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist; and \"Regression\" by Alejandro Amenábar, alongside Ethan Hawke and her \"Harry Potter\" co-star David Thewlis. Both received generally negative reviews. She also appeared in an episode of \"The Vicar of Dibley\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \"personal development\" and her women's rights work. Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \"\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of all time. Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation, bringing her total salary up to $15 million. The film garnered positive reviews; Richard Roeper of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" thought her performance was \"all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle\". Later that year, she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers' novel \"The Circle\", playing Mae Holland, a young tech worker who takes a job at a powerful Internet corporation, only to find herself in a perilous situation concerning privacy, surveillance and freedom. In 2019, Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwig's Academy Award-nominated adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's novel \"Little Women\", co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Florence Pugh, Laura Dern, Timothée Chalamet, and Meryl Streep.", "", "In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \"Teen Vogue\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated six-figure fee. She also appeared in Burberry's 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex, musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour, and model Max Hurd. In February 2011, Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British \"Elle\" by Dame Vivienne Westwood. Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011. In September 2009, Watson announced her involvement with People Tree, a Fair trade fashion brand. Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing, which was released in February 2010; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London. The collection, described by \"The Times\" as \"very clever\" despite their \"quiet hope that [she] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle\", was widely publicised in magazines such as \"Teen Vogue\", \"Cosmopolitan\", and \"People\". Watson, who was not paid for the collaboration, admitted that competition for the range was minimal, but argued that \"Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in\"; adding, \"I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there aren't many options out there.\" Watson continued her involvement with People Tree, resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection. Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards. The competition included David Beckham, Amal Clooney, Kate Moss, and Keira Knightley.", "Watson has promoted education for girls, visiting Bangladesh and Zambia to do so. In July 2014, she was appointed as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador. In September that year, an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe, which calls for men to advocate for gender equality. In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called \"bossy\" (a trait she has attributed to her being a \"perfectionist\") whilst boys were not, and at 14 when she was \"sexualised by certain elements of the media\". Watson's speech also called feminism \"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities\" and declared that the perception of \"man-hating\" is something that \"has to stop\". Watson later said she received threats within 12 hours of making the speech, which left her \"raging.... If they were trying to put me off [women's rights work], it did the opposite\". In 2015, Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing Watson's speech. Also in September, Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for women's political participation. In December, the Ms. Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014, following an online poll. Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015, at the World Economic Forum's annual winter meeting. Watson took the top spot on the \"AskMen\" \"Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015\" list on the strength of having \"thrown her back\" into women's rights issues. The day after she turned 25, Watson placed number 26 on the \"TIME\" 100 list of the world's most influential people, her first-ever appearance on the list. For its recap, former \"New York Times\" editor Jill Abramson noted Watson's \"gutsy, smart take on feminism\" and called the effort to get men involved \"refreshing\". In January 2016, Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club: \"Our Shared Shelf\". The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic. One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month. The first book to be selected was \"My Life on the Road\" by Gloria Steinem, whom Watson would later interview on 24 February at the How to: Academy in London. Watson was criticised in March 2017 for a photograph published by \"Vanity Fair\" in which her breasts are partly visible; some in the news media accused Watson of hypocrisy. She was bemused by the backlash, arguing that feminism \"is not a stick with which to beat other women\" but is instead about freedom, liberation and equality, commenting \"I really don't see what my tits have to do with it.\" In July 2019, Watson helped to launch a legal advice line for people who have suffered sexual harassment at work. Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women, a charity which works to help women through the law.", "Watson is single, which she described in 2019 with the self-coined phrase \"self-partnered\". While promoting \"Noah\", Watson was questioned about her faith, and she described herself as a spiritual Universalist. In February 2016, Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University. Marai Larasi, an activist on the issue of violence against women, was her guest to the 75th Golden Globe Awards in 2018." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 6, 186413, 77269, 4, 70, 38738, 35133, 116000, 191, 163684, 297, 70, 65925, 567, 13885, 136, 6863, 10323, 1391, 897, 214, 4, 100, 21896, 70, 567, 13885, 60097, 47, 18738, 13, 47, 70, 8394, 48850, 10323, 72582, 2387, 15, 51379, 24366, 12, 6, 21856, 244606, 194, 581, 19732, 75, 42687, 297, 23, 70, 24453, 9022, 567, 13885, 68728, 8946, 4, 3129, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 70, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 136, 70, 5550, 2852, 46684, 14922, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 4, 9098, 25, 7, 36154, 2465, 5426, 111, 44, 6211, 21506, 66, 58, 15, 22191, 6251, 16, 100512, 21334, 538, 193, 169429, 5, 581, 567, 13885, 29685, 4, 19441, 72856, 6863, 5368, 1760, 23, 70, 123804, 169, 30434, 10776, 4, 34658, 109650, 14537, 4, 1284, 1902, 2773, 6226, 645, 4734, 10, 19336, 121678, 8, 3716, 86, 27585, 297, 98, 72582, 2387, 5, 133698, 70, 39395, 2831, 111, 70, 567, 13885, 68728, 8946, 14922, 4, 121678, 35845, 7, 136, 4537, 7, 1902, 2809, 34475, 6226, 645, 5618, 420, 3815, 7, 23, 142, 71834, 47, 76104, 567, 13885, 180210, 645, 18410, 181991, 53, 5, 1301, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 567, 13885, 60097, 7, 6165, 297, 4, 6097, 5618, 420, 3815, 7, 100512, 118055, 538, 41371, 117249, 5, 581, 2684, 5526, 117249, 15, 69723, 19, 14432, 237, 70, 77488, 76456, 4191, 2317, 7, 16, 21449, 25842, 23, 20324, 108870, 7, 7440, 1836, 68872, 5526, 26866, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 116338, 55812, 5256, 26548, 110613, 94407, 707, 26548, 29114, 6238, 110, 13566, 5, 133698, 6097, 108870, 7, 1632, 4191, 2317, 3114, 603, 509, 68018, 159978, 71, 764, 429, 3796, 15, 74, 14432, 4, 6, 194, 1301, 70, 1615, 136475, 4, 150679, 136, 1286, 113138, 117249, 3398, 3355, 297, 707, 63043, 297, 166, 56365, 73, 939, 645, 164917, 64333, 5, 3311, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 77269, 2684, 19336, 117249, 1902, 213566, 297, 136, 1660, 10, 10846, 21334, 136, 113138, 59877, 2449, 35462, 3674, 9098, 5, 31384, 127067, 9022, 117249, 4, 6044, 237, 15521, 136, 51438, 4, 63043, 297, 23, 215131, 1295, 70, 567, 13885, 4, 2750, 1379, 188, 685, 1631, 7, 26548, 3060, 111, 2856, 15, 1456, 34, 136, 15127, 13, 194, 2022, 532, 70, 1940, 61340, 14537, 151994, 7, 4, 70796, 79612, 509, 2843, 66360, 13, 12, 37195, 393, 27287, 3551, 16200, 214, 87143, 259, 17704, 1631, 98, 12638, 3789, 46132, 33861, 4, 68894, 22, 13, 32747, 5423, 1672, 27169, 1916, 70, 123378, 14449, 23, 43954, 4, 136, 70, 148436, 2408, 111, 70, 79986, 4295, 509, 27983, 66801, 71, 23, 9782, 1631, 7, 390, 67842, 121678, 14449, 43032, 23, 2396, 73, 136, 15521, 5, 76556, 756, 6097, 113138, 79986, 4295, 1902, 11037, 538, 170920, 61261, 28032, 2363, 107013, 102351, 1779, 4, 70, 59714, 67175, 162393, 1286, 89554, 98, 1940, 61340, 79612, 23, 70, 5550, 2852, 46684, 14922, 4, 3129, 80723, 23, 1112, 363, 77269, 3229, 70, 17262, 47143, 214, 393, 27287, 87143, 23, 33861, 2451, 1511, 528, 31, 4, 64181, 136, 2548, 2451, 15866, 1363, 297, 70, 11341, 5, 24372, 70, 567, 13885, 10323, 509, 57, 76622, 390, 70, 1784, 7162, 7, 111, 4687, 19, 136, 70, 38738, 35133, 95974, 72004, 4, 70, 567, 13885, 109133, 70, 10323, 28, 4438, 1295, 70, 5036, 8, 8748, 27686, 567, 4021, 119543, 23, 1391, 897, 214, 43573, 5744, 25356, 25, 66, 47, 59246, 1430, 449, 23, 70, 146762, 32547, 70237, 5, 581, 567, 13885, 121678, 939, 509, 7068, 20903, 42, 47, 6863, 5201, 132756, 7, 4, 106480, 33861, 4, 136, 567, 32742, 74, 70, 567, 13885, 121678, 14449, 1902, 5045, 642, 11, 1728, 180210, 136, 28702, 297, 98, 7822, 6468, 1295, 6097, 4191, 2317, 117249, 100, 48431, 4, 41866, 20271, 2363, 113014, 47, 70, 8394, 48850, 10323, 5, 360, 5024, 449, 119543, 4, 54041, 990, 15547, 34, 509, 8374, 157272, 390, 1919, 132756, 7, 237, 18813, 135668, 5, 33306, 4, 678, 70, 567, 13885, 77758, 6782, 538, 34390, 71, 47, 5024, 449, 119543, 136, 43573, 1272, 58555, 4, 70, 29685, 5809, 110, 51713, 8060, 70, 37195, 187, 1176, 94407, 442, 1902, 23, 70, 11015, 74, 567, 13885, 60097, 7, 1902, 47, 50336, 4358, 1295, 113138, 4191, 2317, 117249, 100, 48431, 1295, 79904, 7, 136, 100, 158839, 111, 70796, 14537, 151994, 7, 5, 581, 567, 13885, 29685, 2806, 8306, 6835, 21845, 6863, 7311, 180210, 74, 64457, 4, 442, 509, 456, 3257, 3674, 47, 8035, 2563, 538, 10, 26366, 31251, 111, 70, 36154, 2465, 117249, 5, 145733, 70, 60097, 44, 112, 1129, 107, 58, 10267, 122009, 70, 86099, 67, 111, 179030, 4, 70, 44759, 34658, 10176, 8561, 14537, 5, 17106, 70, 206398, 111, 567, 13885, 14537, 4, 70, 146762, 32547, 8167, 885, 429, 4950, 73, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 75281, 7, 111, 19336, 4, 58963, 10821, 117249, 4, 2684, 111, 2856, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 11001, 26349, 4, 21208, 10, 3535, 7844, 111, 6024, 9, 60089, 117249, 4, 106480, 8382, 98, 70, 117, 14, 94266, 53, 4, 1902, 14537, 136, 54591, 47, 71062, 1810, 19364, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 76277, 117249, 621, 119056, 23, 70, 184843, 1577, 100, 903, 14922, 4, 26560, 111, 3129, 3542, 57622, 297, 390, 70, 22759, 142105, 117249, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 14922, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 70, 121678, 14449, 25, 7, 25813, 47, 5024, 449, 119543, 4, 10, 1791, 54689, 6827, 144, 87587, 5426, 10, 75287, 7440, 70, 567, 13885, 60097, 2806, 8337, 70, 44759, 111, 764, 429, 3796, 47, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 11341, 678, 70, 2684, 113138, 116338, 74, 70, 764, 429, 3796, 509, 100533, 297, 47, 59959, 15044, 70, 642, 11, 1728, 567, 13885, 117249, 136, 70, 567, 13885, 121678, 939, 1295, 70, 109749, 6238, 351, 9, 1511, 13885, 3395, 7, 12, 70, 182688, 803, 4, 70, 174715, 1572, 4, 70, 24453, 9022, 42341, 4, 136, 70, 65925, 2777, 449, 5, 3293, 68894, 170846, 10267, 122009, 70, 44, 420, 3672, 449, 658, 40974, 58, 14537, 45646, 4, 21208, 1940, 61340, 136, 18440, 61340, 79612, 27983, 12441, 47, 2837, 107, 42077, 100, 36154, 2465, 114122, 7, 4, 15072, 100, 70, 3291, 14449, 4, 136, 52877, 939, 678, 3789, 567, 13885, 3395, 7, 5, 581, 60097, 25, 7, 479, 71478, 58739, 29367, 70, 116338, 119893, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38026, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 14922, 509, 10, 14922, 23, 76438, 32692, 1295, 189275, 6, 186413, 47, 6, 162518, 77269, 15, 748, 59499, 47, 3060, 207048, 24189, 1112, 363, 77269, 16, 3129, 42518, 7, 166904, 538, 47, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 567, 13885, 14922, 5, 581, 14922, 25, 7, 9351, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 44, 31923, 2852, 136, 62, 89583, 19, 7714, 8080, 830, 10, 184843, 133, 111, 70, 11341, 111, 3350, 17721, 6, 191539, 136, 6, 165131, 77269, 4, 3129, 40250, 30699, 1636, 678, 106161, 34, 82389, 15, 145110, 1104, 165131, 77269, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Early Spring and Autumn (771–685 BC).", "Court moves east (771 BC).", "Zheng falls out with the court (722–685 BC).", "The Five Hegemons (685–591 BC).", "Hegemony of Qi (685–643 BC).", "Hegemony of Song (643–637 BC).", "Hegemony of Jin (636–628 BC).", "Hegemony of Qin (628–621 BC).", "Hegemony of Chu (613–591 BC).", "Late Spring and Autumn (591–453 BC).", "The Six Ministers (588 BC).", "Rise of Wu (584 BC).", "Attempts at peace (579 BC).", "Hegemony of Wu (506–496 BC).", "Hegemony of Yue (496–465 BC).", "Partition of Jin.", "List of states.", "Important figures.", "Interstate relations.", "Nobility.", "Literature.", "Religion." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In 771 BC, the Quanrong invasion destroyed the Western Zhou and its capital Haojing, forcing the Zhou king to flee to the eastern capital Luoyi (Chinese: 洛邑). The event ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty, which is divided into the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods. During the Spring and Autumn period, China's feudal system of \"fengjian\" (封建) became largely irrelevant. The Zhou court, having lost its homeland in the Guanzhong region, held nominal power, but had real control over only a small royal demesne centered on Luoyi. During the early part of the Zhou dynasty period, royal relatives and generals had been given control over fiefdoms in an effort to maintain Zhou authority over vast territory. As the power of the Zhou kings waned, these fiefdoms became increasingly independent states. The most important states (known later as the twelve vassals) came together in regular conferences where they decided important matters, such as military expeditions against foreign groups or against offending nobles. During these conferences one vassal ruler was sometimes declared hegemon (; later, ). As the era continued, larger and more powerful states annexed or claimed suzerainty over smaller ones. By the 6th century BC most small states had disappeared and just a few large and powerful principalities dominated China. Some southern states, such as Chu and Wu, claimed independence from the Zhou, who undertook wars against some of them (Wu and Yue). Amid the interstate power struggles, internal conflict was also rife: six élite landholding families waged war on each other inside Jin, political enemies set about eliminating the Chen family in Qi, and the legitimacy of the rulers was often challenged in civil wars by various royal family members in Qin and Chu. Once all these powerful rulers had firmly established themselves within their respective dominions, the bloodshed focused more fully on interstate conflict in the Warring States period, which began in 403 BC when the three remaining élite families in Jin—Zhao, Wei and Han—partitioned the state.", "", "After the Zhou capital was sacked by the Marquess of Shen and the Quanrong barbarians, the Zhou moved the capital east from the now desolated Zongzhou in Haojing near modern Xi'an to Wangcheng in the Yellow River Valley. The Zhou royalty was then closer to its main supporters, particularly Jin, and Zheng; the Zhou royal family had much weaker authority and relied on lords from these vassal states for protection, especially during their flight to the eastern capital. In Chengzhou, Prince Yijiu was crowned by his supporters as King Ping. However, with the Zhou domain greatly reduced to Chengzhou and nearby areas, the court could no longer support the six army groups it had in the past; Zhou kings had to request help from powerful vassal states for protection from raids and for resolution of internal power struggles. The Zhou court would never regain its original authority; instead, it was relegated to being merely a figurehead of the feudal states. Though the king \"de jure\" retained the Mandate of Heaven, the title held little actual power. With the decline of Zhou power, the Yellow River drainage basin was divided into hundreds of small, autonomous states, most of them consisting of a single city, though a handful of multi-city states, particularly those on the periphery, had power and opportunity to expand outward. A total of 148 states are mentioned in the chronicles for this period, 128 of which were absorbed by the four largest states by the end of the period. Shortly after the royal family's move to Chengzhou, a hierarchical alliance system arose where the Zhou king would give the title of hegemon to the leader of the state with the most powerful military; the hegemon was obligated to protect both the weaker Zhou states and the Zhou royalty from the intruding non-Zhou peoples: the Northern Di, the Southern Man, the Eastern Yi, and the Western Rong. This political framework retained the \"fēngjiàn\" power structure, though interstate and intrastate conflict often led to disregard for feudal customs, respect for the Ji family, and solidarity with other Zhou peoples. The king's prestige legitimized the military leaders of the states, and helped mobilize collective defense of Zhou territory against \"barbarians\". Over the next two centuries, the four most powerful states—Qin, Jin, Qi and Chu—struggled for power. These multi-city states often used the pretext of aid and protection to intervene and gain suzerainty over the smaller states. During this rapid expansion, interstate relations alternated between low-level warfare and complex diplomacy.", "Duke Yin of Lu ascended the throne in 722 BC. From this year on the state of Lu kept an official chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals, which along with its commentaries is the standard source for the Spring and Autumn period. Corresponding chronicles are known to have existed in other states as well, but all but the Lu chronicle have been lost. In 717 BC, Duke Zhuang of Zheng went to the capital for an audience with King Huan. During the encounter the duke felt he was not treated with the respect and etiquette which would have been appropriate, given that Zheng was now the chief protector of the capital. In 715 BC Zheng also became involved in a border dispute with Lu regarding the Fields of Xu. The fields had been put in the care of Lu by the king for the exclusive purpose of producing royal sacrifices for the sacred Mount Tai. For Zheng to regard the fields as just any other piece of land was an insult to the court. By 707 BC, relations had soured enough that the king launched a punitive expedition against Zheng. The duke counterattacked and raided Zhou territory, defeating the royal forces in the Battle of Xuge and injuring the king himself. Zheng was the first vassal to openly defy the king, kicking off the centuries of warfare without respect for titles which would characterize the period. The display of Zheng's martial strength was effective until succession problems after Zhuang's death in 701 weakened the state. In 692 BC, there was a failed assassination attempt against King Zhuang, orchestrated by elements at court.", "", "The first hegemon was Duke Huan of Qi (r. 685–643 BC). With the help of his prime minister, Guan Zhong, Duke Huan reformed Qi to centralize its power structure. The state consisted of 15 \"townships\" with the duke and two senior ministers each in charge of five; military functions were also united with civil ones. These and related reforms provided the state, already powerful from control of trade crossroads, with a greater ability to mobilize resources than the more loosely organized states. By 667 BC, Qi had clearly shown its economic and military predominance, and Duke Huan assembled the leaders of Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng, who elected him as their leader. Soon after, King Hui of Zhou conferred the title of \"bà\" (hegemon), giving Duke Huan royal authority in military ventures. An important basis for justifying Qi's dominance over the other states was presented in the slogan'supporting the king, and expelling the barbarians' (尊王攘夷\" zun wang rang yi\"); the role of subsequent hegemons would also be framed in this way, as the primary defender and supporter of nominal Zhou authority and the existing order. Using this authority, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected Yan from encroaching Western Rong nomads (664 BC); drove off Northern Di nomads after they'd invaded Wey (660 BC) and Xing (659 BC), providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer Cai and thereby block the northward expansion of Chu (656 BC). At his death in 643 BC, five of Duke Huan's sons contended for the throne, badly weakening the state so that it was no longer regarded as the hegemon. For nearly ten years, no ruler held the title.", "Duke Xiang of Song attempted to claim the hegemony in the wake of Qi's decline, perhaps driven by a desire to restore the Shang Dynasty from which Song had descended. He hosted peace conferences in the same style as Qi had done, and conducted aggressive military campaigns against his rivals. Duke Xiang however met his end when, against the advice of his staff, he attacked the much larger state of Chu. The Song forces were defeated at the battle of Hong in 638 BC, and the duke himself died in the following year from an injury sustained in the battle. After Xiang's death his successors adopted a more modest foreign policy, better suited to the country's small size. As Duke Xiang was never officially recognized as hegemon by the King of Zhou, not all sources list him as one of the Five Hegemons.", "When Duke Wen of Jin came to power in 636 BC, he capitalized on the reforms of his father, Duke Xian (r. 676–651 BC), who had centralized the state, killed off relatives who might threaten his authority, conquered sixteen smaller states, and even absorbed some Rong and Di peoples to make Jin much more powerful than it had been previously. When he assisted King Xiang in a succession struggle in 635 BC, Xiang awarded Jin with strategically valuable territory near Chengzhou. Duke Wen of Jin then used his growing power to coordinate a military response with Qi, Qin, and Song against Chu, which had begun encroaching northward after the death of Duke Huán of Qi. With a decisive Chu loss at the Battle of Chengpu (632 BC), Duke Wen's loyalty to the Zhou king was rewarded at an interstate conference when King Xīang awarded him the title of \"bà\". After the death of Duke Wen in 628 BC, a growing tension manifested in interstate violence that turned smaller states, particularly those at the border between Jin and Chu, into sites of constant warfare; Qi and Qin also engaged in numerous interstate skirmishes with Jin or its allies to boost their own power.", "Duke Mu of Qin had ascended the throne in 659 BC and forged an alliance with Jin by marrying his daughter to Duke Wen. In 624 BC, he established hegemony over the western Rong barbarians and became the most powerful lord of the time. However he did not chair any alliance with other states nor was he officially recognized as hegemon by the king. Therefore, not all sources accept him as one of the Five Hegemons.", "King Zhuang of Chu expanded the borders of Chu well north of the Yangtze River, threatening the Central States in modern Henan. At one point the Chu forces advanced to just outside the royal capital of Zhou, upon which King Zhuang sent a messenger to ask how heavy and bulky the Nine Cauldrons were; implying he might soon arrange to have them moved to his own capital. In the end the Zhou capital was spared, and Chu shifted focus to harassing the nearby state of Zheng. The once-hegemon state of Jin intervened to rescue Zheng from the Chu invaders but were resolutely defeated, which marks the ascension of Chu as the dominant state of the time. Despite his \"de facto\" hegemony, King Zhuang's self-proclaimed title of \"king\" was never recognized by the Zhou states. In the Spring and Autumn Annals he is defiantly referred to by the Chu ruler's original title \"viscount\" (the second-lowest noble rank), even at a time when he dominated most of south China. Later historians however always include him as one of the Five Hegemons.", "", "In addition to interstate conflict, internal conflicts between state leaders and local aristocrats also occurred. Eventually the dukes of Lu, Jin, Zheng, Wey and Qi would all become figureheads to powerful aristocratic families. In the case of Jin, the shift happened in 588 BC when the army was split into six independent divisions, each dominated by a separate noble family: the Zhao, Wei, Han, Fan, Zhi and Zhongxing. The heads of the six families were conferred the titles of viscounts and made ministers, each heading one of the six departments of Zhou Dynasty government. From this point on, historians refer to \"The Six Ministers\" as the true power brokers of Jin. The same happened to Lu in 562 BC, when the Three Huan divided the army into three parts and established their own separate spheres of influence. The heads of the three families were always among the department heads of Lu.", "Wu was a \"barbarian\" state in modern Jiangsu, where the inhabitants sported short hair and tattoos. Although legend ascribed a Chinese origin to the ruling dynasty, Wu did not participate in the politics and wars of China until the last third of the Spring and Autumn period. Their first documented interaction with the Spring and Autumn states was in 584 BC, when a Wu force attacked the small border state of Tan, causing some alarm in the various Chinese courts. Jin was quick to dispatch an ambassador to the court of the Wu king, Shoumeng. Jin promised to supply Wu with modern military technology and training in exchange for an alliance against Chu, a neighbour of Wu and Jin's nemesis in the struggle for hegemony. King Shoumeng accepted the offer, and Wu would continue to harass Chu for years to come.", "After a period of increasingly exhausting warfare, Qi, Qin, Jin and Chu met at a disarmament conference in 579 BC and agreed to declare a truce to limit their military strength. This peace didn't last very long and it soon became apparent that the \"bà\" role had become outdated; the four major states had each acquired their own spheres of control and the notion of protecting Zhou territory had become less cogent as the control over (and the resulting cultural assimilation of) non-Zhou peoples, as well as Chu's control of some Zhou areas, further blurred an already vague distinction between Zhou and non-Zhou. In addition, new aristocratic houses were founded with loyalties to powerful states, rather than directly to the Zhou kings, though this process slowed down by the end of the seventh century BC, possibly because territory available for expansion had been largely exhausted. The Zhou kings had also lost much of their prestige so that, when Duke Dao of Jin (r. 572–558 BC) was recognized as \"bà\", it carried much less meaning than it had before.", "In 506 BC King Helü ascended the throne of Wu. With the help of Wu Zixu and Sun Zi, the author of The Art of War, he launched major offensives against the state of Chu. They prevailed in five battles, one of which was the Battle of Boju, and conquered the capital Ying. However, Chu managed to ask the state of Qin for help, and after being defeated by Qin, the vanguard general of Wu troops, Fugai, a younger brother of Helü, led a rebellion. After beating Fugai, Helü was forced to leave Chu. Fugai later retired to Chu and settled there. King Helü died during an invasion of Yue in 496 BC. Some sources list him as one of the Five Hegemons. He was succeeded by his son King Fuchai of Wu, who nearly destroyed the Yue state, imprisoning King Goujian of Yue. Subsequently, Fuchai defeated Qi and extended Wu influence into central China. In 499 BC, the philosopher Confucius was made acting prime minister of Lu. He is traditionally (if improbably) considered the author or editor of the Spring and Autumn annals, from which much of the information for this period is drawn. After only two years he was forced to resign and spent many years wandering between different states before returning to Lu. After returning to Lu he did not resume a political career, preferring to teach. Tradition holds that it was in this time he edited or wrote the Five Classics, including the Spring and Autumn.", "In 482 BC, King Fuchai of Wu held an interstate conference to solidify his power base, but Yue captured the Wu capital. Fuchai rushed back but was besieged and died when the city fell in 473 BC. Yue then concentrated on weaker neighbouring states, rather than the great powers to the north. With help from Wu's enemy Chu, Yue was able to be victorious after several decades of conflict. King Goujian destroyed and annexed Wu in 473 BC, after which he was recognized as hegemon. The Zuo Commentary, Guoyu and Shiji provide almost no information about Goujian's subsequent reign or policies. What little is said is told from the perspective of other states, such as Duke Ai of Lu trying to enlist Yue's help in a coup against the Three Huan. Sima Qian notes that Goujian reigned on until his death, and that afterwards his descendants—for whom no biographical information is given—continued to rule for six generations before the state was finally absorbed into Chu during the Warring States period.", "After the great age of Jin power, the Jin dukes began to lose authority over their nobles. A full-scale civil war between 497 and 453 BC ended with the elimination of most noble lines; the remaining aristocratic families divided Jin into three successor states: Han, Wei, and Zhao. This is the last event recorded in the Zuo Commentary. With the absorption of most of the smaller states in the era, this partitioning left seven major states in the Zhou world: the three fragments of Jin, the three remaining great powers of Qin, Chu and Qi, and the weaker state of Yan near modern Beijing. The partition of Jin, along with the Usurpation of Qi by Tian, marks the beginning of the Warring States period.", "A total of 148 states are mentioned in the chronicles for this period.", "The Five Hegemons (春秋五霸): Traditional history lists five hegemons during the Spring and Autumn period: Alternatively: Bureaucrats or Officers Influential scholars Other people", "Ancient sources such as the \"Zuo Zhuan\" and the eponymous \"Chunqiu\" record the various diplomatic activities, such as court visits paid by one ruler to another (), meetings of officials or nobles of different states (), missions of friendly inquiries sent by the ruler of one state to another (), emissaries sent from one state to another (), and hunting parties attended by representatives of different states (). Because of Chu's non-Zhou origin, the state was considered semi-barbarian and its rulers—beginning with King Wu in 704 BC—proclaimed themselves kings in their own right. Chu intrusion into Zhou territory was checked several times by the other states, particularly in the major battles of Chengpu (632 BC), Bi (595 BC) and Yanling (575 BC), which restored the states of Chen and Cai.", "King Wu abolished the Shang dynasty title \"emperor\" (di), making the king the highest office of the Zhou dynasty. Below the king were five ranks of vassals, which from top to bottom rank were: The ranks had been assigned by King Wu upon the foundation of the dynasty and were usually not revised to reflect changing levels of military strength. In the Spring and Autumn Period this led to contradictory situations such as the relatively insignificant state of Song being a duchy while a great power like Chu was only a viscounty.", "Some version of the Five Classics existed in Spring and Autumn period, as characters in the Zuo Commentary and Analects frequently quote the Book of Poetry and Book of Documents. On the other hand, the Zuo Commentary depicts some characters actually \"composing\" poems that would later be included in the received text of the Book of Poetry. In the Analects there are frequent references to \"The Rites\", but as Classical Chinese does not distinguish book titles from regular nouns it is not possible to know if what is meant is the Etiquette and Ceremonial (known then as the Book of Rites) or just the concept of ritual in general. The existence of the Book of Changes on the other hand is well-attested in the Zuo Commentary, as multiple characters use it for divination and correctly quote the received text. Sima Qian claims that it was Confucius who, towards the close of the Spring and Autumn period, edited the received versions of the Book of Poetry, Book of Documents and Book of Rites, wrote the \"Ten Wings\" commentary on the Book of Changes and wrote the entirety of the Spring and Autumn Annals. This was long the predominant opinion in China, but modern scholarship considers it unlikely that all five classics could be the product of one man. While many philosophers such as Lao Zi and Sun Zi were active in the Spring and Autumn period, their ideas were probably not put into writing until the following Warring States period.", "While sources such as the Book of Poetry contain passing references to \"The Emperor Above\" (Shang Di), there is no proper mythology around supernatural entities preserved in the Confucian Classics. The mythology is instead focused around the founders of the dynasty, kings Wen and Wu, who were worshipped as gods. The various states also worshipped their respective founders as local patron deities. As such the rulers of Qi worshipped Yu the Great and Song worshipped Tang long after the Xia and Shang dynasties had ceased to exist on a national level." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77168, 214, 70, 1379, 64330, 36272, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 17932, 12275, 7156, 44, 605, 56, 2424, 3678, 58, 209721, 4, 10, 14012, 111, 13036, 17164, 67967, 7, 100512, 60892, 23, 15497, 10013, 5, 130877, 42991, 111, 6097, 67967, 7, 81887, 297, 47, 22, 24494, 70, 8753, 47, 24092, 390, 44854, 214, 2856, 100, 109911, 7, 47, 45252, 10, 35142, 4, 678, 1632, 31095, 3853, 44854, 214, 70, 21115, 47, 31073, 1760, 5, 581, 8753, 206398, 71, 6097, 129745, 7, 24189, 41714, 108558, 136, 853, 93781, 99638, 13, 30520, 64471, 9284, 5, 10660, 3542, 204971, 390, 1919, 4488, 678, 145042, 39897, 19, 8753, 581, 276, 21493, 7, 4, 136, 14432, 456, 79466, 450, 64471, 9284, 44, 13689, 70, 4734, 3445, 642, 5809, 6183, 22120, 47, 136, 37067, 678, 740, 215100, 538, 4, 70, 8753, 25737, 2363, 41371, 17164, 67967, 4, 60818, 6056, 38, 89916, 4, 98, 101786, 69407, 136, 181141, 47, 853, 93781, 5, 48838, 214, 47, 10, 13036, 67967, 143434, 5941, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 7311, 35992, 1295, 70, 41371, 19612, 11938, 483, 2357, 28378, 669, 15130, 47, 28601, 15497, 10013, 237, 74703, 9, 6056, 7, 5, 581, 11938, 1556, 4599, 14534, 15497, 10013, 1295, 22, 33558, 16792, 70, 13036, 67967, 1144, 592, 5, 53295, 8996, 1916, 4420, 98, 70, 14922, 4, 37105, 108171, 1419, 19893, 478, 40207, 191011, 30745, 44, 294, 5128, 58, 41260, 23, 8272, 4, 44, 568, 69427, 25, 18, 738, 4420, 47, 70, 87221, 28302, 4, 36766, 642, 3542, 70, 129058, 36272, 23, 70, 8999, 707, 70, 129058, 137578, 1449, 581, 4734, 13580, 87, 5809, 54, 509, 2046, 98, 759, 15528, 136, 738, 40225, 1242, 64471, 9284, 509, 19667, 19, 237, 70, 5201, 108558, 111, 70, 7156, 4, 678, 138171, 21079, 237, 70, 17664, 56, 5, 15497, 10013, 7311, 538, 26038, 70, 5117, 53397, 62690, 47, 64471, 9284, 4, 136, 7103, 178463, 47, 442, 20271, 70, 2258, 51894, 5368, 764, 10422, 71, 450, 44, 1065, 1106, 268, 1902, 18784, 40099, 71, 98, 9844, 6957, 1242, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 182304, 56002, 21, 14437, 17262, 40859, 136, 70, 7156, 509, 17664, 297, 186351, 5, 191011, 63043, 297, 450, 70, 8753, 36663, 47, 28282, 10, 36898, 45730, 4, 44, 62318, 320, 47, 70, 3621, 3065, 26391, 7, 25, 7156, 707, 5117, 10074, 159, 83057, 127, 7156, 7, 1242, 581, 8753, 29131, 70, 7311, 17664, 47, 186, 2234, 50958, 144810, 53, 5, 64471, 9284, 176506, 4, 136, 442, 509, 456, 62015, 297, 99, 115016, 137869, 23, 2076, 350, 4293, 4, 39897, 5, 191011, 14432, 2804, 111, 2363, 12275, 16981, 4, 44, 200647, 64113, 509, 21771, 59121, 4, 756, 642, 1902, 47, 54, 509, 11301, 442, 1242, 79616, 111, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 10941, 509, 59121, 390, 191011, 4, 40494, 44, 647, 17307, 223, 132140, 223, 58, 59121, 390, 164938, 271, 41576, 19946, 660, 4, 136, 70, 204105, 28560, 4, 44, 43512, 390, 2646, 39379, 830, 3129, 509, 59121, 390, 47617, 1991, 384, 4273, 63550, 5, 581, 7156, 23996, 297, 54799, 67842, 134858, 111, 70, 8753, 43032, 136, 99201, 28368, 7, 1884, 216598, 136, 249, 6402, 52875, 7, 4, 113093, 1363, 4, 17688, 6, 180324, 4, 136355, 3815, 4, 46889, 162882, 4, 168265, 4, 136, 1119, 9, 47313, 84240, 7, 5, 191011, 54397, 70, 11531, 44, 6495, 6496, 10, 160731, 18, 58, 3229, 764, 509, 23, 198193, 23, 18237, 86591, 581, 11001, 44, 866, 4021, 22751, 58, 1902, 10, 138256, 4950, 7, 13315, 450, 164938, 271, 19946, 660, 54397, 12960, 1379, 70, 79507, 111, 339, 22916, 5, 44, 1456, 583, 45738, 47, 133466, 830, 70, 17932, 11001, 1295, 44, 8331, 31, 8958, 830, 509, 7311, 538, 98, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 17932, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 605, 56, 2424, 3678, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 456, 9, 107, 32271, 297, 678, 10, 40715, 162048, 53, 45730, 100, 44, 8331, 31, 8958, 740, 581, 11531, 8306, 1902, 142, 51521, 19612, 1202, 74, 49903, 4, 10, 24233, 6867, 23718, 111, 70, 11531, 83, 27983, 137272, 237, 10, 19612, 1202, 5, 581, 1202, 83, 105866, 98, 15497, 10013, 25, 7, 51521, 4165, 5, 581, 5962, 11001, 44, 63473, 3473, 43731, 830, 3129, 118775, 98, 5941, 11001, 7, 116287, 7, 214574, 4, 509, 2843, 191722, 390, 191011, 25, 7, 3357, 134858, 5, 581, 11531, 8, 16765, 678, 191011, 25, 7, 216598, 52875, 7, 136, 34698, 7, 111, 44, 519, 214, 116666, 58, 41928, 47, 8035, 99219, 71, 678, 10, 249, 6402, 171986, 5, 360, 70, 50960, 51389, 4, 44, 63473, 3473, 43731, 58, 91067, 7, 72846, 214, 10, 11280, 44794, 67, 74, 191011, 959, 297, 450, 44, 568, 36663, 47, 66801, 35978, 136, 2750, 30441, 70, 44632, 56, 13648, 186, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 2843, 16487, 99, 70, 8999, 136, 54433, 4, 242, 23389, 25, 7, 959, 237, 22556, 136, 35011, 237, 398, 5351, 5, 3293, 56112, 25, 18, 935, 9963, 1021, 9319, 25, 7, 44794, 67, 46, 707, 51139, 442, 509, 5, 25, 58, 581, 19612, 1202, 509, 1346, 297, 23, 142, 32997, 297, 13893, 38016, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 2684, 5700, 52336, 5, 581, 5977, 9, 191, 538, 11001, 4, 44, 72859, 830, 509, 59121, 390, 191011, 1672, 10, 36770, 169713, 2750, 168360, 4049, 10, 105595, 85745, 678, 142, 31943, 6827, 44759, 5, 360, 30646, 4, 191011, 54397, 70, 68944, 111, 44, 72859, 58, 136, 168360, 2856, 47, 604, 5, 4687, 14432, 109133, 47, 167844, 4, 105876, 214, 191011, 47, 3884, 44, 72859, 58, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 5701, 1119, 9, 47313, 84240, 83, 2843, 70, 28451, 111, 70, 52336, 44, 294, 11124, 6000, 7, 150948, 7, 58, 136, 44, 15982, 316, 254, 740, 581, 2704, 11001, 4, 44, 186048, 87, 10592, 62, 67688, 830, 509, 13438, 191722, 390, 10, 46667, 4, 21208, 903, 1733, 8035, 1672, 191011, 25, 7, 58386, 4, 7068, 36770, 169713, 4, 128111, 16270, 5, 77168, 214, 10, 167956, 17721, 70, 24941, 4, 191011, 25737, 128111, 16270, 47, 47445, 3060, 1733, 75447, 5, 581, 1202, 60213, 71, 70, 17262, 8753, 43032, 122395, 10932, 2076, 350, 4293, 136, 1735, 22600, 99, 17431, 4, 155605, 86658, 1257, 4420, 99, 70, 7311, 31913, 5, 94724, 9742, 214, 32786, 111, 15497, 10013, 4, 85613, 22392, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 984, 31, 8958, 15, 7, 90535, 29367, 237, 54, 31, 8958, 16, 83, 70, 50960, 12275, 7156, 136, 13036, 67967, 34377, 390, 15672, 13950, 8753, 15497, 10013, 4, 121447, 98, 22482, 106, 4, 13211, 390, 853, 93781, 89916, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 133258, 678, 108558, 30520, 64471, 9284, 4, 442, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 72399, 13867, 99, 115016, 137869, 23, 2076, 350, 4293, 4, 39897, 5, 128538, 153161, 390, 12912, 669, 19893, 478, 40207, 191011, 4, 70, 7156, 83, 153161, 35509, 10932, 1919, 3357, 134858, 4, 678, 2856, 90, 6044, 237, 136355, 3815, 4, 216598, 4, 151618, 4, 136, 17688, 2481, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 125568, 71, 678, 43606, 11001, 7, 12, 44, 866, 4021, 22751, 830, 44, 63473, 3473, 43731, 830, 10, 456, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and recording.", "Writing and composition.", "Songs 1–7.", "Songs 8–14.", "Packaging.", "Release.", "Reception.", "Accolades.", "Live performances.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Following the underground success of the band's second studio album \"Kerplunk\" (1991), a number of major record labels became interested in Green Day. Representatives of these labels attempted to entice the band to sign by inviting them for meals to discuss a deal, with one manager even inviting the group to Disneyland. The band declined these advances until meeting producer and Reprise representative Rob Cavallo. They were impressed by his work with fellow Californian band The Muffs, and later remarked that Cavallo \"was the only person we could really talk to and connect with\". Eventually, the band left their independent record label, Lookout! Records, on friendly terms and signed to Reprise. Signing to a major label caused many of the band's original fans from the independent music club 924 Gilman Street to regard Green Day as sell-outs. The club has banned Green Day from entering since the major label signing. Reflecting back on the period, lead vocalist Billie Joe Armstrong told \"Spin\" magazine in 1999, \"I couldn't go back to the punk scene, whether we were the biggest success in the world or the biggest failure [...] The only thing I could do was get on my bike and go forward.\" Cavallo was chosen as the main producer of the album, with Jerry Finn as the mixer. Green Day originally gave the first demo tape to Cavallo, and after listening to it during the car ride home he sensed that \"[he] had stumbled on something big.\" The band's recording session lasted three weeks and the album was mixed twice. Armstrong claimed that the band wanted to create a dry sound, \"similar to the Sex Pistols' album or first Black Sabbath albums.\" The band felt the original mix to be unsatisfactory. Cavallo agreed, and it was remixed at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California. Armstrong later said of their studio experience, \"Everything was already written, all we had to do was play it.\"", "Much of the album's content was written by Armstrong, except \"Emenius Sleepus\" written by bassist Mike Dirnt, and the hidden track, \"All by Myself\", which was written by drummer Tré Cool. The album touched upon various experiences of the band members and included subjects like anxiety and panic attacks, masturbation, sexual orientation, boredom, mass murder, divorce, and ex-girlfriends.", "Armstrong wrote the song \"Having a Blast\" when he was in Cleveland in June 1992. The single \"Longview\" had a signature bass line that bassist Dirnt wrote while under the influence of LSD. \"Welcome to Paradise\", the second single from \"Dookie\", was originally on the band's second studio album, \"Kerplunk\". The song was re-recorded with a less grainy sound for \"Dookie\". The song never had an official music video; however, a certain live performance of the song is often associated as a music video. The video is located on Green Day's official website. The hit single \"Basket Case\", which appeared on many singles charts worldwide, was also inspired by Armstrong's personal experiences. The song deals with Armstrong's anxiety attacks and feelings of \"going crazy\" prior to being diagnosed with a panic disorder. In the third verse, \"Basket Case\" references soliciting a male prostitute; Armstrong noted that \"I wanted to challenge myself and whoever the listener might be. It's also looking at the world and saying, 'It's not as black and white as you think. This isn't your grandfather's prostitute – or maybe it was.'\" The music video was filmed in an abandoned mental institution. It is one of the band's most popular songs.", "The radio-only single, \"She\", was written by Armstrong about a former girlfriend who showed him a feminist poem with an identical title. In return, Armstrong wrote the lyrics of \"She\" and showed them to her. She later moved to Ecuador, prompting Armstrong to put \"She\" on the album. The same ex-girlfriend is also the topic of the songs \"Sassafras Roots\" and \"Chump\". The final single, \"When I Come Around\", was again inspired by a woman, though this time being about Armstrong's wife, then former girlfriend, Adrienne. Following a dispute between the couple, Armstrong left Adrienne to spend some time alone. The video featured the three band members walking around Berkeley and San Francisco at night, eventually ending up back at the original location. Future touring member of Green Day, Jason White, made a cameo in the video with his then-girlfriend. The song was the band's first top ten single at number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and stayed number 1 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart for 7 weeks (2 weeks longer than \"Basket Case\"). It also hit number 2 on both the Mainstream Rock Tracks and the Mainstream Top 40 charts. The song \"Coming Clean\" deals with Armstrong's coming to terms with his bisexuality when he was 16 and 17 years old. In his interview with \"The Advocate\" magazine, he stated that although he has never had a relationship with a man, his sexuality has been \"something that comes up as a struggle in me\". Armstrong wrote the song \"In the End\" about his mother and her husband. He is quoted saying: \"That song is about my mother's husband, it's not really about a girl, or like anyone directly related to me in a relationship. In the End's about my mother.\"", "The name of the album is a reference to the band members often suffering from diarrhea, which they referred to as \"liquid dookie\", as a result of eating spoiled food while on tour. Initially the band was to name the album \"Liquid Dookie\"; however, this was deemed \"too gross\", and so they settled on the name \"Dookie\". The album artwork by fellow East Bay punk Richie Bucher caused controversy, since it depicted bombs being dropped on people and buildings. The setting is a replica of Berkeley's Telegraph Avenue. In the center, there is an explosion, with the band's name at the top. Armstrong has since explained the meaning of the artwork: The back cover on early prints of the CD featured a plush toy of Ernie from \"Sesame Street\", which was airbrushed out of later prints for fear of litigation; however, Canadian and European prints still feature Ernie on the back cover. Some rumors suggest that it was removed because it led parents to think that \"Dookie\" was a child's lullaby album or that the creators of \"Sesame Street\" had sued Green Day.", "\"Dookie\" was released on February 1, 1994. The album only sold 9,000 copies in its first week and didn't gain commercial success until the summer of 1994. \"Dookie\" charted in seven countries, peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 in the United States, and was a success in several other countries, peaking as high as number one in New Zealand; the lowest peak in any country was in the United Kingdom at number 13. While all the singles from the album charted in a few countries, the hit single \"Basket Case\" entered the top 10 in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Later in 1995, the album received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, with \"Longview\" and \"Basket Case\" each being nominated for a Grammy. Throughout the 1990s, \"Dookie\" continued to sell well, eventually receiving diamond certification in 1999; by 2013, \"Dookie\" had sold over 20 million copies worldwide and remains the band's best-selling album.", "\"Dookie\" was released to critical acclaim. Bill Lamb at About.com regards it as an album that only gets better with time, calling it \"one of the landmark albums of the 1990s\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described \"Dookie\" as \"a stellar piece of modern punk that many tried to emulate but nobody bettered\". In 1994, \"Time\" claimed \"Dookie\" as the third best album of the year, and the best rock album of 1994. Jon Pareles from \"The New York Times\", in early 1995, described the sound of \"Dookie\" as, \"Punk turns into pop in fast, funny, catchy, high-powered songs about whining and channel-surfing; apathy has rarely sounded so passionate.\" \"Rolling Stone\"'s Paul Evans described Green Day as \"convincing mainly because they've got punk's snotty anti-values down cold: blame, self-pity, arrogant self-hatred, humor, narcissism, fun\". Neil Strauss of The \"New York Times\", while complimentary of the album's overall quality, noted that \"Dookie\"s pop sound only remotely resembled punk music. The band did not respond initially to these comments, but later claimed that they were \"just trying to be themselves\" and that \"it's our band, we can do whatever we want\". Dirnt claimed that the follow-up album, \"Insomniac\", one of the band's hardest albums lyrically and musically, was the band releasing their anger at all the criticism from critics and former fans. Along with The Offspring's \"Smash\", \"Dookie\" has been credited for helping bring punk rock back into mainstream music culture. Thomas Nassiff at Fuse cited it as the most important pop punk album. In April 2014, \"Rolling Stone\" placed the album at No. 1 on its \"1994: The 40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternative's Greatest Year\" list. A month later, \"Loudwire\" placed \"Dookie\" at No. 1 on its \"10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994\" list. \"Guitar World\" ranked \"Dookie\" at number thirteen in their list \"Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994\".", "Since its release, \"Dookie\" has been featured heavily in various \"must have\" lists compiled by the music media. Some of the more prominent of these lists to feature \"Dookie\" are shown below; this information is adapted from Acclaimed Music.", "Immediately following the release of \"Dookie\", the band embarked on an international tour, beginning in the United States, for which they used a bookmobile belonging to Tré Cool's father to travel between shows. An audience of millions saw Green Day's performance at Woodstock '94 on Pay-per-view, helping the band attract more fans. This event was the location of the infamous mud \"fight\" between the band and the crowd, which continued beyond the end of Green Day's set. During the fight, Dirnt was mistaken for a fan by a security guard, who tackled him and then threw him against a monitor, causing him to injure his arm and break two of his teeth. The band also appeared at Lollapalooza and the Z100 Acoustic Christmas at Madison Square Garden, where Armstrong performed the song \"She\" naked. Having toured throughout the United States and Canada, the band played a few shows in Europe before beginning the recording sessions for the subsequent album, \"Insomniac\". During the tour, Armstrong was quite homesick. His wife, Adrienne Armstrong, whom he had married shortly after the release of \"Dookie\", was pregnant during most of the tour, and Armstrong was upset about being unable to help and care for her. In 2013, \"Dookie\" was played in its entirety at select European dates as a celebration of the album's upcoming 20th anniversary.", "All lyrics written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music composed by Green Day.", "Green Day Technical personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 33407, 100, 17368, 10, 9060, 164552, 13, 47, 14537, 142, 1831, 56379, 509, 11435, 71, 23, 56694, 390, 92265, 669, 46540, 13, 143608, 11, 15537, 5, 18763, 87907, 509, 47, 186, 142, 10, 5134, 289, 9, 118664, 94779, 4249, 4, 1284, 509, 8306, 64549, 297, 4, 237, 442, 2806, 765, 56065, 150675, 129745, 7, 645, 70, 11341, 111, 70, 4927, 23, 375, 11856, 25251, 5, 360, 61786, 4, 56101, 6, 104667, 29693, 313, 1603, 19256, 377, 3667, 17819, 127325, 17991, 23113, 538, 230121, 1919, 25647, 100, 10, 94779, 4249, 47, 1919, 14597, 7, 5, 360, 18374, 54566, 764, 126809, 1919, 25647, 53333, 5, 2161, 611, 18982, 28730, 23, 30715, 4, 127325, 17991, 230121, 1919, 5117, 33407, 15, 30962, 3674, 23, 60775, 194, 581, 33407, 168360, 10, 6626, 9, 7, 16852, 10, 5134, 289, 46683, 7, 4970, 61590, 214, 10, 11001, 9, 8752, 71, 69514, 3125, 2870, 46683, 7, 4970, 5, 109613, 289, 10, 5134, 289, 375, 11856, 25251, 3542, 7228, 7722, 390, 25647, 1295, 62, 5, 284, 5, 150509, 24500, 927, 23, 10, 36137, 6236, 15122, 23, 70777, 24073, 7251, 55061, 242554, 581, 30675, 111, 4252, 46187, 11724, 51029, 127325, 17991, 2806, 14432, 142156, 13, 98, 70, 8781, 42, 69514, 3125, 2870, 46683, 7, 4970, 4734, 4, 100, 10, 96551, 111, 138155, 89397, 5, 127325, 17991, 1902, 70, 5117, 94779, 4249, 47, 11675, 4, 70, 17170, 82589, 7, 601, 1062, 4, 98, 427, 7071, 43357, 5, 1650, 509, 41931, 9, 3125, 2118, 71, 4, 136, 99201, 10, 15970, 9, 98102, 73, 297, 160692, 42874, 5, 127325, 17991, 25, 7, 7175, 122446, 43573, 9, 763, 6402, 3229, 70, 87907, 2806, 959, 7279, 4, 197108, 214, 3853, 7103, 70, 160692, 509, 101089, 297, 5773, 5, 1650, 69347, 1810, 450, 160692, 1902, 95, 344, 297, 3934, 70, 87907, 136, 183278, 3674, 23, 19361, 7, 4, 221, 70, 87907, 2806, 959, 7279, 24189, 756, 70, 95, 344, 297, 160692, 1902, 96865, 297, 5773, 5, 127325, 17991, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 33946, 70, 27759, 23, 1919, 23, 57241, 4, 136, 34754, 136475, 99, 10, 72803, 42632, 5, 360, 102126, 4, 15745, 542, 180, 65100, 33407, 297, 10, 21373, 87907, 23, 61540, 5, 2161, 1438, 8055, 34578, 70, 65528, 2590, 1529, 68388, 100512, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 5117, 1831, 56379, 47, 12403, 1379, 94779, 4249, 14537, 4, 678, 3034, 20279, 1004, 5548, 5550, 105173, 99, 70, 6226, 7, 4, 4911, 7, 141753, 70, 5117, 138155, 55, 18, 47880, 5, 581, 46173, 1515, 241, 5, 3882, 64, 9323, 4, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 724, 365, 1515, 127325, 17991, 830, 44, 724, 365, 1515, 228409, 830, 707, 44, 724, 365, 1515, 527, 5, 2839, 18939, 509, 70, 5117, 56101, 55, 18, 9, 128897, 71, 1831, 56379, 47, 12403, 5, 1650, 509, 82775, 47, 3034, 70, 127325, 17991, 55, 18, 87907, 23, 113014, 4, 105207, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 46173, 1515, 162822, 5, 581, 5117, 6626, 41018, 289, 94779, 4249, 1831, 56379, 4, 70, 48205, 56, 3232, 4007, 18, 1215, 1381, 304, 136, 7068, 70, 46173, 1515, 162822, 4, 30957, 297, 4516, 23, 26748, 4, 98186, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 5345, 83, 79442, 19, 3934, 70, 47014, 1916, 46683, 7, 4970, 1829, 70, 23, 78219, 136, 83, 375, 11856, 297, 47, 10, 77546, 81147, 8108, 22, 33558, 70, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 5, 7680, 583, 83, 17664, 297, 678, 70, 375, 11856, 297, 1831, 136, 96865, 7, 23, 70, 375, 4223, 1290, 5, 581, 375, 4223, 1363, 38742, 31358, 70, 375, 4223, 1290, 136, 71062, 8305, 70, 164552, 13, 7440, 14537, 83, 125663, 297, 47, 22648, 70, 46683, 7, 4970, 5, 581, 164552, 13, 82230, 106500, 7464, 70541, 150675, 48302, 450, 83, 117176, 71, 23, 70, 117733, 30319, 110, 13894, 133, 47, 10, 11192, 38352, 55, 18, 5, 581, 5117, 55, 18, 87907, 7, 3542, 94779, 4249, 7, 4, 678, 40101, 10, 69514, 3125, 2870, 46683, 7, 4970, 15, 162, 23, 70, 65528, 2590, 1529, 294, 8439, 4, 707, 10, 5134, 289, 375, 11856, 25251, 15, 162, 23, 70, 13328, 25306, 3314, 432, 757, 112072, 3129, 26038, 10, 164917, 148064, 4, 102971, 51713, 4, 87907, 5, 3311, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 25793, 14191, 11814, 98, 6244, 1507, 87907, 7, 678, 10, 11192, 38352, 55, 18, 111, 146353, 4, 77546, 1831, 56379, 38352, 7, 3542, 99, 25500, 2886, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 4568, 86685, 100, 10, 94779, 4249, 87907, 509, 140932, 13, 3129, 11814, 70, 68237, 223, 190, 11591, 87907, 5, 133698, 70, 4331, 70, 94779, 4249, 509, 14037, 47, 186, 70, 15572, 316, 100, 22684, 72219, 99, 186351, 70, 38352, 111, 45730, 8, 61518, 70, 92940, 111, 94779, 7260, 7, 100, 92319, 38352, 7, 5, 1326, 140932, 13, 40715, 160692, 509, 56065, 47, 27489, 10, 34475, 5675, 43245, 100, 10, 84765, 99, 60154, 16655, 3501, 10, 5744, 11192, 9, 1272, 13409, 94779, 7260, 6044, 237, 9082, 89917, 73754, 910, 99, 6863, 60154, 757, 5, 15276, 15572, 316, 38352, 5, 102228, 4249, 87907, 7, 1902, 10, 88551, 24725, 98, 60091, 85683, 1363, 5, 62, 8752, 1295, 68772, 4271, 56, 113014, 38352, 7, 94779, 4249, 7, 1902, 117396, 28702, 41159, 3501, 6244, 1507, 87907, 7, 4, 678, 3060, 115774, 106804, 214, 58580, 257, 206, 28702, 41159, 66038, 23, 89978, 111, 10078, 5, 12678, 5, 1914, 9, 4249, 60091, 1831, 56379, 3542, 82775, 678, 237, 5941, 237, 22759, 87907, 7, 23, 2831, 6637, 111, 50509, 7, 645, 23, 9, 420, 20016, 137578, 7, 5, 9578, 184, 162, 113014, 60875, 7, 3542, 23577, 3674, 47, 13695, 143561, 28032, 142, 56816, 111, 10, 132260, 44457, 4, 140909, 33, 214, 113014, 7, 5, 581, 51312, 23, 28702, 41159, 450, 21449, 678, 70, 94779, 4249, 225081, 17262, 9, 136, 6626, 9, 128897, 4331, 7, 4, 136, 1286, 8951, 4989, 9, 56883, 329, 113014, 7, 5, 19694, 9, 98334, 13, 24286, 4778, 3542, 10, 39531, 184, 1552, 18750, 4, 10, 22799, 55556, 450, 24911, 17704, 42658, 98, 55, 18, 87907, 7, 5, 3775, 9, 15766, 55, 18, 87907, 7, 88303, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 136, 27712, 7, 1902, 47, 186, 645, 19567, 6259, 11907, 209, 707, 387, 21974, 4743, 47, 49512, 254, 137578, 136, 3789, 52895, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 94779, 4249, 83, 142, 1831, 4134, 11, 64113, 55, 18, 87907, 4, 205794, 11814, 23, 1831, 56379, 5, 1650, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 9060, 164552, 13, 678, 10, 117733, 30319, 110, 13894, 133, 5, 581, 9060, 164552, 13, 1556, 142, 1831, 23, 1974, 4, 10, 46683, 7, 4970, 4, 10, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 4, 136, 10, 164552, 13, 15, 86673, 22648, 7, 70, 46683, 7, 4970, 194, 581, 375, 11856, 297, 1831, 1295, 70, 46683, 7, 4970, 83, 764, 27686, 390, 6818, 592, 160692, 23, 70, 375, 4223, 1363, 1608, 26278, 136, 7068, 107003, 47, 71062, 8305, 70, 164552, 13, 5, 581, 164552, 13, 146353, 83, 7068, 71062, 297, 23, 70, 117733, 30319, 110, 13894, 133, 7440, 442, 83, 197108, 297, 47, 11192, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early designs.", "Design.", "Air intake.", "Compressor.", "Combustion chamber.", "Turbine.", "Nozzle.", "Thrust augmentation.", "Afterburner.", "Net thrust.", "Cycle improvements." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman Maxime Guillaume. His engine was to be an axial-flow turbojet, but was never constructed, as it would have required considerable advances over the state of the art in compressors. In 1928, British RAF College Cranwell cadet Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbojet to his superiors. In October 1929 he developed his ideas further. On 16 January 1930 in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932). The patent showed a two-stage axial compressor feeding a single-sided centrifugal compressor. Practical axial compressors were made possible by ideas from A.A.Griffith in a seminal paper in 1926 (\"An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design\"). Whittle would later concentrate on the simpler centrifugal compressor only, for a variety of practical reasons. Whittle had the first turbojet to run, the Power Jets WU, on 12 April 1937. It was liquid-fuelled, and included a self-contained fuel pump. Whittle's team experienced near-panic when the engine would not stop, accelerating even after the fuel was switched off. It turned out that fuel had leaked into the engine and accumulated in pools, so the engine would not stop until all the leaked fuel had burned off. Whittle was unable to interest the government in his invention, and development continued at a slow pace. In Germany, Hans von Ohain patented a similar engine in 1935. On 27 August 1939 the Heinkel He 178 became the world's first aircraft to fly under turbojet power, with test pilot Erich Warsitz at the controls, thus becoming the first practical jet plane. The Gloster E.28/39, (also referred to as the \"Gloster Whittle\", \"Gloster Pioneer\", or \"Gloster G.40\") was the first British jet-engined aircraft to fly. It was designed to test the Whittle jet engine in flight, leading to the development of the Gloster Meteor. The first two operational turbojet aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then the Gloster Meteor, entered service in 1944, towards the end of World War II. Air is drawn into the rotating compressor via the intake and is compressed to a higher pressure before entering the combustion chamber. Fuel is mixed with the compressed air and burns in the combustor. The combustion products leave the combustor and expand through the turbine where power is extracted to drive the compressor. The turbine exit gases still contain considerable energy that is converted in the propelling nozzle to a high speed jet. The first jet engines were turbojets, with either a centrifugal compressor (as in the Heinkel HeS 3), or axial compressors (as in the Junkers Jumo 004) which gave a smaller diameter, although longer, engine. By replacing the propeller used on piston engines with a high speed jet of exhaust, higher aircraft speeds were attainable. One of the last applications for a turbojet engine was Concorde which used the Olympus 593 engine. During the design the turbojet was found to be the optimum for cruising at twice the speed of sound despite the advantage of turbofans for lower speeds. For Concorde less fuel was required to produce a given thrust for a mile at Mach 2.0 than a modern high-bypass turbofan such as General Electric CF6 at its Mach 0.86 optimum speed. Turbojet engines had a significant impact on commercial aviation. Aside from giving faster flight speeds turbojets had greater reliability than piston engines, with some models demonstrating dispatch reliability rating in excess of 99.9%. Pre-jet commercial aircraft were designed with as many as four engines in part because of concerns over in-flight failures. Overseas flight paths were plotted to keep planes within an hour of a landing field, lengthening flights. The increase in reliability that came with the turbojet enabled three- and two-engine designs, and more direct long-distance flights. High-temperature alloys were a reverse salient, a key technology that dragged progress on jet engines. Non-UK jet engines built in the 1930s and 1940s had to be overhauled every 10 or 20 hours due to creep failure and other types of damage to blades. British engines, however, utilised Nimonic alloys which allowed extended use without overhaul, engines such as the Rolls-Royce Welland and Rolls-Royce Derwent, and by 1949 the de Havilland Goblin, being type tested for 500 hours without maintenance. It was not until the 1950s that superalloy technology allowed other countries to produce economically practical engines.", "Early German turbojets had severe limitations on the amount of running they could do due to the lack of suitable high temperature materials for the turbines. British engines such as the Rolls-Royce Welland used better materials giving improved durability. The Welland was type-certified for 80 hours initially, later extended to 150 hours between overhauls, as a result of an extended 500-hour run being achieved in tests. Despite their high maintenance, some of the early jet fighters are still operational with their original engines. General Electric in the United States was in a good position to enter the jet engine business due to its experience with the high-temperature materials used in their turbosuperchargers during World War II. Water injection was a common method used to increase thrust, usually during takeoff, in early turbojets that were thrust-limited by their allowable turbine entry temperature. The water increased thrust at the temperature limit, but prevented complete combustion, often leaving a very visible smoke trail. Allowable turbine entry temperatures have increased steadily over time both with the introduction of superior alloys and coatings, and with the introduction and progressive effectiveness of blade cooling designs. On early engines, the turbine temperature limit had to be monitored, and avoided, by the pilot, typically during starting and at maximum thrust settings. Automatic temperature limiting was introduced to reduce pilot workload and reduce the likelihood of turbine damage due to over-temperature.", "", "An intake, or tube, is needed in front of the compressor to help direct the incoming air smoothly into the moving compressor blades. Older engines had stationary vanes in front of the moving blades. These vanes also helped to direct the air onto the blades. The air flowing into a turbojet engine is always subsonic, regardless of the speed of the aircraft itself. The intake has to supply air to the engine with an acceptably small variation in pressure (known as distortion) and having lost as little energy as possible on the way (known as pressure recovery). The ram pressure rise in the intake is the inlet's contribution to the propulsion system's overall pressure ratio and thermal efficiency. The intake gains prominence at high speeds when it transmits more thrust to the airframe than the engine does. Well-known examples are the Concorde and Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird propulsion systems where the intake and engine contributions to the total powerplant were 63%/8% at Mach 2 and 54%/17% at Mach 3+. Intakes have ranged from \"zero-length\" on the Pratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan installation in the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, to the twin, 65 feet-long, intakes on the North American XB-70 Valkyrie, each feeding three engines with an intake airflow of about 800 lb/sec.", "The compressor is driven by the turbine. It rotates at high speed, adding energy to the airflow and at the same time squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its pressure and temperature. The smaller the compressor, the faster it turns. At the large end of the range, the GE-90-115 fan rotates at about 2,500 RPM, while a small helicopter engine compressor rotates around 50,000 RPM. Turbojets supply bleed air from the compressor to the aircraft for the environmental control system, anti-icing, and fuel tank pressurization, for example. The engine itself needs air at various pressures and flow rates to keep it running. This air comes from the compressor, and without it, the turbines would overheat, the lubricating oil would leak from the bearing cavities, the rotor thrust bearings would skid or be overloaded, and ice would form on the nose cone. The air from the compressor, called secondary air, is used for turbine cooling, bearing cavity sealing, anti-icing, and ensuring that the rotor axial load on its thrust bearing will not wear it out prematurely. Supplying bleed air to the aircraft decreases the efficiency of the engine because it has been compressed, but then does not contribute to producing thrust. Bleed air for aircraft services is no longer needed on the turbofan-powered Boeing 787. Compressor types used in turbojets were typically axial or centrifugal. Early turbojet compressors had low pressure ratios up to about 5:1. Aerodynamic improvements including splitting the compressor into two separately rotating parts, incorporating variable blade angles for entry guide vanes and stators, and bleeding air from the compressor enabled later turbojets to have overall pressure ratios of 15:1 or more. For comparison, modern civil turbofan engines have overall pressure ratios of 44:1 or more. After leaving the compressor, the air enters the combustion chamber.", "The burning process in the combustor is significantly different from that in a piston engine. In a piston engine, the burning gases are confined to a small volume, and as the fuel burns, the pressure increases. In a turbojet, the air and fuel mixture burn in the combustor and pass through to the turbine in a continuous flowing process with no pressure build-up. Instead, a small pressure loss occurs in the combustor. The fuel-air mixture can only burn in slow-moving air, so an area of reverse flow is maintained by the fuel nozzles for the approximately stoichiometric burning in the primary zone. Further compressed air is introduced which completes the combustion process and reduces the temperature of the combustion products to a level which the turbine can accept. Less than 25% of the air is typically used for combustion, as an overall lean mixture is required to keep within the turbine temperature limits.", "Hot gases leaving the combustor expand through the turbine. Typical materials for turbines include inconel and Nimonic. The hottest turbine vanes and blades in an engine have internal cooling passages. Air from the compressor is passed through these to keep the metal temperature within limits. The remaining stages do not need cooling. In the first stage, the turbine is largely an impulse turbine (similar to a pelton wheel) and rotates because of the impact of the hot gas stream. Later stages are convergent ducts that accelerate the gas. Energy is transferred into the shaft through momentum exchange in the opposite way to energy transfer in the compressor. The power developed by the turbine drives the compressor and accessories, like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps that are driven by the accessory gearbox.", "After the turbine, the gases expand through the exhaust nozzle producing a high velocity jet. In a convergent nozzle, the ducting narrows progressively to a throat. The nozzle pressure ratio on a turbojet is high enough at higher thrust settings to cause the nozzle to choke. If, however, a convergent-divergent de Laval nozzle is fitted, the divergent (increasing flow area) section allows the gases to reach supersonic velocity within the divergent section. Additional thrust is generated by the higher resulting exhaust velocity.", "Thrust was most commonly increased in turbojets with water/methanol injection or afterburning. Some engines used both at the same time. Liquid injection was tested on the Power Jets W.1 in 1941 initially using ammonia before changing to water and then water-methanol. A system to trial the technique in the Gloster E.28/39 was devised but never fitted.", "An afterburner or \"reheat jetpipe\" is a combustion chamber added to reheat the turbine exhaust gases. The fuel consumption is very high, typically four times that of the main engine. Afterburners are used almost exclusively on supersonic aircraft, most being military aircraft. Two supersonic airliners, Concorde and the Tu-144, also used afterburners as does Scaled Composites White Knight, a carrier aircraft for the experimental SpaceShipOne suborbital spacecraft. Reheat was flight-trialled in 1944 on the W.2/700 engines in a Gloster Meteor I.", "The net thrust formula_1 of a turbojet is given by: formula_2 where: If the speed of the jet is equal to sonic velocity the nozzle is said to be \"choked\". If the nozzle is choked, the pressure at the nozzle exit plane is greater than atmospheric pressure, and extra terms must be added to the above equation to account for the pressure thrust. The rate of flow of fuel entering the engine is very small compared with the rate of flow of air. If the contribution of fuel to the nozzle gross thrust is ignored, the net thrust is: formula_3 The speed of the jet formula_4 must exceed the true airspeed of the aircraft formula_5if there is to be a net forward thrust on the airframe. The speed formula_4 can be calculated thermodynamically based on adiabatic expansion.", "The operation of a turbojet is modelled approximately by the Brayton cycle. The efficiency of a gas turbine is increased by raising the overall pressure ratio, requiring higher-temperature compressor materials, and raising the turbine entry temperature, requiring better turbine materials and/or improved vane/blade cooling. It is also increased by reducing the losses as the flow progresses from the intake to the propelling nozzle. These losses are quantified by compressor and turbine efficiencies and ducting pressure losses. When used in a turbojet application, where the output from the gas turbine is used in a propelling nozzle, raising the turbine temperature increases the jet velocity. At normal subsonic speeds this reduces the propulsive efficiency, giving an overall loss, as reflected by the higher fuel consumption, or SFC. However, for supersonic aircraft this can be beneficial, and is part of the reason why the Concorde employed turbojets. Turbojet systems are complex systems therefore to secure optimal function of such system, there is a call for the newer models being developed to advance its control systems to implement the newest knowledge from the areas of automation, so increase its safety and effectiveness." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 7270, 4, 1111, 1459, 26859, 1919, 80997, 99, 92265, 11938, 15161, 236389, 15111, 5, 117371, 31577, 1919, 80997, 23, 70, 103655, 106, 271, 127152, 23, 6052, 3229, 764, 109133, 47, 112377, 7798, 143, 37883, 2844, 39, 5, 581, 5117, 11938, 764, 112730, 100, 23, 70, 21413, 111367, 223, 17703, 509, 112377, 7798, 143, 37883, 2844, 39, 7440, 764, 47763, 71, 305, 192428, 109458, 23, 10149, 170894, 7, 8108, 98567, 47, 112377, 602, 712, 17006, 5, 360, 56434, 764, 33284, 297, 112377, 236507, 215019, 98, 111628, 5, 1111, 1459, 7228, 1919, 28811, 34377, 100, 72605, 7, 19729, 26548, 142925, 5, 360, 56434, 1111, 1459, 47763, 71, 100, 215019, 23, 70, 21115, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 48524, 15619, 26548, 13281, 30544, 73754, 136, 55449, 540, 420, 101864, 4, 33306, 1836, 165523, 47, 14768, 18929, 11015, 70, 21115, 36541, 7103, 388, 214, 47, 62, 15567, 94100, 7, 136, 239938, 5, 262, 61518, 4734, 28780, 214, 1632, 69236, 23, 744, 192428, 170894, 7, 4, 1919, 25813, 47, 112377, 236507, 215019, 509, 7228, 28123, 23, 20907, 133698, 70, 1532, 1104, 1662, 34003, 4, 1111, 1459, 112730, 756, 496, 192428, 27528, 100, 112377, 236507, 215019, 28780, 214, 37195, 109458, 237, 764, 104902, 2856, 67229, 23, 809, 2480, 127, 3687, 23, 70, 21413, 111367, 223, 17703, 136, 2843, 19916, 70, 103655, 15619, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 215019, 25, 7, 32692, 7103, 186, 26518, 17882, 173328, 131094, 98, 28054, 2449, 4, 1111, 1459, 47763, 71, 1632, 111, 70, 28054, 2449, 100, 236507, 215019, 23, 70, 2704, 5, 581, 15619, 19916, 2843, 24124, 215019, 14768, 18929, 100, 70, 48524, 3974, 19175, 100, 70, 25632, 34003, 5, 24372, 1919, 18264, 678, 112377, 236507, 215019, 14700, 14, 2822, 23, 18237, 34975, 1111, 1459, 221, 46526, 452, 54889, 3525, 136, 100512, 10, 4092, 23882, 5, 1529, 1556, 14037, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 2043, 744, 20028, 23, 108042, 170894, 7, 23, 70, 21413, 111367, 223, 17703, 5, 2161, 953, 20414, 34975, 764, 112730, 237, 142, 85589, 4806, 110324, 1419, 98, 70, 7108, 6, 14775, 100, 636, 297, 7, 14098, 20271, 10, 101786, 14858, 26548, 2777, 206, 46542, 33233, 678, 145042, 110324, 64370, 821, 9284, 11073, 59176, 136, 2071, 31655, 2027, 38648, 86, 5, 1529, 112730, 100, 636, 297, 7, 23, 70, 101786, 26548, 4687, 420, 28394, 64227, 7440, 764, 509, 51521, 538, 39563, 297, 237, 70, 85589, 4806, 110324, 1419, 390, 1919, 2773, 9351, 5, 17106, 1111, 1459, 114168, 214, 23, 1919, 5117, 6626, 479, 34003, 27528, 678, 636, 297, 7, 1919, 110324, 509, 65042, 297, 3853, 53333, 100, 70, 14858, 26548, 103993, 11938, 237848, 205484, 5, 17106, 1111, 1459, 13438, 114168, 214, 4, 72134, 1919, 50960, 479, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 14858, 23, 10, 6, 15555, 100, 636, 297, 7, 5, 1111, 1459, 13438, 112730, 100, 636, 297, 7, 23, 2363, 138, 1104, 304, 19916, 26548, 188831, 14098, 99, 540, 1760, 17119, 4, 38162, 98, 237, 10, 17932, 9, 4200, 420, 161740, 13, 7440, 764, 204971, 98, 70, 7108, 6, 14775, 5, 24372, 70, 14858, 31095, 26328, 155438, 1681, 2804, 764, 2806, 3249, 10, 51957, 36766, 47, 24092, 1111, 1459, 136, 145042, 110324, 1419, 147424, 14, 2460, 1846, 23, 70, 11737, 6626, 13312, 7103, 54433, 764, 29131, 15044, 110324, 64370, 1902, 16940, 3664, 23, 2363, 160093, 7, 5, 2161, 201, 8055, 34975, 155438, 1681, 39563, 297, 98, 5753, 72567, 6436, 70, 11938, 3542, 16487, 3934, 1144, 592, 1111, 1459, 28123, 538, 4, 49903, 70, 35142, 509, 35971, 1733, 237, 2685, 3542, 51455, 5256, 5, 155438, 1681, 39563, 297, 450, 764, 509, 16487, 47, 24092, 70, 58585, 136, 25379, 4049, 1810, 98, 111628, 47, 4358, 4049, 30698, 70, 14941, 6712, 5, 17106, 636, 297, 7, 22, 33558, 18264, 22120, 7, 678, 1111, 1459, 4, 70, 25813, 509, 35839, 5773, 98, 534, 8055, 4, 7103, 636, 297, 7, 68872, 450, 1836, 1902, 47, 25343, 3075, 70, 12302, 20334, 47, 24092, 92865, 23, 3789, 19069, 7, 5, 2161, 729, 8055, 34975, 1111, 1459, 181141, 100, 5024, 1515, 28394, 98, 10, 4317, 46799, 35142, 24189, 496, 18237, 12453, 1111, 1459, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 69236, 100, 5024, 1515, 28394, 23, 70, 19175, 32964, 138, 1104, 2389, 91375, 53, 645, 100561, 86, 111443, 98, 209, 6088, 13999, 1111, 1459, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 5609, 450, 23742, 70, 98809, 19175, 69987, 3038, 23, 11994, 1324, 99, 1401, 40099, 53, 88260, 4, 442, 509, 1919, 41421, 450, 5423, 1257, 70, 5117, 69236, 100, 5024, 1515, 28394, 5, 1529, 509, 121447, 390, 70, 11938, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1392, 1104, 1530, 34003, 5, 1111, 1459, 181141, 10, 6626, 9, 46799, 18264, 678, 30839, 7687, 15745, 11, 2777, 59907, 98, 209, 18237, 12453, 360, 27580, 764, 181141, 10, 18264, 678, 615, 27529, 57181, 194641, 19, 570, 6360, 1529, 112730, 678, 6, 38184, 2606, 1297, 1398, 143085, 83, 70, 114210, 82953, 111, 89811, 1111, 1459, 2750, 11301, 7, 237, 10, 144419, 13, 4122, 28394, 56, 5, 112377, 236507, 215019, 5024, 1515, 28394, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1529, 112730, 36770, 538, 100, 112377, 236507, 215019, 136, 104902, 2856, 19916, 70, 103655, 15619, 23, 13999, 1529, 83, 51529, 100, 1919, 112419, 136, 42632, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early career.", "Mladá Boleslav.", "Leeds United trial.", "Chesterfield.", "Hansa Rostock.", "1.FC Saarbrücken.", "Personal life.", "Honours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Paris, Mendy started his career at French club FC Versailles 78. Before trying his career in the Czech 1st Division in 2003 when he moved to FK Marila Příbram. The first club he played for in the Gambrinus Liga was FK Marila Příbram where he scored 6 league goals in 57 appearances before moving to FK Siad Most.", "In 2007, he joined FK Mladá Boleslav on loan. Mendy made his European debut for Boleslaw against Palermo. In 2007, Mendy scored for Boleslav in the group stages of the UEFA Cup against Villareal CF and IF Elfsborg, However they failed to qualify past the group stage after losing to AEK Athens and Fiorentina. Despite only scoring one goal in 24 league appearances, his move to FK Mladá Boleslav was made permanent in 2008. During the 2010–11 season, Mendy played all 30 league games for FK Mladá Boleslav scoring six goals as he helped them finish in fifth place in the Gambrinus Liga and also win the Czech Cup for the first time in Boleslav's history after beating SK Sigma Olomouc on penalties, Mendy scored one of the penalties for Mladá Boleslav in the final. The Cup win also saw Boleslav qualify for the UEFA Europa League for the following season. After his contract with FK Mladá Boleslav expired in June 2011, Mendy sought pastures new and became a free agent. He has found the back of the net 24 times in 207 appearances in the Gambrinus Liga.", "On 19 July 2011, he played as an unnamed trialist on the right wing for Leeds United during a friendly match against Rochdale along with fellow trialists Jlloyd Samuel and Isiah Osbourne. He played for Leeds in the friendly against Sheffield Wednesday where he was officially confirmed as the unnamed trialist by his real name. With Mendy impressing in his first two pre season games with Leeds his trial was extended even further for the match against Norwegian club Sandefjord Fotball. With Mendy again impressing, starting his third pre-season match in a row for Leeds. Mendy again played for Leeds in their 3–2 win against Newcastle United at Elland Road, coming on as a second-half substitute where he impressed on the right wing. After the match manager Simon Grayson said he would make a decision whether to sign Mendy and fellow trialist Boldi Bodor in the next two days after saying he felt both trialists had done ok in their spells. On 4 August 2011, Grayson confirmed on Yorkshire Radio the club were looking into signing Mendy permanently, however the deal was taking time as there were complications. Grayson confirmed that he was looking to sign the player and send him out on loan to help him learn the English game. With Leeds entering contract talks with Mendy, the move was called off on 11 August, after Leeds decided that they had to prioritise the transfer budget to sign players in other positions.", "On 17 August 2011, Mendy signed for Chesterfield on a 1-year deal until 30 June 2012. Mendy scored his first goal for Chesterfield in the League Two 3–0 victory over Bournemouth on 10 September 2011. Mendy was part of the side that won the Football League Trophy in March 2012 at Wembley Stadium, it was his cross that set up the first goal for Chesterfield. He was released by the club at the end of the 2011–12 season.", "Mendy signed a two-year contract with German Club Hansa Rostock on 10 June 2012.", "In 2014, he signed a contract with 1.FC Saarbrücken till 2016. He played with shirtnumber 4.", "Alexandre is the older brother of Vincent Mendy who plays as a defensive midfielder.", "FK Mladá Boleslav Chesterfield" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 149067, 19, 17721, 11192, 136, 27226, 123046, 83, 208806, 28368, 5844, 4, 136, 70, 6626, 621, 4552, 27983, 70163, 71, 23, 10, 11001, 4488, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 2684, 14432, 44, 84396, 123046, 7, 58, 70541, 40059, 7, 23, 27226, 123046, 4, 56104, 23, 70, 76615, 5, 28090, 70, 16995, 3220, 191, 9173, 6659, 98, 19364, 7, 4, 5941, 11001, 26366, 7, 23, 21334, 155655, 152319, 3408, 765, 10336, 7, 23, 11192, 123046, 4, 1284, 2363, 92319, 6049, 7, 621, 23, 27226, 123046, 5, 581, 161549, 13452, 214, 26366, 7, 75935, 23, 903, 3917, 4488, 5299, 23, 123046, 7, 450, 621, 51592, 1295, 35064, 4, 136, 44961, 450, 70, 10336, 7, 111, 26366, 7, 621, 56104, 111, 1286, 33946, 47, 15044, 22104, 136, 21455, 56, 3501, 70, 6049, 7, 707, 74261, 5, 1301, 51, 48310, 67175, 27781, 7, 1295, 67842, 14922, 7, 7639, 4, 165249, 123046, 7, 4, 36766, 11192, 707, 27226, 4, 3542, 3638, 538, 44, 81409, 297, 1810, 58, 390, 16188, 214, 70, 1810, 2256, 111, 70, 26366, 136, 6, 241866, 70, 76615, 58555, 47, 70, 3525, 76615, 17366, 4, 4488, 110, 92814, 51339, 297, 390, 4027, 982, 24494, 7, 15, 21231, 6, 151570, 194, 62, 27226, 123046, 707, 4950, 9, 107, 51821, 24073, 17336, 123046, 830, 4, 1295, 70, 89176, 95622, 6, 85661, 44534, 74, 903, 83, 5036, 10, 43257, 10332, 9, 148472, 297, 13579, 23, 14941, 16, 83, 10, 13452, 214, 29569, 678, 10, 35299, 8770, 128512, 6, 168867, 4, 100, 27781, 11814, 98, 43780, 7, 4, 98, 3129, 756, 43079, 621, 23, 27226, 123046, 5, 360, 70, 459, 25617, 123046, 7, 70, 35845, 6, 168867, 111, 70, 80854, 127887, 83, 64557, 45, 20820, 3674, 4, 136, 2174, 51592, 1295, 70, 5609, 70, 29569, 30482, 110, 10422, 4, 1284, 1295, 70, 12912, 70, 19336, 143834, 7, 23, 6, 168867, 68067, 237, 10, 17262, 9, 157955, 29569, 5, 64511, 11389, 7, 45, 20820, 18, 6, 168867, 5045, 40715, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 61353, 3129, 144570, 40715, 4488, 4, 136, 83, 127298, 64720, 56, 47, 27489, 4, 237, 40715, 111, 70, 76615, 27117, 47, 186, 184750, 23, 10, 2258, 6496, 4, 707, 40715, 3299, 2069, 83, 56065, 5, 360, 70, 4927, 111, 893, 45964, 61527, 4, 62, 46048, 9893, 5381, 329, 123046, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 142, 45964, 799, 147, 24453, 9022, 136, 67009, 29394, 7, 4, 10, 74729, 4552, 27226, 123046, 509, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 70, 28271, 166577, 5, 32255, 43079, 2806, 56104, 186, 112518, 297, 7103, 2258, 6496, 4, 3129, 104902, 61924, 70, 3173, 7, 74, 18925, 70, 112518, 1556, 6, 23432, 19, 5773, 23, 70, 6782, 144732, 111, 613, 686, 6496, 27781, 7, 4, 1284, 15393, 4, 23, 99017, 47143, 7, 111, 112518, 831, 56104, 186, 134053, 8305, 165045, 26950, 5, 581, 50389, 867, 132936, 111, 214733, 4, 5036, 23, 10271, 4, 1556, 27226, 123046, 7, 111, 21334, 85825, 100, 4806, 1295, 931, 202, 48141, 14799, 22824, 4, 70019, 297, 23, 134855, 5, 150696, 56, 4, 3129, 7228, 70, 61353, 2060, 99156, 4, 509, 38134, 538, 11814, 23, 61527, 136, 70, 799, 147, 24453, 1295, 157612, 939, 3934, 116625, 20028, 15, 143, 3055, 538, 100, 107653, 82451, 65177, 1363, 4, 237, 99, 70, 884, 528, 12846, 247, 51651, 4, 136, 14713, 1295, 99, 19713, 70, 231119, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 31895, 234311, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 27117, 4552, 4127, 27289, 47, 188545, 4989, 23, 51, 24931, 18, 122009, 33976, 7, 46, 12610, 156347, 13, 14015, 56, 18244, 83, 5201, 538, 51529, 1295, 189462, 14, 136, 3789, 15271, 373, 46572, 390, 10, 1495, 1295, 101057, 38720, 63367, 223, 5, 61187, 123046, 509, 35845, 538, 41207, 23, 65925, 92264, 4927, 4, 1284, 1543, 186, 14037, 4, 100, 27781, 23, 109412, 33, 26366, 7, 707, 28302, 7, 98, 70, 46132, 7, 111, 70, 18344, 6238, 148, 5180, 111, 6024, 9, 91133, 144, 867, 152667, 7, 5, 581, 15226, 1405, 111, 27226, 123046, 4, 3129, 509, 51592, 237, 10, 54704, 289, 20623, 4, 9842, 7, 39395, 23, 70, 231119, 74, 70, 37446, 846, 16522, 6954, 27173, 23, 2975, 9222, 4, 10, 53918, 13, 4209, 54704, 1419, 33976, 4, 82775, 390, 31746, 141117, 1035, 24748, 14, 10932, 616, 2525, 4, 4527, 7, 27226, 123046, 7, 390, 152424, 157, 45, 786, 28984, 46132, 136, 98, 70, 173591, 58982, 7, 5, 66016, 70, 231119, 14015, 56, 1556, 2809, 4552, 38134, 538, 11814, 100, 23, 24401, 122360, 289, 4488, 6044, 237, 8231, 3466, 7, 136, 8228, 33992, 4, 1284, 23, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 442, 509, 11814, 100, 21334, 26366, 7, 15, 669, 53, 2843, 17368, 11192, 123046, 16, 99, 70, 18032, 8918, 111, 40788, 16182, 2661, 916, 4, 3129, 3542, 97751, 3674, 1286, 22684, 112, 538, 234311, 4, 100, 27781, 23, 70, 72542, 66, 39391, 44726, 19449, 5, 7224, 41566, 9, 107, 51821, 4, 23, 89176, 44, 85661, 44534, 13629, 72536, 188, 58, 707, 44, 85661, 44534, 23439, 36787, 188, 58, 24073, 7, 13722, 67175, 123046, 74054, 83, 10, 4552, 35299, 8770, 123046, 4, 3129, 42564, 7, 3934, 22, 52152, 214, 23, 44677, 4, 136, 831, 186, 7941, 47, 12301, 23, 81828, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 11814, 100, 70, 76615, 58555, 111, 166577, 7, 678, 70, 5201, 80854, 23, 27226, 9, 107, 51821, 4, 1284, 6863, 4527, 645, 10, 28271, 15, 16345, 25958, 43257, 19336, 16, 63847, 509, 15787, 297, 390, 70, 89176, 231119, 152319, 748, 183839, 13817, 5, 360, 14432, 65925, 4927, 4, 24189, 10, 387, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 15226, 1405, 4, 27226, 123046, 509, 11814, 153161, 100, 164917, 43240, 707, 70163, 71, 678, 77546, 123046, 47, 158, 67709, 10, 10422, 111, 62488, 4, 707, 47, 8337, 6, 168867, 47, 70, 166577, 4, 41866, 100, 28302, 7, 678, 5941, 26366, 7, 136, 10, 212790, 707, 107653, 82451, 76615, 4, 23, 70, 5701, 3917, 450, 22729, 56, 134855, 7, 621, 11814, 100, 70, 5701, 60042, 23, 178829, 5, 12613, 7, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 100, 13, 64330, 621, 152319, 297, 23, 11192, 9, 107, 51821, 4, 8382, 23, 70, 76615, 23, 27226, 9, 107, 51821, 5, 61187, 123046, 1543, 4527, 2499, 57646, 707, 61353, 111, 152319, 3408, 4, 6, 34165, 2258, 6496, 136, 12924, 176050, 8035, 2684, 39210, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 853, 51821, 83, 10, 152319, 82451, 61353, 7440, 70, 152319, 297, 80854, 47143, 220642, 47, 10, 18652, 76615, 111, 70, 5701, 4912, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 107, 51821, 58, 83, 1295, 70, 42845, 42792, 44, 7962, 44534, 830, 47, 138804, 5, 717, 28282, 10, 152319, 3408, 23, 123046, 83, 47, 8337, 70, 49128, 450, 70, 152319, 297, 4912, 1556, 2809, 165249, 36917, 70, 76615, 47880, 5, 4865, 83, 20653, 51339, 297, 3229, 10, 123046, 83, 59226, 23, 1295, 10, 49878, 71579, 111, 6, 34165, 15, 107, 51821, 152319, 3408, 16, 707, 109412, 15, 107, 51821, 2258, 6496, 16, 83, 10, 92319, 214, 111, 70, 44457, 4, 137802, 70, 51, 76153, 254, 3674, 63920, 48903, 214, 538, 165249, 5, 581, 61353, 83687, 7, 150675, 1658, 1428, 2069, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Types.", "Low relief or bas-relief.", "Mid-relief.", "High relief.", "Sunk relief.", "Counter-relief.", "Small objects.", "Notable reliefs." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work. In particular, most later \"high reliefs\" contain sections in low relief, usually in the background. From the Parthenon Frieze onwards, many single figures in large monumental sculpture have heads in high relief, but their lower legs are in low relief. The slightly projecting figures created in this way work well in reliefs that are seen from below, and reflect that the heads of figures are usually of more interest to both artist and viewer than the legs or feet. As unfinished examples from various periods show, raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally \"blocked out\" by marking the outline of the figure and reducing the background areas to the new background level, work no doubt performed by apprentices (see gallery).", "A low relief or bas-relief (\"low relief\",, from the Italian basso rilievo; this is now a rather old-fashioned term in English) is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. In the lowest reliefs the relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted, and if seen from the side the image makes no sense, but from the front the small variations in depth register as a three-dimensional image. Other versions distort depth much less. It is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required. In the art of Ancient Egypt, Assyrian palace reliefs, and other ancient Near Eastern and Asian cultures, a consistent very low relief was commonly used for the whole composition. These images would usually be painted after carving, which helped define the forms; today the paint has worn off in the great majority of surviving examples, but minute, invisible remains of paint can usually be discovered through chemical means. The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the Near East from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the Alhambra), Rome, and Europe from at least the Renaissance, as well as probably elsewhere. However, it needs very good conditions to survive long in unmaintained buildings – Roman decorative plasterwork is mainly known from Pompeii and other sites buried by ash from Mount Vesuvius. Low relief was relatively rare in Western medieval art, but may be found, for example in wooden figures or scenes on the insides of the folding wings of multi-panel altarpieces. The revival of low relief, which was seen as a classical style, begins early in the Renaissance; the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, a pioneering classicist building, designed by Leon Battista Alberti around 1450, uses low reliefs by Agostino di Duccio inside and on the external walls. Since the Renaissance plaster has been very widely used for indoor ornamental work such as cornices and ceilings, but in the 16th century it was used for large figures (many also using high relief) at the Chateau of Fontainebleau, which were imitated more crudely elsewhere, for example in the Elizabethan Hardwick Hall. Shallow-relief, in Italian \"rilievo stiacciato\" or \"rilievo schicciato\" (\"squashed relief\"), is a very shallow relief, which merges into engraving in places, and can be hard to read in photographs. It is often used for the background areas of compositions with the main elements in low-relief, but its use over a whole (usually rather small) piece was perfected by the Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello. In later Western art, until a 20th-century revival, low relief was used mostly for smaller works or combined with higher relief to convey a sense of distance, or to give depth to the composition, especially for scenes with many figures and a landscape or architectural background, in the same way that lighter colours are used for the same purpose in painting. Thus figures in the foreground are sculpted in high-relief, those in the background in low-relief. Low relief may use any medium or technique of sculpture, stone carving and metal casting being most common. Large architectural compositions all in low relief saw a revival in the 20th century, being popular on buildings in Art Deco and related styles, which borrowed from the ancient low reliefs now available in museums. Some sculptors, including Eric Gill, have adopted the \"squashed\" depth of low relief in works that are actually free-standing.", "Mid-relief, \"half-relief\" or \"mezzo-rilievo\" is somewhat imprecisely defined, and the term is not often used in English, the works usually being described as low relief instead. The typical traditional definition is that only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field. The depth of the elements shown is normally somewhat distorted. Mid-relief is probably the most common type of relief found in the Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia. The low to mid-reliefs of 2nd-century BCE to 6th-century CE Ajanta Caves and 5th to 10th-century Ellora Caves in India are rock reliefs. Most of these reliefs are used to narrate sacred scriptures, such as the 1,460 panels of the 9th-century Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia, narrating the Jataka tales or lives of the Buddha. Other examples are low reliefs narrating the Ramayana Hindu epic in Prambanan temple, also in Java, in Cambodia, the temples of Angkor, with scenes including the Samudra manthan or \"Churning the Ocean of Milk\" at the 12th-century Angkor Wat, and reliefs of apsaras. At Bayon temple in Angkor Thom there are scenes of daily life in the Khmer Empire.", "High relief (or \"altorilievo\", from Italian) is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background. Indeed, the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. The parts of the subject that are seen are normally depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief where the elements seen are \"squashed\" flatter. High relief thus uses essentially the same style and techniques as free-standing sculpture, and in the case of a single figure gives largely the same view as a person standing directly in front of a free-standing statue would have. All cultures and periods in which large sculptures were created used this technique in monumental sculpture and architecture. Most of the many grand figure reliefs in Ancient Greek sculpture used a very \"high\" version of high relief, with elements often fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth. The metopes of the Parthenon have largely lost their fully rounded elements, except for heads, showing the advantages of relief in terms of durability. High relief has remained the dominant form for reliefs with figures in Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture. Smaller Greek sculptures such as private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings, more often used low relief. Hellenistic and Roman sarcophagus reliefs were cut with a drill rather than chisels, enabling and encouraging compositions extremely crowded with figures, like the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus (250–260 CE). These are also seen in the enormous strips of reliefs that wound around Roman triumphal columns. The sarcophagi in particular exerted a huge influence on later Western sculpture. The European Middle Ages tended to use high relief for all purposes in stone, though like Ancient Roman sculpture, their reliefs were typically not as high as in Ancient Greece. Very high relief re-emerged in the Renaissance, and was especially used in wall-mounted funerary art and later on Neoclassical pediments and public monuments. In the Buddhist and Hindu art of India and Southeast Asia, high relief can also be found, although it is not as common as low to mid-reliefs. Famous examples of Indian high reliefs can be found at the Khajuraho temples, with voluptuous, twisting figures that often illustrate the erotic Kamasutra positions. In the 9th-century Prambanan temple, Central Java, high reliefs of Lokapala devatas, the guardians of deities of the directions, are found.", "Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the art of Ancient Egypt where it is very common, becoming after the Amarna period of Ahkenaten the dominant type used, as opposed to low relief. It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls, and for hieroglyphs and cartouches. The image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface. In a simpler form the images are usually mostly linear in nature, like hieroglyphs, but in most cases the figure itself is in low relief, but set within a sunken area shaped round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the original flat surface. In some cases the figures and other elements are in a very low relief that does not rise to the original surface, but others are modeled more fully, with some areas rising to the original surface. This method minimizes the work removing the background, while allowing normal relief modelling. The technique is most successful with strong sunlight to emphasise the outlines and forms by shadow, as no attempt was made to soften the edge of the sunk area, leaving a face at a right-angle to the surface all around it. Some reliefs, especially funerary monuments with heads or busts from ancient Rome and later Western art, leave a \"frame\" at the original level around the edge of the relief, or place a head in a hemispherical recess in the block (see Roman example in gallery). Though essentially very similar to Egyptian sunk relief, but with a background space at the lower level around the figure, the term would not normally be used of such works. It is also used for carving letters (typically \"om mani padme hum\") in the mani stones of Tibetan Buddhism.", "Sunk relief technique is not to be confused with \"counter-relief\" or intaglio as seen on engraved gem seals—where an image is fully modeled in a \"negative\" manner. The image goes into the surface, so that when impressed on wax it gives an impression in normal relief. However many engraved gems were carved in cameo or normal relief. A few very late Hellenistic monumental carvings in Egypt use full \"negative\" modelling as though on a gem seal, perhaps as sculptors trained in the Greek tradition attempted to use traditional Egyptian conventions.", "Small-scale reliefs have been carved in various materials, notably ivory, wood, and wax. Reliefs are often found in decorative arts such as ceramics and metalwork; these are less often described as \"reliefs\" than as \"in relief\". Small bronze reliefs are often in the form of \"plaques\" or plaquettes, which may be set in furniture or framed, or just kept as they are, a popular form for European collectors, especially in the Renaissance. Various modelling techniques are used, such repoussé (\"pushed-back\") in metalwork, where a thin metal plate is shaped from behind using various metal or wood punches, producing a relief image. Casting has also been widely used in bronze and other metals. Casting and repoussé are often used in concert in to speed up production and add greater detail to the final relief. In stone, as well as engraved gems, larger hardstone carvings in semi-precious stones have been highly prestigious since ancient times in many Eurasian cultures. Reliefs in wax were produced at least from the Renaissance. Carved ivory reliefs have been used since ancient times, and because the material, though expensive, cannot usually be reused, they have a relatively high survival rate, and for example consular diptychs represent a large proportion of the survivals of portable secular art from Late Antiquity. In the Gothic period the carving of ivory reliefs became a considerable luxury industry in Paris and other centres. As well as small diptychs and triptychs with densely packed religious scenes, usually from the New Testament, secular objects, usually in a lower relief, were also produced. These were often round mirror-cases, combs, handles, and other small items, but included a few larger caskets like the Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264) in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States. Originally they were very often painted in bright colours. Reliefs can be impressed by stamps onto clay, or the clay pressed into a mould bearing the design, as was usual with the mass-produced of Ancient Roman pottery. Decorative reliefs in plaster or stucco may be much larger; this form of architectural decoration is found in many styles of interiors in the post-Renaissance West, and in Islamic architecture.", "Notable examples of monumental reliefs include: Smaller-scale reliefs:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 81207, 538, 4, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 5201, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 3789, 193, 191, 217773, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 6, 241866, 23882, 4, 136, 237, 6044, 83, 80234, 100, 70, 456, 77391, 111, 17656, 31, 15829, 23, 134371, 47, 40715, 6, 74735, 41802, 132, 33747, 16, 217773, 7, 5, 165837, 25958, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 509, 11814, 23, 70, 67773, 13, 53099, 100, 202032, 90, 237, 10, 2160, 13, 47739, 4935, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 186768, 538, 47, 22556, 33, 78546, 56, 136, 237, 10, 209716, 111, 23, 92, 5, 581, 212485, 111, 2906, 11443, 1771, 43840, 15, 25, 38173, 111, 279, 3996, 929, 25, 16, 390, 70, 45, 89733, 2320, 111, 50997, 279, 3996, 929, 15, 568, 1900, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 16, 1556, 2809, 51529, 100, 99, 19713, 10044, 5369, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 3789, 193, 191, 217773, 7, 4, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 11814, 47, 10204, 40383, 15381, 7, 136, 47, 85689, 136, 56282, 193, 191, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 142, 32868, 5, 39215, 30019, 2320, 83, 10, 103351, 136, 51, 277, 17883, 2886, 5609, 21543, 137272, 678, 70, 86052, 111, 30202, 193, 191, 107506, 7, 5, 159, 89110, 32977, 33, 1314, 27983, 621, 479, 34601, 71, 47, 56282, 158, 7, 30019, 2320, 5, 139613, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 509, 11814, 23, 70, 142901, 111, 23, 1224, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 193, 191, 24810, 23, 92, 4, 3129, 509, 11814, 1295, 70, 86991, 10, 4188, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 136659, 5997, 927, 142642, 5, 83230, 6827, 109921, 7228, 98, 70, 239, 206, 4745, 120820, 15, 153354, 1104, 189010, 335, 10854, 16, 168360, 70, 7722, 169424, 111, 193, 191, 5, 1650, 83, 17569, 450, 36, 344, 24810, 7, 136, 552, 8079, 162, 1543, 765, 2809, 11814, 23, 20662, 70, 23, 92, 98, 8382, 120820, 5, 1650, 2843, 7413, 7, 4527, 23, 4323, 929, 2160, 13, 214, 237, 10, 72573, 660, 5, 1950, 13, 25876, 4, 10, 4912, 11814, 23, 53053, 15123, 136, 49663, 15123, 16792, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 83, 2843, 7228, 17368, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 5, 32964, 12921, 150624, 100, 70, 8951, 38415, 111, 13830, 519, 2160, 13, 3542, 126809, 23, 30715, 23, 70, 136659, 5997, 927, 142642, 136, 47143, 297, 23, 4527, 5299, 3934, 70, 300, 26534, 33, 927, 142642, 5, 6561, 111, 6097, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 42072, 57571, 830, 75412, 193, 191, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 5, 24372, 2448, 1916, 142, 23, 62630, 2661, 3173, 111, 13830, 519, 98, 188, 70, 109379, 4, 70, 13830, 519, 509, 34390, 71, 47, 44, 133, 34, 587, 58, 9, 19904, 519, 23, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 101086, 7, 111, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 15, 76228, 456, 61942, 2320, 47, 13830, 519, 23, 1831, 17721, 3807, 63239, 194, 581, 6, 42072, 57571, 9433, 5809, 3249, 189173, 4331, 7, 4, 1284, 442, 5809, 959, 27489, 70, 43334, 78024, 7, 111, 3789, 150624, 5, 160193, 4, 442, 83, 99201, 23, 831, 14534, 22556, 118409, 7, 237, 142, 66733, 10576, 1236, 5, 139613, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 831, 2843, 186, 11814, 47, 1924, 73, 122776, 136, 3060, 46844, 34165, 7, 136, 19096, 34165, 7, 10, 205811, 4745, 52648, 10576, 5, 39076, 18244, 1314, 4527, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 51347, 47, 10576, 291, 8705, 109412, 10, 115392, 53, 78024, 5, 70599, 15, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 54324, 237, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 4, 10, 221, 379, 10, 25965, 674, 100, 92319, 214, 70, 81630, 111, 10, 11192, 144, 161, 2256, 221, 379, 221, 450, 18153, 7, 831, 17203, 70, 221, 379, 25, 7, 21650, 35066, 5, 360, 3328, 118, 88528, 442, 83, 11814, 100, 85689, 214, 193, 191, 170368, 84125, 5, 106073, 959, 237, 25545, 9, 2263, 1916, 237, 1592, 12259, 44444, 7783, 4, 6863, 93425, 621, 51713, 9, 120027, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 17664, 297, 678, 168808, 136, 58709, 3934, 70, 221, 379, 47, 28282, 10, 4343, 3129, 831, 4568, 100, 5369, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 11814, 237, 10, 21, 7710, 35431, 56, 4, 136, 7304, 7, 200, 14155, 5, 360, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 127357, 7, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 509, 11814, 237, 10, 81828, 1771, 106001, 100, 166158, 428, 191, 9433, 43079, 5, 139613, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 68018, 49814, 47, 70, 21185, 214, 7401, 86608, 214, 8305, 70, 70910, 7, 43333, 7, 111, 164552, 13, 158, 34609, 1314, 47, 3173, 10, 121720, 6889, 9, 107, 172, 42539, 59959, 5844, 5798, 1916, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 23, 86761, 18831, 14653, 47, 127841, 2182, 99665, 238, 86761, 1295, 531, 12259, 170368, 2506, 51347, 15, 122558, 26725, 141, 4126, 23, 29806, 678, 50895, 25703, 11, 194, 1650, 1556, 2809, 11814, 23, 70, 7398, 41274, 111, 7401, 390, 21917, 10060, 72403, 136, 100, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 49146, 1405, 23, 14834, 136, 25297, 40, 634, 429, 39734, 18153, 7, 47, 56282, 1175, 29813, 979, 120639, 111, 71579, 7401, 337, 34204, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 89160, 55300, 111, 85689, 214, 109412, 16138, 2069, 98, 18276, 7, 4, 40101, 75447, 4, 26725, 141, 4126, 23, 7401, 4, 707, 237, 10, 82761, 111, 7401, 9, 77007, 112518, 5, 15497, 279, 3996, 929, 83, 2843, 10, 80234, 456, 83963, 23, 70, 6, 221160, 111, 79755, 28905, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 237, 70, 193, 191, 60199, 54305, 82761, 111, 48040, 1507, 25, 7, 456, 83963, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 290, 6133, 93726, 29899, 316, 134053, 450, 23, 30715, 70, 43334, 115393, 89826, 27983, 70541, 297, 70599, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 237, 10, 33462, 64113, 23882, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 22799, 145170, 23, 193, 191, 24810, 23, 92, 5, 70599, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 67842, 117249, 111, 138765, 1830, 4, 136, 40368, 111, 6097, 3173, 7, 32316, 23, 31425, 5, 581, 120, 1517, 99735, 13, 83, 9260, 29367, 3229, 70, 52768, 111, 10, 944, 10821, 51347, 58359, 90, 5, 1913, 6097, 51347, 3173, 15044, 70, 120, 1517, 99735, 13, 136, 22460, 99735, 13, 5, 3164, 119056, 23911, 3173, 7, 621, 162711, 678, 128713, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 70599, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 1021, 67, 15, 111345, 4745, 14941, 12, 193, 191, 132, 10001, 16, 2906, 14612, 67, 16, 707, 78874, 223, 2906, 1021, 67, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 37457, 111, 28279, 7, 678, 70, 26168, 4221, 13055, 1280, 58, 425, 58, 17933, 5, 32255, 217773, 7, 32316, 2684, 39210, 538, 237, 70, 30368, 102, 99735, 13, 24073, 425, 58, 2203, 49413, 1284, 621, 51529, 100, 40368, 142424, 111, 44, 425, 740, 581, 138765, 297, 3173, 83, 11814, 128, 71407, 47, 85689, 193, 191, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 4, 136, 2843, 100, 25297, 86685, 5, 70829, 19, 16792, 142, 45964, 20028, 237, 552, 8079, 162, 136, 237, 50997, 279, 3996, 929, 15, 3760, 416, 929, 83, 142, 187, 1436, 1771, 9351, 100, 2906, 1021, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Uses.", "Medical use.", "Colorant.", "Plant growth.", "Other uses.", "Hydrates.", "Production and reactions.", "Reactions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, and as such is useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr(III) compounds. Historically ferrous sulfate was used in the textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. It is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of ink. The preparation of sulfuric acid ('oil of vitriol') by the distillation of green vitriol (Iron(II) sulfate) has been known for at least 700 years.", "Together with other iron compounds, ferrous sulfate is used to fortify foods and to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. Constipation is a frequent and uncomfortable side effect associated with the administration of oral iron supplements. Stool softeners often are prescribed to prevent constipation.", "Ferrous sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the end of the eighteenth century. Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters (588–586 BCE) showed the possible presence of iron. It is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters. It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is also made using ferrous sulfate. Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the eighteenth century and remained in use well into the nineteenth century. One of these, known as \"china blue\", involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to \"leuco\"-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues of other methods. Sometimes, it is included in canned black olives as an artificial colorant. Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete and some limestones and sandstones a yellowish rust color. Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.", "Iron (II) sulfate is sold as ferrous sulfate, a soil amendment for lowering the pH of a high alkaline soil so that plants can access the soil's nutrients. In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis. Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, its effects are longer-lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years. It is also used as a lawn conditioner, and moss killer.", "In the second half of the 1850s ferrous sulfate was used as a photographic developer for collodion process images. Ferrous sulfate is sometimes added to the cooling water flowing through the brass tubes of turbine condensers to form a corrosion-resistant protective coating. It is used in gold refining to precipitate metallic gold from auric chloride solutions (gold dissolved in solution with aqua regia). It has been used in the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies. It is used as a traditional method of treating wood panelling on houses, either alone, dissolved in water, or as a component of water-based paint. Green vitriol is also a useful reagent in the identification of mushrooms. It is used as the iron catalyst component of Fenton's reagent. In the early 19th century, chemist Friedrich Accum discovered that in England the dark beer porter often contained Iron(II) sulfate as a frothing agent. It is one of the key ingredients in iron gall ink.", "Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature. The tetrahydrate is stabilized when the temperature of aqueous solutions reaches. At these solutions form both the tetrahydrate and monohydrate. All mentioned mineral forms are connected with oxidation zones of iron-bearing ore beds (pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, etc.) and related environments (like coal fire sites). Many undergo rapid dehydration and sometimes oxidation.", "In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a by-product. Another source of large amounts results from the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite via the sulfate process. Ferrous sulfate is also prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite: It can be produced by displacement of metals less reactive than Iron from solutions of their sulfate: CuSO4+Cu", "Upon dissolving in water, ferrous sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(HO)], which is an almost colorless, paramagnetic ion. On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a white colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about. Like all iron(II) salts, iron(II) sulfate is a reducing agent. For example, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen monoxide and chlorine to chloride: Upon exposure to air, it oxidizes to form a corrosive brown-yellow coating of \"basic ferric sulfate\", which is an adduct of iron(III) oxide and iron(III) sulfate:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 177956, 509, 134053, 390, 25188, 1314, 111, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 4772, 62, 5, 1401, 11, 814, 136, 5941, 27060, 75412, 23, 70, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 29752, 47, 42473, 188, 4, 26719, 44576, 152349, 136, 34890, 601, 5, 667, 478, 5, 581, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 7175, 1902, 92610, 297, 450, 42473, 188, 136, 21656, 191, 13648, 186, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 3789, 164917, 931, 5245, 198395, 165, 164, 63127, 297, 4, 8311, 329, 1836, 11814, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 47, 139999, 1071, 4288, 931, 5245, 10932, 42473, 188, 5, 66016, 177956, 25, 7, 124498, 7432, 83, 1672, 6, 26738, 20028, 1071, 10433, 3501, 42473, 188, 4, 4989, 197826, 43079, 111, 42473, 188, 3542, 39958, 23, 12989, 47, 7413, 177956, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 43079, 3542, 39958, 98, 423, 4347, 4078, 136, 543, 4347, 35652, 177956, 136, 1520, 425, 3542, 41371, 538, 134053, 390, 9920, 821, 5, 42015, 206, 603, 98, 423, 18237, 4078, 136, 390, 60701, 821, 5, 8694, 4902, 141, 98, 423, 8055, 35652, 581, 103882, 3387, 3542, 171530, 98, 1936, 18374, 73584, 7103, 169935, 390, 479, 63127, 214, 43878, 289, 53465, 2661, 43079, 111, 42473, 188, 1295, 55021, 581, 6626, 3525, 538, 134053, 931, 5245, 3542, 221419, 538, 187454, 538, 4331, 27686, 159, 105523, 436, 106, 100, 177956, 136, 159, 105523, 436, 116, 100, 1520, 425, 5, 581, 931, 5245, 3542, 152701, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 683, 418, 58, 136, 44, 683, 304, 58, 107013, 538, 4, 390, 70, 103882, 53, 7175, 5, 581, 9351, 177956, 509, 190238, 98, 952, 18237, 3295, 390, 70, 8357, 178982, 6827, 32528, 15, 568, 20000, 16, 136, 509, 171530, 33233, 678, 70, 147453, 111, 1520, 425, 23, 70, 87, 20000, 209449, 42, 18825, 3742, 5, 177956, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 75438, 11, 5073, 177956, 4, 10, 300, 86, 9, 31251, 297, 179989, 450, 133868, 71, 1840, 11, 66695, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 9148, 25667, 538, 4, 70, 300, 86, 10336, 7, 111, 177956, 1614, 18, 538, 91067, 7, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 36770, 14610, 927, 33910, 1294, 10778, 5, 581, 6626, 3525, 538, 24, 4806, 931, 5245, 3542, 91177, 25958, 24, 4806, 450, 70, 12989, 111, 2363, 61475, 7, 44, 839, 58, 136, 44, 841, 58, 20338, 7, 70, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 29752, 47, 42473, 188, 4, 21373, 538, 47, 3642, 70, 5117, 6626, 120820, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 9351, 20338, 7, 908, 318, 1405, 2091, 19256, 5, 177956, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 2843, 91177, 25958, 19667, 19, 450, 6863, 61475, 44, 841, 58, 20338, 7, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 11814, 390, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 47, 103882, 177956, 136, 1520, 425, 5, 581, 123055, 111, 66139, 98, 70, 337, 34204, 23, 70, 42473, 188, 5426, 621, 62548, 47, 759, 927, 25443, 136, 70, 163136, 136, 32692, 111, 64222, 1363, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 70, 123055, 111, 66139, 98, 177956, 8110, 186, 62548, 47, 62673, 1294, 179989, 7, 136, 24911, 5245, 1295, 163136, 4, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 136, 32692, 5, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 164917, 931, 5245, 4, 26719, 177956, 4, 3542, 17569, 47, 765, 100, 4806, 1295, 8, 35611, 28, 236, 89829, 1295, 10, 106750, 61770, 6889, 17721, 42473, 188, 136, 15700, 8179, 1264, 6, 75696, 36746, 4, 21373, 538, 47, 3642, 70, 55583, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 100, 4806, 1295, 8, 35611, 28, 236, 89829, 390, 10, 21334, 61770, 6889, 111, 64883, 5, 581, 28, 75161, 11, 1295, 70, 61770, 6889, 2806, 7068, 5798, 1577, 329, 3934, 70, 931, 5245, 111, 42473, 188, 5, 1650, 509, 17569, 450, 177956, 1902, 61475, 538, 100, 4806, 99, 10, 20903, 42, 241846, 939, 47, 42473, 188, 4, 136, 6863, 103173, 1902, 1379, 519, 86, 65572, 8305, 2936, 289, 182809, 7, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 177956, 33233, 678, 70, 164917, 931, 5245, 111, 42473, 188, 2806, 765, 39666, 3674, 1810, 19364, 7, 678, 21656, 191, 3934, 2363, 43581, 103173, 7, 10932, 70, 42473, 188, 9, 84068, 191, 1909, 53, 30090, 5, 194397, 242, 118, 2465, 48, 44287, 25, 390, 199849, 2936, 289, 182809, 7, 678, 21656, 191, 4, 177956, 25, 7, 103173, 10932, 70, 42473, 188, 9, 84068, 191, 1909, 53, 30090, 128839, 538, 100512, 1286, 115339, 645, 1733, 5, 177956, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 100, 4806, 1295, 6626, 164917, 36746, 7, 1143, 9966, 3934, 1632, 11001, 36746, 5, 177956, 83, 105843, 23, 115700, 4, 163, 162, 53089, 33233, 6863, 4989, 525, 10, 33102, 136, 6863, 16610, 525, 10, 33102, 163, 162, 53089, 36880, 5, 3293, 76199, 177956, 70, 72350, 71, 158208, 111, 5, 581, 71579, 111, 177956, 83, 103210, 44961, 5844, 4743, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 7401, 6, 2980, 98, 6863, 71579, 5, 581, 71579, 111, 177956, 44116, 7, 10, 62276, 235079, 21373, 538, 47, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 19336, 931, 5245, 4, 102971, 70, 235079, 111, 177956, 135179, 161549, 41725, 56, 5, 581, 7401, 6, 2980, 98, 177956, 25, 7, 71579, 83, 35845, 538, 34166, 136, 45831, 110, 88551, 1011, 350, 592, 154186, 47, 21656, 191, 5, 6561, 187136, 42459, 7, 450, 177956, 25, 7, 71579, 83, 9454, 12097, 210651, 297, 390, 11948, 282, 137120, 67, 24725, 7, 28, 75161, 214, 1011, 1728, 4912, 1295, 70, 71579, 111, 177956, 5, 581, 71579, 235079, 111, 177956, 83, 161549, 41725, 4745, 154186, 47, 450, 111, 1520, 425, 5, 5443, 5868, 21094, 100, 177956, 25, 7, 41725, 4745, 10576, 42459, 450, 70, 71579, 111, 177956, 1556, 10, 77546, 41170, 111, 7401, 6, 2980, 154186, 47, 1520, 425, 4, 3129, 5809, 2843, 73342, 177956, 25, 7, 4552, 11192, 84183, 238, 144, 372, 246, 4, 707, 6863, 44961, 54613, 53, 4, 111, 19251, 33297, 5, 1310, 14, 4126, 1295, 8374, 46429, 54529, 214, 2053, 1295, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 830, 70, 71579, 111, 177956, 83, 25902, 3674, 47, 186, 1672, 22759, 96090, 5369, 10332, 5, 181268, 6, 138195, 1314, 136, 18597, 22062, 7, 98, 177956, 42459, 450, 442, 1543, 765, 72856, 3060, 111, 6863, 7311, 46889, 1295, 24725, 47353, 16792, 6863, 27643, 5, 177956, 83, 959, 2936, 25958, 56776, 297, 136, 47014, 1636, 1608, 818, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 177956, 83, 10, 6083, 99675, 13, 111, 42473, 188, 4, 678, 10, 148064, 111, 189275, 36880, 6863, 4989, 525, 6, 91403, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 17932, 142105, 6, 59533, 111, 42473, 188, 4, 8035, 161549, 150679, 3501, 1520, 425, 5, 177956, 509, 134053, 33233, 678, 1520, 425, 390, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 23, 18237, 35652, 1650, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 177956, 4, 70, 300, 86, 9, 31251, 297, 1379, 32554, 179989, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 3311, 62488, 4, 177956, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 136, 628, 32166, 5510, 6, 59533, 111, 42473, 188, 4, 103173, 214, 107314, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 22759, 927, 6, 59533, 7354, 1297, 232, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Discovery.", "Naming.", "Origin.", "Characteristics.", "Physical characteristics.", "Rotation.", "Orbit.", "Exploration." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Hydra was discovered by researchers of the Pluto Companion Search Team, consisting of Hal A. Weaver and many others involved in the \"New Horizons\" mission to Pluto, including Alan Stern and Marc W. Buie. The \"New Horizons\" team had suspected that Pluto and Charon might be accompanied by other smaller moons previously undiscovered, hence they used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe faint moons around Pluto. Since Hydra's brightness is about 5,000 times fainter than Pluto, long exposure images of Pluto were taken in order to find Hydra. The discovery images were taken on 15 May 2005 and 18 May 2005. Hydra and Nix were independently discovered by Max J. Mutchler on 15 June 2005 and by Andrew J. Steffl on 15 August 2005. The discoveries were announced on 31 October 2005, after confirmation by precovering archival Hubble images of Pluto from 2002. The two newly discovered moons were subsequently provisionally designated S/2005 P 1 for Hydra and S/2005 P 2 for Nix. The moons were informally referred to as \"P1\" and \"P2\" respectively, by the discovery team.", "The name Hydra was approved on 21 June 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and was announced along with the naming of Nix in the IAU Circular 8723. Hydra was named after the Lernaean Hydra, a nine-headed serpent that battled Heracles in Greek mythology. Particularly, the nine heads of Hydra subtly references Pluto's former ninth planetary status. The two newly named moons were intentionally named that the order of their initials \"N\" and \"H\" honors the \"New Horizons\" mission to Pluto, similarly to how the first two letters of Pluto's name honors Percival Lowell. Hydra's name was also intentionally chosen that its initial \"H\" honors the Hubble Space Telescope used by the Pluto Companion Search Team to discover Hydra and Nix. The names of features on the bodies in the Pluto system are related to mythology and the literature and history of exploration. In particular, the names of features on Hydra must be related to legendary serpents and dragons from literature, mythology, and history.", "Pluto's smaller moons, including Hydra, were thought to have formed from debris ejected from a massive collision between Pluto and another Kuiper belt object, similarly to how the Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected by a large collision of Earth. The ejecta from the collision would then coalesce into the moons of Pluto. It was thought that Hydra had initially formed at a closer proximity to Pluto, and its orbit had undergone changes through tidal interactions. In this case, Hydra along with the smaller moons of Pluto would have migrated outwards with Charon into their current orbits around the Pluto-Charon barycenter. Through 'tidal damping' by mutual tidal interactions with Charon, Hydra's orbit around the Pluto-Charon barycenter gradually became more circular over time. Hydra is believed to have formed from two smaller objects merging into one single object.", "", "Hydra is irregular in shape, measuring along its longest axis and its shortest axis measuring across. This gives Hydra the measured dimensions of. The surface of Hydra is highly reflective due to the presence of water ice on its surface. The surface of Hydra displays a neutral spectrum similarly to Pluto's small moons, although the spectrum of Hydra appears slightly bluer. The water ice on Hydra's surface is relatively pure and shows no significant darkening compared to Charon. One explanation suggests that Hydra's surface is continually refreshed by micrometeorite impacts ejecting darker material from the surface of Hydra. The surface spectrum of Hydra is slightly bluish compared to that of Nix. Explanations for Hydra's bluish color suggest that the surface of Hydra has a higher amount of water ice compared to Nix, which could also explain Hydra's very high geometric albedo, or its reflectivity, of 83 percent. Derived from crater counting data from \"New Horizons\", the surface of Hydra is estimated to be about four billion years old. Large craters and indentations on Hydra suggest that it may have lost some of its original mass from impact events since its formation.", "Hydra is not tidally locked and rotates chaotically; its rotational period and axial tilt vary quickly over astronomical timescales, to the point that its rotational axis regularly flips over. Hydra's chaotic tumbling is largely caused by the varying gravitational influences of Pluto and Charon as they orbit around their barycenter. Hydra's chaotic tumbling is also strengthened by its irregular shape, which creates torques that act on the object. At the time of the \"New Horizons\" flyby of Pluto and its moons, Hydra's rotation period was approximately 10 hours and its rotational axis was tilted about 110 degrees to its orbit — it was rotating sideways at the time of the \"New Horizons\" flyby. Hydra rotates relatively quickly compared to the rest of Pluto's moons, which all have rotation periods greater than one day. This rapid rotation of Hydra is common among the rotation periods of most Kuiper belt objects. Hydra's surface material could get ejected due to centrifugal forces if it were rotating at a faster rate.", "Hydra orbits the Pluto-Charon barycenter at a distance of. Hydra is the outermost moon of Pluto, orbiting beyond Kerberos. Similarly to all of Pluto's moons, Hydra's orbit is nearly circular and is coplanar to Charon's orbit; all of Pluto's moons have very low orbital inclinations to Pluto's equator. The nearly circular and coplanar orbits of Pluto's moons suggest that they may have gone through tidal evolutions since their formation. At the time of the formation of Pluto's smaller moons, Hydra may have had a more eccentric orbit around the Pluto-Charon barycenter. The present circular orbit of Hydra may have been caused by Charon's tidal damping of the eccentricity of Hydra's orbit, through tidal interactions. The mutual tidal interactions of Charon on Hydra's orbit would cause Hydra to transfer its orbital eccentricity to Charon, thus causing the orbit of Hydra to gradually become more circular over time. Hydra has an orbital period of approximately 38.2 days and is resonant with other moons of Pluto. Hydra is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Nix, and a 6:11 resonance with Styx (the ratios represent numbers of orbits completed per unit time; the period ratios are the inverses). As a result of this \"Laplace-like\" 3-body resonance, it has conjunctions with Styx and Nix in a 5:3 ratio. Hydra's orbit is close to a 1:6 orbital resonance with Charon, with a timing discrepancy of 0.3%. A hypothesis explaining the near-resonance suggests that the resonance originated before the outward migration of Charon after the formation of all five known moons, and is maintained by the periodic local fluctuation of 5% in the Pluto–Charon gravitational field strength.", "The \"New Horizons\" spacecraft visited the Pluto system and imaged Pluto and its moons during its flyby on 14 July 2015. At the time of the \"New Horizons\" flyby, Hydra was behind Pluto and was further away from \"New Horizons\" at closest approach. The larger distance of Hydra from \"New Horizons\" resulted in lower resolution images of Hydra. Before the flyby, the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager on board \"New Horizons\" performed measurements of Hydra's size, estimating Hydra to be about in diameter. Hydra's surface composition, reflectivity, and other basic physical properties were later measured by \"New Horizons\" during the flyby. The first detailed image of Hydra was downlinked, or received from the \"New Horizons\" spacecraft on 15 July 2015 after the flyby. The first detailed image of Hydra, taken from a distance of, appeared to show brightness variations and a dark circular feature across. The highest resolution images of Hydra were taken from a distance of, with an image resolution of per pixel. Derived from those images, Hydra was given the approximate size estimate of." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 75414, 840, 18, 136, 142105, 6, 59533, 4, 21656, 191, 4, 509, 134053, 390, 14631, 46056, 53, 98, 1039, 18237, 25695, 4, 110518, 23552, 10, 142642, 7103, 42473, 188, 509, 134053, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 10, 193984, 111666, 23, 25902, 1636, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 13267, 4, 3129, 1902, 198395, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 139999, 71, 46889, 136, 44961, 297, 22729, 111, 70, 5426, 3542, 756, 150380, 2886, 47, 42473, 188, 75447, 5, 32964, 78301, 931, 5245, 3542, 29569, 71, 390, 124931, 1314, 111, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 58172, 214, 100, 70, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 29752, 136, 20697, 678, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 98, 423, 4347, 73584, 3129, 75204, 70, 187454, 4331, 21094, 159, 105523, 436, 106, 136, 159, 105523, 436, 787, 581, 8357, 178982, 6827, 32528, 51521, 538, 24, 4806, 6097, 931, 5245, 1520, 425, 15, 748, 42473, 188, 1995, 4, 70, 75414, 111, 70, 6626, 931, 5245, 4, 36770, 538, 436, 4958, 136, 177956, 15, 683, 822, 188, 4830, 4, 70, 1810, 56, 6, 59533, 4, 36770, 538, 436, 4879, 4, 98, 952, 18237, 30739, 7354, 1297, 232, 4, 171530, 98, 387, 20414, 34975, 509, 134053, 12960, 157318, 100, 42473, 27706, 66, 6, 46828, 5, 159, 939, 425, 4, 171530, 98, 361, 20414, 27997, 509, 134053, 12960, 16487, 100, 38516, 141033, 7, 100, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 740, 21656, 191, 83, 1672, 23552, 70, 148064, 111, 42473, 188, 136, 83, 106750, 20174, 15, 86, 147, 538, 1632, 136659, 127, 111, 70, 46889, 111, 42473, 188, 16, 450, 70, 5426, 25, 7, 1909, 53, 30090, 400, 90, 17721, 2856, 4, 189275, 6, 91230, 1785, 36917, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 71579, 5, 21656, 191, 136, 42473, 188, 621, 2843, 2936, 25958, 56776, 297, 4, 221, 450, 1836, 11343, 13379, 70, 5701, 2577, 154732, 12638, 3789, 5, 581, 87, 20000, 9082, 151169, 53, 23, 8055, 3295, 90698, 10, 152132, 450, 42473, 188, 136, 21656, 191, 186, 456, 67413, 47314, 237, 10, 41929, 23208, 4, 1284, 70, 152132, 509, 32997, 297, 5, 1650, 83, 959, 34735, 2174, 21656, 191, 83, 23, 64707, 201939, 6, 155159, 316, 4, 3129, 70, 80934, 111, 242, 63475, 22206, 23208, 25, 2806, 64209, 4, 21208, 442, 83, 10, 15787, 6, 157695, 47, 28032, 43581, 72350, 674, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 5, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 22759, 19336, 75723, 19155, 1294, 931, 5245, 103173, 42473, 188, 99, 6626, 47, 22759, 20028, 70, 62488, 111, 21656, 191, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 159, 939, 425, 99, 4828, 4, 15128, 140635, 7, 47, 177956, 99, 7911, 4, 10253, 140635, 7, 1295, 70, 1909, 53, 30090, 111, 70, 5426, 5, 10660, 765, 110518, 115339, 502, 44286, 103173, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 103173, 289, 47880, 237, 21656, 191, 5, 3164, 621, 5045, 164917, 3501, 21656, 191, 5, 1520, 425, 136, 177956, 4, 70, 6626, 150679, 4, 621, 166904, 538, 4828, 136, 4859, 39063, 7, 98, 2363, 4989, 525, 10, 33102, 107013, 538, 4, 136, 159, 939, 425, 136, 7354, 1297, 232, 621, 361, 136, 427, 39063, 7, 107013, 538, 5, 3164, 22759, 621, 105843, 538, 115700, 71, 5, 581, 42473, 188, 5426, 83, 103210, 94928, 136, 21334, 538, 201505, 12, 1250, 44286, 931, 5245, 5809, 66604, 538, 103173, 42473, 188, 1810, 47, 190, 11587, 111, 70, 37639, 4567, 223, 15, 2347, 137352, 43315, 20288, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 79507, 16, 111, 305, 19879, 1785, 4, 707, 1810, 47, 305, 12678, 100, 24036, 44286, 931, 5245, 5, 33306, 4, 4734, 70, 75414, 52599, 111, 70, 10776, 7440, 502, 44286, 103173, 7, 2806, 186, 144142, 83, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 99675, 90, 4, 136, 70, 10776, 1295, 159, 939, 425, 47, 177956, 83, 43824, 297, 221, 107137, 538, 450, 2685, 83, 10176, 17155, 100, 53333, 931, 5245, 678, 144142, 103173, 7, 28032, 903, 10776, 5, 893, 108938, 33938, 55080, 297, 390, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 39563, 297, 450, 110, 931, 5245, 150679, 3501, 60061, 1785, 23, 148064, 32316, 1810, 47, 10, 62488, 7, 1257, 47, 106, 203770, 1785, 1295, 42473, 188, 15, 12187, 111, 70, 144142, 10776, 100, 502, 44286, 931, 5245, 247, 10, 66596, 214, 21656, 191, 9, 5062, 144, 372, 246, 90, 111, 127089, 1019, 15, 2472, 164917, 62488, 7, 4, 903, 159399, 7, 16200, 83, 7464, 164917, 194, 581, 103173, 7, 111, 70, 931, 5245, 621, 39563, 297, 47, 186, 115339, 136, 552, 5868, 147, 4, 678, 121225, 5256, 129927, 214, 40715, 3501, 757, 5, 106931, 136, 66110, 19, 81432, 2449, 40715, 3501, 89678, 8194, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 111, 1520, 425, 136, 177956, 42459, 297, 450, 42473, 188, 5809, 765, 10, 15789, 5426, 5, 105508, 9, 37873, 24725, 7, 831, 28282, 8, 35611, 450, 831, 3173, 3934, 10, 15789, 5426, 5, 33306, 4, 2053, 1295, 10, 53894, 9, 2146, 70760, 110297, 390, 70, 127596, 44813, 100, 181842, 7, 98, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 4, 390, 95699, 202, 22062, 96335, 4, 136, 14432, 390, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 830, 42459, 450, 110, 15789, 5426, 83, 13379, 5, 159, 939, 425, 4, 1520, 425, 4, 136, 177956, 621, 17569, 47, 186, 23, 10, 5691, 37873, 103173, 289, 3332, 191, 7154, 678, 103173, 289, 14922, 7, 23, 10, 70460, 111, 543, 24070, 31191, 74, 70, 107013, 70460, 111, 103173, 7, 83, 534, 12, 1126, 12, 910, 5, 581, 70460, 7, 5608, 186, 24763, 3229, 103173, 289, 479, 141840, 83, 39958, 3934, 15426, 5, 177956, 136, 1520, 425, 621, 23, 10, 8781, 15573, 363, 3332, 191, 7154, 5, 159, 939, 425, 136, 1520, 425, 621, 23, 142, 534, 12, 1126, 3332, 191, 7154, 4, 12960, 70, 3332, 191, 7154, 17721, 159, 939, 425, 136, 177956, 1556, 10, 70460, 111, 534, 12, 910, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 23, 10, 456, 64240, 214, 105823, 2685, 621, 534, 103173, 7, 111, 159, 939, 425, 100, 11907, 483, 111, 1520, 425, 136, 305, 111, 177956, 5, 581, 70460, 7, 111, 954, 157, 18403, 14922, 7, 621, 7068, 6044, 450, 2685, 621, 190, 159, 939, 425, 1104, 60977, 3041, 158, 17043, 10763, 7, 136, 138, 1520, 425, 1104, 60977, 3041, 158, 17043, 10763, 7, 100, 11907, 116, 158, 17043, 10763, 7, 111, 159, 939, 425, 136, 1520, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 23403, 22206, 23208, 42473, 188, 1556, 43606, 931, 5245, 7565, 47, 10, 149, 58994, 17475, 111, 1672, 106, 1785, 23, 148064, 5, 360, 12989, 111, 62488, 1295, 42473, 188, 4, 1836, 621, 21656, 191, 4, 159, 939, 425, 4, 1520, 425, 4, 7354, 1297, 232, 4, 136, 177956, 5, 21656, 191, 4, 70, 142105, 111, 70, 43606, 931, 5245, 4, 83, 199849, 538, 2936, 25958, 56776, 297, 678, 42473, 188, 4, 136, 83, 106750, 20174, 450, 42473, 188, 1104, 84068, 191, 83, 68018, 90698, 10, 41929, 23403, 22206, 23208, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Charon.", "Small moons.", "Characteristics.", "Resonances.", "Rotation.", "Origin.", "List.", "Mutual events.", "Exploration.", "In science fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The innermost and largest moon, Charon, was discovered by James Christy on 22 June 1978, nearly half a century after Pluto was discovered. This led to a substantial revision in estimates of Pluto's size, which had previously assumed that the observed mass and reflected light of the system were all attributable to Pluto alone. Two additional moons were imaged by astronomers of the Pluto Companion Search Team preparing for the \"New Horizons\" mission and working with the Hubble Space Telescope on 15 May 2005, which received the provisional designations S/2005 P 1 and S/2005 P 2. The International Astronomical Union officially named these moons Nix (or Pluto II, the inner of the two moons, formerly P 2) and Hydra (Pluto III, the outer moon, formerly P 1), on 21 June 2006. Kerberos, announced on 20 July 2011, was discovered while searching for Plutonian rings. Styx, announced on 7 July 2012, was discovered while looking for potential hazards for \"New Horizons\".", "Charon is about half the diameter of Pluto and is massive enough (nearly one eighth of the mass of Pluto) that the system's barycenter lies between them, approximately 960 km above Pluto's surface. Charon and Pluto are also tidally locked, so that they always present the same face toward each other. The IAU General Assembly in August 2006 considered a proposal that Pluto and Charon be reclassified as a double planet, but the proposal was abandoned. It is not clear if Charon is in hydrostatic equilibrium, which the definition of 'dwarf planet' would require, though it is a perfect sphere to within current measurement uncertainty.", "Pluto's four small circumbinary moons orbit Pluto at two to four times the distance of Charon, ranging from Styx at 42,700 kilometres to Hydra at 64,800 kilometres from the barycenter of the system. They have nearly circular prograde orbits in the same orbital plane as Charon. All are much smaller than Charon. Nix and Hydra, the two larger, are roughly 42 and 55 kilometers on their longest axis respectively, and Styx and Kerberos are 7 and 12 kilometers respectively. All four are irregularly shaped.", "The Pluto system is highly compact and largely empty: Prograde moons could stably orbit Pluto out to 53% of the Hill radius (the gravitational zone of Pluto's influence) of 6 million km, or out to 69% for retrograde moons. However, only the inner 3% of the region where prograde orbits would be stable is occupied by satellites, and the region from Styx to Hydra is packed so tightly that there is little room for further moons with stable orbits within this region. An intense search conducted by \"New Horizons\" confirmed that no moons larger than 4.5 km in diameter exist out to a distances up to 180,000 km from Pluto (6% of the stable region for prograde moons), assuming Charon-like albedoes of 0.38 (for smaller distances, this threshold is still smaller). The orbits of the moons are confirmed to be circular and coplanar, with inclinations differing less than 0.4° and eccentricities less than 0.005. The discovery of Nix and Hydra suggested that Pluto could have a ring system. Small-body impacts can create debris that can form into a ring system. However, data from a deep-optical survey by the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope, by occultation studies, and later by \"New Horizons\", suggest that no ring system is present.", "Styx, Nix, and Hydra are thought to be in a 3-body orbital resonance with orbital periods in a ratio of 18:22:33; the respective ratio of orbits is 11:9:6. The ratios should be exact when orbital precession is taken into account. Hydra and Nix are in a simple 2:3 resonance. Styx and Nix are in an 11:9 resonance, while the resonance between Styx and Hydra has a ratio of 11:6. This means that in a recurring cycle there are 11 orbits of Styx for every 9 of Nix and 6 of Hydra. The ratios of synodic periods are then such that there are 5 Styx–Hydra conjunctions and 3 Nix–Hydra conjunctions for every 2 conjunctions of Styx and Nix. If formula_1 denotes the mean longitude and formula_2 the libration angle, then the resonance can be formulated as formula_3. As with the Laplace resonance of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, triple conjunctions never occur. formula_2 librates about 180° with an amplitude of at least 10°. All of the outer circumbinary moons are also close to mean motion resonance with the Charon–Pluto orbital period. Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra are in a 1:3:4:5:6 sequence of near resonances, with Styx approximately 5.4% from its resonance, Nix approximately 2.7%, Kerberos approximately 0.6%, and Hydra approximately 0.3%. It may be that these orbits originated as forced resonances when Charon was tidally boosted into its current synchronous orbit, and then released from resonance as Charon's orbital eccentricity was tidally damped. The Pluto–Charon pair creates strong tidal forces, with the gravitational field at the outer moons varying by 15% peak to peak. However, it was calculated that a resonance with Charon could boost either Nix or Hydra into its current orbit, but not both: boosting Hydra would have required a near-zero Charonian eccentricity of 0.024, whereas boosting Nix would have required a larger eccentricity of at least 0.05. This suggests that Nix and Hydra were instead captured material, formed around Pluto–Charon, and migrated inward until they were trapped in resonance with Charon. The existence of Kerberos and Styx may support this idea.", "Prior to the New Horizons mission, Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos were predicted to rotate chaotically or tumble. However, New Horizons imaging found that they had not tidally spun down to near a spin synchronous state where chaotic rotation or tumbling would be expected. they were born that way, or they were tipped by a spin precession resonance. Mark R. Showalter had speculated that, \"Nix can flip its entire pole. It could actually be possible to spend a day on Nix in which the sun rises in the east and sets in the north. It is almost random-looking in the way it rotates.\" Only one other moon, Saturn's moon Hyperion, is known to tumble, though it is likely that Haumea's moons do so as well.", "It is suspected that Pluto's satellite system was created by a massive collision, similar to the \"big whack\" thought to have created the Moon. In both cases, the high angular momenta of the moons can only be explained by such a scenario. The nearly circular orbits of the smaller moons suggests that they were also formed in this collision, rather than being captured Kuiper Belt objects. This and their near orbital resonances with Charon (see below) suggest that they formed closer to Pluto than they are at present and migrated outward as Charon reached its current orbit. Their grey color is different from that of Pluto, one of the reddest bodies in the Solar System. This is thought to be due to a loss of volatiles during the impact or subsequent coalescence, leaving the surfaces of the moons dominated by water ice. However, such an impact should have created additional debris (more moons), yet no moons or rings were discovered by \"New Horizons\", ruling out any more moons of significant size orbiting Pluto.", "Pluto's moons are listed here by orbital period, from shortest to longest. Charon, which is massive enough to have collapsed into a spheroid at some point in its history, is highlighted in light purple. Pluto has been added for comparison.", "Transits occur when one of Pluto's moons passes between Pluto and the Sun. This occurs when one of the satellites' orbital nodes (the points where their orbits cross Pluto's ecliptic) lines up with Pluto and the Sun. This can only occur at two points in Pluto's orbit; coincidentally, these points are near Pluto's perihelion and aphelion. Occultations occur when Pluto passes in front of and blocks one of Pluto's satellites. Charon has an angular diameter of 4 degrees of arc as seen from the surface of Pluto; the Sun appears much smaller, only 39 to 65 arcseconds. Charon's proximity further ensures that a large proportion of Pluto's surface can experience an eclipse. Because Pluto always presents the same face towards Charon due to tidal locking, only the Charon-facing hemisphere experiences solar eclipses by Charon. The smaller moons can cast shadows elsewhere. The angular diameters of the four smaller moons (as seen from Pluto) are uncertain. Nix's is 3–9 minutes of arc and Hydra's is 2–7 minutes. These are much larger than the Sun's angular diameter, so total solar eclipses are caused by these moons. Eclipses by Styx and Kerberos are more difficult to estimate, as both moons are very irregular, with angular dimensions of 76.9 x 38.5 to 77.8 x 38.9 arcseconds for Styx, and 67.6 x 32.0 to 68.0 x 32.2 for Kerberos. As such, Styx has no annular eclipses, its widest axis being more than 10 arcseconds larger than the Sun at its largest. However, Kerberos, although slightly larger, cannot make total eclipses as its largest minor axis is a mere 32 arcseconds. Eclipses by Kerberos and Styx will entirely consist of partial and hybrid eclipses, with total eclipses being extremely rare. The next period of mutual events due to Charon will begin in October 2103, peak in 2110, and end in January 2117. During this period, solar eclipses will occur once each Plutonian day, with a maximum duration of 90 minutes.", "The Pluto system was visited by the \"New Horizons\" spacecraft in July 2015. Images with resolutions of up to 330 meters per pixel were returned of Nix and up to 1.1 kilometers per pixel of Hydra. Lower-resolution images were returned of Styx and Kerberos.", "Author Edmond Hamilton referred to three moons of Pluto in his 1940 novel \"Calling Captain Future\", naming them,, and after mythological characters associated with Pluto. All three names were later used for moons of Pluto (by chance?), though Cerberus was given the Greek spelling Kerberos. According to Hamilton, Charon was the largest, and the moons would not be discovered until the year 1970; the real Charon (indeed the largest) was discovered in 1978." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 14941, 13579, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 83, 1295, 70, 160600, 24073, 10684, 150014, 192, 74054, 3129, 26950, 44, 66609, 4092, 538, 34475, 58, 707, 44, 24716, 111, 4224, 329, 740, 581, 13579, 136, 6863, 97308, 24073, 9254, 164, 7105, 18939, 122, 5844, 1295, 24073, 9254, 164, 74054, 3129, 26950, 44, 5739, 329, 740, 31384, 30057, 42991, 1295, 450, 74855, 15, 216561, 44, 5739, 329, 18939, 765, 21373, 91084, 7, 47, 70, 5744, 10422, 111, 44, 52368, 2481, 21441, 36776, 830, 6044, 237, 44, 116115, 297, 678, 225530, 7432, 707, 108654, 830, 44, 68347, 7432, 830, 44, 188, 2965, 8770, 10, 10862, 707, 4516, 830, 707, 44, 188, 186, 10862, 297, 707, 77805, 297, 740, 5455, 5465, 4, 70, 142, 45964, 160600, 220734, 38134, 538, 11814, 23, 12610, 20028, 6, 212423, 6097, 69407, 15490, 70, 158, 10869, 21094, 14037, 23, 5744, 167821, 127689, 5, 893, 45964, 160600, 7, 190659, 3357, 2481, 21441, 36776, 47, 2363, 2355, 7, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 150380, 214, 108654, 4, 62607, 4, 31425, 4, 14135, 75014, 3760, 53, 707, 92895, 2481, 47, 2355, 68442, 7, 1836, 35839, 44, 84068, 52164, 58, 15, 194, 581, 14108, 1779, 136, 2265, 172647, 7, 765, 71062, 297, 136, 73197, 297, 70, 7311, 160600, 91084, 3934, 6626, 117781, 10422, 7, 12, 44, 52368, 2481, 21441, 36776, 58, 136, 44, 97368, 86, 538, 158, 2875, 2822, 21441, 36776, 740, 581, 91084, 111, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 1556, 24209, 6782, 538, 194314, 71, 1295, 6863, 7311, 44, 97368, 86, 538, 158, 2875, 2822, 58, 91084, 4, 136, 3853, 1295, 70, 44, 52368, 2481, 21441, 36776, 58, 91084, 23, 5744, 14941, 45, 10763, 11, 10484, 4, 3129, 34390, 7, 47, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 108654, 136, 10778, 5, 4939, 13762, 933, 4, 2750, 1556, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 7968, 53, 64807, 70, 13579, 25, 7, 32692, 4, 10554, 7, 1257, 91084, 7, 9149, 10519, 903, 194314, 71, 39210, 127689, 12, 11935, 99736, 6635, 21441, 36776, 76104, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 66617, 101345, 2661, 62816, 10, 34601, 71, 47, 442, 390, 4002, 56, 12, 442, 112033, 5425, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 4, 19264, 29888, 31897, 5, 4794, 6868, 4597, 7, 186085, 98363, 21441, 36776, 237, 70, 44, 1542, 9, 144810, 740, 27, 3957, 54178, 47148, 62816, 111, 21441, 36776, 2843, 42459, 7, 10, 94878, 46, 99, 19713, 47, 3060, 79385, 46, 47, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 155390, 7, 111, 21441, 36776, 237, 10, 41205, 18466, 5, 581, 1529, 143006, 60313, 136, 70, 14949, 60313, 17164, 70, 34754, 111, 44, 97368, 86, 538, 158, 2875, 2822, 21441, 36776, 740, 360, 70, 1529, 143006, 7986, 70, 6528, 111, 21441, 164, 47148, 133465, 83, 137567, 26073, 297, 390, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 110, 309, 44, 3220, 58, 15, 66609, 16, 707, 70, 42792, 44, 66150, 58, 15, 188, 7639, 10862, 194, 581, 160600, 13579, 100, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 15, 5739, 329, 707, 10862, 247, 136, 6863, 74855, 44, 9254, 164, 58, 15, 5739, 329, 16, 91995, 71, 70, 1529, 143006, 69407, 23, 70, 160600, 153648, 111, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 15, 2347, 138, 4216, 142642, 77269, 21693, 4679, 6820, 18, 194, 194397, 6056, 4, 44, 2347, 148663, 9523, 29569, 111, 70, 21441, 164, 47148, 40814, 83, 70, 26366, 2750, 1556, 75204, 3430, 25, 7, 10862, 740, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 44, 97368, 86, 538, 158, 2875, 2822, 21441, 36776, 58, 190659, 47, 103210, 39531, 297, 26366, 7, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 24453, 9022, 170027, 66, 845, 19725, 23, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 18471, 1902, 110, 5256, 111, 44, 9254, 164, 58, 136, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 450, 28, 12846, 37534, 70, 37457, 111, 91084, 7, 14037, 23, 160600, 29394, 136, 70, 41205, 91084, 7, 1295, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 5, 28090, 903, 147158, 9523, 6, 3257, 2408, 111, 57574, 297, 29394, 7, 4, 23, 106, 202160, 4, 10208, 70, 62, 4594, 133, 65508, 71, 70, 91084, 450, 70, 152239, 74522, 2965, 2600, 71, 44, 9254, 8780, 58, 136, 44, 9254, 164, 7105, 830, 44, 2347, 18466, 111, 3430, 25, 7, 4224, 329, 4, 58, 54799, 79165, 707, 94407, 5, 1326, 10208, 4, 44, 1065, 18, 268, 35593, 83, 10, 34735, 149067, 19, 17721, 21441, 36776, 136, 44, 9254, 164, 56128, 21441, 36776, 83, 70, 8951, 16750, 111, 82370, 13, 44, 9254, 164, 58, 707, 4224, 329, 1242, 360, 70, 2356, 65295, 56273, 271, 1577, 4, 10208, 15005, 7, 47, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 707, 6863, 97308, 44, 9254, 164, 7105, 58, 59671, 20028, 23, 106, 202160, 4, 59121, 23, 1204, 1212, 15, 748, 39210, 16, 160600, 10932, 8983, 18471, 5, 1529, 121151, 90, 98, 1919, 23755, 7, 678, 37195, 91067, 7, 23, 12610, 7, 15, 238, 5, 9103, 194, 1529, 30482, 138, 11651, 91067, 7, 23, 116, 202160, 15, 238, 5, 9103, 247, 106, 51189, 29178, 4, 136, 116, 51189, 29178, 15, 238, 5, 10031, 46, 501, 5, 12661, 194, 581, 59671, 8927, 927, 136, 4734, 3789, 41392, 111, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 83, 23, 106, 7948, 5, 581, 738, 11337, 7, 4, 59121, 23, 70, 72399, 5117, 142642, 4, 59911, 44, 97368, 86, 538, 158, 2875, 2822, 21441, 36776, 58, 47, 39531, 297, 26366, 7, 5, 89536, 99726, 621, 15426, 7, 111, 9716, 25, 6, 135653, 39, 136, 111, 1919, 3900, 59994, 2320, 4, 23, 3129, 17116, 14, 99726, 1957, 4049, 237, 4567, 1236, 678, 22729, 4, 108975, 214, 25842, 678, 112440, 136, 25318, 18404, 5, 116267, 27781, 83, 25203, 25, 7, 3514, 13, 1916, 47, 23213, 237, 44, 25724, 111, 4224, 329, 740, 360, 6097, 136, 3789, 110527, 7, 39395, 14949, 7, 4331, 27686, 24233, 79165, 237, 158566, 214, 44, 154336, 20605, 18466, 7, 830, 136, 6097, 18466, 7, 99201, 44, 2347, 81273, 47, 75076, 67, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 47, 70, 103136, 111, 1919, 26498, 136, 52101, 136, 47, 125296, 36766, 764, 83, 35462, 3674, 390, 10, 4127, 707, 390, 142, 28, 5115, 52101, 136, 70, 18466, 47, 4358, 4049, 47, 147452, 1295, 1919, 77793, 740, 34870, 13, 7864, 62816, 29367, 2363, 39531, 297, 167821, 26366, 7, 237, 19441, 44, 11, 77546, 157799, 27, 10, 5361, 44, 84068, 36776, 58, 740, 47009, 4, 678, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 70, 14949, 84084, 4, 44, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 21656, 36776, 15, 16, 83, 9969, 13, 30319, 225530, 7432, 707, 108654, 450, 831, 16877, 13, 30396, 1363, 23, 27060, 5, 126093, 21816, 23, 19633, 25443, 4, 68894, 41664, 4, 55182, 53, 4, 136, 24365, 76875, 70, 13579, 100, 10, 10644, 111, 133465, 51592, 237, 76134, 53, 74, 23, 6097, 44457, 7, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 9254, 36776, 58, 83, 11814, 47, 98363, 10, 17311, 10644, 111, 57724, 2750, 4527, 7, 44, 27494, 90, 9, 77007, 4, 128201, 238, 4, 136, 112019, 9, 46237, 57724, 26073, 214, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Divinely conferred charisma.", "Personality charisma." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The English term \"charisma\" is from the Greek (\"khárisma\"), which means \"favor freely given\" or \"gift of grace\". The term and its plural (\"charismata\") derive from (\"charis\"), which means \"grace\". Some derivatives from that root (including \"grace\") have similar meanings to the modern sense of \"personality charisma\", such as \"filled with attractiveness or charm\", \"kindness\", \"to bestow a favor or service\", or \"to be favored or blessed\". Moreover, the ancient Greek dialect widely used in Roman times employed these terms without the connotations found in modern religious usage. Ancient Greeks applied personality charisma to their gods; for example, attributing charm, beauty, nature, human creativity or fertility to goddesses they called \"Charites\" (). Theologians and social scientists have expanded and modified the original Greek meaning into two distinct senses: \"personality charisma\" and \"divinely conferred charisma\". The meaning of \"charisma\" has become greatly diffused from its original \"divinely conferred\" meaning, and even from the \"personality charisma\" meaning in modern English dictionaries, which reduces to a mixture of charm and status. John Potts, who has extensively analyzed the term's history, sums up meanings beneath this diffused common usage:Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the \"X-factor\"....The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection – at least to some degree – to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.", "", "The Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible record the development of \"divinely conferred charisma\". In the Hebrew text the idea of charismatic leadership is generally signaled by the use of the noun \"hen\" (favor) or the verb \"hanan\" (to show favor). The Greek term for \"charisma\" (grace or favor), and its root \"charis\" (grace) replaced the Hebrew terms in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the 3rd century BC Septuagint). Throughout, \"the paradigmatic image of the charismatic hero is the figure who has received God's favor\". In other words, \"divinely conferred charisma\" applied to highly revered figures. Thus, Eastern Mediterranean Jews in the 1st century CE had notions of \"charis\" and \"charisma\" that embraced the range of meanings found in Greek culture and the spiritual meanings from the Hebrew Bible. From this linguistic legacy of fused cultures, in 1 Corinthians, Paul the Apostle introduced the meaning that the Holy Spirit bestowed \"charism\" and \"charismata\", \"the gift of God's grace,\" upon individuals or groups. For Paul, \"[t]here is a clear distinction between charisma and \"charis\"; charisma is the direct result of divine \"charis\" or grace.\" In the New Testament Epistles, Paul refers to \"charisma\" or its plural \"charismata\" seven times in 1 Corinthians, written in Koine (or common) Greek around 54 CE. He elaborates on his concepts with six references in Romans (c. 56). He makes 3 individual references in 2 Corinthians (c. 56), 1 Timothy, and 2 Timothy (c. 62 – c. 67). The seventeenth and only other mention of \"charisma\" is in 1 Peter. The gospels, written in the late first century, apply \"divinely conferred charisma\" to revered figures. Examples are accounts of Jesus' baptism and of his transfiguration, in which disciples see him as radiant with light, appearing together with Moses and Elijah. Another example is Gabriel's greeting to Mary as \"full of grace\". In these and other instances early Christians designated certain individuals as possessing \"spiritual gifts\", and these gifts included \"the ability to penetrate the neighbour to the bottom of his heart and spirit and to recognize whether he is dominated by a good or by an evil spirit and the gift to help him to freedom from his demon\". Believers characterized their revered religious figures as having \"a higher perfection... a special \"Charisma\"\". Then, with the establishment of the Christian Church, \"the old charismatic gifts and free offerings were transformed into a hierarchical sacerdotal system\". The focus on the institution rather than divinely inspired individuals increasingly dominated religious thought and life, and that focus went unchanged for centuries. Additional changes began in the 17th century when church leaders, notably in the Latin tradition, accented \"individual gifts [and] particular talents imparted by God or the Holy Spirit.\" The 19th century brought an increasing shift in emphasis toward individual and spiritual aspects of charisma; Protestant and some Catholic theologians narrowed the concept to superlative, out-of-the-ordinary, and virtuoso gifts. Simultaneously, the term became alienated from the much wider meaning that early Christians had attached to it. Still, the narrowed term projected back to the earlier period \"A systematically reflected and highly differentiated understanding of charisma was often unconsciously infused into the Scriptures and writings of the church fathers, so that these texts were no longer read through the eyes of the authors\". These dialectic meanings influenced notable changes in Pentecostalism in the late 19th century, and charismatic movements in some mainline churches in the mid-20th century. The discussion in the 21st Century Religion section explores what \"charisma\" means in these and other religious groups.", "The basis for modern secular usage comes from German sociologist Max Weber. He discovered the term in the work of Rudolph Sohm, a German church historian whose 1892 \"Kirchenrecht\" was immediately recognized in Germany as an epoch-making work. It also stimulated a debate between Sohm and leading theologians and religion scholars, which lasted more than twenty years and stimulated a rich polemical literature. The debate and literature had made \"charisma\" a popular term when Weber used it in \"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism\" and in his \"Sociology of Religion\". Perhaps because he assumed that readers already understood the idea, Weber's early writings lacked definition or explanation of the concept. In the collection of his works, \"Economy and Society\" edited by his wife, he identified the term as a prime example of action he labeled \"value-rational,\" in distinction from and opposition to action he labeled \"Instrumentally rational.\" Because he applied meanings for \"charisma\" similar to Sohm, who had affirmed the purely charismatic nature of early Christianity, Weber's \"charisma\" would have coincided with the \"divinely conferred charisma\" sense defined above in Sohm's work. Weber introduced the \"personality charisma\" sense when he applied \"charisma\" to designate a form of authority. To explain charismatic authority he developed his classic definition:Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader. Here Weber extends the concept of charisma beyond supernatural to superhuman and even to exceptional powers and qualities. Sociologist Paul Joosse examined Weber's famous definition, and found that:through simple yet profoundly consequential phrases such as “are considered” and “is treated,” charisma becomes a relational, attributable, and at last a properly sociological concept... For Weber, the locus of power is in the led, who actively (if perhaps unconsciously) invest their leaders with social authority. In other words, Weber indicates that it is followers who attribute the individual with powers, emphasizing that \"the recognition on the part of those subject to authority\" is decisive for the validity of charisma. Weber died in 1920 leaving \"disordered, fragmentary manuscripts without even the guidance of a plan or table of the proposed contents\". One unfinished manuscript contained his above quoted definition of \"charisma\". It took over a quarter century for his work to be translated into English. With regard to charisma, Weber's formulations are generally regarded as having revived the concept from its deep theological obscurity. However, even with the admirable translations and prefaces of his entire works, many scholars have found Weber's formulations ambiguous. For the past half-century they have debated the meaning of many Weberian concepts, including the meaning of \"charisma,\" the role of followers, and the degree of a supernatural component. Although sociologists have been most active in applying Weber's ideas, researchers in management and organizational behavior including John Antonakis and his colleagues, have reignited interest in charisma with respect to defining the term in unambiguous ways, finding ways to experimentally manipulate charisma, and to estimate the causal effects of charisma on performance outcomes in work and political settings. Recently, evolutionary psychologists have used game theory and costly signaling theory to study the functions of charismatic leadership in the evolution of human cooperation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 40317, 59436, 282, 21449, 1257, 1810, 111, 70, 44, 6923, 58, 5426, 111, 94859, 1294, 450, 126809, 23, 70, 39395, 202032, 90, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 136, 3129, 157578, 903, 2704, 34754, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 26672, 9631, 11, 32499, 87, 5, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 44, 6923, 7, 58, 509, 153161, 101085, 1314, 1295, 1631, 4, 3080, 92674, 707, 94859, 7, 450, 3542, 59038, 71, 390, 70, 11341, 5, 893, 39395, 160600, 31344, 41392, 214, 44, 18548, 59436, 282, 58, 24073, 18790, 56206, 1158, 192, 58, 23, 160600, 16, 83, 10, 165874, 116483, 111, 70, 63590, 964, 10534, 87, 79662, 13, 111, 581, 7, 99507, 2063, 5, 581, 116483, 131148, 47, 47506, 70, 27863, 111, 27150, 115982, 1563, 77193, 297, 7103, 12989, 7, 111, 155741, 9631, 1255, 532, 87, 5, 581, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 86595, 678, 148674, 87, 4, 29131, 10, 3871, 47, 44, 71013, 56, 47013, 70, 14537, 111, 15, 42671, 301, 238, 16, 110, 13566, 390, 168698, 14949, 4191, 2317, 79063, 1314, 136, 117176, 71, 44, 12917, 23980, 202, 980, 58, 237, 1919, 3357, 3428, 68818, 4, 41371, 111, 70, 20324, 187, 1176, 1242, 581, 100307, 84616, 4, 3129, 149976, 70, 180, 139891, 26672, 105237, 4, 3542, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 5201, 94407, 12, 377, 1405, 1294, 136, 87880, 1294, 5, 581, 377, 1405, 1294, 509, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 163814, 1057, 22240, 39121, 21690, 58, 15, 3957, 2041, 1405, 1294, 111, 70, 5406, 30624, 7, 111, 70, 162981, 16, 136, 70, 87880, 1294, 3542, 70, 5700, 44, 103912, 39014, 416, 58, 15, 30145, 39798, 27686, 23, 14941, 237, 3342, 3031, 1294, 247, 91084, 44, 2347, 2356, 89499, 7, 740, 1913, 5117, 4, 70, 79063, 1314, 520, 6496, 23, 6097, 50686, 3542, 133291, 1295, 70, 94859, 7, 141621, 71, 20271, 1631, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 5426, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 33245, 59436, 282, 509, 33662, 30666, 297, 5, 360, 903, 5426, 20020, 111, 70, 28720, 14949, 43904, 7, 111, 70, 57116, 7, 3542, 158, 32032, 297, 8108, 131970, 3956, 136, 3542, 91048, 1257, 237, 22458, 7, 5, 345, 5416, 58359, 214, 131970, 3956, 4, 6097, 20020, 3542, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 1632, 111, 70, 22759, 109343, 38016, 7, 12, 70, 73416, 4, 70, 38213, 14, 7438, 4, 70, 112869, 10821, 136, 70, 67485, 53, 5, 139661, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 70, 67485, 53, 2806, 24209, 40101, 2831, 111, 70, 3342, 3031, 1294, 50686, 4, 707, 2831, 111, 2499, 3789, 50686, 5, 581, 124498, 525, 3542, 9325, 47, 70, 73416, 38016, 15, 647, 7944, 309, 247, 136, 3542, 73872, 297, 100, 10, 80997, 28032, 70, 5381, 329, 68034, 7440, 70, 2684, 19048, 5809, 10, 93685, 47, 99, 25500, 70, 4552, 167375, 23179, 111, 11341, 4, 450, 111, 12801, 582, 77347, 4, 70, 26672, 25, 7, 119883, 21286, 113138, 185256, 24284, 136, 116338, 8, 7077, 53, 5, 581, 6397, 32070, 111, 10, 172310, 509, 17721, 382, 136, 209, 5369, 111, 32070, 4, 172310, 674, 111, 115982, 27150, 56, 3501, 382, 509, 69871, 57415, 5, 139661, 3542, 35839, 726, 42, 5922, 15, 20147, 7, 2069, 16, 136, 186, 2738, 7731, 15, 206, 38472, 194, 581, 33245, 59436, 282, 5426, 509, 99, 20028, 4000, 538, 3332, 33, 3674, 136, 509, 39746, 297, 4, 3853, 47, 70, 6275, 111, 2837, 59994, 214, 2363, 775, 7, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 237, 70, 33245, 59436, 282, 3542, 172310, 297, 47, 6, 58944, 1257, 47, 70, 9963, 279, 77347, 10778, 15, 2347, 17932, 2684, 113138, 332, 23, 70, 352, 95972, 247, 14949, 27863, 23, 55124, 11, 3542, 51529, 47, 14799, 372, 14753, 49534, 47, 5646, 2363, 20020, 5, 44, 3957, 20020, 3542, 39958, 1295, 2363, 87143, 136, 6181, 297, 47, 64925, 5, 345, 5416, 2363, 30780, 141, 4, 1836, 3542, 37772, 9, 2271, 814, 3674, 47, 3726, 4, 160477, 71, 4, 136, 25550, 297, 47, 21265, 70, 352, 95972, 5, 3293, 5426, 181653, 87880, 1294, 50686, 79063, 1314, 237, 5299, 237, 117907, 66, 53294, 7, 136, 11192, 9, 36467, 297, 116338, 51521, 7, 1242, 581, 481, 54427, 4, 103724, 136, 140280, 4, 49129, 4588, 4, 5622, 111, 127319, 4, 136, 72761, 170894, 509, 17164, 297, 136, 1836, 176377, 47, 2363, 54427, 7, 98, 166021, 5, 106073, 70, 79507, 111, 43563, 238, 110, 83259, 136475, 23, 70, 180, 139891, 29685, 24189, 37608, 1995, 15, 21231, 192588, 147, 1304, 193024, 247, 70, 180, 139891, 3114, 2069, 18507, 191975, 21449, 47, 186, 79986, 71, 97629, 538, 390, 70, 33245, 59436, 282, 4, 105233, 10, 84797, 2265, 18507, 5, 3293, 18507, 111, 79986, 4295, 509, 19667, 19, 1295, 70, 124498, 525, 111, 33245, 59436, 282, 136, 3535, 9, 1434, 76622, 47, 21265, 23, 70, 73416, 38016, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 16844, 16428, 5, 10660, 1902, 47, 1030, 146365, 70, 26672, 98, 80399, 7, 4, 1284, 210650, 4516, 2806, 186, 152750, 297, 390, 95486, 9035, 50782, 70, 5381, 329, 5, 139661, 19667, 19, 100, 70, 38213, 51046, 38016, 4, 51529, 237, 44032, 266, 1033, 3542, 2843, 2855, 3674, 107374, 223, 19069, 7, 5, 581, 112869, 10821, 38016, 4, 18112, 266, 1033, 4, 509, 7440, 756, 6, 236479, 22458, 501, 603, 3432, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 3542, 155629, 297, 136, 9325, 47, 140280, 7, 707, 149976, 23, 70, 10323, 5, 1218, 814, 50216, 959, 297, 23, 611, 19051, 450, 70, 3342, 3031, 10484, 54811, 1286, 1884, 10, 167821, 12989, 3501, 10, 116338, 50686, 5, 581, 43032, 111, 70, 53702, 3542, 959, 4599, 14534, 1295, 129570, 4, 237, 1218, 814, 50216, 53333, 959, 297, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 4552, 51, 277, 3796, 100, 2856, 5, 1529, 60899, 98, 47, 33022, 450, 2363, 101935, 1902, 124735, 47, 10, 75281, 199823, 4, 1284, 903, 509, 6637, 111, 10, 8, 48281, 1363, 111, 209332, 136, 5941, 111, 6097, 3542, 23, 15824, 44, 1021, 350, 58, 3342, 3031, 10484, 4, 3864, 214, 237, 6044, 100, 24643, 220828, 17514, 136, 3789, 2265, 219475, 7, 5, 1529, 73048, 450, 70, 8561, 14012, 111, 13673, 3031, 10484, 509, 23, 15824, 5045, 92319, 15, 40798, 434, 33022, 7, 450, 2363, 14012, 509, 6, 133446, 1379, 9763, 1399, 669, 70, 5695, 19, 14486, 2517, 194, 3311, 70, 611, 2525, 7, 70, 14012, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 40317, 59436, 282, 15, 4, 44, 18548, 107060, 282, 56128, 56104, 3900, 143, 3674, 237, 52, 206, 38472, 124249, 63, 707, 52, 275, 91841, 24643, 30093, 509, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 41361, 111, 100, 318, 38526, 172310, 214, 79063, 1314, 136, 57495, 138195, 7, 1295, 54940, 70, 20020, 111, 2363, 57116, 14949, 28368, 7, 5, 581, 41392, 111, 442, 5117, 135179, 23, 59121, 115923, 23, 616, 10991, 4, 1284, 31895, 26859, 110680, 5, 1650, 75935, 10, 7808, 1363, 111, 79063, 1314, 136, 51521, 7, 160624, 47, 70, 26672, 4, 3129, 105416, 9, 11, 89829, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 43563, 1495, 110, 83259, 2750, 68018, 233, 144429, 70, 155741, 5, 581, 5426, 181653, 756, 111, 70, 9963, 27659, 33843, 4, 70, 17932, 2684, 113138, 332, 23, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "The life of the devshirme.", "Violation of Islamic law.", "Ethnicity of the devshirme, and exemptions.", "Unifying Factor.", "Devshirme in the Ottoman Palace School.", "Decline.", "Early accounts of devsirme." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Devshirme came up out of the \"kul\" system of slavery that developed in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire and which reached this final development during the reign of Sultan Bayazit I. The origin of the \"kuls\" was mostly prisoners from war, hostages or slaves that were purchased by the state. An early Greek source mentioning \"devshirme\" (\"paidomazoma\" in Greek) is a 1395 speech of the Archbishop Isidore of Thessalonica. The speech meant to comfort the parents of young boys abducted after orders of sultan Bayezid I. The Ottoman Empire, beginning with Murad I, felt a need to \"counteract the power of (Turkic) nobles by developing Christian vassal soldiers and converted \"kapıkulları\" as his personal troops, independent of the regular army.\" The elite forces, which served the Ottoman Sultan directly, were divided into two main groups: cavalry and infantry. The cavalry was commonly known as the \"Kapıkulu Süvari\" (The Cavalry of the Servants of the Porte) and the infantry were the popular \"Yeni Çeri\" (transliterated in English as Janissary), meaning \"the New Corps\". At first, the soldiers serving in these corps were selected from the slaves captured during war. However, the system commonly known as devshirme was soon adopted. In this system children of the rural Christian populations of the Balkans were conscripted before adolescence and were brought up as Muslims. Upon reaching adolescence, these children were enrolled in one of the four imperial institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military. Those enrolled in the Military would become either part of the Janissary corps, or part of any other corps. The brightest were sent to the Palace institution (Enderun), and were destined for a career within the palace itself where the most able could aspire to attain the very highest office of state, that of Grand Vizier, the Sultan's immensely powerful chief minister and military deputy.", "The ideal age of a recruit was between 8 and 10 years of age, recruitment of boys younger than 8 was forbidden. Those were called şirhor (nursling) and beççe (child). The devshirme system was at times locally resented and was resisted, even to the point of disfiguring their sons. On the other hand, as the devshirme were recruited to rise up to the grand vizier status (the second most powerful man in the empire), Christian parents in Bosnia were known to bribe scouts to take their children. \"The children were taken from their families and transported to Istanbul. Upon their arrival, they were force-converted to Islam, examined, and trained to serve the empire. This system produced infantry corps soldiers as well as civilian administrators and high-ranked military officials.\" Their village, district and province, parentage, date of birth, and physical appearance was recorded and they returned to their villages on vacation. Although the influence of Turkic nobility continued in the Ottoman court until Mehmet II (see Çandarlı Halil), the Ottoman ruling class slowly came to be ruled exclusively by the devshirme, creating a separate social class. This class of rulers was chosen from the brightest of devshirme and hand-picked to serve in the Palace institution, known as the Enderun. They had to accompany the Sultan on campaigns, but exceptional service would be rewarded by assignments outside the palace. Those chosen for the Scribe institution, known as Kalemiye were also granted prestigious positions. The Religious institution, İlmiye, was where all orthodox Muslim clergy of the Ottoman Empire were educated and sent to provinces or served in the capital. Tavernier noted in 1678 that the Janissaries looked more like a religious order than a military corps. The members of the organization were not banned from marriage, as Tavernier further noted, but it was very uncommon for them. He goes on to write that their numbers had increased to a hundred thousand, but this was because of a degeneration of regulations and many of these were in fact \"fake\" Janissaries, posing as such for tax exemptions and other social privileges. He notes that the actual number of janissaries was in fact much lower (Shaw writes that their number was 30,000 under Suleiman the Magnificent). By the 1650s the number of janissaries had increased to 50,000, although by this time the \"devşirme\" had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment. Recruits were sometimes gained through voluntary accessions, as some parents were often eager to have their children enroll in the Janissary service that ensured them a successful career and comfort. The Balkan peasantry tried to evade the tribute collectors, with many attempting to substitute their children in Bosnia, but there are cases Albanian families offering their children voluntarily as it offered them prospects not available to them in any other manner. Conversion to Islam was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina to escape the system. Some Muslim families tried to have the recruiters take their sons so they could achieve professional advancement. Albertus Bobovius wrote in 1686 that diseases were common among the devshirme and strict discipline was enforced. The BBC notes the following regarding the devshirme system: \"Although members of the devshirme class were technically slaves, they were of great importance to the Sultan because they owed him their absolute loyalty and became vital to his power. This status enabled some of the'slaves' to become both powerful and wealthy.\" Yet this system was clearly illegal according to Islamic law, sharia. Turkish historian Halil İnalcık writes that the devshirme were not actually considered to be slaves. Professor James L. Gelvin explains that Ottoman jurists were able to get around this injunction with an extraordinarily creative legal manoeuvre, arguing that although Islamic tradition forbade the enslavement of Christians, Balkan Christians were different because they had converted to Christianity after the advent of Islam. According to Cleveland, the devshirme system offered \"limitless opportunities to the young men who became a part of it.\" Basilike Papoulia wrote that \"...the devsirme was the 'forcible removal', in the form of a tribute, of children of the Christian subjects from their ethnic, religious and cultural environment and their transportation into the Turkish-Islamic environment with the aim of employing them in the service of the Palace, the army, and the state, whereby they were on the one hand to serve the Sultan as slaves and freedmen and on the other to form the ruling class of the State.\" Accordingly, Papoulia agrees with Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb and Harold Bowen, authors of \"Islamic Society and the West\", that the devshirme was a penalization imposed on the Balkan peoples since their ancestors resisted the Ottoman invasion. Vladimir Minorsky states, \"The most striking manifestation of this fact is the unprecedented system of devshirme, i.e. the periodic conscription of 'tribute boys', by which the children of Christians were wrung from their families, churches, and communities to be molded into Ottoman praetorians owing their allegiance to the Sultan and the official faith of Islam.\" This system as explained by Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha, founder of the Janissaries, \"\"The conquered are slaves of the conquerors, to whom their goods, their women, and their children belong as lawful possession\"\".", "The practice of devishirme violated Islamic law. David Nicolle writes that the boys were \"effectively enslaved\" under the devshirme system, which was a violation of the dhimmi protections guaranteed under Islamic law. This is disputed by Halil İnalcık, who argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam. The practice of devshirme also involved virtually enforced conversion to Islam, which is also contrary to Islamic law.", "The devshirme were collected once every four or five years from rural provinces in Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. They were mainly collected from Christian subjects, with a few exceptions. However, some Muslim families managed to smuggle their sons in anyway. The devshirme levy was not applied to the major cities of the empire, and children of local craftsmen in rural towns were also exempt, as it was considered that conscripting them would harm the economy. According to Bernard Lewis, the Janissaries were mainly recruited from the \"Slavic and Albanian populations of the Balkans\". According to the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopaedia of Islam, in the early days of the empire all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately. Later, those from Albania, Bosnia, and Bulgaria were preferred. What is certain is that devshirme were primarily recruited from Christians living in the Balkans, particularly Serbs and Bosnians (islamized Serbs and Croats from Bosnia region, Albanians and Greeks. Well known examples of Ottomans who had been recruited as devshirme include Skanderbeg, Sinan Pasha and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. The early Ottoman emphasis on recruiting Greeks, Albanians, Bulgarians, and south Slavs was a direct consequence of being centred on territories, in northwestern Anatolia and the southern Balkans, where these ethnic groups were prevalent. Jews were exempt from this service. Armenians are also believed to have been exempt from the levy by many scholars, although a 1997 publication that examined Armenian colophons from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries and foreign travelers of the time concluded that Armenians were not exempt. Boys who were orphans or who were their family's only son were exempt.", "The diversity of the devshirme also served as a unifying factor for the Sunni Ottoman Empire. Greeks, Armenians, Albanians, and other ethnicities may see that the Sultan is Turkish, but his viziers were Greek muslims, Bulgarian muslims, Armenian muslims, and other ethnicities converted to islam. This ethnic diversity in high-level and powerful positions of the Ottoman Empire helped to unite the diverse groups under their jurisdiction of islam. They also prevented a hereditary aristocracy from forming, but held sway over the sultan themselves, practically forming their own aristocracy.", "The primary objective of the Palace School was to train the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the Devlet. Although there are many resemblances between Enderûn and other palace schools of the previous civilizations, such as those of the Abbasids, and Seljuks or the contemporary European palace schools, Enderûn was unique with respect to the background of the student body and its meritocratic system. In the strict draft phase, students were taken forcefully from the Christian population of the Empire and were converted to Islam; Jews and Gypsies were exempted from Devshirme, and so were all Muslims. Those entrusted to find these children were scouts, who were specially trained agents, throughout the Empire's European lands. Scouts were recruiting youngsters according to their talent and ability with school subjects, in addition to their personality, character, and physical perfection. The Enderûn candidates were not supposed to be orphans, or the only child in their family (to ensure the candidates had strong family values); they must not have already learned to speak Turkish or a craft/trade. The ideal age of a recruit was between 10 and 20 years of age. Mehmed Refik Beg mentioned that youth with a bodily defect, no matter how slight, was never admitted into palace service, since Turks believed that a strong soul and a good mind could be found only in a perfect body. The selected children were dressed in red, so that they could not easily escape on their way to Constantinople. The cost of the devshirme service and their clothes were paid by their villages or communities. The boys were gathered into cohorts of a hundred or more to walk to Constantinople where they were circumcised and divided between the palace schools and the military training. Anyone not chosen for the palace spent years being toughened by hard labor on Anatolian farms until they were old enough for the military. The brightest youths who fit into the general guidelines and had a strong primary education were then given to selected Muslim families across Anatolia to complete the enculturation process. They would later attend schools across Anatolia to complete their training for six to seven years in order to qualify as ordinary military officers. They would get the highest salaries amongst the administrators of the empire, and very well respected in public. M. Armağan, defined the system as a pyramid which was designed to select the elite of the elite, the ablest and most physically perfect. Only a very few would reach the Palace School.", "According to historian Cemal Kafadar, one of the main reasons for the decline of the devshirme system was that the size of the Janissary corps had to be expanded in order to compensate for the decline in the importance of the sipahi cavalry forces, which itself was a result of changes in early modern warfare (such as the introduction of firearms and increased importance of infantry). Indeed, the Janissary corps would soon become the empire's largest single military corps. As a result, by the late sixteenth century, the devshirme system was increasingly being abandoned for less rigid recruitment methods that allowed Muslims to enter directly into the Janissary corps. In 1632 the Janissaries attempted an unsuccessful coup against Murad IV, who then imposed a loyalty oath on them. In 1638 or 1648 the devshirme-based recruiting system of the Janissary corps formally came to an end. In an order sent in multiple copies to authorities throughout the European provinces in 1666 a devshirme recruitment target of between 300 and 320 was set for an area covering the whole of the central and western Balkans. On the accession of sultan Suleiman II in 1687 only 130 Janissary inductees were graduated to the Janissary ranks. The system was finally abolished in the early part of Ahmet III's reign (1703–1730). After Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 there was a reform movement in Sultan Selim III's regime, to reduce the numbers of the askeri class, who were the first class citizens or military class (also called \"janissaries\"). Selim was taken prisoner and murdered by the Janissaries. The successor to the sultan, Mahmud II was patient but remembered the results of the uprising in 1807. In 1826 he created the basis of a new, modern army, the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye, which caused a revolt among the Janissaries. The authorities kept the Janissaries in their barracks and slaughtered thousands of them. This development entered the Ottoman history annals as the Auspicious Incident.", "The earliest known account of devsirme is found in a speech of bishop Isidoros of Thessaloniki, made on Sunday, February 28th, 1395, with the title \"On the abduction of children according to sultan's order and on the Future Judgment\". The speech includes references to the violent islamization of children and their hard training in the use of dogs and falcons. Reference to devsirme is made in a poem composed c. 1550 in Greek by Ioannes Axayiolis, who appeals to Emperor Charles V of Germany to liberate the Christians from the Turks. The text is in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1624. In another account, the Roman Catholic bishop of Chios in 1646 writes to the director of the Catholic Greek Gymnasion of Rome asking the latter to accept a 12 y.o. boy from Chios, named Paulos Omeros, to save him from the devsirme." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 83, 111, 154350, 59665, 136, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 10332, 525, 17164, 297, 154350, 9615, 19929, 123055, 23, 33365, 794, 5, 1650, 509, 61475, 538, 10, 9351, 111, 75973, 339, 2353, 965, 3696, 4, 68762, 6635, 111, 96113, 78315, 14156, 15, 55247, 9, 5636, 46736, 30348, 7117, 160, 6448, 194, 581, 9351, 509, 31895, 167729, 297, 390, 142, 606, 170, 100034, 44, 141, 2353, 330, 58, 15, 133, 2480, 4, 10, 25737, 68762, 6635, 247, 126741, 44793, 2024, 127377, 90698, 2843, 44, 141, 2353, 965, 3696, 58, 91084, 44, 144867, 42, 538, 199349, 297, 16128, 740, 636, 965, 3696, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 186768, 10776, 111, 33365, 794, 4, 3129, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 237, 39395, 237, 70, 47002, 72944, 5, 360, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 4, 903, 10776, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 136, 4, 221419, 538, 4, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 175055, 136, 47143, 297, 6044, 24189, 24531, 5, 24372, 70, 198373, 116000, 5245, 111, 427, 8894, 22875, 13023, 4, 70, 16128, 509, 2843, 9615, 6259, 390, 30839, 7, 5, 581, 59444, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 56187, 111, 33365, 794, 30839, 7, 4, 678, 10, 3173, 111, 15970, 9, 882, 133, 28032, 70, 117604, 111, 175055, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 59121, 91067, 47, 70, 26349, 111, 636, 965, 3696, 112474, 4420, 47, 427, 12977, 5, 360, 702, 2489, 4, 636, 965, 3696, 15, 257, 450, 1733, 137567, 51529, 390, 70, 30839, 9351, 111, 636, 1003, 32854, 20, 1957, 70103, 19, 25443, 35064, 100, 5303, 7, 111, 151134, 123055, 16, 75204, 70, 10778, 111, 10, 121678, 59444, 5, 360, 702, 3117, 10, 38134, 3082, 214, 7108, 509, 2855, 3674, 77630, 21896, 1143, 62956, 7, 4, 131346, 7, 1055, 136, 5665, 144044, 47, 9615, 133, 23, 903, 59444, 5, 360, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 70, 59444, 4, 105866, 98, 142, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 52350, 36439, 7, 17721, 164111, 136, 175055, 4, 100512, 10, 98870, 27585, 111, 97879, 5, 1650, 31255, 297, 193, 191, 4, 552, 8079, 4, 16387, 7, 4, 78546, 56, 4, 126041, 4, 136, 108069, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 70, 59444, 100512, 142, 5526, 15380, 11698, 5, 581, 14941, 135877, 141186, 1311, 425, 189924, 10932, 423, 1549, 23, 10, 10696, 23, 636, 965, 3696, 5, 581, 42840, 14191, 6499, 6488, 1295, 52334, 150242, 27198, 297, 1919, 42840, 7535, 23, 10, 113200, 14486, 2448, 1916, 18153, 4, 450, 21, 14437, 100, 3252, 5369, 5, 201106, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 9, 69723, 19, 92264, 109412, 3284, 7864, 18897, 1342, 3784, 111, 636, 965, 3696, 9615, 6259, 3688, 5, 581, 59444, 93544, 903, 15380, 136, 25313, 10778, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 611, 927, 142642, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 6626, 51047, 9966, 11476, 7, 152, 70, 5117, 23, 423, 2525, 163684, 297, 110518, 756, 111, 70, 159960, 1771, 6, 159958, 136, 15700, 23, 423, 5046, 5, 360, 903, 14922, 111, 78737, 2481, 40368, 106820, 90, 3542, 88303, 136, 70, 59444, 1902, 10, 10696, 4, 35773, 1294, 4, 220505, 4, 136, 219600, 7, 5, 8622, 509, 10, 2448, 1916, 24234, 237, 39395, 237, 611, 20682, 636, 965, 3696, 509, 10, 27585, 111, 70, 75198, 1236, 106922, 1363, 5, 581, 59444, 26859, 47, 206398, 20271, 70, 2874, 9, 188295, 47446, 75, 22876, 5180, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 10, 70927, 532, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 47353, 23, 71792, 4, 70, 15333, 111, 70, 59444, 509, 27998, 25958, 148, 167457, 390, 10, 4000, 110, 2661, 669, 20271, 10, 1926, 18, 4, 12663, 1916, 10, 36549, 111, 52758, 429, 52875, 7, 4, 77681, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 162882, 111, 70, 15333, 4, 119042, 80999, 603, 4, 10, 105459, 191, 143445, 13, 5, 581, 15333, 25, 7, 16294, 509, 7068, 59226, 5773, 4, 352, 3571, 4806, 4, 136, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 59444, 23664, 237, 10, 11782, 47, 53333, 52758, 429, 5, 3293, 100512, 70, 28368, 111, 10, 112465, 66, 21261, 1672, 70, 59444, 4, 44, 3957, 10074, 6406, 830, 390, 70, 6, 70035, 240370, 92988, 18875, 927, 5, 581, 25313, 131011, 111, 70, 59444, 509, 53333, 45, 65015, 5252, 23, 159983, 3229, 70, 5526, 3525, 156181, 1104, 12647, 1132, 28676, 85736, 7514, 509, 88303, 1660, 47, 70, 127067, 4, 390, 13409, 214, 636, 965, 3696, 136, 7730, 8305, 70, 43573, 1272, 59444, 111, 33365, 794, 5872, 82408, 38720, 5, 147466, 4, 23, 151278, 4, 4734, 10, 6, 48150, 13315, 509, 88303, 1295, 33365, 794, 5872, 82408, 38720, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 47, 636, 965, 3696, 5, 24372, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 4699, 66, 191, 136, 70, 2837, 45660, 2069, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 175055, 4, 70, 26349, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 3525, 538, 100, 4806, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 136, 6863, 154350, 9351, 636, 965, 3696, 509, 23113, 538, 30666, 297, 5, 147466, 4, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 1379, 70, 531, 170926, 7, 111, 70, 23972, 154350, 47806, 4, 6, 174011, 4000, 845, 19725, 3542, 59357, 71, 1295, 70, 59444, 47, 202104, 11491, 7, 5, 2161, 1438, 18982, 18608, 636, 965, 3696, 509, 39958, 390, 134349, 3428, 68818, 111, 70, 543, 927, 126140, 5, 2161, 20414, 138, 4, 11857, 636, 965, 3696, 509, 36997, 71, 390, 11584, 13, 4939, 10208, 1995, 5, 1529, 176016, 71, 10, 46889, 100, 305, 55577, 23614, 16037, 99, 70, 89160, 8111, 113240, 1764, 111, 7798, 1665, 937, 7908, 4, 10, 130473, 1672, 144477, 111, 636, 965, 3696, 678, 16912, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 636, 965, 3696, 400, 90, 99, 142, 144, 35810, 111, 36917, 15520, 17366, 136, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 78315, 14156, 12506, 73, 99, 70, 57616, 78280, 7, 111, 70, 636, 965, 3696, 117889, 4, 99, 70, 75973, 44, 5267, 965, 2024, 7117, 160, 6448, 830, 10, 68762, 6635, 111, 78315, 14156, 5, 11584, 5589, 83, 16065, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 155566, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 156181, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 136, 51864, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 5, 581, 10332, 59444, 83, 75073, 944, 538, 1764, 71, 136, 7464, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 2684, 111, 6863, 142, 45964, 58982, 7, 5, 360, 30699, 1916, 70, 59444, 678, 33365, 794, 120304, 136, 20722, 11894, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 636, 965, 3696, 15, 16, 15, 191697, 9351, 12, 636, 1003, 32854, 74, 112465, 66, 9351, 12, 339, 2983, 67130, 16, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 70, 155566, 16843, 111, 8394, 48850, 192049, 678, 10, 43904, 111, 616, 4, 15128, 5, 581, 59444, 1556, 10, 105719, 27585, 678, 10, 5299, 9498, 56, 4126, 59444, 58982, 4, 10, 159960, 1771, 106820, 678, 70, 167375, 109412, 33, 144, 867, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 2258, 4126, 390, 18897, 1342, 3784, 111, 636, 965, 3696, 4, 136, 5941, 3789, 231119, 33976, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Geography.", "Historical Features.", "Demographics.", "Listing of town names.", "Twin towns — Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name is of Slovak origin and belongs to the oldest recorded Slovak settlement names in Spiš. It was initially a name of stream Lěvoča, tributary of river Hornád (present-day Levočský potok). The name was probably motivated by an adjective \"lěva\" (left, a left tributary), Rudolf Krajčovič considered also \"lěvoča\" meaning \"regularly flooded area\".", "Levoča is located in the historical region of Spiš, which was inhabited as early as the Stone Age. In the 11th century, this region was conquered and, subsequently, became part of the Kingdom of Hungary and remained such until 1918. After the Mongol invasions of 1241/1242, the area was also settled by Germans. The town became the capital of the Association of Spiš Germans, with a form of self-rule within the Kingdom of Hungary. The oldest written reference to the city of Levoča dates back to 1249. In 1317, Levoča (at that time generally known by the German name of Leutschau - see Chronology below for lists of changing names) received the status of a royal town. In 1321 a wide storing right was granted enticing merchants, craftsmen and mine owners to settle in this town. In the 15th century the town, located on an intersection of trade routes between Poland and Hungary, became a rich center of commerce. It exported iron, copper, furs, leather, corn, and wine. At the same time the town became an important cultural centre. The English humanist Leonard Cox taught around 1520 in a school in Levoča. The bookseller Brewer from Wittenberg transformed his bookstore in a prolific printing plant, that lasted for 150 years. Finally, one of the best-known medieval woodcarvers Master Pavol of Levoča settled here. The town kept this cultural and economic status until the end of 16th century, in spite of two damaging fires : the first in 1550 destroyed nearly all of the Gothic architecture and another in 1599. In this period of prosperity several churches were built and the town had a school, library, pharmacy, and physicians. There was a printing press as early as 1624. Levoča was a center of the Protestant Reformation. The town started to decline during the anti-Habsburg uprisings in the 17th century. In a lurid sequence of events in 1700, the mayor of the town was accidentally wounded by a local nobleman during a hunt, generating a series of revenge attacks, finally resulting in the murder of the mayor, Karol Kramler, a Saxon magistrate. The mayor's arm was then cut off, embalmed, and preserved in the town hall as a call to further revenge. This became the subject of a Hungarian novel about the town, \"The Black City\", by the writer Kálmán Mikszáth. The economic importance of the town was further diminished in 1871 when the important new Košice–Bohumín Railway was built just to the south, bypassing Levoča and going through the nearby town of Spišská Nová Ves. Later, in 1892, only a spur line was built from Spišská Nová Ves railway station to Levoča. After the Treaty of Trianon and the dismantling of the Kingdom of Hungary, the city became part of the newly formed Czechoslovakia and its Slovak name Levoča was formally adopted. Later, during World War II, under the auspices of the First Slovak Republic, 981 local Jews were deported from the town to concentration camps. On 27 January 1945 Levoča was taken by Soviet troops of the 18th Army. On July 3, 1995 Levoča was visited by Pope John Paul II. He celebrated a mass for 650,000 celebrants at the traditional pilgrim site of Mariánska hora, a hill about north of Levoča with views of the town.", "Levoča lies at an altitude of above sea level and covers an area of. It is located in the northern part of the Hornád Basin at the foothills of the Levoča Hills, at the stream \"Levočský potok\", a tributary of Hornád. Poprad is away to the west, Prešov to the east, Košice to the southeast and Bratislava to the southwest.", "The old town is picturesquely sited and still surrounded by most of its ancient walls. In associating the town with Spiš Castle and Žehra in June 2009 as the renamed World Heritage Site of \"Levoča, Spišský Hrad, and the Associated Cultural Monuments\", UNESCO cites the town's historic center, its fortifications, and the works of Master Paul of Levoča preserved in the town. The main entrance to the old town is via the monumental \"Košice Gate\" (15th century) behind which is located the ornate baroque Church of the Holy Spirit and the New Minorite Monastery (c. 1750). The town square (\"Námestie Majstra Pavla\" - Master Paul’s Square) boasts three major monuments; the quaint Old Town Hall (15th-17th century) which now contains a museum, the domed Evangelical Lutheran Church (1837) and the 14th century of Basilica of St. James (in Slovak: \"Bazilika svätého Jakuba\", often mistakenly referred to in English as St. Jacob's). It houses a magnificently carved and painted wooden Gothic altar, the largest in Europe, ( in height), created by Master Paul around 1520. The square is very well preserved (despite one or two modern incursions) and contains a number of striking buildings which were the townhouses of the local nobility in the late Middle Ages. Also notable in the square is the wrought iron \"Cage of Shame\", dating back to the 17th century, used for public punishment of miscreants. A plaque on one of the houses records the printing and publication in the town of the most famous work of Comenius, the \"Orbis Pictus\". Other buildings on the square house a historical museum and a museum dedicated to the work of Master Paul. Behind the square on Kláštorská Street are the 14th-century church and remains of the old monastery of the Minorites, now incorporated into a Church grammar school. Nearby is the town's \"Polish Gate\", a Gothic construction of the 15th century. From the 16th century to the end of 1922, Levoča was the administrative center of the province of Szepes (Spiš). Between 1806 - 1826, the Hungarian architect from Eger Antal Povolny built a grandiose administration building, the Large Provincial House, as the seat of the town's administration. He adjusted its Classicist style to Levoča's Renaissance character by emphasizing the building's horizontal lines. The House is considered amongst most beautiful Provincial Houses in the former Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it is reconstructed and it is a seat of the administration. The State Regional Archives (\"Štátny oblastný archív\") are in a tan stone building on the north side of the square at nám. Majstra Pavla 60.", "Levoča has a population of 14,677 (as of December 31, 2005). According to the 2001 census, out of 14,366 inhabitants 87.07% were Slovaks 11.20% Romani, 0.33% Czechs and 0.31% Rusyns. The religious make-up was 79.54% Roman Catholics, 9.01% people with no religious affiliation, 3.87% Greek Catholics and 1.61% Lutherans.", "Below is a listing of names by which the town of Levoča has been known or recorded. The names were not necessarily at any time mutually exclusive and often reflect minor linguistic differences.:", "Levoča is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 54411, 442, 83, 11814, 25842, 678, 30202, 456, 99735, 1830, 6, 106864, 15, 105259, 16, 136, 142, 10, 91693, 2517, 5, 581, 138765, 90, 4, 41866, 70, 30368, 102, 99735, 13, 4, 621, 70, 158978, 3173, 7, 11814, 60091, 538, 5, 581, 5201, 38415, 83, 237, 10, 5798, 14306, 1236, 23, 70, 36049, 111, 24096, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 70, 50981, 16060, 497, 85781, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 11814, 237, 142, 77556, 538, 67, 100, 97, 38893, 77556, 9189, 214, 4, 237, 10, 72573, 660, 23, 2160, 13, 214, 4, 136, 237, 10, 122785, 4935, 100, 21722, 7, 136, 78546, 56, 5, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 11814, 47, 100677, 97, 38893, 23, 26249, 61590, 7, 4, 92895, 52825, 7, 4, 47, 29827, 134665, 4, 136, 120767, 141, 91718, 7, 5, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 4, 1884, 5941, 97, 38893, 217773, 7, 4, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 6226, 7304, 7, 75678, 98, 133940, 7, 5, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 107506, 97, 38893, 23, 70, 12562, 14775, 9433, 5, 40392, 238, 83, 10, 63559, 21650, 2517, 100, 24087, 2422, 4438, 16227, 136, 23718, 4, 102971, 442, 83, 959, 10, 63559, 107506, 100, 27226, 9, 52152, 2481, 186, 1314, 4, 237, 70, 162048, 7, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 12562, 14775, 21771, 22691, 160370, 13, 97, 38893, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 1286, 39210, 41361, 3229, 25944, 214, 2422, 4438, 47, 2363, 17475, 390, 118055, 57913, 10941, 107314, 2363, 47506, 20288, 5, 117371, 5744, 1924, 73, 9393, 158285, 4, 6, 143006, 171056, 1577, 4, 88487, 214, 53678, 41204, 136, 7103, 109412, 4, 97, 38893, 509, 191975, 95, 934, 297, 390, 70, 4527, 111, 552, 8079, 311, 46401, 7, 5, 62, 5744, 552, 8079, 3807, 6889, 149031, 56, 83, 149575, 3674, 47, 22691, 144851, 80854, 111, 97, 38893, 74, 4911, 7, 517, 8110, 186, 39958, 3229, 154107, 107506, 289, 97, 38893, 221, 237, 959, 47, 22304, 89978, 5, 24383, 93425, 26698, 44, 27, 38893, 1283, 5281, 1030, 126, 54568, 3038, 112, 136, 5639, 1428, 57913, 36049, 4743, 47, 11192, 2422, 4438, 75678, 3229, 97, 38893, 202104, 7, 204839, 190, 32261, 39, 5, 5443, 26531, 97, 38893, 831, 2843, 22304, 221, 11, 6493, 707, 738, 67530, 196634, 7, 1242, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 173169, 83, 142, 36298, 72405, 660, 5, 360, 141933, 111, 144851, 41170, 7, 83, 90698, 46002, 4, 136, 97, 38893, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 49814, 47, 26249, 61590, 237, 10, 31344, 111, 85590, 97, 38893, 4, 99, 121297, 111, 1257, 47, 40368, 75281, 8877, 25561, 7, 117, 39012, 111, 61590, 5, 5443, 26531, 23, 141933, 50339, 23, 10, 85691, 201957, 45, 95650, 4, 678, 24, 4032, 11, 136, 4858, 14, 1916, 108975, 214, 99, 116, 1104, 1019, 12010, 64, 605, 177, 111, 14361, 57888, 5, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 181653, 390, 85689, 214, 20513, 538, 2499, 97, 38893, 9, 98102, 14653, 4912, 15, 130143, 4, 23911, 7, 4, 128713, 90, 16, 678, 2906, 11443, 1771, 43840, 5, 209052, 132539, 7, 26698, 70, 132539, 111, 70, 12924, 678, 10, 944, 10821, 2906, 11443, 1771, 43840, 12, 130480, 329, 34, 70760, 9, 44286, 97, 38893, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 181653, 390, 85689, 214, 11192, 9, 4717, 2481, 97, 38893, 128713, 13, 678, 2906, 11443, 1771, 43840, 12, 360, 10, 944, 10821, 29806, 4, 756, 3173, 7, 111, 97, 38893, 2906, 1021, 67, 186, 68991, 60460, 71407, 5, 32255, 10, 944, 10821, 51347, 58055, 111, 70, 12924, 10, 30922, 27140, 378, 1511, 19, 132, 17933, 16, 268, 136, 15969, 6, 17514, 5, 52488, 316, 2906, 1021, 67, 3173, 7, 3229, 6097, 51347, 621, 191607, 678, 51347, 111, 27837, 316, 6, 17514, 12, 17106, 10, 456, 77391, 38516, 111, 20, 134926, 910, 4, 97, 38893, 132, 10001, 16, 34390, 7, 4734, 678, 34844, 53, 5, 14847, 764, 27686, 36917, 6, 91092, 16207, 441, 4, 97, 38893, 2906, 1021, 67, 8, 277, 78381, 7, 3934, 2906, 11443, 6, 143961, 13, 9060, 136, 97, 38893, 128713, 13, 35666, 13, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 141033, 10821, 5, 1301, 10, 23911, 4, 567, 19, 13055, 17762, 966, 17933, 83, 51529, 237, 738, 7, 1703, 67, 5, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 74918, 7, 237, 40368, 3789, 43967, 23911, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 97, 38893, 7603, 2733, 18781, 4, 15, 1511, 19, 4, 33177, 4, 30154, 16, 13055, 17762, 966, 17933, 15, 36716, 474, 25958, 12921, 1295, 738, 7, 1703, 67, 194, 61187, 56, 138765, 90, 111, 97, 38893, 2906, 1021, 67, 621, 41207, 538, 14037, 23, 31425, 12, 15, 1511, 19, 4, 30154, 16, 13055, 17762, 910, 17933, 15, 62806, 1861, 67, 247, 15, 1511, 19, 4, 594, 177, 16, 13055, 17762, 617, 17933, 15, 30885, 133, 1486, 247, 136, 15, 1511, 19, 4, 594, 19, 16, 13055, 17762, 17933, 15, 6967, 592, 1486, 194, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 40392, 238, 2906, 1021, 67, 83, 142, 23, 125733, 238, 217773, 136, 25969, 1294, 107506, 5, 1301, 10, 107506, 442, 83, 11814, 47, 85689, 97, 38893, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 136, 47, 56282, 70, 35431, 23, 8382, 99, 11192, 10512, 5, 24383, 93425, 111, 89978, 107506, 2320, 1543, 26698, 176583, 24503, 4, 4858, 14, 1916, 4, 10336, 46994, 4, 136, 168661, 7432, 5, 1650, 1556, 70, 26168, 567, 19, 13055, 237, 5299, 237, 2499, 111, 17262, 138765, 90, 5, 1650, 509, 186768, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 148477, 279, 3996, 929, 740, 3164, 111, 70, 67842, 3173, 7, 621, 134855, 9393, 18652, 7, 5, 581, 30368, 102, 99735, 13, 3173, 83, 39210, 538, 190647, 297, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Uses.", "Medicine.", "Manufacturing.", "Other.", "Toxicity.", "Production and reactivity.", "Minerals." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "In medicine it is used together with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and an astringent.", "The hydrates, especially the heptahydrate, are the primary forms used commercially. The main application is as a coagulant in the production of rayon. It is also a precursor to the pigment lithopone. It is also used as an electrolyte for zinc electroplating, as a mordant in dyeing, and as a preservative for skins and leather.", "Zinc sulfate is used to supply zinc in animal feeds, fertilizers, toothpaste, and agricultural sprays. Zinc sulfate, like many zinc compounds, can be used to control moss growth on roofs. Zinc sulfate can be used to supplement zinc in the brewing process. Zinc is a necessary nutrient for optimal yeast health and performance, although it is not a necessary supplement for low-gravity beers, as the grains commonly used in brewing already provide adequate zinc. It is a more common practice when pushing yeast to their limit by increasing alcohol content beyond their comfort zone. Before modern stainless steel, brew Kettles, fermenting vessels and after wood, zinc was slowly leached by the use of copper kettles. A modern copper immersion chiller is speculated to provide trace elements of zinc; thus care must be taken when adding supplemental zinc so as not to cause excess. Side effects include \"...increased acetaldehyde and fusel alcohol production due to high yeast growth when zinc concentrations exceed 5 ppm. Excess zinc can also cause soapy or goaty flavors.\"", "Zinc sulfate powder is an eye irritant. Ingestion of trace amounts is considered safe, and zinc sulfate is added to animal feed as a source of essential zinc, at rates of up to several hundred milligrams per kilogram of feed. Excess ingestion results in acute stomach distress, with nausea and vomiting appearing at 2–8 mg/Kg of body weight.", "Zinc sulfate is produced by treating virtually any zinc-containing material (metal, minerals, oxides) with sulfuric acid. Specific reactions include the reaction of the metal with aqueous sulfuric acid: Pharmaceutical-grade zinc sulfate is produced by treating high-purity zinc oxide with sulfuric acid: In aqueous solution, all forms of zinc sulfate behave identically. These aqueous solutions consist of the metal aquo complex [Zn(HO)] and SO ions. Barium sulfate forms when these solutions are treated with solutions of barium ions: With a reduction potential of -0.76, zinc(II) reduces only with difficulty. When heated above 680 °C, zinc sulfate decomposes into sulfur dioxide gas and zinc oxide fume, both of which are hazardous.", "As a mineral, ZnSO•7HO is known as goslarite. Zinc sulfate occurs as several other minor minerals, such as zincmelanterite, (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO•7HO (structurally different from goslarite). Lower hydrates of zinc sulfate are rarely found in nature: (Zn,Fe)SO•6HO (bianchite), (Zn,Mg)SO•4HO (boyleite), and (Zn,Mn)SO•HO (gunningite)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1520, 425, 509, 134053, 390, 25188, 1314, 111, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 4, 17368, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 5, 581, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 7175, 1902, 92610, 297, 450, 42473, 188, 136, 6863, 6, 59533, 21656, 191, 13648, 186, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 678, 3789, 931, 5245, 4, 8311, 329, 1836, 11814, 70, 53465, 2661, 43045, 10142, 70820, 47, 33938, 100, 1071, 4288, 931, 5245, 10932, 42473, 188, 23, 35652, 66016, 1520, 425, 25, 7, 124498, 7432, 83, 1672, 6, 26738, 20028, 1071, 10433, 3501, 42473, 188, 4, 4989, 197826, 43079, 3542, 39958, 23, 12989, 47, 7413, 442, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 43079, 3542, 39958, 98, 423, 4347, 4078, 136, 543, 4347, 35652, 1520, 425, 136, 177956, 3542, 41371, 538, 134053, 390, 9920, 821, 5, 42015, 206, 603, 98, 423, 18237, 4078, 136, 390, 60701, 821, 5, 8694, 4902, 141, 98, 423, 8055, 35652, 581, 103882, 3387, 3542, 171530, 98, 1936, 18374, 73584, 7103, 169935, 390, 479, 63127, 214, 43878, 289, 53465, 2661, 43079, 111, 42473, 188, 1295, 55021, 581, 6626, 3525, 538, 171530, 931, 5245, 111, 42473, 188, 3542, 221419, 538, 187454, 538, 4331, 27686, 159, 105523, 436, 106, 100, 177956, 136, 159, 105523, 436, 116, 100, 1520, 425, 5, 581, 931, 5245, 3542, 152701, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 683, 418, 58, 136, 44, 683, 304, 830, 107013, 538, 390, 70, 103882, 53, 7175, 5, 581, 9351, 1520, 425, 509, 190238, 390, 70, 8357, 178982, 6827, 32528, 15, 568, 20000, 16, 136, 509, 171530, 98, 952, 18237, 3295, 33233, 678, 70, 147453, 111, 177956, 23, 70, 87, 20000, 209449, 42, 18825, 3742, 5, 1520, 425, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 2949, 425, 4, 70, 160600, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 43334, 7432, 136, 17431, 136, 42732, 111, 21656, 191, 4, 70, 1592, 1294, 669, 111, 101444, 7, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 581, 6626, 3525, 538, 24, 4806, 931, 5245, 3542, 91177, 25958, 24, 4806, 450, 70, 12989, 111, 2363, 61475, 7, 44, 839, 58, 136, 44, 841, 58, 20338, 7, 70, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 29752, 47, 42473, 188, 4, 21373, 538, 47, 3642, 70, 5117, 6626, 120820, 111, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 9351, 20338, 7, 908, 318, 1405, 2091, 19256, 5, 581, 7311, 152132, 100, 70, 147453, 111, 1520, 425, 509, 47, 4527, 70, 54704, 289, 10010, 2069, 2949, 425, 4, 1284, 47, 71864, 169463, 678, 70, 135815, 5606, 8318, 2949, 425, 4, 70, 10010, 2069, 509, 98816, 47, 1520, 425, 4, 70, 61527, 3378, 10010, 2069, 111, 70, 9351, 5, 581, 606, 75161, 47898, 3173, 111, 70, 9351, 83, 38855, 55283, 15, 67466, 5, 102374, 122590, 205, 44, 14535, 14223, 51029, 581, 123055, 111, 66139, 98, 70, 337, 34204, 23, 70, 42473, 188, 5426, 621, 62548, 47, 759, 927, 25443, 136, 70, 163136, 136, 32692, 111, 64222, 1363, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 70, 123055, 111, 66139, 98, 1520, 425, 8110, 186, 62548, 47, 8, 31075, 111, 70, 17431, 1295, 163136, 4, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 136, 32692, 5, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 164917, 931, 5245, 4, 26719, 1520, 425, 4, 3542, 17569, 47, 765, 100, 4806, 1295, 8, 35611, 28, 236, 89829, 1295, 10, 106750, 61770, 6889, 17721, 42473, 188, 136, 15700, 8179, 1264, 6, 75696, 36746, 4, 21373, 538, 47, 3642, 70, 55583, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 100, 4806, 1295, 8, 35611, 28, 236, 89829, 390, 10, 21334, 61770, 6889, 111, 64883, 5, 581, 28, 75161, 11, 1295, 70, 61770, 6889, 2806, 7068, 5798, 1577, 329, 3934, 70, 931, 5245, 111, 42473, 188, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 61770, 30283, 170933, 6023, 53418, 73342, 3642, 1520, 425, 76104, 297, 6863, 103210, 44961, 5844, 71579, 5, 1520, 425, 1556, 142, 28, 10617, 27686, 115700, 4, 678, 6863, 4989, 525, 10, 33102, 72350, 71, 99, 36880, 136, 6863, 16610, 525, 10, 33102, 36880, 5, 3293, 76199, 1520, 425, 70, 72350, 71, 158208, 111, 5, 241, 147, 538, 25188, 118775, 47, 7639, 450, 70, 71579, 111, 1520, 425, 83, 91705, 4745, 23, 10576, 5, 45380, 1294, 47, 903, 4, 3789, 96335, 7639, 450, 1520, 425, 83, 48502, 29088, 538, 62276, 4, 21373, 47, 70, 19336, 931, 5245, 111, 42473, 188, 5, 581, 62276, 235079, 111, 1520, 425, 101717, 90, 450, 7401, 6, 2980, 83, 13379, 98, 6863, 71579, 5, 1520, 425, 2843, 118775, 47, 285, 53, 23, 124498, 7432, 136, 144, 372, 246, 4, 707, 44961, 54613, 53, 5, 581, 124498, 7432, 14838, 41039, 21094, 3542, 17569, 47, 186, 143434, 390, 58555, 678, 12921, 144, 372, 1140, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 1520, 425, 5, 133885, 111, 1520, 425, 1295, 70, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 58, 32628, 56379, 7639, 10, 21334, 91705, 4745, 16128, 189275, 36880, 4, 3129, 5809, 73342, 70, 6626, 79612, 214, 72350, 9035, 111, 1520, 425, 25, 7, 71579, 10576, 5, 581, 91705, 4745, 16128, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 10, 21334, 24725, 8374, 46429, 7440, 70, 91705, 4745, 4912, 509, 28, 236, 89829, 1295, 1379, 86, 10519, 1520, 425, 25, 7, 7401, 6, 2980, 135355, 136, 40370, 297, 98, 6863, 71579, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 1520, 425, 2806, 47041, 765, 6835, 5674, 927, 7, 62038, 1916, 1295, 70, 24725, 5, 116267, 187136, 42459, 7, 450, 70, 91705, 4745, 4912, 1543, 765, 62038, 3674, 1295, 10, 61770, 6889, 678, 1520, 425, 136, 15700, 36746, 678, 10, 12921, 166577, 5, 33306, 4, 2685, 3542, 110, 88551, 10576, 143834, 7, 98, 3789, 24725, 6, 138195, 1314, 98, 1520, 425, 5, 581, 7401, 6, 2980, 13379, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 1520, 425, 83, 102778, 100, 6863, 11192, 44961, 54613, 53, 5, 4937, 329, 41170, 7, 111, 1238, 70463, 435, 34414, 1543, 186, 2843, 13379, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 1520, 425, 4, 136, 5809, 186, 102778, 100, 70, 169424, 111, 91705, 4745, 4912, 4, 47041, 14461, 2397, 7, 4, 98, 6863, 71579, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 14461, 2397, 7, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 1520, 425, 1543, 765, 62038, 3674, 1295, 70, 132539, 111, 435, 34414, 678, 227899, 4567, 2320, 1295, 70, 7550, 5, 1310, 14, 4126, 1295, 8374, 46429, 54529, 214, 2053, 1295, 44, 46568, 112639, 7, 830, 70, 32070, 111, 1520, 425, 25, 7, 71579, 83, 25902, 3674, 47, 186, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1520, 425, 83, 10, 6083, 99675, 13, 111, 42473, 188, 4, 678, 10, 148064, 111, 36880, 6863, 4989, 525, 6, 91403, 5, 1650, 509, 134053, 33233, 678, 42473, 188, 25, 7, 628, 32166, 5510, 6, 59533, 177956, 23, 18237, 4078, 390, 70, 42473, 188, 15612, 66, 1830, 33086, 11399, 5, 1650, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 2949, 425, 4, 70, 160600, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 70, 17431, 5, 1520, 425, 83, 70, 50960, 6, 59533, 111, 42473, 188, 390, 62488, 4, 103173, 214, 17721, 70, 931, 5245, 159, 939, 425, 136, 7354, 1297, 232, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Discovery.", "Naming.", "Origin.", "Characteristics.", "Physical characteristics.", "Rotation.", "Orbit.", "Exploration." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Nix was discovered by researchers of the Pluto Companion Search Team, using the Hubble Space Telescope. The \"New Horizons\" team had suspected that Pluto and its moon Charon might be accompanied with other moons, hence they used the Hubble Space Telescope to search for faint moons around Pluto in 2005. Since Nix's brightness is about 5,000 times fainter than Pluto, long exposure images were taken in order to find it. The discovery images were taken on 15 May 2005 and 18 May 2005. Nix and Hydra were independently discovered by Max J. Mutchler on 15 June 2005 and by Andrew J. Steffl on 15 August 2005. The discoveries were announced on 31 October 2005, after confirmation by precovering archival Hubble images of Pluto from 2002. The two newly announced moons of Pluto were subsequently provisionally designated S/2005 P 1 for Hydra and S/2005 P 2 for Nix. The moons were informally referred to as \"P1\" and \"P2\", respectively by the discovery team.", "The name Nix was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and was announced on 21 June 2006 along with the naming of Hydra in the IAU Circular 8723. Nix was named after Nyx, the Greek goddess of darkness and night and mother of Charon, the ferryman of Hades in Greek mythology. The two newly named moons were intentionally named that the order of their initials \"N\" and \"H\" honors the \"New Horizons\" mission to Pluto, similarly to how the first two letters of Pluto's name honors Percival Lowell. The original proposal for the naming of Nix was to use the classical spelling Nyx, but to avoid confusion with the asteroid 3908 Nyx, the spelling was changed to Nix, the Egyptian spelling of the name. The adjectival form of the name is Nictian (cf. Russian Никта \"Nikta\"). The names of features on the bodies in the Pluto system are related to mythology and the literature and history of exploration. In particular, the names of features on Nix must be related to deities of the night from literature, mythology, and history.", "Pluto's smaller moons, including Nix, were thought to have formed from debris ejected from a massive collision between Pluto and another Kuiper belt object, similarly to how the Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected by a large collision of Earth. The ejecta from the collision would then coalesce into the moons of Pluto. However, the collisional hypothesis cannot explain how Nix maintained its highly reflective surface.", "", "Nix has an elongated shape, with its longest axis measured at across and its shortest axis across. This gives Nix the measured dimensions of. Early research appeared to show that the surface of Nix is reddish in color. Contrary to this, other studies show that Nix is spectrally neutral, similar to the small moons of Pluto. The neutral spectrum of Nix signifies that water ice is present on its surface. Nix also appeared to vary in brightness and albedo, or reflectivity. The brightness fluctuations were thought to be caused by areas with different albedos on the surface of Nix. Images of Nix from the \"New Horizons\" spacecraft show a large reddish area approximately across, which could explain the two conflicting measurements of Nix's surface color. The reddish area is thought to be a large impact crater where the reddish material was ejected from underneath Nix's water ice layer and deposited on its surface. In this case, Nix would likely have regoliths originating from the impact. Another explanation suggests that the reddish material may have originated from a collision with Nix and another object with a different composition. However, there were no significant color variations on other impact craters on Nix. The water ice present on the surface of Nix is responsible for its high reflectivity. Trace amounts of frozen methane may be also present on the surface of Nix, and could be responsible for the presence of reddish material, likely tholins, on its surface. In this case, tholins on the surface of Nix may have originated from the reaction of methane with ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Derived from crater counting data from \"New Horizons\", the age of Nix's surface is estimated to be at least four billion years old.", "Nix is not tidally locked and tumbles chaotically similarly to all smaller moons of Pluto; the moon's axial tilt and rotation period vary greatly over short timescales. Due to the chaotic rotation of Nix, it can occasionally flip its entire rotational axis. The varying gravitational influences of Pluto and Charon as they orbit their barycenter causes the chaotic tumbling of Pluto's small moons, including Nix. The chaotic tumbling of Nix is also strengthened by its elongated shape, which creates torques that act on the object. At the time of the \"New Horizons\" flyby, Nix was rotating with a period of 43.9 hours retrograde to Pluto's equator with an axial tilt of 132 degrees — it was rotating backwards in relation to its orbit around Pluto. The rotation rate of Nix had increased by 10 percent since Nix was discovered.", "Nix orbits the Pluto-Charon barycenter at a distance of, between the orbits of Styx and Kerberos. All of Pluto's moons including Nix have very circular orbits that are coplanar to Charon's orbit; the moons of Pluto have very low orbital inclinations to Pluto's equator. The nearly circular and coplanar orbits of Pluto's moons suggest that they may have gone through tidal evolutions since their formation. At the time of the formation of Pluto's smaller moons, Nix may have had a more eccentric orbit around the Pluto-Charon barycenter. The present circular orbit of Nix may have been caused by Charon's tidal damping of the eccentricity of Nix's orbit, through tidal interactions. The mutual tidal interactions of Charon on Nix's orbit would cause Nix to transfer its orbital eccentricity to Charon, thus causing the orbit of Nix to gradually become more circular over time. Nix has an orbital period of approximately 24.8546 days and its orbit is resonant with other moons of Pluto. Nix is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Hydra, and a 9:11 resonance with Styx (the ratios represent numbers of orbits completed per unit time; the period ratios are the inverses). As a result of this \"Laplace-like\" 3-body resonance, it has conjunctions with Styx and Hydra in a 2:3 ratio. Nix's orbital period is close to a 1:4 orbital resonance with Charon, with a timing discrepancy of 2.8%; there is no active resonance. A hypothesis explaining such a near-resonance is that the resonances originated before the outward migration of Charon following the formation of all five known moons, and is maintained by the periodic local fluctuation of 9 percent in the Pluto–Charon gravitational field strength.", "The \"New Horizons\" spacecraft visited the Pluto system and photographed Pluto and its moons during its flyby on 14 July 2015. Of Pluto's smaller moons, only Nix and Hydra were imaged at resolutions high enough for surface features to be visible. Prior to the flyby of the Pluto system, measurements of Nix's size were performed by the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager on board \"New Horizons\", initially estimating Nix to be about in diameter. The first detailed images of Nix taken by \"New Horizons\" from a distance of about were downlinked, or received from the spacecraft on 18 July 2015 and released to the public on 21 July 2015. With an image resolution per pixel, Nix's shape was often referred to as a \"jelly bean\" shape. Enhanced color images from the Ralph MVIC instrument of \"New Horizons\" show a reddish region on its surface. From those images, another accurate measurement of Nix's dimensions was made, giving the approximate dimensions of." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2041, 26404, 6765, 93726, 509, 103122, 98, 190, 6088, 729, 16360, 4, 23, 10255, 70253, 52260, 4, 187951, 663, 1991, 7925, 4, 98, 70, 129435, 184085, 111, 102126, 5, 581, 37195, 927, 111, 1492, 20020, 4, 764, 509, 165249, 23, 70, 81113, 90205, 66, 7359, 297, 111, 1919, 67373, 101910, 38334, 54359, 93726, 4, 10, 7841, 133, 9, 55474, 136, 221, 2631, 337, 34759, 5, 89916, 111, 70, 14449, 25, 7, 53477, 170420, 621, 2304, 18403, 31667, 74, 12960, 3060, 97264, 117414, 70, 20020, 3542, 14375, 538, 121314, 297, 4, 27060, 17164, 450, 1836, 3542, 165249, 23, 35845, 234694, 5, 1529, 100512, 16031, 678, 47219, 1295, 142, 39395, 32070, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 145906, 4, 68, 71, 23, 729, 13556, 3229, 764, 509, 59671, 5, 62, 6602, 14432, 4, 1919, 114015, 110115, 68, 71, 4, 136, 10, 17932, 114015, 4, 5379, 4, 42593, 10591, 13482, 47, 11417, 6378, 23, 729, 12183, 5, 1172, 1234, 78458, 70, 158036, 124257, 1459, 111, 1919, 29041, 44462, 73659, 23, 729, 19308, 3229, 1919, 82953, 67538, 119585, 18234, 68, 71, 12, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 6, 95037, 8927, 4, 2041, 26404, 6765, 195812, 297, 1919, 27150, 56, 82953, 6817, 8305, 70, 6, 2980, 111, 10, 1238, 70463, 85437, 4, 136, 16810, 7710, 5, 31384, 15426, 7, 42459, 450, 67538, 119585, 18234, 117, 164, 5252, 12960, 31577, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 2041, 26404, 6765, 4, 2750, 509, 2843, 23, 77064, 98, 70, 6, 2980, 5, 93726, 80723, 1919, 23113, 35187, 111, 4927, 23, 729, 5039, 237, 10, 14375, 9836, 111, 22104, 67538, 38334, 84285, 7644, 7, 114402, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 10255, 70253, 52260, 23, 1919, 5368, 26349, 4, 99, 3129, 70, 4927, 130625, 83, 5036, 24, 4806, 44, 20370, 26404, 9, 118571, 9, 919, 46572, 26932, 9, 57404, 58, 23, 1919, 3486, 34639, 5, 7644, 7, 114402, 34739, 1919, 25921, 98, 98145, 188304, 6, 180976, 7, 74, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 93726, 509, 65524, 71, 47, 63926, 206, 1295, 6897, 99, 142, 39395, 32070, 5, 194397, 7644, 7, 114402, 4, 93726, 435, 136, 509, 221419, 538, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 70, 14108, 19, 122960, 38334, 25612, 1204, 184, 134077, 4, 2750, 189924, 450, 31425, 509, 10, 36919, 1363, 111, 3430, 5, 7644, 7, 114402, 65508, 71, 93726, 47, 70, 4488, 111, 70, 30839, 729, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 22104, 16173, 7903, 9491, 56, 4, 124901, 43240, 27983, 99201, 167821, 28368, 7, 35462, 3674, 390, 212790, 4, 136, 118984, 289, 28368, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 764, 2843, 22282, 71, 163136, 136, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 678, 187951, 16030, 14978, 38692, 38472, 5, 65056, 5369, 14432, 93726, 30957, 297, 70, 107374, 223, 62903, 111, 161876, 4, 7440, 764, 80723, 1919, 53019, 390, 20662, 71200, 7, 111, 37702, 7, 1295, 142, 20873, 152319, 30891, 8108, 172337, 214, 47, 188304, 1295, 6897, 5, 43722, 23, 161876, 180863, 297, 70, 27150, 249, 10433, 17203, 47, 70, 25674, 158656, 84718, 25, 7, 42486, 111, 729, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 174705, 212790, 178829, 5, 1913, 70, 62903, 764, 22282, 71, 1379, 148729, 6044, 237, 14949, 8055, 116166, 2731, 136, 70, 212790, 249, 10433, 70504, 3314, 583, 5, 32255, 22104, 7, 3542, 191722, 390, 70, 44, 294, 987, 39, 165, 391, 5445, 58, 112664, 136, 33636, 297, 10, 4122, 38496, 17721, 70, 155034, 20753, 2481, 136, 36510, 5844, 144996, 111, 70, 373, 59725, 174108, 10, 13, 237398, 136, 70, 259, 592, 16169, 9, 67413, 21533, 6397, 5, 116702, 509, 121, 121147, 4, 136, 79507, 509, 79442, 19, 1295, 6044, 97264, 237, 70, 114749, 1771, 37254, 111, 10462, 85, 4, 70, 85745, 7, 111, 2027, 39209, 136, 83429, 13, 759, 927, 25443, 5, 93726, 9615, 6259, 28123, 538, 23, 151393, 23, 729, 16665, 5, 133698, 903, 39395, 14922, 4, 764, 28007, 297, 23, 28412, 109513, 678, 82, 59207, 7, 136, 4331, 7, 100, 109412, 19774, 7, 3129, 1919, 181750, 9, 55474, 82953, 59226, 5, 3311, 543, 7709, 764, 1902, 181653, 543, 82, 59207, 7, 136, 22759, 109412, 19774, 7, 74, 1836, 3542, 198371, 7228, 23, 19336, 101935, 136, 4734, 15917, 3674, 47, 23902, 5, 262, 61518, 6097, 100, 3337, 7, 3934, 3789, 2450, 4, 764, 137352, 3674, 154732, 20697, 102917, 538, 678, 23, 92, 4, 7401, 22796, 474, 136, 40, 12455, 7, 5, 17106, 70, 131527, 111, 10, 10846, 39395, 126371, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 58, 21067, 116354, 4, 764, 6777, 959, 4488, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 678, 29700, 7, 24189, 1919, 216473, 509, 1286, 170920, 5, 6557, 98224, 7, 3542, 1919, 12601, 2822, 28368, 4, 191722, 390, 103351, 24745, 7, 4, 86595, 23, 8719, 418, 4, 47, 70, 129435, 184085, 4, 211462, 4, 70, 8815, 265, 157, 4807, 136, 70, 1950, 169, 71175, 7, 5, 17006, 538, 35509, 98, 70, 212790, 7, 111, 144477, 9022, 102126, 4, 1919, 178829, 7, 8, 18695, 18, 109412, 7, 4, 130473, 7, 4, 182, 3422, 7, 4, 42141, 1239, 933, 136, 3789, 22729, 93425, 35509, 98, 10, 20903, 150556, 111, 31425, 5, 32255, 43240, 3542, 3299, 297, 98, 63926, 17007, 136, 96335, 111, 25454, 1771, 13162, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 6, 195167, 7, 98, 80174, 1409, 4, 70, 206990, 7, 111, 151393, 136, 70, 96113, 540, 372, 5, 1529, 71924, 297, 1919, 96335, 39555, 97629, 538, 23, 5551, 13003, 4, 3853, 101904, 105352, 48461, 289, 4677, 4, 14373, 70, 1614, 17991, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 93425, 62816, 48242, 111, 93726, 25, 7, 4122, 9, 131692, 178829, 7, 3542, 79516, 71, 1295, 98323, 5, 32255, 93425, 34739, 2363, 90254, 1295, 70, 8, 1434, 10763, 111, 22729, 4, 136, 111, 70, 166116, 1363, 111, 4262, 136, 6, 59533, 98, 76746, 7, 136, 7401, 12, 233, 70760, 11521, 21004, 12470, 105482, 47, 70, 129435, 184085, 450, 1902, 8306, 8108, 2809, 112518, 297, 678, 6044, 142, 242661, 5, 18763, 216473, 237, 142, 22104, 509, 170920, 3229, 764, 23742, 10, 494, 731, 23, 543, 8194, 99, 70, 64181, 1727, 130412, 131168, 71, 390, 67538, 149207, 542, 181823, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 70, 64181, 1727, 130412, 17660, 297, 47, 79442, 8738, 7612, 136, 5036, 9, 2472, 86828, 33, 22104, 7, 13379, 214, 30057, 4935, 17664, 54889, 111, 16169, 9, 67413, 21533, 136, 74189, 9, 91127, 343, 20623, 7, 5, 581, 70425, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2041, 26404, 6765, 93726, 11516, 6088, 729, 16360, 46, 361, 4347, 167777, 16, 509, 10, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 30839, 174108, 212790, 249, 10433, 4, 137567, 90698, 70, 2684, 5526, 30839, 22104, 111, 1919, 58093, 5, 1529, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 4122, 9, 131692, 747, 6504, 21533, 212790, 7, 3129, 205794, 60213, 49432, 4935, 26366, 7, 5795, 13885, 126, 3674, 26548, 17431, 7158, 90, 4, 42141, 1239, 933, 4, 35781, 19, 1360, 90, 707, 159960, 1771, 73573, 7, 5, 18763, 158978, 33946, 509, 70, 49432, 1363, 111, 31425, 4, 136, 1919, 27983, 128201, 238, 136, 2874, 9, 67413, 21533, 4488, 40, 5447, 47, 158, 67709, 10, 28368, 5844, 4, 88965, 57553, 47, 70, 6083, 8999, 5, 93726, 25, 7, 178829, 7, 62816, 1419, 71407, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Early years and family.", "Move to Dresden.", "Marriage.", "Later life and death.", "Themes.", "Landscape and the sublime.", "Loneliness and death.", "Germanic folklore.", "Legacy.", "Influence.", "Critical opinion.", "Work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Caspar David Friedrich was born on 5 September 1774, in Greifswald, Swedish Pomerania, on the Baltic coast of Germany. The sixth of ten children, he was raised in the strict Lutheran creed of his father Adolf Gottlieb Friedrich, a candle-maker and soap boiler. Records of the family's financial circumstances are contradictory; while some sources indicate the children were privately tutored, others record that they were raised in relative poverty. He became familiar with death from an early age. His mother, Sophie, died in 1781 when he was seven. A year later, his sister Elisabeth died, and a second sister, Maria, succumbed to typhus in 1791. Arguably the greatest tragedy of his childhood happened in 1787 when his brother Johann Christoffer died: at the age of thirteen, Caspar David witnessed his younger brother fall through the ice of a frozen lake, and drown. Some accounts suggest that Johann Christoffer perished while trying to rescue Caspar David, who was also in danger on the ice. Friedrich began his formal study of art in 1790 as a private student of artist Johann Gottfried Quistorp at the University of Greifswald in his home city, at which the art department is now named \"Caspar-David-Friedrich-Institut\" in his honour. Quistorp took his students on outdoor drawing excursions; as a result, Friedrich was encouraged to sketch from life at an early age. Through Quistorp, Friedrich met and was subsequently influenced by the theologian Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten, who taught that nature was a revelation of God. Quistorp introduced Friedrich to the work of the German 17th-century artist Adam Elsheimer, whose works often included religious subjects dominated by landscape, and nocturnal subjects. During this period he also studied literature and aesthetics with Swedish professor Thomas Thorild. Four years later Friedrich entered the prestigious Academy of Copenhagen, where he began his education by making copies of casts from antique sculptures before proceeding to drawing from life. Living in Copenhagen afforded the young painter access to the Royal Picture Gallery's collection of 17th-century Dutch landscape painting. At the Academy he studied under teachers such as Christian August Lorentzen and the landscape painter Jens Juel. These artists were inspired by the \"Sturm und Drang\" movement and represented a midpoint between the dramatic intensity and expressive manner of the budding Romantic aesthetic and the waning neo-classical ideal. Mood was paramount, and influence was drawn from such sources as the Icelandic legend of Edda, the poems of Ossian and Norse mythology.", "Friedrich settled permanently in Dresden in 1798. During this early period, he experimented in printmaking with etchings and designs for woodcuts which his furniture-maker brother cut. By 1804 he had produced 18 etchings and four woodcuts; they were apparently made in small numbers and only distributed to friends. Despite these forays into other media, he gravitated toward working primarily with ink, watercolour and sepias. With the exception of a few early pieces, such as \"\" (1797), he did not work extensively with oils until his reputation was more established. Landscapes were his preferred subject, inspired by frequent trips, beginning in 1801, to the Baltic coast, Bohemia, the Krkonoše and the Harz Mountains. Mostly based on the landscapes of northern Germany, his paintings depict woods, hills, harbors, morning mists and other light effects based on a close observation of nature. These works were modeled on sketches and studies of scenic spots, such as the cliffs on Rügen, the surroundings of Dresden and the river Elbe. He executed his studies almost exclusively in pencil, even providing topographical information, yet the subtle atmospheric effects characteristic of Friedrich's mid-period paintings were rendered from memory. These effects took their strength from the depiction of light, and of the illumination of sun and moon on clouds and water: optical phenomena peculiar to the Baltic coast that had never before been painted with such an emphasis. His reputation as an artist was established when he won a prize in 1805 at the Weimar competition organised by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. At the time, the Weimar competition tended to draw mediocre and now-forgotten artists presenting derivative mixtures of neo-classical and pseudo-Greek styles. The poor quality of the entries began to prove damaging to Goethe's reputation, so when Friedrich entered two sepia drawings—\"Procession at Dawn\" and \"Fisher-Folk by the Sea\"—the poet responded enthusiastically and wrote, \"We must praise the artist's resourcefulness in this picture fairly. The drawing is well done, the procession is ingenious and appropriate... his treatment combines a great deal of firmness, diligence and neatness... the ingenious watercolour... is also worthy of praise.\" Friedrich completed the first of his major paintings in 1808, at the age of 34. \"Cross in the Mountains\", today known as the \"Tetschen Altar\", is an altarpiece panel said to have been commissioned for a family chapel in Tetschen, Bohemia. The panel depicts a cross in profile at the top of a mountain, alone, and surrounded by pine trees. Controversially, for the first time in Christian art, an altarpiece had showcased a landscape. According to art historian Linda Siegel, Friedrich's design was the \"logical climax of many earlier drawings of his which depicted a cross in nature's world.\" Although the altarpiece was generally coldly received, it was Friedrich's first painting to receive wide publicity. The artist's friends publicly defended the work, while art critic Basilius von Ramdohr published a long article challenging Friedrich's use of landscape in a religious context. He rejected the idea that landscape painting could convey explicit meaning, writing that it would be \"a veritable presumption, if landscape painting were to sneak into the church and creep onto the altar\". Friedrich responded with a programme describing his intentions in 1809, comparing the rays of the evening sun to the light of the Holy Father. This statement marked the only time Friedrich recorded a detailed interpretation of his own work, and the painting was among the few commissions the artist ever received. Following the purchase of two of his paintings by the Prussian Crown Prince, Friedrich was elected a member of the Berlin Academy in 1810. Yet in 1816, he sought to distance himself from Prussian authority and applied that June for Saxon citizenship. The move was not expected; the Saxon government was pro-French, while Friedrich's paintings were seen as generally patriotic and distinctly anti-French. Nevertheless, with the aid of his Dresden-based friend Graf Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Friedrich attained citizenship, and in 1818, membership in the Saxon Academy with a yearly dividend of 150 thalers. Although he had hoped to receive a full professorship, it was never awarded him as, according to the German Library of Information, \"it was felt that his painting was too personal, his point of view too individual to serve as a fruitful example to students.\" Politics too may have played a role in stalling his career: Friedrich's decidedly Germanic subjects and costuming frequently clashed with the era's prevailing pro-French attitudes.", "On 21 January 1818, Friedrich married Caroline Bommer, the twenty-five-year-old daughter of a dyer from Dresden. The couple had three children, with their first, Emma, arriving in 1820. Physiologist and painter Carl Gustav Carus notes in his biographical essays that marriage did not impact significantly on either Friedrich's life or personality, yet his canvasses from this period, including \"Chalk Cliffs on Rügen\"—painted after his honeymoon—display a new sense of levity, while his palette is brighter and less austere. Human figures appear with increasing frequency in the paintings of this period, which Siegel interprets as a reflection that \"the importance of human life, particularly his family, now occupies his thoughts more and more, and his friends, his wife, and his townspeople appear as frequent subjects in his art.\" Around this time, he found support from two sources in Russia. In 1820, the Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, at the behest of his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, visited Friedrich's studio and returned to Saint Petersburg with a number of his paintings, an exchange that began a patronage that continued for many years. Not long thereafter, the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, tutor to Alexander II, met Friedrich in 1821 and found in him a kindred spirit. For decades Zhukovsky helped Friedrich both by purchasing his work himself and by recommending his art to the royal family; his assistance toward the end of Friedrich's career proved invaluable to the ailing and impoverished artist. Zhukovsky remarked that his friend's paintings \"please us by their precision, each of them awakening a memory in our mind.\" Friedrich was acquainted with Philipp Otto Runge, another leading German painter of the Romantic period. He was also a friend of Georg Friedrich Kersting, and painted him at work in his unadorned studio, and of the Norwegian painter Johan Christian Clausen Dahl (1788–1857). Dahl was close to Friedrich during the artist's final years, and he expressed dismay that to the art-buying public, Friedrich's pictures were only \"curiosities\". While the poet Zhukovsky appreciated Friedrich's psychological themes, Dahl praised the descriptive quality of Friedrich's landscapes, commenting that \"artists and connoisseurs saw in Friedrich's art only a kind of mystic, because they themselves were only looking out for the mystic... They did not see Friedrich's faithful and conscientious study of nature in everything he represented\". During this period Friedrich frequently sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, reflecting his obsession with death and the afterlife; he even created designs for some of the funerary art in Dresden's cemeteries. Some of these works were lost in the fire that destroyed Munich's Glass Palace (1931) and later in the 1945 bombing of Dresden.", "Friedrich's reputation steadily declined over the final fifteen years of his life. As the ideals of early Romanticism passed from fashion, he came to be viewed as an eccentric and melancholy character, out of touch with the times. Gradually his patrons fell away. By 1820, he was living as a recluse and was described by friends as the \"most solitary of the solitary\". Towards the end of his life he lived in relative poverty. He became isolated and spent long periods of the day and night walking alone through woods and fields, often beginning his strolls before sunrise. In June 1835, Friedrich suffered his first stroke, which left him with minor limb paralysis and greatly reduced his ability to paint. As a result, he was unable to work in oil; instead he was limited to watercolour, sepia and reworking older compositions. Although his vision remained strong, he had lost the full strength of his hand. Yet he was able to produce a final 'black painting', \"Seashore by Moonlight\" (1835–36), described by Vaughan as the \"darkest of all his shorelines, in which richness of tonality compensates for the lack of his former finesse\". Symbols of death appeared in his other work from this period. Soon after his stroke, the Russian royal family purchased a number of his earlier works, and the proceeds allowed him to travel to Teplitz—in today's Czech Republic—to recover. During the mid-1830s, Friedrich began a series of portraits and he returned to observing himself in nature. As the art historian William Vaughan has observed, however, \"He can see himself as a man greatly changed. He is no longer the upright, supportive figure that appeared in \"Two Men Contemplating the Moon\" in 1819. He is old and stiff... he moves with a stoop\". By 1838, he was capable only of working in a small format. He and his family were living in poverty and grew increasingly dependent for support on the charity of friends. Friedrich died in Dresden on 7 May 1840, and was buried in Dresden's Trinitatis-Friedhof (Trinity Cemetery) east of the city centre (the entrance to which he had painted some 15 years earlier). The simple flat gravestone lies north-west of the central roundel within the main avenue. By the time of his death, his reputation and fame were waning, and his passing was little noticed within the artistic community. His artwork had certainly been acknowledged during his lifetime, but not widely. While the close study of landscape and an emphasis on the spiritual elements of nature were commonplace in contemporary art, his work was too original and personal to be well understood. By 1838, his work no longer sold or received attention from critics; the Romantic movement had been moving away from the early idealism that the artist had helped found. After his death, Carl Gustav Carus wrote a series of articles which paid tribute to Friedrich's transformation of the conventions of landscape painting. However, Carus' articles placed Friedrich firmly in his time, and did not place the artist within a continuing tradition. Only one of his paintings had been reproduced as a print, and that was produced in very few copies.", "", "The visualisation and portrayal of landscape in an entirely new manner was Friedrich's key innovation. He sought not just to explore the blissful enjoyment of a beautiful view, as in the classic conception, but rather to examine an instant of sublimity, a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature. Friedrich was instrumental in transforming landscape in art from a backdrop subordinated to human drama to a self-contained emotive subject. Friedrich's paintings commonly employed the \"Rückenfigur\"—a person seen from behind, contemplating the view. The viewer is encouraged to place himself in the position of the \"Rückenfigur\", by which means he experiences the sublime potential of nature, understanding that the scene is as perceived and idealised by a human. Friedrich created the notion of a landscape full of romantic feeling—\"die romantische Stimmungslandschaft\". His art details a wide range of geographical features, such as rock coasts, forests, and mountain scenes. He often used the landscape to express religious themes. During his time, most of the best-known paintings were viewed as expressions of a religious mysticism. Friedrich said, \"The artist should paint not only what he sees before him, but also what he sees within him. If, however, he sees nothing within him, then he should also refrain from painting that which he sees before him. Otherwise, his pictures will be like those folding screens behind which one expects to find only the sick or the dead.\" Expansive skies, storms, mist, forests, ruins and crosses bearing witness to the presence of God are frequent elements in Friedrich's landscapes. Though death finds symbolic expression in boats that move away from shore—a Charon-like motif—and in the poplar tree, it is referenced more directly in paintings like \"The Abbey in the Oakwood\" (1808–10), in which monks carry a coffin past an open grave, toward a cross, and through the portal of a church in ruins. He was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes in which the land is rendered as stark and dead. Friedrich's winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which \"no man has yet set his foot. The theme of nearly all the older winter pictures had been less winter itself than life in winter. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was thought impossible to leave out such motifs as the crowd of skaters, the wanderer... It was Friedrich who first felt the wholly detached and distinctive features of a natural life. Instead of many tones, he sought the one; and so, in his landscape, he subordinated the composite chord into one single basic note\". Bare oak trees and tree stumps, such as those in \"\" (c. 1822), \"Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon\" (c. 1824), and \"Willow Bush under a Setting Sun\" (c. 1835), are recurring elements of Friedrich's paintings, symbolizing death. Countering the sense of despair are Friedrich's symbols for redemption: the cross and the clearing sky promise eternal life, and the slender moon suggests hope and the growing closeness of Christ. In his paintings of the sea, anchors often appear on the shore, also indicating a spiritual hope. German literature scholar Alice Kuzniar finds in Friedrich's painting a temporality—an evocation of the passage of time—that is rarely highlighted in the visual arts. For example, in \"The Abbey in the Oakwood\", the movement of the monks away from the open grave and toward the cross and the horizon imparts Friedrich's message that the final destination of man's life lies beyond the grave. With dawn and dusk constituting prominent themes of his landscapes, Friedrich's own later years were characterized by a growing pessimism. His work becomes darker, revealing a fearsome monumentality. \"The Wreck of the Hope\"—also known as \"The Polar Sea\" or \"The Sea of Ice\" (1823–24)—perhaps best summarizes Friedrich's ideas and aims at this point, though in such a radical way that the painting was not well received. Completed in 1824, it depicted a grim subject, a shipwreck in the Arctic Ocean; \"the image he produced, with its grinding slabs of travertine-colored floe ice chewing up a wooden ship, goes beyond documentary into allegory: the frail bark of human aspiration crushed by the world's immense and glacial indifference.\" Friedrich's written commentary on aesthetics was limited to a collection of aphorisms set down in 1830, in which he explained the need for the artist to match natural observation with an introspective scrutiny of his own personality. His best-known remark advises the artist to \"close your bodily eye so that you may see your picture first with the spiritual eye. Then bring to the light of day that which you have seen in the darkness so that it may react upon others from the outside inwards.\" He rejected the overreaching portrayals of nature in its \"totality\", as found in the work of contemporary painters like Adrian Ludwig Richter (1803–84) and Joseph Anton Koch (1768–1839).", "Both Friedrich's life and art have at times been perceived by some to have been marked with an overwhelming sense of loneliness. Art historians and some of his contemporaries attribute such interpretations to the losses suffered during his youth to the bleak outlook of his adulthood, while Friedrich's pale and withdrawn appearance helped reinforce the popular notion of the \"taciturn man from the North\". Friedrich suffered depressive episodes in 1799, 1803–1805, c.1813, in 1816 and between 1824 and 1826. There are noticeable thematic shifts in the works he produced during these episodes, which see the emergence of such motifs and symbols as vultures, owls, graveyards and ruins. From 1826 these motifs became a permanent feature of his output, while his use of color became more dark and muted. Carus wrote in 1929 that Friedrich \"is surrounded by a thick, gloomy cloud of spiritual uncertainty\", though the noted art historian and curator Hubertus Gassner disagrees with such notions, seeing in Friedrich's work a positive and life-affirming subtext inspired by Freemasonry and religion.", "Reflecting Friedrich's patriotism and resentment during the 1813 French occupation of the dominion of Pomerania, motifs from German folklore became increasingly prominent in his work. An anti-French German nationalist, Friedrich used motifs from his native landscape to celebrate Germanic culture, customs and mythology. He was impressed by the anti-Napoleonic poetry of Ernst Moritz Arndt and Theodor Körner, and the patriotic literature of Adam Müller and Heinrich von Kleist. Moved by the deaths of three friends killed in battle against France, as well as by Kleist's 1808 drama \"Die Hermannsschlacht\", Friedrich undertook a number of paintings in which he intended to convey political symbols solely by means of the landscape—a first in the history of art. In \"\" (1812), a dilapidated monument inscribed \"Arminius\" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism, while the four tombs of fallen heroes are slightly ajar, freeing their spirits for eternity. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven. A second political painting, \"\" (c. 1813), depicts a lost French soldier dwarfed by a dense forest, while on a tree stump a raven is perched—a prophet of doom, symbolizing the anticipated defeat of France.", "", "Alongside other Romantic painters, Friedrich helped position landscape painting as a major genre within Western art. Of his contemporaries, Friedrich's style most influenced the painting of Johan Christian Dahl (1788–1857). Among later generations, Arnold Böcklin (1827–1901) was strongly influenced by his work, and the substantial presence of Friedrich's works in Russian collections influenced many Russian painters, in particular Arkhip Kuindzhi (c. 1842–1910) and Ivan Shishkin (1832–98). Friedrich's spirituality anticipated American painters such as Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847–1917), Ralph Blakelock (1847–1919), the painters of the Hudson River School and the New England Luminists. At the turn of the 20th century, Friedrich was rediscovered by the Norwegian art historian Andreas Aubert (1851–1913), whose writing initiated modern Friedrich scholarship, and by the Symbolist painters, who valued his visionary and allegorical landscapes. The Norwegian Symbolist Edvard Munch (1863–1944) would have seen Friedrich's work during a visit to Berlin in the 1880s. Munch's 1899 print \"The Lonely Ones\" echoes Friedrich's \"Rückenfigur (back figure)\", although in Munch's work the focus has shifted away from the broad landscape and toward the sense of dislocation between the two melancholy figures in the foreground. Friedrich's modern revival gained momentum in 1906, when thirty-two of his works were featured in an exhibition in Berlin of Romantic-era art. His landscapes exercised a strong influence on the work of German artist Max Ernst (1891–1976), and as a result other Surrealists came to view Friedrich as a precursor to their movement. In 1934, the Belgian painter René Magritte (1898–1967) paid tribute in his work \"The Human Condition\", which directly echoes motifs from Friedrich's art in its questioning of perception and the role of the viewer. A few years later, the Surrealist journal \"Minotaure\" featured Friedrich in a 1939 article by critic Marie Landsberger, thereby exposing his work to a far wider circle of artists. The influence of \"The Wreck of Hope\" (or \"The Sea of Ice\") is evident in the 1940–41 painting \"Totes Meer\" by Paul Nash (1889–1946), a fervent admirer of Ernst. Friedrich's work has been cited as an inspiration by other major 20th-century artists, including Mark Rothko (1903–1970), Gerhard Richter (b. 1932), Gotthard Graubner and Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945). Friedrich's Romantic paintings have also been singled out by writer Samuel Beckett (1906–89), who, standing before \"Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon\", said \"This was the source of \"Waiting for Godot\", you know.\" In his 1961 article \"The Abstract Sublime\", originally published in \"ARTnews\", the art historian Robert Rosenblum drew comparisons between the Romantic landscape paintings of both Friedrich and Turner with the Abstract Expressionist paintings of Mark Rothko. Rosenblum specifically describes Friedrich's 1809 painting \"The Monk by the Sea\", Turner's \"The Evening Star\" and Rothko's 1954 \"Light, Earth and Blue\" as revealing affinities of vision and feeling. According to Rosenblum, \"Rothko, like Friedrich and Turner, places us on the threshold of those shapeless infinities discussed by the aestheticians of the Sublime. The tiny monk in the Friedrich and the fisher in the Turner establish a poignant contrast between the infinite vastness of a pantheistic God and the infinite smallness of His creatures. In the abstract language of Rothko, such literal detail—a bridge of empathy between the real spectator and the presentation of a transcendental landscape—is no longer necessary; we ourselves are the monk before the sea, standing silently and contemplatively before these huge and soundless pictures as if we were looking at a sunset or a moonlit night.\" The contemporary artist Christiane Pooley gets inspired by Friedrich's work for her landscapes reinterpreting the history of Chile.", "Until 1890, and especially after his friends had died, Friedrich's work lay in near-oblivion for decades. Yet, by 1890, the symbolism in his work began to ring true with the artistic mood of the day, especially in central Europe. However, despite a renewed interest and an acknowledgment of his originality, his lack of regard for \"painterly effect\" and thinly rendered surfaces jarred with the theories of the time. During the 1930s, Friedrich's work was used in the promotion of Nazi ideology, which attempted to fit the Romantic artist within the nationalistic \"Blut und Boden\". It took decades for Friedrich's reputation to recover from this association with Nazism. His reliance on symbolism and the fact that his work fell outside the narrow definitions of modernism contributed to his fall from favour. In 1949, art historian Kenneth Clark wrote that Friedrich \"worked in the frigid technique of his time, which could hardly inspire a school of modern painting\", and suggested that the artist was trying to express in painting what is best left to poetry. Clark's dismissal of Friedrich reflected the damage the artist's reputation sustained during the late 1930s. Friedrich's reputation suffered further damage when his imagery was adopted by a number of Hollywood directors, such as Walt Disney, built on the work of such German cinema masters as Fritz Lang and F. W. Murnau, within the horror and fantasy genres. His rehabilitation was slow, but enhanced through the writings of such critics and scholars as Werner Hofmann, Helmut Börsch-Supan and Sigrid Hinz, who successfully rejected and rebutted the political associations ascribed to his work, and placed it within a purely art-historical context. By the 1970s, he was again being exhibited in major galleries across the world, as he found favour with a new generation of critics and art historians. Today, his international reputation is well established. He is a national icon in his native Germany, and highly regarded by art historians and art connoisseurs across the Western World. He is generally viewed as a figure of great psychological complexity, and according to Vaughan, \"a believer who struggled with doubt, a celebrator of beauty haunted by darkness. In the end, he transcends interpretation, reaching across cultures through the compelling appeal of his imagery. He has truly emerged as a butterfly—hopefully one that will never again disappear from our sight\".", "Friedrich was a prolific artist who produced more than 500 attributed works. In line with the Romantic ideals of his time, he intended his paintings to function as pure aesthetic statements, so he was cautious that the titles given to his work were not overly descriptive or evocative. It is likely that some of today's more literal titles, such as \"The Stages of Life\", were not given by the artist himself, but were instead adopted during one of the revivals of interest in Friedrich. Complications arise when dating Friedrich's work, in part because he often did not directly name or date his canvases. He kept a carefully detailed notebook on his output, however, which has been used by scholars to tie paintings to their completion dates." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 31486, 7, 111, 44, 7, 45964, 64370, 830, 136, 2363, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 8108, 70, 74216, 3956, 111, 5744, 57456, 80244, 7, 4, 765, 216479, 71, 15286, 38526, 645, 1733, 5, 159, 45964, 64370, 111, 12921, 1615, 7, 15, 2940, 8108, 2856, 4, 6083, 6, 119598, 1314, 4, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 4, 6083, 4816, 1779, 4, 6083, 70, 14108, 1779, 4, 185118, 7, 4, 136, 27060, 2750, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 41664, 16, 765, 1902, 38134, 538, 12921, 44677, 23, 100510, 4, 136, 70, 2265, 22599, 7, 4, 82, 127, 21533, 142424, 4, 136, 28, 56183, 21068, 19492, 90, 137272, 678, 172647, 7, 2451, 2940, 84751, 111, 2856, 2451, 68991, 98816, 645, 1733, 237, 5299, 5, 129551, 538, 4, 5941, 12921, 186768, 26366, 7, 831, 186, 207487, 237, 39395, 172647, 7, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 3129, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 5744, 41664, 621, 39958, 47, 186, 85590, 5, 31384, 4816, 1779, 6275, 47, 70, 210017, 135555, 450, 80723, 23, 611, 927, 142642, 237, 70, 14922, 3229, 41664, 23, 10, 75530, 16523, 78458, 5744, 3173, 126809, 5, 1650, 58954, 25, 18, 24189, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 450, 6, 129980, 30355, 165439, 65572, 74918, 2822, 100, 172647, 7, 47, 74216, 237, 10, 13036, 40124, 5, 191428, 1672, 31425, 23, 54704, 289, 157612, 939, 509, 237360, 71, 390, 5941, 8562, 7, 111, 191225, 7, 5, 160600, 127752, 7, 47, 41664, 2451, 216561, 43240, 111, 700, 87739, 53, 136, 291, 140363, 70760, 124931, 53, 4, 39395, 15426, 7, 111, 333, 109622, 9433, 90, 136, 71426, 7, 111, 18153, 7, 136, 85825, 4, 136, 3790, 10484, 111, 51359, 136, 52080, 2451, 6488, 13, 181653, 390, 6, 119598, 1314, 136, 219600, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 17823, 118, 23850, 7, 111, 67842, 52350, 7, 5, 32255, 31486, 7, 4, 136, 2363, 151747, 678, 57456, 51359, 4, 93403, 678, 70, 12610, 145359, 136, 4, 678, 70, 93403, 111, 14949, 2481, 4, 100512, 20903, 538, 3126, 297, 47, 167821, 38016, 7, 23, 2684, 111, 28811, 76726, 5, 229388, 53, 136, 124931, 53, 100512, 142, 5526, 16128, 111, 51359, 4, 136, 70, 31486, 111, 124931, 56, 64, 103202, 4867, 56, 126809, 678, 70, 8060, 111, 68894, 136, 167821, 32926, 4588, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 92264, 152363, 5426, 4, 51359, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 70, 44, 3996, 686, 316, 58, 2451, 119598, 53, 4, 26719, 6083, 6, 119598, 53, 2451, 2940, 70, 44, 13722, 33926, 6664, 58, 2451, 192, 140363, 41637, 4, 26719, 124931, 53, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 70, 92264, 60223, 7, 111, 172647, 7, 3542, 27983, 40101, 6, 119598, 1314, 707, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 5, 191428, 111, 18153, 7, 136, 85825, 509, 134744, 538, 70, 140280, 111, 219600, 7, 5, 28745, 23, 92264, 3726, 139392, 71, 3060, 3525, 13736, 7, 111, 168698, 6083, 51359, 4, 102971, 7464, 28032, 70, 6, 99091, 7, 111, 144573, 2265, 31486, 7, 6044, 237, 6, 119598, 56, 136, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 5, 52455, 22664, 9, 7, 45964, 64370, 1295, 70, 116625, 43114, 72944, 621, 90698, 35874, 125458, 7, 4, 23, 2831, 6637, 111, 70, 92635, 111, 23937, 42518, 214, 47, 5744, 57456, 80244, 7, 5, 52455, 111, 6097, 39395, 35874, 125458, 7, 3542, 2843, 167821, 494, 525, 7, 136, 70, 14108, 1779, 12, 100, 27781, 4, 884, 51704, 33, 136, 144, 9, 41153, 5980, 3542, 53664, 2595, 17975, 73, 74, 70, 219600, 62, 20375, 11089, 509, 10, 17506, 169, 74, 70, 219600, 96599, 144, 9, 4645, 31916, 509, 10, 17506, 169, 4, 51126, 12071, 927, 136, 75, 41092, 74, 70, 128464, 271, 71047, 32173, 7510, 7, 509, 10, 70, 14108, 19, 136, 4816, 19, 111, 75198, 33752, 39, 74, 70, 124931, 56, 136, 219600, 78905, 223, 1311, 1264, 35723, 7, 509, 10, 494, 525, 5, 133698, 70, 89176, 231119, 172647, 7, 1884, 89655, 930, 133953, 4, 240924, 4, 229284, 30888, 12365, 136, 96879, 143, 432, 23660, 3922, 765, 2809, 90698, 237, 70, 2684, 75530, 16523, 2886, 35874, 125458, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 231119, 4, 89176, 7, 7228, 193984, 127752, 7, 23, 41664, 5, 89655, 930, 133953, 7228, 88551, 103882, 3387, 23, 25153, 7934, 25443, 136, 10, 35931, 1176, 5, 581, 160960, 111, 5744, 28745, 4, 229284, 30888, 12365, 4, 7228, 22799, 136912, 7, 98, 70, 182342, 29089, 136, 5501, 70820, 3129, 107003, 4049, 47, 139999, 136, 123019, 98363, 70, 38549, 5426, 5, 68320, 10845, 7, 509, 959, 4734, 10, 53918, 11226, 111, 6, 140815, 700, 87739, 53, 1284, 26168, 3674, 10, 154453, 111, 135969, 7, 136, 175961, 25647, 1672, 70, 59665, 7, 111, 26249, 112664, 136, 117, 63928, 5, 66941, 60892, 70, 6, 34053, 27744, 64370, 44389, 136, 107005, 40751, 169, 4, 2750, 2843, 22282, 71, 233, 41637, 4, 129271, 136, 19612, 5, 145076, 65042, 297, 68320, 10845, 7, 25, 291, 140363, 41637, 390, 26868, 214, 44805, 223, 15, 257, 70, 5701, 1733, 237, 636, 2566, 16523, 194, 1529, 62952, 10, 199083, 26168, 1363, 111, 54704, 289, 135969, 7, 136, 32603, 3674, 22729, 136, 233, 41637, 5, 65056, 6815, 14037, 297, 10, 3525, 32845, 206, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 292, 54241, 13, 4, 120164, 36549, 292, 22282, 71, 80097, 86608, 136, 20100, 2822, 4567, 2320, 4, 136, 134053, 70, 50997, 23923, 21543, 5, 112923, 143, 432, 23660, 3922, 4, 22446, 3075, 167599, 58807, 8, 8002, 2227, 4, 21209, 11059, 5761, 4, 4252, 214, 4, 16584, 54544, 19, 4, 7880, 515, 136, 62357, 56, 4, 756, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 4, 7228, 13036, 127752, 7, 47, 41664, 136, 37242, 2481, 154453, 4, 26719, 70, 25647, 50155, 13909, 7, 4, 136, 3060, 111, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 80835, 289, 135969, 7, 136, 110436, 135969, 7, 5, 52455, 291, 140363, 18, 71407, 23, 92768, 297, 172647, 7, 4, 26719, 229284, 4, 3542, 2843, 19612, 72004, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 9969, 13, 30319, 43515, 23, 54411, 136, 333, 25443, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 34754, 111, 25647, 1672, 70, 191175, 111, 59714, 1295, 9207, 33, 47, 194092, 5, 133698, 70, 32070, 111, 357, 20016, 33, 674, 4, 183964, 9207, 32624, 4, 70, 53918, 11226, 111, 70, 3530, 100184, 516, 155116, 28021, 4, 134053, 70, 26249, 39108, 2481, 5, 1529, 134053, 450, 10, 25534, 190659, 47, 70, 25927, 289, 6, 32271, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 172647, 83, 22008, 2750, 55080, 7, 57456, 25188, 47, 129745, 51359, 23, 142, 16128, 111, 33946, 5, 360, 54704, 289, 157612, 939, 4, 2685, 509, 110, 2773, 142, 45964, 60223, 111, 10, 5744, 172647, 5, 175399, 4, 6, 119598, 1314, 81810, 71, 23, 70, 99644, 6827, 35187, 111, 31425, 35839, 6083, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 111, 6083, 41664, 5, 1650, 509, 959, 24189, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 450, 70, 13579, 44, 7, 45964, 1419, 58, 21449, 3934, 20324, 4527, 7103, 442, 509, 43780, 297, 390, 70, 70, 14108, 19, 4, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 136, 4816, 19, 111, 41664, 25031, 601, 1106, 19256, 23, 543, 9185, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Classical antiquity.", "Middle Ages.", "Renaissance.", "Age of Enlightenment.", "19th century.", "20th century.", "Profession.", "Education.", "Career.", "Research interests.", "Demography.", "By country.", "United States.", "By gender." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "The roles of \"scientists\", and their predecessors before the emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over time. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well. Accordingly, many different historical figures can be identified as early scientists, depending on which characteristics of modern science are taken to be essential. Some historians point to the Scientific Revolution that began in 16th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed. It wasn't until the 19th century that sufficient socioeconomic changes occurred for scientists to emerge as a major profession.", "Knowledge about nature in classical antiquity was pursued by many kinds of scholars. Greek contributions to science—including works of geometry and mathematical astronomy, early accounts of biological processes and catalogs of plants and animals, and theories of knowledge and learning—were produced by philosophers and physicians, as well as practitioners of various trades. These roles, and their associations with scientific knowledge, spread with the Roman Empire and, with the spread of Christianity, became closely linked to religious institutions in most of European countries. Astrology and astronomy became an important area of knowledge, and the role of astronomer/astrologer developed with the support of political and religious patronage. By the time of the medieval university system, knowledge was divided into the \"trivium\"—philosophy, including natural philosophy—and the \"quadrivium\"—mathematics, including astronomy. Hence, the medieval analogs of scientists were often either philosophers or mathematicians. Knowledge of plants and animals was broadly the province of physicians.", "Science in medieval Islam generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the bounds of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician. Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Golden Age are considered polymaths, in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines. Many of these early polymaths were also religious priests and theologians: for example, Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the botanist Otto Brunfels was a theologian and historian of Protestantism; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest. During the Italian Renaissance scientists like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo Galilei and Gerolamo Cardano have been considered as the most recognizable polymaths.", "During the Renaissance, Italians made substantial contributions in science. Leonardo Da Vinci made significant discoveries in paleontology and anatomy. The Father of modern Science, Galileo Galilei, made key improvements on the thermometer and telescope which allowed him to observe and clearly describe the solar system. Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (at the same time as Leibniz). He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics — infinite, periodic series — studied heat flow and infrared radiation, and discovered the greenhouse effect. Girolamo Cardano, Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat, Von Neumann, Turing, Khinchin, Markov and Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory, including the ideas behind computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo, were also musicians. There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to Harvey.", "During the age of Enlightenment, Luigi Galvani, the pioneer of the bioelectromagnetics, discovered the animal electricity. He discovered that a charge applied to the spinal cord of a frog could generate muscular spasms throughout its body. Charges could make frog legs jump even if the legs were no longer attached to a frog. While cutting a frog leg, Galvani's steel scalpel touched a brass hook that was holding the leg in place. The leg twitched. Further experiments confirmed this effect, and Galvani was convinced that he was seeing the effects of what he called animal electricity, the life force within the muscles of the frog. At the University of Pavia, Galvani's colleague Alessandro Volta was able to reproduce the results, but was sceptical of Galvani's explanation. Lazzaro Spallanzani is one of the most influential figures in experimental physiology and the natural sciences. His investigations have exerted a lasting influence on the medical sciences. He made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions and animal reproduction. Francesco Redi discovered that microorganisms can cause disease.", "Until the late 19th or early 20th century, scientists were still referred to as \"natural philosophers\" or \"men of science\". English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell coined the term \"scientist\" in 1833, and it first appeared in print in Whewell's anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville's \"On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences\" published in the \"Quarterly Review\". Whewell's suggestion of the term was partly satirical, a response to changing conceptions of science itself in which natural knowledge was increasingly seen as distinct from other forms of knowledge. Whewell wrote of \"an increasing proclivity of separation and dismemberment\" in the sciences; while highly specific terms proliferated—chemist, mathematician, naturalist—the broad term \"philosopher\" was no longer satisfactory to group together those who pursued science, without the caveats of \"natural\" or \"experimental\" philosopher. Members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science had been complaining about the lack of a good term at recent meetings, Whewell reported in his review; alluding to himself, he noted that \"some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with \"artist\", they might form [the word] \"scientist\", and added that there could be no scruple in making free with this term since we already have such words as \"economist\", and \"atheist\"—but this was not generally palatable\". Whewell proposed the word again more seriously (and not anonymously) in his 1840 \"The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences\": He also proposed the term \"physicist\" at the same time, as a counterpart to the French word \"physicien\". Neither term gained wide acceptance until decades later; \"scientist\" became a common term in the late 19th century in the United States and around the turn of the 20th century in Great Britain. By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.", "Ramón y Cajal won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his remarkable observations in neuroanatomy. Marie Curie became the first female to win the Nobel Prize and the first person to win it twice. Her efforts led to the development of nuclear energy and Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In 1922, she was appointed a member of the International Commission on Intellectual Co-operation by the Council of the League of Nations. She campaigned for scientist's right to patent their discoveries and inventions. She also campaigned for free access to international scientific literature and for internationally recognized scientific symbols.", "As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized.", "In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting (e.g., universities and research institutes), mostly at the level of graduate schools. Upon completion, they would normally attain an academic degree, with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Although graduate education for scientists varies among institutions and countries, some common training requirements include specializing in an area of interest, publishing research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presenting them at scientific conferences, giving lectures or teaching, and defending a thesis (or dissertation) during an oral examination. To aid them in this endeavor, graduate students often work under the guidance of a mentor, usually a senior scientist, which may continue after the completion of their doctorates whereby they work as postdoctoral researchers.", "After the completion of their training, many scientists pursue careers in a variety of work settings and conditions. In 2017, the British scientific journal \"Nature\" published the results of a large-scale survey of more than 5,700 doctoral students worldwide, asking them which sectors of the economy they would like to work in. A little over half of the respondents wanted to pursue a career in academia, with smaller proportions hoping to work in industry, government, and nonprofit environments. Scientists are motivated to work in several ways. Many have a desire to understand why the world is as we see it and how it came to be. They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and economics. Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health, the nations, the world, nature, or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist). Scientists tend to be less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers. As a result, scientific researchers often accept lower average salaries when compared with many other professions which require a similar amount of training and qualification. Although there have been exceptions, most scientists tend to do their best research when they are relatively young, in their 30s.", "Scientists include experimentalists who mainly perform experiments to test hypotheses, and theoreticians who mainly develop models to explain existing data and predict new results. There is a continuum between two activities and the division between them is not clear-cut, with many scientists performing both tasks. Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by high-energy physics, and materials science, which seeks to discover and design new materials. Although there have been remarkable discoveries with regard to brain function and neurotransmitters, the nature of the mind and human thought still remains unknown.", "", "The number of scientists is vastly different from country to country. For instance, there are only four full-time scientists per 10,000 workers in India, while this number is 79 for the United Kingdom, and 85 for the United States.", "According to the National Science Foundation, 4.7 million people with science degrees worked in the United States in 2015, across all disciplines and employment sectors. The figure included twice as many men as women. Of that total, 17% worked in academia, that is, at universities and undergraduate institutions, and men held 53% of those positions. 5% of scientists worked for the federal government, and about 3.5% were self-employed. Of the latter two groups, two-thirds were men. 59% of scientists in the United States were employed in industry or business, and another 6% worked in non-profit positions.", "Scientist and engineering statistics are usually intertwined, but they indicate that women enter the field far less than men, though this gap is narrowing. The number of science and engineering doctorates awarded to women rose from a mere 7 percent in 1970 to 34 percent in 1985 and in engineering alone the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded to women rose from only 385 in 1975 to more than 11000 in 1985." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 62130, 4043, 13452, 509, 26859, 99, 10086, 98224, 23, 98600, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 10086, 98224, 509, 58136, 47, 27489, 10, 11389, 111, 10086, 98224, 65290, 4597, 59121, 89554, 23, 41925, 136, 221, 442, 44841, 142, 208124, 111, 17925, 59121, 23, 41925, 5, 14847, 10086, 98224, 118066, 4488, 98, 44, 156202, 208, 1290, 830, 237, 442, 509, 35839, 4, 70, 62130, 4043, 13452, 509, 122799, 237, 10, 17925, 87907, 5, 66016, 7068, 4, 10, 24941, 111, 13036, 53095, 15, 216561, 7550, 37992, 16751, 7, 16, 765, 86872, 71, 62130, 4043, 100, 4527, 23, 2363, 38742, 136, 72090, 10086, 98224, 47, 54, 221, 4, 6, 190358, 4488, 47, 21342, 98, 442, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 62130, 4043, 375, 5974, 297, 756, 17925, 18151, 47, 41925, 390, 67, 40899, 23, 139392, 71, 41925, 18507, 102158, 5, 3293, 181653, 70, 2965, 23718, 4, 27983, 186, 26518, 70, 313, 37223, 208124, 111, 17925, 11675, 678, 1660, 9, 73, 9, 6032, 98352, 1363, 15, 1375, 6371, 247, 1284, 134729, 297, 1295, 6626, 193857, 7, 5, 23972, 4, 9969, 49725, 1733, 509, 4989, 16792, 12663, 1916, 390, 67, 40899, 136, 72367, 214, 70, 139392, 71, 61112, 509, 10, 177953, 9, 29272, 29888, 9433, 5, 22376, 4, 70, 208124, 191984, 95, 344, 297, 98323, 16792, 2684, 41925, 73303, 68311, 7, 15, 1375, 47599, 16, 15935, 25, 18, 43799, 51, 33740, 61112, 707, 70, 79315, 7, 450, 621, 44848, 71, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 72367, 214, 10, 18507, 11435, 5, 15, 73243, 1556, 98816, 23, 14432, 11389, 7, 111, 41925, 5, 16, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 23, 70, 6817, 111, 9571, 4, 62130, 4043, 49814, 142, 29481, 5844, 13736, 5, 581, 18507, 29822, 58093, 18151, 509, 109133, 47, 142, 35829, 289, 4, 84079, 25958, 72367, 297, 98169, 5, 15612, 49725, 83, 4271, 56, 136, 3229, 26499, 7, 621, 110, 51713, 23, 4527, 1836, 831, 186, 43799, 297, 1884, 2499, 3789, 41925, 36746, 5, 62130, 4043, 509, 121447, 47, 109875, 32807, 23, 7071, 82490, 34525, 538, 62130, 4043, 18507, 29822, 58093, 1902, 2809, 34658, 4420, 1295, 54452, 5, 33306, 70, 400, 182316, 7, 111, 62130, 4043, 765, 5036, 176506, 47, 54452, 756, 111, 62130, 4043, 47, 9803, 31344, 4, 26719, 18507, 11435, 58093, 5, 66016, 6863, 54452, 47, 9803, 31344, 4, 62130, 4043, 1556, 14037, 10, 96551, 111, 4527, 7, 136, 142, 118055, 14012, 111, 3395, 765, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 18151, 5, 581, 13452, 62163, 6863, 9351, 1295, 70, 26249, 98, 70, 29256, 111, 70, 17925, 12877, 1295, 180, 25, 4332, 114833, 4794, 5, 1301, 111, 11389, 100920, 1052, 1662, 15, 82419, 3640, 247, 62130, 4043, 8060, 7, 41925, 382, 136, 1257, 4, 136, 8060, 7, 10, 14012, 111, 59947, 8218, 147845, 9764, 910, 64, 6706, 5357, 66139, 5, 62130, 4043, 96760, 7, 17925, 26499, 7, 3934, 61112, 5, 62130, 4043, 43240, 23, 15044, 375, 5974, 297, 136, 29481, 297, 13736, 5, 1650, 83, 179140, 47, 186, 11814, 23, 86983, 707, 10723, 9, 8752, 86685, 4, 8311, 329, 2685, 83, 110, 88303, 9, 73, 8060, 100, 70, 4002, 31842, 36746, 7, 450, 621, 39210, 538, 137272, 678, 17925, 5, 62130, 4043, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 8, 978, 21407, 390, 17368, 70, 62130, 4043, 6, 128019, 5, 581, 17925, 6, 128019, 87344, 10, 8781, 3917, 47, 11675, 26499, 7, 23, 1777, 206, 13736, 707, 28032, 142, 212398, 65998, 100, 64222, 31667, 56037, 449, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 11814, 23, 86685, 390, 6, 55720, 59725, 62130, 4043, 5, 62, 161549, 73197, 297, 11389, 111, 62130, 4043, 51748, 42, 304, 32497, 57134, 6259, 678, 70, 7550, 37992, 16751, 7, 54452, 111, 41925, 6755, 11389, 305, 4, 3129, 509, 121447, 23, 14487, 30739, 3293, 30482, 442, 99156, 47, 78779, 13, 17925, 237, 2831, 111, 41925, 103391, 136, 47, 17203, 41925, 65514, 1295, 17925, 5, 64511, 208124, 7, 111, 41925, 305, 1543, 129927, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62130, 4043, 83, 10, 17925, 87907, 59121, 89554, 23, 41925, 136, 145755, 390, 70, 109875, 32807, 237, 9803, 31344, 10975, 5, 1650, 83, 84797, 1295, 70, 103336, 46674, 19770, 87907, 4, 3129, 83, 2843, 126809, 390, 109875, 4, 1284, 59121, 23, 313, 37223, 136, 11814, 23, 109875, 43568, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Rhino project was started at Netscape in 1997. At the time, Netscape was planning to produce a version of Netscape Navigator written fully in Java and so it needed an implementation of JavaScript written in Java. When Netscape stopped work on \"Javagator\", as it was called, the Rhino project was finished as a JavaScript engine. Since then, a couple of major companies (including Sun Microsystems) have licensed Rhino for use in their products and paid Netscape to do so, allowing work to continue on it. Originally, Rhino compiled all JavaScript code to Java bytecode in generated Java class files. This produced the best performance, often beating the C++ implementation of JavaScript run with just-in-time compilation (JIT), but suffered from two faults. First, compiling time was long since generating bytecode and loading the generated classes was a resource-intensive process. Also, the implementation effectively leaked memory since most Java Virtual Machines (JVM) didn't collect unused classes or the strings that are interned as a result of loading a class file. (This has changed in later versions of Java.) As a result, in the fall of 1998, Rhino added an interpretive mode. The classfile generation code was moved to an optional, dynamically loaded package. Compiling is faster and when scripts are no longer in use they can be collected like any other Java object. Rhino was released to Mozilla Foundation in April 1998. Originally Rhino classfile generation had been held back from release. However the licensors of Rhino have now agreed to release all of Rhino to open source, including class file generation. Since its release to open source, Rhino has found a variety of uses and an increasing number of people have contributed to the code. The project gets its name from the animal on the cover of the JavaScript book from O'Reilly Media. As of version 1.7R11 (May 2019), Rhino supports Java 8 and up, and supports a number of ECMAScript ES6/ES2015 features.", "Rhino converts JavaScript scripts into classes. Rhino works in both compiled and interpreted mode. It is intended to be used in desktop or server-side applications, hence there is no built-in support for the Web browser objects that are commonly associated with JavaScript. Rhino can be used as a debugger by using the Rhino shell. The JavaScript shell provides a simple way to run scripts in batch mode or within an interactive environment for exploratory programming. It can be used in applications by embedding Rhino. A slightly modified version of Rhino 1.6r2 comes bundled with the Sun Microsystems release of Java SE version 6, which was released in December 2006. This makes it easier to integrate JavaScript as part of Java programs and to access Java resources from JavaScript. Other implementations of Java 6 may differ." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 76639, 37356, 139302, 125815, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 2356, 5753, 6406, 6, 184721, 111, 147037, 4, 98, 7582, 24470, 20986, 5, 1840, 67373, 4, 3423, 2581, 180, 62028, 125815, 4, 83, 142, 107653, 7311, 538, 1295, 161876, 4, 146864, 4, 136, 604, 78840, 6236, 9963, 1021, 9319, 4, 241, 170, 1679, 125815, 4, 509, 142, 4927, 4816, 19, 4, 49119, 70035, 136, 1346, 14364, 4, 124901, 67373, 509, 187951, 5, 76639, 37356, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 47615, 701, 83241, 66, 4, 10, 2356, 5753, 56, 4, 1556, 79786, 237, 10, 108558, 5, 4687, 32497, 1295, 142, 39055, 1098, 37854, 845, 114686, 14449, 1295, 164111, 136, 49002, 4, 7311, 538, 613, 76, 4806, 8643, 3719, 4969, 4, 136, 76639, 37356, 1556, 151552, 164055, 237, 845, 114686, 5, 4687, 1556, 142, 114210, 114015, 4, 179481, 4, 2843, 142, 215542, 74, 142, 114210, 82953, 4, 46932, 74, 136, 10, 138241, 82953, 4, 134327, 5, 125815, 2843, 1556, 142, 114210, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 4, 14949, 4, 1295, 604, 67373, 25, 7, 5117, 129570, 5, 4687, 16401, 7, 15044, 15672, 136, 188676, 130367, 16070, 5, 125815, 29966, 297, 7940, 6478, 4, 142, 131830, 53, 10696, 23, 15497, 69696, 72136, 4, 147037, 5, 1840, 27863, 168265, 71, 3229, 2412, 509, 5847, 125815, 509, 106480, 20903, 47, 604, 57988, 289, 9963, 432, 9319, 4, 151912, 3038, 83241, 66, 4, 10, 12877, 184308, 136, 10696, 17615, 5372, 74, 1836, 27983, 66933, 1733, 25842, 136, 125815, 90698, 83241, 66, 604, 2965, 34391, 5, 66348, 3674, 23, 125815, 25, 7, 5117, 105207, 31486, 509, 237, 119497, 4, 70, 27150, 56, 114015, 111, 10, 181036, 166513, 2750, 127877, 16065, 1295, 604, 1738, 56, 5368, 23, 44, 12662, 299, 619, 2091, 58, 188078, 33233, 8752, 94960, 11, 102960, 76294, 136, 604, 82953, 4, 134327, 5, 1840, 23718, 75204, 24491, 98865, 12, 1632, 59121, 100, 70, 44, 31469, 22600, 70103, 6402, 133, 58, 959, 297, 4, 44, 1065, 2347, 1346, 268, 55993, 7, 98, 398, 4, 21334, 538, 6637, 111, 70, 108654, 111, 27, 76639, 37356, 125815, 4, 58, 12960, 35778, 170313, 239, 294, 13474, 4, 32562, 100, 70, 5701, 15122, 4, 6868, 297, 98, 604, 44, 29518, 329, 7844, 37450, 830, 136, 18822, 71, 4, 44, 91306, 2412, 831, 2046, 8305, 125815, 149307, 297, 1295, 7003, 47, 25171, 31486, 7, 678, 6626, 54180, 23, 6052, 12, 70, 79880, 180327, 9, 106543, 44, 100604, 18, 23, 194927, 58, 136, 70, 23134, 44, 221179, 678, 10, 134852, 241, 147, 2852, 740, 360, 70, 36770, 4, 8951, 297, 390, 80748, 83664, 69990, 4, 2412, 11301, 7, 79602, 4, 10, 5303, 9393, 136, 459, 86, 538, 27150, 58386, 4, 198274, 19893, 172014, 5, 83664, 69990, 1902, 5117, 156672, 125815, 23, 44, 12662, 299, 619, 2091, 830, 136, 154186, 604, 47, 10, 27150, 94239, 46078, 1181, 74, 83664, 69990, 35509, 70, 1346, 25, 7, 13765, 98, 70, 76755, 17721, 19210, 11727, 36840, 23780, 3960, 136, 46078, 1181, 23, 44, 3957, 14195, 132140, 58, 5173, 117413, 5, 125815, 14037, 70, 16981, 111, 20697, 678, 10, 117776, 14364, 12921, 6637, 111, 83664, 69990, 25, 7, 125815, 112730, 438, 143, 4, 142, 209057, 177, 215542, 2750, 9842, 7, 142, 103086, 678, 10, 139505, 332, 15, 16604, 76, 21732, 79959, 7, 134816, 7, 16, 23, 39076, 53, 87416, 25, 7, 23134, 44, 79520, 206, 41097, 58, 23, 35652, 24372, 456, 133266, 214, 37958, 17686, 7, 1974, 678, 125815, 100, 70, 31486, 4, 87416, 98816, 70, 62816, 25, 7, 15889, 2481, 1295, 56101, 47, 15672, 5, 1301, 142, 73275, 56, 111, 87416, 25, 7, 54180, 4, 125815, 1884, 71, 70, 6528, 111, 20697, 678, 4049, 4, 1284, 29131, 11066, 13048, 604, 5117, 5155, 98, 70, 5423, 5, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 19114, 58, 509, 204971, 678, 125815, 136, 79959, 7, 134816, 7, 25, 23718, 7, 4, 136, 170313, 239, 294, 13474, 4, 32562, 23, 70, 44, 31469, 22600, 70103, 6402, 133, 830, 2804, 450, 125815, 44, 164, 10, 14537, 23923, 1295, 70, 2565, 738, 830, 678, 10, 23718, 450, 44, 18492, 1314, 98, 237, 27706, 54700, 740, 581, 1346, 4, 10, 16530, 23179, 36272, 4, 85168, 297, 125815, 27154, 5256, 100, 70, 43114, 162097, 136, 70, 58823, 125815, 1902, 10, 93685, 71, 47, 108975, 98, 199506, 16792, 604, 29041, 44462, 5, 4687, 7228, 604, 34377, 23, 10, 1532, 15226, 1405, 111, 79281, 102617, 25, 7, 23134, 44, 284, 29805, 1295, 70, 59132, 740, 19943, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 23, 142, 89176, 9, 127345, 205277, 23, 2356, 5753, 4, 442, 14192, 7, 70, 187641, 9342, 111, 192429, 15, 20706, 297, 390, 1261, 4854, 152080, 56, 247, 2750, 1556, 142, 23, 189958, 67, 5161, 100, 1919, 58386, 25, 7, 707, 68743, 297, 269, 329, 4, 129811, 15, 20706, 297, 390, 125815, 194, 24372, 3060, 18433, 5256, 1672, 75169, 10, 7003, 4588, 62816, 4, 125815, 176506, 47, 70, 11301, 3229, 10, 34391, 122991, 71, 604, 47, 5646, 98, 70, 2831, 5, 3419, 21110, 18, 4293, 111, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 19114, 58, 54397, 111, 125815, 25, 7, 23718, 450, 2412, 44, 76681, 7, 3934, 604, 62816, 221, 209183, 538, 450, 604, 15993, 4223, 111, 211099, 213566, 7, 740, 44, 81827, 478, 939, 58, 7, 6765, 225956, 509, 204971, 678, 70, 11301, 136, 125815, 23, 17311, 4, 28852, 23709, 604, 237, 70, 185256, 51339, 56, 5, 4687, 23742, 70, 1532, 59689, 60992, 100, 11345, 94030, 390, 10, 106594, 71, 9852, 87463, 23, 6, 100761, 214, 604, 4488, 23, 70, 276, 48674, 4, 125815, 158323, 71, 604, 31486, 237, 10074, 5140, 24293, 23, 44, 58, 73858, 5, 360, 70, 1346, 4, 2412, 33284, 7, 84616, 678, 154564, 21629, 15, 15982, 3679, 122841, 16, 136, 160378, 15, 78931, 497, 299, 4727, 8958, 16, 47, 51, 63127, 10, 180255, 2408, 28032, 159, 5, 841, 5, 568, 5, 647, 5, 866, 5, 397, 5, 4, 12960, 7808, 214, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 110938, 51529, 237, 70, 30870, 6678, 63052, 5, 125815, 136, 122841, 54397, 2363, 10002, 144483, 100, 40368, 28302, 7, 1836, 1902, 25842, 5, 125815, 509, 110281, 297, 47, 604, 62816, 25, 7, 3917, 111, 20594, 604, 12447, 4, 187016, 214, 604, 76034, 13, 3562, 90, 136, 959, 604, 72761, 149528, 5, 581, 1346, 509, 10, 130306, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 76639, 37356, 139302, 125815, 15, 74, 103122, 7582, 24470, 20986, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 215542, 136, 5367, 56, 5, 581, 8999, 25, 7, 167375, 9, 138925, 215542, 16792, 267, 4, 2412, 1556, 7228, 48716, 170894, 7, 23, 70, 44, 18537, 7438, 58, 230720, 805, 5, 1840, 54180, 765, 74907, 71, 645, 214574, 4, 20662, 125815, 70, 167375, 9, 8407, 38001, 117776, 16530, 23179, 6057, 111, 756, 1733, 136, 70, 14610, 927, 9, 84396, 525, 9, 8407, 38001, 16530, 23179, 6057, 111, 756, 1733, 5, 4687, 83, 70, 134003, 111, 183851, 1030, 21854, 988, 4, 26719, 10, 59689, 60992, 136, 10, 8678, 95976, 60992, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 27154, 5256, 100, 6626, 62903, 54530, 136, 43606, 43114, 162097, 54530, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Acting career.", "Early roles (1996–2002).", "Transition to adult roles (2003–2004).", "Films with Woody Allen (2005–2009).", "Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010–2013).", "Action and superhero films (2014–present).", "Music career.", "Personal life.", "Public image.", "Other ventures.", "Philanthropy.", "Politics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson was born in the New York City borough of Manhattan, on November 22, 1984. Her father, Karsten Olaf Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter and film director, whose father was Swedish. Scarlett's mother, Melanie Sloan, a New Yorker, has worked as a producer. She comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from Poland and Russia, originally surnamed Schlamberg, and Scarlett has described herself as Jewish. She has an older sister, Vanessa, also an actress; an older brother, Adrian; and a twin brother, Hunter. Johansson also has an older half-brother, Christian, from her father's first marriage. She holds both American and Danish citizenship. Johansson attended PS 41, an elementary school in Greenwich Village, Manhattan. Her parents divorced when she was 13. Johansson was particularly close to her maternal grandmother, Dorothy Sloan, a bookkeeper and schoolteacher; they often spent time together and Johansson considered Sloan her best friend. Interested in", "", "Johansson's first leading role was as Amanda, the younger sister of a pregnant teenager who runs away from her foster home in \"Manny & Lo\" (1996) alongside Aleksa Palladino and her brother, Hunter. Her performance received positive reviews: one written for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" noted, \"[the film] grows on you, largely because of the charm of... Scarlett Johansson,\" while critic Mick LaSalle, writing for the same paper, commented on her \"peaceful aura\", and believed, \"If she can get through", "Johansson transitioned from teen to adult roles with two films in 2003: the romantic comedy-drama \"Lost in Translation\" and the drama \"Girl with a Pearl Earring\". In the former, directed by Sofia Coppola, she plays Charlotte, a listless and lonely young wife, opposite Bill Murray. Coppola had first noticed Johansson in \"Manny & Lo\", and compared her to a young Lauren Bacall; Coppola based the film's story on the relationship between Humphrey Bogart and Bacall in \"The Big Sleep\" (1946). Johansson found the experience of working with a female director different because of Coppola's", "Johansson played Nola, an aspiring actress who begins an affair with a married man (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) in Woody Allen's drama \"Match Point\" in 2005. After replacing Kate Winslet with Johansson for the role, Allen changed the character's nationality from British to American. As an admirer of Allen's films, Johansson liked the idea of working with him, but felt nervous her first day on the set. \"The New York Times\" was impressed with Johansson and Rhys Meyers' performances, and Mick LaSalle, writing in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", said that Johansson \"is a powerhouse from the word go\", with a performance that \"borders on astonishing\". The film, a box office success, earned Johansson nominations for the Golden Globe and the Chicago", "Johansson had aspired to appear on Broadway since her childhood. She made her debut in a 2010 revival of Arthur Miller's drama \"A View from the Bridge\". Set in the 1950s, in an Italian-American neighborhood in New York, it tells the tragic tale of Eddie (played by Liev Schreiber), who has an inappropriate love for his wife's orphaned niece, Catherine (played by Johansson). After some reservations about playing a teenage character, Johansson agreed to the play when a friend convinced her to take on the part. Ben Brantley of \"The New York Times\" wrote of Johansson's performance that she \"melts into her character so thoroughly that her nimbus of celebrity disappears\". \"Variety\"s David Rooney was impressed with the play and Johansson in particular, describing her as the chief performer. She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in", "Continuing her work in the MCU, Johansson reprised her role as Black Widow in \"\" (2014). In the film, she joins forces with Captain America (Chris Evans) and Falcon (Anthony Mackie) to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D., while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier. Johansson and Evans wrote their own dialogue for several scenes they had together. Johansson was attracted to her character's way of doing her job, employing her feminine wiles and not her physical appeal. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $714million worldwide. Critic Odie Henderson saw \"a genuine emotional shorthand at work, especially from Johansson, who is excellent here\". The role earned her a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination. Johansson played a supporting role in the film \"Chef\" (2014), alongside Robert Downey, Jr., Sofía Vergara, and director Jon Favreau. It grossed over $45million at the", "In 2006, Johansson sang the track \"Summertime\" for \"Unexpected DreamsSongs From the Stars\", a non-profit collection of songs recorded by Hollywood actors. She performed with the Jesus and Mary Chain for a Coachella reunion show in Indio, California, in April 2007. The following year, Johansson appeared as the leading lady in Justin Timberlake's music video, for \"What Goes Around... Comes Around\", which was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year. In May 2008, Johansson released her debut album \"Anywhere I Lay My Head\", which consists of one original song and ten cover versions of Tom Waits songs, and features David Bowie and members from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Celebration. Reviews of the album were mixed. \"Spin\" was not particularly impressed with Johansson's singing. Some critics found it to be \"surprisingly alluring\", \"a bravely eccentric selection\", and \"a brilliant album\" with \"ghostly magic\". \"NME\" named the album the \"23rd best album of 2008\", and it", "While attending PCS, Johansson dated classmate Jack Antonoff from 2001 to 2002. She dated her \"Black Dahlia\" co-star Josh Hartnett for about two years until the end of 2006; Hartnett said they split because their busy schedules kept them apart. Johansson began a relationship with Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds in 2007; they became engaged in May 2008, married in September 2008, separated in December 2010 and divorced in July 2011. In November 2012, Johansson started dating Frenchman Romain Dauriac, the owner of an advertising agency; they became engaged the following September. The couple divided their time between New York City and Paris. In 2014, she gave birth to their daughter, Rose Dorothy Dauriac. Johansson and Dauriac married that October in Philipsburg, Montana. They separated in mid-2016 and divorced in September 2017.", "Johansson has been called \"ScarJo\" by the media and fans, but dislikes the nickname, finding it lazy, flippant and insulting. She is described as a sex symbol by the media. \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" describes Johansson as \"the embodiment of male fantasy\". During the filming of \"Match Point\", director Woody Allen commented on her attractiveness, calling her \"beautiful\" and \"sexually overwhelming\". In 2014, \"The New Yorker\" film critic Anthony Lane wrote that \"she is evidently, and profitably, aware of her sultriness, and of how much, down to the last inch, it contributes to the contours of her reputation.\" Johansson said that she disliked being sexualized, and that a preoccupation with a person's attractiveness does not last. She lost the lead role of Lisbeth Salander in \"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\" (2011), as the film's director, David Fincher, thought she was \"too sexy\" for the part. Johansson ranks highly in several beauty listings. \"Maxim\" included her in their Hot 100 from 2006 to 2014. She has been named \"Sexiest Woman Alive\" twice by \"Esquire\" (2006 and 2013), and has been included in similar", "", "Johansson has supported various charitable organizations, including \"Aid Still Required, Cancer Research UK, Stand Up To Cancer, Too Many Women\" (which works against breast cancer), and \"USA Harvest\", which provides food for people in need. In 2005, Johansson became a global ambassador for the aid and development agency Oxfam. In 2007, she took part in the anti-poverty campaign ONE, which was organized by U2's lead singer Bono. In March 2008, a UK-based bidder paid £20,000 on an eBay auction to benefit Oxfam, winning a hair and makeup treatment, a pair of tickets, and a chauffeured trip to accompany her on a 20-minute date to the world", "Johansson was registered as an independent, at least through 2008, and campaigned for Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 United States presidential election. When George W. Bush was re-elected in 2004, she said she was disappointed. In January 2008, her campaign for Democratic candidate Barack Obama included appearances in Iowa targeted at younger voters, an appearance at Cornell College, and a speaking engagement at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, on Super Tuesday, 2008. Johansson appeared in the music video for rapper will.i.am's song, \"Yes We Can\" (2008), directed by Jesse Dylan; the song was inspired by Obama's speech after the 2008 New Hampshire primary. In February 2012, Johansson and Anna" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 16848, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 509, 103122, 106, 4347, 543, 12744, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 26516, 2298, 8, 6, 181563, 19, 4, 19295, 32055, 4, 84740, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 142, 10, 35931, 1176, 117914, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 764, 509, 12302, 2822, 5941, 20028, 1295, 1632, 10696, 47, 15700, 6637, 111, 123166, 450, 509, 159978, 71, 70425, 4, 214267, 14, 10821, 4, 136, 141377, 142, 2874, 9, 916, 927, 3929, 92812, 130812, 5, 893, 120069, 27781, 111, 1919, 118562, 60744, 7432, 136, 214267, 14, 10821, 7432, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 103155, 83, 1919, 141745, 566, 22876, 191, 674, 100, 163684, 214, 1919, 208244, 25, 7, 143915, 70836, 678, 10, 44277, 2873, 831, 6431, 5, 1529, 509, 142, 10, 5518, 249, 10433, 4, 22104, 4, 136, 195843, 4, 1284, 1919, 67373, 2725, 9319, 77947, 71, 12488, 65524, 71, 6097, 77041, 31075, 4, 3853, 21208, 6097, 84172, 12348, 7, 2806, 162466, 47, 1919, 36272, 14432, 23, 6897, 5, 18763, 67373, 4027, 982, 24494, 71, 4049, 47, 10, 15756, 13, 55474, 136, 125017, 4, 47, 44, 15123, 136, 8337, 1919, 775, 5045, 9, 86, 297, 297, 80244, 136, 40780, 53, 1242, 1529, 509, 5299, 51529, 100, 1919, 6, 57398, 60744, 130812, 237, 764, 79786, 5, 9578, 70, 51065, 111, 166304, 4, 1919, 67373, 15673, 71, 47, 33946, 1919, 775, 23, 10, 29874, 80997, 4, 136, 34739, 4049, 47, 17202, 119300, 7, 47, 7413, 14135, 47143, 7, 100, 126687, 6827, 35187, 5, 159, 3473, 59207, 32881, 7, 509, 10, 174548, 6275, 100, 4049, 136, 221419, 538, 4, 764, 6777, 237360, 96335, 23, 54411, 5, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 29966, 297, 70, 29874, 10696, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 205202, 4, 7440, 1919, 67373, 509, 142, 10, 35931, 1176, 117914, 5, 1529, 150180, 71, 23, 172457, 4, 10, 17704, 7245, 24372, 10, 168296, 96730, 1363, 4, 764, 149976, 237, 10, 29874, 93324, 23, 70, 195374, 126140, 5, 1529, 34739, 2831, 23, 142, 55812, 1363, 47, 39485, 23, 186868, 1104, 6873, 4, 7440, 764, 18264, 297, 960, 6232, 136, 230916, 84125, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 764, 289, 4, 764, 36997, 71, 70, 4378, 83401, 11, 5623, 9, 35461, 23, 70, 166259, 1151, 90, 5, 24372, 30646, 214, 47, 84740, 4, 764, 75204, 1919, 22072, 2182, 23, 54411, 23, 8884, 23, 173195, 5, 360, 176447, 4, 764, 100512, 70, 14364, 111, 70, 205202, 25946, 4, 136, 764, 139505, 57035, 399, 3036, 5708, 1113, 7, 58623, 4, 678, 136565, 764, 1902, 59671, 76849, 7, 136, 43606, 775, 7, 5, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 79786, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 205202, 24189, 163055, 4, 3229, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 19069, 111, 10, 35931, 1176, 16030, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 73015, 5, 18763, 39395, 4488, 99, 6097, 6626, 141626, 90, 162393, 98, 70, 60875, 25443, 111, 6, 203932, 4, 70, 11948, 964, 25443, 111, 681, 40455, 4, 136, 70, 45646, 111, 25277, 2347, 150, 289, 38750, 7, 136, 108055, 90, 5, 360, 158972, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 109133, 47, 5755, 100, 10, 16030, 16070, 5, 8622, 764, 5117, 97384, 1672, 24429, 735, 25, 7, 55300, 4, 10, 38750, 1924, 14653, 55300, 3129, 4527, 7, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 21754, 50840, 67, 136, 115392, 31355, 17957, 47, 15, 46258, 39, 538, 16, 1924, 73, 10, 10846, 184940, 7, 10, 43334, 22556, 10576, 4, 12960, 137802, 70, 206990, 38750, 7, 70267, 5, 3293, 55300, 4, 3129, 764, 52295, 71, 4, 509, 9879, 47, 1919, 4488, 4, 6, 190358, 4049, 47, 15504, 1919, 35743, 47, 70, 9879, 11066, 13048, 5426, 15, 2844, 73, 136, 25927, 289, 6, 32271, 247, 23, 3129, 184940, 7, 621, 221, 168, 1428, 53, 1940, 18, 9494, 297, 450, 5570, 11948, 12064, 18695, 134071, 1830, 2806, 186, 110518, 69201, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 764, 7228, 1119, 41745, 272, 185688, 188304, 7, 111, 108, 82451, 4912, 4, 29256, 214, 5941, 114149, 136, 2684, 13036, 10776, 7, 111, 70, 78574, 5, 360, 151278, 4, 764, 100512, 16030, 99, 8884, 5, 360, 122815, 764, 100512, 14364, 111, 70, 44, 57404, 31, 8998, 8, 572, 132236, 13, 46, 44, 30145, 143, 3674, 237, 44, 137458, 43975, 111, 3905, 735, 1151, 44, 4, 136, 23, 63445, 14037, 56, 111, 70, 46, 3900, 143, 3674, 237, 70, 44, 2729, 27651, 31667, 111, 1843, 109622, 125015, 5256, 44, 4, 14432, 120514, 4806, 47, 70, 4, 707, 2041, 5457, 43975, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 23, 8884, 98, 18374, 21567, 58020, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 15751, 4, 19686, 214, 47, 4488, 3853, 98, 1919, 47219, 13482, 5, 360, 173195, 4, 70, 22911, 46799, 9, 18345, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 33284, 297, 10, 3010, 31, 6402, 45314, 429, 5, 4939, 23243, 13, 29660, 54397, 23, 31017, 450, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 44, 13689, 10, 26697, 23, 44951, 7, 4, 142, 28, 137089, 1419, 23, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 142, 163963, 9523, 23, 42615, 740, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 11814, 70, 13579, 57289, 44, 76228, 6056, 2499, 80358, 13, 740, 1529, 509, 2804, 47, 14432, 765, 84377, 3674, 19441, 25737, 5808, 297, 42615, 4, 137625, 538, 4, 764, 100512, 122991, 71, 111, 10, 144239, 23, 3430, 237, 10, 179505, 4, 237, 11341, 71, 20271, 1919, 5117, 59619, 8108, 70, 195374, 25674, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 5, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 7228, 40368, 13036, 127752, 7, 47, 37817, 66, 2832, 1176, 5, 1529, 134053, 70, 10, 27012, 289, 75678, 158, 13, 4, 136, 106804, 297, 195935, 538, 450, 70, 76755, 17721, 24030, 13, 38750, 7, 509, 959, 44, 133891, 10821, 830, 707, 10, 11001, 5426, 237, 117, 7068, 1119, 18211, 35425, 25667, 154453, 4, 1284, 43257, 44, 2271, 118, 1234, 10821, 56128, 2685, 3542, 43599, 7, 17721, 184940, 7, 5, 3293, 62952, 44836, 13, 77950, 100, 2367, 158465, 59757, 13, 8889, 2806, 9351, 44, 50901, 1900, 154453, 830, 5036, 38134, 538, 90698, 70, 137374, 111, 5744, 37817, 175201, 5, 1529, 509, 142, 204797, 111, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 8, 29887, 9523, 25927, 90, 4, 102971, 764, 6777, 959, 125296, 2856, 237, 70, 1764, 111, 5470, 1295, 9498, 29673, 112569, 38750, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 502, 54137, 111, 160, 320, 47691, 111, 24030, 13, 38750, 32354, 136, 1919, 9836, 4, 63931, 116166, 67, 8, 42489, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 16848, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 15, 74, 106, 4347, 543, 12744, 46, 729, 18374, 58020, 16, 509, 10, 195374, 37817, 7, 45964, 1419, 136, 2340, 497, 106622, 4, 5361, 84382, 23, 37817, 66, 2832, 1176, 4, 106480, 70, 1919, 18, 25443, 111, 70, 9879, 11066, 13048, 5426, 5, 1529, 136, 10071, 24049, 24429, 735, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 13000, 53, 172, 25443, 707, 119210, 23, 96903, 4, 678, 94691, 113, 2041, 5457, 2685, 1272, 141753, 70, 5117, 3445, 111, 195374, 59665, 47, 19916, 10, 57456, 34676, 2319, 731, 5, 18763, 7311, 145456, 7, 111, 70, 11948, 12064, 18695, 45646, 111, 70, 78574, 7228, 4049, 10, 53918, 11226, 111, 5744, 37817, 175201, 5, 49083, 2822, 7, 111, 1919, 188304, 7, 58755, 1916, 70, 71110, 13, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Political and religious views.", "Discoveries and theories.", "Distinctions.", "Publications.", "In society and culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born 1 May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain. His father was an anatomy teacher. As a child he was transferred many times from one school to another because of behavior that was declared poor, rebellious, and showing an anti-authoritarian attitude. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness at the age of eleven is his 1863 imprisonment for destroying his neighbor's yard gate with a homemade cannon. He was an avid painter, artist, and gymnast, but his father neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these artistic talents would contribute to his success later in life. His father apprenticed him to a shoemaker and barber, to \"try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability.\" He was well known for his pugnacious attitude as he worked. Over the summer of 1868, his father hoped to interest his son in a medical career, and took him to graveyards to find human remains for anatomical study. Sketching bones was a turning point for him and subsequently, he did pursue studies in medicine. Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of the University of Zaragoza, where his father was an anatomy teacher. He graduated in 1873, aged 21. After a competitive examination, he served as a medical officer in the Spanish Army. He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874–75, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis. In order to heal, he visited the Panticosa spa-town in the Pyrenees. After returning to Spain, he received his doctorate in medicine in Madrid in 1877. In 1879, he became the director of the Zaragoza Museum, and he married Silveria Fañanás García, with whom he had seven daughters and five sons. Ramón y Cajal worked at the University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded the position of anatomy professor of the University of Valencia. His early work at these two universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology of cholera, and the structure of epithelial cells and tissues. In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved to Barcelona for a professorship. There he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining method which uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to (randomly) stain a few neurons a dark black color, while leaving the surrounding cells transparent. This method, which he improved, was central to his work, allowing him to turn his attention to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During this period he made extensive detailed drawings of neural material, covering many species and most major regions of the brain. In 1892, he became professor at Madrid. In 1899 he became director of the \"Instituto Nacional de Higiene – \"translated as \"National Institute of Hygiene \", and in 1922 founder of the – translated as the \"Laboratory of Biological Investigations \", later renamed to the, or Cajal Institute. He died in Madrid on October 17, 1934, at the age of 82, continuing to work even on his deathbed.", "In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón y Cajal joined a Masonic lodge. John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal \"was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in philosophy, an agnostic in religion\". Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul \"without any shame\". He was said to later have regretted having left organized religion, Ultimately, he became convinced of a belief in God as a creator, as stated during his first lecture before the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.", "Ramón y Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy. He discovered the axonal growth cone, and demonstrated experimentally that the relationship between nerve cells was not \"continuous\", or a single system as per then extant reticular theory, but rather \"contiguous\"; there were gaps between neurons. This provided definitive evidence for what Heinrich Waldeyer would name \"neuron theory\", now widely considered the foundation of modern neuroscience. He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines, although he did not recognize them as the site of contact from presynaptic cells. He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student, Rafael Lorente de Nó, would continue this study of input-output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures. By producing excellent depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and providing detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC). This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the gut, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction which move material along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells. In his 1894 Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may become more elaborate with time, as a tree grows and extends its branches. He devoted a considerable amount of time studying French which he used to help his wife during labor and parapsychological phenomena. A book he had written on these topics was lost during the Spanish Civil War. Ramón y Cajal's efforts to improve the state of scientific research and education in Spain were part of a broader preoccupation with Regenerationism among Spanish intellectuals.", "Ramón y Cajal received many prizes, distinctions, and societal memberships during his scientific career, including honorary doctorates in medicine from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary doctorate in philosophy from Clark University. The most famous distinction he was awarded was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, together with the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi \"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\". This caused some controversy because Golgi, a staunch supporter of reticular theory, disagreed with Ramón y Cajal in his view of the neuron doctrine. Even before Ramón y Cajal's work, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen established the contiguous nature of nerve cells in his study of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed to cite.", "He published more than 100 scientific works and articles in Spanish, French and German. Among his most notable works were: A list of his books includes: In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called \"Vacation Stories\" under the pen name \"Dr. Bacteria\".", "The asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal has been named in his honor. In 2014, the National Institutes of Health exhibited original Ramón y Cajal drawings in its Neuroscience Research Center. Every year more than two hundred four-year postdoctoral fellowships by the Ministry of Science of Spain are awarded to middle career scholars from different fields of knowledge are called \"Ayudas a contratos Ramon y Cajal\" to honor his memory. An exhibition called \"The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal\" travelled through the US beginning 2017 at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis ending April 2019 at the Ackland Art Museum in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. A short documentary by REDES is available on YouTube. Spanish public television filmed a biopic series to commemorate his life." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7639, 6057, 7, 7948, 21028, 4032, 237, 353, 67, 169247, 4, 124901, 211088, 14364, 67373, 15, 23267, 9254, 71, 234339, 16, 14792, 136, 186, 944, 10519, 7, 101785, 16070, 111, 169247, 619, 4815, 7, 28670, 56, 289, 2005, 47, 4049, 136, 1919, 82953, 6765, 15, 182818, 313, 5, 19449, 194, 581, 169247, 118820, 2843, 96853, 64685, 8770, 124302, 169247, 15, 160392, 7, 1657, 72253, 16, 136, 76849, 150165, 169247, 15, 2729, 22127, 209525, 13, 194, 64511, 20324, 7, 26698, 95070, 69438, 136, 14449, 34391, 200957, 4512, 169, 15, 919, 160812, 158741, 247, 353, 67, 25, 7, 98, 9, 4729, 73, 64, 16713, 9, 4729, 73, 169713, 174762, 5024, 157, 76228, 15, 12248, 47515, 233937, 7, 247, 136, 6765, 25, 7, 4989, 9, 32166, 177367, 203314, 28166, 15, 199450, 36550, 2907, 5, 61201, 194, 2161, 1632, 17366, 4, 70, 7639, 83, 10, 101805, 289, 14449, 23134, 4, 184017, 678, 6044, 37348, 237, 1940, 52368, 151618, 4, 236251, 2481, 4, 136, 42615, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 442, 83, 157167, 67175, 390, 6863, 32153, 98, 70, 28451, 111, 47219, 4, 3129, 442, 88898, 7, 98, 3357, 4, 167821, 4, 136, 99644, 6827, 90926, 5, 98423, 50094, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 47219, 4, 70, 22304, 111, 3129, 37457, 7, 1295, 26498, 52875, 47, 162882, 47, 8932, 555, 87880, 47219, 194923, 5, 9925, 47219, 56104, 5423, 7, 70, 70, 47148, 70334, 100, 12638, 50094, 4, 6, 190358, 70, 124850, 47, 44961, 98, 2363, 43581, 100, 45091, 7, 136, 1239, 17883, 1811, 7, 23, 10, 3917, 450, 83, 166116, 3674, 390, 70, 47219, 136, 6863, 7103, 125458, 5, 581, 7639, 2843, 4527, 7, 43334, 16000, 136, 195195, 8780, 87420, 6863, 34003, 7, 5, 62, 456, 64240, 214, 23577, 75186, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 62816, 19441, 142, 114135, 53, 77104, 678, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 353, 67, 4, 6765, 4, 136, 200957, 68018, 44, 2271, 37676, 58, 678, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 50094, 4, 12960, 70, 50686, 13, 83, 8035, 352, 3571, 4806, 4, 707, 20271, 211088, 58136, 707, 70, 211088, 68034, 5, 160193, 4, 70, 124850, 158, 37676, 678, 3789, 8, 45710, 5281, 124850, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 148097, 11896, 169247, 4, 34843, 5, 581, 7639, 25, 7, 179505, 44576, 21786, 10, 7864, 450, 903, 33636, 7, 70, 38043, 124850, 25, 70796, 144483, 7, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 173591, 77104, 7, 5, 106073, 128512, 23577, 7, 136, 124850, 3542, 75935, 390, 44576, 21786, 4, 117729, 79612, 98, 3642, 70, 36549, 509, 29024, 14, 4126, 5, 360, 1632, 110527, 4, 21786, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 21449, 1257, 678, 70, 64881, 13, 111, 70, 7639, 7103, 70, 47219, 7, 111, 1919, 114015, 136, 67373, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 142, 33683, 4, 764, 24833, 63614, 450, 140676, 141778, 13918, 61171, 3371, 235540, 26171, 71, 70, 6528, 47, 4049, 5, 360, 10, 112341, 9, 46632, 2852, 5911, 131703, 7143, 4, 49119, 70035, 101774, 180, 25, 60728, 69527, 10, 16865, 3674, 450, 2412, 509, 70, 7311, 31344, 111, 70, 6528, 450, 14432, 115081, 8305, 235540, 47, 21786, 74, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 52341, 111, 5659, 13, 16765, 100, 70, 56740, 927, 167190, 4, 172337, 214, 98, 70, 237259, 450, 903, 10, 16865, 1363, 509, 29568, 4, 6, 34590, 89829, 604, 63043, 5, 21786, 11341, 71, 23, 142, 33683, 12, 581, 7639, 32153, 90, 98, 14135, 67573, 2481, 4, 70, 954, 6332, 31, 9523, 31425, 111, 6897, 136, 47219, 61590, 214, 5773, 111, 12638, 3789, 4, 136, 70, 60742, 111, 8382, 2750, 35142, 678, 442, 98, 10, 31815, 18231, 5, 14847, 45252, 214, 70, 23755, 111, 70, 7639, 4, 179505, 21786, 121151, 90, 98, 70, 100, 9825, 18, 17582, 70, 7639, 25, 7, 20279, 30388, 297, 12, 44, 294, 4084, 4221, 126, 9626, 58, 65508, 7, 70, 169247, 14449, 237, 70, 18231, 98, 3129, 47, 88898, 6097, 17582, 5, 194397, 6056, 6863, 43606, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 4, 12069, 9, 67450, 991, 112, 11675, 4, 13036, 124850, 16981, 38024, 7, 3129, 621, 23, 8951, 41911, 47, 2363, 65998, 136, 70, 10314, 4240, 1836, 765, 122446, 5, 44576, 21786, 13438, 33444, 90, 6097, 134858, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 44126, 111, 70, 36549, 25, 44759, 4, 47, 70, 70560, 2517, 1614, 22829, 111, 70, 1528, 12, 175448, 7, 100, 70, 169247, 5368, 3542, 51876, 99, 30535, 304, 10542, 714, 927, 15130, 136, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 1172, 2069, 1507, 102736, 4, 23, 70, 10542, 111558, 205277, 111, 3731, 31754, 5, 360, 85135, 190, 4, 50094, 106, 4, 70867, 41392, 7, 450, 764, 3514, 434, 1257, 44, 73, 10542, 111558, 4, 43573, 7440, 87, 4488, 1242, 192008, 44576, 21786, 2843, 149976, 237, 159354, 108558, 136, 7639, 142117, 100, 70, 64194, 36549, 11675, 5, 12452, 15497, 184056, 136, 6765, 3342, 929, 1703, 159354, 181653, 70, 36549, 4, 237, 70, 15497, 184056, 3342, 929, 1703, 22968, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 36049, 53095, 5, 581, 3789, 108558, 7, 3542, 53401, 14, 2177, 4869, 18391, 56, 136, 12452, 8901, 71903, 5, 581, 32562, 23082, 99201, 21786, 4, 2750, 54397, 300, 86, 50094, 7, 645, 70, 36549, 11675, 4, 26719, 70, 20279, 50094, 136, 70, 36549, 22688, 5, 601, 2783, 1314, 2750, 3542, 98, 23082, 100, 70, 64194, 36549, 11675, 99201, 94069, 198193, 4, 2750, 54397, 136659, 50094, 7, 136, 100512, 142, 159354, 108558, 23, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 34003, 74, 37958, 65810, 4, 2750, 54397, 136659, 50094, 7, 136, 100512, 10, 1601, 1824, 214, 108558, 23, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 34003, 74, 136, 112297, 51838, 1136, 5868, 4, 2750, 54397, 59671, 50094, 7, 136, 100512, 142, 159354, 108558, 23, 70, 22759, 927, 34003, 5, 14949, 40478, 509, 1660, 98, 23082, 100, 70, 5117, 34003, 4, 32562, 6626, 50094, 7, 5, 149766, 94239, 329, 57037, 90, 136, 14949, 63569, 54397, 17262, 50094, 7, 12638, 20271, 2363, 11675, 98, 70, 36549, 100, 70, 5117, 6626, 34003, 7, 4, 136, 1836, 2843, 149976, 237, 108558, 7, 5, 50695, 162715, 136, 3291, 1181, 32553, 7514, 33284, 297, 23, 70, 17932, 34003, 4, 24765, 214, 98, 23082, 100, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 36549, 4, 136, 12638, 54397, 59671, 50094, 7, 5, 162715, 100512, 10, 552, 9, 46480, 1010, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 84247, 4221, 126, 9626, 83, 142, 15672, 23134, 113976, 36549, 75935, 136, 181653, 390, 44576, 21786, 5, 1650, 9882, 297, 98, 70, 55941, 33120, 140676, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 98, 18237, 138, 4, 103844, 136, 134620, 98, 8055, 21416, 73584, 175884, 43606, 34003, 7, 136, 12069, 50094, 7, 5, 1650, 8, 18695, 933, 70, 60742, 111, 70, 169247, 14449, 4, 2750, 11675, 10, 211088, 5368, 23, 3731, 31754, 4, 33233, 678, 2363, 23902, 136, 100306, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Show synopsis.", "Production.", "Concept.", "Major themes.", "Setting.", "Crew.", "Music.", "Reception.", "Critical reception.", "Awards and nominations.", "Home media.", "DVDs.", "Soundtracks.", "Streaming." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The show stars Peter Krause as Nate Fisher, whose funeral director father (Richard Jenkins) dies and bequeaths ownership of Fisher & Sons Funeral Home to him and his brother David (Michael C. Hall). The Fisher clan also includes widow Ruth Fisher (Frances Conroy) and daughter Claire Fisher (Lauren Ambrose). Other regulars include mortician and family friend Federico Diaz (Freddy Rodriguez), Nate's on-again/off-again girlfriend Brenda Chenowith (Rachel Griffiths), and David's long-term boyfriend Keith Charles (Mathew St. Patrick). On one level, the show is a conventional family drama, dealing with such issues as interpersonal relationships, infidelity, and religion. At the same time, it is distinguished by its focus on the topic of death, which it explores on personal, religious, and philosophical levels. Each episode begins with a death, the cause of which ranges from heart attack to murder to sudden infant death syndrome. That death usually sets the thematic tone for each episode, allowing the characters to reflect on their current fortunes and misfortunes in a way that is illuminated by the death and its aftermath. The show also uses dark humor and surrealism throughout its seasons. A recurring plot device consists of a character having an imaginary conversation with the deceased; for example, Nate, David, and Federico sometimes \"converse\" with the deceased at the beginning of the episode, while the corpse is being embalmed, or during funeral planning or the funeral itself. Sometimes, the characters converse with other deceased characters, most notably Nathaniel Fisher, Sr. The show's creator Alan Ball avers that this represents the living characters' internal dialogues expressed in the form of external conversations.", "", "Although overall plots and characters were created by Alan Ball, reports conflict on how the series was conceived. In one instance, Ball stated that he came up with the premise of the show after the deaths of his sister and father. However, in an interview, he intimates that HBO entertainment president Carolyn Strauss proposed the idea to him. In a copyright-infringement lawsuit, screenwriter Gwen O'Donnell asserted that she was the original source of the idea that later passed through Strauss to Ball; the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, proceeding on the assumption that this assertion was true, rejected her claim. Ball stated in an interview:", "The show focuses on human mortality, the symbiotic nature of life and death feeding off of each other, and the lives of those who deal with it on a daily basis. When discussing the concept of the show, creator Ball elaborates on the foremost questions the show's pilot targeted: \"Six Feet Under\" introduces the Fisher family as the basis on which to explore these questions. Throughout its five-season, 63-episode run, major characters experience crises which are in direct relation to their environment and the grief they have experienced. Alan Ball again relates these experiences, as well as the choice of the series' title, to the persistent subtext of the program:", "Exteriors for the Fisher home were shot at 2302 West 25th Street and the intersection of Arlington Avenue, in the West Adams neighborhood of Los Angeles. In Season 5, episode 1, Rico mentions that he grew up \"in West Adams, near where I work.\"", "Creator Alan Ball also served as executive producer and showrunner for the entire series run. Robert Greenblatt and David Janollari executive produced the series, as the Greenblatt Janollari Studio was one of the production companies. The other producers were Lori Jo Nemhauser and Robert Del Valle. The writing staff included Ball, who wrote nine episodes over the series run, including the pilot episode and the series finale. Writers who were on staff for the entire series run included Rick Cleveland, who wrote eight episodes and became an executive producer in the fifth season; Kate Robin, who wrote eight episodes and became a supervising producer in the fifth season; and Bruce Eric Kaplan, who wrote seven episodes and became an executive producer in the fourth season. Christian Williams was just on staff for the first season, writing two episodes. Both Laurence Andries and Christian Taylor wrote three episodes each during their run on the series for the first two seasons, and they also served as producers. Scott Buck and Jill Soloway joined in the second season, staying on staff for the rest of the series, and each wrote seven episodes. Buck became a co-executive producer in the fourth season, and Soloway became a co-executive producer in the fifth season. The last set of writers to join the staff were Craig Wright and Nancy Oliver in the third season. Wright wrote six episodes and became a producer in the fifth season and Oliver wrote five episodes and became a co-producer in the fifth season. Ball also directed the most episodes, directing the pilot and each of the season finales. Dan Attias also directed six episodes, from seasons two to five. Kathy Bates (who also played Bettina on the series), Michael Cuesta, Rodrigo García, and Jeremy Podeswa each directed five episodes. Michael Engler, Daniel Minahan, and Alan Poul (who also served as an executive producer for the series) each directed four episodes. Miguel Arteta directed three episodes and Nicole Holofcener directed two episodes. Single-episode directors included Peter Care, Alan Caso, Lisa Cholodenko, Allen Coulter, Adam Davidson, Mary Harron, Joshua Marston, Jim McBride, Karen Moncrieff, John Patterson, Matt Shakman, Alan Taylor, Rose Troche, and Peter Webber.", "The series' main theme, written by composer Thomas Newman, won a 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music and two Grammy Awards in 2003 for Best Instrumental Composition and Best Instrumental Arrangement. The production sound from seasons three through five was mixed by Bo Harwood, and was nominated in 2004 for a Cinema Audio Society Award. Seasons two through five featured a promotional teaser trailer prior to the premiere of that season. The songs featured in each season's trailer were \"Heaven\" by Lamb for season two; \"A Rush of Blood to the Head\" by Coldplay for season three; \"Feeling Good\" by Nina Simone for season four; and \"Breathe Me\" by Sia Furler for season five, which is also used for montage in the series finale. All these songs are included in either of two soundtracks for the show. The episode recaps for the first two seasons feature the song \"Nothing Lies Still Long\" by Pell Mell. The episode previews for the first and fifth seasons feature the \"Six Feet Under\" title theme, while the other seasons feature the Rae & Christian remix version of the title theme. Music supervision for the entire run of the series was provided by Gary Calamar and Thomas Golubic, who were also credited as producers for the two soundtrack albums.", "", "\"Six Feet Under\" was met with critical acclaim. The first season holds a rating of 74 out of 100 at Metacritic based on 23 reviews. Early reviews of the series were positive, prior to the screening of the pilot episode; Steve Oxman of \"Variety\" stated, \"\"Six Feet Under\" is a smart, brooding, fanciful character-driven ensemble piece about a family in the funeral biz.\" Following the series premiere, Barry Garron of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" commented that the series' \"examination of family life through the prism of a mortuary business, combines sardonic humor with poignant drama and comes up with a unique tone and style, in itself quite an accomplishment for any TV series. It is fearless in its approach to storytelling and, far more often than not, succeeds in the risks it takes\" and \"there is much to admire about this series, including top-notch performances, artful direction and creative storytelling that employs various techniques, including dream sequences and parody commercials. Best of all, though, is Ball’s introspection and the insight he provides about society, the funeral industry, and family relationships.\" Bill Carter of \"The New York Times\" wrote, \"\"Six Feet Under\" certainly got enthusiastic reviews, almost universally glowing notices about the rich characterizations and quirky humor shaped by the show's celebrated creator, Alan Ball, the Academy Award-winning writer of the film \"American Beauty\".\" In an early response from HBO executive Chris Albrecht, he announced in regards to the viewers, that they are \"totally thrilled with the series.\" The series finale is considered one of the greatest endings in television history. In a 2015 interview with Alan Ball, Peter Krause, Michael C. Hall, and Lauren Ambrose for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", to mark 10 years since the show's ending, they described it as the \"finale that would not die\". Megan Vick of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said, \"The idea of flashing forward to depict how each member of the Fishers and their loved ones would pass on seemed revolutionary in 2005, but Ball – who created the series and would write and direct its final episode – uses another word for it – inevitable.\"", "At the 2002 Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received 23 nominations for its first two seasons, including a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series. Series creator Alan Ball won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode and Patricia Clarkson won for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. The rest of the ensemble cast, including Michael C. Hall, Peter Krause, Frances Conroy, Rachel Griffiths, Freddy Rodriguez, and Lauren Ambrose all received acting nominations. Guest actors Lili Taylor and Illeana Douglas received nominations in the guest-acting category. The series received 16 nominations at the 2003 Primetime Emmy Awards for its third season, including a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series. Krause, Conroy, Ambrose, Griffiths, James Cromwell, and Kathy Bates all received acting nominations. Alan Poul was nominated for directing for the episode \"Nobody Sleeps\", and Craig Wright was nominated for writing for the episode \"Twilight\". The series received five nominations at the 2005 Primetime Emmy Awards for its fourth season, including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Frances Conroy. The series received nine nominations at the 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards for its fifth and final season. Patricia Clarkson won for the second time for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, and Krause, Conroy, and Joanna Cassidy received acting nominations. Ball was nominated for writing and directing for the series finale episode \"Everyone's Waiting\". For the Golden Globe Awards, the series won for Best Drama Series in 2001, and received nominations in 2002 and 2003. Peter Krause was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series in 2001 and 2002. Rachel Griffiths won for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or TV Film in 2001, and received a nomination in 2002 in the Lead Actress category. Frances Conroy won for Best Actress in a Drama Series in 2003. For the Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast won for Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2002 and 2003, and received nominations in 2001, 2004, and 2005. Peter Krause was nominated for Outstanding Male Actor in a Drama Series in 2001 and 2003. Frances Conroy won for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series in 2003. The series won a Peabody Award for general excellence in 2002 \"for its unsettling yet powerfully humane explorations of life and death\".", "", "The first season was released in a VHS box set. All five seasons are available on DVD in individual box sets and in a collected volume.", "Two soundtrack albums, featuring music that had appeared in the series, were released:", "The complete series is available from various streaming sites including HBO Now, Amazon Video and Disney+ Hotstar." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 6712, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 144681, 62038, 3674, 23, 23788, 14, 4, 138393, 4, 20271, 70, 23031, 7, 707, 28730, 7, 4, 707, 144681, 678, 59665, 7, 23, 1111, 265, 4, 10, 148926, 20596, 6712, 4552, 21373, 47, 124111, 3540, 7, 4, 3129, 1556, 2809, 23, 6, 116311, 16792, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 6712, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 509, 112730, 98, 70, 138393, 66, 90695, 111, 23788, 14, 237, 39395, 237, 70970, 5, 8622, 621, 3540, 43799, 25251, 450, 765, 3540, 7, 1740, 4420, 47, 70, 27712, 7, 136, 27631, 7, 5, 1391, 14507, 6498, 52935, 1294, 111, 23788, 14, 54324, 10, 17664, 297, 41896, 23417, 23, 10, 47589, 144521, 678, 10, 3540, 1379, 70, 8796, 9351, 111, 8574, 724, 5, 360, 47114, 4, 1391, 14507, 6498, 2837, 133891, 297, 17368, 70, 47589, 116419, 7, 4, 1284, 136475, 20662, 70, 3540, 7, 47, 63769, 70, 6712, 47, 186, 112730, 5, 3347, 206, 99397, 138393, 2843, 136475, 47, 3249, 124111, 3540, 7, 7103, 19441, 118066, 17368, 47589, 144521, 7, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 1391, 14507, 6498, 71062, 297, 47, 70, 1286, 27623, 3674, 180, 52032, 90695, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 10, 15226, 1405, 111, 70, 6712, 5, 17106, 903, 15226, 1405, 4, 70, 663, 177, 9351, 80723, 8035, 11814, 11212, 71407, 100, 70, 6712, 5, 581, 11704, 7, 15226, 1405, 83, 22299, 297, 47, 54231, 7, 5084, 9207, 6454, 31, 4, 10, 117914, 136, 196219, 184638, 748, 2750, 189924, 99, 3316, 15403, 3116, 48325, 6635, 19188, 23, 180, 52032, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 9207, 6454, 31, 65508, 71, 70, 6712, 2412, 1902, 112730, 237, 10, 10176, 23040, 47, 10, 3525, 58093, 111, 25921, 4, 33662, 49504, 1916, 124111, 3540, 7, 3934, 604, 809, 2480, 127, 44000, 162878, 237, 10, 3917, 111, 128169, 48909, 136, 237, 10, 351, 9, 10023, 22042, 30700, 47, 3789, 5700, 10696, 119300, 27528, 4, 6044, 237, 54, 61007, 12126, 5, 581, 6712, 69405, 93403, 1295, 180, 52032, 25, 7, 23924, 17779, 107, 4, 136, 390, 39395, 12839, 4, 6, 75700, 98701, 8942, 5, 4, 70, 19336, 180972, 196163, 14380, 450, 1902, 2809, 218343, 70, 124111, 3540, 7, 15917, 3674, 390, 1391, 14507, 6498, 52935, 1294, 98, 23788, 14, 15, 2347, 5701, 3540, 7, 450, 3542, 43799, 297, 390, 9207, 6454, 31, 100, 604, 18507, 247, 509, 2448, 1916, 43077, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 11907, 5895, 100, 109923, 674, 47, 70, 138393, 66, 90695, 121293, 5, 581, 6712, 33662, 93403, 47, 70, 5201, 1760, 4, 5117, 40836, 11, 21896, 23, 39897, 4, 31464, 4, 199716, 4, 136, 17955, 8108, 93403, 214, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 3311, 13867, 4, 70, 198395, 160608, 13, 6712, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 4, 3129, 1902, 39555, 2809, 240764, 4, 509, 5036, 112730, 87420, 70, 8999, 5, 171048, 3540, 7, 176377, 47, 5700, 2481, 3229, 70, 6661, 8574, 724, 200602, 136, 70, 25730, 34242, 33734, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 2856, 1379, 70, 663, 177, 8796, 9351, 23, 70, 11704, 7, 5, 581, 663, 177, 30958, 104298, 71, 4, 136, 16320, 12225, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 5, 663, 9405, 3542, 8035, 3535, 297, 1810, 100, 73432, 4620, 15426, 7, 136, 23, 117344, 25, 7, 32506, 1215, 16765, 5, 17106, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 663, 9405, 30958, 4, 25730, 34242, 23409, 1810, 111, 8063, 23, 98600, 132556, 3789, 53095, 30957, 297, 70, 124111, 3540, 44457, 7103, 10, 131259, 12877, 136, 20596, 53099, 101805, 23, 18982, 106540, 17689, 72295, 8357, 136, 86686, 49814, 70, 12996, 47, 2363, 124519, 1379, 70, 123055, 17689, 87926, 7, 136, 56889, 14304, 7, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 6712, 1902, 93403, 47, 39897, 4, 52888, 136, 31464, 5, 581, 13579, 663, 177, 509, 63043, 297, 237, 52350, 10015, 390, 70, 6661, 663, 177, 200602, 12960, 3789, 53095, 63043, 297, 442, 509, 189534, 13579, 237, 442, 509, 133291, 390, 70, 20020, 450, 112730, 70, 6712, 5, 360, 18374, 13211, 4, 10, 131703, 7143, 509, 9615, 6259, 17721, 6661, 663, 177, 136, 53900, 663, 9405, 56187, 5, 663, 177, 509, 125296, 71, 237, 6661, 663, 177, 25, 7, 97629, 13579, 136, 53900, 663, 9405, 98816, 6863, 9351, 47, 53900, 27262, 6947, 7, 4, 8942, 5, 88949, 5941, 20020, 2806, 13695, 70, 124111, 3540, 7, 1836, 23742, 23, 27528, 1295, 3789, 92865, 4, 5941, 10696, 103724, 7, 90698, 124111, 3540, 7, 10, 3173, 111, 208782, 5, 171048, 3540, 7, 77443, 47, 186, 13036, 170300, 17514, 1295, 61112, 136, 70, 31344, 111, 67842, 11301, 64330, 10750, 7, 5, 32255, 80854, 155605, 12441, 47, 70, 4599, 592, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 1295, 67842, 115215, 36880, 23924, 21629, 5, 64511, 4599, 6977, 74918, 2822, 36880, 28173, 136, 71006, 5, 171048, 3540, 7, 137567, 83687, 7, 6626, 52895, 111, 75169, 17116, 7, 12, 124111, 3540, 7, 136, 14865, 6947, 7, 5, 171048, 3540, 7, 621, 205794, 49878, 115339, 20596, 24351, 17116, 7, 3129, 621, 122329, 297, 678, 43079, 98, 1632, 707, 15044, 5609, 7, 5, 97299, 289, 15, 748, 89160, 9, 40946, 16, 124111, 3540, 7, 621, 7228, 111, 166904, 56, 20596, 24351, 4, 621, 28412, 297, 678, 84046, 104988, 4, 136, 27983, 765, 10, 41147, 133, 23, 2856, 15, 162, 1836, 118775, 3229, 11814, 237, 8561, 8574, 724, 144521, 15644, 7, 247, 12960, 5744, 60091, 160, 9405, 3542, 13629, 18234, 4, 6117, 11050, 136, 621, 27983, 28412, 297, 678, 10576, 7844, 207244, 53, 29569, 1294, 5, 581, 3789, 98154, 450, 83, 11814, 83, 10, 14865, 6947, 12, 10, 17305, 22023, 6712, 63847, 27983, 7228, 111, 12924, 4, 21922, 1297, 4, 707, 1286, 39210, 538, 32204, 4, 3129, 1380, 23, 67842, 6117, 2594, 7432, 90, 136, 57888, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 205794, 21373, 23, 148064, 47, 124111, 3540, 7, 5, 47331, 14865, 6947, 7, 621, 959, 107003, 23, 3060, 27528, 6637, 1836, 621, 56104, 17305, 22023, 3501, 3789, 76319, 4, 68772, 70, 58585, 678, 70, 5117, 15504, 142, 51, 93771, 92940, 4, 136, 765, 10, 72201, 27771, 47, 82649, 70, 124111, 3540, 7, 5, 139118, 7, 285, 53, 54940, 92865, 4, 1284, 70, 6712, 20117, 7, 137567, 765, 39210, 196216, 66139, 5, 98423, 58585, 1556, 1919, 64, 3334, 10002, 42486, 111, 124111, 3540, 7, 136, 1632, 707, 1286, 14865, 6947, 7, 5, 117371, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 663, 9405, 4, 11212, 71407, 35839, 124111, 3540, 7, 4, 83, 10, 6712, 450, 509, 5700, 54940, 20020, 20271, 70, 39395, 9, 22000, 11704, 7, 5, 581, 8796, 9351, 44, 683, 1663, 58, 83, 6, 157272, 390, 70, 6661, 663, 177, 200602, 5, 581, 9351, 160, 177, 62038, 1636, 1295, 8574, 724, 4, 10, 8796, 111, 130090, 7228, 1295, 36096, 23129, 217, 4, 1482, 13, 4, 136, 42348, 330, 74, 70, 4527, 111, 8574, 724, 144521, 3540, 7, 47, 11301, 70, 6712, 107671, 297, 70, 6712, 25, 7, 60091, 47691, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Equipment.", "Gameplay.", "World POG Federation.", "Global variants.", "Japan.", "South Korea.", "China." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The game of milk caps possibly originated in Maui, Hawaii, during the 1920s or 1930s, or possibly with origins in Menko, a Japanese card game very similar to milk caps, which has been in existence since the 17th century. The game of milk caps was played on the Hawaiian island of Maui as early as 1927. There are cap collectors that have caps dating back to the 1940s and 1950s. Haleakala Dairy of Maui sold a mixed fruit drink in a glass bottle with a cap under the brand name of POG. In 1955, Haleakala discontinued using the glass containers, but continued making the caps to allow the game to be played. Orchards Hawaii also continued to make milk caps after having stopped using glass bottles. In 1991, Haleakala expanded to the more populated Oahu island, which led to a revival of the game. With this revival, the Pog name began being used generically for the game. The 1990s revival is credited to Blossom Galbiso, a teacher and guidance counselor who taught at Waialua Elementary School in Oahu. In 1991, Galbiso introduced the game she had played as a little girl to a new generation of students, soon incorporating milk caps into her fifth grade curriculum as a way of teaching math and as a non-violent alternative to other popular schoolyard games, such as dodgeball. The game quickly spread from Oahu's North Shore, and by early 1992, STANPAC Inc., the small Canadian packaging company that had been manufacturing the milk caps distributed by Haleakala Dairy on Maui (the same caps that were collected by Galbiso for her class), was printing millions of milk caps every week for shipment to the Hawaiian island chain. The game soon spread to the mainland, first surfacing in California, Texas, Oregon, and Washington before spreading to the rest of the country. By 1993, the previously obscure game of milk caps, which had almost been forgotten, was now played throughout the world. Milk caps returned to popularity when the World POG Federation and the Canada Games Company reintroduced them under the Pog brand name in the 1990s. The Pog fad soared, and peaked in the mid-1990s. Pogs were being handed out for opening bank accounts and in McDonald's Happy Meals. With the end of the Pogs fad, Canada Games went out of business in 1997. Seven other companies entered the milk cap field after a comic book and card industry convention in January 1993. SkyBox International and Marvel added the product to their lines under the names SkyCaps and Hero Caps respectively. The game had spread to California, Florida and Texas. The term Pog was claimed as trademark by the World Pog Federation while other companies claimed it was generic term as it was selected by the children that played the game. In October 1994, a lawsuit was settled between World Pog and Universal Pogs Association. Pog was recognized as World Pog's exclusive term and Universal Pogs changed its name to Universal Slammers, Inc. Because many children would keep the milk caps they won in games from other players, many school districts considered milk caps a form of gambling. Milk caps proved to be major distractions from classes and the source of various playground arguments. These elements eventually led to the banning of milk caps from various schools across North America. Other bannings occurred across Australia and Sweden.", "Milk caps generally involves two types of playing discs: milk caps and slammers. Milk caps are typically flat circular cardboard discs which are decorated with images on one or both sides. Traditional (or traditional-style) milk caps are made of rougher cardboard, are printed with limited colors, and often have a staple in them (as they appeared when used as actual POG bottlecaps), while modern commercial pogs were stiffer, thicker and are often printed with colorful glossy imagery. The other equipment that is used is a slammer: a heavier game piece often made of metal, rubber, or more commonly plastic, which come in various thicknesses and weights. They are typically similar in diameter to milk caps. Metal slammers are not allowed in some games because they are usually heavier than other materials, giving the player with the first turn an unfair advantage, and have a tendency to damage the milk caps.", "Rules vary among players, but the game variants generally have common gameplay features. Each player has his/her own collection of milk caps and one or more slammers. Before the game, players decide whether or not to play \"for keeps\", i.e. players get to keep the milk caps that they win during the game and must forfeit those that have been won by other players. The game can then begin as follows:", "The World POG Federation was the licensed POG publisher, which was 14% owned by Haleakala Dairy, the trademark holder of POGs. Federation president in 1994 was Alan Rypinski. The company was based in Costa Mesa, California.", "", "Menko (めんこ, 面子) is a Japanese card game played by two or more players, dating back to the 17th century. Each player uses Menko cards made from thick paper or cardboard, printed on one or both sides with images from anime, manga, and other works.", "The card used in \"ttakji\" or \"ddakji\" () is constructed by folding two square pieces of paper together into a square. As with milk caps, the game is won by flipping the other player's card. The popular Korean variety show \"Running Man\" occasionally features ddakji in its missions, which may contribute to the awareness of the game in other parts of the world.", "It is known in China as \"wáah pín\" () (also called \"yang pian\" in northern China) and is printed on rectangular or circular cards." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 117231, 5037, 58, 831, 15005, 47, 70, 10644, 111, 14543, 42, 15, 441, 26214, 16, 707, 3789, 76407, 98, 3129, 10, 34475, 172852, 5426, 707, 38415, 127877, 4, 70, 10644, 111, 172852, 5426, 98, 10, 13909, 707, 70, 162515, 111, 70, 10644, 111, 76407, 136, 70, 10644, 111, 172852, 5426, 51042, 98, 442, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 39210, 13651, 83, 7244, 3773, 51042, 98, 70, 1022, 15276, 6, 159958, 5, 64511, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 86983, 13909, 13651, 7, 26698, 29908, 64, 85600, 425, 136, 19138, 7285, 20, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 61261, 41421, 9, 172121, 5, 8622, 621, 4, 49903, 4, 5941, 128779, 6044, 237, 114513, 450, 621, 2843, 191984, 13909, 13651, 7, 1284, 40715, 39210, 538, 17569, 1672, 23, 450, 3917, 5, 104921, 10975, 831, 186, 59121, 47, 56566, 98, 70, 66139, 111, 10, 17311, 13651, 2451, 1399, 9319, 70, 76407, 4, 172852, 5426, 4, 707, 20513, 36279, 442, 127877, 98, 5, 581, 41925, 13651, 83, 10, 20513, 36279, 13651, 3129, 127877, 98, 5941, 172852, 76519, 136, 76407, 52895, 4, 136, 83, 10, 39210, 13651, 100, 10975, 47, 186, 59121, 100, 5, 62, 76407, 13651, 831, 15005, 47, 142, 6, 188336, 5423, 6, 159958, 5, 1326, 27781, 12, 1022, 15276, 6, 159958, 136, 6863, 20117, 7, 6044, 237, 87, 284, 108760, 136, 1022, 15276, 9, 13307, 5, 32255, 116491, 27983, 11675, 1632, 11389, 111, 7244, 3773, 4, 21208, 1836, 831, 11675, 3789, 172852, 76519, 237, 5299, 4, 26719, 29908, 4, 13527, 20429, 397, 4, 10086, 20429, 397, 4, 19138, 7285, 136, 5153, 20429, 397, 5, 581, 2789, 9, 3137, 126139, 6, 159958, 7, 15, 2940, 3525, 56, 7911, 9, 3137, 11389, 16, 83, 39210, 98, 114513, 136, 9961, 13909, 7, 4, 3129, 11675, 3952, 4, 13964, 136, 3789, 14288, 172852, 76519, 5, 23752, 13651, 7, 831, 40101, 186, 142, 172852, 5426, 707, 56037, 449, 65998, 4, 21208, 1286, 39210, 538, 442, 83, 10, 162515, 111, 15044, 5, 62, 135818, 131527, 47, 903, 83, 41925, 4, 3129, 4527, 7, 142, 172852, 5426, 41371, 20513, 36279, 100, 6863, 375, 5974, 297, 18151, 4, 51529, 23, 70, 8999, 111, 41925, 237, 390, 67, 40899, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 10975, 13651, 7, 621, 12, 1301, 198395, 959, 297, 4, 70, 41925, 13651, 83, 142, 131527, 47, 70, 4537, 79986, 450, 142, 172852, 5426, 83, 10, 10975, 13651, 5, 581, 41925, 46876, 205794, 9969, 1340, 7, 47, 10, 20513, 36279, 12, 10, 20513, 86039, 3129, 127877, 756, 111, 70, 18151, 450, 83, 59121, 100, 70, 46876, 5, 3293, 22, 19736, 70, 5701, 71924, 2886, 2394, 6635, 47, 11675, 98, 756, 76519, 450, 29479, 10, 41925, 73303, 68311, 15, 1375, 47599, 194, 41925, 103391, 831, 186, 71924, 297, 24, 4935, 538, 17368, 10, 41925, 14543, 42, 5, 3293, 56112, 25, 18, 39210, 136, 83, 153161, 11814, 100, 6, 55720, 69819, 76519, 5, 41925, 18151, 51042, 23, 70, 821, 47599, 1556, 17203, 47, 11787, 9, 174822, 11374, 4, 1884, 28338, 87, 64, 670, 136, 33120, 17203, 4, 2174, 70, 95307, 219475, 7, 621, 2855, 3674, 5, 581, 821, 47599, 30482, 70, 5426, 11782, 7, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 41925, 38415, 5, 3293, 169581, 114864, 72095, 47, 28288, 70, 95307, 48431, 17366, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 142, 62, 37486, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 28338, 136, 33120, 17203, 83, 56104, 225081, 100, 86983, 86685, 4, 1284, 959, 100, 31842, 9, 77007, 108787, 933, 5, 821, 7787, 831, 2843, 186, 11814, 47, 22, 2886, 17203, 47, 172852, 5426, 29458, 32354, 7, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 41925, 20744, 44965, 103391, 831, 11675, 98, 7244, 3773, 4, 19138, 7285, 4, 40368, 992, 4084, 9, 5062, 172852, 76519, 4, 136, 40368, 1286, 351, 9, 65761, 1542, 9, 5062, 172852, 76519, 1884, 6, 55720, 69819, 76519, 5, 1326, 14288, 86685, 4, 31842, 69993, 7, 621, 11814, 100, 3773, 136, 4727, 35509, 128779, 4, 136, 3952, 1556, 88303, 9, 73, 8060, 100, 41925, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 41925, 4, 6044, 237, 41925, 23660, 707, 41925, 70968, 4, 37992, 44965, 4, 82775, 100, 177953, 9, 2271, 9297, 122009, 128779, 5, 1326, 10, 63847, 111, 10975, 47, 186, 90698, 41421, 9, 172121, 4, 442, 8110, 186, 19048, 47, 32354, 98, 1286, 3501, 1632, 13909, 6, 159958, 707, 172852, 5426, 5, 219065, 214, 6044, 10, 1528, 831, 186, 10, 1733, 9, 25553, 316, 214, 66211, 6637, 12921, 172852, 76519, 765, 12921, 38415, 56037, 449, 101758, 7, 15, 74220, 194, 1326, 27781, 4, 29908, 4527, 7, 10, 12921, 61687, 100, 38415, 10975, 3501, 3773, 14602, 5, 23752, 59121, 100, 10, 17311, 172852, 5426, 14602, 959, 191082, 4488, 98, 756, 6, 159958, 7, 450, 172852, 5426, 8060, 7, 5, 6561, 27781, 237, 111, 8055, 3295, 509, 13527, 94833, 5, 1478, 4, 3129, 6777, 959, 24, 4935, 538, 11675, 98, 70, 87063, 13307, 707, 24018, 7911, 124519, 111, 14543, 4295, 29479, 214, 70, 1022, 15276, 9, 13307, 5570, 7, 100, 13909, 7, 74, 903, 1556, 16792, 2809, 98816, 4, 136, 70, 13527, 94833, 5, 1478, 14947, 111, 10975, 83, 52, 840, 18, 538, 63, 196, 3674, 47, 6097, 7911, 9, 3137, 76519, 5, 3293, 2843, 26950, 450, 1660, 6637, 10, 1528, 83, 59121, 23, 10, 5700, 56037, 449, 46876, 6044, 237, 313, 707, 313, 37223, 4, 442, 14602, 959, 29459, 442, 1221, 11675, 98, 756, 172852, 76519, 450, 8060, 450, 56037, 449, 46876, 2451, 748, 3853, 98, 70, 5701, 172852, 5426, 98, 10, 12921, 6, 159958, 5, 4002, 86685, 621, 205794, 151552, 237, 41421, 9, 172121, 6637, 4, 6397, 538, 4, 1836, 621, 81522, 1295, 2499, 111, 67842, 1467, 31842, 7, 28032, 12921, 172852, 76519, 5, 62771, 86685, 137567, 187016, 10, 23282, 1104, 39642, 5426, 6, 159958, 4, 136, 285, 53, 38134, 538, 23, 27140, 2481, 136, 123309, 2481, 5, 3293, 38134, 141796, 2481, 207583, 96704, 90, 70, 69236, 111, 41421, 9, 172121, 3540, 41159, 4, 3129, 83, 124374, 538, 99, 103044, 678, 70, 69236, 111, 175961, 123309, 2481, 5, 91692, 1467, 86685, 51339, 756, 707, 2684, 9433, 214, 1295, 10, 11341, 9393, 10723, 4, 136, 27875, 70, 16750, 47, 70, 23282, 1467, 31842, 5, 3164, 38937, 182809, 678, 70, 38415, 58055, 7, 111, 8781, 121122, 7, 111, 2053, 50336, 7, 136, 10723, 57553, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 242122, 4, 41421, 9, 172121, 10975, 15, 289, 991, 6024, 9, 172121, 10975, 707, 13651, 9, 73, 181063, 10975, 16, 83, 13909, 10975, 450, 83, 29479, 297, 98, 48716, 242122, 13651, 7, 5, 47832, 9, 172121, 10975, 1543, 186, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 52895, 74, 1632, 144570, 11651, 33976, 707, 98352, 1363, 100, 12638, 13651, 450, 442, 8060, 7, 4, 136, 70, 3789, 1632, 831, 186, 105237, 11675, 98, 2499, 13651, 15490, 5361, 212485, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 10975, 59121, 23, 142, 29481, 297, 46876, 707, 479, 9, 277, 5974, 297, 168627, 390, 67, 40899, 100, 3129, 70, 29481, 1314, 707, 11675, 9, 6032, 98169, 7, 621, 39210, 707, 5570, 82761, 7, 111, 756, 13651, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Platforms.", "Hardware platforms.", "Software platforms.", "Java platform.", "Implementations.", "Web applications.", "Design strategies.", "Testing strategies.", "Traditional applications.", "Binary software.", "Scripts and interpreted languages.", "Video games.", "Cross-platform play.", "Cross-platform programming.", "Approaches to cross-platform programming.", "Cross-platform programming toolkits and environments.", "Challenges to cross-platform development." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Platform\" can refer to the type of processor (CPU) or other hardware on which a given operating system or application runs, the type of operating system on a computer or the combination of the type of hardware and the type of operating system running on it. An example of a common platform is Microsoft Windows running on the x86 architecture. Other well-known desktop computer platforms include Linux/Unix and macOS - both of which are themselves cross-platform. There are, however, many devices such as smartphones that are also effectively computer platforms but less commonly thought about in that way. Application software can be written to depend on the features of a particular platform—either the hardware, operating system, or virtual machine it runs on. The Java platform is a virtual machine platform which runs on many operating systems and hardware types, and is a common platform for software to be written for.", "A hardware platform can refer to an instruction set architecture. For example: x86 architecture and its variants such as IA-32 and x86-64. These machines often run one version of Microsoft Windows, though they can run other operating systems as well, including Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, macOS and FreeBSD. The 32-bit ARM architectures (and newer 64-bit version) is common on smartphones and tablet computers, which run Android, iOS and other mobile operating systems.", "Software platforms can either be an operating system or programming environment, though more commonly it is a combination of both. A notable exception to this is Java, which uses an operating system independent virtual machine for its compiled code, known in the world of Java as bytecode. Examples of software platforms are:", "As previously noted, the Java platform is an exception to the general rule that an operating system is a software platform. The Java language typically compiles to a virtual machine: a virtual CPU which runs all of the code that is written for the language. This enables the same executable binary to run on all systems that implement a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java programs can be executed natively using a Java processor. This isn't common and is mostly used for embedded systems. Java code running in the JVM has access to OS-related services, like disk I/O and network access, if the appropriate privileges are granted. The JVM makes the system calls on behalf of the Java application. This setup allows users to decide the appropriate protection level, depending on an ACL. For example, disk and network access is usually enabled for desktop applications, but not for browser-based applets. JNI can also be used to enable access to operating system specific functions. Currently, Java Standard Edition programs can run on Microsoft Windows, macOS, several Unix-like operating systems, and several more non-UNIX-like operating systems like embedded systems. For mobile applications, browser plugins are used for Windows and Mac based devices, and Android has built-in support for Java. There are also subsets of Java, such as Java Card or Java Platform, Micro Edition, designed for resource-constrained devices.", "For a piece of software to be considered cross-platform, it must be able to function on more than one computer architecture or operating system. Developing such a program can be a time-consuming task because different operating systems have different application programming interfaces (API). For example, Linux uses a different API for application software than Windows does. Software written for a particular operating system does not automatically work on all architectures that operating system supports. One example as of August 2006 was OpenOffice.org, which did not natively run on the AMD64 or Intel 64 lines of processors implementing the x86-64 standards for computers; this has since been changed, and the OpenOffice.org suite of software is “mostly” ported to these 64-bit systems. This also means that just because a program is written in a popular programming language such as C or C++, it does not mean it will run on all operating systems that support that programming language—or even on the same operating system on a different architecture.", "Web applications are typically described as cross-platform because, ideally, they are accessible from any of various web browsers within different operating systems. Such applications generally employ a client–server system architecture, and vary widely in complexity and functionality. This wide variability significantly complicates the goal of cross-platform capability, which is routinely at odds with the goal of advanced functionality. Basic web applications perform all or most processing from a stateless server, and pass the result to the client web browser. All user interaction with the application consists of simple exchanges of data requests and server responses. These types of applications were the norm in the early phases of World Wide Web application development. Such applications follow a simple transaction model, identical to that of serving static web pages. Today, they are still relatively common, especially where cross-platform compatibility and simplicity are deemed more critical than advanced functionalities. Prominent examples of advanced web applications include the Web interface to Gmail, A9.com, Google Maps website, and the Live Search service (now Bing) from Microsoft. Such advanced applications routinely depend on additional features found only in the more recent versions of popular web browsers. These dependencies include Ajax, JavaScript, Dynamic HTML, SVG, and other components of rich Internet applications. Older versions of popular web browsers tend to lack support for certain features.", "Because of the competing interests of cross-platform compatibility and advanced functionality, numerous alternative web application design strategies have emerged. Such strategies include: Graceful degradation attempts to provide the same or similar functionality to all users and platforms, while diminishing that functionality to a least common denominator for more limited client browsers. For example, a user attempting to use a limited-feature browser to access Gmail may notice that Gmail switches to basic mode, with reduced functionality. This differs from other cross-platform techniques, which attempt to provide equivalent functionality, not just adequate functionality, across platforms. Multiple codebase applications maintain distinct codebases for different (hardware and OS) platforms, with equivalent functionality. This obviously requires a duplication of effort in maintaining the code, but can be worthwhile where the amount of platform-specific code is high. This strategy relies on having one codebase that may be compiled to multiple platform-specific formats. One technique is conditional compilation. With this technique, code that is common to all platforms is not repeated. Blocks of code that are only relevant to certain platforms are made conditional, so that they are only interpreted or compiled when needed. Another technique is separation of functionality, which disables functionality not supported by client browsers or operating systems, while still delivering a complete application to the user. (See also: Separation of concerns). This technique is used in web development where interpreted code (as in scripting languages) can query the platform it is running on to execute different blocks conditionally. Third-party libraries attempt to simplify cross-platform capability by hiding the complexities of client differentiation behind a single, unified API. Responsive web design (RWD) is a Web design approach aimed at crafting the visual layout of sites to provide an optimal viewing experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling—across a wide range of devices, from mobile phones to desktop computer monitors. Little or no platform-specific code is used with this technique.", "One complicated aspect of cross-platform web application design is the need for software testing. In addition to the complications mentioned previously, there is the additional restriction that some web browsers prohibit installation of different versions of the same browser on the same operating system. Although, there are several development approaches that companies use to target multiple platforms, all of them result in software that requires substantial manual effort for testing and maintenance across the supported platforms. Techniques such as full virtualization are sometimes used as a workaround for this problem. Using tools such as the Page Object Model, cross platform tests can be scripted in such a way that one test case is usable for multiple versions of an app. So long as the different versions have similar user interfaces, both versions can be tested at one time, with one test case.", "Web applications are becoming increasingly popular but many computer users still use traditional application software which does not rely on a client/web-server architecture. The distinction between traditional and web applications is not always clear. Features, installation methods and architectures for web and traditional applications overlap and blur the distinction. Nevertheless, this simplifying distinction is a common and useful generalization.", "Traditionally in modern computing, application software has been distributed to end-users as binary file, especially executable files. Executables only support the operating system and computer architecture that they were built for—which means that making a single cross-platform executable would be something of a massive task, and is generally replaced by offering a selection of executables for the platforms supported. For software that is distributed as a binary executable, such as software written in C or C++, the programmer must \"build the software\" for each different operating system and computer architecture, i.e. must use a toolset that translates—transcompiles—a single codebase into multiple binary executables. For example, Firefox, an open-source web browser, is available on Windows, macOS (both PowerPC and x86 through what Apple Inc. calls a Universal binary), Linux, and *BSD on multiple computer architectures. The four platforms (in this case, Windows, macOS, Linux, and *BSD) are separate executable distributions, although they come from the same source code. The use of different toolsets to perform different builds may not be sufficient to achieve a variety of working executables for different platforms. In this case, the software engineer must \"port\" it, i.e. amend the code to be suitable to a new computer architecture or operating system. For example, a program such as Firefox, which already runs on Windows on the x86 family, can be modified and re-built to run on Linux on the x86 (and potentially other architectures) as well. The multiple versions of the code may be stored as separate codebases, or merged into one codebase by conditional compilation (see above). Note that, while porting must be accompanied by cross-platform building, the reverse is not the case. As an alternative to porting, \"cross-platform virtualization\" allows applications compiled for one CPU and operating system to run on a system with a different CPU and/or operating system, without modification to the source code or binaries. As an example, Apple's Rosetta, which is built into Intel-based Macintosh computers, runs applications compiled for the previous generation of Macs that used PowerPC CPUs. Another example is IBM PowerVM Lx86, which allows Linux/x86 applications to run unmodified on the Linux/Power operating system.", "A script can be considered to be cross-platform if its interpreter is available on multiple platforms and the script only uses the facilities provided by the language. That is, a script written in Python for a Unix-like system will likely run with little or no modification on Windows, because Python also runs on Windows; there is also more than one implementation of Python that will run the same scripts (e.g., IronPython for.NET Framework). The same goes for many of the open-source programming languages that are available and are scripting languages. Unlike binary executable files, the same script can be used on all computers that have software to interpret the script. This is because the script is generally stored in plain text in a text file. There may be some issues, however, such as the type of new line character that sits between the lines. Generally, however, little or no work has to be done to make a script written for one system, run on another. Some quite popular cross-platform scripting or interpreted languages are:", "Cross-platform or multi-platform is a term that can also apply to video games released on a range of video game consoles, specialized computers dedicated to the task of playing games. Examples of cross-platform video games include: Miner 2049er,, FIFA (video game series), NHL Series and Minecraft. Each has been released across a variety of gaming platforms, such as the Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, personal computers (PCs), and mobile devices. The characteristics of a particular system may lengthen the time taken to implement a video game across multiple platforms. So, a video game may initially be released on a few platforms and then later released on remaining platforms. Typically, this situation occurs when a new gaming system is released, because video game developers need to acquaint themselves with the hardware and software associated with the new console. Some games may not become cross-platform because of licensing agreements between developers and video game console manufacturers that limit development of a game to one particular console. As an example, Disney could create a game with the intention of release on the latest Nintendo and Sony game consoles. Should Disney license the game with Sony first, Disney may in exchange be required to release the game solely on Sony's console for a short time or indefinitely—effectively prohibiting a cross-platform release for the duration.", "Several developers have implemented means to play games online while using different platforms. Psyonix, Epic Games, Microsoft, and Valve all possess technology that allows Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 gamers to play with PC gamers, leaving the decision of which platform to use to consumers. The first game to allow this level of interactivity between PC and console games was \"Quake 3\". Games that feature cross-platform online play include \"Rocket League\", \"\", \"Street Fighter V\", \"Killer Instinct\", \"Paragon\" and \"Fable Fortune,\" and \"Minecraft\" with its Better Together update on Windows 10, VR editions, Pocket Edition and Xbox One.", "Cross-platform programming is the practice of actively writing software that will work on more than one platform.", "There are different ways of approaching the problem of writing a cross-platform application program. One such approach is simply to create multiple versions of the same program in different \"source trees\"—in other words, the Microsoft Windows version of a program might have one set of source code files and the Macintosh version might have another, while a FOSS *nix system might have another. While this is a straightforward approach to the problem, it has the potential to be considerably more expensive in development cost, development time, or both, especially for corporate entities. The idea behind this is to create more than two different programs that have the ability to behave similarly to each other. It is also possible that this means of developing a cross-platform application will result in more problems with bug tracking and fixing, because the two different \"source trees\" would have different programmers, and thus different defects in each version. Another approach that is used is to depend on pre-existing software that hides the differences between the platforms—called abstraction of the platform—such that the program itself is unaware of the platform it is running on. It could be said that such programs are \"platform agnostic\". Programs that run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) are built in this fashion. Some applications mix various methods of cross-platform programming to create the final application. An example of this is the Firefox web browser, which uses abstraction to build some of the lower-level components, separate source subtrees for implementing platform-specific features (like the GUI), and the implementation of more than one scripting language to help facilitate ease of portability. Firefox implements XUL, CSS and JavaScript for extending the browser, in addition to classic Netscape-style browser plugins. Much of the browser itself is written in XUL, CSS, and JavaScript, as well.", "There are a number of tools which are available to help facilitate the process of cross-platform programming:", "There are certain issues associated with cross-platform development. Some of these include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1650, 1543, 186, 105416, 84673, 14, 4935, 47, 7413, 450, 70, 142105, 136, 15, 9518, 316, 78458, 16, 764, 14677, 525, 2878, 66695, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 2663, 4, 1284, 40368, 187136, 7, 621, 7722, 12, 581, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 83, 62548, 47, 2392, 516, 557, 25, 7, 145358, 23, 237, 5045, 237, 70, 30089, 315, 933, 25813, 47, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 17664, 297, 315, 933, 26548, 70, 137352, 43315, 35358, 2517, 3229, 28368, 297, 47, 96759, 149850, 214, 5, 14091, 35975, 158, 272, 10763, 1556, 2809, 502, 13482, 390, 70, 4527, 111, 276, 16625, 7440, 158, 272, 10763, 21972, 7, 21373, 47, 8382, 23, 79552, 7, 15, 571, 2746, 5861, 38750, 7, 16, 831, 186, 21176, 29367, 5, 581, 21543, 83, 111, 85583, 33946, 100, 3060, 218343, 41018, 7, 74, 24145, 10, 12840, 15292, 10821, 17664, 6644, 111, 140885, 147, 76319, 1556, 2809, 181653, 4, 442, 83, 56104, 9232, 12915, 2886, 100, 70, 12921, 915, 26147, 52895, 47, 190407, 67, 5, 48752, 289, 120103, 83324, 70, 27708, 2481, 111, 70, 30089, 54806, 21543, 4, 26719, 70, 13267, 7, 136, 168, 7, 31075, 111, 70, 2878, 66695, 4, 70, 81147, 111, 2499, 9060, 17721, 70, 2878, 66695, 4, 136, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 116419, 5, 62, 148734, 10393, 320, 16530, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 10, 16530, 111, 118285, 141233, 16, 707, 19932, 104532, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 10, 831, 111, 315, 933, 16, 43240, 5299, 47, 1238, 141775, 70, 21543, 4, 12960, 10, 116419, 678, 1810, 19364, 538, 91, 1414, 1916, 58982, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 23, 10, 158, 21533, 707, 91, 94266, 21533, 700, 87739, 53, 16, 50339, 23, 2367, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 39531, 184, 30089, 54806, 21543, 5, 360, 124931, 53, 4, 442, 83, 39210, 23, 27226, 168, 7, 2481, 4, 707, 21922, 2661, 81502, 135815, 7, 4, 100, 27781, 70, 135815, 714, 139662, 47921, 57710, 5, 136, 209, 214243, 3419, 539, 5, 360, 700, 25443, 4, 70, 21543, 83, 39210, 23, 36770, 538, 169783, 27686, 58555, 6044, 237, 2356, 30715, 136, 58555, 23, 10776, 7, 111, 117, 192, 45701, 271, 7440, 70, 212790, 83, 115700, 71, 3934, 12430, 432, 22824, 390, 141906, 17305, 272, 292, 3525, 3474, 1444, 108975, 23, 70, 44457, 7, 11907, 6602, 1295, 53894, 56, 1379, 64330, 5, 86425, 329, 10255, 1018, 53, 959, 297, 44, 29348, 41324, 3474, 1444, 83, 10, 8306, 9, 33, 6238, 18940, 98, 1632, 111, 8382, 2356, 30715, 40617, 7, 5, 122554, 237, 20903, 538, 237, 398, 1543, 4, 70, 11737, 17179, 14775, 15504, 7, 1257, 10, 63335, 72, 2037, 1363, 111, 337, 202, 14202, 136, 280, 73163, 7, 4, 1295, 70, 13267, 111, 10, 29162, 2434, 53, 54806, 47, 450, 111, 10, 26156, 9, 350, 46401, 1242, 62, 5122, 18, 47, 70, 22304, 135179, 23, 1919, 53333, 76811, 450, 44, 100231, 4488, 83, 5201, 538, 47, 186, 16940, 23, 11994, 707, 7071, 4, 3229, 70, 109270, 83, 131457, 3674, 678, 6, 2980, 9, 8447, 71, 7401, 740, 9626, 64330, 7401, 4092, 13105, 4, 6, 177691, 756, 2878, 66695, 36917, 442, 5, 1301, 70, 7401, 4034, 7, 47, 6, 76681, 4, 164917, 2878, 66695, 831, 9615, 133, 3934, 70, 73432, 32628, 7, 12960, 150679, 2878, 66695, 621, 7464, 165249, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 6, 2980, 110, 51713, 8060, 7, 70, 150679, 13950, 7, 4, 1836, 621, 99, 19713, 2878, 25958, 8060, 297, 390, 70, 164917, 2878, 66695, 450, 146614, 71, 35064, 2856, 5, 33742, 13, 27686, 4092, 731, 9, 3238, 434, 105823, 7, 23, 10, 11001, 6602, 38352, 7, 1257, 70, 9433, 5, 3293, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 113660, 111, 23, 37676, 6671, 214, 3129, 831, 186, 139999, 71, 23, 5941, 113949, 26719, 221, 379, 6, 67367, 1021, 10763, 20271, 109270, 13722, 9248, 707, 51400, 7, 150, 988, 5, 14091, 35975, 158, 272, 10763, 83, 2843, 218094, 1029, 297, 390, 8, 35611, 86608, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 4271, 98567, 4, 6, 67367, 1029, 297, 33532, 150, 112, 111, 51, 2271, 97281, 27686, 4, 131457, 3674, 8, 35611, 450, 33342, 1884, 86608, 214, 122776, 5, 32255, 86608, 7, 831, 85358, 4912, 17163, 214, 23, 13267, 1295, 26580, 53, 47, 337, 202, 14202, 4, 26719, 109412, 53, 8, 35611, 6044, 237, 12684, 7, 136, 53201, 18784, 2676, 7, 5, 38699, 19725, 831, 186, 185553, 297, 390, 108938, 102044, 9146, 4, 169783, 289, 6, 76681, 4, 707, 10, 162515, 111, 70, 6626, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14091, 35975, 158, 272, 10763, 83, 10, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 7440, 140885, 147, 4912, 28368, 297, 47, 149850, 214, 707, 69255, 1363, 1221, 80788, 18, 191175, 103510, 7, 21373, 47, 52895, 111, 79552, 158, 272, 10763, 5, 1650, 83, 68018, 151552, 237, 70, 30089, 54806, 21543, 3229, 70, 142105, 2878, 66695, 3564, 1257, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 10, 140885, 147, 4912, 70541, 214, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 67842, 538, 13267, 71, 36746, 7, 74, 903, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 27781, 111, 10, 222201, 116419, 111, 17664, 297, 315, 933, 4, 7440, 70, 142105, 1221, 186, 30089, 315, 933, 5, 581, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 842, 90, 150, 21543, 16792, 442, 83, 51592, 23, 43824, 7831, 111, 118285, 141233, 70541, 214, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Explanation.", "Applications.", "Manufacturing.", "Astronomy.", "Geology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "It may be counterintuitive to find that the largest and (presumably) heaviest particles rise to the top, but several explanations are possible: The phenomenon is related to Parrondo's paradox in as much as the Brazil nuts move to the top of the mixed nuts against the gravitational gradient when subjected to random shaking. Granular convection has been probed by the use of MRI where convection rolls similar to those in fluids (Bénard cells) can be visualized.", "", "The effect is of serious interest for some manufacturing operations; once a homogeneous mixture of granular materials has been produced, it is usually undesirable for the different particle types to segregate. Several factors determine the severity of the Brazil nut effect, including the sizes and densities of the particles, the pressure of any gas between the particles, and the shape of the container. A rectangular box (such as a box of breakfast cereal) or cylinder (such as a can of nuts) works well to favour the effect, while a container with outwardly slanting walls (such as in a conical or spherical geometry) results in what is known as the reverse Brazil nut effect.", "In astronomy, it is common in low density, or rubble pile asteroids, for example the asteroid 25143 Itokawa. and 101955 Bennu.", "In geology, the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as New England and areas in regions of permafrost where the landscape is shaped into hummocks by frost heave — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground. Horace Greeley noted \"Picking stones is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle.\" A hint to the cause appears in his further description that \"this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water\". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it. As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised. By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process. This phenomenon is one of the causes of inverse grading which can be observed in many situations including soil liquefaction during earthquakes or mudslides. Granular convection is also exemplified by debris flow, which is a fast moving, liquefied landslide of unconsolidated, saturated debris that looks like flowing concrete. These flows can carry material ranging in size from clay to boulders, including woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 911, 192609, 509, 103122, 23, 129885, 11, 4, 7068, 2831, 111, 70, 26724, 1162, 66, 47806, 4, 1379, 70, 79986, 111, 70, 92265, 145359, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 31631, 52621, 911, 192609, 4, 7311, 538, 1295, 66328, 21690, 4, 509, 10, 152363, 16030, 2750, 1902, 10, 10500, 2822, 47, 30492, 73, 5415, 25443, 74, 1919, 42732, 4, 5379, 107398, 4, 509, 10670, 157272, 100, 604, 62607, 136, 167821, 15, 67884, 1015, 1419, 16, 1592, 965, 474, 5, 28090, 10, 4552, 39395, 32070, 4, 911, 192609, 168360, 4127, 52080, 14768, 2449, 15, 162, 5299, 237, 10, 118562, 60744, 33946, 23, 44951, 7, 136, 163136, 194, 1529, 509, 36456, 3674, 47, 152363, 99, 616, 4, 25975, 26518, 23, 27165, 23, 543, 4046, 4, 136, 61475, 538, 41361, 71, 237, 10, 44, 771, 748, 332, 25, 7, 183093, 740, 911, 192609, 2843, 15673, 71, 47, 24209, 10, 186768, 21261, 1419, 707, 10, 77557, 1419, 4, 136, 23, 70, 5701, 6602, 54397, 1919, 5117, 34666, 4, 44, 397, 6796, 25, 77529, 31526, 31, 45, 2290, 67, 58, 24073, 20320, 2290, 67, 25, 7, 182857, 1771, 11954, 74054, 91376, 23, 543, 3768, 5, 360, 543, 3882, 1104, 4235, 764, 57119, 3674, 678, 10, 129885, 7717, 73962, 4, 44, 866, 25, 159310, 408, 7535, 129885, 3132, 13, 830, 3129, 509, 49903, 33662, 155738, 390, 70, 10374, 71, 145947, 184, 207048, 5, 1529, 7068, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 105207, 42179, 7, 111, 44, 866, 25, 159310, 408, 7535, 1261, 3104, 24366, 830, 91376, 99, 35031, 122169, 390, 563, 5, 391, 5, 48739, 32929, 4, 24189, 903, 15122, 509, 155738, 7565, 390, 70, 207048, 4, 5792, 5, 360, 543, 3768, 911, 192609, 26983, 6259, 47, 1371, 16275, 299, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 131263, 1686, 4, 10, 23410, 125413, 678, 68894, 60042, 7, 5, 2161, 1936, 18374, 111, 450, 6602, 764, 509, 34784, 297, 99, 129885, 11, 136, 44848, 71, 99, 73829, 76, 5, 360, 39395, 543, 5016, 4, 764, 509, 121447, 1295, 101085, 4, 1284, 17438, 14534, 47, 10, 19336, 2057, 1974, 5, 1529, 19667, 1119, 1340, 64457, 4, 98567, 47, 46980, 330, 23, 236386, 5, 360, 543, 5016, 911, 192609, 23409, 47, 185918, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 10, 5700, 26366, 54940, 70, 89176, 1119, 1340, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 103351, 9105, 1290, 47, 70, 127451, 111, 73571, 7564, 102, 77616, 4726, 35340, 5674, 4, 10, 34923, 36024, 24366, 64685, 8770, 2750, 100512, 1919, 100306, 5, 360, 8055, 543, 6460, 73571, 7564, 102, 35340, 5674, 26038, 127319, 47, 10, 25299, 4, 39555, 68782, 911, 192609, 25, 7, 775, 4, 136565, 2412, 24, 4806, 33876, 17848, 840, 927, 78387, 62, 5876, 1081, 62, 39977, 112, 7103, 43032, 111, 70, 14449, 111, 17848, 840, 927, 78387, 182915, 22023, 4, 678, 136565, 911, 192609, 509, 24765, 214, 5, 581, 182915, 22023, 7, 34739, 517, 111, 70, 29041, 23, 18237, 543, 9185, 3229, 73571, 7564, 102, 136, 911, 192609, 25737, 100, 236386, 5, 581, 29041, 68, 71, 23, 22482, 543, 5843, 5, 911, 192609, 5808, 297, 10, 3525, 68894, 100510, 35839, 44389, 98848, 5, 44389, 98848, 509, 10, 23410, 100510, 100, 4806, 47, 125568, 89176, 51, 41274, 12, 44, 62068, 4, 4092, 4, 41371, 4, 122530, 19, 64857, 1242, 911, 192609, 18822, 71, 450, 10, 5700, 75, 22876, 214, 2806, 28282, 10, 51, 47314, 98848, 4, 136, 2806, 23996, 5773, 10, 28811, 9, 113458, 98834, 6635, 112664, 5, 581, 21115, 25, 7, 146631, 509, 44, 124938, 136, 70, 41021, 830, 136, 6863, 62822, 24702, 133, 509, 70, 51, 41274, 111, 70, 40368, 117249, 136, 60097, 3815, 7, 111, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 3934, 10, 11001, 456, 57964, 237, 70, 4734, 29568, 137374, 111, 89176, 14788, 939, 5, 581, 3525, 64857, 1902, 47, 186, 12, 44, 62068, 4, 115769, 4, 5153, 47806, 740, 911, 192609, 25, 7, 68894, 49980, 8780, 435, 3060, 36272, 23, 1371, 16275, 299, 4, 62, 11911, 32929, 4, 63457, 20102, 4, 10374, 71, 15477, 4, 136, 1919, 24, 4935, 26724, 48757, 4, 41866, 54940, 40368, 116338, 93324, 7, 5, 44389, 98848, 54529, 297, 1672, 6, 198077, 606, 3334, 35066, 23, 543, 9185, 4, 678, 90356, 7, 23, 129885, 11, 136, 3789, 162708, 5, 360, 450, 6602, 911, 192609, 5117, 81887, 297, 23, 7, 33724, 10763, 4, 3129, 2806, 93403, 1295, 4841, 99897, 1294, 15, 92733, 2831, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 247, 62, 9393, 150213, 11, 4, 4252, 73, 4, 136, 129885, 11, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 73829, 53, 27759, 134053, 70, 23577, 8108, 442, 5809, 9842, 136, 5941, 98834, 11, 10484, 15, 216561, 234872, 76281, 1297, 118, 16, 3542, 34784, 297, 5, 581, 456, 48448, 509, 6, 75481, 9393, 12, 427, 56480, 3542, 71924, 297, 4, 12960, 911, 192609, 25, 7, 2965, 34391, 136, 14364, 111, 70, 129885, 7717, 40059, 111, 70, 44, 37735, 100476, 7694, 830, 823, 587, 771, 71970, 48310, 4, 152388, 66570, 5, 911, 192609, 509, 37842, 23, 146291, 399, 136, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 5, 262, 61518, 903, 5423, 12620, 15, 434, 497, 184, 91519, 7, 14432, 75935, 183851, 92814, 7, 136, 55182, 21533, 22223, 2242, 23, 911, 192609, 247, 764, 5808, 297, 15700, 75, 22876, 214, 100, 70, 25632, 6602, 5, 62, 21115, 111, 89176, 1119, 1340, 7, 3542, 47, 30957, 10374, 71, 15477, 1295, 236386, 136, 93403, 70, 98834, 2685, 4, 12960, 141425, 6389, 2566, 24313, 4, 2750, 1902, 78684, 33284, 297, 44389, 98848, 4, 509, 47, 54, 70, 5701, 1295, 129885, 11, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 10374, 71, 145947, 184, 3428, 68818, 72546, 134616, 297, 70, 3525, 81887, 5, 360, 70, 31576, 111, 543, 10289, 4, 12960, 99, 71342, 4, 911, 192609, 136, 10, 54, 3121, 211190, 90, 1295, 98848, 4, 164111, 4, 136, 102126, 14037, 297, 10, 3525, 125413, 678, 70, 22284, 8364, 9351, 111, 44389, 14713, 5, 1650, 7, 62822, 4, 136, 105950, 538, 22284, 8364, 6528, 4, 509, 450, 4, 237, 70, 92265, 135555, 111, 196208, 1902, 22, 320, 17704, 70, 23755, 111, 11651, 14788, 939, 4, 15700, 98834, 2806, 5036, 186, 44841, 100, 15889, 14788, 939, 74, 136, 1919, 37831, 23409, 53333, 6637, 764, 15673, 71, 450, 23, 70, 110, 92814, 95534, 22690, 4092, 24, 5256, 13648, 70163, 47, 3173, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 141425, 911, 192609, 15, 4, 4, 2819, 1039, 18237, 543, 8194, 46, 209, 11994, 170612, 16, 509, 142, 89176, 39624, 66, 4, 32485, 4, 177500, 100, 70, 51, 41274, 111, 98848, 4, 136, 13986, 147, 31251, 111, 70, 89176, 98834, 6635, 112664, 5, 18763, 79825, 104902, 19095, 1672, 70, 41371, 136, 51, 47314, 98848, 23, 3687, 111, 70, 40368, 84797, 117249, 4, 5941, 35462, 3674, 390, 110613, 14537, 7, 4, 450, 13835, 71, 24189, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 1529, 2843, 104902, 61924, 70, 5744, 28811, 112664, 100, 5700, 53397, 15182, 2408, 23, 10, 122530, 19, 11341, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Failed insurrections.", "Exile in London.", "The 1848–49 revolts.", "Late activities.", "Ideology.", "Women's rights.", "Mazzini and Marx.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Mazzini was born in Genoa, then part of the Ligurian Republic, under the rule of the French Empire. His father, Giacomo Mazzini, originally from Chiavari, was a university professor who had adhered to Jacobin ideology; his mother, Maria Drago, was renowned for her beauty and religious (Jansenist) fervour. From a very early age, Mazzini showed good learning qualities (as well as a precocious interest in politics and literature). He was admitted to university at 14, graduating in law in 1826, and initially practiced as a \"poor man's lawyer\". Mazzini also hoped to become a historical novelist or a dramatist, and in the same year wrote his first essay, \"Dell'amor patrio di Dante\" (\"On Dante's Patriotic Love\"), published in 1827. In 1828–29 he collaborated with a Genoese newspaper, \"L'Indicatore Genovese\", which was however soon closed by the Piedmontese authorities. He then became one of the leading authors of \"L'Indicatore Livornese\", published at Livorno by F. D. Guerrazzi, until this paper was closed down by the authorities, too. In 1827 Mazzini travelled to Tuscany, where he became a member of the Carbonari, a secret association with political purposes. On 31 October of that year he was arrested at Genoa and interned at Savona. In early 1831, he was released from prison, but confined to a small hamlet. He chose exile instead, moving to Geneva in Switzerland.", "In 1831 Mazzini went to Marseille, where he became a popular figure among the Italian exiles. He was a frequent visitor to the apartment of Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli, a beautiful Modenese widow who became his lover. In August 1832 Giuditta Sidoli gave birth to a boy, almost certainly Mazzini's son, whom she named Joseph Démosthène Adolpe Aristide after members of the family of Démosthène Ollivier, with whom Mazzini was staying. The Olliviers took care of the child in June 1833 when Giuditta and Mazzini left for Switzerland. The child died in February 1835. Mazzini organized a new political society called Young Italy. Young Italy was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: \"One, free, independent, republican nation.\" Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement. The group's motto was \"God and the People\", and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. The new nation had to be: \"One, Independent, Free Republic\". Mazzini's political activism met some success in Tuscany, Abruzzi, Sicily, Piedmont, and his native Liguria, especially among several military officers. Young Italy counted about 60,000 adherents in 1833, with branches in Genoa and other cities. In that year Mazzini first attempted insurrection, which would spread from Chambéry (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), Alessandria, Turin, and Genoa. However, the Savoy government discovered the plot before it could begin and many revolutionaries (including Vincenzo Gioberti) were arrested. The repression was ruthless: 12 participants were executed, while Mazzini's best friend and director of the Genoese section of the \"Giovine Italia\", Jacopo Ruffini, killed himself. Mazzini was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. Despite this setback (whose victims later created numerous doubts and psychological strife in Mazzini), he organized another uprising for the following year. A group of Italian exiles were to enter Piedmont from Switzerland and spread the revolution there, while Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had recently joined Young Italy, was to do the same from Genoa. However, the Piedmontese troops easily crushed the new attempt. In the spring of 1834, while at Bern, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland, and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. [...] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. [...] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary. On 28 May 1834 Mazzini was arrested at Solothurn, and exiled from Switzerland. He moved to Paris, where he was again imprisoned on 5 July. He was released only after promising he would move to England. Mazzini, together with a few Italian friends, moved in January 1837 to live in London in very poor economic conditions.", "On 30 April 1840 Mazzini reformed the \"Giovine Italia\" in London, and on 10 November of the same year he began issuing the \"Apostolato popolare\" (\"Apostleship of the People\"). A succession of failed attempts at promoting further uprisings in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, and Lombardy-Venetia discouraged Mazzini for a long period, which dragged on until 1840. He was also abandoned by Sidoli, who had returned to Italy to rejoin her children. The help of his mother pushed Mazzini to create several organizations aimed at the unification or liberation of other nations, in the wake of \"Giovine Italia\": \"Young Germany\", \"Young Poland\", and \"Young Switzerland\", which were under the aegis of \"Young Europe\" (\"Giovine Europa\"). He also created an Italian school for poor people active from 10 November 1841 at 5 Greville Street, London. From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America, and made friends with Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane. The \"Young Europe\" movement also inspired a group of young Turkish army cadets and students who, later in history, named themselves the \"Young Turks\". In 1843 he organized another riot in Bologna, which attracted the attention of two young officers of the Austrian Navy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera. With Mazzini's support, they landed near Cosenza (Kingdom of Naples), but were arrested and executed. Mazzini accused the British government of having passed information about the expeditions to the Neapolitans, and question was raised in the British Parliament. When it was admitted that his private letters had indeed been opened, and its contents revealed by the Foreign Office to the Austrian and Neapolitan governments, Mazzini gained popularity and support among the British liberals, who were outraged by such a blatant intrusion of the government into his private correspondence. In 1847 he moved again to London, where he wrote a long \"open letter\" to Pope Pius IX, whose apparently liberal reforms had gained him a momentary status as possible paladin of the unification of Italy. The Pope, however, did not reply. He also founded the People's International League. By 8 March 1848 Mazzini was in Paris, where he launched a new political association, the \"Associazione Nazionale Italiana\".", "On 7 April 1848 Mazzini reached Milan, whose population had rebelled against the Austrian garrison and established a provisional government. The First Italian War of Independence, started by the Piedmontese king Charles Albert to exploit the favourable circumstances in Milan, turned into a total failure. Mazzini, who had never been popular in the city because he wanted Lombardy to become a republic instead of joining Piedmont, abandoned Milan. He joined Garibaldi's irregular force at Bergamo, moving to Switzerland with him. On 9 February 1849 a republic was declared in Rome, with Pius IX already having been forced to flee to Gaeta the preceding November. On the same day the Republic was declared, Mazzini reached the city. He was appointed, together with Carlo Armellini and Aurelio Saffi, as a member of the \"\"triumvirate\"\" of the new republic on 29 March, becoming soon the true leader of the government and showing good administrative capabilities in social reforms. However, when the French troops called by the Pope made clear that the resistance of the Republican troops, led by Garibaldi, was in vain, on 12 July 1849, Mazzini set out for Marseille, from where he moved again to Switzerland.", "Mazzini spent all of 1850 hiding from the Swiss police. In July he founded the association \"Amici di Italia\" (Friends of Italy) in London, to attract consensus towards the Italian liberation cause. Two failed riots in Mantua (1852) and Milan (1853) were a crippling blow for the Mazzinian organization, whose prestige never recovered. He later opposed the alliance signed by Savoy with Austria for the Crimean War. Also in vain was the expedition of Felice Orsini in Carrara of 1853–54. In 1856 he returned to Genoa to organize a series of uprisings: the only serious attempt was that of Carlo Pisacane in Calabria, which again met a dismaying end. Mazzini managed to escape the police, but was condemned to death by default. From this moment on, Mazzini was more of a spectator than a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento, whose reins were now strongly in the hands of the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II and his skilled prime minister, Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour. The latter defined him as \"Chief of the assassins\". In 1858 he founded another journal in London, \"Pensiero e azione\" (\"Thought and Action\"). Also there, on 21 February 1859, together with 151 republicans he signed a manifesto against the alliance between Piedmont and the Emperor of France which resulted in the Second War of Italian Independence and the conquest of Lombardy. On 2 May 1860 he tried to reach Garibaldi, who was going to launch his famous Expedition of the Thousand in southern Italy. In the same year he released \"Doveri dell'uomo\" (\"Duties of Man\"), a synthesis of his moral, political and social thoughts. In mid-September he was in Naples, then under Garibaldi's dictatorship, but was invited by the local vice-dictator Giorgio Pallavicino to move away. The new Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861 under the Savoy monarchy. In 1862, Mazzini joined Garibaldi in his failed attempt to free Rome. In 1866, Italy joined the Austro-Prussian War and gained Venetia. At this time Mazzini frequently spoke out against how the unification of his country was being achieved, and in 1867 he refused a seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. In 1870, he tried to start a rebellion in Sicily, and was arrested and imprisoned in Gaeta. He was freed in October, in the amnesty declared after the Kingdom finally took Rome, and returned to London in mid-December. Giuseppe Mazzini died of pleurisy at the house known now as Domus Mazziniana in Pisa in 1872, at the age of 66. His body was embalmed by Paolo Gorini. His funeral was held in Genoa, with 100,000 people taking part in it.", "Mazzini, an Italian nationalist, was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Unlike his contemporary Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy until after the capture of Rome. Mazzini was vigorously opposed to Marxism and Communism, and in 1871 he condemned the socialist revolt in France that led to the creation of the short-lived Paris Commune. This later caused Karl Marx to refer to Mazzini as a \"reactionary\" and an \"old ass\". Mazzini rejected the Marxist doctrines of class struggle and materialism, and stressed the need for class collaboration Mazzini also rejected the classical liberal principles of the Enlightenment based on the doctrine of individualism, which he criticized as \"presupposing either metaphysical materialism or political atheism.\" Influenced by his Jansenist upbringing, Mazzini's thought is characterized by a strong religious fervor and deep sense of spirituality. Mazzini described himself as a Christian and emphasized the necessity of faith and a relationship with God, while vehemently denouncing rationalism and atheism. His motto was \"Dio e Popolo\" (\"God and People\"). He regarded patriotism as a duty, and love for the Fatherland as a divine mission, saying that the Fatherland was \"the home wherein God has placed us, among brothers and sisters linked to us by the family ties of a common religion, history, and language.\" In his 1835 publication \"Fede e avvenire\" (\"Faith and the Future\"), he wrote: \"We must rise again as a religious party. The religious element is universal and immortal... The initiators of a new world, we are bound to lay the foundations of a moral unity, a Humanitarian Catholicism.\" However, Mazzini's relationship with the Catholic Church and the Papacy was not always a kind one. While he initially supported Pope Pius IX upon his election, writing an open letter to him in 1847, he later published a scathing attack against the pope in his \"Sull'Enciclica di Papa Pio IX\" (\"On the Encyclical of Pope Pius IX\") in 1849. Although some of his religious views were at odds with the Catholic Church and the Papacy, and his writings often were tinged with anti-clericalism, at the same time Mazzini criticized Protestantism, stating that it is \"divided and subdivided into a thousand sects, all founded on the rights of individual conscience, all eager to make war on one another, and perpetuating that anarchy of beliefs which is the sole true cause of the social and political disturbances that torment the peoples of Europe.\" Mazzini formulated a concept known as \"thought and action\", in which thought and action must be joined together, and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. He likewise rejected the concept of the \"rights of man\" which had developed during the Age of Enlightenment, arguing instead that individual rights were a duty to be won through hard work, sacrifice and virtue, rather than \"rights\" which were intrinsically owed to man. He outlined his thought in his \"Doveri dell'uomo\" (\"Duties of Man\"), published in 1860.", "In \"Doveri dell'uomo\" (\"Duties of Man\", 1860) Mazzini called for recognition of women's rights. After his many encounters with political philosophers in England, France and across Europe, he had decided that the principle of equality between men and women was fundamental to building a truly democratic Italian nation. He called for the end of women's social and judicial subordination to men. His vigorous position heightened attention to gender among European thinkers who were already considering democracy and nationalism. Mazzini helped intellectuals see women's rights not merely a peripheral topic but as a fundamental goal necessary for the regeneration of old nations and the rebirth of new ones. Mazzini admired Jessie White Mario who was described by Giuseppe Garibaldi as the \"Bravest Woman of Modern Time\". Jessie joined Garibaldi's Redshirts (Italy) for the 1859, 1860 campaign. As a correspondent for the Daily News she witnessed almost every fight that had brought on the unification of Italy.", "Karl Marx, in an interview by R. Landor from 1871, said that Mazzini's ideas represented \"nothing better than the old idea of a middle-class republic.\" Marx believed, especially after the Revolutions of 1848, that Mazzini's point of view had become reactionary, and the proletariat had nothing to do with it. In another interview, Marx described Mazzini as \"that everlasting old ass\". Mazzini, in turn, described Marx as \"a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind\" and declared that \"Despite the communist egalitarianism which [Marx] preaches he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition.\"", "Mazzini's socio-political thought has been referred to as Mazzinianism, and his worldview as the Mazzinian Conception, terms which were later utilized by Benito Mussolini and Fascists such as Giovanni Gentile to describe their political ideology and spiritual conception of life. Metternich described Mazzini as \"the most influential revolutionary in Europe.\" Carl Schurz, in Volume I of his 'Reminiscences' (New York: McClure's Publ. Co., 1907, see Chapters XIII and XIV), gives a biographical sketch of Mazzini and recalls two meetings he had had with him when they were both in London in 1851. While the book \"10,000 Famous Freemasons\" by William R. Denslow lists Mazzini as a Mason, and even a Past Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, articles on the Grand Orient of Italy's own website question whether he was ever a regular Mason and do not list him as a Past Grand Master. Often viewed in the Italy of the time as a god-like figure, Mazzini was nonetheless denounced by many of his compatriots as a traitor. Contemporary historians tended to believe that he ceased to contribute anything productive or useful after 1849, but modern ones take a more favorable opinion of him. The antifascist Mazzini Society, founded in the United States in 1939 by Italian political refugees, took his name; they, like him, served Italy from exile. In London, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street, near Euston Square, which is now marked with a commemorative blue plaque. (155 is next door to 157 North Gower Street, which doubles as 221b Baker Street in the BBC adaptation of Sherlock.). A plaque on Laystall Street in Clerkenwell, London's Little Italy during the 1850s, also pays tribute Giuseppe Mazzini. A bust of Mazzini is in New York's Central Park between 67th and 68th streets just west of the West Drive. The 1973–1974 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honor." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 178397, 509, 19667, 19, 47, 27980, 70, 79428, 34242, 8305, 10, 43374, 34658, 98, 496, 6088, 26771, 4, 67229, 214, 99255, 111, 70, 148926, 26349, 111, 16321, 32135, 5, 873, 17336, 509, 70, 43374, 54529, 450, 74918, 2822, 99, 70, 14885, 927, 87, 29065, 148735, 136, 534, 927, 152150, 77699, 23, 99510, 9, 8023, 555, 4, 10542, 102126, 5, 24372, 70, 152150, 7, 3542, 70318, 297, 4, 178397, 2843, 75204, 70, 54591, 47, 36541, 70, 209, 927, 67009, 34242, 23, 21735, 4, 17368, 2856, 47, 3034, 6863, 212485, 100, 70, 152150, 7, 5, 9251, 7543, 7, 3542, 121447, 20271, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 237, 10, 26582, 111, 8999, 88669, 4, 1284, 10, 14012, 111, 70, 7543, 7, 3542, 96865, 297, 923, 272, 707, 134729, 297, 13036, 77890, 390, 70, 6, 177476, 111, 70, 152150, 377, 202, 65025, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 18782, 7, 25632, 70, 45559, 4, 70, 4568, 1733, 6867, 7543, 7, 3542, 121447, 99, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 509, 23, 12839, 23, 5755, 4, 21974, 8108, 70, 377, 202, 65025, 509, 16060, 5, 21786, 16762, 7543, 7, 3542, 121447, 23, 13211, 30870, 152150, 7, 136, 70, 9571, 30870, 152150, 7, 136, 15122, 7543, 7, 3542, 11814, 99, 70, 163816, 313, 102835, 299, 23, 98543, 32255, 3542, 2843, 70, 4568, 79428, 152150, 34242, 47, 16401, 70, 13527, 214, 313, 102835, 299, 20271, 70, 5155, 6032, 5, 581, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 60213, 71, 10, 20704, 428, 6496, 7175, 60887, 214, 645, 70, 83932, 136, 3173, 214, 70, 43606, 9, 46133, 297, 152150, 21434, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 46889, 32837, 1363, 111, 308, 343, 3613, 557, 5, 581, 20704, 428, 6496, 7175, 25550, 297, 99, 17689, 397, 7154, 17689, 192576, 214, 136, 1902, 15673, 71, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 170894, 2806, 5423, 70, 36541, 100, 20704, 428, 6496, 141753, 10, 40501, 19732, 390, 52489, 168098, 70, 18592, 152150, 7, 8121, 71, 142, 54591, 47, 19095, 21640, 35743, 47, 25134, 26320, 5, 581, 6528, 100, 25134, 26320, 47, 3687, 10, 45880, 100, 70, 18592, 34242, 74216, 71, 20271, 70, 4568, 13312, 111, 70, 5227, 139219, 9, 60031, 86052, 23, 70, 72399, 19340, 7, 5, 24372, 34202, 5227, 25, 7, 110938, 2320, 23, 24849, 4, 112204, 984, 31, 9, 127, 3206, 4, 1919, 39457, 42, 4, 230121, 26320, 25, 7, 45880, 47, 70, 87, 29065, 23, 6088, 26771, 4, 23, 15673, 7, 450, 70, 124735, 21640, 197826, 91048, 390, 70, 152150, 7, 2806, 58739, 20650, 1919, 42179, 14, 92812, 63647, 444, 532, 271, 118055, 68894, 81147, 100, 133969, 47691, 4, 22691, 48431, 1295, 118055, 120332, 7, 1295, 23924, 26320, 4, 136, 7639, 58437, 70, 133915, 25313, 208546, 47, 70, 8999, 26908, 5, 25134, 26320, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 45880, 98, 496, 6088, 26771, 4, 141753, 70, 387, 927, 27980, 64857, 23175, 927, 23, 70, 79428, 152150, 7, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 17932, 67009, 64857, 15, 94015, 214, 15758, 23, 70, 38425, 79428, 152150, 7, 16, 136, 70, 5117, 5201, 1760, 67009, 64857, 5, 146930, 214, 70, 3299, 111, 38425, 71667, 152150, 7, 237, 10, 6, 18781, 111, 46692, 100, 70, 148926, 111503, 136, 456, 9, 100743, 1363, 111, 15758, 23, 70, 14449, 111, 24, 5256, 23, 70, 1305, 9, 4205, 1615, 4, 70, 25134, 133915, 27759, 15673, 71, 47, 4527, 70, 152150, 7, 237, 10, 44, 277, 214, 9, 6056, 19085, 740, 581, 152150, 7, 26038, 10, 113138, 180770, 223, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 25134, 26320, 25, 7, 91582, 678, 24453, 9022, 14713, 4, 70, 134349, 32528, 136, 678, 9098, 5, 360, 19537, 35401, 2450, 47353, 154453, 4, 45122, 191, 136, 5227, 32603, 3674, 70, 18592, 178397, 152150, 7, 237, 10, 3173, 111, 68894, 36398, 5, 10660, 122273, 297, 70, 12330, 3956, 111, 25134, 26320, 25, 7, 116338, 27759, 87420, 70, 14922, 111, 70, 152150, 45880, 136, 212485, 4, 134629, 390, 70, 5941, 92940, 7, 111, 70, 178397, 152150, 7, 12, 25545, 25313, 5744, 47691, 4, 2265, 3268, 47691, 136, 70, 58739, 47691, 111, 70, 116338, 28214, 1290, 16070, 5, 5443, 1419, 214, 11491, 7, 100, 44, 330, 30962, 933, 58, 15, 29552, 9393, 3445, 7, 16, 3542, 76512, 297, 1257, 41928, 47, 70, 18592, 152150, 7, 5, 893, 209688, 21072, 5582, 117249, 450, 5368, 9393, 136, 57913, 1771, 3445, 7, 4, 44, 8789, 153161, 20020, 136, 70, 238335, 58, 3542, 34784, 297, 136, 9325, 47, 6097, 11491, 7, 47, 114606, 100, 70, 152150, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 10, 117303, 1010, 1290, 1902, 1919, 145456, 3934, 70, 67921, 7, 2005, 11491, 84046, 99, 10, 14012, 111, 90926, 111, 27759, 44, 73, 2831, 1810, 111, 30783, 111, 142, 352, 88500, 38001, 21640, 45559, 98, 70, 6, 3134, 111, 70, 152150, 7, 1242, 360, 26527, 4, 70, 96362, 13918, 111, 25134, 26320, 1902, 186, 6967, 10, 44930, 111, 68807, 214, 1257, 307, 30962, 933, 5, 129551, 47, 27759, 60525, 113054, 297, 390, 70, 209688, 21072, 4, 1295, 26771, 47, 21735, 70, 14012, 111, 3445, 7, 34658, 124735, 1295, 382, 4, 10715, 47, 1286, 3501, 106, 102525, 5, 72110, 93324, 7, 27983, 75204, 82641, 7, 35509, 98, 70, 14012, 111, 307, 30962, 933, 1836, 1902, 34784, 297, 4, 136, 144044, 111, 135094, 75204, 10, 1614, 172, 1459, 35509, 98, 70, 14012, 111, 3445, 7, 34658, 5, 8622, 3542, 48716, 117729, 111, 23, 120126, 8035, 29892, 297, 707, 42659, 33, 4, 136, 68018, 42659, 33, 47, 47219, 5, 6, 92498, 111, 6097, 44, 330, 30962, 933, 58, 3542, 34658, 99, 70, 67921, 7, 2005, 178290, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 56050, 7, 3542, 36770, 23, 120126, 2750, 1902, 2809, 44, 119204, 3674, 58, 6637, 111, 160624, 939, 47, 70, 11491, 25, 7, 101785, 5, 179117, 223, 17265, 9, 109513, 41018, 7, 3542, 55080, 297, 6044, 237, 218343, 16446, 9, 38496, 59434, 136, 67155, 214, 150522, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 203538, 100, 930, 13, 3613, 31, 5, 87293, 10, 10846, 23, 120126, 3542, 72090, 35503, 3674, 538, 100, 903, 4488, 5, 3311, 27998, 12960, 98, 10, 1926, 1916, 24745, 4, 117303, 1010, 1290, 8268, 161358, 9, 20430, 49782, 1672, 136, 36997, 71, 10, 4488, 22443, 111, 101085, 1314, 23, 673, 134229, 180950, 8035, 645, 66079, 390, 56050, 7, 678, 109412, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 18592, 79428, 152150, 7, 15, 6, 247, 51521, 538, 51529, 237, 70, 34242, 111, 70, 32151, 856, 142297, 71, 4, 509, 142, 21640, 6024, 9, 10033, 19732, 176016, 71, 1295, 729, 6088, 47, 116, 18374, 18592, 23, 178397, 4, 25134, 26320, 5, 76119, 24, 5256, 3542, 33636, 297, 99, 70, 27528, 4, 390, 10, 3622, 111, 382, 4, 155420, 67945, 74635, 12, 305, 4, 2947, 966, 453, 136, 116538, 14889, 24793, 5, 1105, 966, 47353, 3542, 34658, 136, 30284, 304, 3117, 149849, 7, 104902, 47, 114606, 70, 152150, 7, 5, 534, 4, 363, 5016, 2450, 15, 127915, 19051, 59121, 24234, 136, 305, 4, 127875, 226347, 1314, 16, 168360, 70, 34242, 756, 645, 70, 8999, 5, 32255, 3542, 70, 4568, 152150, 34242, 100, 70, 134349, 32528, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Host city selection.", "Highlights.", "Significance of 1988 Olympics in South Korea.", "Expansion of \"vagrant\" camps prior to Olympics.", "1988 Summer Olympics boycott.", "Official theme song.", "Venues.", "Cost.", "Sports.", "Demonstration sports.", "Participating National Olympic Committees.", "Medal count.", "Mascot.", "Broadcasting." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of the Japanese city of Nagoya. Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany. After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, using them to test its preparation for the Olympics.", "Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released at the opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, hours before the cauldron was lit. Balloon doves were released in 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996. These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the Opening Ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming the five-colored Olympic Rings, as well as a mass demonstration of taekwondo. The skydiving team trained at SkyDance SkyDiving and had hoped the opening ceremony appearance would set the stage for skydiving becoming a medal event by 2000.", "Hosting the 1988 Olympics presented an opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea. The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the Park Chung-hee administration in the late 1970s. After President Park's assassination in 1979, Chun Doo-hwan, his successor, submitted Korea's bid to the IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization, provide protection from increasing threats from North Korea, and showcase the Korean economic miracle to the world community. South Korea was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 20th host nation (16th in the Summer Olympics), as well as the second Asian nation (following Japan in the 1964 Summer Olympics) and the first mainland Asian nation. Copying the model of 1964 Tokyo Olympics as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in the family of nations in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a \"coming-out party\". The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China. In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated the 1988 Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the Olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the Seoul Olympics: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization and the legitimization of the military dictatorship.", "Existing camps for \"vagrants\" (homeless persons) were ramped up prior to the 1988 Olympics. An Associated Press article states that homeless and alcoholic persons, \"but mostly children and the disabled\" were arrested and sent to these camps to prepare for the Olympics. In addition, a prosecutor had his investigation into the Brothers Home camp limited at a number of levels of government \"in part out of fear of an embarrassing international incident on the eve of the Olympics.\" In 1975, the previous president of South Korea had begun a policy of rounding up vagrants. According to government documents obtained by the Associated Press, from 1981 to 1986 the number of persons held increased from 8,600 to more than 16,000. Police officers often received promotions based on the number of vagrants they had arrested, and owners of facilities received a subsidy based on the number of persons held. There were multiple reports of inmates being raped or beaten, and sometimes beaten to death. 4,000 of these \"vagrants\" were held at the Brothers Home facility. Many of the guards were former inmates who had been \"promoted\" because of loyalty to the camp's owner. Various money-making operations were conducted such as manufacturing ball-point pens and fishing hooks, as well as clothing for Daewoo. Only a few inmates were paid belatedly for this work. By accident while on a hunting trip, prosecutor Kim Yong-won heard about and visited a work detail of prisoners in ragged clothes being overseen by guards with wooden bats and dogs. In his words, he knew immediately that \"a very serious crime\" was occurring. And in January 1987, he led a raid on the facility and found beaten and malnourished inmates. However, he received political pressure at various levels to reduce the charges against the owner, managers, and guards. In the end, the owner only served two-and-a-half years in prison. The Brothers Home was a religious facility based on the Christian faith. There were in fact inspections by both city officials and church officials. However, these were scheduled inspections in which healthier inmates were presented in carefully planned and orchestrated circumstances. There were no unannounced inspections. In the 1990s, construction workers found about 100 human bones on a mountainside outside the location of the former Brothers Home.", "In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the International Olympic Committee worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the Eastern Bloc as had happened at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and communist countries. This prompted action by the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the \"Mexico Declaration\" was adopted; by it, the participants agreed to include the host of the Olympic Games in 1988. The agreement of the Soviet Union was reached in 1987. After the Los Angeles games, East Germany had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of Munich as an alternative. Another point of conflict was the involvement of North Korea in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president Fidel Castro, who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in Lausanne, Switzerland, the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted a joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea. The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally, Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC. Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew for financial reasons.", "In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) decided to produce and distribute an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in the festival and consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song \"Hand in Hand\" was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock, and performed by singing group Koreana. Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.<br>", "New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games.", "According to \"The Oxford Olympics Study\" data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960, for which data is available, is US$5.2 billion.", "The 1988 Summer Olympics featured 23 different sports encompassing 31 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 237 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.", "These were the demonstration sports in the games:", "Athletes from 159 nations competed at the Seoul Games. Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. Guam made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul:", "These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.", "The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was Hodori. It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable Amur tiger, portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the Korean people. Hodori's female version was called Hosuni. The name \"Hodori\" was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a compound of \"ho\", the Sino-Korean bound morpheme for \"tiger\" (appearing also in the usual word \"horangi\" for \"tiger\"), and \"dori\", a diminutive for \"boys\".", "In the United States, NBC became the telecast provider hereafter for the Summer Games, after a five-Olympics run by American Broadcasting Company from 1968–1984." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 44, 204610, 58, 64549, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 46389, 111, 18151, 136, 10, 35431, 64, 204629, 5, 581, 35431, 64, 204629, 83, 151575, 297, 4, 136, 2174, 70, 35431, 64, 204629, 83, 44, 9774, 13, 830, 70, 18151, 28032, 756, 111, 2363, 25632, 23, 70, 46389, 83, 71924, 297, 5, 3293, 119140, 7, 24189, 70, 35431, 64, 204629, 24209, 7, 110558, 17647, 11971, 15, 137043, 16, 58745, 8710, 184, 86245, 5, 88949, 70, 44, 204610, 58, 40956, 12765, 7, 70, 35431, 64, 204629, 8108, 70, 46389, 83, 71924, 297, 4, 70, 6226, 45646, 83, 27983, 2843, 51529, 237, 10, 479, 9, 6954, 40956, 5, 113307, 13, 903, 678, 70, 110558, 246, 12960, 40956, 58745, 58, 246, 12960, 58, 40956, 86245, 4, 3129, 109921, 70, 35431, 64, 204629, 44, 11, 46327, 58, 70, 40956, 1556, 71924, 297, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 70, 110558, 441, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 441, 56037, 449, 46876, 86245, 15, 162, 5299, 237, 110558, 156202, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 156202, 86245, 4, 110558, 441, 197106, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 441, 4904, 86245, 4, 110558, 46471, 170, 100034, 9, 441, 86245, 4, 136, 110558, 441, 37223, 86245, 4, 3129, 110558, 7192, 41793, 12631, 15, 277, 7077, 214, 16, 58745, 4032, 70, 5701, 6002, 86531, 86245, 23, 903, 7225, 247, 70, 18151, 38551, 23, 18, 1022, 2203, 757, 74, 12960, 15, 425, 4426, 21162, 10666, 5117, 12765, 7, 36766, 1022, 83, 40715, 3501, 190, 4, 3129, 442, 83, 4, 221, 7068, 70, 10666, 28354, 14361, 8152, 83, 30957, 297, 4, 7440, 70, 44, 35662, 420, 58, 32354, 83, 11675, 136, 1022, 83, 6, 158661, 297, 390, 615, 24372, 21721, 214, 756, 70, 63805, 7, 23, 70, 40956, 14361, 4, 70, 35431, 4, 15, 425, 4426, 21162, 4, 83, 12765, 297, 13438, 4, 136, 70, 40956, 83, 71924, 297, 13438, 4, 903, 9433, 119140, 214, 24189, 70, 110558, 81827, 14, 2886, 15, 28966, 214, 16, 58745, 21690, 2886, 86245, 1022, 1556, 70, 34292, 1892, 18622, 450, 442, 83, 7722, 4, 136, 23, 3060, 50218, 224, 481, 2886, 4, 100, 70, 35431, 47, 44, 289, 102966, 58, 151575, 13, 47, 29568, 4, 105233, 142, 110558, 73, 48310, 67, 40956, 86245, 5, 14847, 6044, 10, 40956, 83, 75935, 91177, 25958, 4, 2685, 83, 56104, 15700, 6226, 45646, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 10, 110558, 175904, 86608, 58745, 70751, 86245, 63805, 16, 450, 6226, 7, 29527, 1363, 111, 70, 40956, 5, 1326, 27781, 12, 12960, 15, 9774, 13, 16, 10666, 32255, 44, 204610, 58, 40956, 7, 1221, 74481, 67, 70, 110558, 144810, 15403, 86245, 111, 70, 14012, 190, 12, 285, 105416, 12, 23, 18, 2203, 190, 74, 285, 31461, 15403, 12, 23, 18, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 4879, 10666, 39754, 420, 132, 58, 135518, 77275, 2203, 1745, 71, 830, 31461, 15403, 3142, 678, 8264, 5, 4153, 67, 1505, 454, 174379, 454, 17780, 74, 50491, 117969, 15403, 83, 9842, 3564, 117969, 15403, 74, 105416, 152, 1369, 190, 31461, 15403, 152, 1369, 106, 51404, 105416, 977, 757, 70802, 177, 72295, 1745, 31461, 15403, 105416, 2203, 190, 25, 108210, 56, 2203, 190, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 25, 943, 118, 289, 34292, 111, 77336, 44, 144810, 15403, 58, 51404, 105416, 977, 757, 18878, 1456, 979, 133, 45247, 105416, 1301, 44401, 2203, 190, 25, 73, 217, 77336, 136, 5423, 34292, 45247, 31461, 15403, 1301, 44401, 2203, 106, 25, 73, 40705, 119066, 31461, 15403, 77336, 984, 51404, 105416, 977, 757, 199694, 25, 18749, 60899, 3688, 4, 24189, 105416, 2203, 757, 242, 4657, 85779, 5, 112079, 18, 31461, 15403, 25, 11935, 40777, 5, 1456, 18781, 93232, 132, 144810, 15403, 16, 23, 73372, 91692, 5, 17777, 105416, 114997, 31461, 15403, 33000, 12960, 378, 3650, 71013, 56, 20, 5386, 757, 10114, 74, 54, 16940, 28, 3089, 3650, 144810, 15403, 23, 18, 5201, 132, 16, 10666, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 4879, 10666, 33022, 79858, 7077, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 4426, 67466, 3509, 105416, 2203, 190, 2740, 4426, 67466, 3509, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 2740, 4426, 67466, 28354, 35431, 22422, 71013, 56, 43448, 106, 70902, 6, 42946, 67466, 28354, 2740, 4426, 67466, 6056, 7077, 2740, 4904, 144810, 15403, 4904, 42946, 67466, 6056, 7077, 2740, 1528, 117969, 15403, 10752, 177, 3564, 1528, 117969, 15403, 10752, 177, 581, 18151, 100, 70, 40956, 83, 70, 5701, 100, 41925, 4, 313, 4904, 136, 391, 12, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 4879, 2633, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 2633, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 4879, 130250, 5, 4867, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 105416, 2203, 190, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 12960, 105416, 977, 757, 54, 3564, 28412, 132, 144810, 15403, 16, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 3564, 31461, 15403, 80231, 1065, 24854, 71013, 56, 114997, 4, 144810, 15403, 33000, 8152, 4, 75402, 98908, 20650, 105416, 136, 31461, 15403, 77518, 98610, 129984, 117969, 15403, 74, 195798, 13538, 74, 61745, 9622, 108526, 6, 39015, 117969, 15403, 5, 23, 18, 3650, 71013, 56, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 3650, 144810, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 23, 18, 3650, 144227, 182867, 74, 12960, 15, 4369, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 10666, 1528, 117969, 15403, 418, 74, 285, 9842, 3564, 5, 759, 3650, 71013, 56, 2203, 190, 74, 759, 3650, 144810, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 4369, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 10666, 28412, 3650, 144810, 15403, 74, 44, 1456, 979, 133, 58, 40956, 7, 621, 195409, 11814, 100, 16454, 2053, 13315, 390, 13315, 15, 162, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 102370, 115187, 13315, 38310, 748, 16, 1295, 9803, 11435, 79628, 7, 12, 9803, 5881, 4, 44, 16093, 6954, 5, 124326, 56128, 12960, 15, 16093, 8852, 2740, 16, 10666, 20903, 5881, 74, 3650, 71013, 56, 2203, 190, 74, 3650, 144810, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 4369, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 10666, 28412, 3650, 144810, 15403, 74, 159978, 105416, 188347, 61475, 124534, 74, 159978, 31461, 15403, 188347, 61475, 27750, 74, 54, 12960, 132, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 3564, 74, 105416, 2203, 190, 468, 19943, 70, 34292, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 2684, 13909, 56037, 449, 46876, 7, 4, 10, 12960, 40956, 83, 10, 110558, 81988, 86608, 86245, 110558, 61340, 674, 15, 28966, 214, 16, 58745, 61340, 674, 86245, 450, 114864, 18151, 47, 186, 71924, 297, 119140, 297, 538, 35509, 98, 10, 34475, 110558, 12647, 31, 34677, 2053, 50986, 58745, 12647, 31, 34677, 86245, 35431, 5, 581, 44, 204610, 58, 40956, 831, 186, 17569, 111, 237, 10, 119140, 214, 110558, 11935, 428, 43315, 15, 28966, 214, 16, 58745, 3190, 63805, 86245, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Demonstrating \"while\" loops.", "[[ActionScript 3.0|ActionScript 3]].", "[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].", "[[AutoHotkey]].", "[[Microsoft Small Basic]].", "[[Visual Basic]].", "[[Bourne shell|Bourne (Unix) shell]].", "[[C (programming language)|C]] or [[C++]].", "Script syntax.", "Tag syntax.", "[[Fortran]].", "[[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[D (programming language)|D]].", "[[JavaScript]].", "[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]].", "[[MATLAB]] & [[GNU Octave]].", "[[Mathematica]].", "[[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]], [[Oberon-2 (programming language)]], [[Oberon-07]], or [[Component Pascal]].", "[[Maya Embedded Language]].", "[[Pascal programming language|Pascal]].", "[[Perl]].", "[[PHP]].", "[[PL/I]].", "[[Python (programming language)|Python]].", "[[Racket (programming language)|Racket]].", "[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]].", "[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]].", "[[Smalltalk]].", "[[Swift (programming language)|Swift]].", "[[Tcl]].", "[[VEX prefix|VEX]].", "[[PowerShell]].", "While programming language.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The \"while\" construct consists of a block of code and a condition/expression. The condition/expression is evaluated, and if the condition/expression is \"true\", the code within all of their following in the block is executed. This repeats until the condition/expression becomes [[False (logic)|false]]. Because the \"while\" loop checks the condition/expression before the block is executed, the control structure is often also known as a pre-test loop. Compare this with the [[do while loop|\"do while\" loop]], which tests the condition/expression \"after\" the loop has executed. For example, in the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]] (as well as [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], and [[C++]], which [[Polyglot (computing)|use the same syntax]] in this case), the code fragment int x = 0; while (x < 5) { first checks whether x is less than 5, which it is, so then the {loop body} is entered, where the \"printf\" function is run and x is incremented by 1. After completing all the statements in the loop body, the condition, (x < 5), is checked again, and the loop is executed again, this process repeating until the [[Variable (programming)|variable]] x has the value 5. Note that it is possible, and in some cases desirable, for the condition to \"always\" evaluate to true, creating an [[infinite loop]]. When such a loop is created intentionally, there is usually another control structure (such as a [[Control flow|break]] statement) that controls termination of the loop. For example: while (true) {", "These \"while\" loops will calculate the [[factorial]] of the number 5:", "var counter: int = 5; var factorial: int = 1; while (counter > 1) { Printf(\"Factorial = %d\", factorial);", "with Ada.Integer_Text_IO; procedure Factorial is begin end Factorial;", "counter := 5 factorial := 1 While counter > 0 MsgBox % factorial", "counter = 5'Counter = 5 factorial = 1'initial value of variable \"factorial\" While counter > 0 EndWhile", "Dim counter As Integer = 5'init variable and set value Dim factorial As Integer = 1'initialize factorial variable Do While counter > 0 Loop'program goes here, until counter = 0 'Debug.Print factorial'Console.WriteLine(factorial) in Visual Basic.NET", "counter=5 factorial=1 while [ $counter -gt 0 ]; do done echo $factorial", "int main() {", "counter = 5; factorial = 1; while (counter > 1) { writeOutput(factorial);", "<cfset counter = 5> <cfset factorial = 1> <cfloop condition=\"counter GT 1\"> </cfloop> <cfoutput>#factorial#</cfoutput>", "program FactorialProg end program FactorialProg", "The code for the loop is the same for Java, C# and D: int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; while (counter > 1)", "let counter = 5; let factorial = 1; while (counter > 1) console.log(factorial);", "counter = 5 factorial = 1 while counter > 0 do end print(factorial)", "counter = 5; factorial = 1; while (counter > 0) end factorial", "Block[{counter=5,factorial=1}, (*localize counter and factorial*)", "MODULE Factorial; IMPORT Out; VAR BEGIN END Factorial.", "int $counter = 5; int $factorial = 1; int $multiplication; while ($counter > 0) {", "program Factorial1; var begin end.", "my $counter = 5; my $factorial = 1; while ($counter > 0) { print $factorial; \"While\" loops are frequently used for reading data line by line (as defined by the codice_1 line separator) from open filehandles: open IN, \"<test.txt\"; while (<IN>) { close IN;", "$counter = 5; $factorial = 1; while ($counter > 0) { print $factorial;", "declare counter fixed initial(5); declare factorial fixed initial(1); do while(counter > 0) end;", "counter = 5 # Set the value to 5 factorial = 1 # Set the value to 1 while counter > 0: # While counter(5) is greater than 0 print(factorial) # Print the value of factorial. Non-terminating while loop: while True:", "In Racket, as in other [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] implementations, a \"named-let\" is a popular way to implement loops: (define counter 5) Using a macro system, implementing a \"while\" loop is a trivial exercise (commonly used to introduce macros): (define-syntax-rule (while test body...) ; implements a while loop But note that an imperative programming style is often discouraged in Racket (as in Scheme). i = 1", "factorial = 1 while i <= 5 end puts factorial", "fn main() {", "Contrary to other languages, in Smalltalk a \"while\" loop is not a [[language construct]] but defined in the class codice_2 as a method with one parameter, the body as a [[Closure (computer science)|closure]], using self as the condition. Smalltalk also has a corresponding whileFalse: method. count := 5. factorial := 1. [count > 0] whileTrue: Transcript show: factorial", "var counter = 5 // Set the initial counter value to 5 var factorial = 1 // Set the initial factorial value to 1 while counter > 0 { // While counter(5) is greater than 0 print(factorial) // Print the value of factorial.", "set counter 5 set factorial 1 while {$counter > 0} { puts $factorial", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; while (counter > 1) printf(\"%d\", factorial);", "$counter = 5 $factorial = 1 while ($counter) { $factorial", "The While programming language is a simple programming language constructed from assignments, sequential composition, conditionals and while statements, used in the theoretical analysis of imperative programming language semantics. C := 5; F := 1; while (C > 1) do", "[[Category:Control flow]] [[Category:Articles with example Ada code]] [[Category:Articles with example C code]] [[Category:Articles with example Fortran code]] [[Category:Articles with example Pascal code]] [[Category:Articles with example Perl code]] [[Category:Articles with example Python code]] [[Category:Articles with example Racket code]] [[Category:Articles with example Smalltalk code]]" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 126940, 3142, 83, 183234, 47, 54, 454, 18244, 132, 3142, 12960, 15, 126940, 16, 10666, 360, 903, 144996, 4, 70, 54, 27, 12960, 40956, 30098, 7, 70, 61475, 44, 28354, 12117, 449, 58, 678, 102370, 115187, 98, 70, 13315, 8108, 70, 102370, 454, 304, 40956, 5, 1301, 4989, 237, 70, 44, 133891, 13, 58, 63805, 83, 959, 11814, 4, 70, 36917, 83, 121392, 538, 183234, 47, 70, 25632, 15, 197271, 6097, 27781, 7, 621, 959, 222201, 707, 5744, 20623, 11814, 23, 190704, 13909, 7, 2077, 12960, 15, 9774, 13, 16, 10666, 707, 22215, 20880, 118228, 618, 12, 32255, 27781, 103391, 74481, 67, 70, 110558, 144810, 15403, 86245, 111, 190, 17368, 2363, 107013, 46876, 7, 25, 6002, 86531, 100, 10, 54, 9, 204610, 40956, 5, 285, 105416, 12, 23, 18, 2203, 190, 74, 285, 31461, 15403, 12, 23, 18, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 144851, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 678, 8264, 5, 4153, 67, 1505, 454, 174379, 454, 17780, 74, 50491, 117969, 15403, 83, 9842, 3564, 117969, 15403, 74, 241, 147, 538, 96971, 16259, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 110558, 102550, 9, 100784, 16259, 86245, 16, 11814, 70, 6002, 86531, 601, 841, 52099, 64, 1456, 39015, 5, 18799, 96971, 16259, 7, 6044, 237, 110558, 105022, 100784, 16259, 86245, 22691, 15044, 601, 841, 52099, 64, 1456, 39015, 136, 6197, 64, 17014, 20880, 45646, 7, 4, 678, 6002, 86531, 6044, 237, 6197, 601, 841, 52099, 64, 17014, 20880, 4, 6197, 8274, 89944, 64, 17014, 20880, 4, 6197, 64, 17014, 20880, 601, 841, 52099, 4, 6197, 64, 17014, 20880, 8274, 89944, 4, 136, 6197, 64, 17014, 20880, 15, 76228, 6056, 1810, 56, 134234, 4, 1284, 678, 10, 35431, 289, 29426, 6371, 22215, 20880, 174653, 46132, 70, 40956, 194, 33417, 21533, 96971, 16259, 31344, 18151, 12, 45247, 31461, 15403, 1301, 44401, 45247, 105416, 1301, 44401, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 105416, 2203, 190, 984, 199694, 51404, 105416, 977, 757, 39754, 31461, 15403, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 12353, 5, 11935, 40777, 5, 1456, 18781, 93232, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 28412, 420, 132, 58, 144810, 15403, 111, 190, 83, 1745, 71, 41872, 19, 830, 31461, 15403, 3142, 984, 9, 204610, 177609, 63805, 7, 621, 2843, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 313, 111789, 7, 237, 10, 3917, 47, 137565, 48716, 63805, 7, 3934, 10, 20324, 15, 162, 233, 144429, 47, 217773, 16, 63805, 5, 1650, 30482, 10, 40, 46029, 4759, 44841, 7103, 70, 111789, 4, 101904, 10, 1286, 32354, 9, 5062, 170894, 100, 8781, 366, 7, 1314, 136, 77848, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 71864, 214, 70, 44679, 214, 2967, 678, 5, 1650, 83, 170198, 23, 110558, 161337, 313, 1311, 6238, 20744, 86245, 79986, 23096, 963, 9, 441, 5, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 6138, 71, 12, 12, 12600, 18, 94, 44, 144810, 15403, 111, 190, 83, 44, 4754, 31461, 15403, 94, 6138, 71, 12, 12, 3611, 141, 74, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54529, 2203, 209, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 977, 106, 3142, 33022, 79858, 7077, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 33022, 141, 19, 132, 58, 144810, 15403, 111, 190, 83, 44, 4, 31461, 15403, 3142, 17106, 6, 3257, 2408, 16087, 618, 30174, 14154, 2685, 83, 110, 6197, 9, 1456, 841, 52099, 64549, 1284, 70, 5701, 21543, 831, 186, 69307, 71, 678, 527, 58796, 12, 17106, 19953, 1603, 2510, 136, 14432, 4, 70, 54, 9, 204610, 40956, 83, 20653, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 110558, 2472, 40956, 86245, 5, 1528, 117969, 15403, 10752, 177, 3564, 1528, 117969, 15403, 10752, 177, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 12353, 5, 6056, 5, 35662, 141, 19, 132, 58, 3957, 31461, 15403, 111, 190, 83, 44, 997, 31461, 15403, 3142, 4666, 581, 35064, 32354, 14602, 70, 5701, 237, 36917, 5, 4666, 23, 18, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 23, 18, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 24854, 12353, 5, 6056, 5, 35662, 141, 19, 132, 58, 3957, 31461, 15403, 111, 190, 83, 44, 997, 31461, 15403, 3142, 285, 105416, 2203, 190, 74, 4666, 25755, 320, 214, 6626, 77336, 7, 4, 105416, 136, 31461, 15403, 285, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 3142, 4666, 3957, 40956, 214, 27289, 130250, 5, 4867, 132, 144810, 15403, 3142, 4666, 168660, 214, 70, 16750, 285, 105416, 2203, 190, 285, 31461, 15403, 2203, 106, 4666, 3957, 184, 13315, 111, 18151, 83, 39555, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 36917, 17925, 18151, 7, 4, 70, 4734, 60212, 83, 70, 166117, 450, 45831, 70, 50339, 54, 10666, 51912, 12960, 15, 71013, 56, 977, 757, 16, 28412, 141, 19, 132, 58, 135518, 77275, 111, 190, 83, 3650, 144810, 15403, 18939, 110558, 65619, 6827, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 65619, 6827, 86245, 14602, 959, 765, 10, 54, 64, 204610, 74, 64457, 4, 442, 1556, 10, 119140, 64, 309, 3675, 5, 1301, 119056, 23, 70, 39864, 1363, 4, 1632, 831, 16916, 10, 119140, 64, 309, 3675, 47, 186, 183234, 47, 10, 242, 246, 18151, 12960, 959, 125195, 25, 64549, 5, 31461, 15403, 152, 1369, 106, 74, 105416, 152, 1369, 190, 74, 119140, 24189, 105416, 2203, 757, 74, 3650, 71013, 56, 2203, 106, 74, 3650, 144810, 15403, 2203, 106, 74, 3650, 28354, 2203, 190, 74, 54, 12960, 15, 4369, 28354, 977, 757, 3142, 581, 110558, 21130, 64, 568, 86245, 6197, 63805, 1614, 11832, 90, 70, 32354, 7, 111, 70, 1305, 9, 6954, 40956, 24073, 246, 24189, 74054, 70, 479, 9, 6954, 40956, 24073, 246, 12960, 74054, 136, 70, 110558, 2472, 40956, 86245, 5, 3164, 32354, 7, 831, 186, 99201, 23, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 2684, 110558, 164511, 56037, 449, 86245, 46876, 7, 4, 10, 54, 12960, 40956, 83, 10, 110558, 81988, 86608, 86245, 110558, 61340, 674, 15, 164511, 41664, 16, 58745, 61340, 674, 86245, 450, 71924, 90, 10, 46389, 111, 18151, 99, 19713, 24145, 4, 136, 7068, 40101, 119140, 297, 538, 71924, 90, 70, 46389, 4, 707, 7279, 7, 71924, 214, 442, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 10, 34475, 110558, 12647, 31, 34677, 2053, 10644, 58745, 142484, 5073, 86245, 35431, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 46389, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Equivalent constructs.", "Demonstrating do while loops.", "[[ActionScript|ActionScript 3]].", "[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].", "[[BASIC]].", "[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]].", "[[C (programming language)|C]].", "[[C++]].", "[[CFScript]].", "[[D (programming language)|D]].", "[[Fortran]].", "[[Java (programming language)|Java]].", "[[JavaScript]].", "[[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]].", "Pascal.", "[[PHP]].", "[[PL/I]].", "[[Python (programming language)|Python]].", "[[Racket (programming language)|Racket]].", "[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]].", "[[Smalltalk]].", "[[Swift (programming language)|Swift]].", "[[Visual Basic.NET]].", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "do { } while (condition); is equivalent to do_work(); while (condition) { In this manner, the do... while loop saves the initial \"loop priming\" with codice_1 on the line before the codice_2 loop. As long as the \"continue\" statement is not used, the above is technically equivalent to the following (though these examples are not typical or modern style used in everyday computers): while (true) { or LOOPSTART:", "These example programs calculate the [[factorial]] of 5 using their respective languages' syntax for a do-while loop.", "var counter: int = 5; var factorial: int = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); trace(factorial);", "with Ada.Integer_Text_IO; procedure Factorial is begin end Factorial;", "Early BASICs (such as [[GW-BASIC]]) used the syntax WHILE/WEND. Modern BASICs such as [[PowerBASIC]] provide both WHILE/WEND and DO/LOOP structures, with syntax such as DO WHILE/LOOP, DO UNTIL/LOOP, DO/LOOP WHILE, DO/LOOP UNTIL, and DO/LOOP (without outer testing, but with a conditional EXIT LOOP somewhere inside the loop). Typical BASIC source code: Dim factorial As Integer Dim counter As Integer factorial = 1 counter = 5 Do Loop While counter > 0 Print factorial", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); System.Console.WriteLine(factorial);", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); printf(\"factorial of 5 is %d\\n\", factorial); Do-while(0) statements are also commonly used in C macros as a way to wrap multiple statements into a regular (as opposed to compound) statement. It makes a semicolon needed after the macro, providing a more function-like appearance for simple parsers and programmers as well as avoiding the scoping problem with. It is recommended in [[CERT C Coding Standard]] rule PRE10-C.", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); std::cout « \"factorial of 5 is \"« factorial « std::endl;", "factorial = 1; count = 10; do { } while (count > 1); writeOutput(factorial);", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); writeln(\"factorial of 5 is \", factorial);", "With legacy FORTRAN 77 there is no DO-WHILE construct but the same effect can be achieved with GOTO: With Fortran 90 and later, the do-while loop is actually the same as the [[for loop]]. program FactorialProg end program FactorialProg", "int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); System.out.println(\"The factorial of 5 is \" + factorial); // The below function does the same as above. // int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; while (counter > 0){ System.out.println(\"The factorial of 5 is \" + factorial);", "var counter = 5; // Declaring two variables, counter and factorial var factorial = 1; do { } while (counter > 0); //The looping conditions console.log(factorial); //Showing the result", "var counter = 5 var factorial = 1 //These line of code is almost the same as the above JavaScript codes, the only difference is the keyword that shows the results do { } while (counter > 0) println(\"Factorial of 5 is $factorial\")", "[[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] does not have a do/while; instead, it has a repeat/until. As mentioned in the introduction, one can consider a repeat/until to be equivalent to a 'do code while not expression' construct. factorial := 1; counter := 5; repeat until counter = 0;", "$counter = 1; $factorial = 1; $loop = 5; do while ($loop > 0);", "The [[PL/I]] DO statement subsumes the functions of the post-test loop (\"do until\"), the pre-test loop (\"do while\"), and the [[for loop]]. All functions can be included in a single statement. The example shows only the \"do until\" syntax.", "Python lacks a specific do while flow control construct. However, the equivalent may be constructed out of a while loop with a break. counter = 5 factorial = 1 while True: print(factorial)", "In Racket, as in other [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] implementations, a \"named-let\" is a popular way to implement loops: (define counter 5) Compare this with the first example of the [[While loop#Racket|while loop]] example for Racket. Be aware that a named let can also take arguments. Racket and Scheme also provide a proper do loop.", "counter = 10 factorial = 2 begin end while counter > 1 puts factorial", "counter := 5. factorial := 1. [counter > 0] whileTrue: Transcript show: factorial printString", "Swift 2.x: var counter = 5 var factorial = 1 repeat { } while counter > 0 print(factorial) Swift 1.x: var counter = 5 var factorial = 1 do { } while counter > 0 println(factorial)", "Dim counter As Integer = 5 Dim factorial As Integer = 1 Do Loop While counter > 0 Console.WriteLine(factorial) [[Category:Control flow]]", "[[Category:Articles with example Ada code]] [[Category:Articles with example C code]] [[Category:Articles with example Fortran code]] [[Category:Articles with example Pascal code]] [[Category:Articles with example Perl code]] [[Category:Articles with example Racket code]] [[Category:Articles with example Python code]] [[de:Schleife (Programmierung)#Do-While-Schleife]]" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1136, 16364, 509, 103122, 47, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 70193, 11, 3395, 23, 14746, 21555, 73, 10745, 4, 7291, 14201, 192859, 4, 15, 35613, 2501, 402, 4, 233769, 192859, 16, 23, 70, 41267, 66, 144613, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 10, 70193, 11, 136, 1919, 42732, 509, 10, 33451, 11, 5, 1650, 83, 63043, 297, 450, 764, 22282, 71, 1563, 52562, 15, 170272, 289, 6, 119598, 53, 23, 7270, 4, 4163, 10, 101862, 23, 9598, 127, 47165, 4, 23, 217339, 13, 136, 99, 4568, 23, 2541, 198, 22980, 16, 1284, 110, 6, 98869, 1556, 2809, 14037, 707, 62952, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 70, 144613, 69307, 71, 23, 215131, 23, 23936, 4, 7291, 14201, 40, 37534, 297, 1379, 70, 133465, 111, 2501, 9392, 184, 384, 1495, 54013, 5, 1136, 16364, 131168, 71, 70, 7345, 37843, 23, 142, 2874, 9, 184, 141840, 1419, 214267, 1830, 23, 36611, 157, 5, 360, 6088, 38576, 10, 3525, 140280, 4, 23924, 7291, 14201, 4, 509, 170920, 4, 136, 764, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 84773, 10, 89845, 38526, 136, 149976, 237, 185256, 111, 100348, 100, 33744, 111, 32007, 123693, 23596, 402, 5, 360, 6088, 36102, 764, 136, 3789, 27150, 43032, 111, 70, 10, 89845, 38526, 3542, 168861, 47, 199747, 4, 7808, 214, 747, 125682, 7, 111, 52287, 271, 52193, 4450, 90, 5, 1136, 16364, 170920, 66570, 237, 10, 132756, 111, 7941, 9, 2256, 339, 316, 103731, 271, 1250, 20595, 115050, 6821, 87, 103198, 5, 14847, 70, 3350, 24105, 6454, 933, 100, 4806, 70, 72880, 9907, 8, 43278, 85945, 4, 764, 509, 9325, 47, 8394, 48850, 144613, 47, 4358, 5808, 13, 10, 98834, 4, 23, 17311, 23, 70, 1519, 1783, 136, 23924, 7291, 14201, 140280, 7, 5, 3293, 98834, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 150679, 72275, 214267, 17514, 123087, 23, 70, 140280, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 360, 31017, 4, 1136, 16364, 5423, 1257, 10, 41421, 9, 18492, 56, 77142, 41018, 1295, 234305, 4, 8070, 4, 36880, 43157, 233769, 5, 5024, 96274, 7113, 30793, 297, 1136, 16364, 100, 10, 16610, 1733, 23, 31017, 5, 96274, 7113, 1902, 118775, 23, 70, 144613, 678, 189275, 805, 453, 2750, 203251, 47, 19095, 1672, 10, 39485, 19, 9, 40946, 98834, 5, 96274, 7113, 116983, 71, 1136, 16364, 15, 92733, 1381, 16, 237, 44, 10869, 70, 332, 111, 70, 56816, 58, 764, 1902, 756, 1674, 297, 47, 4, 8035, 5792, 170300, 297, 5, 3293, 4, 23, 96274, 7113, 25, 7, 33153, 4, 15426, 297, 100, 1136, 16364, 141377, 1257, 13312, 72399, 99, 20028, 47, 22691, 120384, 90, 4, 36442, 4, 707, 126502, 47, 96274, 7113, 25, 7, 453, 5, 581, 92635, 111, 57476, 1363, 17721, 1136, 16364, 136, 96274, 7113, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 15811, 48448, 111, 70, 52831, 18, 450, 5701, 6602, 5, 360, 96274, 7113, 25, 7, 21455, 4, 111, 756, 111, 70, 3395, 764, 435, 20271, 1919, 80399, 23, 144613, 4, 4734, 1136, 16364, 1902, 44, 1409, 34, 1212, 14768, 2449, 111, 10, 46889, 57724, 56128, 1284, 96274, 7113, 163176, 297, 1136, 16364, 100, 10, 92635, 111, 44, 107, 137089, 6635, 85583, 7432, 740, 24372, 70, 137578, 111, 70, 214267, 1830, 4, 1136, 16364, 69347, 47, 220845, 177, 2069, 86761, 136, 5527, 1297, 98, 43157, 233769, 5, 1529, 2843, 13028, 10, 1909, 136, 7155, 18, 6865, 23, 8070, 5, 360, 28980, 4, 1136, 16364, 136, 1919, 14194, 30125, 111, 132756, 7, 109133, 2363, 41018, 3934, 70, 101120, 10821, 94610, 14, 46, 177234, 11, 16128, 111, 25134, 1519, 1783, 23, 70, 144613, 4, 136, 14037, 297, 70, 41021, 25, 7, 135555, 6635, 31016, 15, 17255, 683, 194, 17106, 70, 8060, 111, 70, 41021, 25, 7, 47806, 111, 9098, 4, 70, 10865, 683, 75935, 10, 40, 141840, 1419, 66128, 1419, 11341, 23, 25134, 1519, 1783, 140280, 4, 65272, 111, 43157, 233769, 5, 581, 10865, 683, 11341, 21449, 47, 142, 3564, 23, 18592, 136, 1136, 16364, 213566, 297, 136, 509, 38134, 538, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 103494, 5, 51404, 23, 30397, 1539, 4, 1136, 16364, 113771, 538, 435, 6949, 6488, 14, 78736, 23221, 4, 70, 22690, 13918, 111, 96400, 5, 78736, 23221, 136, 36770, 8070, 19, 34202, 109112, 134277, 14432, 65508, 71, 1136, 16364, 47, 10208, 1136, 35311, 4, 2750, 2806, 24209, 13918, 111, 144685, 5, 32255, 3357, 5470, 7, 100512, 30306, 23, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 4, 3229, 96400, 136, 144685, 221, 46526, 10, 144613, 1577, 13, 2577, 100, 2363, 113449, 23, 825, 2149, 5, 1136, 16364, 176377, 23, 18374, 11891, 4, 105207, 82, 127, 6402, 57593, 6023, 1295, 25134, 1519, 1783, 26548, 97595, 34, 84616, 4, 16188, 214, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 23972, 144613, 5550, 5, 17106, 8060, 1295, 96400, 4, 144685, 4, 136, 176244, 4, 1136, 16364, 25944, 297, 1919, 84616, 3934, 10, 4393, 9, 7, 57965, 214267, 1830, 26548, 2501, 8789, 34, 237, 70, 147724, 111, 182017, 59591, 7, 100, 70, 20846, 2320, 111, 144613, 9, 1511, 9459, 15, 12351, 69466, 194, 3311, 4122, 9, 55589, 4, 70, 19831, 69466, 1902, 39555, 64557, 645, 16428, 70, 23295, 136, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 2501, 8789, 34, 25, 7, 187, 1176, 5, 87293, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 8, 7612, 6295, 150449, 72803, 297, 1136, 16364, 25, 7, 84616, 7565, 74, 23, 5941, 58555, 4, 70, 4734, 26950, 111, 62621, 3542, 105843, 538, 11814, 5402, 18, 60875, 7, 5, 77168, 214, 165523, 88669, 22120, 7, 34658, 98, 45443, 111, 70, 25134, 101334, 109923, 105082, 44, 79858, 4300, 13722, 830, 2501, 8789, 34, 18738, 71, 3934, 1119, 1340, 98, 611, 4347, 5, 581, 11737, 5155, 4, 1295, 1919, 3647, 23, 70193, 316, 150648, 4, 1136, 16364, 502, 164779, 297, 66570, 13918, 5, 1136, 16364, 45890, 297, 70, 163965, 4, 136, 98816, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 23295, 1295, 825, 2149, 47, 70, 182017, 47806, 111, 70, 144613, 2451, 2347, 23295, 25, 7, 51521, 9351, 1295, 38425, 47, 32158, 5, 1529, 7228, 1919, 9963, 14018, 3956, 3934, 37029, 7, 105978, 98, 387, 4347, 136, 509, 91, 23432, 19, 23, 98, 1936, 4347, 4, 51521, 538, 3739, 60636, 1919, 13579, 237, 13918, 5, 1136, 16364, 1902, 2809, 10, 174176, 66128, 1419, 4, 1284, 1919, 102880, 99, 903, 6275, 3542, 2265, 139869, 5, 1529, 159978, 71, 450, 81843, 7, 2806, 959, 186, 34658, 100, 6626, 5369, 4, 16792, 442, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 124103, 9, 397, 36838, 4273, 1136, 16364, 15, 919, 982, 206, 92217, 1363, 12, 459, 5, 245723, 244016, 42016, 8, 5, 708, 5, 245723, 13, 156, 5, 964, 5, 143, 16, 15, 62329, 27417, 30284, 34578, 46, 18982, 611, 4, 6789, 247, 707, 42856, 124103, 1136, 16364, 15, 6, 247, 509, 10, 144613, 1577, 13, 98834, 6635, 136, 39624, 66, 2750, 149976, 237, 70, 50960, 34202, 111, 70, 182017, 47806, 111, 70, 144613, 1295, 4347, 21567, 10586, 4, 3229, 764, 645, 927, 107, 434, 2501, 8789, 34, 503, 184, 503, 265, 4, 24189, 1919, 110938, 2320, 390, 1632, 111, 1919, 14361, 32116, 7, 98, 18982, 611, 4, 55197, 1529, 509, 214493, 297, 136659, 13312, 14432, 390, 1919, 46284, 46799, 9, 18345, 775, 33876, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Political activities.", "Congo crisis.", "Che Guevara.", "Marxist mini-state (1967–1988).", "First Congo War.", "Presidency (1997–2001).", "Assassination." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Kabila was born to a member of the Luba people in Baudouinville, Katanga Province, (now Moba, Tanganyika Province) in the Belgian Congo. His father was a Luba and his mother was a Lunda. It is claimed that he studied abroad (political philosophy in Paris, got a PhD in Tashkent, in Belgrade and at last in Dar es Salaam) but no proof has been found or provided.", "", "Shortly after the Congo achieved independence in 1960, Katanga seceded under the leadership of Moïse Tshombe. Kabila organised the Baluba in an anti-secessionist rebellion in Manono. In September 1962 a new province, North Katanga, was established, and he became a member of the provincial assembly and served as chief of cabinet for Minister of Information Ferdinand Tumba. In September 1963 he and other young members of the assembly were forced to resign, facing allegations of communist sympathies. Kabila established himself as a supporter of hard-line Lumumbist Prosper Mwamba Ilunga. When the Lumumbists formed the Conseil National de Libération, he was sent to eastern Congo to help organize a revolution, in particular in the Kivu and North Katanga provinces. This revolution was part of the larger Simba rebellions happening in the provinces at the time. In 1965, Kabila set up a cross-border rebel operation from Kigoma, Tanzania, across Lake Tanganyika.", "Che Guevara assisted Kabila for a short time in 1965. Guevara had appeared in the Congo with approximately 100 men who planned to bring about a Cuban-style revolution. Guevara judged Kabila (then 26) as \"not the man of the hour\" he had alluded to, being too distracted. This, in Guevara's opinion, accounted for Kabila showing up days late at times to provide supplies, aid, or backup to Guevara's men. The lack of cooperation between Kabila and Guevara contributed to the suppression of the revolt that same year. In Guevara's view, of all of the people he met during his campaign in Congo, only Kabila had \"genuine qualities of a mass leader\"; but Guevara castigated Kabila for a lack of \"revolutionary seriousness\". After the failure of the rebellion, Kabila turned to smuggling gold and timber on Lake Tanganyika. He also ran a bar and brothel in Tanzania.", "In 1967, Kabila and his remnant of supporters moved their operation into the mountainous Fizi – Baraka area of South Kivu in the Congo, and founded the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP). With the support of the People's Republic of China, the PRP created a secessionist Marxist state in South Kivu province, west of Lake Tanganyika. The PRP state came to an end in 1988 and Kabila disappeared and was widely believed to be dead. While in Kampala, Kabila reportedly met Yoweri Museveni, the future president of Uganda. Museveni and former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere later introduced Kabila to Paul Kagame, who would become president of Rwanda. These personal contacts became vital in mid-1990s, when Uganda and Rwanda sought a Congolese face for their intervention in Zaire.", "Kabila returned in October 1996, leading ethnic Tutsis from South Kivu against Hutu forces, marking the beginning of the First Congo War. With support from Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, Kabila pushed his forces into a full-scale rebellion against Mobutu as the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADFL). By mid-1997, the ADFL had almost completely overrun the country and the remains of Mobutu's army. Only the country's decrepit infrastructure slowed Kabila's forces down; in many areas, the only means of transit were irregularly used dirt paths. Following failed peace talks held on board of the South African ship SAS \"Outeniqua\", Mobutu fled into exile on 16 May. The next day, from his base in Lubumbashi, Kabila proclaimed himself president. Kabila suspended the Constitution, and changed the name of the country from Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo—the country's official name from 1964 to 1971. He made his grand entrance into Kinshasa on 20 May and was sworn in on 31 May, officially commencing his term as president.", "Kabila had been a committed Marxist, but his policies at this point were social democratic. He declared that elections would not be held for two years, since it would take him at least that long to restore order. While some in the West hailed Kabila as representing a \"new breed\" of African leadership, critics charged that Kabila's policies differed little from his predecessor's, being characterised by authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses. As early as late 1997, Kabila was being denounced as \"another Mobutu\". Kabila was also accused trying to set up a personality cult. Mobutu's former minister of information, Dominique Sakombi Inongo, was retained by Kabila; he branded Kabila as \"the Mzee,\" and created posters reading \"Here is the man we needed\" () appeared all over the country. By 1998, Kabila's former allies in Uganda and Rwanda had turned against him and backed a new rebellion of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), the Second Congo War. Kabila found new allies in Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, and managed to hold on in the south and west of the country and by July 1999, peace talks led to the withdrawal of most foreign forces.", "Kabila was shot and killed in his office on 16 January 2001. The DRC's authorities managed to keep power, despite Kabila's assassination. The exact circumstances are still disputed. Kabila reportedly died on the spot, according to DRC's then health minister Leonard Mashako Mamba, who was in the next door office when Kabila was shot and arrived immediately after the assassination. The government claimed that Kabila was still alive, however, when he was flown to a hospital in Zimbabwe after he was shot so that DRC authorities could organize the tense succession. The Congolese government announced that he had died of his wounds on 18 January. One week later, his body was returned to Congo for a state funeral and his son, Joseph Kabila, became president ten days later. By doing so, DRC officials were accomplishing the \"verbal testimony\" of the deceased President. Then Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo and Kabila's aide-de-camp Eddy Kapend reported that Kabila had told them that his son Joseph, then number two of the army, should take over, if he were to die in office. The investigation into Kabila's assassination led to 135 people – including four children – being tried before a special military tribunal. The alleged ringleader, Colonel Eddy Kapend (one of Kabila's cousins), and 25 others were sentenced to death in January 2003, but not executed. Of the other defendants 64 were jailed, with sentences from six months to life, and 45 were exonerated. Some individuals were also accused of being involved in a plot to overthrow his son. Among them was Kabila's special advisor Emmanuel Dungia, former ambassador to South Africa. Many people believe the trial was flawed and the convicted defendants innocent." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 853, 13857, 509, 103122, 70, 543, 927, 29041, 111, 10, 30839, 14449, 111, 70425, 108069, 9, 8407, 42844, 23, 21912, 9, 618, 11071, 147595, 15, 55247, 9, 5636, 20384, 797, 164877, 135166, 23, 70, 103655, 47806, 247, 7068, 2831, 111, 70, 33346, 86069, 2182, 111, 80981, 399, 4, 10, 13081, 7710, 3551, 111, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 145359, 5, 88949, 111, 1919, 6, 130687, 4, 764, 509, 107003, 47, 29966, 10, 36849, 5844, 44, 94589, 2658, 6664, 58, 23, 43573, 1272, 86273, 47446, 15, 10581, 319, 7182, 247, 7440, 1632, 111, 1919, 148729, 509, 96513, 58332, 5, 28090, 100439, 47, 121049, 764, 22282, 71, 27165, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 181103, 5, 360, 125800, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 214, 43032, 111, 70, 102517, 111, 58806, 15, 16, 49894, 136, 75935, 2363, 7643, 5, 360, 121049, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 7142, 182017, 27985, 1314, 25, 31016, 111, 66724, 15, 294, 166020, 247, 33636, 214, 70, 19085, 23, 70, 9907, 70615, 15, 16, 1295, 70, 91234, 81843, 7, 24189, 6863, 2837, 166589, 23, 7582, 24531, 5, 18763, 33946, 23, 44951, 7, 2843, 12441, 4049, 47, 24209, 10, 35773, 9893, 100, 70, 44, 4332, 5548, 7, 2175, 740, 133698, 6097, 39395, 5369, 4, 764, 126809, 3525, 80280, 7, 98, 27165, 292, 756, 70, 12960, 20450, 11, 6048, 1919, 80343, 25647, 1379, 10, 96551, 111, 74189, 5264, 7, 15, 2472, 27781, 4, 19010, 31, 112569, 223, 136, 126741, 38026, 56, 16, 199, 18, 764, 388, 13, 1919, 552, 272, 3674, 1305, 237, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 35773, 9893, 5, 1529, 509, 41866, 60892, 23, 70, 44402, 111, 70, 66724, 19, 11341, 4, 124901, 6, 116311, 764, 105506, 297, 98, 20787, 48461, 289, 4, 25313, 136, 68894, 61585, 7, 5, 2161, 70, 15889, 2481, 9655, 4, 764, 1257, 100038, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 52, 52368, 58963, 53, 4, 63, 98, 70, 18231, 111, 3129, 70, 1601, 9, 122772, 11341, 5608, 85493, 4, 136, 2685, 1272, 79507, 71, 70, 29361, 136, 36322, 41637, 111, 70, 7142, 182017, 31016, 23, 184017, 678, 442, 5, 1301, 10, 3790, 24816, 764, 509, 21954, 1716, 297, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 119893, 111, 5489, 2955, 9, 16305, 33102, 39, 5, 360, 24531, 4, 7103, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 145359, 4, 764, 509, 23, 70, 100, 13, 20549, 111, 70, 1250, 25826, 289, 136, 70, 163965, 289, 9907, 151169, 3387, 111, 8382, 2079, 7, 115688, 31029, 66, 44, 94646, 7, 853, 55247, 297, 23, 70, 74283, 7, 2175, 58, 15, 2347, 23113, 76811, 111, 70, 66724, 19, 23552, 111, 70, 114421, 7465, 147, 7668, 16, 450, 156531, 660, 538, 113091, 30839, 136, 1902, 68872, 47, 3173, 10, 64857, 9, 61340, 1884, 70, 3789, 15889, 31075, 1902, 16940, 5, 853, 13857, 100512, 70, 5117, 10336, 111, 27759, 24073, 135206, 13, 76710, 141, 1484, 18939, 111, 450, 3525, 538, 170920, 19336, 30839, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 456, 57964, 3129, 128120, 71, 47, 186, 90698, 70, 6, 150621, 111, 70, 235477, 185610, 53, 136, 32599, 297, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 4332, 57964, 111, 30839, 9, 116580, 399, 58, 15, 194, 3293, 9351, 4, 49903, 4, 509, 63323, 3674, 390, 581, 16511, 4574, 5, 10660, 2843, 118624, 297, 10, 158839, 111, 70, 108945, 34, 2517, 9907, 151169, 53, 23, 181103, 450, 44, 191697, 9, 116580, 399, 58, 509, 47, 186, 2831, 111, 70, 30839, 64181, 1727, 47806, 5, 31267, 8108, 70, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 7465, 147, 7668, 853, 13857, 1902, 26171, 71, 10, 22690, 69941, 111, 70, 30839, 63920, 111, 66724, 678, 102126, 4, 3853, 17368, 70, 2565, 44, 7251, 54719, 740, 66724, 1902, 8306, 2809, 10, 64857, 23, 70, 29568, 10422, 111, 70, 13579, 5, 51404, 70, 181991, 53, 35839, 66724, 19, 13835, 71, 23, 1632, 3173, 707, 15700, 100, 10044, 5369, 442, 509, 959, 10, 82581, 136, 1902, 110, 51, 151138, 37772, 3789, 3501, 70, 235477, 7, 5, 18852, 3789, 66724, 19, 99866, 7, 4, 853, 13857, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 2965, 15411, 509, 47, 40, 343, 69941, 678, 102126, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 33743, 1363, 450, 33636, 297, 903, 3525, 30839, 9, 116580, 399, 23, 70, 9807, 118, 21094, 111, 2907, 5, 6, 169378, 7440, 70, 44, 4332, 57964, 111, 66724, 58, 509, 224344, 71, 1284, 509, 159978, 71, 47, 186, 70, 102778, 39457, 42, 47, 163628, 66724, 5, 8622, 853, 13857, 1902, 47, 26946, 450, 903, 3525, 66724, 509, 63323, 3674, 2499, 68894, 125413, 678, 102126, 136, 764, 1902, 47, 26946, 70, 86669, 111, 30839, 142146, 25134, 54114, 929, 136, 70, 30839, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 63920, 111, 211462, 136, 80981, 399, 7440, 764, 66570, 509, 103122, 74, 903, 168861, 4049, 47, 8337, 1257, 1919, 12008, 23, 70, 49129, 289, 40617, 2174, 764, 4, 44, 2347, 16320, 36800, 32724, 1290, 2750, 69347, 66128, 1419, 830, 36663, 47, 47143, 142, 66724, 19, 27759, 93324, 5, 853, 13857, 509, 76710, 141, 1484, 111, 66724, 111, 70, 5117, 17262, 5798, 150, 1363, 100348, 7, 1295, 24531, 24189, 23031, 136, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 33744, 111, 184293, 184593, 4, 4420, 297, 390, 10, 9963, 5798, 150, 1363, 111, 7142, 138235, 7, 136, 14949, 7142, 31016, 5, 62, 38134, 37457, 111, 2265, 17690, 7, 3542, 65508, 71, 390, 853, 13857, 25, 7, 27759, 4, 26719, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 42169, 4, 72090, 65006, 7, 4, 70, 136659, 9, 497, 474, 4488, 5636, 4, 136, 209332, 98, 70, 20697, 27289, 111, 881, 1314, 4, 3472, 1314, 4, 24793, 4, 136, 20020, 5, 22836, 36442, 509, 2843, 62952, 100, 70, 238335, 4, 25842, 678, 16227, 42169, 100, 3835, 93215, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 10, 27165, 509, 115081, 450, 62952, 100, 143849, 1909, 208, 14653, 136, 70, 2450, 1363, 111, 167956, 7, 5, 28090, 66426, 47, 55591, 4, 853, 13857, 509, 34202, 111, 223606, 4, 70, 9907, 70615, 111, 66724, 5, 24372, 70, 28214, 77275, 5489, 40085, 162, 10794, 39, 14922, 1295, 58020, 4, 3229, 1919, 19085, 509, 63323, 3674, 4, 764, 3853, 81907, 71, 70, 44, 7251, 54719, 58, 23, 41933, 5, 171855, 7311, 538, 2809, 10, 502, 54137, 111, 3525, 30839, 9, 116580, 399, 141753, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17038, 853, 13857, 26205, 14487, 111994, 46, 1936, 14487, 27631, 16, 509, 142, 66724, 19, 39624, 66, 111, 70, 7142, 1419, 31016, 5, 1529, 83, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 17647, 9319, 111, 70, 47806, 58, 6637, 764, 12441, 70, 5117, 27759, 111, 30839, 9, 116580, 399, 136, 70, 23972, 66724, 19, 47806, 23, 45913, 136, 23031, 4, 136, 509, 24145, 13438, 125189, 13, 23, 137633, 214, 70, 13379, 77648, 47806, 7103, 70, 6817, 111, 83572, 102126, 23, 18608, 4, 141753, 6863, 5117, 34202, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 15, 2940, 22759, 927, 128512, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Political career.", "First Republic.", "Post–World War II.", "Anti-Semitism.", "Political beliefs and scholarly contributions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Renner was born the 18th child of a German family of poor wine-growers in Unter-Tannowitz (present-day Dolní Dunajovice in the Czech Republic), then part of the Margraviate of Moravia, a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Because of his intelligence, he was allowed to attend a selective \"gymnasium\" in nearby Nikolsburg (Mikulov), where one of his teachers was Wilhelm Jerusalem. From 1890 to 1896 he studied law at the University of Vienna. In 1895 he was one of the founding members of the Friends of Nature () organisation and created their logo.", "In 1896 he joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP), representing the party in the National Council () from the 1907 elections until its dissolution in November 1918. His interest in politics also led him to become a librarian for the \"Reichsrat\". During these early years, he developed new perspectives on law — all the while cloaking his innovative ideas under a variety of pseudonyms (for example, Synopticus and Rudolf Springer) lest he lose his coveted post as parliamentary librarian. He was especially interested in the problems of the Austrian state, whose existence he justified on geographical, economic and political grounds. On the nationality question, he upheld the so-called “personal autonomy,” on the basis of which the super-national state should develop, and thereby influenced the agenda and tactics of the Social Democratic Party in dealing with it. As a theorist he was reckoned as one of the leaders of Austro-Marxism.", "In 1918, after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he was in the forefront of the Provisional and the Constitutional National Assemblies of those Cisleithanian \"Lands Represented in the Reichsrat\" (the formal description of the Austrian half of the Dual Monarchy) that predominantly spoke German and had decided to form a nation-state like the other nationalities had done. Renner became the first head of government (\"State Chancellor\") of that newly established small German-speaking republic which refused to be considered the heir of the Habsburg monarchy and wished to be known as the \"Republic of German-Austria\" (). This name, however, was prohibited by The Entente. They also vetoed a resolution of the Constituent National Assembly in Vienna that \"German-Austria\" was to be part of the German Weimar Republic. Even before the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Renner had proposed a future union of the German parts of Austria with Germany, even using the word \"Anschluss\". Austria had never been a nation in the true sense of the term. While the territory called Austrian existed in one form or another for 700 years it was not a Nation and had no unifying force other than the Habsburgs. Like other Austrian socialists, Renner believed that the best course was to seek union with Germany. He was the leader of the delegation that represented this new German-Austria in the negotiations of St. Germain where the \"Republic of Austria\" was acknowledged but was declared to be the responsible successor to Imperial Austria. There Renner had to accept that this new Austria was prohibited any political association with Germany and he had to accept the loss of German speaking South Tyrol and the German-speaking parts of Bohemia and Moravia where he himself was born; this forced him to give up his share in the parental farm if he, \"the peasant proprietor who turned Marxist\", wanted to remain an Austrian government officer. Renner was Chancellor of Austria of the first three coalition cabinets from 1918 until 1920 and at the same time Minister of Foreign Affairs, backed by a grand coalition of Social Democrats and Christian Social Party. A wide range of social reforms were introduced by Renner's government, including unemployment insurance, paid holidays, the eight-hour workday, and regulations on the working conditions of miners, bakers, women, and children. State aid was also provided for the disabled, together with health insurance for public employees. In addition, a law was passed that provided for collective bargaining and the mediation of disputes. From 1931 to 1933, Renner was President of Parliament, the National Council of Austria. After the dictatorial Austrofascism period from 1934, when his party was prohibited, he even welcomed the \"Anschluss\" in 1938. Having originally been a proponent of new German-Austria becoming a part of the democratic German Republic, he expected Nazism to be but a passing phenomenon not worse than the dictatorship of Dollfuss's and Schuschnigg's authoritarian one-party system. During World War II, however, he distanced himself from politics completely.", "In April 1945, just before the collapse of the Third Reich, the defeat of Germany and the end of the war, Renner set up a Provisional Government in Vienna with other politicians from the three revived parties Socialist Party (SPÖ), Austrian People's Party (ÖVP, a conservative successor to the Christian Social Party) and Communist Party (KPÖ). On 27 April, by a declaration, this Provisional Government separated Austria from Germany and campaigned for the country to be acknowledged as an independent republic. As a result of Renner's actions Austria was to benefit greatly in the eyes of the Allies as she had fulfilled the stipulation of the Moscow Declaration of 1943, where the Foreign Secretaries of US, UK and USSR declared that the annexation (Anschluss) of Austria by Germany was null and void calling for the establishment of a free Austria after the victory over Nazi Germany provided that Austria could demonstrate that she had undertaken suitable actions of her own in that direction. Thus Austria, having been invaded by Germany, was treated as an unwilling party and \"the first victim\" of Nazi Germany. Being suspicious of the fact that the Russians in Vienna were the first to accept Renner's Cabinet, the Western Allies hesitated half a year with their recognition, but his Provisional Government was in the end recognised by all Four Powers on October 20 and Renner was thus the first post-war Chancellor. In late 1945, he was elected the first President of the Second Republic. Karl Renner died in 1950 in Vienna and was buried in the Presidential Tomb at the Zentralfriedhof.", "Anti-Semitism was widespread in Austria after the First World War and even after the Second World War, even in the highest government offices. Karl Renner, whom Emperor Karl I rejected as prime minister, stood out before and after the war due to vehement anti-Semitism. Even after the Nazi terror against Jewish returnees and survivors of the concentration camp. Marko Feingold, survivor of the concentration camp and president of the Salzburg Jewish Community, said in 2013: \"Karl Renner, after all the first Federal President of the Second Republic, had long been known in the party as an anti-Semite. He didn't want us concentration campers in Vienna after the war and he also frankly said that Austria would not give anything back to them.\" Even today in a united Europe and after a precise scientific analysis of Nazi crimes, there are still countless \"Dr. Karl Renner Streets\" in Austria. Even today, the state awards a Karl Renner Prize.", "For most of his life, Renner alternated between the political commitment of a Social Democrat and the analytical distance of an academic scholar. Central to Renner's academic work is the problem of the relationship between private law and private property. With his \"Rechtsinstitute des Privatrechts und ihre soziale Funktion. Ein Beitrag zur Kritik des bürgerlichen Rechts\" [The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions] (1904), he became one of the founders of the discipline of the sociology of law. In this book, Renner developed a Marxist theory of the institution of private law. Renner argued that the separation of public and private law is a creation of capitalism, whereby the state enforces the interests of capital owners. His and Otto Bauer's ideas about the legal protection of cultural minorities were taken up by the Jewish Bund, but fiercely denounced by Vladimir Lenin. Joseph Stalin devoted a whole chapter to criticising Cultural National Autonomy in \"Marxism and the National Question\". The 1977–1978 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. Literary remains (unpublished works; ): Vol. 3, Vienna: 1953, reprint \"European Sociology\" 1975" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 110558, 174350, 12, 18537, 40956, 5, 128468, 58745, 8805, 6492, 58745, 45160, 88684, 58745, 18537, 40956, 164156, 4, 1295, 17, 145407, 47, 17, 55257, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 2053, 418, 1369, 5955, 86245, 62, 100, 9, 28354, 63805, 83, 19882, 23, 2684, 110558, 142864, 45023, 56037, 449, 86245, 46876, 7, 5, 31267, 47438, 214, 43967, 60212, 7, 23, 110558, 12654, 86531, 86245, 2685, 621, 5941, 60212, 7, 23, 3642, 6097, 63805, 7, 4488, 136, 70, 17366, 111, 36510, 5844, 7432, 1836, 8060, 5, 9082, 538, 4, 100, 9, 28354, 7, 6817, 3934, 1632, 111, 70, 25632, 39283, 7, 12, 581, 100, 9, 28354, 111, 46876, 7, 1884, 110558, 7842, 180052, 86245, 4, 110558, 8859, 19908, 86245, 4, 110558, 100784, 16259, 86245, 4, 110558, 65619, 6827, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 65619, 6827, 86245, 4, 110558, 9083, 63741, 86245, 4, 110558, 46471, 22493, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 46471, 22493, 86245, 4, 110558, 284, 85, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 284, 85, 86245, 4, 110558, 79520, 6114, 86245, 4, 110558, 670, 9779, 141, 86245, 4, 110558, 919, 197106, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 919, 4904, 86245, 4, 136, 221, 98, 4, 144570, 10, 6226, 77336, 678, 4034, 9, 136, 3564, 9, 27494, 90, 136, 33342, 9844, 1884, 903, 12, 100, 17, 2203, 5117, 47, 4568, 54, 63805, 100, 17, 2203, 5117, 5, 5, 19777, 54, 63805, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 46876, 4, 142, 143726, 110558, 19659, 31304, 674, 15, 164511, 41664, 16, 58745, 162, 31304, 674, 86245, 24092, 1543, 186, 11814, 23, 3687, 111, 70, 110558, 13, 71723, 24092, 86245, 15, 2940, 3060, 46876, 7, 64209, 70, 2565, 3853, 23, 70, 54744, 6827, 7225, 194, 893, 35829, 289, 29954, 9, 27494, 13, 15, 66, 6, 158661, 707, 8, 7612, 674, 6, 245308, 4879, 1543, 2843, 186, 99201, 4, 102971, 70, 24763, 6002, 102, 31195, 11814, 100, 903, 129927, 7, 10, 4785, 1286, 17721, 70, 46876, 7, 5, 31384, 46876, 7, 64209, 10, 84797, 21635, 1363, 111, 70, 6226, 77336, 4, 3060, 54, 959, 5, 116267, 3173, 509, 5700, 29367, 390, 70, 110558, 441, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 441, 56037, 449, 46876, 86245, 5, 1650, 144570, 138, 63920, 12, 70, 110558, 120152, 320, 2320, 15, 164511, 56037, 449, 16, 58745, 943, 118, 289, 47691, 86245, 4, 70, 110558, 12647, 31, 34677, 144, 429, 2844, 58745, 126940, 86245, 4, 136, 70, 110558, 114211, 46622, 2037, 58745, 11, 46327, 197271, 18, 86245, 136, 756, 6097, 17262, 63920, 621, 35829, 289, 5, 581, 61475, 47691, 159978, 7, 15, 2940, 95134, 95486, 7, 47, 16, 2499, 77336, 7, 56065, 5, 581, 10644, 111, 10, 77336, 5608, 186, 5701, 2174, 398, 621, 17368, 48716, 77336, 7, 23, 61475, 47691, 2831, 5, 581, 35431, 12765, 7, 10, 35431, 4, 136, 569, 933, 70, 40956, 2174, 98320, 5, 581, 7103, 197271, 18, 83, 51339, 297, 66161, 24145, 11907, 1733, 70, 40956, 3564, 7, 136, 7068, 119140, 7, 5, 11853, 83, 142, 27781, 111, 70, 89160, 100, 9, 28354, 23, 110558, 156202, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 156202, 86245, 5, 4666, 39754, 7, 70, 101935, 1295, 757, 47, 10078, 15, 2940, 959, 805, 247, 12638, 134629, 390, 10, 32628, 5, 100, 15, 4288, 17, 145407, 74, 17, 16093, 3559, 74, 17, 37223, 16, 12353, 5, 6056, 5, 35662, 141, 19, 132, 3142, 32255, 40956, 7, 621, 2843, 68018, 35839, 54744, 238, 100, 9, 28354, 7, 3229, 69822, 297, 678, 100, 41581, 40956, 7, 132, 21231, 35064, 194, 3293, 10644, 111, 100, 9, 28354, 83, 10, 4537, 15032, 111, 70, 54744, 238, 37457, 10644, 111, 100, 9, 28354, 4, 237, 442, 114864, 100, 70, 189085, 1363, 111, 5423, 7, 111, 55769, 3789, 3501, 14012, 40, 26513, 5170, 5, 1650, 83, 56104, 62816, 29367, 390, 70, 4527, 111, 142, 165164, 707, 143726, 110558, 16840, 4597, 86245, 4, 23, 3129, 70, 40956, 77336, 51776, 98, 12638, 111, 70, 142424, 23, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 707, 3789, 2053, 42486, 5, 62, 99638, 13, 27781, 23, 110558, 683, 53, 50828, 15, 28966, 214, 46876, 16, 58745, 683, 53, 50828, 86245, 83, 12, 100, 35735, 23, 3060, 454, 16840, 2886, 454, 187694, 12, 78662, 83, 40101, 10, 2053, 42486, 450, 8060, 7, 165164, 17, 720, 2320, 15, 5062, 10, 5303, 111, 188183, 25, 7, 123055, 247, 707, 1543, 23, 15824, 186, 142, 17, 720, 4597, 68034, 5, 31384, 46876, 7, 765, 903, 23, 66044, 47, 15700, 100, 9, 28354, 6002, 86531, 74, 959, 78458, 4, 47302, 1556, 903, 10644, 111, 40956, 1379, 70, 9351, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 17262, 9, 204629, 100, 9, 28354, 15, 21231, 35064, 16, 1379, 70, 9351, 5, 31384, 46876, 7, 18645, 10, 100, 9, 28354, 450, 27992, 7, 237, 2174, 9433, 214, 756, 17, 720, 21094, 110558, 38115, 47148, 173, 18770, 47691, 58745, 73, 95103, 86245, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 166117, 23, 110558, 61692, 618, 30174, 9199, 86245, 3129, 1556, 70, 206019, 450, 44, 5584, 58, 110558, 294, 17996, 111, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 58745, 54969, 9, 12336, 9, 8752, 86245, 125195, 7, 621, 151575, 297, 8108, 44, 4848, 58, 95486, 9035, 621, 7228, 4, 237, 117781, 1295, 70, 143726, 17, 720, 2320, 3173, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 70, 63805, 23, 70, 25632, 74189, 40899, 38551, 4, 3229, 74481, 1916, 70, 3525, 34292, 100, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 5117, 15, 76228, 1388, 70, 91067, 47, 1221, 113054, 70, 3525, 34292, 450, 1902, 2809, 158012, 2685, 23, 70, 96362, 29954, 5, 360, 70, 11389, 4, 49903, 4, 12638, 74481, 1363, 15005, 7, 4734, 47, 70, 7311, 4, 51, 48283, 297, 5, 581, 60212, 1543, 186, 88551, 5, 31384, 46876, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 16087, 618, 30174, 9199, 4, 33106, 64, 568, 16, 2843, 18645, 10298, 53, 95486, 674, 63805, 7, 4, 450, 22, 2886, 5941, 100, 9, 28354, 7, 47, 186, 171, 217, 3674, 5, 12613, 7, 74189, 40899, 6044, 237, 2806, 5423, 756, 80854, 111, 10298, 53, 62, 47, 45234, 4, 110, 26866, 6863, 13267, 707, 6, 157955, 2481, 5, 581, 27781, 40956, 5809, 186, 79516, 71, 237, 4966, 36766, 450, 2806, 186, 79516, 71, 23, 70, 20623, 111, 70, 100, 9, 28354, 707, 70, 100, 756, 9, 28354, 707, 9844, 37076, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 110558, 164511, 41664, 86245, 4, 10, 100, 9, 28354, 15, 748, 42856, 100, 40956, 16, 83, 10, 110558, 81988, 86608, 86245, 110558, 61340, 674, 15, 28966, 214, 16, 58745, 61340, 674, 86245, 100, 48502, 151138, 110558, 16840, 2320, 86245, 4, 3129, 114864, 18151, 47, 186, 110558, 46480, 1010, 1363, 15, 164511, 7, 16, 58745, 46480, 1010, 3674, 86245, 119140, 297, 538, 5, 179117, 223, 166117, 7, 621, 11814, 47, 40140, 18929, 903, 63805, 12, 60887, 10840, 111, 110558, 7842, 180052, 86245, 4527, 44, 2472, 830, 12960, 60887, 10840, 111, 110558, 18537, 50713, 86245, 4527, 44, 246, 740, 8622, 621, 3789, 97370, 2449, 4, 100, 27781, 110558, 9688, 98335, 86245, 3129, 4527, 7, 44, 30425, 98533, 310, 123275, 23186, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "FOR.", "Traditional for-loops.", "Iterator-based for-loops.", "Vectorised for-loops.", "Compound for-loops.", "Loop counters.", "Example.", "Additional semantics and constructs.", "Use as infinite loops.", "Early exit and continuation.", "Loop variable scope and semantics.", "Adjustment of bounds.", "List of value ranges.", "Equivalence with while-loops.", "In theory.", "In practice.", "Timeline of the \"for-loop\" syntax in various programming languages.", "1957: FORTRAN.", "1958: Algol.", "1960: COBOL.", "1964: BASIC.", "1964: PL/I.", "1968: Algol 68.", "1970: Pascal.", "1972: C/C++.", "1972: Smalltalk.", "1980: Ada.", "1980: Maple.", "1982: Maxima CAS.", "1982: PostScript.", "1983: Ada 83 and above.", "1984: MATLAB.", "1987: Perl.", "1988: Mathematica.", "1989: Bash.", "1990: Haskell.", "1991: Oberon-2, Oberon-07, or Component Pascal.", "1991: Python.", "1993: AppleScript.", "1993: Lua.", "1995: [[CFML]].", "Script syntax.", "Tag syntax.", "1995: Java.", "1995: JavaScript.", "1995: PHP.", "1995: Ruby.", "1996: OCaml.", "1998: ActionScript 3.", "2008: Small Basic.", "2010: Rust.", "Implementation in interpreted programming languages.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "[[File:For loop.png|thumb|350px|For loop illustration, from i=0 to i=2, resulting in data1=200]] A for-loop statement is available in most [[imperative programming]] languages. Even ignoring minor differences in [[syntax]] there are many differences in how these statements work and the level of expressiveness they support. Generally, for-loops fall into one of the following categories:", "The for-loop of languages like [[ALGOL]], [[Simula]], [[BASIC]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Modula]], [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[Matlab]], [[Ocaml]], [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]], and so on, requires a control variable with start- and end-values and looks something like this: for i = first to last do statement for i = first..last do statement Depending on the language, an explicit [[Assignment (computer science)|assignment]] sign may be used in place of the [[equal sign]] (and some languages require the word even in the numerical case). An optional step-value (an increment or decrement ≠ 1) may also be included, although the exact syntaxes used for this differs a bit more between the languages. Some languages require a separate declaration of the control variable, some do not. Another form was popularized by the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]. It requires 3 parts: the [[Declaration (computer programming)|initialization]], the [[Boolean algebra|condition]], and the [[Code cleanup|afterthought]] and all these three parts are optional. The initialization declares (and perhaps assigns to) any variables required. The type of a variable should be same if you are using multiple variables in initialization part. The condition checks a condition, and quits the loop if false. The afterthought is performed exactly once every time the loop ends and then repeats. Here is an example of the traditional for-loop in [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. // Prints the numbers from 0 to 99 (and not 100), each followed by a space. for (int i=0; i<100; i++) System.out.println(); These loops are also sometimes called numeric for-loops when contrasted with foreach loops(see below).", "This type of for-loop is a generalisation of the numeric range type of for-loop, as it allows for the enumeration of sets of items other than number sequences. It is usually characterized by the use of an implicit or explicit [[iterator]], in which the loop variable takes on each of the values in a sequence or other data collection. A representative example in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] is: for item in some_iterable_object: Where is either a data collection that supports implicit iteration (like a list of employee's names), or may in fact be an iterator itself. Some languages have this in addition to another for-loop syntax; notably, PHP has this type of loop under the name, as well as a three-expression for-loop (see below) under the name.", "Some languages offer a for-loop that acts as if processing all iterations [[Automatic vectorization|in parallel]], such as the keyword in [[FORTRAN 95]] which has the interpretation that \"all\" [[Sides of an equation|right-hand-side]] expressions are evaluated before \"any\" assignments are made, as distinct from the explicit iteration form. For example, in the statement in the following pseudocode fragment, when calculating the new value for, except for the first (with ) the reference to will obtain the new value that had been placed there in the previous step. In the version, however, each calculation refers only to the original, unaltered. The difference may be significant. Some languages (such as FORTRAN 95, PL/I) also offer array assignment statements, that enable many for-loops to be omitted. Thus pseudocode such as would set all elements of array A to zero, no matter its size or dimensionality. The example loop could be rendered as But whether that would be rendered in the style of the for-loop or the for all-loop or something else may not be clearly described in the compiler manual.", "Introduced with [[ALGOL 68]] and followed by [[PL/I]], this allows the iteration of a loop to be compounded with a test, as in That is, a value is assigned to the loop variable \"i\" and only if the \"while expression\" is true will the loop body be executed. If the result were false the for-loop's execution stops short. Granted that the loop variable's value \"is\" defined after the termination of the loop, then the above statement will find the first non-positive element in array \"A\" (and if no such, its value will be \"N + 1\"), or, with suitable variations, the first non-blank character in a string, and so on.", "In [[computer programming]] a loop counter is the [[variable (programming)|variable]] that controls the iterations of a loop (a computer [[programming language]] construct). It is so named because most uses of this construct result in the variable taking on a range of integer values in some orderly sequences (example., starting at 0 and end at 10 in increments of 1) Loop counters change with each [[iteration]] of a loop, providing a unique value for each individual iteration. The loop counter is used to decide when the loop should terminate and for the program flow to continue to the next [[instruction (computer science)|instruction]] after the loop. A common [[identifier naming convention]] is for the loop counter to use the variable names i, j, and k (and so on if needed), where i would be the most outer loop, j the next inner loop, etc. The reverse order is also used by some programmers. This style is generally agreed to have originated from the early programming of [[FORTRAN]], where these variable names beginning with these letters were implicitly declared as having an integer type, and so were obvious choices for loop counters that were only temporarily required. The practice dates back further to [[mathematical notation]] where [[index notation|indices]] for [[summation|sums]] and [[multiplication]]s are often i, j, etc. A variant convention is the use of reduplicated letters for the index, ii, jj, and kk, as this allows easier searching and search-replacing than using a single letter.", "An example of [[C (programming language)|C]] code involving nested for loops, where the loop counter variables are i and j: for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { It has been shown that a nested for loop, as in above example, performs more computations per unit time than a loop without it. This machine-independent optimisation means the nested for loop will finish faster, given the same number of computations to perform. This is an advantage nested for loop has over nested while loop, which behaves differently. For loops in C can also be used to print the reverse of a word. As: for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) { for (i = 4; i >= 0; i--) { Here, if the input is, the output will be.", "", "This C-style for-loop is commonly the source of an [[infinite loop]] since the fundamental steps of iteration are completely in the control of the programmer. In fact, when infinite loops are intended, this type of for-loop can be used (with empty expressions), such as: for (;;) This style is used instead of infinite loops to avoid a type conversion warning in some C/C++ compilers. Some programmers prefer the more succinct form over the semantically equivalent but more verbose form.", "Some languages may also provide other supporting statements, which when present can alter how the for-loop iteration proceeds. Common among these are the [[break statement|break]] and [[Control flow#Continuation with next iteration|continue]] statements found in C and its derivatives. The break statement causes the inner-most loop to be terminated immediately when executed. The continue statement will move at once to the next iteration without further progress through the loop body for the current iteration. A for statement also terminates when a break, goto, or return statement within the statement body is executed. [Wells] Other languages may have similar statements or otherwise provide means to alter the for-loop progress; for example in FORTRAN 95: DO I = 1, N END DO!Should align with the \"DO\". Some languages offer further facilities such as naming the various loop statements so that with multiple nested loops there is no doubt as to which loop is involved. Fortran 95, for example: X1:DO I = 1,N Thus, when \"trouble\" is detected in the inner loop, the CYCLE X1 (not X2) means that the skip will be to the next iteration for I, \"not\" J. The compiler will also be checking that each END DO has the appropriate label for its position: this is not just a documentation aid. The programmer must still code the problem correctly, but some possible blunders will be blocked.", "Different languages specify different rules for what value the loop variable will hold on termination of its loop, and indeed some hold that it \"becomes undefined\". This permits a [[compiler]] to generate code that leaves any value in the loop variable, or perhaps even leaves it unchanged because the loop value was held in a register and never stored to memory. Actual behaviour may even vary according to the compiler's optimization settings, as with the Honywell Fortran66 compiler. In some languages (not [[C (language)|C]] or [[C++]]) the loop variable is [[Immutable object|immutable]] within the scope of the loop body, with any attempt to modify its value being regarded as a semantic error. Such modifications are sometimes a consequence of a programmer error, which can be very difficult to identify once made. However, only overt changes are likely to be detected by the compiler. Situations where the address of the loop variable is passed as an argument to a [[subroutine]] make it very difficult to check, because the routine's behavior is in general unknowable to the compiler. Some examples in the style of Fortran: DO I = 1, N END DO!How many times will the loop be executed? A common approach is to calculate the iteration count at the start of a loop (with careful attention to overflow as in in sixteen-bit integer arithmetic) and with each iteration decrement this count while also adjusting the value of : double counting results. However, adjustments to the value of within the loop will not change the number of iterations executed. Still another possibility is that the code generated may employ an auxiliary variable as the loop variable, possibly held in a machine register, whose value may or may not be copied to on each iteration. Again, modifications of would not affect the control of the loop, but now a disjunction is possible: within the loop, references to the value of might be to the (possibly altered) current value of or to the auxiliary variable (held safe from improper modification) and confusing results are guaranteed. For instance, within the loop a reference to element of an array would likely employ the auxiliary variable (especially if it were held in a machine register), but if is a parameter to some routine (for instance, a \"print\"-statement to reveal its value), it would likely be a reference to the proper variable instead. It is best to avoid such possibilities.", "Just as the index variable might be modified within a for-loop, so also may its bounds and direction. But to uncertain effect. A compiler may prevent such attempts, they may have no effect, or they might even work properly - though many would declare that to do so would be wrong. Consider a statement such as If the approach to compiling such a loop was to be the evaluation of \"first\", \"last\" and \"step\" and the calculation of an iteration count via something like \"(last - first)/step\" once only at the start, then if those items were simple variables and their values were somehow adjusted during the iterations, this would have no effect on the iteration count even if the element selected for division by \"A(last)\" changed.", "PL/I and Algol 68, allows loops in which the loop variable is iterated over a list of ranges of values instead of a single range. The following PL/I example will execute the loop with six values of i: 1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15:", "", "A for-loop can be converted into an equivalent while-loop by incrementing a counter variable directly. The following [[pseudocode]] illustrates this technique: is easily translated into the following while-loop: This translation is slightly complicated by languages which allow a statement to jump to the next iteration of the loop (such as the \"continue\" statement in C). These statements will typically implicitly increment the counter of a for-loop, but not the equivalent while-loop (since in the latter case the counter is not an integral part of the loop construct). Any translation will have to place all such statements within a block that increments the explicit counter before running the statement.", "The formal equivalence applies only in so far as computer arithmetic also follows the axia of mathematics, in particular that x + 1 > x. Actual computer arithmetic suffers from the overflow of limited representations so that for example in sixteen-bit unsigned arithmetic, 65535 + 1 comes out as zero, because 65536 cannot be represented in unsigned sixteen-bit. Similar problems arise for other sizes, signed or unsigned, and for [[Saturation arithmetic|saturated arithmetic]] where 65535 + 1 would produce 65535. Compiler writers will handle the likes of, possibly by producing code that inspects the state of a hardware \"overflow\" indicator, but unless there is some provision for the equivalent checking after calculating the while-loop equivalence will fail because the counter will never exceed 65535 and so the loop will never end - unless some other mishap occurs.", "Given an action that must be repeated, for instance, five times, different languages' for-loops will be written differently. The syntax for a three-expression for-loop is nearly identical in all languages that have it, after accounting for different styles of block termination and so on.", "Fortran's equivalent of the loop is the loop, using the keyword do instead of for, The syntax of Fortran's loop is: label statement The following two examples behave equivalently to the three argument for-loop in other languages, initializing the counter variable to 1, incrementing by 1 each iteration of the loop and stopping at five (inclusive). In Fortran 77 (or later), this may also be written as: do counter = 1, 5 end do The step part may be omitted if the step is one. Example: PROGRAM MAIN 199 SUM SQ = SUM SQ + I**2 200 PRINT 206, SUMSQ 206 FORMAT( I2 ) Spaces are irrelevant in fixed-form Fortran statements, thus is the same as. In the modern free-form Fortran style, blanks are significant. In Fortran 90, the may be avoided by using an statement. program main", "[[ALGOL|Algol]] was first formalised in the Algol58 report.", "COBOL was formalized in late 1959 and has had many elaborations. It uses the PERFORM verb which has many options, with the later addition of \"structured\" statements such as END-PERFORM. Ignoring the need for declaring and initialising variables, the equivalent of a \"for\"-loop would be If the PERFORM verb has the optional clause TEST AFTER, the resulting loop is slightly different: the loop body is executed at least once, before any test.", "Loops in [[BASIC]] are sometimes called for-next loops. 10 REM THIS FOR LOOP PRINTS ODD NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 15 20 FOR I = 1 TO 15 STEP 2 30 PRINT I 40 NEXT I Notice that the end-loop marker specifies the name of the index variable, which must correspond to the name of the index variable in the start of the for-loop. Some languages (PL/I, FORTRAN 95 and later) allow a statement label on the start of a for-loop that can be matched by the compiler against the same text on the corresponding end-loop statement. Fortran also allows the and statements to name this text; in a nest of loops this makes clear which loop is intended. However, in these languages the labels must be unique, so successive loops involving the same index variable cannot use the same text nor can a label be the same as the name of a variable, such as the index variable for the loop.", "do counter = 1 to 5 by 1; /* \"by 1\" is the default if not specified */ The statement may be used to exit the loop. Loops can be labeled, and \"leave\" may leave a specific labeled loop in a group of nested loops. Some PL/I dialects include the statement to terminate the current loop iteration and begin the next.", "[[Algol68]] has what was considered \"the\" universal loop, the full syntax is: Further, the single iteration range could be replaced by a list of such ranges. There are several unusual aspects of the construct Subsequent \"extensions\" to the standard Algol68 allowed the syntactic element to be replaced with and to achieve a small optimization. The same compilers also incorporated:", "for Counter := 1 to 5 do Decrementing (counting backwards) is using keyword instead of, as in: for Counter := 5 downto 1 do The numeric-range for-loop varies somewhat more.", "for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) The statement is often a block statement; an example of this would be: //Using for-loops to add numbers 1 - 5 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i < 6; ++i) { The ISO/IEC 9899:1999 publication (commonly known as [[C99]]) also allows initial declarations in loops. All the three sections in the for loop are optional.", "1 to: 5 do: [ :counter | \"statements\" ] Contrary to other languages, in [[Smalltalk]] a for-loop is not a [[language construct]] but defined in the class Number as a method with two parameters, the end value and a [[Closure (computer science)|closure]], using self as start value.", "for Counter in 1.. 5 loop end loop; The \"exit\" statement may be used to exit the loop. Loops can be labeled, and \"exit\" may leave a specifically labeled loop in a group of nested loops: Counting:", "Maple has two forms of for-loop, one for iterating of a range of values, and the other for iterating over the contents of a container. The value range form is as follows: All parts except codice_1 and codice_2 are optional. The codice_3 part, if present, must come first. The remaining parts (codice_4, codice_5, codice_6, codice_7) can appear in any order. Iterating over a container is done using this form of loop: The codice_8 clause specifies the container, which may be a list, set, sum, product, unevaluated function, array, or an object implementing an iterator. A for-loop may be terminated by codice_2, codice_10, or codice_11.", "In [[Maxima CAS]] one can use also non integer values : for x:0.5 step 0.1 thru 0.9 do", "The for-loop, written as initialises an internal variable, executes the body as long as the internal variable is not more than limit (or not less, if increment is negative) and, at the end of each iteration, increments the internal variable. Before each iteration, the value of the internal variable is pushed onto the stack. 1 1 6 {STATEMENTS} for There is also a simple repeat-loop. The repeat-loop, written as, repeats the body exactly X times. 5 { STATEMENTS } repeat", "procedure Main is begin end;", "for n = 1:5 end As is used for the [[Imaginary unit]], its use as a loop variable is discouraged.", "for ($counter = 1; $counter <= 5; $counter++) { # implicitly or predefined variable for (my $counter = 1; $counter <= 5; $counter++) { # variable private to the loop for (1..5) { # variable implicitly called $_; 1..5 creates a list of these 5 elements statement for 1..5; # almost same (only 1 statement) with natural language order for my $counter (1..5) { # variable private to the loop", "The construct corresponding to most other languages' for-loop is called Do in Mathematica Do[f[x], {x, 0, 1, 0.1}] Mathematica also has a For construct that mimics the for-loop of C-like languages For[x= 0, x <= 1, x += 0.1, for i in 1 2 3 4 5", "do done for (( i = 1; i <= 5; i++ )) do done Note that an empty loop (i.e., one with no commands between and ) is a syntax error. If the above loops contained only comments, execution would result in the message \"syntax error near unexpected token 'done'\".", "The built-in imperative \"forM_\" maps a [[monad (functional programming)|monadic]] expression into a list, as forM_ [1..5] $ \\indx -> do statements or get each iteration result as a list in statements_result_list <- forM [1..5] $ \\indx -> do statements But, if you want to save the space of the [1..5] list, a more authentic [[monad (functional programming)|monadic]] \"forLoop_\" construction can be defined as import Control.Monad as M forLoopM_ :: Monad m => a -> (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> (a -> m ()) -> m () forLoopM_ indx prop incr f = do and used as:", "FOR Counter := 1 TO 5 DO END Note that in the original Oberon language the for-loop was omitted in favor of the more general Oberon loop construct. The for-loop was reintroduced in Oberon-2.", "Python does not contain the classical for loop, rather a codice_12 loop is used to iterate over the output of the builtin codice_13 function which returns an iterable list of integers. for i in range(1, 6): # gives i values from 1 to 5 inclusive (but not 6) for i in range(1, 6 + 1): # gives i values from 1 to 6 Using codice_14 would run the loop from 0 to 5.", "repeat with i from 1 to 5 end repeat You can also iterate through a list of items, similar to what you can do with arrays in other languages: repeat with i in x end repeat You may also use to exit a loop at any time. Unlike other languages, AppleScript does not currently have any command to continue to the next iteration of a loop.", "for i = start, stop, interval do end So, this code for i = 1, 5, 2 do end will print: 1 3 5 For-loops can also loop through a table using ipairs() to iterate numerically through arrays and pairs() to iterate randomly through dictionaries. Generic for-loop making use of [[Closure (computer science)|closures]]: for name, phone, address in contacts() do end", "", "Simple index loop: for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { Using an array: for (i in [1,2,3,4,5]) { Using a list of string values: loop index=\"i\" list=\"1;2,3;4,5\" delimiters=\",;\" { The above example is only available in the dialect of CFML used by [[Lucee]] and [[Railo]].", "Simple index loop: <cfloop index=\"i\" from=\"1\" to=\"5\"> </cfloop> Using an array: <cfloop index=\"i\" array=\"#[1,2,3,4,5]#\"> </cfloop> Using a \"list\" of string values: <cfloop index=\"i\" list=\"1;2,3;4,5\" delimiters=\",;\"> </cfloop>", "for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { For the extended for-loop, see [[Foreach loop#Java|Foreach loop]]", "JavaScript supports C-style \"three-expression\" loops. The and statements are supported inside loops. for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Alternatively, it is possible to iterate over all keys of an array. for (var key in array) { // also works for assoc. arrays", "This prints out a triangle of * for ($i = 0; $i <= 5; $i++) {", "for counter in 1..5 end 5.times do |counter| # counter iterates from 0 to 4 end 1.upto(5) do |counter| end [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]] has several possible syntaxes, including the above samples.", "See expression syntax. for i = 1 to 5 do for j = 5 downto 0 do", "for (var counter:uint = 1; counter <= 5; counter++){", "For i = 1 To 10 EndFor", "for i in 0..10 {", "In [[Interpreted language|interpreted programming languages]], for-loops can be implemented in many ways. Oftentimes, the for-loops are directly translated to [[Assembly language|assembly]]-like compare instructions and [[goto|conditional jump]] instructions. However, this is not always so. In some interpreted programming languages, for-loops are simply translated to while-loops. For instance, take the following Mint/Horchata code: for i = 0; i < 100; i++ end for each item of sequence end /* 'Translated traditional for-loop' */ i = 0 while i < 100 end /* 'Translated for each loop' */ SYSTEM_VAR_0000 = 0 while SYSTEM_VAR_0000 < sequence.length() end", "[[Category:Articles with example Ada code]] [[Category:Articles with example ALGOL 68 code]] [[Category:Articles with example C code]] [[Category:Articles with example Fortran code]] [[Category:Articles with example Perl code]] [[Category:Iteration in programming]] [[Category:Articles with example Python code]]" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77168, 214, 1919, 7071, 196208, 33428, 1363, 4, 34202, 14787, 17955, 95699, 34, 138518, 6626, 14375, 18276, 7, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 237, 70, 159354, 332, 6889, 5, 1529, 158930, 99, 70, 5117, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 161460, 13038, 136, 6, 157272, 390, 4804, 162, 44616, 63871, 56, 59176, 2027, 70810, 4, 99, 138, 187243, 15130, 8305, 72399, 22482, 729, 5039, 5, 581, 159354, 332, 6889, 109133, 47, 70, 150679, 128274, 7, 111, 70, 42814, 911, 277, 275, 13038, 99, 5606, 1104, 8894, 199506, 7440, 764, 24765, 297, 4, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 10, 19336, 23082, 24189, 8055, 729, 5039, 5, 360, 4347, 729, 5039, 4, 2356, 5753, 80723, 50961, 111, 10, 44, 36290, 56, 58, 18276, 100, 70, 79169, 289, 332, 6889, 4, 92416, 13038, 5, 17955, 8306, 11814, 70, 332, 6889, 6637, 442, 509, 959, 140528, 24189, 7103, 70, 15889, 10323, 509, 109133, 47, 176547, 4, 192670, 4, 23, 14487, 729, 5039, 5, 581, 20414, 729, 5039, 150753, 25515, 4331, 27686, 70, 10323, 186, 581, 34202, 25, 7, 13038, 509, 10, 13036, 60213, 111, 58807, 15, 128503, 16, 28166, 339, 25, 7768, 57463, 25, 7, 729, 12183, 1774, 100, 70, 3525, 538, 170920, 30361, 26349, 4, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 17955, 136, 1919, 196212, 111, 22836, 14978, 234484, 4, 2750, 15044, 1902, 3357, 33946, 7, 23, 6, 159958, 4, 176506, 450, 70, 4331, 111, 70, 22392, 13038, 4, 136, 70, 32546, 4, 2806, 186, 19667, 19, 23, 10, 4331, 130412, 5, 106073, 756, 152132, 7, 100, 70, 32546, 3542, 6, 34590, 89829, 4, 142, 213850, 188304, 100, 70, 22392, 13038, 230121, 390, 14631, 2291, 761, 509, 133291, 1295, 40368, 26719, 1632, 230121, 52184, 79850, 390, 234484, 66570, 5, 2291, 761, 509, 103122, 23, 122963, 581, 33976, 1556, 54704, 289, 46517, 97264, 4, 450, 5809, 186, 14037, 105237, 707, 116361, 538, 23, 70, 12610, 107653, 48379, 149696, 3834, 707, 23, 48176, 102960, 5670, 20623, 7, 74, 102960, 5670, 8035, 142, 89176, 107653, 111, 70, 231119, 3129, 1902, 10, 150675, 79507, 98, 70, 65925, 6, 159958, 15, 81841, 8259, 66, 6, 159958, 194, 581, 33976, 2291, 761, 82775, 83, 173, 58726, 78458, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 1407, 56, 74912, 7, 111, 636, 73, 1515, 13038, 4, 23, 96869, 4, 3129, 14432, 100512, 70, 40, 257, 111, 70, 235036, 15, 2347, 120552, 366, 150, 11533, 194, 48752, 289, 3789, 69919, 19, 9, 1704, 120552, 23295, 18276, 7, 765, 2809, 42459, 297, 237, 97264, 111, 46517, 100, 70, 128512, 74912, 1774, 4, 41653, 1884, 70, 6, 84201, 9, 20549, 297, 127067, 12912, 4, 136, 14566, 41653, 1884, 70, 36770, 6445, 90, 23, 70, 13379, 22928, 38484, 5, 195769, 111, 70, 22392, 13038, 80723, 678, 70, 21, 38543, 111, 70, 107767, 34165, 98, 18374, 17480, 729, 12231, 4, 102971, 2685, 509, 110, 23113, 405, 26973, 299, 5, 581, 5201, 45606, 329, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 137374, 7, 111, 70, 18276, 4, 3542, 88303, 21334, 538, 390, 22, 29505, 297, 136, 4092, 101334, 9, 127345, 18940, 1314, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 6, 212423, 28811, 7, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 3789, 4488, 98, 70, 18276, 509, 51339, 297, 390, 177705, 7, 4, 5941, 959, 14373, 678, 130367, 16070, 5, 581, 19096, 34165, 58982, 7, 3542, 3657, 89829, 390, 50695, 4745, 177705, 7, 4, 6, 212423, 390, 2291, 761, 4, 237, 3542, 70, 11192, 9, 107, 51821, 49175, 136, 3671, 1760, 65177, 5256, 36917, 70, 144477, 14018, 3956, 136, 70, 44, 84433, 105994, 58, 103510, 9149, 10519, 70, 43604, 9035, 111, 70, 76896, 6, 44462, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 79612, 214, 140526, 237, 47, 7440, 70, 19096, 34165, 11814, 23, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 22392, 13038, 62038, 3674, 5, 31384, 117729, 42459, 19096, 34165, 1295, 70, 143516, 19, 90695, 111, 6163, 2024, 15, 159975, 25958, 70, 3561, 2300, 94052, 2799, 56216, 581, 144477, 12912, 83, 70, 7893, 65335, 112, 111, 70, 22392, 13038, 136, 58055, 7, 111, 17262, 74912, 7, 136, 103155, 9118, 7, 5, 581, 61585, 74912, 83, 204105, 390, 10, 165249, 2258, 1651, 429, 76512, 136, 121, 5408, 4, 4911, 7, 70, 65335, 112, 135179, 47, 186, 111, 6626, 74912, 7, 5, 581, 9879, 17262, 9118, 7, 621, 50155, 10, 502, 40946, 196, 13886, 15, 100231, 509, 10, 14432, 66044, 47, 70, 18276, 4, 88303, 13656, 149635, 16, 520, 6496, 4, 45458, 47, 70, 2258, 1651, 429, 76512, 4, 237, 10, 23473, 54055, 107, 5, 581, 54825, 111, 70, 22759, 9118, 7, 6, 79023, 6048, 70, 196, 13886, 4, 99, 5117, 9, 52347, 748, 17366, 4, 765, 75939, 214, 6275, 297, 136, 33180, 297, 43604, 9035, 4, 12960, 99, 17932, 9, 52347, 748, 17366, 70, 43604, 9035, 621, 49878, 5, 581, 7893, 581, 33976, 509, 7311, 538, 67842, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 225156, 25, 7, 73416, 830, 44, 225156, 15403, 1572, 6889, 830, 707, 44, 225156, 25, 7, 13038, 740, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 77950, 111, 70, 3835, 159029, 442, 70, 44, 173473, 13038, 58, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 543, 1662, 5, 62, 759, 927, 74216, 71, 450, 20271, 70, 456, 146049, 111, 70, 45646, 7103, 70, 7362, 592, 111, 17955, 4, 35011, 112518, 509, 190659, 47, 7021, 70, 96865, 82649, 442, 1902, 134729, 297, 4, 68772, 70, 33976, 6863, 123055, 28088, 78024, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 211603, 5844, 1572, 6889, 58, 509, 11814, 2161, 72864, 4, 7582, 106, 4, 51374, 4, 4939, 111558, 100512, 70, 5117, 13918, 47, 5646, 45606, 329, 23, 70, 33976, 5, 581, 11737, 5155, 764, 54397, 1919, 58386, 62, 56818, 379, 12, 44, 568, 1645, 53, 179030, 47, 2965, 8770, 70, 2965, 111, 77805, 5180, 98, 903, 13038, 4, 136, 756, 450, 35299, 3688, 11, 46327, 23, 54815, 18, 442, 5, 4347, 351, 13, 1284, 42551, 136, 6, 90825, 453, 17669, 79986, 1379, 903, 133940, 1242, 34202, 161460, 391, 5, 223071, 1902, 111558, 25, 7, 77805, 214, 2258, 4126, 3934, 70, 6, 136615, 23, 70, 22836, 803, 592, 38484, 5, 111558, 158930, 23, 70, 18276, 4734, 59335, 538, 8108, 14978, 234484, 109133, 3934, 70, 44, 8705, 162, 1236, 23295, 45606, 329, 58, 23, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 15672, 18543, 5550, 4, 70, 22392, 13038, 1902, 24209, 645, 15322, 37281, 297, 5, 581, 31913, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 22392, 13038, 83, 70, 51521, 45606, 329, 136, 4488, 23935, 111, 70, 13918, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 99, 48463, 192670, 102736, 6, 186620, 23, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 4, 136, 1556, 2809, 70, 45606, 329, 111, 11907, 345, 5, 294, 5, 13918, 16792, 4939, 111558, 23, 51374, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 173473, 13038, 58, 83, 27983, 11814, 237, 10, 435, 45757, 100, 70, 13918, 136, 1919, 115992, 4295, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early history.", "1789–1800.", "Architectural competition.", "Design influences.", "Construction.", "Architectural description.", "Naming conventions.", "Evolution of the White House.", "Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding.", "Overcrowding and building the West Wing.", "Truman reconstruction.", "Jacqueline Kennedy restoration.", "The White House since the Kennedy restoration.", "Public access and security.", "Historical accessibility.", "Aviation incidents.", "Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue.", "Protection." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City as the executive mansion. He lived at the first, known as the Franklin House and owned by Treasury Commissioner Samuel Osgood, at 3 Cherry Street through late February 1790. The executive mansion moved to the larger quarters of the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway where he stayed, with his wife and a small staff until August 1790. In May 1790, New York began construction of a \"proper\" house for the presidential mansion, Government House. Washington never used the mansion because it was not completed until after the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 1790. The July 1790 Residence Act designated the capital be", "The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. Washington and his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who both had personal interests in architecture, agreed that the design of the White House, and the Capital, would be chosen in a design competition. Although all proposals for the Capital were rejected, an acceptable drawing for the White House submitted by James Hoban was selected from several including one submitted anonymously by Jefferson himself. Hoban was born in Ireland", "The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room.", "Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony. The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans. Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban, as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the \"fish scale\" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač (specifically the Pučišća quarry", "The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal", "The building was originally variously referred to as the \"President's Palace\", \"Presidential Mansion\", or \"President's House\". The earliest evidence of the public calling it the \"White House\" was recorded in 1811. A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered, giving the building its namesake hue. The name \"Executive Mansion\" was used", "", "On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building. The next day he wrote his wife Abigail: \"I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.\" President Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room. Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the \"pleasant country residence\" in", "By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions. Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.", "Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame. By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951. The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms", "Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there. Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Jacqueline Kennedy to assist with the decoration. Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the", "Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the president. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned. Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation. Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family—usually represented by the first lady, the White House curator, and the chief usher—to implement the family's proposals for altering the house. During the Nixon Administration (1969–1974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon. Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration. Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool. Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement. Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration. A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency. Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years. The house was accredited as a museum in 1988. In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room. During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished. The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side. In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters. These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. One hundred sixty-seven solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals. In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.", "", "Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent", "In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds. Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene", "On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building. After September 11, 2001, this change was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse. In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period", "The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police. NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 24702, 133, 111, 1601, 40322, 111, 259, 3132, 117249, 450, 3229, 6626, 707, 1286, 175648, 1916, 259, 3132, 111, 5701, 10644, 621, 45559, 98, 70, 5701, 6275, 4, 70, 31805, 660, 217269, 13, 99, 450, 6275, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 173, 18770, 10554, 111, 70, 217269, 90, 111, 70, 11651, 259, 3132, 5, 4263, 10, 7359, 271, 111, 10, 259, 272, 23356, 7, 10, 7359, 271, 111, 15700, 259, 272, 111, 70, 5701, 12478, 944, 27771, 99, 70, 5701, 6275, 4, 7068, 70, 217269, 13, 83, 70, 10554, 111, 70, 11651, 217269, 90, 2451, 100231, 83, 198870, 13, 193943, 3956, 5, 4263, 10, 7359, 271, 111, 1632, 259, 272, 23356, 7, 10, 3428, 58968, 111, 15700, 259, 272, 4, 7068, 70, 217269, 13, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 60212, 23, 70, 11651, 217269, 90, 2451, 100231, 83, 51529, 237, 8, 36716, 5844, 193943, 3956, 5, 82084, 238, 4935, 193943, 3956, 74918, 7, 3229, 70, 93402, 60212, 17721, 70, 259, 3132, 83, 142, 3853, 48716, 111, 7435, 76748, 247, 7440, 162, 8, 36716, 5844, 193943, 3956, 74918, 7, 3229, 70, 60212, 83, 142, 70270, 48716, 111, 5, 4263, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 93402, 7, 83, 81814, 2182, 17721, 6097, 6626, 120069, 7, 4, 7068, 70, 101668, 13, 111, 70, 2837, 23935, 674, 111, 70, 10554, 4806, 259, 3132, 400, 90, 17721, 70, 15440, 136, 38132, 142424, 5, 137399, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 2367, 96276, 3229, 6626, 31943, 6827, 3474, 1444, 621, 36069, 20051, 3934, 10, 7464, 19361, 111, 7401, 99, 12921, 31913, 7, 5, 98423, 6, 34165, 139392, 7, 10, 115339, 259, 272, 175648, 1916, 1810, 19364, 7, 1295, 70, 6275, 7440, 70, 6, 34165, 509, 36069, 20051, 5, 14847, 70, 6626, 259, 3132, 645, 6324, 4, 70, 2043, 2837, 23935, 674, 99, 10, 17311, 6275, 83, 70, 10554, 111, 70, 2837, 23935, 9035, 111, 70, 11651, 259, 3132, 5, 1913, 3060, 26847, 4, 6097, 1221, 186, 23, 93402, 4, 136, 1221, 27489, 10, 38132, 2837, 23935, 674, 5, 360, 3789, 44677, 4, 70, 259, 3132, 1221, 186, 23, 2874, 9, 153213, 4, 136, 2685, 1221, 186, 110, 2043, 2837, 23935, 674, 99, 6097, 26847, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 63920, 111, 70, 71579, 1221, 186, 29398, 6635, 2451, 2347, 184, 621, 51592, 23, 70, 26366, 36917, 136, 47, 70, 7108, 237, 29398, 6635, 57571, 9, 99433, 124519, 4567, 26518, 1295, 70, 11698, 5, 5337, 69988, 13, 111, 22729, 83, 10, 39210, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 450, 831, 186, 189050, 18507, 71407, 390, 70, 1601, 40322, 111, 259, 3132, 4, 49903, 10, 53894, 56, 100094, 111, 22729, 193943, 3956, 144570, 51359, 111, 259, 272, 9, 254, 26147, 115, 134393, 111, 22729, 3129, 83, 4743, 47, 110436, 135969, 7, 5, 56195, 27781, 7, 111, 22729, 193943, 3956, 621, 70, 170277, 41929, 9, 7, 4353, 28007, 4, 32030, 48502, 8828, 4, 2874, 9, 107, 15991, 100034, 5798, 1916, 7, 136, 1940, 2875, 102220, 7, 5, 97299, 25958, 70, 54704, 289, 259, 272, 3299, 83, 189924, 237, 10, 18231, 100, 100094, 233, 70760, 193943, 3956, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 88238, 20583, 1104, 919, 2109, 8876, 24702, 133, 5, 581, 36917, 831, 186, 106804, 297, 23, 1632, 6, 91403, 390, 16406, 6496, 70, 26168, 100, 70, 10554, 111, 6626, 259, 3132, 5, 581, 28, 5490, 2320, 100, 70, 217269, 13, 111, 10, 157051, 81948, 141, 259, 272, 26983, 214, 47, 70, 7108, 33233, 70, 1022, 9, 11, 33102, 83, 7440, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 70, 280, 344, 217269, 13, 4, 26168, 454, 363, 83, 70, 259, 1353, 316, 1297, 136, 26168, 454, 617, 83, 70, 348, 35975, 12478, 944, 27771, 111, 70, 259, 272, 5, 121691, 8364, 10, 17932, 259, 272, 111, 70, 5701, 12478, 944, 27771, 136, 217269, 13, 1284, 678, 10, 12921, 93402, 83, 2843, 26983, 214, 47, 70, 7108, 7440, 26168, 454, 910, 83, 70, 93402, 60212, 17721, 70, 259, 3132, 23, 4567, 10133, 5, 581, 6626, 259, 3132, 1221, 1601, 78381, 136, 15190, 12, 70, 10554, 111, 70, 6626, 259, 3132, 83, 345, 6953, 70, 171353, 157, 186518, 182324, 100, 70, 10554, 111, 6626, 9545, 12741, 12, 26168, 454, 1019, 903, 831, 186, 59121, 3293, 33636, 7, 10, 259, 272, 99, 70, 7311, 12478, 944, 27771, 4, 26983, 214, 47, 70, 7108, 1884, 70, 82761, 7, 4, 124901, 217269, 13, 83, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 552, 14186, 111, 26168, 454, 963, 5, 62, 8781, 3173, 111, 193943, 3956, 103510, 83, 113054, 297, 2174, 6626, 47880, 259, 3132, 111, 70, 5701, 12478, 944, 27771, 1940, 7, 24762, 99, 142, 55291, 5, 5337, 69988, 13, 83, 85590, 538, 142, 48302, 242564, 1363, 9433, 5, 581, 48302, 3129, 83, 72856, 99, 70, 8, 36716, 5844, 193943, 3956, 83, 6835, 122009, 99, 70, 198870, 13, 193943, 3956, 5, 6561, 259, 272, 83, 26983, 2069, 124001, 538, 4, 136, 70, 3789, 83, 26983, 2069, 7565, 19364, 7, 99, 142, 55291, 30691, 47, 70, 5117, 259, 272, 5, 62, 66596, 214, 450, 70, 6626, 259, 3132, 621, 23, 93402, 99, 70, 6275, 335, 4, 7068, 70, 35845, 93402, 65572, 33233, 70, 44, 425, 58, 9, 11, 33102, 5, 581, 93402, 60212, 99, 70, 6275, 62, 83, 34475, 390, 1650, 831, 186, 51592, 450, 70, 6626, 259, 3132, 621, 23, 93402, 3229, 136, 621, 23552, 10, 105823, 1810, 111, 93402, 3229, 82084, 238, 4935, 193943, 3956, 74918, 7, 3229, 70, 259, 3132, 621, 23, 93402, 4, 136, 8, 36716, 5844, 193943, 3956, 3229, 1836, 621, 23552, 10, 105823, 1810, 111, 93402, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 142, 193943, 3956, 5129, 23023, 103510, 83, 181653, 4, 7440, 70, 37451, 1363, 111, 70, 122200, 83, 136, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 5129, 23023, 5623, 21896, 5, 581, 5129, 23023, 5623, 21896, 51312, 7, 678, 51312, 23, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 4, 136, 678, 8, 7612, 162, 214, 55291, 5, 581, 5129, 449, 90, 621, 139999, 71, 7440, 814, 70, 6626, 259, 3132, 645, 6324, 136, 70, 5129, 23023, 5623, 21896, 83, 61514, 87420, 5, 62, 6275, 31344, 27489, 7, 10, 91, 94266, 21533, 259, 272, 5, 4263, 70, 22729, 1295, 6626, 6275, 97264, 645, 96091, 4, 70, 193943, 3956, 103510, 22288, 7, 1810, 70, 3917, 23, 3129, 70, 93402, 60212, 17721, 70, 6626, 259, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 193943, 3956, 83, 10, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 23, 3129, 6626, 259, 3132, 1601, 78381, 47, 3173, 10, 31805, 660, 259, 272, 111, 117396, 4, 92319, 4, 707, 70, 5701, 217269, 13, 5, 82084, 238, 4935, 136, 8, 36716, 5844, 193943, 3956, 16750, 1295, 70, 182809, 111, 259, 3132, 450, 621, 8231, 174822, 707, 241463, 678, 12638, 3789, 4, 40101, 6637, 1836, 1380, 1295, 70, 5701, 31344, 707, 6637, 1836, 765, 70, 5701, 707, 110518, 70, 5701, 12478, 944, 27771, 5, 5337, 69988, 13, 93425, 831, 186, 139999, 71, 678, 756, 52895, 111, 259, 3132, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 22729, 4, 5977, 4, 10, 12600, 28692, 4, 71579, 7401, 259, 3132, 4, 64002, 939, 259, 3132, 4, 707, 26866, 259, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Mechanisms.", "Derivation.", "Between two plane waves.", "Between two spherical waves.", "Multiple beams.", "Optical interference.", "Light source requirements.", "Optical arrangements.", "Applications.", "Optical interferometry.", "Radio interferometry.", "Acoustic interferometry.", "Quantum interference." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more propagating waves of same type are incident on the same point, the resultant amplitude at that point is equal to the vector sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves. If a crest of a wave meets a crest of another wave of the same frequency at the same point, then the amplitude is the sum of the individual amplitudes—this is constructive interference. If a crest of one wave meets a trough of another wave, then the amplitude is equal to the difference in the individual amplitudes—this is known as destructive interference. Constructive interference occurs when the phase difference between the waves is an even multiple of (180°), whereas destructive interference occurs when the difference is an odd multiple of. If the difference between the phases is intermediate between these two extremes, then the magnitude of the displacement of the summed waves lies between the minimum and maximum values. Consider, for example, what happens when two identical stones are dropped into a still pool of water at different locations. Each stone generates a circular wave propagating outwards from the point where the stone was dropped. When the two waves overlap, the net displacement at a particular point is the sum of the displacements of the individual waves. At some points, these will be in phase, and will produce a maximum displacement. In other places, the waves will be in anti-phase, and there will be no net displacement at these points. Thus, parts of the surface will be stationary—these are seen in the figure above and to the right as stationary blue-green lines radiating from the centre. Interference of light is a common phenomenon that can be explained classically by the superposition of waves, however a deeper understanding of light interference requires knowledge of wave-particle duality of light which is due to quantum mechanics. Prime examples of light interference are the famous double-slit experiment, laser speckle, anti-reflective coatings and interferometers. Traditionally the classical wave model is taught as a basis for understanding optical interference, based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle.", "The above can be demonstrated in one dimension by deriving the formula for the sum of two waves. The equation for the amplitude of a sinusoidal wave traveling to the right along the x-axis is where formula_2 is the peak amplitude, formula_3 is the wavenumber and formula_4 is the angular frequency of the wave. Suppose a second wave of the same frequency and amplitude but with a different phase is also traveling to the right where formula_6 is the phase difference between the waves in radians. The two waves will superpose and add: the sum of the two waves is Using the trigonometric identity for the sum of two cosines: formula_8 this can be written This represents a wave at the original frequency, traveling to the right like the components, whose amplitude is proportional to the cosine of formula_10.", "A simple form of interference pattern is obtained if two plane waves of the same frequency intersect at an angle. Interference is essentially an energy redistribution process. The energy which is lost at the destructive interference is regained at the constructive interference. One wave is travelling horizontally, and the other is travelling downwards at an angle θ to the first wave. Assuming that the two waves are in phase at the point B, then the relative phase changes along the \"x\"-axis. The phase difference at the point A is given by It can be seen that the two waves are in phase when and are half a cycle out of phase when Constructive interference occurs when the waves are in phase, and destructive interference when they are half a cycle out of phase. Thus, an interference fringe pattern is produced, where the separation of the maxima is and is known as the fringe spacing. The fringe spacing increases with increase in wavelength, and with decreasing angle. The fringes are observed wherever the two waves overlap and the fringe spacing is uniform throughout.", "A point source produces a spherical wave. If the light from two point sources overlaps, the interference pattern maps out the way in which the phase difference between the two waves varies in space. This depends on the wavelength and on the separation of the point sources. The figure to the right shows interference between two spherical waves. The wavelength increases from top to bottom, and the distance between the sources increases from left to right. When the plane of observation is far enough away, the fringe pattern will be a series of almost straight lines, since the waves will then be almost planar.", "Interference occurs when several waves are added together provided that the phase differences between them remain constant over the observation time. It is sometimes desirable for several waves of the same frequency and amplitude to sum to zero (that is, interfere destructively, cancel). This is the principle behind, for example, 3-phase power and the diffraction grating. In both of these cases, the result is achieved by uniform spacing of the phases. It is easy to see that a set of waves will cancel if they have the same amplitude and their phases are spaced equally in angle. Using phasors, each wave can be represented as formula_21 for formula_22 waves from formula_23 to formula_24, where To show that one merely assumes the converse, then multiplies both sides by formula_27 The Fabry–Pérot interferometer uses interference between multiple reflections. A diffraction grating can be considered to be a multiple-beam interferometer; since the peaks which it produces are generated by interference between the light transmitted by each of the elements in the grating; see interference vs. diffraction for further discussion.", "Because the frequency of light waves (~10 Hz) is too high to be detected by currently available detectors, it is possible to observe only the intensity of an optical interference pattern. The intensity of the light at a given point is proportional to the square of the average amplitude of the wave. This can be expressed mathematically as follows. The displacement of the two waves at a point is: where represents the magnitude of the displacement, represents the phase and represents the angular frequency. The displacement of the summed waves is The intensity of the light at is given by This can be expressed in terms of the intensities of the individual waves as Thus, the interference pattern maps out the difference in phase between the two waves, with maxima occurring when the phase difference is a multiple of 2. If the two beams are of equal intensity, the maxima are four times as bright as the individual beams, and the minima have zero intensity. The two waves must have the same polarization to give rise to interference fringes since it is not possible for waves of different polarizations to cancel one another out or add together. Instead, when waves of different polarization are added together, they give rise to a wave of a different polarization state.", "The discussion above assumes that the waves which interfere with one another are monochromatic, i.e. have a single frequency—this requires that they are infinite in time. This is not, however, either practical or necessary. Two identical waves of finite duration whose frequency is fixed over that period will give rise to an interference pattern while they overlap. Two identical waves which consist of a narrow spectrum of frequency waves of finite duration, will give a series of fringe patterns of slightly differing spacings, and provided the spread of spacings is significantly less than the average fringe spacing, a fringe pattern will again be observed during the time when the two waves overlap. Conventional light sources emit waves of differing frequencies and at different times from different points in the source. If the light is split into two waves and then re-combined, each individual light wave may generate an interference pattern with its other half, but the individual fringe patterns generated will have different phases and spacings, and normally no overall fringe pattern will be observable. However, single-element light sources, such as sodium- or mercury-vapor lamps have emission lines with quite narrow frequency spectra. When these are spatially and colour filtered, and then split into two waves, they can be superimposed to generate interference fringes. All interferometry prior to the invention of the laser was done using such sources and had a wide range of successful applications. A laser beam generally approximates much more closely to a monochromatic source, and it is much more straightforward to generate interference fringes using a laser. The ease with which interference fringes can be observed with a laser beam can sometimes cause problems in that stray reflections may give spurious interference fringes which can result in errors. Normally, a single laser beam is used in interferometry, though interference has been observed using two independent lasers whose frequencies were sufficiently matched to satisfy the phase requirements. This has also been observed for widefield interference between two incoherent laser sources. It is also possible to observe interference fringes using white light. A white light fringe pattern can be considered to be made up of a'spectrum' of fringe patterns each of slightly different spacing. If all the fringe patterns are in phase in the centre, then the fringes will increase in size as the wavelength decreases and the summed intensity will show three to four fringes of varying colour. Young describes this very elegantly in his discussion of two slit interference. Since white light fringes are obtained only when the two waves have travelled equal distances from the light source, they can be very useful in interferometry, as they allow the zero path difference fringe to be identified.", "To generate interference fringes, light from the source has to be divided into two waves which have then to be re-combined. Traditionally, interferometers have been classified as either amplitude-division or wavefront-division systems. In an amplitude-division system, a beam splitter is used to divide the light into two beams travelling in different directions, which are then superimposed to produce the interference pattern. The Michelson interferometer and the Mach–Zehnder interferometer are examples of amplitude-division systems. In wavefront-division systems, the wave is divided in space—examples are Young's double slit interferometer and Lloyd's mirror. Interference can also be seen in everyday phenomena such as iridescence and structural coloration. For example, the colours seen in a soap bubble arise from interference of light reflecting off the front and back surfaces of the thin soap film. Depending on the thickness of the film, different colours interfere constructively and destructively.", "", "Interferometry has played an important role in the advancement of physics, and also has a wide range of applications in physical and engineering measurement. Thomas Young's double slit interferometer in 1803 demonstrated interference fringes when two small holes were illuminated by light from another small hole which was illuminated by sunlight. Young was able to estimate the wavelength of different colours in the spectrum from the spacing of the fringes. The experiment played a major role in the general acceptance of the wave theory of light. In quantum mechanics, this experiment is considered to demonstrate the inseparability of the wave and particle natures of light and other quantum particles (wave–particle duality). Richard Feynman was fond of saying that all of quantum mechanics can be gleaned from carefully thinking through the implications of this single experiment. The results of the Michelson–Morley experiment are generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the theory of a luminiferous aether and in favor of special relativity. Interferometry has been used in defining and calibrating length standards. When the metre was defined as the distance between two marks on a platinum-iridium bar, Michelson and Benoît used interferometry to measure the wavelength of the red cadmium line in the new standard, and also showed that it could be used as a length standard. Sixty years later, in 1960, the metre in the new SI system was defined to be equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum. This definition was replaced in 1983 by defining the metre as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during a specific time interval. Interferometry is still fundamental in establishing the calibration chain in length measurement. Interferometry is used in the calibration of slip gauges (called gauge blocks in the US) and in coordinate-measuring machines. It is also used in the testing of optical components.", "In 1946, a technique called astronomical interferometry was developed. Astronomical radio interferometers usually consist either of arrays of parabolic dishes or two-dimensional arrays of omni-directional antennas. All of the telescopes in the array are widely separated and are usually connected together using coaxial cable, waveguide, optical fiber, or other type of transmission line. Interferometry increases the total signal collected, but its primary purpose is to vastly increase the resolution through a process called Aperture synthesis. This technique works by superposing (interfering) the signal waves from the different telescopes on the principle that waves that coincide with the same phase will add to each other while two waves that have opposite phases will cancel each other out. This creates a combined telescope that is equivalent in resolution (though not in sensitivity) to a single antenna whose diameter is equal to the spacing of the antennas furthest apart in the array.", "An acoustic interferometer is an instrument for measuring the physical characteristics of sound waves in a gas or liquid, such velocity, wavelength, absorption, or impedance. A vibrating crystal creates ultrasonic waves that are radiated into the medium. The waves strike a reflector placed parallel to the crystal, reflected back to the source and measured.", "If a system is in state formula_33, its wavefunction is described in Dirac or bra–ket notation as: where the formula_35s specify the different quantum \"alternatives\" available (technically, they form an eigenvector basis) and the formula_36 are the probability amplitude coefficients, which are complex numbers. The probability of observing the system making a transition or quantum leap from state formula_33 to a new state formula_38 is the square of the modulus of the scalar or inner product of the two states: where formula_41 (as defined above) and similarly formula_42 are the coefficients of the final state of the system. * is the complex conjugate so that formula_43, etc. Now consider the situation classically and imagine that the system transited from formula_44 to formula_45 via an intermediate state formula_46. Then we would \"classically\" expect the probability of the two-step transition to be the sum of all the possible intermediate steps. So we would have The classical and quantum derivations for the transition probability differ by the presence, in the quantum case, of the extra terms formula_49; these extra quantum terms represent \"interference\" between the different formula_50 intermediate \"alternatives\". These are consequently known as the \"quantum interference terms\", or \"cross terms\". This is a purely quantum effect and is a consequence of the non-additivity of the probabilities of quantum alternatives. The interference terms vanish, via the mechanism of quantum decoherence, if the intermediate state formula_35 is measured or coupled with its environment." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 180, 33, 8945, 19005, 25, 42732, 509, 40101, 24, 7144, 1950, 23024, 15, 85, 46526, 56, 111, 70, 96113, 2355, 13000, 7884, 39209, 1301, 31, 7332, 4, 70, 187, 4806, 24073, 3467, 1081, 18939, 52101, 111, 10, 31576, 43573, 94546, 16, 707, 8694, 131803, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 19434, 14, 12649, 4, 136565, 3060, 135812, 237, 1919, 158, 62351, 64457, 5, 1529, 139505, 4, 2174, 959, 8694, 131803, 4, 7068, 28120, 38417, 111, 1172, 8797, 4, 70, 76849, 111, 62, 58532, 3834, 136, 50005, 53, 48226, 5, 63519, 27060, 8337, 50005, 53, 24948, 13, 4, 76849, 111, 48758, 223, 4, 40101, 237, 1919, 42732, 707, 158, 62351, 5, 18763, 20020, 30338, 988, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 3542, 636, 36340, 11636, 7, 15, 434, 497, 117, 164, 5252, 6637, 111, 1919, 5161, 100, 930, 11727, 86, 16, 136, 884, 318, 7340, 15, 432, 9319, 111, 1784, 1081, 1192, 390, 31267, 223, 194, 42172, 64690, 162, 4, 2750, 83, 137567, 49242, 70760, 1672, 43515, 111, 118103, 60887, 214, 1295, 2355, 7, 4, 30482, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 775, 111, 10, 67573, 67373, 4, 884, 425, 1830, 5, 4939, 384, 7689, 13105, 606, 106357, 7, 10, 11389, 3129, 4, 23, 70, 5701, 173, 73, 4, 11782, 7, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 775, 111, 10, 92179, 3581, 223, 390, 8694, 131803, 5, 581, 22293, 7779, 3432, 122399, 23, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 82575, 53, 91067, 4, 50005, 44652, 988, 25, 44, 568, 19379, 33781, 11, 23, 180861, 164, 830, 2806, 3687, 4049, 6626, 58093, 7, 8108, 70, 8302, 2864, 5550, 4, 20662, 4049, 70, 6782, 9, 79139, 1021, 9319, 111, 70, 62, 2921, 17996, 4, 17149, 37138, 6431, 136, 87051, 26253, 5, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 4, 30783, 7844, 111, 10, 502, 20133, 2408, 450, 63043, 297, 764, 2806, 186, 152388, 390, 1919, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 4, 1902, 152388, 136659, 5997, 11462, 22230, 111, 1919, 76849, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 7103, 8, 88981, 214, 2856, 23, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 5, 1529, 261, 55923, 297, 2363, 10336, 7, 47, 70, 109412, 33, 3365, 316, 1779, 111, 1919, 5381, 329, 5, 42172, 64690, 162, 509, 127887, 2367, 509, 7398, 6982, 297, 538, 70, 4568, 135203, 3365, 316, 19, 23, 70, 72399, 17932, 142642, 18471, 74, 764, 41392, 7, 450, 100457, 6423, 3657, 89829, 10, 42762, 23, 20338, 111, 756, 70, 11462, 22230, 2750, 107671, 297, 4049, 4, 136, 5303, 7, 2363, 123055, 12, 100457, 6423, 775, 111, 18813, 62691, 64153, 111, 129965, 399, 4, 21449, 47, 26458, 100, 604, 3535, 136, 133888, 47, 45712, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 5, 145062, 46572, 1672, 388, 214, 4, 100457, 6423, 23409, 47, 70, 15520, 8752, 136, 23, 23253, 297, 663, 24706, 191, 4, 1919, 36770, 100306, 5, 853, 36904, 214, 663, 24706, 191, 111, 2363, 5161, 24073, 47677, 48362, 27413, 25, 7, 53673, 18466, 7, 74054, 764, 37170, 663, 24706, 191, 100, 4358, 5, 24965, 49725, 4, 663, 24706, 191, 143434, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 79442, 19, 390, 19916, 17704, 111649, 7, 47, 108975, 5, 100457, 6423, 136, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 4, 4552, 5045, 23, 5161, 4, 97025, 297, 10, 1774, 47, 91995, 70, 52656, 13, 11508, 206, 5128, 7, 243, 934, 214, 70, 160298, 7, 47, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 10, 425, 133, 678, 106287, 64333, 7228, 111, 186, 90, 634, 425, 5, 581, 45712, 80723, 4, 136, 23409, 98, 100, 10, 4989, 1733, 5, 4966, 1660, 237, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 509, 105556, 214, 1257, 47, 100457, 6423, 136, 43542, 214, 47, 67153, 4049, 4, 70, 160298, 7, 18738, 434, 5773, 136, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 7155, 350, 34955, 5, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 1608, 4726, 67, 56, 4, 2646, 16575, 5782, 4, 188545, 71, 4, 1284, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 509, 24911, 17704, 47, 47219, 390, 1919, 111649, 7, 5, 100457, 6423, 7068, 152388, 2646, 16575, 5782, 15, 1272, 104250, 214, 4049, 5773, 10, 6, 195167, 3934, 70, 15520, 237, 764, 22074, 297, 4049, 16, 7103, 70, 21, 3055, 81887, 297, 47, 63043, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 5, 1301, 2646, 16575, 5782, 68, 71, 4, 764, 22074, 297, 100457, 6423, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 31344, 111, 70, 22074, 13, 450, 256, 309, 3674, 60887, 10840, 111, 100457, 6423, 25, 4, 26719, 62, 2921, 223, 4, 149559, 4896, 7, 4, 17149, 37138, 6431, 4, 62, 2507, 1419, 6378, 4, 87051, 26253, 136, 86380, 39658, 5, 22376, 4, 70, 373, 51626, 3687, 111, 2646, 16575, 5782, 509, 10, 44, 12715, 5134, 11636, 7, 58, 23, 142297, 4, 10, 44, 5922, 184, 9, 7079, 228624, 3687, 58, 20271, 45712, 7, 5, 360, 98323, 111, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 4, 70, 152150, 34242, 3542, 75935, 15, 748, 30700, 538, 70, 152150, 34242, 3542, 23, 204657, 111, 100457, 6423, 25, 91375, 53, 194, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 509, 1632, 62673, 1294, 59665, 111, 70, 152150, 34242, 74, 1632, 111, 6863, 174548, 9, 4594, 7, 509, 9498, 56, 4126, 4, 136, 68807, 442, 3514, 434, 142, 12701, 66, 37254, 111, 10, 96865, 18, 44, 23923, 111, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 830, 113771, 390, 42172, 64690, 162, 23, 70, 116, 2208, 142642, 18471, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 15, 289, 991, 180, 33, 2887, 223, 74, 4, 44, 670, 244362, 18101, 192, 232, 18939, 111, 94546, 4, 509, 70, 67373, 111, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 136, 70, 775, 111, 15901, 7, 5, 18763, 9351, 44, 670, 14, 31079, 232, 58, 101717, 90, 4049, 237, 10, 108069, 332, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Family.", "Mythology.", "Courtship of Hippodamia.", "Death." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Oenomaeus' mother was either naiad Harpina (daughter of the river god Phliasian Asopus, the armed (\"harpe\") spirit of a spring near Pisa) or Sterope, one of the Pleiades, whom some identify as his consort instead. He married, if not Sterope, then Evarete of Argos, the daughter of Acrisius and Eurydice. Yet others give Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus, either as his mother or consort. His children besides Hippodamia were Leucippus (who perished because of his love for Daphne) and Alcippe (mother of Marpessa by Evenus). Pausanias, who is generally skeptical about stories of humans descending from gods, makes Oenomaus son of a mortal father, Alxion. John Tzetzes adduces a version which, in the same vein, calls Oenomaus son of a Hyperochus by Sterope. The genealogy offered in the earliest literary reference, Euripides' \"Iphigenia in Tauris\", would place him two generations before the Trojan War, making him the great-grandfather of the Atreides, Agamemnon and Menelaus.", "", "King Oenomaus, fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law, had killed eighteen suitors of his daughter Hippodamia after defeating them in a chariot race. He affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was purportedly the last standing column in the late second century CE; he mentions that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors who preceded him, and lists their names:", "Pelops son of King Tantalus of Lydia, came to ask for her hand and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover. Reminding Poseidon of their love (\"Aphrodite's sweet gifts\"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by winged horses to appear. Pelops and Hippodamia, very much in love, devised a plan to replace the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race began, and went on for a long time. But just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Oenomaus' charioteer, Myrtilus, survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses. Pelops then killed Myrtilus (by throwing him off a cliff into the sea as he cursed him) after the latter attempted to claim Hippodamia. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops. This was the source of the curse that haunted descendants of Pelops', including Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes. Also, the burial place of Myrtilus was a \"taraxippus\" in Olympia, a \"horse-frightening place\" during races. In memory of Oenomaus, the Olympic Games were created (or alternatively the Olympic Games were in celebration of Pelops' victory). Oenomaus' chariot race was one legendary origin of the Olympic Games; one of its turning-posts was preserved, and round it grew an Elean legend of a burnt \"house of Oenomaus\", reported by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 100457, 6423, 509, 10, 775, 111, 62691, 64153, 136, 40101, 17893, 86, 4, 50005, 1643, 11124, 707, 50005, 53, 2347, 11714, 5, 360, 3060, 15426, 7, 4, 764, 509, 35839, 10, 26462, 4216, 775, 111, 62691, 64153, 12960, 27060, 24, 4806, 1919, 27863, 237, 110588, 136, 70, 6, 5264, 11727, 1261, 2245, 5, 6619, 185709, 53, 34958, 707, 18118, 27201, 127319, 4, 764, 45807, 71, 1919, 5368, 1760, 100, 200955, 4, 136, 23742, 70, 13081, 7710, 111, 94546, 707, 142297, 1295, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 23, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 7068, 139505, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 7, 76849, 4, 45644, 771, 98766, 399, 5, 100457, 6423, 136, 45644, 771, 98766, 399, 1902, 99, 19713, 37195, 8927, 20020, 5, 581, 481, 775, 7, 26698, 45533, 2347, 223, 15, 748, 1919, 42732, 509, 4512, 247, 8302, 74065, 4, 134857, 24948, 223, 4, 803, 432, 30621, 4, 19434, 1419, 3220, 90, 4, 62, 2921, 223, 4, 149559, 4896, 7, 4, 1311, 4692, 223, 4, 45644, 5007, 318, 2647, 4, 49628, 1900, 4, 82366, 25749, 136, 10842, 107, 223, 5, 65056, 111, 2363, 76849, 7, 139505, 3934, 70, 13038, 111, 77667, 223, 12, 62, 8946, 98766, 399, 15, 434, 497, 139505, 134857, 19005, 247, 69573, 7340, 15, 434, 497, 139505, 159, 2347, 86, 5782, 247, 65927, 14, 48226, 15, 434, 497, 139505, 127328, 42, 16, 136, 50005, 53, 48226, 15, 434, 497, 139505, 93010, 1294, 191, 194, 3311, 70, 6, 5264, 11727, 62, 78697, 1430, 15, 16, 707, 2290, 1606, 707, 62, 8946, 31, 1430, 4, 100457, 6423, 509, 67373, 111, 61712, 53, 30255, 7332, 5, 100457, 6423, 25, 67373, 509, 62691, 64153, 4, 60097, 99, 101057, 602, 6493, 5782, 23, 224616, 11, 5, 42335, 214, 47, 3249, 142, 126416, 47, 70, 142297, 1779, 4, 62691, 64153, 59226, 100457, 6423, 3934, 126371, 136, 7228, 1919, 18738, 1495, 3934, 10, 2288, 434, 4, 7068, 149976, 442, 47, 70, 2355, 7, 5, 262, 29089, 4, 53894, 23, 10314, 4240, 7103, 70, 1563, 77391, 111, 604, 76849, 77667, 26551, 390, 101444, 7, 4, 146291, 36904, 297, 538, 68186, 71, 70, 126416, 136, 10, 67, 70, 25737, 5608, 56, 5, 581, 3789, 2355, 7, 10422, 71, 70, 23577, 4, 49903, 4, 136, 34658, 5773, 1295, 118992, 111, 70, 25299, 25, 7, 14361, 5, 51404, 62691, 64153, 509, 24657, 67175, 47, 6760, 867, 223, 4, 100457, 6423, 509, 68869, 538, 456, 93457, 71, 136, 91048, 4420, 47, 6897, 4, 1919, 5608, 56, 91995, 71, 678, 1632, 111, 17, 3104, 53, 7228, 100, 4049, 390, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 5, 12264, 1506, 119056, 903, 40250, 23, 1919, 23972, 142297, 19, 180, 112, 4, 4734, 47, 456, 75161, 442, 237, 10, 8137, 60744, 23, 57241, 5, 24372, 100457, 6423, 25, 3332, 33724, 10763, 4, 663, 24706, 191, 34739, 4049, 47, 68237, 223, 4, 136, 7228, 4049, 70, 156206, 4027, 982, 24494, 4, 128169, 4049, 2843, 47, 22648, 70, 82370, 13, 1608, 4726, 18, 5, 147466, 4, 3786, 223, 14037, 1810, 1672, 70, 2355, 7, 25, 6, 116496, 15381, 136, 2363, 5036, 122273, 297, 23410, 7, 4, 136, 159399, 434, 100457, 6423, 1810, 111, 68237, 223, 4, 348, 1294, 99, 1919, 67373, 4, 62691, 64153, 5, 171855, 55993, 19, 47, 332, 44462, 4, 100457, 6423, 36663, 47, 1108, 1294, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 5, 1840, 67373, 4, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 4, 30783, 7844, 111, 10, 502, 20133, 2408, 450, 63043, 297, 764, 2806, 186, 152388, 390, 1919, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 4, 1902, 152388, 136659, 5997, 11462, 22230, 111, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 7103, 8, 88981, 214, 2856, 23, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 136, 261, 55923, 297, 2363, 10336, 7, 47, 70, 109412, 33, 3365, 316, 1779, 111, 1919, 5381, 329, 5, 42172, 64690, 162, 509, 127887, 2367, 509, 134598, 538, 70, 4568, 135203, 3365, 316, 19, 23, 70, 72399, 17932, 142642, 18471, 74, 764, 54397, 450, 100457, 6423, 3657, 89829, 10, 42762, 23, 20338, 111, 756, 70, 11462, 22230, 2750, 1902, 107671, 297, 4049, 12, 100457, 6423, 21449, 47, 26458, 100, 604, 3535, 136, 133888, 47, 45712, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 5, 145062, 46572, 1672, 388, 214, 4, 100457, 6423, 23409, 47, 70, 15520, 8752, 136, 23, 23253, 297, 663, 24706, 191, 4, 1919, 36770, 100306, 5, 853, 36904, 214, 663, 24706, 191, 111, 2363, 5161, 24073, 47677, 48362, 27413, 25, 7, 53673, 18466, 7, 74054, 764, 37170, 663, 24706, 191, 100, 4358, 5, 24965, 49725, 4, 663, 24706, 191, 143434, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 79442, 19, 390, 51, 102, 4806, 19916, 17704, 111649, 7, 47, 108975, 5, 32964, 50094, 7, 23, 3784, 6496, 1608, 4726, 67, 1314, 3542, 49814, 3934, 70, 111719, 15426, 111, 70, 40814, 1771, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 62548, 390, 19635, 193041, 223, 4, 19441, 75204, 70, 111649, 7, 4, 100457, 6423, 256, 98686, 47, 94546, 47, 8, 88981, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 5, 2161, 70, 3917, 4, 1919, 1608, 4726, 67, 56, 2079, 72994, 24073, 289, 991, 24, 4806, 159, 14612, 56, 223, 18939, 14792, 136, 9157, 7, 23, 10, 48869, 645, 100457, 6423, 4, 2750, 509, 103210, 45, 95650, 297, 1672, 4049, 4, 47, 3249, 50336, 7, 100, 10, 211088, 5, 100457, 6423, 9969, 25720, 390, 6818, 38543, 1919, 10, 114942, 118208, 2517, 538, 4, 136, 138804, 7, 10, 931, 7030, 47, 72, 24762, 10, 110664, 171332, 47, 107184, 3129, 764, 123055, 107184, 313, 2298, 19005, 136, 764, 14037, 7, 10, 26349, 30338, 988, 70, 931, 7030, 136, 70, 110664, 3129, 764, 2843, 123055, 313, 2298, 7103, 1919, 1608, 4726, 67, 56, 136, 34391, 5, 149766, 70, 110664, 136, 70, 26349, 621, 119056, 23, 70, 5117, 12877, 111, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 44, 24687, 7144, 58, 136, 157666, 118861, 2363, 24763, 31913, 765, 2809, 7228, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 2079, 72994, 4, 3853, 7103, 1919, 47219, 4, 135179, 47, 765, 104902, 100457, 6423, 25, 22304, 23, 12989, 100, 4049, 47, 19916, 70, 45712, 5, 360, 70, 17932, 4, 100457, 6423, 4, 7464, 51646, 13, 111, 66570, 15, 748, 30700, 538, 4, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 164055, 16, 136, 111, 70, 19916, 17704, 111649, 7, 136, 1608, 4726, 18, 111, 82370, 13, 22691, 3956, 764, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 100457, 6423, 15, 74, 1388, 509, 60097, 111, 94546, 23, 70, 100457, 5416, 1444, 223, 10776, 15, 4, 44, 18144, 66983, 7, 25, 18481, 51029, 18763, 67373, 4, 62691, 64153, 4, 509, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 70, 13038, 111, 62, 2921, 223, 8305, 100457, 6423, 25, 7, 775, 111, 450, 9351, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Genealogy.", "Mythology.", "Tantalus' savage banquet.", "Courting Hippodamia.", "Olympic games.", "Curse of the Pelopidai.", "Cult.", "Origin.", "Shrines." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Pelops was a son of Tantalus and either Dione, Euryanassa or Eurythemista. In some accounts, he was called a bastard son of Tantalus while others named his parents as Atlas and the nymph Linos. Of Phrygian or Lydian birth, he departed his homeland for Greece, and won the crown of Pisa or Olympia from King Oenomaus in a chariot race then married Oenomaus's daughter, Hippodameia. Pelops and Hippodameia had at least sixteen children. Their sons include Pittheus (or his mother was Dia), Troezen, Alcathous, Dimoetes, Pleisthenes, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Hippalcimus, Sciron, Cleones and Letreus. Four of their daughters married into the House of Perseus: Astydameia (who married Alcaeus), Nicippe (who married Sthenelus), Lysidice (who married Mestor) and Eurydice (who married Electryon). By the nymph Axioche () or Danais or Astyoche, Pelops was father of Chrysippus.", "", "Pelops' father was Tantalus, king at Mount Sipylus in Anatolia. Wanting to make an offering to the Olympians, Tantalus cut Pelops into pieces and made his flesh into a stew, then served it to the gods. Demeter, deep in grief after the abduction of her daughter Persephone by Hades, absentmindedly accepted the offering and ate the left shoulder. The other gods sensed the plot, however, and held off from eating of the boy's body. While Tantalus was banished to Tartarus, Pelops was ritually reassembled and brought back to life, his shoulder replaced with one of ivory made for him by Hephaestus. Pindar mentioned this tradition in his First Olympian Ode, only to reject it as a malicious invention. After Pelops' resurrection, Poseidon took him to Olympus, and made him the youth apprentice, teaching him also to drive the divine chariot. Later, Zeus found out about the gods' stolen food and their now revealed secrets, and threw Pelops out of Olympus, angry at his father, Tantalus.", "Having grown to manhood, Pelops wanted to marry Hippodamia. Her father, King Oenomaus, fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law, had killed eighteen suitors of Hippodamia after defeating them in a chariot race and affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was supposedly the last standing column in the late second century CE; he wrote that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors who had preceded him: Pelops came to ask for her hand and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover. Reminding Poseidon of their love (\"Aphrodite's sweet gifts\"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by untamed winged horses to appear. Two episodes involving charioteers were added into the plain account of the heroic chariot race. In the first related by Theopompus, having received the horses, Pelops hastens to Pisa to defeat Oenomaus. On the way, his charioteer Cillus (\"also named Sphaerus\") dies and stands in a dream over Pelops, who was highly distressed about him, to make requests for a funeral. Pelops complies by burying his ashes magnificently, and raises a mound to erect a temple dedicated to Apollo which he names Apollo Cillaeus and he founds a city besides the mound and the temple which he also names Cilla after his charioteer and friend. Both the temple and the city are mentioned in the first book of Homer's \"Iliad\" and suggestions regarding their exact location have been made. Furthermore, Cillus, even after his death, appears to have helped Pelops' cause in order for him to win the race. In the second, Pelops, still unsure of himself (or alternatively, Hippodamia herself) and of the winged horses and chariot of divine providence he had secured, convinced Oenomaus' charioteer, Myrtilus, a son of Hermes, to help him win. Pelops or Hippodamia herself convinced Myrtilus by promising him half of Oenomaus' kingdom and the first night in bed with Hippodamia. The night before the race, while Myrtilus was putting together Oenomaus' chariot, he replaced the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race started, and went on for a long time. But just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Myrtilus survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses. Pelops then killed Myrtilus (by throwing him off a cliff into the sea) after the latter attempted to rape Hippodamia.", "After his victory, Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oinomaos, in order to be purified of his death. It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Games were inspired. Pelops became a great king, a local hero, and gave his name to the Peloponnese. Walter Burkert notes that though the story of Hippodamia's abduction figures in the Hesiodic \"Catalogue of Women\" and on the chest of Cypselus (c. 570 BCE) that was conserved at Olympia, and though preparations for the chariot-race figured in the east pediment of the great temple of Zeus at Olympia, the myth of the chariot race only became important at Olympia with the introduction of chariot racing in the twenty-fifth Olympiad (680 BCE). G. Devereux connected the abduction of Hippodamia with animal husbandry taboos of Elis, and the influence of Elis at Olympia that grew in the seventh century.", "As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops for his ultimate betrayal. This was one of the sources of the curse that destroyed his family: two of his sons, Atreus and Thyestes, killed their half brother, Chrysippus, who was his favorite son and was meant to inherit the kingdom; Atreus and Thyestes were banished by him together with Hippodamia, their mother, who then hanged herself; each successive generation of descendants suffered greatly by atrocious crimes and compounded the curse by committing more crimes, as the curse weighed upon Pelops' children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren including Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus, and finally Orestes, who was acquitted by a court of law convened by the gods Athena and Apollo. Although commonly referred to as \"the curse of the Atreides\", the circle of atrocious events began two generations before Atreus and continued for two generations after him, before being formally absolved by the Furies in court.", "", "Pelops is believed to have Anatolian origins. He may have been originally worshipped in Phrygia or Lydia. Other ancient mythographers connect him with Paphlagonia. He may have come from the Paphlagonian town of Enete. Others represent him as a native of Greece, who came from Olenos in Achaia, or perhaps from Arcadia. Also, according to Strabo, Pelops cult may have come to the Peloponnese originally from Phthiotis, and was first based in Laconia: \"... the Achaeans of Phthiotis came down with Pelops into the Peloponnesus, took up their abode in Laconia...\"", "The shrine of Pelops at Olympia, the \"Pelopion\" \"drenched in glorious blood\", described by Pausanias stood apart from the temple of Zeus, next to Pelops' grave-site by the ford in the river. It was enclosed with a circle of stones. Pelops was propitiated as a chthonic deity, at night with the offering of a black ram. His remains were contained in a chest near the sanctuary of Artemis Kordax (Pausanias 6.22.1), though in earlier times a gigantic shoulder blade was shown; during the Trojan War, John Tzetzes said, Pelops' shoulder-blade was brought to Troy by the Greeks because the Trojan prophet Helenus claimed the Pelopids would be able to win by doing so. Pausanias was told the full story: the shoulder-blade of Pelops was brought to Troy from Pisa, the rival of Elis; on the return, the bone was lost in a shipwreck, but afterwards recovered by a fisherman, miraculously caught in his net. Giant-sized bones were and are often found in Greece, the remains of gigantic prehistoric animals. In ancient times there was obviously no knowledge of dinosaurs or mammoths, and such findings were believed to be actual remains of legendary heroes or demigods, and to reflect the supposedly supernatural stature of humans of the long-bygone Heroic Age. The bones' provenance was then determined according to local legends about ancient burials, with political expedience also playing a major role, helped along by convenient dreams, visions or priestly auguries." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 243, 11, 14653, 21640, 36272, 678, 604, 50960, 12275, 71834, 4, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 830, 23, 103844, 7224, 18383, 233, 3674, 47, 28282, 10, 6626, 9, 17365, 28960, 9, 2037, 17164, 5, 171855, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 110518, 37195, 939, 28560, 7, 100, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 830, 2412, 3884, 164055, 44, 191, 70, 29752, 111, 36849, 214, 378, 3334, 268, 40304, 64333, 58, 47, 17164, 100, 44, 670, 7263, 96746, 2320, 4, 5976, 5, 116, 58, 136, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 4, 70, 195374, 9, 196651, 44, 6159, 145, 1150, 145523, 4, 5976, 5, 106, 740, 51404, 182304, 70, 13452, 4, 7224, 18383, 79786, 678, 96362, 57119, 22230, 63691, 31, 8759, 1888, 4, 636, 1515, 1111, 26916, 4, 27669, 47256, 8712, 31, 11, 136, 94069, 123099, 19, 4, 136, 3525, 56, 89543, 138171, 786, 99726, 6023, 4, 5492, 11030, 420, 16162, 4, 13320, 181798, 136, 581, 194234, 5, 1326, 70, 7156, 4, 7224, 18383, 54397, 756, 70, 68944, 4, 136, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 19612, 5, 44, 7763, 4034, 86681, 3395, 25, 7, 5117, 132539, 7, 4, 136, 3642, 3395, 4034, 33444, 214, 47, 6097, 52336, 136, 1747, 51606, 26518, 11907, 11001, 63847, 111, 4488, 87, 765, 16940, 645, 70, 11015, 6626, 5369, 4, 83, 70, 2965, 152750, 142, 22104, 831, 765, 7103, 221, 5045, 7941, 4488, 4, 58, 17378, 7224, 18383, 5, 44, 568, 1221, 959, 28127, 47, 398, 74, 442, 509, 959, 10, 60875, 111, 49175, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 24503, 7844, 99, 20028, 47, 1380, 1257, 678, 6626, 7156, 7, 4, 47, 33022, 1286, 3501, 1496, 52336, 136, 47, 78431, 759, 10002, 23, 184, 20287, 2449, 136, 92814, 7, 1242, 51404, 142146, 1672, 70, 60212, 1672, 36510, 214, 164055, 23, 195374, 136, 14941, 4, 7224, 18383, 30745, 4, 44, 186048, 87, 36510, 35978, 23, 195374, 4, 87, 7413, 80854, 450, 4358, 163, 36510, 142, 6528, 23, 95134, 10, 12921, 3917, 3501, 3229, 87, 54, 442, 23, 14941, 5, 8622, 621, 12921, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 4, 1284, 2685, 83, 10, 24233, 20623, 47, 70, 3917, 87, 33022, 759, 10002, 52336, 4, 10, 17311, 3917, 111, 28852, 23709, 34698, 7, 136, 112019, 7, 450, 87, 765, 126809, 645, 756, 6097, 5369, 20662, 52336, 5, 87, 765, 17763, 33, 23, 23996, 678, 759, 10002, 18466, 20, 87, 444, 9077, 4, 209, 5369, 6650, 4, 87, 509, 959, 23552, 237, 4127, 237, 87, 831, 5154, 87, 444, 18925, 4, 136, 87, 444, 7464, 959, 4127, 20174, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 4989, 3917, 47, 738, 1242, 7224, 18383, 82775, 70, 4927, 18244, 7, 100, 15044, 44, 670, 7263, 96746, 2320, 58, 115923, 4, 136, 6868, 297, 450, 1836, 3542, 191722, 390, 70, 61314, 6827, 26366, 111, 70077, 4, 121151, 214, 450, 2412, 36663, 44, 188, 150380, 13, 47, 70077, 1632, 1286, 31635, 47, 333, 67, 70, 69871, 57415, 41896, 4, 136, 450, 2806, 186, 604, 30202, 47739, 1363, 58, 136, 450, 44, 1065, 7816, 11343, 29131, 268, 450, 378, 7816, 1556, 268, 2809, 10, 4552, 30202, 3445, 5, 378, 23389, 83, 604, 268, 129058, 31344, 111, 147643, 740, 581, 17932, 21950, 25, 7, 29256, 40, 90, 142, 51, 63499, 18, 5252, 7224, 18383, 127918, 390, 10, 53201, 25, 7, 90356, 7, 136, 31358, 7, 12960, 104064, 142, 108787, 23, 604, 3535, 5, 581, 15546, 23040, 2412, 34658, 23, 604, 121641, 98, 70, 29256, 111, 70, 5117, 21950, 83, 129842, 23, 70, 53201, 4, 756, 34, 6238, 47, 69982, 174976, 18, 221544, 142523, 25, 7, 154453, 450, 145048, 9842, 103882, 214, 70, 8999, 8305, 2363, 113008, 7, 20271, 70, 30202, 36541, 111, 69982, 91153, 34754, 5, 1326, 21240, 52668, 1577, 111, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 19114, 830, 44, 18537, 162520, 89397, 4, 442, 25, 7, 36298, 9, 4460, 59207, 4, 237, 509, 70, 29256, 111, 70, 195374, 9, 196651, 226792, 7156, 4, 44, 6159, 145, 1150, 145523, 4, 5976, 5, 106, 740, 2161, 102256, 24453, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 7156, 4, 7224, 18383, 509, 127918, 1257, 678, 31358, 7, 3129, 25737, 604, 47, 186, 135203, 50155, 10, 373, 1495, 4, 3129, 144285, 70, 5367, 56, 5, 44, 10770, 44974, 58, 41260, 133291, 70, 7156, 29256, 237, 70, 103155, 927, 44, 13802, 14, 525, 7156, 29256, 111, 756, 1733, 830, 32562, 450, 442, 83, 44, 2347, 8010, 6954, 196, 1517, 16300, 111, 70077, 23, 70, 38666, 111, 102003, 642, 831, 28987, 1242, 44, 71346, 464, 58, 2843, 145870, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 29256, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 44, 13802, 14, 525, 7156, 29256, 7, 830, 32562, 450, 4, 44, 284, 24, 12225, 23040, 104064, 1257, 142, 108787, 23, 10, 80583, 83, 112730, 1810, 4, 1284, 959, 3229, 70, 23040, 83, 26177, 9, 2420, 6048, 7224, 18383, 5, 25844, 19, 4, 442, 5809, 53383, 756, 645, 13438, 4, 69427, 25, 18, 442, 32, 1242, 1326, 56174, 14978, 1004, 71908, 1212, 111, 3164, 158257, 4, 70, 7156, 116281, 7, 98, 26818, 1295, 70, 84751, 42845, 6, 239530, 7, 47, 1978, 18, 3285, 3939, 20947, 4, 5848, 3038, 15672, 13950, 619, 21972, 4, 136, 3474, 44287, 21689, 33554, 4, 756, 33595, 34, 27686, 390, 3060, 27072, 204702, 16765, 5, 44, 81826, 984, 2583, 984, 58, 83, 10, 6, 65665, 73432, 28560, 450, 66139, 121181, 66, 120199, 7, 136, 142, 28, 35890, 24862, 1916, 111, 44, 3957, 47443, 25, 7, 4061, 8889, 58, 8108, 5675, 43245, 214, 70, 44632, 56, 3934, 10, 11531, 21373, 47, 44582, 19909, 2729, 206, 1414, 25, 7, 242, 4657, 147, 3430, 25, 4, 59499, 47, 63822, 11, 60806, 111, 44, 294, 4021, 199332, 153543, 740, 1650, 13379, 7, 114309, 17582, 118861, 109208, 136, 42615, 5, 581, 68944, 5154, 4, 44, 81826, 5941, 3395, 68, 136, 103049, 23, 935, 9351, 32, 64, 133747, 14602, 450, 3249, 398, 79961, 4, 707, 14602, 442, 19095, 398, 80358, 13, 2953, 7224, 18383, 261, 38949, 7, 4, 44, 568, 68872, 23, 70, 6, 80728, 111, 70, 11531, 47, 26698, 120199, 7, 1295, 12921, 42615, 7, 1884, 3726, 4, 91852, 8780, 136, 14949, 2481, 5, 3493, 70, 17262, 120199, 1314, 621, 54433, 198343, 70, 5701, 12, 1836, 621, 113292, 100, 100, 96259, 7432, 4, 58, 2412, 2804, 5773, 70, 28560, 5, 581, 5117, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 145523, 96746, 2320, 4, 5976, 5, 116, 15, 141667, 78183, 12, 44, 6159, 145, 1150, 145523, 4, 5976, 5, 116, 18939, 83, 70, 59671, 927, 12275, 7156, 136, 17932, 14941, 46876, 7156, 390, 74291, 19, 5367, 56, 136, 11531, 70035, 7224, 18383, 4, 121447, 98, 1372, 7582, 73584, 390, 181482, 89916, 5, 24372, 243, 11, 14653, 21640, 36272, 678, 604, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 71834, 4, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 58, 133206, 4, 7224, 18383, 68872, 47, 28282, 10, 6626, 9, 17365, 28960, 9, 2037, 17164, 5, 4687, 121447, 70, 13452, 237, 70, 28960, 9, 2037, 47, 604, 37195, 927, 12275, 71834, 44, 6159, 145, 1150, 145523, 4, 5976, 5, 106, 830, 678, 3129, 2412, 1902, 243, 122009, 21640, 36272, 43606, 21775, 41928, 5, 1301, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Cover art.", "Music and lyrics.", "Critical reception.", "Commercial performance.", "Promotion.", "Singles.", "Track listing.", "Certifications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After attaining international success with her third studio effort, \"Laundry Service\", in 2001, Shakira opted to create a two-part follow-up record. Having co-written nearly sixty tracks for \"Laundry Service\", she put herself \"on the mission of selecting [her] favorite ones\" to record for \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" and its predecessor, the Spanish-language \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\". While recording the project, Shakira worked with previous collaborators Gustavo Cerati, Lester Mendez, Luis Fernando Ochoa and Rick Rubin, and newer partners Jerry Duplessis, Wyclef Jean, Tim Mitchell and The Matrix. For the album, Shakira wrote all the lyrics, and the majority of the music. \"To start seeing people's first reactions, and how people start relating to these songs and appreciating every single piece of work I have done over the past two years, is the best reward an artist can have after so much hard work,\" says Shakira. \"I will not lie to you; it was not a path of roses. It was painful at times to come up with two albums, to write more than 60 songs and to fight my own insecurities and doubts.\" While speaking about the difference about expressing herself in Spanish and English, Shakira told, \"When I express myself in Spanish, I find elements that help me express an idea in perhaps a different way than when I do it in English. There are different aesthetics, but there is a certain style to the way I write my own songs, a particular way of describing feelings and emotions that I have developed over all these years making songs. I have gotten in touch with my own gift - I am sure, 10 years ago, I was not half as good as I can say I am today, and I am still not good enough. There is a long way to go.\"", "Shakira designed the artworks for both \"Oral Fixation\" records, and commented that they were inspired by the biblical figure of Eve, elaborating that she wanted \"to attribute to Eve one more reason to bite the forbidden fruit, and that would be her oral fixation\" and that \"[she always felt] that [she has] been a very oral person. [It is her] biggest source of pleasure\". The second volume's cover sees an unclothed Shakira covered by a tree's branches and leaves while holding an apple in her hand. The baby girl she held in her arms on the cover of the first volume is sitting in the tree, alluding to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's theory that infants begin discovering the world through their mouths during the oral stage of psychosexual development. For Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\", \"For obvious reasons, it's eye-catching, as was the cover of the Spanish-language companion album, \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\". On Middle East versions of the album, Shakira was covered up with leaves which left her to be standing behind a bush, which surprised the singer. \"Complex\" magazine selected the album cover as the eleventh \"sexiest album cover of all time\", writing that it is \"the hottest portrayal of Eve in the Garden of Eden we can imagine.\" \"Maxim\" also listed the album's cover as one of the \"sexiest album covers\", writing that, \"A naked girl holding up an apple in a garden is played out, but not when the girl is hip-shaking Shakira. Damn, it could happen all over again, couldn't it?.\"", "For Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, the album touches on everything from the expected Latin rhythms to glitzy Euro disco, trashy American rock & roll, and stomping Britpop, all punctuated by some stark confessionals. \"How Do You Do\" is a bold opening track that features Gregorian chants and an eerie reciting of \"The Lord's Prayer\" before thrusting the listener into a song similar to Sarah McLachlan's 'Dear God', according to Kristina Weise of \"Songwriting Universe\". It presents bitter questions regarding faith and religion. The lyrics say, \"How many people die and hurt in your name?/Hey does that make you proud, or does it bring you shame?\" Shakira affirms, \"I decided in the bridge of the song to include chants from different religions like Islam, Judaism and Christianity. And the three chanters are saying basically the same: they are asking for forgiveness,\" she said off the track. The first single, \"Don't Bother\", presents the final chapter of a relationship and the confusion that faces anyone in a break up. It includes the lyric lines, \"For you I'd give up all I own and move to a communist country/If you came with me, of course/And I'd file my nails so they don't hurt you.\" She quickly follows with: \"And after all I'm glad I am not your type/I promise you won't see me cry/So don't bother/I'll be fine, I'll be fine.\" For Shakira, \"I think 'Don't Bother' has a lot of pain in it as a song, but also a lot of humor and sarcasm. Yes, it is a way of exorcising all of these feelings, a form of catharsis, getting rid of all of those emotions that torture us women at some point in our lives.\" \"Illegal\" features a guitar solo by Mexican guitarist Carlos Santana, and features lyrics such as, \"You said you would love me until you died/And as far as I know you're still alive\", which were compared to Alanis Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\", according to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic. \"I'd like to be the owner of the zipper on your jeans,\" she sings on the racy \"Hey You,\" which was compared to the works of American rock-band No Doubt, by Slant Magazine. Mariachi horns bump up against surf guitars in \"Animal City\", a don't-go-there warning against fame and fake friends; while bossa nova accents wind through \"Something\", one of only two tracks reprised from \"Fijación Oral\", being called \"En Tus Pupilas\" on the first edition. While \"The Day and the Time\" is on the first edition, with the title \"Dia Especial\". Meanwhile, gypsy-caravan violin and marauder guitar complete \"Your Embrace,\" a teardroppy, adult-contemporary balladry, whilst \"Costume Makes the Clown,\" talks about her cheating on her guy, over battering-ram guitars. Shakira also dives into pulsating neo-disco on the closing track \"Timor\", but in the form of a protest song.", "At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \"Oral Fixation\" received an average score of 74 based on 15 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of \"Allmusic\" gave the album a rating of 4 stars (out of 5), calling it \"a deadly serious, ambitious pop/rock album, most assuredly not frivolous dance-pop, [...] it's pop, but it's unconventional\". Erlewine also wrote that \"Oral Fixation\", \"is not only a markedly different album from \"Fijación Oral\", but from every other record in her catalog -- or, most importantly, from any other pop album in 2005.\" Matt Cibula of \"PopMatters\" agreed, writing that \"Oral Fixation\" is \"the best pop record of the year\". Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" wrote that \"Oral Fixation is the sound of an utterly unique voice in a uniform world.\" Agustin Gurza of \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote the album \"is a stronger work as a whole, with sharper edges and darker undertones,\" praising its music, writing that \"this work stands on its own, squarely within the mainstream of U.S. pop and rock with a lot less Latin flavor.\" David Browne of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the album a \"B-\" rating, writing that, \"Although \"Oral Fixation\" is hardly the first time a Latina act has aimed straight for the middle of the North American road and nearly lost control of the wheel in the process, it's among the most disappointing. For all the musical ingredients at her disposal, Shakira winds up with a relatively bland dish.\" Sal Cinquemani of \"Slant Magazine\" wrote that the weakest part in some songs on the album are \"the main(stream) hook, an attempt at radio-accessibility that white-washes the personality that sets Shakira apart from her competition.\" Barry Walters of \"Rolling Stone\" acknowledged that, \"Occasionally clumsy but most often clever, Shakira's English lyrics and performances still lack the confidence of her Spanish tracks, yet Oral Fixation manages to maintain the musical credibility that Fijacion Oral won back.\" Edward Oculicz of \"Stylus Magazine\" concluded that, \"Oral Fixation Volume 2 strikes a good balance between the creative audacity of its more extreme songs, all of which work as good pop, and the filler, which is well crafted and catchy.\"", "In the United States, \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" debuted at number five on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 128,000 copies. After being reissued in 2006 with \"Hips Don't Lie\" and an alternate version of \"La Tortura\", the record moved from number ninety-eight to number six. With sales of 81,000 copies that week, it had experienced a 643% increase. By 2007, the album sold over 1.7 million units in the country. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in the United States. Shakira received 18 Platinum certifications for the sales of \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" in the following countries: Canada, Mexico, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Argentina, Peru, Chile, India, Greece, United States, United Kingdom, and her home country, Colombia. \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" was named the ninth best selling album of 2006 worldwide. Also it was the 23rd best selling album in the United States of 2006. After the performance of \"Hips Don't Lie\" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which featured Shakira dancing in an Indian outfit, the album topped India Charts and was certified Platinum selling 80,000 units. In April 2007 \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" re-entered the UK Albums Chart at #70 the same week that \"Beautiful Liar\", Shakira's duet with Beyoncé, entered the singles charts at No. 10 solely through downloads. It later moved to #69. The album was also certified Platinum in the UK in April 2007.", "To further promote \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" and \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", Shakira embarked on the Oral Fixation Tour. It was launched on 14 June 2006, at the Feria De Muestras in Zaragoza, Spain. With the assistance of the Creative Artists Agency, she visited ninety-four cities and performed forty-one shows across five continents. The tour concluded on 9 July 2007, at the Turkcell Kuruçeşme Arena in Istanbul, Turkey. It grossed over $42 million in North and Latin America, and grossed $100 million worldwide. The set list primarily consisted of Spanish-language tracks, and additionally included earlier singles from Shakira's albums \"Pies Descalzos\" (1996), \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" (1998), and \"Laundry Service\" (2001). In November 2007, Epic Records released the \"Oral Fixation Tour\" live album, filmed during a show in Miami, Florida in December 2006. Robert Silva from About.com provided a positive review, describing the recording as a \"very entertaining and lively performance\"; he expressed an additional interest in the bonus behind-the-scenes footage. William Ruhlmann from Allmusic shared a similar sentiment, complimenting her vocals and dancing abilities.", "The lead-single, \"Don't Bother\", was released on 4 October 2005. The song received mixed reviews from music critics, who were ambivalent towards its production and songwriting. Commercially, the song was a moderate success, reaching the top ten in Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and UK, while it only peaked at number 42 in the US, reaching a lower peak than \"La Tortura\", the lead single of \"Fijación Oral\". After the moderate success of \"Don't Bother\" and of the album, her label Epic Records asked Wyclef Jean, in early 2006, to remake his song \"Dance Like This\" with Shakira, attempting to revive sales of the album. After that, \"Hips Don't Lie\" was released as the second single from the album (first from the reissue) on 28 February 2006. The song received positive reviews from critics, while it gained 6 awards. Commercially, the single proved to be more successful than \"Don't Bother\", peaking at number-one in more than 13 countries, including Australia, France, Ireland, UK and US, becoming her most successful single to date. The third and final single, \"Illegal\", was released on 14 November 2006. The song received favorable reviews from music critics, due to the inclusion of Carlos Santana on it. However, the song didn't perform well on the charts, after the huge success of \"Hips Don't Lie\", only managing to peak inside the top-ten in Austria, Italy and Netherlands, while elsewhere it reached the top-forty, including the UK. In the US, the song didn't enter the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart.", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\".", "! scope=\"row\"| India" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 61804, 25356, 12470, 59826, 54397, 450, 44, 2347, 5117, 809, 18266, 33, 5369, 111, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 6897, 26038, 604, 10, 90365, 111, 3642, 53673, 6057, 3815, 5809, 186, 56128, 4687, 509, 181141, 47, 22365, 13703, 121328, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 17480, 678, 70, 35142, 8035, 47, 17164, 17262, 7156, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 44, 54084, 399, 830, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 58, 136, 44, 111242, 7, 68320, 289, 40883, 740, 51404, 44, 54084, 399, 830, 604, 34377, 7156, 4, 58954, 25, 18, 5045, 111, 10, 36272, 60091, 538, 4, 678, 4734, 106, 4, 5955, 71200, 7, 54324, 4, 70, 52336, 1295, 450, 17164, 3671, 86, 2822, 103351, 5977, 11301, 98, 74291, 19, 5977, 29398, 7, 4, 136, 4, 59499, 47, 59826, 4, 168360, 604, 38516, 5, 262, 61518, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 25, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 7, 92635, 111, 40575, 4, 22365, 74291, 1902, 77546, 202702, 100, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 17932, 7156, 4, 156377, 450, 442, 2806, 155955, 33, 70, 19336, 5700, 2481, 2412, 509, 21771, 19441, 5, 59826, 54397, 4, 49903, 4, 450, 70, 1733, 20271, 70, 36049, 136, 54452, 111, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 58, 2806, 23534, 450, 44, 2347, 33816, 111, 70, 22104, 509, 959, 142, 23468, 1632, 1242, 581, 40368, 21775, 111, 27024, 214, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 58, 509, 1632, 111, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 2684, 57357, 1916, 14922, 7, 23, 604, 80997, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 142, 44, 13606, 7156, 58, 450, 6777, 959, 4889, 5299, 678, 70, 5367, 56, 5, 581, 7156, 66139, 52336, 59121, 390, 7224, 18383, 136, 3789, 150350, 4295, 4, 26719, 192429, 130454, 4, 2750, 54397, 44, 7623, 54660, 8, 1208, 55319, 58, 1295, 94069, 53, 6470, 25, 7, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 34377, 7156, 5, 581, 24234, 54452, 390, 22365, 74291, 4, 2750, 48903, 214521, 678, 70, 2704, 12996, 4, 151552, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 58, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 25, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 7, 16500, 42, 21533, 10941, 237, 44, 3454, 151645, 830, 44, 80581, 58, 136, 44, 116115, 297, 678, 49846, 136, 30260, 1294, 740, 108341, 538, 4, 70, 17164, 1556, 10, 44, 50645, 927, 15672, 69277, 71, 39734, 830, 678, 13984, 2320, 111, 13950, 101275, 7, 4, 10, 12600, 28692, 16569, 7, 136, 59062, 53, 527, 9, 40946, 57, 5387, 26551, 7, 5, 581, 7156, 25, 7, 37105, 11001, 4, 44, 647, 2109, 830, 509, 121447, 98, 193289, 4, 1284, 450, 83, 70, 4734, 82641, 70, 11001, 1902, 75204, 5, 581, 17932, 136, 2704, 11001, 5773, 70, 7156, 509, 44, 618, 971, 75680, 7, 239, 28107, 262, 1208, 55319, 740, 1650, 509, 70, 4734, 11001, 5773, 70, 17164, 450, 1902, 10, 19612, 1202, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 99201, 98, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 5117, 9742, 44, 153639, 10374, 7, 68320, 289, 40883, 4, 58, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 28560, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 1295, 604, 34377, 17164, 150625, 11, 5, 7224, 18383, 509, 959, 174849, 678, 70, 2704, 16750, 111, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 830, 221, 5045, 221, 450, 2412, 68872, 959, 47, 125568, 70, 17164, 5, 581, 41260, 44, 5343, 53, 62329, 56814, 58, 2804, 450, 2412, 13648, 25, 272, 2843, 37170, 100, 22365, 959, 47, 34831, 82641, 40101, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 67967, 6777, 25379, 70, 7156, 47, 10, 10846, 5977, 29398, 7, 4, 136, 70, 11531, 44, 618, 971, 75680, 7, 239, 28107, 262, 1208, 55319, 58, 509, 112730, 98, 3060, 4000, 29398, 7, 40368, 21775, 14432, 5, 4966, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 92635, 111, 8060, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 126136, 1363, 111, 456, 90431, 2317, 7, 136, 6867, 23718, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 110, 19612, 21930, 111, 52336, 1295, 70, 7156, 5, 51404, 70, 17164, 509, 10, 4785, 9, 17678, 5299, 9, 74105, 14, 4126, 1295, 70, 3835, 3501, 44, 54084, 399, 830, 442, 165523, 47, 6867, 1257, 47, 70, 202702, 111, 22365, 74291, 4, 678, 189275, 122216, 71200, 7, 54324, 5, 66016, 70, 7156, 83, 154109, 71, 1295, 70, 19612, 222422, 1660, 1884, 150625, 11, 4, 442, 83, 4552, 34844, 47, 7413, 5, 34525, 71200, 7, 111, 70, 7156, 621, 54324, 17721, 3650, 5955, 9, 14105, 98, 13036, 143092, 15271, 4, 6044, 237, 143451, 136, 53092, 1663, 7, 4, 1295, 1733, 47, 1733, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 7224, 18383, 128120, 71, 47, 63769, 70, 456, 9, 233707, 111, 15044, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 136, 604, 11737, 7156, 4, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 830, 6637, 111, 2363, 44, 67144, 1162, 939, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 85532, 8407, 15, 16, 83, 70, 17932, 12275, 7156, 390, 74291, 19, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 7224, 18383, 4, 121447, 98, 714, 11994, 13867, 4, 390, 22365, 13703, 74291, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Composition.", "Release and promotion." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Author Ximena Diego wrote that \"the first fifteen years of Shakira's life gave her a taste of how sweet stardom could be\"; She was signed to Sony Music Columbia at the age of 13, with the deal being to record three albums, which were \"Magia\", \"Peligro\" and \"Pies Descalzos\". While \"Magia\", her debut album, wasn't much of a success commercially, with only 1,200 copies sold, the songs from that record garnered frequent radio play on Colombian radio stations, and, according to Diego, showed her potential. Despite \"Magia\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s lack of sales, Sony Colombia had higher expectations for Shakira's second album, hoping that it would heighten the small popularity she was already having. Diego wrote, however, that the time during the production and release of \"Peligro\" would prove that \"the road of the artist was not an easy one.\" The several months of producing \"Peligro\" was one of Shakira's most frustrating periods in her career, resulting in an \"odd album\" that did not fare well with the singer.", "The album features songs written by Shakira and other composers, including Eddie Sierra, who wrote \"El Amor de Mi Vida\" from Ricky Martin's self-titled debut album. The press release by Sony Colombia, who seem satisfied with the final product, described \"Peligro\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s lyrical content as \"profound\", \"direct\" and \"filled with magic and poetry\". Musically, the record has a \"North American ballad treatment\", with instrumentation of rock guitars, acoustic pianos and Kenny G-style saxophones.", "The album's lead single, \"Eres\", was released on vinyl, but that is the only promotion the single had received. The second and final single off the album was \"Tú Serás La Historia De Mi Vida\". It was the only single off the record that had a music video. It was also included on Shakira's first tour \"Tour Pies Descalzos,\" as well as the track \"Magia\" from her debut record Magia. Shakira was not pleased with the final result of \"Peligro\", so much so that she decided not to promote the record. The magazine \"TVyNovelas\" said that she might've also asked for Sony not to handle promotion either. However, the label did send the album to a few radio stations, and the song \"Tú Serás La Historia De Mi Vida\" was played on some local stations several months later. But Shakira's lack of support resulted in the cancellation of rehearsals and live performances, as well as no music videos of songs from the album. While the record was a bit-more well-received from the public than \"Magia\", it failed to live up to the expectations of Sony Colombia, with approximately 223 copies sold. Since the album is deleted from the music marketplace just like Magia, it is very difficult to find. Original copies of the album are sold between $200-1000 on major selling sites, such as eBay and Discogs, from time to time. Initially, Shakira refused to allow the re-release of both \"Magia\" and her next album, \"Peligro\", because of their \"immaturity\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 92878, 19, 106684, 4, 74291, 4, 7224, 18383, 80723, 32562, 52336, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 136659, 5369, 4, 604, 5117, 1632, 8035, 44, 15665, 7, 2902, 31773, 2027, 27315, 7, 740, 1840, 23718, 7, 99, 4000, 130412, 7, 12441, 47, 10, 41714, 678, 4000, 6, 104241, 108558, 110234, 62, 88732, 4, 2750, 14432, 34658, 142, 20461, 1363, 100, 604, 23, 239360, 5, 4687, 51339, 297, 17262, 52336, 100, 159354, 7, 111, 22365, 13703, 74291, 4, 2750, 3542, 204971, 20174, 47, 24092, 604, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 17480, 47, 17164, 17262, 7156, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 44, 54084, 399, 830, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 58, 136, 44, 111242, 7, 68320, 289, 40883, 740, 581, 27226, 9, 199387, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 509, 3884, 23, 39555, 17262, 21775, 111, 479, 9, 57877, 1830, 4, 3129, 75412, 681, 107, 87168, 111, 6867, 23718, 7, 100, 70, 7156, 4, 5367, 214, 182417, 100, 7224, 18383, 4, 136, 80265, 9966, 70, 52336, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 70, 19612, 7464, 44961, 297, 604, 3357, 2481, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 15824, 450, 442, 509, 145755, 390, 70, 17164, 67967, 5, 581, 28560, 7, 35142, 678, 112019, 7, 111, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 5117, 1733, 6817, 214, 23, 5161, 4, 136, 37457, 1295, 10, 5161, 85745, 24073, 14168, 56655, 7, 18939, 47, 10, 204657, 111, 82393, 24073, 74328, 41647, 37517, 139478, 51029, 32255, 3542, 79507, 71, 1295, 134858, 678, 11280, 7, 6044, 237, 604, 1119, 9, 30885, 84240, 33598, 2392, 246, 4, 43515, 30745, 390, 604, 67373, 4, 136, 48869, 7, 111, 38043, 98, 70, 184085, 5, 360, 70, 12877, 44, 40798, 18383, 12, 112857, 9312, 111, 102809, 830, 25356, 12470, 59826, 54397, 450, 70, 7156, 44, 112, 3796, 2816, 3674, 604, 378, 40798, 18383, 25, 7, 268, 106985, 7077, 2886, 38516, 1242, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 83, 10, 42486, 111, 52336, 59121, 390, 7224, 18383, 17721, 70, 10, 4188, 111, 382, 136, 427, 4, 136, 5201, 538, 58055, 7, 111, 7426, 69277, 6468, 5, 1650, 509, 181653, 390, 40471, 241, 5, 3003, 2721, 2400, 136, 65291, 1413, 988, 1861, 4, 136, 17164, 297, 99, 17149, 137869, 23, 239360, 4, 3229, 7224, 18383, 509, 5847, 62, 22365, 13703, 74291, 99638, 13, 2804, 450, 70, 182304, 9433, 509, 8781, 136, 23409, 169123, 5885, 5, 4966, 100, 7224, 18383, 4, 70, 9433, 509, 186560, 4, 237, 2412, 1902, 110, 81273, 47, 28288, 3129, 28560, 7, 2806, 186, 99201, 136, 110, 107730, 3934, 70, 6, 239530, 1771, 45646, 707, 84172, 36049, 111, 70, 52336, 5, 717, 125568, 70, 83184, 111, 70, 7156, 4, 237, 10, 199015, 1295, 7224, 18383, 4, 6867, 23718, 7, 3542, 34658, 23, 31913, 7, 6044, 237, 52409, 62842, 11, 8, 21, 29641, 4, 97033, 1409, 11, 4, 7789, 62462, 4, 12163, 528, 1436, 4, 176395, 18257, 4, 25971, 4, 239360, 4, 136, 3789, 67842, 6, 104241, 7, 136, 47353, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 75204, 28412, 4, 5977, 136, 113976, 154271, 5, 581, 23718, 7, 60213, 71, 78301, 123, 3443, 7, 136, 76615, 108171, 64370, 6044, 237, 195828, 233172, 4, 226280, 168914, 4, 76264, 3521, 12264, 2298, 4, 136, 22758, 96181, 5, 62, 19612, 1202, 509, 16940, 100, 44, 54084, 399, 830, 3129, 233172, 2843, 6057, 2822, 23, 5, 233172, 14037, 20697, 678, 7224, 18383, 25225, 2886, 136, 20648, 214, 4, 136, 189232, 297, 604, 237, 191125, 136, 51120, 12, 44, 72859, 509, 10, 141475, 9393, 4488, 56, 4, 1284, 1286, 3501, 23937, 4, 2412, 509, 10, 3622, 97612, 18, 1242, 581, 681, 107, 87168, 100, 70, 23718, 7, 509, 16940, 390, 135730, 112937, 136, 31681, 43712, 5, 581, 7156, 23742, 142, 70318, 99, 70, 582, 5708, 146, 1784, 8357, 5986, 8129, 23, 12898, 4, 102971, 7224, 18383, 509, 959, 19048, 47, 29966, 70, 405, 26973, 299, 237, 2412, 509, 40715, 3501, 6849, 262, 61518, 70, 6867, 23718, 7, 136, 70, 41170, 111, 2450, 154271, 4, 70, 82080, 6777, 959, 4889, 5299, 60091, 538, 74, 17721, 75534, 136, 106, 4, 5955, 71200, 7, 3542, 54324, 23, 604, 5368, 23295, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 7224, 18383, 128120, 71, 47, 63769, 70, 456, 9, 233707, 111, 15044, 44, 54084, 399, 58, 136, 604, 11737, 7156, 4, 44, 683, 20106, 516, 830, 6637, 111, 2363, 44, 67144, 1162, 939, 1242, 68021, 7, 1295, 6, 79852, 73048, 12, 66429, 87168, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 150625, 11, 15, 16, 83, 70, 34377, 7156, 390, 74291, 19, 5367, 56, 136, 11531, 70035, 7224, 18383, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 23, 18237, 12898, 390, 22365, 13703, 74291, 4, 678, 136565, 2412, 181141, 10, 17262, 9, 54981, 182304, 18264, 5, 581, 17164, 83, 10, 42486, 111, 7426, 69277, 6468, 7224, 18383, 54397, 16792, 2412, 509, 136659, 5369, 10332, 4, 678, 2856, 90, 191722, 1295, 70, 16981, 10756, 214, 1810, 678, 11280, 7, 4, 156578, 43515, 4, 136, 48869, 7, 111, 38043, 98, 70, 184085, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development and composition.", "Release and promotion.", "Personnel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Barranquilla, Colombia, Shakira began writing songs at the age of eight years, her first one being \"Tus Gafas Oscuras\". Her performances at local competitions led to a meeting with local theater producer Monica Ariza, who later held an audition for her in Bogotá. She performed three songs for executives of Sony Music Colombia, who were impressed enough to sign her, at the age of 13, to record three albums, which were \"Magia\", \"Peligro\" and \"Pies Descalzos\". The low-budget \"Magia\" was put in almost three months of pre-production, which involved choreography of live performances for the album, singing lessons for Shakira, and arranging the songs. The concept of the music still reflected her personality, despite the fact that it was managed by the record label. The tracks deal with emotions of a person's first time falling in love, and range from a love poem (\"Sueños\") to a celebration of dance (\"Esta noche voy contigo\"). These were influenced from experiences with males such as her ex-boyfriend Oscar Pardo, stories told by her father, and dreams of living on the coast. In the book \"Shakira: Woman Full of Grace\", Ximena Diego wrote that the album \"demonstrated her [Shakira's] indisputable potential.\" \"Magia\" is a collection of songs written by Shakira between the ages of 8 and 12, and mainly consists of pop ballads. It was produced by Miguel E. Cubillos and Pablo Tedeschi, and recorded at Aga Studios in Bogotá, when Shakira was 13. A Sony Music Colombia representative said that the recording process was simple and went perfectly fine. But for Shakira, the process was problematic, as she had no ability to decide which tracks would be included and no input into the rhythmic structure or artistic production of the songs.", "To promote the launch of the album, as a suggestion from Shakira, live performances were held in locations such as Teatro Amira de la Rosa, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Riohacha, Medellín, Cali, Bogotá, and other various theaters and events, all of which received print, radio and television coverage. The performances featured additional dancers and background vocalists such as César Navarro, Guillermo Gómez, Mauricio Pinilla, and Richard Ricardo. A music video was done for \"Magia\", which Navarro also starred in. Navarro found working with Shakira enjoyable and relaxing, and recalled her as sensitive and energetic: \"She was a tireless worker, but more than anything, she was a total blast.\" The choreography for the performances was done by Gary Julio and Ray Silva. The album won an award at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 1991, although Shakira was not able to attend the ceremony as she was less than 16. Despite the live performances and the amount of media coverage, the LP did not fare well commercially; between 1,000 and 1,200 copies were sold in her home country. Initially, Shakira refused to allow the re-release of both \"Magia\" and her next album, \"Peligro\", because of their \"immaturity.\"", "Credits from liner notes:", "Bibliography" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 111, 94546, 40101, 390, 50005, 53, 24948, 13, 4, 76849, 111, 48758, 223, 5, 4687, 509, 31895, 70, 114015, 111, 636, 36340, 11636, 7, 136, 884, 318, 7340, 4, 58386, 111, 31267, 223, 136, 42732, 111, 1784, 1081, 1192, 5, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 139505, 100457, 6423, 4, 775, 111, 18813, 62691, 64153, 111, 129965, 399, 4, 136, 2363, 76849, 7, 3542, 62, 8946, 98766, 399, 4, 69573, 7340, 4, 65927, 14, 48226, 4, 2646, 118, 22110, 4, 136, 50005, 53, 48226, 4, 136, 2363, 775, 7, 3542, 62, 2921, 223, 4, 149559, 4896, 7, 4, 45533, 2347, 223, 4, 134857, 24948, 223, 4, 8302, 74065, 4, 45644, 5007, 318, 2647, 4, 1311, 4692, 223, 4, 4512, 7, 4, 136, 45644, 3166, 223, 5, 62, 13, 20330, 4, 82366, 45757, 223, 4, 49628, 1900, 4, 1172, 429, 3834, 4, 5631, 73, 4450, 223, 4, 9865, 18908, 67, 223, 4, 136, 19434, 1419, 3220, 90, 621, 2843, 145870, 237, 604, 775, 7, 5, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 18813, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 111, 94546, 4, 509, 30783, 7844, 111, 10, 502, 20133, 2408, 450, 63043, 297, 764, 2806, 186, 152388, 390, 1919, 775, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 5, 1061, 3229, 11462, 22230, 174920, 4, 764, 30745, 2856, 1836, 5809, 1108, 1294, 1919, 76849, 4734, 2174, 1836, 8, 88981, 297, 4049, 23, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 4, 136, 2174, 1836, 72856, 4, 1836, 2806, 186, 71924, 297, 5, 241, 6958, 8927, 11462, 22230, 111, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 1902, 117, 164, 5252, 23, 903, 3917, 4, 136, 180, 33, 2887, 223, 1902, 261, 55923, 297, 2363, 10336, 7, 47, 70, 109412, 33, 3365, 316, 1779, 111, 1919, 5381, 329, 5, 42172, 64690, 162, 509, 127887, 2367, 509, 7398, 6982, 297, 47, 186, 70, 4568, 135203, 3365, 316, 19, 23, 70, 72399, 17932, 142642, 18471, 74, 70, 5701, 42179, 41392, 7, 450, 100457, 6423, 3657, 89829, 10, 42762, 23, 20338, 111, 756, 70, 11462, 22230, 8108, 66570, 4, 136, 22, 6562, 7, 2363, 123055, 4, 3129, 621, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 100457, 6423, 4, 775, 111, 18813, 62691, 64153, 111, 129965, 399, 4, 21449, 47, 26458, 100, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 25, 7, 3535, 23, 129570, 136, 133888, 47, 45712, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 5, 145062, 46572, 1672, 388, 214, 4, 100457, 6423, 23409, 47, 70, 15520, 8752, 136, 23, 23253, 297, 663, 24706, 191, 4, 1919, 36770, 100306, 5, 853, 36904, 214, 663, 24706, 191, 111, 2363, 5161, 24073, 47677, 48362, 27413, 25, 7, 53673, 18466, 7, 74054, 764, 37170, 663, 24706, 191, 100, 4358, 5, 24965, 49725, 4, 663, 24706, 191, 143434, 10, 1608, 4726, 18, 79442, 19, 390, 19916, 17704, 111649, 7, 47, 108975, 5, 360, 142, 50094, 450, 509, 49814, 47, 70, 8781, 40814, 1771, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 4, 100457, 6423, 4, 7464, 51646, 13, 111, 66570, 15, 748, 30700, 538, 4, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 164055, 247, 122991, 71, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 7, 1608, 4726, 67, 56, 4, 2646, 16575, 5782, 4, 10, 775, 111, 1840, 3716, 4, 47, 4358, 4049, 19916, 5, 2646, 16575, 5782, 509, 122991, 71, 390, 100457, 6423, 707, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 64004, 214, 4049, 23552, 111, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 60097, 3815, 136, 70, 5117, 17431, 23, 11958, 678, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 5, 581, 17431, 8108, 70, 45712, 4, 12960, 2646, 16575, 5782, 509, 118620, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 25, 7, 1608, 4726, 18, 25842, 4, 764, 91995, 71, 70, 52656, 13, 11508, 206, 5128, 7, 243, 934, 214, 70, 160298, 7, 47, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 10, 425, 133, 678, 106287, 64333, 7228, 111, 186, 90, 634, 425, 5, 581, 45712, 80723, 4, 136, 23409, 98, 100, 10, 4989, 1733, 1284, 1660, 237, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 509, 105556, 214, 1257, 47, 100457, 6423, 136, 43542, 214, 47, 67153, 4049, 4, 70, 160298, 7, 18738, 434, 5773, 136, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 7155, 350, 34955, 5, 2646, 16575, 5782, 188545, 71, 4, 1284, 180, 33, 306, 6287, 509, 24911, 17704, 47, 47219, 390, 1919, 111649, 7, 5, 14847, 2646, 16575, 5782, 37842, 47, 63043, 1919, 152750, 136, 765, 1100, 678, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 4, 100457, 6423, 152388, 2646, 16575, 5782, 390, 104250, 214, 4049, 5773, 10, 6, 195167, 3934, 70, 15520, 5, 4263, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 509, 70, 1632, 2750, 37170, 2646, 16575, 5782, 100, 4358, 136, 6777, 959, 14192, 100457, 6423, 4, 7068, 100457, 6423, 1543, 765, 41591, 71, 450, 2646, 16575, 5782, 509, 31577, 47, 29892, 13, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 5, 1301, 2646, 16575, 5782, 68, 71, 4, 764, 22074, 297, 100457, 6423, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 31344, 111, 70, 22074, 13, 450, 256, 309, 3674, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 136, 100457, 6423, 25, 20020, 62, 2921, 223, 136, 149559, 4896, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 2363, 60887, 10840, 17149, 37138, 6431, 4, 62, 2507, 1419, 6378, 4, 87051, 26253, 136, 86380, 39658, 5, 80490, 7362, 49573, 73048, 450, 21208, 70, 13765, 111, 70, 62757, 100, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 25, 7, 3535, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 1529, 9619, 18403, 44, 6696, 20646, 14, 241, 497, 8820, 58, 136, 98, 70, 290, 271, 111, 27939, 45616, 5782, 15, 408, 5, 190, 5757, 335, 10854, 16, 450, 509, 118684, 71, 99, 142297, 4, 136, 21208, 212485, 7, 100, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 9, 99407, 26366, 71, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 43604, 674, 111, 70, 6782, 110664, 111, 3786, 223, 99, 142297, 4, 70, 759, 927, 111, 70, 1608, 4726, 18, 45712, 4734, 100512, 5526, 99, 142297, 678, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 1608, 4726, 18, 28779, 214, 23, 70, 214075, 9, 1029, 2480, 127, 142297, 71, 15, 91092, 335, 10854, 194, 14787, 7, 262, 814, 10999, 162711, 70, 44, 118383, 16070, 58, 111, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 678, 26249, 71390, 1294, 308, 837, 232, 111, 540, 164, 4, 136, 70, 79507, 111, 540, 164, 99, 142297, 450, 3514, 434, 23, 70, 59671, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 45644, 771, 11815, 11, 15, 4, 2819, 2843, 45644, 771, 98766, 11, 136, 45644, 771, 98766, 399, 74, 893, 45964, 160600, 12, 6, 249539, 2881, 164780, 45861, 9496, 44, 7816, 2750, 31347, 7, 111649, 7, 58, 16406, 4126, 1295, 44, 75577, 7522, 58, 44, 5922, 184, 58, 136, 44, 18898, 731, 73, 58, 44, 188, 1481, 13, 18939, 509, 10, 160600, 759, 927, 109622, 26366, 5, 4687, 509, 70, 41, 33, 111, 94546, 237, 70, 58386, 111, 100457, 6423, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Family.", "Mythology.", "Artistic and anthropological perspectives." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Hippodamia was the daughter of King Oenomaus of Pisa either by Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus. She was probably the sister of Leucippus and Alcippe, wife of Evenus and mother of Marpessa. Hippodamia married Pelops, son of King Tantalus of Lydia, and their daughters were Astydameia, Nicippe, Lysidice, Mytilene, and Eurydice, and their sons were Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus, Alcathous, Troezen, Hippalcimus, Copreus, Dias, and Hippasus. Aelius, Cleonymus, Sciron, Argeius, Corinthius, Dysponteus, and Pleisthenes are also listed as her sons.", "Hippodamia's father, King Oenomaus of Pisa, was fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law. So when suitors arrived, he told them they could marry his daughter only if they defeated him in a chariot race, and if they lost, they would be executed. Eighteen suitors of Hippodamia had perished in this way, and Oenamaus had affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was purported to be the last standing column in the late second century CE; the same author mentions that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors before himself, and enlists their names, which are as follows: Pelops, son of King Tantalus of Lydia, came to ask for Hippodamia's hand in marriage and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover. Reminding Poseidon of their love (\"Aphrodite's sweet gifts\"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by winged horses to appear. In an episode that was added to the simple heroic chariot race, Pelops, still unsure of himself (or alternatively, Hippodamia herself), convinced Oenomaus's charioteer, Myrtilus, a son of Hermes, to help him win. Myrtilus was convinced by Pelops or Hippodamia promising him half of Oenomaus' kingdom and the first night in bed with Hippodamia. The night before the race, while Myrtilus was putting Oenomaus's chariot together, he replaced the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race began, and went on for a long time but just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Myrtilus survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses. When Myrtilus tried to claim his reward and have sex with Hippodamia, Pelops killed Myrtilus by throwing him off a cliff into the sea. If Hippodamia was the one who asked Myrtilus for help and did not tell Pelops, then Pelops may have assumed that Myrtilus was trying to rape Hippodamia. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops. This was the source of the curse that haunted Hippodamia and Pelops' children Atreus and Thyestes as well as their descendants Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes.", "Walter Burkert notes that though the story of the contest for Hippodamia's hand figures in the Hesiodic \"Megalai Ehoiai\" and on the chest of Cypselus (ca. 570 BCE) that was conserved at Olympia, and though preparations for the chariot-race figured in the east pediment of the great temple of Zeus at Olympia, the myth of the chariot race only became important at Olympia with the introduction of chariot racing in the twenty-fifth Olympiad (680 BCE). Georges Devereux connected the \"courtship\" of Hippodamia with animal husbandry taboos of Elis, and the influence of Elis at Olympia that grew in the seventh century." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 9571, 4, 7224, 18383, 121447, 604, 17932, 13036, 67967, 12275, 7156, 44, 397, 5800, 112, 42313, 19, 388, 239, 65025, 90, 2953, 24073, 1456, 35593, 15901, 70, 19669, 3134, 7, 2953, 247, 3129, 100512, 10, 36272, 23, 42845, 21629, 136, 75204, 17164, 219508, 7, 23, 67842, 76726, 1884, 34170, 4, 74291, 4, 54766, 4, 82167, 136, 84740, 5, 581, 13950, 22, 36131, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 42845, 7426, 7156, 169361, 225490, 7, 47, 70, 4488, 111, 180972, 9, 127345, 5367, 56, 11531, 70035, 44576, 164, 5919, 63700, 67, 136, 44, 15182, 76622, 70, 116172, 4935, 7082, 16839, 38134, 9803, 830, 140533, 10, 3622, 111, 534, 40859, 10, 13784, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 4792, 42845, 37340, 7, 116287, 5, 1650, 100512, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 5117, 7156, 47, 53299, 10, 133782, 316, 219508, 1295, 70, 54877, 214, 164254, 56187, 111, 21629, 15, 32410, 284, 194, 44, 397, 5800, 112, 42313, 19, 388, 239, 65025, 90, 2953, 5623, 7710, 297, 70, 88172, 19, 9, 40946, 71, 11001, 44, 670, 3400, 19778, 58, 24073, 647, 63736, 18852, 14804, 7, 74054, 3129, 100512, 10, 5962, 136, 509, 8, 195, 297, 70, 44, 137432, 13, 28560, 58, 111, 70, 7156, 5, 7224, 18383, 25, 7, 17164, 67967, 99, 450, 1733, 4, 181482, 89916, 4, 233, 144429, 70, 51957, 47, 54452, 136, 62458, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 58, 237, 1836, 44, 3206, 3674, 604, 1660, 47, 104250, 10, 24941, 111, 52336, 23, 14941, 98, 10, 42845, 17164, 1242, 128627, 3224, 7260, 106926, 297, 678, 100225, 141810, 143, 4, 7068, 10336, 111, 22365, 13703, 58815, 15, 2347, 49129, 14380, 111, 181482, 89916, 247, 136, 122991, 71, 4049, 47, 54452, 70, 7156, 4, 106926, 214, 450, 142, 44, 127345, 95771, 58, 2806, 959, 22113, 10, 195374, 17164, 42856, 4743, 47, 6863, 190440, 191, 111, 10, 10846, 14941, 28560, 7, 5, 360, 142, 33683, 678, 44, 2729, 5516, 830, 2412, 2804, 44, 568, 4163, 23, 70, 7497, 17007, 2685, 678, 100225, 378, 594, 17793, 143, 268, 20, 87, 5775, 46526, 100, 450, 5, 88949, 1836, 15935, 25, 18, 18822, 442, 5, 9563, 1884, 1836, 30745, 1821, 378, 3334, 136, 175208, 20271, 70, 69563, 42413, 68311, 13312, 268, 5, 10660, 3542, 31577, 47, 5351, 23, 70, 16530, 136, 87, 36663, 47, 5646, 604, 1810, 111, 70, 16530, 5, 3493, 50612, 37838, 4, 100225, 4, 136565, 87, 5161, 136, 6, 71587, 136, 83, 10, 4127, 34391, 4, 764, 6183, 44632, 297, 47, 163, 1242, 581, 36272, 111, 44, 397, 5800, 112, 42313, 19, 388, 239, 65025, 90, 2953, 105876, 297, 15672, 5367, 56, 128627, 3224, 7260, 23, 8272, 4, 124901, 71390, 175208, 3224, 7260, 509, 332, 66398, 7224, 18383, 99, 450, 1733, 4, 47, 117, 1159, 2873, 7224, 18383, 47, 81887, 47, 41421, 5465, 3934, 70, 154909, 7426, 53099, 5, 33306, 4, 7224, 18383, 509, 61475, 538, 764, 172, 18211, 47, 17164, 52336, 23, 14941, 237, 442, 509, 959, 604, 5117, 46876, 4, 221, 3224, 7260, 122399, 47, 3900, 19309, 44, 670, 3400, 19778, 58, 3934, 14941, 23, 12989, 47, 7639, 604, 450, 44, 217, 5809, 3900, 19309, 5299, 1242, 7224, 18383, 7068, 80723, 3900, 143, 1916, 70, 11531, 164055, 136, 168360, 442, 47, 3224, 7260, 4, 2750, 45739, 71, 44, 96010, 67, 42551, 538, 4, 87, 831, 25, 18, 54, 903, 11522, 38, 1242, 1301, 7224, 18383, 36663, 47, 765, 4393, 6226, 645, 604, 182304, 7, 4, 2412, 68872, 47, 30698, 14941, 11522, 47, 22, 2886, 604, 47, 33022, 604, 10002, 52336, 5, 42335, 214, 47, 7413, 10, 55300, 47, 36510, 604, 44, 5636, 9, 188, 9, 5636, 43515, 23, 14941, 830, 7224, 18383, 123997, 119556, 14578, 45, 10763, 11, 10484, 4, 26859, 60822, 214, 70, 68944, 111, 52336, 390, 25027, 133093, 4, 16454, 30260, 1294, 136, 70, 4488, 111, 106073, 102917, 538, 10, 7426, 13950, 7156, 4, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 58, 2843, 123840, 79507, 7, 1295, 10, 96551, 111, 24668, 30773, 7, 5, 581, 5367, 56, 22299, 297, 903, 47, 604, 17664, 297, 82, 62937, 60089, 4, 54433, 44, 568, 444, 10, 119485, 5, 9925, 25, 7, 759, 5132, 5, 87, 25, 39, 10, 119485, 17721, 22556, 136, 35011, 4, 17721, 7426, 136, 13950, 4, 17721, 29394, 7, 20, 17721, 759, 636, 761, 7717, 67373, 136, 759, 42732, 25, 7, 195374, 59714, 4, 70, 74291, 19, 77889, 13, 136, 19128, 82393, 87, 5161, 136, 15672, 19612, 1242, 88172, 19, 136, 102256, 24453, 9022, 80854, 4, 3129, 1902, 10, 11192, 79507, 98, 44, 397, 5800, 112, 42313, 19, 388, 239, 65025, 90, 2953, 4, 621, 2843, 13379, 23, 44, 2729, 34, 138918, 12349, 830, 2684, 197097, 538, 98, 44, 647, 63736, 18852, 14804, 7, 58, 15, 670, 3400, 19778, 194, 108341, 20623, 7, 1295, 12921, 25134, 15672, 76726, 71579, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 61765, 31, 4, 10, 20623, 111, 4271, 9, 62268, 297, 16446, 28905, 82393, 450, 62038, 3674, 23, 34170, 4, 83, 36875, 98, 44, 46471, 236, 10763, 15, 618, 27803, 16, 830, 3129, 2843, 70163, 7, 80854, 111, 13950, 136, 21972, 5, 581, 1257, 65769, 28560, 66139, 10, 101275, 2639, 136, 10, 6, 80728, 23, 3129, 7224, 18383, 75060, 7, 29892, 9, 5062, 108171, 7, 5, 44, 186048, 30441, 4, 78662, 814, 58, 171759, 7, 7426, 13950, 678, 3493, 5073, 19612, 136, 70541, 7, 13984, 2320, 1295, 2652, 1434, 13569, 136, 70, 44, 9254, 27803, 58, 20, 89160, 13984, 7, 137567, 137272, 678, 70, 30773, 5, 62, 10846, 52336, 621, 2843, 79507, 71, 390, 82393, 9, 77007, 30773, 7, 74, 70, 44, 2242, 117946, 58, 44, 26951, 1577, 58, 83, 21, 37534, 678, 3525, 259, 272, 136, 44, 31345, 53, 100, 70, 18621, 19114, 58, 83, 191722, 390, 20947, 19612, 5, 581, 14537, 69277, 71, 44, 1062, 7944, 86, 10519, 14804, 51053, 2347, 7, 58, 1556, 7224, 18383, 75060, 214, 44, 219, 76622, 58, 108171, 7, 136, 66139, 70910, 7, 13984, 2320, 79507, 71, 390, 14941, 13950, 8753, 581, 130904, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 10, 106453, 1459, 21373, 47, 70, 1632, 23, 44, 647, 31586, 141, 91354, 13, 830, 10, 13501, 11531, 390, 15672, 756, 9, 2242, 49100, 8753, 581, 26387, 1577, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 70, 56312, 111, 44, 3957, 6561, 830, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 23684, 138918, 12349, 15, 16, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 74291, 19, 5367, 56, 136, 11531, 70035, 7224, 18383, 4, 7964, 538, 121447, 98, 702, 7582, 6789, 390, 181482, 89916, 5, 1650, 83, 604, 5117, 7156, 47, 186, 102917, 538, 17164, 297, 23, 14941, 5, 24372, 70, 54452, 111, 604, 22759, 927, 12275, 7156, 44, 397, 5800, 112, 42313, 19, 388, 239, 65025, 90, 2953, 4, 3129, 100512, 10, 36272, 23, 42845, 21629, 4, 7224, 18383, 509, 65524, 71, 390, 15672, 5367, 56, 128627, 3224, 7260, 47, 17164, 52336, 23, 14941, 237, 2412, 18822, 71, 70, 5367, 56, 1902, 70, 38516, 47, 41421, 5465, 3934, 70, 14941, 9, 196651, 7426, 16839, 5, 7224, 18383, 509, 61475, 538, 764, 172, 18211, 47, 1379, 78219, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Writing and recording.", "Composition.", "Release.", "Singles.", "Tour.", "Critical reception.", "Accolades.", "Commercial performance.", "Impact and legacy.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In 1998, Shakira released her second major label studio album \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" (\"Where Are the Thieves?\"), which became a success in Latin America and received record certifications in various countries like Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Spain. The rock en español-influenced Latin pop album drew comparisons to the work of Canadian-American singer songwriter Alanis Morissette and \"cracked the lucrative US market wide open\", spending a total of 11 weeks atop the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. It became Shakira's first album to receive a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" spawned the Arabian-styled single \"Ojos Así\" (\"Eyes Like Yours\"), which became a hit and was deemed the \"signature track\" of the album. Shakira's record label at that time, Epic Records, opposed the decision to release and commission \"Laundry Service\" as they \"wanted her just to throw a couple of songs in English on a Latin record.\" Gloria Estefan argued with Tommy Mottola, then head of Sony Music Entertainment (the parent company of Epic Records), and convinced him to release the album, arguing that an \"American audience\" would not buy a Spanish record simply due to its inclusion of a few English tracks. In an interview with \"Latina\", she said \"I got in the trenches there with Tommy [Mottola] - I fought for that. Because they didn't believe it. Just like they told us [her and Emilio during the Miami Sound Machine days]. They were trying to think in the box and I wanted to take her out of the box. And fortunately, Tommy, whom I love and adore and is a good friend, he really listened to me.\"", "The success of \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" prompted American singer Gloria Estefan in 1999, whose husband Emilio Estefan was managing Shakira at that time, to persuade Shakira to attempt to crossover into the mainstream pop industry. However, Shakira was initially hesitant to record songs in English as it was not her first language, so Estefan offered to translate \"Ojos Así\" into English in order to show her that \"it could translate well.\" Shakira then began translating the song herself and showed it to Estefan, who responded \"Quite honestly, I can't do this better!.\" As Shakira wanted to have full control over her recordings, she decided to learn English better to enable her to write her own songs. Wanting to find a method to express her \"day-to-day stories in English\", Shakira bought rhyming dictionaries, started analysing the lyrics of songs by Bob Dylan, reading poetry and the work of", "Although primarily a pop rock album, \"Laundry Service\" also draws influences from a variety of musical genres. The singer credited this to her mixed ethnicity, saying \"I am a fusion. That's my persona. I'm a fusion between black and white, between pop and rock, between cultures - between my Lebanese father and my mother's Spanish blood, the Colombian folklore and Arab dance I love and American music.\" Arabian and Middle Eastern elements, which had a high influence on \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\", are also present in \"Laundry Service\", most prominently on \"Eyes Like Yours\" (Ojos Así). Musical styles from different South American countries surface on the album. Tango, a style of fast-paced ballroom dance that originated in Argentina, is evident on \"Objection (Tango)\", which also combines elements of rock and roll. The uptempo track features a guitar solo and a bridge in which Shakira delivers rap-like vocals. \"Whenever, Wherever\" blends pop rock with Andean music and contains instrumentation from panpipes and the \"charango\" - traditional instruments generally associated with the genre. A few songs are also influenced by dance-based genres; the \"feisty\" \"Rules\" is laced with new wave and \"Ready for the Good Times\" is inspired by disco music. The power ballad \"Underneath Your Clothes\" has Shakira delivering \"racked\" vocals and features brass instrumentation influenced by English rock band The Beatles. It contains a melody similar to the one in \"Eternal Flame\", a 1989 song by American all-female band The Bangles. Similarly, the tune of \"The One\", another", "The album was globally released on 13 November 2001 in nations including Australia, France, Italy, Switzerland and the United States. In Latin American countries like Mexico, the album was released as \"Servicio de Lavandería\" in January 2002. In the United Kingdom, \"Laundry Service\" was released on 11 March 2002. On 12 November 2002, a limited edition version of the album entitled \"Laundry Service: Washed and Dried\" was released; this version of the album features three additional", "\"Whenever, Wherever\" was released as the lead single from \"Laundry Service\" in early October 2001. The song was commercially successful, peaking at number one in countries including Australia, Austria, France, Germany Italy, and more than 14 countries worldwide. In the United States, \"Whenever, Wherever\" became Shakira's first single to chart on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and peaked at number six. It stood as the singer's highest peaking single on the chart until \"Hips Don't Lie\" reached number one in 2006. \"Whenever, Wherever\" narrowly missed peaking atop the chart in the United Kingdom by reaching number two. \"Suerte\", the Spanish-language version of the song, was also released and peaked at number one in Spain and on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart. \"Whenever, Wherever\" attained numerous record certifications around the world, including multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Belgium, and Switzerland, platinum certifications in the United Kingdom, and a diamond certification in France. The accompanying music video of the song, which features Shakira belly dancing in various locations, was directed by Francis Lawrence and became popular on music video television channel MTV. \"Underneath Your Clothes\" was released as the second single from the album in May 2002. The song peaked atop the charts in Australia, Austria, and Belgium; it was certified platinum in the three countries. In other countries, it became a top five hit. \"Underneath Your Clothes\" entered the top ten of the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number nine, while in the United Kingdom it reached number three. The accompanying music video for \"Underneath Your Clothes\" was directed by Herb Ritts and depicts Shakira's life on tour. Shakira's", "To promote \"Laundry Service\", Shakira embarked on the Tour of the Mongoose from 2002 to 2003. The tour was the singer's first worldwide tour and visited 50 cities and 30 countries, with its kick-off concert show held in San Diego, California. Various brands and franchises co-sponsored the tour, including international clothing brand Reebok and soft drink brand Pepsi. Seven buses and ten trailers were also employed to transport all the staff members. A stage covering 350 square meters was set up and preparations to arrange 280,000 watts of sound and light were made. A \"solid nine-piece band\" was hired to provide live instrumentation. Regarding the title of the tour, Shakira explained her decision to name it after the mongoose, saying: \"It's called the Tour of the Mongoose, and the mongoose is basically one of the few animals who can defeat the most venomous snakes with just one bite. And that's why I decided to name my tour that way, because I think that if we all have a little mongoose inside that can defeat the hatred and the resentment and the prejudice of everyday, we can probably win the battle.\" Likewise, the theme of the tour was highly influenced by Shakira's political views, and this was prominently seen during the performance of \"Octavo Día\", a song from", "Critical reception towards \"Laundry Service\" ranged from favourable to mixed, with critics expressing different opinions regarding the production and composition of the album. Alex Henderson from AllMusic commended Shakira's songwriting abilities in English, calling it a \"challenge that she handles impressively well. Shakira, it turns out, sings quite convincingly in English,\" and also praised her different mixes of musical styles, saying \"Like Shakira's Spanish-language albums, this self-produced CD is enjoyably eclectic; she successfully combines pop/rock with everything from tango on \"Objection (Tango)\" and Andean music on \"Whenever, Wherever\" to Middle Eastern music on \"Eyes Like Yours\". He concluded that \"\"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" remains Shakira's most essential album, but \"Laundry Service\" is an excellent English-language debut for the South American vocalist.\" A critic from \"Billboard\" also favoured the presence of various musical styles on the album and commented that \"\"Laundry Service\" finds the 24-year-old artist unafraid of merging musical flavors,\" and complimented Shakira's vocal talent. Similarly, the Entertainment.ie review of the album deemed the lyrical content \"surreal\" and the production \"no less bizarre [...] imposing breakneck tangos, twanging guitar solos and bizarre raps onto a familiar soft rock template.\" They felt that \"Laundry Service\" could not be called a \"great album\", reasoning that \"the line between fascinatingly strange and offputtingly weird is a thin one, and \"Laundry Service\" crosses it far too often,\" but also stated that \"Even so, Shakira's star quality can hardly be denied - and in today's increasingly conformist pop industry that deserves at least two cheers.\" Alexis Petridis from \"The Guardian\" lauded Shakira's originality, opining that \"In an age of personality-free pop idols, Shakira's glorious eccentricity makes her a true star,\" and commented that \"Every song contains at least one non sequitur so eccentric that it could be the work of 1970s rock surrealist Captain Beefheart\" and \"The music on \"Laundry Service\" gives the lyrics a run for their money in the oddball handicap.\" Although he felt that the use of samples on various songs", "\"Laundry Service\" garnered Shakira a number of awards. At the 2002 American Latino Media Arts Awards (ALMA Awards) ceremony, the album won the award for \"Album of the Year\" and Shakira won the award for \"Outstanding Female Performer\". At the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards Latin America (VMALA) ceremony in 2002, Shakira won a total of five awards, which included \"Artist of the Year\", \"Video of the Year\" (for \"Suerte\"), \"Female Artist of the Year\", \"Pop Artist of", "In Austria, \"Laundry Service\" entered the Ö3 Austria Top 40 albums chart at number five and peaked at number one, spending a total of 71 weeks on the chart. The album was certified double-platinum by the IFPI Austria for selling 80,000 units. In the Dutch-speaking Flanders region of Belgium, it reached number one on the Ultratop chart, while it peaked at number five in the French-speaking Wallonia region of the country. After debuting at number 40 on the Finnish Albums Chart, \"Laundry Service\" quickly ascended to number one and charted for a total of 49 weeks. By 2007, the album had gone triple-platinum in the country and had sold a total of 90,140 units. In France, \"Laundry Service\" debuted at number nine on the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) albums chart and peaked at number five for three weeks; its stay on the chart lasted for 89 weeks. It was certified double-platinum by the SNEP for sales of 600,000 units. It remained as Shakira's greatest certified album in the country until her ninth studio album \"Sale el Sol\" was certified diamond in 2011. In Germany, it peaked at number two on the Media Control chart and charted for 31 weeks. Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) certified \"Laundry Service\" quintuple-gold in Germany for shipments of 750,000 units. In Hungary, it peaked at number four on the MAHASZ chart and was her highest charting album in the country until \"Sale el Sol\" reached the same position in 2010. The album was certified platinum in Hungary. After debuting at number three on the Italian Albums Chart, \"Laundry Service\" ascended to number two the following week but was kept from attaining the top position by Alanis Morissette's 2002 album \"Under Rug Swept\". In Spain, \"Servicio de Lavanderia\" reached number two on the PROMUSICAE albums chart. It also charted in 2005 in the country along with Shakira's fifth and sixth studio albums \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" and \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", respectively. The album has been certified quintuple-platinum by PROMUSICAE for shipments of 500,000 units. In Sweden, \"Laundry Service\" debuted atop the Sverigetopplistan chart and stayed on the top position for three", "The commercial success of the album led to Shakira being deemed one of the most successful Latin crossover artists of all time, with Steve Huey from AllMusic calling her \"Latin pop's biggest female crossover artist since Jennifer Lopez\" and \"an instant pop sensation, thanks to her quirky poetic sense and a sexy video image built on her hip-shaking belly dance moves.\" The success of the album also received considerable backlash, with many calling Shakira a \"sellout\". This negative response was further heightened by the fact that Shakira, who was a natural brunette, had bleached her hair blonde at the time of the release of the album, which many viewed as a tactic to \"fit into the US market.\" Regarding this backlash, Shakira said, \"I know my Latin people find this difficult. And I want [my success] to be good news to my country. But it's typical that when you see somebody who is so close to you growing, you feel that the very word 'growing' is synonymous with leaving. My hair is a coincidence. I dyed it more than two and a half years ago.\" On the other hand, many viewed Shakira's crossover success as a \"strong cultural statement\" as her musical style was representative of her mixed ethnicity. In 2002, the singer was interviewed by Nobel Literature Prize-winning Colombian novelist and journalist Gabriel García Márquez, who was \"astonished by her fantastical work-rate\" and said that \"Shakira's music has a personal stamp", "", "Credits adapted from AllMusic." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 14355, 7074, 80723, 1919, 101740, 80997, 99, 102115, 210721, 5, 1529, 112730, 23, 70, 76875, 5609, 100, 1632, 34003, 237, 764, 7228, 4442, 170894, 7, 136, 47763, 71, 186351, 23, 70, 6052, 101969, 34003, 5, 581, 11737, 34003, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 23972, 19175, 5609, 112377, 1773, 87604, 98, 111628, 4, 28780, 214, 43606, 109458, 23, 714, 170894, 7, 5, 581, 25632, 34003, 4, 764, 23409, 1810, 98, 111628, 13438, 4, 903, 1733, 47, 132702, 19, 202364, 4, 20662, 543, 170894, 7, 136, 28780, 214, 22759, 20028, 237, 202364, 23742, 70, 192428, 44759, 5, 1529, 2806, 47445, 15700, 34003, 99, 70, 11938, 136, 764, 2806, 3249, 1919, 49838, 19175, 23554, 41274, 34377, 4, 38162, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 4, 23, 10, 757, 1104, 2389, 79442, 26548, 102374, 5609, 102115, 92, 124338, 5, 33306, 4, 202364, 72856, 116, 104279, 98, 6, 197564, 13, 136, 2806, 738, 47, 70, 23972, 162856, 111, 70, 48524, 15619, 5, 360, 70, 23972, 162856, 111, 48524, 15619, 98, 70, 17932, 6049, 4, 14355, 7074, 47763, 71, 10, 6, 69986, 69236, 23, 10, 116, 104279, 19916, 645, 6096, 4612, 217339, 13, 136, 175961, 47, 70, 10760, 149282, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 11938, 509, 27169, 3674, 23, 70, 10760, 149282, 5, 360, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 48524, 15619, 80399, 4, 14355, 7074, 112730, 756, 70, 14858, 90, 5, 360, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 176377, 47, 102115, 210721, 7103, 1919, 5117, 7175, 2685, 509, 84046, 136, 509, 111628, 297, 47, 45998, 161159, 13, 100, 37195, 21775, 5, 24372, 10, 111628, 160093, 99, 45998, 161159, 13, 4, 764, 509, 111628, 297, 13438, 4, 1284, 903, 1733, 47, 1853, 14599, 17006, 23, 6088, 5, 14355, 7074, 7228, 1919, 34377, 98, 496, 6088, 2691, 23, 10, 106, 1104, 2389, 86669, 26548, 45998, 161159, 13, 5, 24372, 20662, 136659, 170894, 7, 75169, 2510, 14633, 15490, 10, 10588, 4, 764, 176377, 47, 70, 49129, 11938, 23, 18982, 5, 24372, 67842, 111628, 160093, 7, 4, 14355, 7074, 100512, 10, 5117, 9, 44420, 20324, 99, 102115, 210721, 5, 1529, 112730, 1919, 5117, 14858, 98, 209, 11994, 43304, 23, 10, 106, 1104, 2389, 19916, 645, 77963, 13348, 24145, 13438, 7103, 764, 7228, 1919, 34377, 23, 70, 39395, 2831, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 38162, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 23, 70, 9365, 927, 15393, 4, 23, 10, 116, 104279, 86669, 26548, 77963, 13348, 98, 611, 6088, 25499, 14355, 7074, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 69236, 23, 10, 138, 1104, 2389, 19916, 645, 1853, 14599, 17006, 98, 387, 7071, 2021, 136, 47763, 71, 98, 70, 4568, 6712, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 26548, 1919, 36770, 11938, 4, 23, 10, 201, 1104, 363, 86669, 98, 729, 4347, 20907, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 102115, 210721, 23742, 70, 103655, 15619, 5, 581, 25632, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 4163, 1286, 75169, 1733, 136, 764, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 69236, 111, 70, 34003, 23, 10, 116, 104279, 19916, 645, 40933, 399, 21270, 869, 2810, 98, 382, 11994, 20938, 581, 11737, 6712, 4, 14355, 7074, 47763, 71, 15700, 69236, 136, 62952, 30793, 100, 18899, 84285, 10529, 53, 23, 10, 201, 1104, 2389, 19916, 645, 567, 35724, 77222, 92981, 136659, 13312, 14432, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 70, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 112730, 756, 22759, 14858, 90, 23, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 49838, 19175, 25, 7, 80399, 8108, 70, 11938, 3542, 27169, 3674, 23, 70, 50960, 68807, 26548, 27637, 4450, 76, 63252, 5, 581, 25632, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 69236, 111, 70, 34003, 23, 10, 106, 104279, 79442, 26548, 567, 35724, 77222, 92981, 5, 360, 70, 3974, 19175, 21115, 36541, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 10, 1620, 329, 23, 10, 138, 1104, 304, 19916, 645, 182474, 44826, 5, 33306, 70, 11938, 69427, 25, 18, 42658, 47, 70, 186015, 6056, 36541, 5, 24372, 28780, 214, 10, 1620, 329, 23, 70, 3974, 19175, 4, 764, 1902, 2809, 98, 10, 109458, 587, 2852, 678, 17262, 23, 70, 4568, 17262, 27528, 5, 360, 70, 50960, 68807, 111, 70, 49838, 19175, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 46323, 69236, 23, 10, 138, 104279, 19916, 645, 27637, 4450, 76, 63252, 5, 360, 18982, 36404, 14355, 7074, 33284, 297, 102374, 5609, 893, 47311, 13676, 528, 206, 6498, 98, 10, 17262, 9, 46799, 18264, 5, 360, 70, 73432, 6712, 111, 70, 34003, 98, 702, 11994, 4, 14355, 7074, 7228, 1919, 34377, 23, 10, 757, 1104, 2389, 79442, 26548, 102115, 92, 353, 141, 206, 783, 5, 1529, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 69236, 23, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 19916, 645, 62, 76366, 158895, 51049, 15702, 98, 138, 7071, 136, 47763, 71, 10, 1620, 329, 23, 70, 11737, 27528, 23, 10, 201, 1104, 304, 19916, 645, 602, 5720, 22695, 172, 5720, 1042, 98, 534, 7071, 5, 84247, 12982, 127, 14432, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 23, 10, 138, 1104, 363, 79442, 26548, 25908, 217, 12190, 72673, 4, 86658, 10, 37195, 9, 15477, 127, 69236, 16810, 46526, 5, 6561, 31150, 14432, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 23, 10, 138, 104279, 19916, 645, 2994, 343, 14854, 67977, 98, 702, 7582, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 23409, 98, 70, 28780, 214, 3173, 678, 22759, 5, 33306, 33662, 7103, 4, 14355, 7074, 75204, 10, 92635, 111, 5117, 9, 44420, 101740, 99, 70, 11938, 7103, 70, 11938, 509, 59038, 71, 390, 1832, 4293, 669, 7354, 464, 515, 136, 70, 11938, 23409, 98, 10, 33652, 5504, 13, 4, 1144, 592, 92865, 59176, 241, 188, 25, 31, 136, 158982, 567, 10011, 2810, 5, 4966, 764, 6777, 47763, 10, 1620, 329, 23, 10, 190, 1104, 363, 86669, 26548, 313, 28209, 124338, 98, 1105, 18374, 1532, 136, 1902, 19, 25, 18, 47763, 71, 16792, 5, 14355, 7074, 17378, 764, 86171, 10, 5117, 7175, 101740, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 14355, 7074, 509, 70, 17932, 2663, 28780, 56, 50155, 241, 188, 25, 31, 5, 360, 70, 1324, 51065, 12302, 76896, 4, 14355, 7074, 33284, 297, 15161, 2777, 34942, 98, 10, 17262, 9, 46799, 35142, 5, 1529, 7228, 1919, 34377, 23, 70, 73432, 6712, 111, 70, 34003, 4, 23, 10, 106, 1104, 2389, 86669, 26548, 313, 28209, 124338, 5, 581, 11737, 6712, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 26548, 1919, 36770, 11938, 23, 10, 116, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3342, 14355, 7074, 15, 57332, 1039, 8055, 20231, 16, 83, 10, 103655, 23182, 101740, 56, 4, 2750, 11301, 7, 237, 10, 153350, 42, 100, 112377, 786, 4704, 210721, 5, 14355, 7074, 83, 10, 120696, 669, 4, 19441, 112730, 100, 136659, 12921, 117406, 23, 70, 103655, 23972, 19175, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 17262, 23, 70, 102374, 26521, 19175, 5, 1529, 1556, 23742, 192428, 44759, 7, 678, 132702, 19, 202364, 15, 32096, 1104, 110156, 136, 40933, 399, 147356, 15, 7360, 1104, 1837, 136, 918, 1104, 60978, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career.", "Loan spells.", "Return to Sparta Prague.", "Anzhi Makhachkala.", "FC Rostov.", "Return to the Czech Republic.", "International career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Holenda began his football career at Sparta Prague. He played in the reserve side for one season as he made 34 appearances and scored twice in the 2003/04 season.", "The next season, he joined First League side FK Drnovice on loan, scoring five goals in 25 appearances. The following season, he went out on loan again, this time to Slovan Liberec, making 18 appearances and scoring four times as Liberec won the league title. He would spend another season at the club and he would make his Champions League Qualification debut, coming on as a substitute, in a 0–0 draw against Russian side Spartak Moscow. However, Liberec lost 2–1 on aggregate and would go to the First Round of the UEFA Cup. In the First Round of UEFA Cup on the second leg, Holenda scored a winning goal in a 2–1 win over Red Star Belgrade and advanced to the Group Stage. However, the club was eliminated in the Group Stage. In the club's UEFA Cup campaign, Holenda played all the matches. In the second half of the season, Holenda returned to Sparta Prague after his first team there was limited and was loaned to České Budějovice for six months. After a loan spell at České Budějovice, he was loaned again, but this time to Baník Most in September. Holenda made his debut on 30 September 2007 in a 1–0 loss against České Budějovice. After making eight appearances playing 90 minutes without a rest, he returned to the parent club in January.", "After various loan spells, Holenda became a first-team regular at Sparta Prague. He played his first match on 10 March 2008, in a 1–0 win over Teplice once again after he made his debut in the early part of the season, coming on as a substitute in the 85th minute, in a 2–1 loss against Teplice on 16 September 2007. Holenda scored his first goal in a 3–0 win over Baník Most on 20 April 2008 and scored on the last game of the season, against his former club, in a 4–3 loss on 17 May 2008. At the end of the season, Sparta Prague won the Czech Cup. The following season, Holenda got more playing time and he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Viktoria Žižkov on 8 March 2009. The next game, Holenda scored another goal and provided assist for Wilfried Bony in a 4–0 win over Zbrojovka Brno eight days later. Early in the season, Holenda played all four matches in the club's Champions League's campaign before the club were eliminated in the third round against Panathinaikos. The following season, Holenda scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw against Zbrojovka Brno. In the Europa League group stage, he scored a brace in a 3–2 win over CFR Cluj. However the club couldn't progress to the knockout stage. After scoring a brace in the Europa League, he had been on a goalscoring with three in the last three games. In the third round of the Champions League, he scored his first CL goal in a 3–1 win over Panathinaikos.", "In January 2010, Holenda joined Russian side Anzhi Makhachkala on a three-year contract. In the opening game of the season on 13 March, Holenda made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Spartak Nalchik. He scored his first goal in a 2–0 win over Alania Vladikavkaz on 3 April and scored a brace in the next games in a 4–2 win over Sibir Novosibirsk on 11 April. Six Month later, he scored in a 3–3 draw against Zenit Saint Petersburg, ending a six-month goal drought. One month later, he scored in a 3–1 win over Terek Grozny on 13 November. At the beginning of the season, Holenda went on the scoring form with four. However soon after, Holenda received a lack of first-team football at the club after the club was purchased by Suleyman Kerimov and the club went on a shopping spree, signing players Samuel Eto'o and Yuri Zhirkov. But he did score a brace in a 5–3 loss against CSKA Moscow on 23 October 2010 and hadn't scored since. Holenda says he wants a first team football. At the end of the season, Holenda was the second top scorer behind Eto'o.", "In the 2012 summer transfer window, Holenda joined FC Rostov on a three-year deal. He made his debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 loss against CSKA Moscow. The next game, he scored against his former club in a 2–2 draw on 29 July 2012. On 25 August 2012, Holenda scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Alania Vladikavkaz.", "Holenda returned to the Czech Republic, signing as a free agent on a short-term contract with Viktoria Plzeň in October 2014. After playing six matches in the autumn part of the 2014–15 season, Holenda signed a new contract with Plzeň. With only five of his first 17 league appearances across the season as a member of the starting eleven, Holenda played mainly as a substitute, but decisive goals against his former club, Sparta Prague, and Slavia Prague helped Plzeň to the league title and with it, a new contract until June 2017. The following season, Plzeň won the league for a second consecutive time, but Holenda scored just one goal in 18 appearances. Holenda didn't play for Plzeň at the beginning of the 2016–17 season, and joined Bohemians 1905 on a half-season loan in September 2016. In January 2017 he signed a contract until the summer of 2019 with fellow First League side FK Dukla Prague, with Dukla becoming the eighth First League club for Holenda to represent.", "In his international career, he played in the youth Czech national team U-15, U-16, U-18, U-19 and U-21. In 2007, Holenda was involved in the squad for UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship but the national team U21 was placed last with one point." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1734, 7, 83, 51529, 1672, 126562, 68743, 90, 3501, 1672, 1919, 11301, 7, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 1919, 11301, 7, 621, 70, 5201, 31344, 111, 4677, 1672, 4049, 136, 1919, 6897, 5, 1650, 509, 101805, 289, 23, 25074, 116512, 100, 70, 40316, 223, 47, 70424, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 42179, 20271, 142, 29823, 35839, 70, 242, 6276, 125960, 25, 136, 4911, 7, 3060, 3530, 48461, 289, 15824, 7, 831, 186, 14037, 2685, 5, 33306, 4, 6097, 15824, 7, 33444, 13, 39555, 167969, 47, 1919, 80997, 237, 10, 77557, 1419, 136, 70, 11301, 7, 70541, 10846, 34735, 136, 220, 6332, 1234, 10821, 6, 29786, 90, 1672, 1919, 3357, 144239, 7, 707, 1919, 14375, 6897, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 131259, 44, 771, 126, 58, 23, 142, 32070, 3229, 442, 509, 101805, 289, 100, 10, 30260, 47, 41591, 70, 31486, 111, 242, 17615, 5372, 25, 15, 63897, 937, 2400, 247, 136, 21208, 903, 183037, 15005, 2822, 47, 1919, 23189, 111, 70, 40316, 223, 23, 456, 90431, 2317, 4, 442, 2843, 127918, 1919, 76755, 678, 70, 95771, 237, 10, 6868, 4597, 98, 88551, 37348, 5, 126562, 68743, 90, 63043, 297, 47, 186, 32562, 100, 10, 501, 27571, 136, 205556, 214, 95771, 4, 14373, 764, 2843, 159978, 71, 450, 242, 126340, 20028, 25, 2806, 116983, 70, 95771, 59499, 47, 6863, 116816, 111, 1919, 11301, 7, 5, 1529, 68018, 72464, 933, 111, 1919, 7311, 2481, 237, 10, 77557, 1419, 14373, 1919, 11301, 7, 74729, 538, 30210, 51483, 177986, 47, 53560, 3525, 79507, 7, 23, 94100, 3378, 100510, 5, 1529, 91405, 987, 297, 105207, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 81693, 15, 10869, 78458, 50005, 44652, 988, 4, 124901, 79507, 98, 1919, 10002, 4488, 49903, 764, 24145, 154054, 9966, 538, 224344, 71, 247, 23, 44951, 7, 15, 157225, 538, 70, 177619, 82366, 191, 247, 136, 23, 6, 119598, 53, 64, 226572, 19, 15, 136913, 1061, 187906, 509, 70, 2684, 162520, 30388, 194, 62771, 91405, 54889, 48903, 47, 21980, 538, 450, 126562, 68743, 90, 509, 142, 10332, 9, 148472, 297, 17467, 4935, 4, 14373, 450, 21455, 111, 4049, 37105, 7, 47, 2304, 18403, 5256, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 106926, 297, 450, 126562, 68743, 90, 181653, 11301, 7, 5201, 538, 47, 187507, 70, 95771, 136, 47, 19916, 107374, 223, 130412, 7, 5, 18763, 11301, 7, 3542, 59121, 100, 36049, 99, 70, 6782, 155034, 8395, 7, 111, 94100, 7, 4, 70, 120593, 399, 136, 6406, 17893, 299, 3478, 4, 7440, 1836, 3542, 116983, 71, 136, 70318, 297, 494, 13105, 23, 130412, 678, 70, 43240, 111, 3789, 131259, 77557, 64370, 5, 893, 121151, 13, 36549, 111, 6, 89576, 10484, 4, 82775, 47, 56282, 479, 461, 48226, 136, 6, 66157, 1830, 4, 34390, 71, 70, 20875, 214, 116983, 7, 99, 70, 6406, 17893, 299, 3478, 47, 1660, 43606, 5, 32255, 116983, 7, 31895, 44961, 297, 70, 52528, 111, 70, 95771, 7, 14373, 2685, 83, 5045, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 1672, 70, 166577, 111, 8382, 95771, 7, 5, 581, 163198, 90, 3542, 68782, 58696, 4, 678, 40, 26518, 100, 99, 19713, 84428, 99, 70, 146613, 111, 17893, 299, 7921, 5, 581, 5155, 25, 7, 1528, 99, 70, 6406, 17893, 299, 3478, 100, 27781, 509, 131126, 297, 4, 678, 17262, 59824, 90, 136, 10, 25, 433, 43804, 25, 11301, 99255, 111, 10, 180327, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 7722, 450, 5941, 111, 70, 70425, 56, 130367, 7, 15, 46280, 71407, 70, 5201, 132756, 7, 111, 745, 13906, 21325, 1884, 82366, 191, 16, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 8395, 65006, 678, 3789, 7398, 68879, 7, 5, 581, 17467, 4935, 16912, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 11301, 7, 13648, 127298, 44961, 70, 130812, 7, 111, 70, 73944, 21115, 23, 142, 51, 205913, 4935, 95771, 5, 581, 36049, 9433, 13648, 2843, 765, 79507, 71, 70, 16912, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 11301, 7, 5, 194397, 6056, 2684, 111, 126562, 68743, 90, 25, 80997, 4, 70, 40316, 223, 509, 85590, 47, 10, 11301, 25, 7, 36272, 136, 442, 509, 172310, 297, 136, 9458, 297, 390, 10, 44, 3089, 107, 14336, 830, 10, 180187, 53, 130367, 6, 140545, 297, 47, 70, 66211, 390, 1632, 111, 70, 187, 81941, 7, 5, 62, 681, 107, 14336, 5809, 28601, 1919, 3357, 1119, 40930, 6644, 98, 70, 40316, 223, 237, 10, 211656, 115, 939, 136, 10, 3835, 3486, 34639, 4, 1284, 126562, 68743, 90, 168360, 23, 44, 3957, 114996, 7, 58, 450, 180187, 53, 130367, 7, 13648, 28601, 211656, 6, 240906, 237, 1992, 4745, 674, 566, 144429, 98, 2856, 390, 745, 13906, 21325, 136, 177619, 7, 1884, 82366, 191, 5, 12613, 7, 70, 68894, 17467, 1814, 39, 111, 70, 11301, 7, 1543, 44961, 70, 16912, 111, 70, 180187, 14, 525, 40059, 111, 94100, 3378, 100510, 4, 98, 124901, 113242, 2481, 756, 77557, 64370, 42548, 71, 100, 118620, 98, 2363, 11301, 7, 5, 14847, 126562, 68743, 90, 25, 5117, 11301, 44, 3957, 5458, 944, 23962, 58, 509, 181653, 4, 94100, 7, 509, 142, 95686, 10821, 4, 109343, 14537, 136, 70, 100457, 5416, 37903, 66, 5550, 509, 4734, 23, 6863, 22759, 927, 6602, 5, 18763, 11301, 7, 27983, 36510, 30310, 23, 70, 69307, 674, 111, 70, 114210, 58093, 15, 2347, 91375, 7, 99, 191074, 16, 14373, 1836, 621, 959, 28956, 519, 48242, 4, 136, 1836, 621, 1924, 309, 206, 538, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 1631, 678, 102115, 5, 581, 11301, 7, 621, 106480, 6, 16275, 64113, 23, 35778, 8780, 111, 1631, 134532, 1314, 4, 54940, 136565, 177619, 7, 6044, 237, 82366, 191, 26366, 197097, 538, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 1919, 4568, 11301, 509, 181653, 15, 11, 67688, 6, 105742, 77269, 16, 94100, 7, 1902, 2809, 8, 88981, 297, 23, 1631, 4, 6863, 352, 95972, 1902, 2809, 2837, 45660, 6259, 136, 442, 1902, 1379, 519, 86, 10, 167201, 1295, 8035, 70, 68894, 47, 70, 91768, 289, 11698, 111, 200955, 5, 126562, 68743, 90, 509, 2831, 111, 903, 167201, 136, 764, 99764, 23, 70, 91768, 289, 54543, 7, 111, 70, 14922, 2451, 2347, 45646, 111, 1919, 11301, 7, 216479, 7, 1295, 25074, 116512, 24189, 4, 23, 1919, 4568, 613, 686, 6496, 11301, 4, 44, 12137, 289, 927, 1995, 830, 442, 1286, 20903, 538, 3332, 195, 13566, 2356, 116512, 5, 33306, 442, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 36766, 764, 12441, 707, 2563, 538, 45739, 71, 47, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 126562, 68743, 90, 15, 74, 4, 2819, 501, 5, 6, 180730, 46, 501, 5, 6, 105742, 77269, 247, 775, 111, 123850, 223, 4, 111, 70, 8, 282, 8667, 85, 2347, 76, 1830, 15, 247, 509, 10, 131259, 11301, 434, 54969, 111, 142, 45964, 94100, 7, 136, 10, 30260, 111, 25074, 9208, 1771, 116512, 5, 96129, 33, 111, 1919, 100, 939, 11301, 7, 188545, 20513, 538, 28484, 5, 32255, 22691, 70, 2684, 167224, 27781, 7, 111, 10, 30773, 111, 131259, 23134, 51529, 237, 25074, 116512, 136, 621, 11814, 47, 61924, 442, 4, 33233, 678, 38551, 7, 1295, 31236, 1755, 111, 72856, 11301, 7, 390, 126562, 68743, 90, 136, 1919, 158, 99736, 11, 10484, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Poetry.", "Rhetoric.", "Old Comedy.", "Topicality.", "Festivity.", "Complexity.", "Dramatic structure.", "Parabasis.", "Influence and legacy.", "Works.", "Surviving plays.", "Datable non-surviving (lost) plays." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Less is known about Aristophanes than about his plays. In fact, his plays are the main source of information about him and his life. It was conventional in Old Comedy for the Chorus to speak on behalf of the author during an address called the 'parabasis' and thus some biographical facts can be found there. However, these facts relate almost entirely to his career as a dramatist and the plays contain few clear and unambiguous clues about his personal beliefs or his private life. He was a comic \"poet\" in an age when it was conventional for a poet to assume the role of 'teacher' (didaskalos), and though this specifically referred to his training of the Chorus in rehearsal, it also covered his relationship with the audience as a commentator on significant issues. Aristophanes claimed to be writing for a clever and discerning audience, yet he also declared that 'other times' would judge the audience according to its reception of his plays. He sometimes boasts of his originality as a dramatist yet his plays consistently espouse opposition to radical new influences in Athenian society. He caricatured leading figures in the arts (notably Euripides, whose influence on his own work however he once grudgingly acknowledged), in politics (especially the populist Cleon), and in philosophy/religion (where Socrates was the most obvious target). Such caricatures seem to imply that Aristophanes was an old-fashioned conservative, yet that view of him leads to contradictions. It has been argued that Aristophanes produced plays mainly to entertain the audience and to win prestigious competitions. His plays were written for production at the great dramatic festivals of Athens, the Lenaia and City Dionysia, where they were judged and awarded prizes in competition with the works of other comic dramatists. An elaborate series of lotteries, designed to prevent prejudice and corruption, reduced the voting judges at the City Dionysia to just five. These judges probably reflected the mood of the audiences yet there is much uncertainty about the composition of those audiences. The theatres were certainly huge, with seating for at least 10,000 at the Theatre of Dionysus. The day's program at the City Dionysia for example was crowded, with three tragedies and a'satyr' play ahead of a comedy, but it is possible that many of the poorer citizens (typically the main supporters of demagogues like Cleon) occupied the festival holiday with other pursuits. The conservative views expressed in the plays might therefore reflect the attitudes of the dominant group in an unrepresentative audience. The production process might also have influenced the views expressed in the plays. Throughout most of Aristophanes' career, the Chorus was essential to a play's success and it was recruited and funded by a \"choregus\", a wealthy citizen appointed to the task by one of the archons. A choregus could regard his personal expenditure on the Chorus as a civic duty and a public honour, but Aristophanes showed in \"The Knights\" that wealthy citizens might regard civic responsibilities as punishment imposed on them by demagogues and populists like Cleon. Thus the political conservatism of the plays may reflect the views of the wealthiest section of Athenian society, on whose generosity all dramatists depended for putting on their plays. When Aristophanes' first play \"The Banqueters\" was produced, Athens was an ambitious, imperial power and the Peloponnesian War was only in its fourth year. His plays often express pride in the achievement of the older generation (the victors at Marathon) yet they are not jingoistic, and they are staunchly opposed to the war with Sparta. The plays are particularly scathing in criticism of war profiteers, among whom populists such as Cleon figure prominently. By the time his last play was produced (around 386 BC) Athens had been defeated in war, its empire had been dismantled and it had undergone a transformation from being the political to the intellectual centre of Greece. Aristophanes was part of this transformation and he shared in the intellectual fashions of the period—the structure of his plays evolves from Old Comedy until, in his last surviving play, \"Wealth II\", it more closely resembles New Comedy. However it is uncertain whether he led or merely responded to changes in audience expectations. Aristophanes won second prize at the City Dionysia in 427 BC with his first play \"The Banqueters\" (now lost). He won first prize there with his next play, \"The Babylonians\" (also now lost). It was usual for foreign dignitaries to attend the City Dionysia, and \"The Babylonians\" caused some embarrassment for the Athenian authorities since it depicted the cities of the Delian League as slaves grinding at a mill. Some influential citizens, notably Cleon, reviled the play as slander against the \"polis\" and possibly took legal action against the author. The details of the trial are unrecorded but, speaking through the hero of his third play \"The Acharnians\" (staged at the Lenaia, where there were few or no foreign dignitaries), the poet carefully distinguishes between the \"polis\" and the real targets of his acerbic wit: Aristophanes repeatedly savages Cleon in his later plays. But these satirical diatribes appear to have had no effect on Cleon's political career—a few weeks after the performance of \"The Knights\"—a play full of anti-Cleon jokes—Cleon was elected to the prestigious board of ten generals. Cleon also seems to have had no real power to limit or control Aristophanes: the caricatures of him continued up to and even beyond his death. In the absence of clear biographical facts about Aristophanes, scholars make educated guesses based on interpretation of the language in the plays. Inscriptions and summaries or comments by Hellenistic and Byzantine scholars can also provide useful clues. We know however from a combination of these sources, and especially from comments in \"The Knights\" and \"The Clouds\", that Aristophanes' first three plays were not directed by him—they were instead directed by Callistratus and Philoneides, an arrangement that seemed to suit Aristophanes since he appears to have used these same directors in many later plays as well (Philoneides for example later directed \"The Frogs\" and he was also credited, perhaps wrongly, with directing \"The Wasps\".) Aristophanes's use of directors complicates our reliance on the plays as sources of biographical information because apparent self-references might have been made with reference to his directors instead. Thus for example a statement by the chorus in \"The Acharnians\" seems to indicate that the 'poet' had a close, personal association with the island of Aegina, yet the terms 'poet' (\"poietes\") and 'director' (\"didaskalos\") are often interchangeable as dramatic poets usually directed their own plays and therefore the reference in the play could be either to Aristophanes or Callistratus. Similarly, the hero in \"The Acharnians\" complains about Cleon \"dragging me into court\" over \"last year's play\" but here again it is not clear if this was said in reference to Aristophanes or Callistratus, either of whom might have been prosecuted by Cleon. Comments made by the Chorus referring to Aristophanes in \"The Clouds\" have been interpreted as evidence that he can hardly have been more than 18 years old when his first play \"The Banqueters\" was produced. The second parabasis in \"Wasps\" appears to indicate that he reached some kind of temporary accommodation with Cleon following either the controversy over \"The Babylonians\" or a subsequent controversy over \"The Knights\". It has been inferred from statements in \"The Clouds\" and \"Peace\" that Aristophanes was prematurely bald. We know that Aristophanes was probably victorious at least once at the City Dionysia (with \"Babylonians\" in 427) and at least three times at the Lenaia, with \"The Acharnians\" in 425, \"Knights\" in 424, and \"Frogs\" in 405. \"Frogs\" in fact won the unique distinction of a repeat performance at a subsequent festival. We know that a son of Aristophanes, Araros, was also a comic poet and he could have been heavily involved in the production of his father's play \"Wealth II\" in 388. Araros is also thought to have been responsible for the posthumous performances of the now lost plays \"Aeolosicon II\" and \"Cocalus\", and it is possible that the last of these won the prize at the City Dionysia in 387. It appears that a second son, Philippus, was twice victorious at the Lenaia and he could have directed some of Eubulus’ comedies. A third son was called either Nicostratus or Philetaerus, and a man by the latter name appears in the catalogue of Lenaia victors with two victories, the first probably in the late 370s. Plato's \"The Symposium\" appears to be a useful source of biographical information about Aristophanes, but its reliability is open to doubt. It purports to be a record of conversations at a dinner party at which both Aristophanes and Socrates are guests, held some seven years after the performance of \"The Clouds\", the play in which Socrates was cruelly caricatured. One of the guests, Alcibiades, even quotes from the play when teasing Socrates over his appearance and yet there is no indication of any ill-feeling between Socrates and Aristophanes. Plato's Aristophanes is in fact a genial character and this has been interpreted as evidence of Plato's own friendship with him (their friendship appears to be corroborated by an epitaph for Aristophanes, \"reputedly\" written by Plato, in which the playwright's soul is compared to an eternal shrine for the Graces). Plato was only a boy when the events in \"The Symposium\" are supposed to have occurred and it is possible that his Aristophanes is in fact based on a reading of the plays. For example, conversation among the guests turns to the subject of Love and Aristophanes explains his notion of it in terms of an amusing allegory, a device he often uses in his plays. He is represented as suffering an attack of hiccoughs and this might be a humorous reference to the crude physical jokes in his plays. He tells the other guests that he is quite happy to be thought amusing but he is wary of appearing ridiculous. This fear of being ridiculed is consistent with his declaration in \"The Knights\" that he embarked on the career of comic playwright warily after witnessing the public contempt and ridicule that other dramatists had incurred. Aristophanes survived The Peloponnesian War, two oligarchic revolutions and two democratic restorations; this has been interpreted as evidence that he was not actively involved in politics despite his highly political plays. He was probably appointed to the Council of Five Hundred for a year at the beginning of the fourth century but such appointments were very common in democratic Athens. Socrates, in the trial leading up to his own death, put the issue of a personal conscience in those troubled times quite succinctly:", "The language of Aristophanes' plays, and in Old Comedy generally, was valued by ancient commentators as a model of the Attic dialect. The orator Quintilian believed that the charm and grandeur of the Attic dialect made Old Comedy an example for orators to study and follow, and he considered it inferior in these respects only to the works of Homer. A revival of interest in the Attic dialect may have been responsible for the recovery and circulation of Aristophanes' plays during the 4th and 5th centuries AD, resulting in their survival today. In Aristophanes' plays, the Attic dialect is couched in verse and his plays can be appreciated for their poetic qualities. For Aristophanes' contemporaries the works of Homer and Hesiod formed the cornerstones of Hellenic history and culture. Thus poetry had a moral and social significance that made it an inevitable topic of comic satire. Aristophanes was very conscious of literary fashions and traditions and his plays feature numerous references to other poets. These include not only rival comic dramatists such as Eupolis and Hermippus and predecessors such as Magnes, Crates and Cratinus, but also tragedians, notably Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, all three of whom are mentioned in e.g. \"The Frogs\". Aristophanes was the equal of these great tragedians in his subtle use of lyrics. He appears to have modelled his approach to language on that of Euripides in particular, so much so that the comic dramatist Cratinus labelled him a 'Euripidaristophanist' addicted to hair-splitting niceties. A full appreciation of Aristophanes' plays requires an understanding of the poetic forms he employed with virtuoso skill, and of their different rhythms and associations. There were three broad poetic forms: iambic dialogue, tetrameter verses and lyrics: The rhythm begins at a typical anapestic gallop, slows down to consider the revered poets Hesiod and Homer, then gallops off again to its comic conclusion at the expense of the unfortunate Pantocles. Such subtle variations in rhythm are common in the plays, allowing for serious points to be made while still whetting the audience's appetite for the next joke. <poem style=\"margin-left:2em\"> Though to myself I often seem None comes close to Amynias, Clan, a man I once saw Now as poor as Antiphon, Yet he got himself appointed Way up there in Thessaly, Happy to be where everyone It can be argued that the most important feature of the language of the plays is imagery, particularly the use of similes, metaphors and pictorial expressions. In 'The Knights', for example, the ears of a character with selective hearing are represented as parasols that open and close. In \"The Frogs\", Aeschylus is said to compose verses in the manner of a horse rolling in a sandpit. Some plays feature revelations of human perfectibility that are poetic rather than religious in character, such as the marriage of the hero Pisthetairos to Zeus's paramour in \"The Birds\" and the'recreation' of old Athens, crowned with roses, at the end of \"The Knights\".", "It is widely believed that Aristophanes condemned rhetoric on both moral and political grounds. He states, “a speaker trained in the new rhetoric may use his talents to deceive the jury and bewilder his opponents so thoroughly that the trial loses all semblance of fairness” He is speaking to the “art” of flattery, and evidence points towards the fact that many of Aristophanes’ plays were actually created with the intent to attack the view of rhetoric. The most noticeable attack can be seen in his play Banqueters, in which two brothers from different educational backgrounds argue over which education is better. One brother comes from a background of “old-fashioned” education while the other brother appears to be a product of the sophistic education The chorus was mainly used by Aristophanes as a defense against rhetoric and would often talk about topics such as the civic duty of those who were educated in classical teachings. In Aristophanes’ opinion it was the job of those educated adults to protect the public from deception and to stand as a beacon of light for those who were more gullible than others. One of the main reasons why Aristophanes was so against the sophists came into existence from the requirements listed by the leaders of the organization. Money was essential, which meant that roughly all of the pupils studying with the sophists came from upper-class backgrounds and excluded the rest of the polis. Aristophanes believed that education and knowledge was a public service and that anything that excluded willing minds was nothing but an abomination. He concludes that all politicians that study rhetoric must have \"doubtful citizenships, unspeakable morals, and too much arrogance”.", "The Greek word for comedy (\"kōmōidía\") derives from the words for'revel' and'song' (\"kōmos\" and \"ōdē\") and according to Aristotle comic drama actually developed from song. The first official comedy at the City Dionysia was not staged until 487/6 BC, by which time tragedy had already been long established there. The first comedy at the Lenaia was staged later still, only about 20 years before the performance there of \"The Acharnians\", the first of Aristophanes' surviving plays. According to Aristotle, comedy was slow to gain official acceptance because nobody took it seriously, yet only 60 years after comedy first appeared at the City Dionysia, Aristophanes observed that producing comedies was the most difficult work of all. Competition at the Dionysian festivals needed dramatic conventions for plays to be judged, but it also fuelled innovations. Developments were quite rapid and Aristotle could distinguish between 'old' and 'new' comedy by 330 BC. The trend from Old Comedy to New Comedy saw a move away from highly topical concerns with real individuals and local issues towards generalized situations and stock characters. This was partly due to the internationalization of cultural perspectives during and after the Peloponnesian War. For ancient commentators such as Plutarch, New Comedy was a more sophisticated form of drama than Old Comedy. However, Old Comedy was in fact a complex and sophisticated dramatic form incorporating many approaches to humour and entertainment. In Aristophanes' early plays, the genre appears to have developed around a complex set of dramatic conventions, and these were only gradually simplified and abandoned. The City Dionysia and the Lenaia were celebrated in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine and ecstasy. (Euripides' play \"The Bacchae\" offers the best insight into 5th century ideas about this god.) Old Comedy can be understood as a celebration of the exuberant sense of release inherent in his worship. It was more interested in finding targets for satire than in any kind of advocacy. During the City Dionysia, a statue of the god was brought to the theatre from a temple outside the city, and it remained in the theatre throughout the festival, overseeing the plays like a privileged member of the audience. In \"The Frogs\", the god appears also as a dramatic character, and he enters the theatre ludicrously disguised as Hercules. He observes to the audience that every time he is on hand to hear a joke from a comic dramatist like Phrynichus (one of Aristophanes' rivals) he ages by more than a year. This scene opens the play, and it is a reminder to the audience that nobody is above mockery in Old Comedy—not even its patron god and its practitioners. Gods, artists, politicians and ordinary citizens were legitimate targets; comedy was a kind of licensed buffoonery, and there was no legal redress for anyone who was slandered in a play. There were certain limits to the scope of the satire, but they are not easily defined. Impiety could be punished in 5th century Athens, but the absurdities implicit in the traditional religion were open to ridicule. The polis was not allowed to be slandered, but as stated in the biography section of this article, that could depend on who was in the audience and which festival was involved. For convenience, Old Comedy, as represented by Aristophanes' early plays, is analysed below in terms of three broad characteristics— topicality, festivity and complexity. Dramatic structure contributes to the complexity of Aristophanes' plays. However, it is associated with poetic rhythms and meters that have little relevance to English translations and it is therefore treated in a separate section.", "Old Comedy's emphasis on real personalities and local issues makes the plays difficult to appreciate today without the aid of scholarly commentaries—see for example articles on \"The Knights\", \"The Wasps\" and \"Peace\" for lists of topical references. The topicality of the plays had unique consequences for both the writing and the production of the plays in ancient Athens.", "The Lenaia and City Dionysia were religious festivals, but they resembled a gala rather than a church service.", "The development of New Comedy involved a trend towards more realistic plots, a simpler dramatic structure and a softer tone. Old Comedy was the comedy of a vigorously democratic polis at the height of its power and it gave Aristophanes the freedom to explore the limits of humour, even to the point of undermining the humour itself.", "The structural elements of a typical Aristophanic plot can be summarized as follows: The rules of competition did not prevent a playwright arranging and adjusting these elements to suit his particular needs. In \"The Acharnians\" and \"Peace\", for example, there is no formal agon whereas in \"The Clouds\" there are two agons.", "The parabasis is an address to the audience by the chorus or chorus leader while the actors leave or have left the stage. In this role, the chorus is sometimes out of character, as the author's voice, and sometimes in character, although these capacities are often difficult to distinguish. Generally the parabasis occurs somewhere in the middle of a play and often there is a second parabasis towards the end. The elements of a parabasis have been defined and named by scholars but it is probable that Aristophanes' own understanding was less formal. The selection of elements can vary from play to play and it varies considerably within plays between first and second parabasis. The early plays (\"The Acharnians\" to \"The Birds\") are fairly uniform in their approach however and the following elements of a parabasis can be found within them. \"The Wasps\" is thought to offer the best example of a conventional approach and the elements of a parabasis can be identified and located in that play as follows. Textual corruption is probably the reason for the absence of the antistrophe in the second parabasis. However, there are several variations from the ideal even within the early plays. For example, the parabasis proper in \"The Clouds\" (lines 518–62) is composed in eupolidean meter rather than in anapests and the second parabasis includes a kommation but it lacks strophe, antistrophe and antepirrhema (\"The Clouds\" lines 1113–30). The second parabasis in \"The Acharnians\" lines 971–99 can be considered a hybrid parabasis/song (i.e. the declaimed sections are merely continuations of the strophe and antistrophe) and, unlike the typical parabasis, it seems to comment on actions that occur on stage during the address. An understanding of Old Comedy conventions such as the parabasis is necessary for a proper understanding of Aristophanes' plays; on the other hand, a sensitive appreciation of the plays is necessary for a proper understanding of the conventions.", "The tragic dramatists, Sophocles and Euripides, died near the end of the Peloponnesian War and the art of tragedy thereafter ceased to develop, yet comedy did continue to evolve after the defeat of Athens and it is possible that it did so because, in Aristophanes, it had a master craftsman who lived long enough to help usher it into a new age. Indeed, according to one ancient source (Platonius, c.9th Century AD), one of Aristophanes's last plays, \"Aioliskon\", had neither a parabasis nor any choral lyrics (making it a type of Middle Comedy), while \"Kolakos\" anticipated all the elements of New Comedy, including a rape and a recognition scene. Aristophanes seems to have had some appreciation of his formative role in the development of comedy, as indicated by his comment in \"Clouds\" that his audience would be judged by other times according to its reception of his plays. \"Clouds\" was awarded third (i.e. last) place after its original performance and the text that has come down to the modern age was a subsequent draft that Aristophanes intended to be read rather than acted. The circulation of his plays in manuscript extended their influence beyond the original audience, over whom in fact they seem to have had little or no practical influence: they did not affect the career of Cleon, they failed to persuade the Athenians to pursue an honourable peace with Sparta and it is not clear that they were instrumental in the trial and execution of Socrates, whose death probably resulted from public animosity towards the philosopher's disgraced associates (such as Alcibiades), exacerbated of course by his own intransigence during the trial. The plays, in manuscript form, have been put to some surprising uses—as indicated earlier, they were used in the study of rhetoric on the recommendation of Quintilian and by students of the Attic dialect in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries AD. It is possible that Plato sent copies of the plays to Dionysius of Syracuse so that he might learn about Athenian life and government. Latin translations of the plays by Andreas Divus (Venice 1528) were circulated widely throughout Europe in the Renaissance and these were soon followed by translations and adaptations in modern languages. Racine, for example, drew \"Les Plaideurs\" (1668) from \"The Wasps\". Goethe (who turned to Aristophanes for a warmer and more vivid form of comedy than he could derive from readings of Terence and Plautus) adapted a short play \"Die Vögel\" from \"The Birds\" for performance in Weimar. Aristophanes has appealed to both conservatives and radicals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—Anatoly Lunacharsky, first Commissar of Enlightenment for the USSR in 1917, declared that the ancient dramatist would have a permanent place in proletarian theatre and yet conservative, Prussian intellectuals interpreted Aristophanes as a satirical opponent of social reform. The avant-gardist stage-director Karolos Koun directed a version of \"The Birds\" under the Acropolis in 1959 that established a trend in modern Greek history of breaking taboos through the voice of Aristophanes. The plays have a significance that goes beyond their artistic function, as historical documents that open the window on life and politics in classical Athens, in which respect they are perhaps as important as the writings of Thucydides. The artistic influence of the plays is immeasurable. They have contributed to the history of European theatre and that history in turn shapes our understanding of the plays. Thus for example the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan can give us insights into Aristophanes' plays and similarly the plays can give us insights into the operettas. The plays are a source of famous sayings, such as \"By words the mind is winged.\" Listed below are some of the many works influenced (more or less) by Aristophanes.", "", "Most of these are traditionally referred to by abbreviations of their \"Latin\" titles; Latin remains a customary language of scholarship in classical studies.", "The standard modern edition of the fragments is Rudolf Kassel and Colin François Lloyd Austin's, \"Poetae Comici Graeci\" III.2." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 52455, 35686, 36398, 76519, 3542, 7311, 538, 82775, 47, 12302, 2053, 645, 35845, 538, 21334, 62488, 7, 8305, 3060, 12096, 111, 2053, 114457, 5, 109613, 25958, 756, 4989, 9, 56883, 329, 36398, 71872, 7, 2053, 1632, 4785, 99, 10, 1733, 4, 43257, 3501, 23, 95103, 4, 6637, 442, 34390, 7, 70, 11034, 111, 70, 114457, 5, 581, 114457, 7, 450, 85358, 903, 2053, 15, 126340, 3501, 44, 2347, 58, 35686, 114457, 16, 136, 70, 13909, 11469, 7, 1836, 76329, 3934, 621, 56104, 15005, 2822, 47, 678, 10, 1286, 29458, 9351, 4, 47, 34390, 169463, 5, 227247, 136, 114669, 114457, 7, 136, 11469, 7, 621, 39555, 23, 21690, 78458, 35686, 2451, 7, 12665, 237, 7940, 12477, 11469, 4, 4129, 141423, 25852, 136, 10273, 5, 581, 114457, 7, 450, 85358, 6338, 1202, 621, 39555, 23, 21690, 78458, 35686, 2451, 7, 12665, 237, 5798, 425, 114457, 76329, 17704, 3934, 10, 4732, 9, 294, 17507, 11469, 4, 10, 21914, 76329, 17704, 3934, 10, 10273, 11469, 707, 31143, 17084, 13, 11469, 4, 174580, 114457, 37067, 214, 142, 8021, 15593, 47, 10, 17170, 645, 174580, 11469, 4, 563, 34427, 9, 64287, 4, 3021, 5, 64511, 6044, 114457, 7, 136, 11469, 7, 4, 71872, 1916, 2053, 1632, 4785, 99, 10, 1733, 4, 26698, 135188, 6, 17758, 4, 135188, 159, 170687, 4, 174580, 114457, 76329, 17704, 3934, 174580, 11469, 7, 4, 70, 90045, 11809, 55969, 17368, 198395, 70488, 6520, 7, 111, 70, 181733, 37067, 748, 707, 70, 391, 11839, 11469, 707, 70, 84617, 11469, 5, 52455, 36398, 76519, 3542, 137567, 82775, 47, 37067, 6626, 78779, 297, 61404, 7, 98, 70, 5701, 28412, 297, 61404, 45443, 4, 162711, 390, 26073, 144851, 7, 98, 450, 45443, 15, 219, 9319, 3501, 173591, 114457, 7, 194, 91969, 3674, 61404, 7, 621, 1286, 135587, 3229, 1836, 765, 1286, 6520, 7, 5, 717, 34390, 70, 14012, 111, 6520, 7, 23, 10, 98169, 4, 5941, 69010, 7, 4527, 10, 35686, 5324, 47, 12302, 2053, 3229, 38352, 83, 959, 5526, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 111, 6044, 27226, 9, 587, 271, 35686, 5324, 90, 26698, 18912, 9, 98989, 4, 159, 15185, 4, 87, 304, 441, 4, 67569, 64, 670, 4, 4317, 57124, 13, 136, 167752, 25129, 5, 581, 36398, 22317, 4, 36880, 3129, 13909, 7, 15, 748, 63920, 111, 13909, 7, 16, 22120, 47, 1632, 15700, 4, 1543, 186, 40101, 35686, 707, 95103, 5, 62, 95103, 3126, 71872, 7, 40368, 75973, 7, 111, 2053, 134477, 13, 79850, 33233, 48716, 86723, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 1439, 90, 4, 28412, 297, 61404, 28560, 7, 4, 707, 233, 70760, 109197, 7, 3142, 7440, 162, 4, 10, 35686, 3126, 71872, 7, 4734, 10, 11001, 75973, 111, 2053, 5, 106073, 10, 35686, 3126, 1543, 48903, 44157, 47, 10, 95103, 1632, 4, 16792, 442, 831, 71872, 40715, 2053, 117, 501, 21135, 105823, 4, 442, 83, 27983, 70, 7225, 450, 35686, 22317, 831, 186, 20450, 76622, 15286, 38526, 4271, 56, 3501, 95103, 22317, 23, 12989, 47, 69307, 10, 77546, 2053, 34515, 5, 48752, 289, 120103, 63769, 35686, 47, 186, 20450, 76622, 99, 10, 77546, 34515, 12, 360, 5941, 50218, 4, 35686, 83, 64720, 56, 47, 29479, 3501, 95103, 5, 52455, 69010, 7, 765, 35686, 101758, 7, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 95103, 64333, 4, 221, 450, 1836, 765, 10846, 56, 6520, 7, 136, 621, 127298, 40715, 135587, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 5501, 222535, 136, 2053, 179965, 4, 35686, 36398, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 135834, 2053, 1632, 4785, 99, 10, 1733, 4, 243228, 25958, 4, 645, 10, 36398, 86723, 707, 13909, 5324, 5, 3293, 83, 23, 69822, 47, 95103, 36398, 4, 7440, 40368, 4785, 7, 621, 9325, 237, 10, 28271, 4, 98, 10, 3126, 678, 40368, 95103, 86723, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Cables.", "Serial buses.", "Serial versus parallel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Many serial communication systems were originally designed to transfer data over relatively large distances through some sort of data cable. Practically all long-distance communication transmits data one bit at a time, rather than in parallel, because it reduces the cost of the cable. The cables that carry this data (other than \"the\" serial cable) and the computer ports they plug into are usually referred to with a more specific name, to reduce confusion. Keyboard and mouse cables and ports are almost invariably serial—such as PS/2 port, Apple Desktop Bus and USB. The cables that carry digital video are almost invariably serial—such as coax cable plugged into a HD-SDI port, a webcam plugged into a USB port or Firewire port, Ethernet cable connecting an IP camera to a Power over Ethernet port, FPD-Link, etc. Other such cables and ports, transmitting data one bit at a time, include Serial ATA, Serial SCSI, Ethernet cable plugged into Ethernet ports, the Display Data Channel using previously reserved pins of the VGA connector or the DVI port or the HDMI port.", "Many communication systems were generally designed to connect two integrated circuits on the same printed circuit board, connected by signal traces on that board (rather than external cables). Integrated circuits are more expensive when they have more pins. To reduce the number of pins in a package, many ICs use a serial bus to transfer data when speed is not important. Some examples of such low-cost serial buses include RS-232, SPI, I2C, UNI/O, 1-Wire and PCI Express.", "The communication links, across which computers (or parts of computers) talk to one another, may be either serial or parallel. A parallel link transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels (e.g., wires, printed circuit tracks, or optical fibers); whereas, a serial link transmits only a single stream of data. Although a serial link may seem inferior to a parallel one, since it can transmit less data per clock cycle, it is often the case that serial links can be clocked considerably faster than parallel links in order to achieve a higher data rate. Several factors allow serial to be clocked at a higher rate: In many cases, serial is cheaper to implement than parallel. Many ICs have serial interfaces, as opposed to parallel ones, so that they have fewer pins and are therefore less expensive." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 216479, 71, 23, 10, 24814, 4, 102044, 53, 65998, 4, 136, 83, 7464, 2684, 39210, 538, 14037, 23, 10776, 7, 3332, 195, 79298, 6863, 242447, 5368, 5, 1301, 10, 4552, 36789, 2661, 26249, 4, 21208, 4, 442, 831, 2843, 186, 14037, 23, 9023, 47485, 15534, 4, 9803, 1645, 14, 10484, 4, 136, 143257, 102044, 2472, 525, 7, 5, 1650, 53418, 6, 68332, 272, 23, 106480, 91097, 707, 36898, 65998, 7, 4, 237, 6863, 21334, 71579, 16128, 4, 3129, 83, 959, 5299, 125001, 3674, 390, 19780, 4, 30482, 442, 41866, 168194, 47, 80097, 136, 7401, 86669, 5, 581, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 1556, 2809, 25545, 538, 71062, 214, 6863, 37457, 15044, 144477, 136, 28, 4438, 28032, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 7440, 442, 83, 70, 4734, 186085, 74918, 2852, 114149, 111, 187, 7404, 24049, 5, 581, 187, 7404, 24049, 41421, 297, 70, 12163, 22634, 1295, 82167, 23, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 52888, 99, 1672, 70, 5701, 1733, 390, 118103, 5, 3311, 11857, 4, 70, 114149, 1902, 24209, 5299, 170920, 23, 31464, 4, 238215, 4, 165014, 4, 94992, 9339, 7, 4, 225260, 4, 223660, 4, 69919, 136, 52888, 4, 136, 1902, 2809, 143839, 297, 237, 2060, 10, 28394, 237, 195459, 4, 220983, 4, 230328, 4, 229879, 4, 136, 25134, 96220, 5, 62, 8, 23662, 14432, 4, 70, 187, 7404, 24049, 1902, 24209, 170920, 23, 756, 111, 8382, 58555, 136, 136475, 6863, 212416, 4, 8035, 143839, 297, 237, 2060, 144477, 237, 127067, 9022, 799, 2844, 937, 4, 127067, 9022, 199937, 4, 136, 127067, 9022, 122069, 5, 581, 158978, 22304, 111, 903, 25545, 14700, 66, 6889, 83, 189050, 42856, 390, 70, 114149, 19441, 10846, 6083, 1653, 4597, 7, 28032, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 10176, 104851, 98, 70, 2831, 111, 15672, 7, 47, 1926, 18, 707, 73203, 70, 187, 7404, 24049, 4, 136, 70, 85825, 25, 11192, 42238, 4935, 34515, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 187, 7404, 24049, 83, 84751, 47, 21342, 24189, 70, 114149, 58359, 90, 237, 2060, 144477, 237, 157997, 4, 192670, 4, 2356, 101033, 136, 62448, 14, 19774, 4, 136, 756, 26847, 127067, 19364, 98, 70, 24453, 106294, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 27766, 9319, 144477, 19364, 136, 65272, 19364, 14700, 66, 6889, 1221, 31895, 186, 84046, 390, 70, 187, 7404, 24049, 25, 7, 70425, 6, 217784, 111, 182, 1495, 41710, 7, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 92635, 111, 125001, 1916, 19780, 136, 6863, 23, 41159, 47, 1274, 46690, 2182, 5, 1301, 111, 37771, 73962, 117729, 117414, 71, 70, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 37202, 47, 765, 71062, 297, 6863, 37457, 144477, 19364, 237, 2060, 237, 180, 35442, 4, 799, 2844, 937, 23, 70, 65272, 4, 136, 229879, 25844, 136, 122841, 10745, 4, 122069, 4, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 360, 11857, 4, 23532, 428, 44983, 3542, 4734, 51592, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 6069, 111, 25134, 96220, 4, 136, 28032, 6626, 47, 17262, 5369, 4, 1836, 1902, 52113, 6328, 36880, 2684, 111, 70, 11341, 5, 360, 72399, 37771, 23924, 96220, 80723, 179635, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 10, 1926, 1916, 34003, 100, 187, 7404, 24049, 4, 25632, 117729, 450, 70, 114149, 1556, 2809, 98567, 3934, 70, 127067, 9022, 58359, 90, 111, 70, 11341, 15, 42, 72089, 538, 17721, 70, 58555, 111, 79602, 136, 18899, 39, 42562, 194, 13538, 8752, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 37457, 7, 127067, 19364, 8305, 15881, 136, 25134, 21629, 3934, 144477, 9022, 34170, 136, 168919, 4, 7440, 442, 83, 7464, 71062, 214, 6863, 37457, 5, 1520, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 23532, 428, 44983, 621, 137567, 103665, 5777, 2109, 5, 10660, 100, 4588, 100, 109911, 7, 390, 5675, 43245, 214, 2363, 91, 30198, 7, 3934, 5078, 184, 221, 379, 136, 95, 2407, 5794, 56, 136, 588, 660, 71407, 45, 36659, 23, 72, 219, 9523, 103510, 7, 4, 7279, 10366, 46505, 25958, 47, 1466, 1257, 54127, 7, 4, 186, 126, 1577, 15, 1264, 29860, 7, 70, 5201, 126826, 111, 903, 114149, 25, 479, 53, 132216, 247, 6, 10840, 4, 13579, 52164, 4, 136, 11324, 7, 4, 3129, 2363, 191125, 951, 90, 831, 96391, 8305, 111, 221, 379, 5, 10660, 7068, 30455, 1257, 70, 103665, 7, 678, 2363, 47593, 53, 8721, 21325, 5, 1520, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 23532, 428, 44983, 765, 2809, 139999, 71, 47, 21972, 1672, 98, 12936, 130473, 7, 47, 2837, 365, 61007, 136, 18588, 13, 70, 45606, 18, 6, 10840, 5, 10660, 107506, 2363, 68, 933, 678, 46332, 26036, 72004, 136, 19336, 10958, 118, 1577, 4, 41866, 23, 1286, 41710, 53, 21775, 3229, 6044, 479, 53, 17660, 7, 47, 186, 1286, 13584, 16680, 1495, 4, 136, 46505, 25958, 263, 71, 56125, 7, 136, 15546, 21968, 8080, 5, 3980, 69076, 83, 2843, 73203, 33, 4, 102971, 95134, 70, 114149, 83, 2684, 110281, 297, 47, 70, 1697, 9904, 7, 3017, 86, 390, 2258, 408, 43576, 43257, 3501, 70, 163, 257, 68034, 5, 1734, 7, 3501, 10662, 111, 70, 68, 18, 111, 903, 114149, 83, 150350, 71, 390, 351, 161834, 26866, 4, 21208, 162434, 4, 69323, 1314, 4, 93151, 4, 136, 40, 297, 7, 621, 46505, 25958, 73203, 33, 5, 1520, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 23532, 428, 44983, 137567, 642, 6958, 1295, 4, 21208, 70, 142105, 40140, 18241, 831, 105994, 1257, 47, 5, 10660, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 114149, 111, 23532, 428, 44983, 5, 44816, 136, 14361, 140909, 83, 4, 3129, 70163, 7, 678, 70, 6, 46741, 4, 100, 10, 3622, 140909, 111, 5, 10660, 9157, 43156, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 6, 128019, 5, 581, 1810, 56, 6, 128019, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 2713, 47314, 122, 2749, 170151, 90, 127918, 390, 351, 5465, 143, 26783, 4, 39598, 2311, 29367, 25277, 820, 2749, 105994, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 162711, 390, 110677, 8753, 7, 111, 21722, 5, 3293, 187, 4514, 29256, 7, 70, 4420, 4, 5609, 7, 4, 10336, 4, 6, 46741, 4, 136, 50782, 71579, 7, 111, 70, 6049, 7, 5, 581, 1379, 8752, 111, 70, 14361, 136, 70, 75414, 71579, 7, 111, 70, 6049, 7, 765, 110, 187, 432, 2822, 48431, 5, 175399, 4, 1836, 621, 127918, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 24073, 61022, 53, 7332, 143646, 6333, 24392, 74054, 707, 70, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 4, 4989, 9, 2245, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 4, 83, 10, 57646, 9, 7, 29367, 21968, 141, 14037, 23, 23924, 4, 15881, 4, 136, 25134, 21629, 4, 20662, 442, 70, 2684, 38134, 21329, 712, 111, 70, 23532, 428, 44983, 5, 1650, 7, 6, 60502, 22230, 62038, 3674, 23, 25134, 21629, 4, 136, 47143, 297, 2685, 24189, 70, 27643, 111, 70, 2071, 927, 2647, 111, 149674, 107003, 2856, 47, 30957, 23924, 21629, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 32774, 15672, 5337, 152028, 5, 581, 300, 86, 9, 8262, 297, 187, 7404, 24049, 83, 10, 20245, 867, 53, 4, 5201, 538, 118984, 289, 26249, 4, 14037, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Habitat.", "Range.", "Diet.", "Anatomy.", "Behavior.", "Predation.", "Reproduction.", "Effect on the environment.", "Hoover hog." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The nine-banded armadillo evolved in a warm, rainy environment, and is still most commonly found in regions resembling its ancestral home. As a very adaptable animal, though, it can also be found in scrublands, open prairies, and tropical rainforests. It cannot thrive in particularly cold or dry environments, as its large surface area, which is not well insulated by fat, makes it especially susceptible to heat and water loss.", "The nine-banded armadillo has been rapidly expanding its range both north and east within the United States, where it is the only regularly occurring species of armadillo. The armadillo crossed the Rio Grande from Mexico in the late 19th century, and was introduced in Florida at about the same time by humans. By 1995, the species had become well established in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Florida, and had been sighted as far afield as Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, and South Carolina. A decade later, the armadillo had become established in all of those areas and continued its migration, being sighted as far north as southern Nebraska, southern Illinois, and southern Indiana. The primary cause of this rapid expansion is explained simply by the species having few natural predators within the United States, little desire on the part of Americans to hunt or eat the armadillo, and the animals' high reproductive rate. The northern expansion of the armadillo is expected to continue until the species reaches as far north as Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Connecticut, and all points southward on the East Coast of the United States. Further northward and westward expansion will probably be limited by the armadillo's poor tolerance of harsh winters, due to its lack of insulating fat and its inability to hibernate. As of 2009, newspaper reports indicated the nine-banded armadillo seems to have expanded its range northward as far as Omaha, Nebraska in the west, and Kentucky Dam and Evansville, Indiana, in the east. In 1995, armadillos were only seen in the southern tip of South Carolina, and within two to three years, they had swept across most of the state. In late 2009, North Carolina began considering the establishment of a hunting season for armadillo, following reports that the species has been moving into the southern reaches of the state (roughly between the areas of Charlotte and Wilmington). Outside the United States, the nine-banded armadillo ranges southward through Central and South America into northern Argentina and Uruguay, where it is still expanding its range.", "Nine-banded armadillos are generally insectivores. They forage for meals by thrusting their snouts into loose soil and leaf litter and frantically digging in erratic patterns, stopping occasionally to dig up grubs, beetles (perhaps the main portion of this species' prey selection), ants, termites, and worms, which their sensitive noses can detect through of soil. They then lap up the insects with their sticky tongues. Nine-banded armadillos have been observed to roll about on ant hills to dislodge and consume the resident ants. They supplement their diets with amphibians and small reptiles, especially in more wintery months when such prey tends to be more sluggish, and occasionally bird eggs and baby mammals. Carrion is also eaten, although perhaps the species is most attracted to the maggots borne by carcasses rather than the meat itself. Less than 10% of the diet of this species is composed by nonanimal matter, though fungi, tubers, fruits, and seeds are occasionally eaten.", "Nine-banded armadillos generally weigh from, though the largest specimens can scale up to. They are one of the largest species of armadillos. Head and body length is, which combines with the tail, for a total length of. They stand tall at the top of the shell. The outer shell is composed of ossified dermal scutes covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales, which are connected by flexible bands of skin. This armor covers the back, sides, head, tail, and outside surfaces of the legs. The underside of the body and the inner surfaces of the legs have no armored protection. Instead, they are covered by tough skin and a layer of coarse hair. The vertebrae attach to the carapace. The claws on the middle toes of the forefeet are elongated for digging, though not to the same degree as those of the much larger giant armadillo of South America. Their low metabolic rate and poor thermoregulation make them best suited for semitropical environments. Unlike the South American three-banded armadillos, the nine-banded armadillo cannot roll itself into a ball. It is, however, capable of floating across rivers by inflating its intestines, or by sinking and running across riverbeds. The second is possible due to its ability to hold its breath for up to six minutes, an adaptation originally developed for allowing the animal to keep its snout submerged in soil for extended periods while foraging. Although nine is the typical number of bands on the nine-banded armadillo, the actual number varies by geographic range. Armadillos possess the teeth typical of all sloths and anteaters. The teeth are all small, peg-like molars with open roots and no enamel. Incisors do form in the embryos, but quickly degenerate and are usually absent by birth.", "Nine-banded armadillos are solitary, largely nocturnal animals that come out to forage around dusk. They are extensive burrowers, with a single animal sometimes maintaining up to 12 burrows on its range. These burrows are roughly wide, deep, and long. Armadillos mark their territory with urine, feces, and excretions from scent glands found on the eyelids, nose, and feet. Males hold breeding territories and may become aggressive in order to keep other males out of their home range to increase chances of pairing with a female. Territorial disputes are settled by kicking and chasing. When they are not foraging, armadillos shuffle along fairly slowly, stopping occasionally to sniff the air for signs of danger.", "If alarmed, nine-banded armadillos can flee with surprising speed. Occasionally, a large predator may be able to ambush the armadillo before it can clear a distance, and breach the hard carapace with a well-placed bite or swipe. If the fleeing escape fails, the armadillo may quickly dig a shallow trench and lodge itself inside. Predators are rarely able to dislodge the animal once it has burrowed itself, and abandon their prey when they cannot breach the armadillo’s armor or grasp its tapered tail. Due to their softer carapaces, juvenile armadillos are more likely to fall victim to natural predation and their cautious behavior generally reflects this. Young nine-banded armadillos tend to forage earlier in the day and are more wary of the approach of an unknown animal (including humans) than are adults. Their known natural predators include cougars (perhaps the leading predator), maned wolves, coyotes, black bears, red wolves, jaguars, alligators, bobcats, and large raptors. By far the leading predator of nine-banded armadillos today is humans, as armadillos are locally harvested for their meat and shells and many thousands fall victim to auto accidents every year.", "Mating takes place during a two-to-three month long mating season, which occurs from July–August in the Northern Hemisphere and November–January in the Southern Hemisphere. A single egg is fertilized, but implantation is delayed for three to four months to ensure the young will not be born during an unfavorable time. Once the zygote does implant in the uterus, a gestation period of four months occurs, during which the zygote splits into four identical embryos, attached by a common placenta. They are born in March and weigh 3 oz (85 g). After birth, the quadruplets remain in the burrow, living off the mother’s milk for about three months. They then begin to forage with the mother, eventually leaving after six months to a year. Nine-banded armadillos reach sexual maturity at the age of one year, and reproduce every year for the rest of their 12–to-15 year lifespans. A single female can produce up to 56 young over the course of her life. This high reproductive rate is a major cause of the species’ rapid expansion.", "The foraging of nine-banded armadillo can cause mild damage to the root systems of certain plants. Skunks, cotton rats, burrowing owls, pine snakes, and rattlesnakes can be found living in abandoned armadillo burrows. Occasionally, the armadillo may threaten the endangered gopher tortoise by aggressively displacing them from their burrows and claiming the burrows for themselves. Studies have shown the fan-tailed warbler habitually follows armadillos to feed on insects and other invertebrates displaced by them. They are typically hunted for their meat, which is said to taste like pork, but are more frequently killed as a result of their tendency to steal the eggs of poultry and game birds. This has caused certain populations of the nine-banded armadillo to become threatened, although the species as a whole is under no immediate threat. They are also valuable for use in medical research, as they are among the few mammals other than humans susceptible to leprosy. In Texas, nine-banded armadillos are raised to participate in armadillo racing, a small-scale, but well-established sport in which the animals scurry down a 40-foot track.", "During the Great Depression, the species was hunted for its meat in East Texas, where it was known as poor man’s pork, or the \"Hoover hog\" by those who considered President Herbert Hoover to be responsible for the Depression. Earlier, German settlers in Texas would often refer to the armadillo as \"Panzerschwein\" (\"armored pig\"). In 1995, the nine-banded armadillo was, with some resistance, made the state small mammal of Texas, where it is considered a pest and is often seen dead on the roadside. They first forayed into Texas across the Rio Grande from Mexico in the 19th century, eventually spreading across the southeast United States. North American subspecies exhibit reduced genetic variability compared with the subspecies of South America, indicating the armadillos of North America are descended from a relatively small number of individuals that migrated from south of the Rio Grande." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 145733, 70, 92265, 276, 92, 563, 363, 43137, 2276, 2806, 47143, 23, 36049, 8305, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 390, 70, 39395, 19340, 7, 70, 92265, 126140, 185171, 2685, 509, 142, 89014, 3871, 100, 6863, 91995, 674, 5, 581, 276, 92, 5, 138, 43137, 2276, 21, 76622, 10, 37317, 2886, 2130, 2264, 136, 72249, 9, 964, 109622, 9, 34610, 21533, 15, 839, 24318, 16, 48431, 100, 6863, 172040, 4, 136, 5809, 85358, 4734, 6626, 111, 70, 22759, 172040, 43032, 44841, 47, 160404, 442, 15, 2347, 47143, 214, 6626, 19441, 47, 186, 6181, 297, 23, 8060, 117001, 194, 55441, 111, 70, 5655, 919, 418, 80723, 23, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 1379, 70, 52350, 9351, 111, 43137, 527, 43379, 15, 119477, 2866, 22634, 36958, 6620, 8, 38139, 74, 11192, 34515, 111, 11476, 16, 136, 70, 5117, 36049, 11389, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 5655, 919, 418, 4, 509, 65508, 71, 20271, 70, 15643, 7, 5, 56888, 4082, 765, 2809, 181653, 4, 678, 2358, 19441, 2809, 116086, 71, 47, 70, 62, 38209, 304, 20117, 5, 581, 61658, 43137, 5655, 919, 418, 15, 54694, 191, 8, 43137, 4396, 432, 11685, 16269, 1934, 133, 563, 418, 4, 91084, 44, 119477, 2866, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 3299, 563, 418, 18939, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 62, 88939, 27000, 5201, 133868, 32216, 15, 12689, 618, 16, 3863, 148756, 136, 46979, 20051, 678, 10, 43137, 2276, 5606, 9, 408, 39873, 15, 866, 64, 112227, 17863, 678, 10, 5324, 17991, 9, 121147, 297, 1809, 63033, 56, 4, 68772, 10, 34515, 111, 11476, 111, 382, 68807, 7, 117, 15393, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 46979, 20051, 678, 10, 133940, 9, 121147, 297, 5035, 966, 2276, 2874, 9, 7341, 56379, 17863, 5, 581, 62, 38209, 418, 1556, 142, 60266, 37457, 111, 116, 63009, 11903, 7, 809, 2852, 101805, 289, 68807, 7, 136, 116, 112694, 11903, 7, 17368, 14434, 126, 54360, 297, 27331, 1340, 7, 15, 132191, 7, 194, 581, 5117, 36049, 62, 88939, 27000, 5655, 919, 418, 7, 3542, 75060, 297, 97629, 538, 47, 70, 34724, 88172, 19, 126140, 4, 12960, 70, 92265, 126140, 75204, 2363, 5117, 75060, 3387, 23, 15643, 4, 8, 13158, 38543, 70, 62, 88939, 27000, 5655, 919, 418, 23, 25703, 9035, 111, 543, 17863, 7, 12638, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 69496, 14, 126140, 75204, 10, 14012, 111, 62, 88939, 27000, 5655, 919, 418, 20117, 7, 23, 15643, 4, 3129, 1836, 6, 212423, 20271, 70, 18721, 1104, 568, 64020, 5550, 5, 62, 172714, 111, 382, 5655, 919, 418, 7, 1295, 70, 92265, 126140, 25, 7, 509, 8, 13158, 53, 297, 23, 8060, 111, 70, 105031, 853, 44713, 59591, 98, 101057, 59485, 669, 20271, 70, 11857, 16232, 54330, 214, 80399, 23, 55124, 11, 136, 47820, 3081, 27533, 5, 581, 172714, 62952, 25545, 105416, 9, 2848, 81423, 11476, 26548, 5406, 275, 4927, 33150, 53, 25072, 7, 20271, 70, 1329, 429, 111, 69833, 4, 70, 4989, 37457, 111, 6863, 17863, 7, 6, 190358, 442, 47, 35462, 67, 70, 206990, 70665, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 62, 88939, 27000, 5655, 919, 418, 83, 10, 92265, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 80939, 82424, 23, 4527, 390, 70, 50588, 90, 111, 9942, 136, 34724, 88172, 5, 1650, 91995, 71, 70, 36770, 276, 92, 563, 363, 43137, 2276, 23, 92265, 126140, 4516, 5, 581, 5655, 919, 418, 158978, 129745, 674, 83, 450, 442, 49504, 1636, 136, 87344, 4393, 187, 4514, 136, 72249, 9, 964, 109622, 9, 34610, 21533, 15, 839, 24318, 16, 48431, 100, 6863, 172040, 111, 22759, 4, 12960, 70, 36770, 276, 92, 563, 363, 43137, 2276, 122399, 110, 48431, 136, 5809, 85358, 4734, 6626, 111, 6863, 22759, 172040, 43032, 5, 581, 5655, 919, 418, 24124, 30641, 678, 70, 69496, 14, 126140, 23, 70, 18721, 1104, 568, 64020, 5550, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "AuF1.", "Operational history." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Though the French Mk F3 155mm would remain in production through the 1980s, by the early 1970s the French Army realized there was an urgent need for its replacement. The Mk. 3 155mm lacked a traversable turret and nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protection for its crew, and could carry only two of the four crew members needed to operate it (the remaining two having to be transported in support vehicles). Development of the AuF1 began in the late 1960s under the trade name of 155 GCT (155 mm Grande Cadence de Tir; high rate of fire) and the first production version, known as the AuF1, was introduced during the 1980s. About 400 have been produced, with 70 having been upgraded to the AUF2 variant.", "The CN 155 AuF1 (Canon de 155 Automoteur Modèle F1, meaning \"155 mm self-propelled gun model F1\") is based on the AMX-30 main battle tank (MBT) chassis and equipped with a 155mm 39-caliber (L/39) gun with a bustle-mounted autoloader, giving a rate of fire of 8 rounds per minute. It is also equipped with a roof-mounted 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun. The AUF1 has an effective range of 23,000 meters firing conventional rounds and 28,000 meters using Rocket Assisted Projectiles (RAPs). The first production AMX-30 AuF1s were delivered exclusively to the Saudi Arabian Army, while the French Army received their first deliveries in 1980, deploying the AMX-30 AuF1 in regiments of 18 guns each. In addition, the Iraqi Army received a number of AMX-30 AuF1 variants in 1980, which they employed during the Iran–Iraq War.", "A battery of 8 AuF1s from the French Army's was deployed in support of the Rapid Reaction Force on Mount Igman during the 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The battery provided rapid counter-battery fire against Serb artillery units during the siege of Sarajevo, the long range of its guns allowing it to dominate the surrounding terrain." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 163537, 33, 509, 103122, 23, 602, 31, 6077, 6406, 4, 87, 4625, 4, 47, 103993, 177705, 7, 1295, 70, 54427, 111, 17559, 2465, 23, 6, 92651, 4, 65782, 5, 14847, 764, 509, 10, 27150, 29041, 4, 70, 14449, 109133, 4420, 47, 17559, 2465, 100, 10, 10846, 5369, 4, 1284, 7068, 176377, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1529, 29966, 297, 163710, 8752, 29693, 23, 602, 31, 6077, 6406, 1284, 12302, 2822, 47, 2907, 5, 180, 62028, 29693, 47, 35187, 678, 31031, 10462, 53708, 69564, 3723, 11, 2703, 5, 1529, 85168, 297, 1919, 335, 5, 284, 5, 23, 61786, 136, 109312, 23409, 98, 47, 150180, 96335, 23, 192286, 3378, 46876, 7, 1379, 16030, 14787, 384, 5, 38699, 39, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 99, 34469, 11, 9, 62467, 15293, 872, 19, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 66426, 5, 360, 66426, 163537, 33, 33284, 297, 70, 7808, 202, 939, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 220474, 1104, 63129, 40514, 4, 7440, 764, 24765, 297, 24189, 38576, 5, 1529, 509, 7228, 36216, 159, 5, 14978, 43552, 111, 192286, 3378, 136, 39286, 34, 48242, 7, 99, 107154, 12535, 23, 38425, 4, 136, 24765, 297, 3688, 24189, 1919, 90223, 674, 23, 26527, 5, 163537, 33, 149976, 237, 13918, 111, 70, 39286, 34, 48242, 67081, 111, 21629, 4, 70, 15672, 4512, 8996, 18, 67081, 4, 136, 70, 67081, 100, 70, 223438, 674, 111, 192286, 3378, 148027, 5, 163537, 33, 509, 2843, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 62554, 111, 69340, 7, 111, 70, 103993, 9, 127345, 165837, 289, 56187, 5, 360, 29172, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 20338, 6635, 79385, 4, 22072, 44171, 2400, 5, 20338, 164, 7278, 4, 99, 70, 103993, 43975, 111, 46473, 4, 14432, 2831, 111, 70, 103993, 12535, 111, 28745, 136, 46473, 5, 163537, 33, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 19441, 53918, 11226, 297, 15672, 30355, 65279, 48242, 7, 136, 8035, 10, 105207, 191225, 28032, 70, 44457, 111, 103993, 9, 127345, 96335, 4, 18763, 4568, 12877, 509, 10, 333, 87168, 111, 70, 103993, 19492, 6781, 44755, 73, 1419, 31031, 33672, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 678, 1919, 76849, 4, 166988, 65205, 5, 581, 44, 61061, 147, 136, 28120, 33451, 163537, 33, 139040, 57747, 320, 16070, 58, 1556, 2809, 170920, 390, 70, 103993, 9, 127345, 165837, 289, 56187, 47, 20338, 120428, 163537, 33, 136, 1919, 58386, 28120, 33451, 163537, 33, 5173, 8368, 74668, 109241, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 62704, 117615, 111, 70, 15672, 9, 61278, 94286, 686, 66, 32807, 43374, 71, 47, 137633, 70, 44, 61061, 147, 136, 28120, 163537, 33, 2319, 731, 740, 581, 494, 731, 83, 70318, 297, 77253, 538, 47, 142, 1379, 88610, 2182, 707, 150180, 9836, 100, 6, 193591, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 192286, 3378, 46876, 7, 136, 163136, 99, 107154, 12535, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 120428, 11614, 35263, 163537, 33, 15, 74, 7071, 17846, 96903, 46, 18237, 387, 4, 13211, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 147158, 18, 4, 42179, 4, 136, 16030, 99, 12535, 111, 220474, 1104, 63129, 40514, 136, 107154, 12535, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Memorials." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Haugen was born in Sioux City, Iowa, to Norwegian immigrants from the village of Oppdal in Trøndelag, Norway. When he was a young child, the family moved back to Oppdal for a few years, but then returned to the United States. He attended Morningside College in Sioux City but transferred to St. Olaf College to study with Ole Edvart Rølvaag. He earned his B.A. in 1928 and immediately went on to graduate studies in Scandinavian languages under professor George T. Flom at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was awarded the Ph.D. in 1931. In 1931 Haugen joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he stayed until 1962. He was made Victor S. Thomas Professor of Scandinavian and Linguistics at Harvard University in 1964, and stayed here until his retirement in 1975. Haugen served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, the American Dialect Society, and the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study. Haugen was also a member of the Board of Editors of the Norwegian-American Historical Association. In 1972 he was awarded an honorary degree, doctor philos. honoris causa, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, later part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Haugen is credited with having pioneered American sociolinguistics and being a leading scholar within the field of Norwegian-American studies, His last book was a biography of the Norwegian virtuoso violinist Ole Bull co-written with his daughter, Camilla Cai.", "The \"Einar and Eva Lund Haugen Memorial Scholarship\" has been established by the Norwegian-American Historical Association to honor Einar Haugen and his wife Eva Lund Haugen (1907–1996). Additionally, the Boston Chapter of the American-Scandinavian Foundation voted to establish the \"Einar and Eva Haugen Prize\". The prize is awarded annually to an undergraduate or graduate student for excellence in the field of Scandinavian languages and literature at Harvard University." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69407, 111, 10, 20537, 56104, 26698, 70, 7893, 41170, 4, 70, 33946, 34515, 2174, 2499, 4, 70, 68036, 4, 70, 5622, 4, 70, 69407, 111, 456, 21284, 674, 15, 143321, 5809, 26698, 33946, 16, 136, 70, 28206, 2481, 5622, 5, 160193, 4, 125034, 7, 621, 99201, 50509, 214, 70, 8783, 7039, 25, 7, 38109, 23, 70, 19732, 111, 10, 114977, 4, 3129, 1543, 26698, 100, 13, 170224, 111, 70, 6, 55474, 25, 7, 181079, 5, 360, 100, 13, 170224, 7, 136, 18264, 12562, 934, 90, 4, 64004, 7, 30675, 73048, 1379, 41935, 138535, 2101, 418, 63769, 96556, 4295, 47, 192026, 6198, 1674, 429, 674, 33946, 1295, 70, 5622, 33946, 83, 4743, 24189, 400, 41159, 83, 170920, 5, 1326, 111628, 7, 17721, 79165, 4, 32562, 136, 1144, 592, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 621, 27983, 150222, 100, 24643, 136, 17164, 120260, 5, 62, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 75447, 83, 205794, 51, 184, 1010, 2822, 5, 581, 13579, 20537, 8783, 2886, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 15426, 214, 15, 162, 157167, 67175, 1295, 15426, 7, 8783, 2886, 16, 707, 39210, 538, 237, 1660, 10, 44, 48345, 830, 442, 83, 21640, 538, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 44, 11935, 57241, 101904, 10, 61514, 27165, 100, 54727, 7, 111, 121122, 136, 64004, 7, 30675, 73048, 830, 1284, 18150, 143834, 7, 32316, 5, 62, 4620, 48345, 83, 195409, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 4, 237, 442, 83, 7228, 390, 10, 4620, 136, 8783, 2886, 47, 81148, 56, 98, 35968, 5, 5919, 18, 208, 429, 73048, 621, 15700, 197097, 27781, 5, 4263, 70, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 83, 51, 126940, 289, 136, 12301, 20102, 11473, 2886, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 9807, 118, 2886, 13984, 5, 170009, 64004, 7, 30675, 73048, 621, 73048, 450, 54, 959, 85358, 10, 29458, 28206, 2481, 5622, 4, 1284, 621, 4743, 98, 35968, 111, 70, 6, 163089, 5, 62544, 25958, 70, 6, 163089, 1221, 4734, 8337, 70, 3017, 15555, 56, 10, 10846, 13312, 25, 60322, 8108, 70, 81997, 83, 4743, 5, 1250, 45188, 30675, 73048, 1543, 186, 11814, 23, 162515, 678, 48031, 106689, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 1543, 186, 11814, 23, 162515, 678, 10, 238336, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 238336, 20537, 5, 360, 39210, 116483, 4, 3789, 69407, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 365, 66, 830, 44, 365, 66, 106689, 830, 136, 44, 365, 66, 18264, 58, 1543, 186, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 678, 44, 3454, 45188, 30675, 20537, 740, 581, 13579, 44, 365, 66, 18264, 58, 83, 27983, 11814, 47, 98363, 10, 18264, 450, 83, 140909, 53, 136, 185688, 5, 62, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 10, 111628, 5, 98423, 83, 10, 8437, 538, 6, 128239, 18264, 47, 51, 126940, 25958, 456, 21284, 10, 58735, 297, 41170, 28032, 10, 61924, 71, 1733, 123789, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 83, 137567, 40715, 185688, 136, 40715, 128652, 3501, 10, 111628, 18264, 5, 1326, 1632, 13580, 4, 111628, 106689, 7, 27983, 64209, 456, 21284, 674, 23, 20600, 9035, 4, 12960, 64004, 7, 30675, 73048, 205794, 54, 959, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 10, 111628, 106689, 56104, 96853, 70, 69407, 100, 188118, 13, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 114977, 4, 6044, 237, 137633, 214, 70, 7108, 47, 100, 13, 155648, 4, 12960, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 14602, 959, 5, 1250, 45188, 30675, 73048, 129927, 1295, 87, 32616, 7, 23, 450, 1836, 70541, 10, 29458, 103036, 47, 8783, 33233, 678, 70, 98441, 136, 1733, 2256, 100, 456, 21284, 674, 237, 5299, 237, 212678, 2174, 456, 21284, 674, 35782, 7, 5, 87, 32616, 7, 4734, 224344, 450, 10, 130815, 32316, 7, 5, 799, 519, 118, 2886, 13984, 7, 621, 51, 126940, 289, 136, 6, 178451, 10846, 47, 110, 115, 2449, 98, 70, 31089, 42, 707, 8783, 7039, 3789, 3501, 81997, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 36766, 10, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 83, 10, 9807, 118, 2886, 13984, 831, 765, 88551, 8437, 24725, 7, 4, 237, 4734, 9807, 118, 2886, 13984, 7, 621, 28368, 47, 24241, 138, 111, 70, 11789, 5037, 30964, 42, 26136, 28864, 136, 70, 38415, 111, 70, 26837, 23, 4743, 15411, 79986, 5, 581, 9807, 118, 41159, 111, 238336, 73048, 1556, 2809, 29865, 71, 4, 106480, 4743, 47, 70, 17808, 5256, 136, 44, 26015, 208, 429, 58, 137272, 678, 238336, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 23, 238336, 7, 73048, 621, 27983, 83324, 71, 47, 186, 9807, 118, 2886, 13984, 7, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 3775, 9, 839, 3081, 118, 2886, 14407, 15236, 1250, 45188, 30675, 18622, 83, 959, 56065, 5, 1250, 45188, 30675, 73048, 621, 10, 39210, 53477, 13984, 23, 5941, 100491, 18403, 5256, 4, 6, 212423, 7893, 538, 100, 16610, 1733, 38410, 214, 111, 53095, 5, 101153, 19, 4, 70, 7666, 42, 707, 81450, 111, 10, 4516, 83, 959, 72090, 1257, 20549, 390, 70, 22113, 56, 15, 16345, 25958, 4, 15700, 14380, 247, 1284, 28032, 10, 14922, 111, 1733, 4, 70, 140909, 111, 3129, 1556, 2809, 176506, 54799, 390, 15044, 70, 7666, 42, 136, 70, 22113, 56, 5, 581, 89397, 100, 903, 1543, 285, 53, 74, 186768, 538, 4, 5941, 53095, 11814, 47, 40197, 2363, 42840, 136, 71924, 13, 81997, 7, 136, 130815, 7, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 12638, 5895, 707, 24643, 31150, 74, 2499, 12996, 123997, 8108, 450, 1733, 2806, 186, 72090, 4734, 7068, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 100491, 428, 10763, 4, 903, 8, 2875, 2822, 81997, 14922, 831, 186, 15913, 3674, 390, 27165, 74, 23, 76726, 1884, 9942, 4, 98848, 707, 84740, 4, 442, 56104, 37457, 7, 17721, 496, 136, 2510, 13312, 7103, 70, 59038, 5, 14847, 10, 14380, 81810, 7, 23, 5941, 111, 6044, 124161, 7, 4, 100, 110527, 390, 19441, 62952, 11374, 47, 5941, 59463, 756, 111, 136565, 7068, 8, 2875, 2822, 2363, 81997, 4, 442, 83, 7722, 450, 70, 14380, 1543, 186, 36, 24243, 20174, 17265, 450, 6863, 10002, 41931, 2481, 19069, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 70, 41170, 111, 49456, 442, 16401, 7, 16, 83, 2057, 1264, 297, 4, 136, 7413, 7, 68034, 51, 2886, 47, 3486, 34639, 2363, 10002, 130815, 7, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 15824, 450, 390, 70, 42840, 4, 70, 14380, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 64004, 7, 30675, 20537, 4, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 20537, 8783, 2886, 4, 83, 10, 8437, 13984, 15, 17678, 106480, 4, 10, 53477, 13984, 136, 10, 130815, 13984, 247, 23, 3129, 1632, 19085, 15, 2347, 44, 55474, 58, 707, 44, 174404, 42, 18939, 103036, 7, 23, 32562, 47, 8783, 10, 66885, 13, 10554, 111, 17265, 47, 70, 3789, 15, 2347, 44, 21284, 7039, 74054, 40101, 99, 10, 188347, 707, 27354, 2661, 22690, 1733, 707, 98, 35968, 111, 70, 8783, 7039, 4, 1379, 29458, 69407, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Terminology.", "Loan contracts.", "Difference from IOU.", "Negotiability.", "Use as financial instruments.", "Use as private money.", "History.", "International law.", "Worldwide.", "United States." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The terms of a note usually include the principal amount, the interest rate if any, the parties, the date, the terms of repayment (which could include interest) and the maturity date. Sometimes, provisions are included concerning the payee's rights in the event of a default, which may include foreclosure of the maker's assets. In foreclosures and contract breaches, promissory notes under CPLR 5001 allow creditors to recover prejudgement interest from the date interest is due until liability is established. For loans between individuals, writing and signing a promissory note are often instrumental for tax and record keeping. A promissory note alone is typically unsecured.", "The term note payable is commonly used in accounting (as distinguished from accounts payable) or commonly as just a \"note\", it is internationally defined by the \"Convention providing a uniform law for bills of exchange and promissory notes\", but regional variations exist. A banknote is frequently referred to as a promissory note, as it is made by a bank and payable to bearer on demand. Mortgage notes are another prominent example. If the promissory note is unconditional and readily saleable, it is called a negotiable instrument. Demand promissory notes are notes that do not carry a specific maturity date, but are due on demand of the lender. Usually the lender will only give the borrower a few days' notice before the payment is due. Promissory notes may be used in combination with security agreements. For example, a promissory note may be used in combination with a mortgage, in which case it is called a mortgage note.", "In common speech, other terms, such as \"loan\", \"loan agreement\", and \"loan contract\" may be used interchangeably with \"promissory note\". The term \"loan contract\" is often used to describe a contract that is lengthy and detailed. A promissory note is very similar to a loan. Each is a legally binding contract to unconditionally repay a specified amount within a defined time frame. However, a promissory note is generally less detailed and less rigid than a loan contract. For one thing, loan agreements often require repayment in installments, while promissory notes typically do not. Furthermore, a loan agreement usually includes the terms for recourse in the case of default, such as establishing the right to foreclose, while a promissory note does not.", "Promissory notes differ from IOUs in that they contain a specific promise to pay along with the steps and timeline for repayment as well as consequences if repayment fails. IOUs only acknowledge that a debt exists.", "Negotiable instruments are unconditional and impose few to no duties on the issuer or payee other than payment. In the United States, whether a promissory note is a negotiable instrument can have significant legal impacts, as only negotiable instruments are subject to Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code and the application of the holder in due course rule. The negotiability of mortgage notes has been debated, particularly due to the obligations and \"baggage\" associated with mortgages; however, in mortgages notes are often determined to be negotiable instruments. In the United States, the Non-Negotiable Long Form Promissory Note is not required.", "Promissory notes are a common financial instrument in many jurisdictions, employed principally for short time financing of companies. Often, the seller or provider of a service is not paid upfront by the buyer (usually, another company), but within a period of time, the length of which has been agreed upon by both the seller and the buyer. The reasons for this may vary; historically, many companies used to balance their books and execute payments and debts at the end of each week or tax month; any product bought before that time would be paid only then. Depending on the jurisdiction, this deferred payment period can be regulated by law; in countries like France, Italy or Spain, it usually ranges between 30 and 90 days after the purchase. When a company engages in many of such transactions, for instance by having provided services to many customers all of whom then deferred their payment, it is possible that the company may be owed enough money that its own liquidity position (i.e., the amount of cash it holds) is hampered, and finds itself unable to honour their own debts, despite the fact that by the books, the company remains solvent. In those cases, the company has the option of asking the bank for a short-term loan, or using any other such short-term financial arrangements to avoid insolvency. However, in jurisdictions where promissory notes are commonplace, the company (called the \"payee\" or \"lender\") can ask one of its debtors (called the \"maker\", \"borrower\" or \"payor\") to \"accept\" a promissory note, whereby the maker signs a legally binding agreement to honour the amount established in the promissory note (usually, part or all its debt) within the agreed period of time. The lender can then take the promissory note to a financial institution (usually a bank, albeit this could also be a private person, or another company), that will exchange the promissory note for cash; usually, the promissory note is cashed in for the amount established in the promissory note, less a small discount. Once the promissory note reaches its \"maturity date\", its current holder (the bank) can execute it over the emitter of the note (the debtor), who would have to pay the bank the amount \"promised\" in the note. If the maker fails to pay, however, the bank retains the right to go to the company that cashed the promissory note in, and demand payment. In the case of unsecured promissory notes, the lender accepts the promissory note based solely on the maker's ability to repay; if the maker fails to pay, the lender must honour the debt to the bank. In the case of a secured promissory note, the lender accepts the promissory note based on the maker's ability to repay, but the note is secured by a thing of value; if the maker fails to pay and the bank reclaims payment, the lender has the right to execute the security.", "Thus, promissory notes can work as a form of private money. In the past, particularly during the 19th century, their widespread and unregulated use was a source of great risk for banks and private financiers, who would often face the insolvency of both debtors, or simply be scammed by both.", "In China during the Han Dynasty promissory notes appeared in 118 BC and were made of leather. The Romans may have used promissory notes in 57 AD as a durable lightweight substance as evidence of a promise in that time have been found in London. Historically, promissory notes have acted as a form of privately issued currency. Flying cash or \"feiqian\" was a promissory note used during the Tang dynasty (618 – 907). Flying cash was regularly used by Chinese tea merchants, and could be exchanged for hard currency at provincial capitals. The Chinese concept of promissory notes was introduced by Marco Polo to Europe. According to tradition, in 1325 a promissory note was signed in Milan. However, according to a travelogue of a visit to Prague in 960 by Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, small pieces of cloth were used as a means of trade, with these cloths having a set exchange rate versus silver. Around 1150 the Knights Templar issued promissory notes to pilgrims, pilgrims deposited their valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking, received a document indicating the value of their deposit, then used that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve their funds in an amount of treasure of equal value. There is evidence of promissory notes being issued in 1384 between Genoa and Barcelona, although the letters themselves are lost. The same happens for the ones issued in Valencia in 1371 by Bernat de Codinachs for Manuel d'Entença, a merchant from Huesca (then part of the Crown of Aragon), amounting a total of 100 florins. In all these cases, the promissory notes were used as a rudimentary system of paper money, for the amounts issued could not be easily transported in metal coins between the cities involved. Ginaldo Giovanni Battista Strozzi issued an early form of promissory note in Medina del Campo (Spain), against the city of Besançon in 1553. However, there exists notice of promissory notes being in used in Mediterranean commerce well before that date. In 2005, the Korean Ministry of Justice and a consortium of financial institutions announced the service of an electronic promissory note service, after years of development, allowing entities to make promissory notes (notes payable) in business transactions digitally instead of on paper, for the first time in the world.", "In 1930, under the League of Nations, a \"Convention providing a uniform law for bills of exchange and promissory notes\" was drafted and ratified by eighteen nations. Article 75 of the treaty stated that a promissory note shall contain:", "", "In the United States, a promissory note that meets certain conditions is a negotiable instrument regulated by article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Negotiable promissory notes called mortgage notes are used extensively in combination with mortgages in the financing of real estate transactions. One prominent example is the Fannie Mae model standard form contract Multistate Fixed-Rate Note 3200, which is publicly available. Promissory notes, or commercial papers, are also issued to provide capital to businesses. However, Promissory Notes act as a source of Finance to the company's creditors. The various State law enactments of the Uniform Commercial Code define what is and what is not a promissory note, in section 3-104(d): Thus, a writing containing such a disclaimer removes such a writing from the definition of \"negotiable instrument\", instead simply memorializing a contract." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6, 108210, 3786, 36737, 73, 1902, 2809, 30396, 1916, 1919, 14579, 7, 47, 70, 4331, 111, 21334, 128652, 9, 55334, 297, 1831, 16070, 7, 16792, 1919, 90223, 674, 1295, 70, 187, 1176, 23, 100439, 5, 360, 117752, 764, 170920, 70, 46399, 2957, 148076, 122, 31933, 216968, 54283, 5, 581, 14380, 1902, 10, 1614, 34601, 71, 10323, 111, 7607, 4, 9508, 89855, 88832, 4, 111, 3129, 3786, 36737, 73, 162466, 71, 6, 232259, 89855, 88832, 12, 70, 47143, 820, 509, 62952, 390, 67842, 25297, 64370, 4, 26719, 805, 4, 9508, 89855, 88832, 162466, 71, 390, 25075, 12439, 4, 124901, 14380, 62952, 70, 81406, 170846, 111, 70, 1831, 16070, 5, 581, 14380, 5117, 64549, 297, 10, 21334, 21917, 26518, 6, 67175, 47, 70541, 70, 1831, 16070, 5, 3293, 70767, 509, 68872, 98, 5117, 538, 6637, 3786, 36737, 73, 18822, 71, 450, 132260, 70, 109923, 645, 7401, 2806, 186, 57, 2875, 136, 17932, 538, 6637, 70, 21917, 26518, 6, 67175, 4, 931, 31, 2822, 4734, 99, 1632, 3564, 4, 2806, 15504, 221, 450, 442, 509, 11343, 7808, 214, 3934, 70, 32382, 5, 581, 339, 1511, 106, 509, 64549, 297, 17368, 10, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 170846, 678, 611, 1439, 13, 9, 2844, 37534, 35874, 6126, 289, 3900, 37676, 2674, 90, 136, 744, 152050, 73, 289, 43032, 127918, 678, 156100, 71579, 71, 235489, 20450, 927, 5, 187040, 509, 10, 6, 15555, 111, 729, 9060, 38750, 7, 7228, 1295, 21922, 1297, 29367, 235489, 5, 581, 1831, 16070, 509, 2288, 56, 297, 390, 40225, 136, 261, 18, 18485, 14202, 136, 502, 6645, 6889, 509, 62952, 390, 6626, 232476, 6, 39102, 5759, 70796, 9, 277, 4223, 1363, 87907, 7, 4, 12638, 132442, 6626, 25793, 14191, 7, 6, 121147, 297, 98, 70, 197118, 13, 5, 45533, 206, 6226, 509, 390, 4527, 111, 10, 57888, 45890, 297, 9149, 10519, 70, 6, 63758, 3129, 5809, 186, 19916, 74694, 40225, 707, 261, 18, 47, 6226, 6863, 130812, 5, 98757, 12060, 7, 136, 172040, 3542, 175100, 23, 6626, 4989, 81406, 38247, 162, 45890, 297, 40225, 136, 261, 18, 5, 195769, 111, 70, 1831, 16070, 80723, 98, 729, 18237, 117752, 4, 3229, 70, 5117, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 170846, 3542, 75060, 297, 1295, 12439, 25, 7, 31461, 53, 136, 509, 140528, 390, 1438, 18982, 33418, 5, 46757, 57860, 111, 70, 9060, 26015, 7, 34739, 3687, 20271, 18237, 136, 70, 1831, 16070, 509, 5117, 39958, 1810, 111, 70, 6, 67175, 98, 70, 105216, 111, 116, 20414, 4, 678, 47582, 5761, 15745, 41272, 3232, 542, 26729, 7, 22341, 111, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 5345, 16070, 141117, 1799, 191, 99, 70, 6226, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 113014, 122273, 297, 85583, 118990, 141, 8, 11044, 13, 117538, 23, 70, 170846, 4, 136, 142, 81887, 47, 65669, 1459, 903, 509, 7228, 390, 49504, 1916, 70, 35691, 7514, 17721, 70, 38247, 162, 3934, 10, 128652, 64268, 45646, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 70, 25813, 2886, 57888, 509, 124735, 47, 3252, 5279, 15, 94375, 96, 275, 247, 70, 261, 18, 18485, 14202, 109133, 1295, 40101, 5609, 111, 70, 197118, 13, 47, 35064, 442, 4, 136, 142, 154630, 42, 112031, 71, 35064, 70, 951, 13, 5, 1913, 6863, 5117, 110324, 70, 339, 1511, 106, 175100, 43606, 3395, 4, 157578, 142, 144, 35810, 111, 136, 18738, 434, 10, 62488, 111, 23, 729, 14633, 4, 1284, 390, 7068, 70, 25813, 2886, 57888, 1902, 3643, 4806, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 87907, 7, 1902, 165523, 12, 70, 32382, 7068, 168861, 142, 161203, 132260, 5, 24372, 121461, 7, 136, 42068, 5256, 70, 109923, 18738, 434, 6626, 1286, 20028, 4, 98, 729, 136, 744, 18374, 4, 141377, 6863, 38516, 390, 186, 26518, 70, 38352, 17164, 7068, 34658, 390, 70, 39108, 9, 62783, 297, 92265, 126140, 351, 9, 10384, 532, 1831, 16070, 4, 44, 2729, 9942, 58, 111, 4, 1284, 903, 6777, 959, 122991, 70, 7722, 40830, 7, 5, 88949, 163157, 509, 146353, 297, 4, 91281, 542, 3786, 36737, 73, 1902, 47, 2837, 45660, 133, 70, 1831, 16070, 4, 74703, 70, 120948, 136, 72977, 136, 41931, 2182, 70, 14380, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 3786, 36737, 73, 339, 1511, 106, 509, 70, 5117, 87607, 65771, 195935, 128652, 1831, 16070, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 86608, 19, 1295, 10, 21917, 26518, 777, 1970, 98, 43157, 1657, 116071, 4, 43573, 93726, 2420, 6211, 23, 127067, 9022, 102126, 98, 116, 20414, 33418, 5, 44, 866, 1511, 58, 192942, 100, 44, 21086, 2480, 216968, 3786, 36737, 73, 830, 707, 44, 60044, 16070, 3786, 36737, 73, 58, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Operational history." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Count Zeppelin had been devoting his energies to the design of large rigid-framed airships since his retirement from the army in 1890. In 1898 he established the Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Luftschifffahrt. The company had a subscribed capital of 800,000 Deutschmarks, of which Zeppelin contributed 300,000 Deutschmarks: the remainder was provided by various industrialists, including 100,000 Deutschmarks contributed by Carl Berg, whose company provided the aluminium framework of the airship. The company first constructed a large floating shed to contain the airship. This arrangement was decided on firstly because Zeppelin believed that landing the ship over water would be safer and secondly because the floating shed, moored only at one end, would turn so that it was always facing into the wind. The LZ 1 was constructed using a cylindrical framework with 16 wire-braced polygonal transverse frames and 24 longitudinal members covered with smooth surfaced cotton cloth. Inside was a row of 17 gas cells made from rubberized cotton. The airship was steered by forward and aft rudders and propulsion was provided by two Daimler NL-1 internal-combustion engines, each driving two propellers mounted on the envelope. Pitch control was by use of a weight suspended beneath the hull which could be winched forward or aft to control its attitude. Passengers and crew were carried in two long aluminium gondolas suspended forward and aft. Construction of the airship began on 17 June 1898, when the first sections of the framework were delivered from Berg's factory and was completed by 27 January 1900. Inflation of the gasbags took place during June and the airship was first taken out of the shed on the evening of 2 July, with Hauptmann Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld of the Prussian Airship Battalion at the controls. The first flight revealed serious structural deficiencies in the framework, and an attempt to remedy this was made by incorporating the walkway between the gondolas into a rigid keel structure. At the same time the moveable weight was increased to 150 kg (330 lb), the aft rudders moved from either side of the envelope to below it, and an elevator fitted below the nose.", "At its first trial the LZ 1 carried five people, reached an altitude of and flew a distance of in 17 minutes, but by then the moveable weight had jammed and one of the engines had failed: the wind then forced an emergency landing. After repairs and alterations the ship flew two more times, on 17 and 24 October, showing its potential by beating the speed record then held by the electric-powered French Army non-rigid airship, \"La France\" of, but this did not convince the possible investors. Because funding was exhausted, Graf von Zeppelin had to dismantle the airship, sell the scrap and tools and liquidate the company." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 140909, 111, 10, 26140, 1363, 83, 1672, 13646, 14226, 13312, 5, 1650, 7, 134995, 115, 30494, 83, 3126, 297, 47, 5941, 11521, 21004, 12470, 23, 31425, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 143834, 17721, 15, 2347, 2684, 136, 19713, 502, 151645, 2936, 289, 10861, 60502, 107013, 538, 194, 893, 35707, 5134, 15829, 26168, 47, 9969, 6743, 70, 29459, 53189, 111, 3525, 6, 59533, 15, 2271, 17043, 10763, 17721, 7550, 136, 55583, 16, 100, 208479, 21775, 83, 12, 7440, 44, 839, 58, 83, 142, 892, 1505, 4, 72134, 678, 757, 100, 70, 5117, 3525, 6, 59533, 23, 70, 6602, 88922, 136, 450, 83, 6, 158661, 297, 390, 106, 100, 12638, 208479, 954, 157, 18403, 31150, 74, 136, 70, 16750, 44, 71, 58, 83, 70, 14012, 111, 13312, 15, 2940, 6, 175921, 7, 16, 16792, 3576, 45669, 6746, 110095, 6632, 21954, 1716, 297, 23, 70, 1733, 105994, 51529, 237, 74910, 7655, 289, 19055, 15, 13739, 16, 11814, 23, 28, 20133, 30547, 988, 5, 717, 113054, 903, 3095, 36510, 297, 23, 53900, 19055, 24073, 17632, 830, 8999, 501, 21135, 1733, 247, 15190, 70, 16750, 111, 25632, 35707, 5134, 15829, 26785, 1830, 47, 70, 16750, 44, 71, 58, 113054, 297, 36917, 12, 92329, 1771, 170950, 5256, 15549, 70, 1733, 111, 29568, 158, 17043, 10763, 1295, 6097, 29459, 142424, 5, 1326, 756, 3525, 931, 5245, 17721, 611, 6746, 136, 744, 6746, 4, 70, 38132, 60212, 83, 81730, 12231, 13312, 2203, 616, 127, 2681, 39, 23, 40101, 48225, 5, 581, 115, 30494, 111, 10, 26140, 1363, 24073, 14, 5, 13, 1242, 70, 1733, 1295, 3525, 6, 59533, 47, 70, 11737, 3525, 6, 59533, 16, 41110, 7, 23, 903, 14922, 17721, 13646, 3768, 304, 136, 13646, 17168, 363, 13312, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 48768, 133684, 12975, 71, 2203, 305, 127, 1530, 39, 16610, 56, 4, 707, 997, 170179, 9550, 71, 2203, 361, 127, 1837, 39, 51713, 3501, 83080, 5, 3293, 37457, 83, 164917, 3501, 70, 60212, 17721, 29459, 136, 29568, 158, 17043, 10763, 4, 6637, 20271, 1632, 26140, 1363, 70, 120164, 69407, 53418, 756, 15549, 47, 2363, 38132, 198274, 34292, 5, 6872, 70, 5582, 98, 70, 4393, 6, 59533, 105823, 100, 10, 180663, 8781, 55300, 47, 9969, 6743, 70, 3095, 111, 3525, 6, 59533, 1286, 152018, 538, 5, 581, 4989, 9, 32166, 18499, 111, 70, 26168, 83, 189275, 12, 106, 19932, 94131, 23, 62497, 4, 136, 534, 19932, 94131, 23, 52282, 24073, 2408, 58, 83, 202032, 90, 16792, 3576, 74, 1957, 40059, 44, 19279, 5868, 2320, 111, 70, 26168, 13, 58, 100, 41653, 5, 16, 581, 3095, 111, 29459, 158, 17043, 10763, 831, 72546, 186, 375, 7077, 297, 1295, 142, 125195, 100, 70, 29459, 28, 106371, 70760, 152050, 13, 111, 70, 55583, 26948, 70, 29459, 28, 106371, 70760, 152050, 13, 111, 70, 7550, 15, 58598, 916, 10186, 171859, 44, 397, 51029, 16162, 1215, 19005, 26038, 26168, 13, 47, 9969, 6743, 903, 23, 1919, 44, 284, 6639, 1687, 21533, 72791, 13, 100, 212467, 4597, 7, 58, 35509, 98, 70, 28, 20133, 30547, 988, 111, 40218, 136, 2356, 277, 275, 15, 408, 5, 33418, 3142, 136, 23, 1919, 106, 271, 79737, 111, 44, 284, 6639, 1687, 21533, 109847, 2783, 18337, 7, 58, 35509, 98, 70, 9780, 683, 13821, 9, 12951, 15, 2347, 116, 2208, 79737, 4527, 7, 9780, 683, 13821, 9, 12012, 678, 52295, 71, 125195, 7, 1295, 85853, 32001, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 23, 9571, 194, 32255, 621, 5036, 1810, 85, 3674, 12, 85853, 32001, 44, 126, 144, 1242, 128829, 91376, 52295, 71, 171859, 7, 5, 22376, 1215, 19005, 25, 7, 26168, 4527, 7, 10, 6, 175921, 289, 77336, 47, 63769, 181135, 1363, 111, 70, 22759, 5201, 93402, 7, 4, 136, 4527, 7, 10, 17932, 77336, 100, 70, 40, 25667, 69407, 5, 1326, 70, 50080, 6620, 111, 70, 155255, 4, 70, 26168, 34475, 36917, 83, 35509, 98, 85853, 32001, 25, 7, 42850, 171859, 7, 136, 36510, 297, 678, 10, 11001, 892, 1505, 77336, 4, 136, 70, 25632, 78301, 69407, 765, 2809, 49814, 12, 53697, 13579, 12, 68587, 9523, 13579, 12, 581, 70, 4524, 70760, 2936, 289, 127752, 47, 6732, 618, 83, 1672, 997, 13023, 91, 64, 2408, 70, 164917, 139999, 71, 34292, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 153161, 4743, 47, 65572, 23, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 64883, 5, 88949, 70, 17116, 107, 3180, 2408, 83, 959, 89554, 189050, 4, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 111, 2446, 92054, 1830, 111, 52282, 15, 516, 22062, 55291, 111, 70, 64883, 16, 1543, 186, 237, 21334, 237, 70, 60212, 17721, 6097, 142424, 12, 534, 91, 64, 2408, 5, 581, 18499, 23, 70, 19069, 111, 70, 55583, 68034, 83, 4734, 51139, 81730, 58, 64, 2408, 4, 707, 15, 372, 408, 4032, 70, 173676, 29459, 348, 35975, 191060, 939, 111, 70, 55583, 83, 1672, 81730, 58, 64, 7, 247, 106, 91, 64, 2408, 23, 70, 1733, 111, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 70, 7550, 5, 581, 44, 866, 309, 2320, 103332, 58, 707, 44, 866, 309, 2320, 6, 151612, 13, 58, 83, 10, 14012, 34475, 47, 12638, 26140, 1363, 86595, 1295, 10, 24233, 1632, 23, 32692, 5, 48752, 289, 101805, 7, 621, 23, 4527, 5, 581, 2684, 39210, 538, 11814, 83, 70, 40218, 42873, 1363, 103332, 15, 38274, 839, 247, 3129, 61924, 7, 26140, 1363, 106, 237, 86595, 99, 70, 5117, 3525, 6, 59533, 111, 61242, 4, 70, 6602, 3229, 101985, 25031, 40218, 25, 7, 145796, 154453, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 70, 13036, 15889, 116920, 6827, 144, 4707, 4439, 5, 42873, 1363, 106, 74918, 2822, 99, 189275, 4648, 31982, 99577, 4, 18982, 21567, 61242, 5, 2356, 931, 5245, 74918, 98, 81421, 25512, 7, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 678, 70, 34475, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 4743, 47, 285, 38543, 9983, 7162, 1295, 70, 4262, 5, 116267, 118055, 538, 5700, 26140, 1363, 14012, 15, 5072, 62479, 35839, 70, 42873, 1363, 103332, 247, 65508, 71, 390, 16162, 1215, 19005, 4, 61924, 7, 26140, 1363, 757, 237, 86595, 98, 70, 5117, 3525, 6, 59533, 111, 3576, 15, 100231, 74918, 2822, 99, 189275, 543, 22635, 99577, 4, 18982, 305, 4, 3576, 194, 581, 26168, 33444, 214, 903, 42873, 1363, 103332, 678, 70, 40218, 42873, 1363, 103332, 83, 12, 335, 81795, 2203, 6, 81795, 997, 9199, 363, 5, 581, 18217, 7, 10325, 42873, 1363, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 124931, 53, 4, 70, 3525, 6, 59533, 83, 70, 5117, 145796, 93402, 4, 3229, 70, 55583, 136, 7550, 765, 70, 5701, 28, 106371, 9523, 152050, 13, 5, 1913, 903, 93402, 4, 70, 145796, 28338, 83, 959, 75693, 47, 70, 220, 532, 297, 36298, 4, 40494, 3229, 5795, 13885, 126, 3674, 20271, 10, 38549, 28, 106371, 184, 5, 10013, 20016, 1810, 16532, 90, 70, 109270, 20016, 450, 34355, 538, 166116, 1636, 70, 3525, 6, 59533, 5, 581, 8561, 93402, 83, 56104, 10, 4552, 6117, 19, 100104, 660, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Formula for New Moons.", "Explanation of the formula.", "Lunation Number.", "Lunar calendars.", "Hindu calendar.", "Islamic calendar.", "Chinese calendar.", "Jewish calendar.", "Bahá'í calendar." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The length of a lunation is about 29.53 days. Its precise duration is linked to many phenomena in nature, such as the variation between (the most and least profound tidal variances respectively). An approximate formula to compute the mean moments of new moon (conjunction between Sun and Moon) for successive months is: where \"N\" is an integer, starting with 0 for the first new moon in the year 2000, and that is incremented by 1 for each successive synodic month; and the result \"d\" is the number of days (and fractions) since 2000-01-01 00:00:00 reckoned in the time scale known as Terrestrial Time (TT) used in ephemerides. To obtain this moment expressed in Universal Time (\"UT\", world clock time), add the result of following approximate correction to the result \"d\" obtained above: Periodic perturbations change the time of true conjunction from these mean values. For all new moons between 1601 and 2401, the maximum difference is 0.592 days = 14h13m in either direction. The duration of a lunation (\"i.e.\" the time from new moon to the next new moon) varies in this period between 29.272 and 29.833 days, i.e. −0.259d = 6h12m shorter, or +0.302d = 7h15m longer than average. This range is smaller than the difference between mean and true conjunction, because during one lunation the periodic terms cannot all change to their maximum opposite value. See the article on the full moon cycle for a fairly simple method to compute the moment of new moon more accurately. The long-term error of the formula is approximately: 1 cy seconds in TT, and 11 cy seconds in UT (\"cy\" is centuries since 2000; see section \"Explanation of the formulae\" for details.)", "The moment of mean conjunction can easily be computed from an expression for the mean ecliptical longitude of the Moon minus the mean ecliptical longitude of the Sun (Delauney parameter \"D\"). Jean Meeus gave formulae to compute this in his \"Astronomical Formulae for Calculators\" based on the ephemerides of Brown and Newcomb (ca. 1900); and in his 1st edition of \"Astronomical Algorithms\" based on the ELP2000-85 (the 2nd edition uses ELP2000-82 with improved expressions from Chapront \"et al.\" in 1998). These are now outdated: Chapront \"et al.\" (2002) published improved parameters. Also Meeus's formula uses a fractional variable to allow computation of the four main phases, and uses a second variable for the secular terms. For the convenience of the reader, the formula given above is based on Chapront's latest parameters and expressed with a single integer variable, and the following additional terms have been added: constant term: quadratic term: The theoretical tidal contribution to ΔT is about +42 s/cy the smaller observed value is thought to be mostly due to changes in the shape of the Earth. Because the discrepancy is not fully explained, uncertainty of our prediction of UT (rotation angle of the Earth) may be as large as the difference between these values: 11 s/cy. The error in the position of the Moon itself is only maybe 0.5\"/cy, or (because the apparent mean angular velocity of the Moon is about 0.5\"/s), 1 s/cy in the time of conjunction with the Sun.", "The \"Lunation Number\" or \"Lunation Cycle\" is a number given to each lunation beginning from a certain one in history. Several conventions are in use. The most commonly used is the Brown Lunation Number (BLN), which defines lunation 1 as beginning at the first new moon of 1923, the year when Ernest William Brown's lunar theory was introduced in the major national astronomical almanacs. Lunation 1 occurred at approximately 02:41 UTC, January 17, 1923. New moons occur on Julian Dates formula_3, with the given uncertainty due to varying torques from the sun. Another increasingly popular lunation number (simply called the Lunation Number), introduced by Jean Meeus, defines lunation 0 as beginning on the first new moon of 2000 (this occurred at approximately 18:14 UTC, January 6, 2000). The formula relating this Lunation Number with the Brown Lunation Number is: BLN = LN + 953. The Goldstine Lunation Number refers to the lunation numbering used by Herman Goldstine in his 1973 book \"New and Full Moons: 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651\", with lunation 0 beginning on January 11, 1001 BC, and can be calculated using GLN = LN + 37105. The Hebrew Lunation Number is the count of lunations in the Hebrew calendar with lunation 1 beginning on October 7, 3761 BC. It can be calculated using HLN = LN + 71234. The Islamic Lunation Number is the count of lunations in the Islamic calendar with lunation 1 as beginning on July 16, 622. It can be calculated using ILN = LN + 17038. The Thai Lunation Number is called \"มาสเกณฑ์\" (Maasa-Kendha), defines lunation 0 as beginning of the SouthEast-Asian Calendar on Sunday March 22, 638 (Julian Calendar). It can be calculated using TLN = LN + 16843.", "In calendric contexts, \"new moon\" refers to the first visible crescent of the Moon, after conjunction with the Sun. This takes place over the western horizon in a brief period between sunset and moonset, and therefore the precise time and even the date of the appearance of the new moon by this definition will be influenced by the geographical location of the observer. The astronomical new moon, sometimes known as the \"dark moon\" to avoid confusion, occurs by definition at the moment of conjunction in ecliptical longitude with the Sun, when the Moon is invisible from the Earth. This moment is unique and does not depend on location, and in certain circumstances it coincides with a solar eclipse. In the above meaning, the first crescent marks the beginning of the month in the Islamic calendar, and in some lunisolar calendars such as the Hebrew calendar. In the Chinese calendar, the beginning of the month is marked by the dark moon. The new moon is also important in astrology, as is the full moon.", "The new moon is significant in the Hindu calendar. People generally wait for the new moon to begin projects, as the waxing period of the moon is considered to be favorable for new work. There are fifteen moon dates for each of the waxing and waning periods. These fifteen dates divided evenly into five categories: Nanda, Bhadra', Jaya, Rikta, and Purna, which are cycled through in that order. Nanda dates are considered to be favorable for auspicious works; Bhadra dates for works related with community, social, family, friends; and Jaya dates for dealing with conflict. Rikta dates are considered beneficial only for works related to cruelty. Purna dates are considered to be favorable for all work. The first day of the Lunar Hindu calendar starts the day after the new moon (Amavasya), which is considered a powerful force for good or evil. The Hindu epic Mahabharatha states that the Kurukshetra War started this day, which was also a Tuesday (Mangalvaar, day of the week named after Mars).", "The Islamic calendar has retained an observational definition of the new moon, marking the new month when the first crescent moon is actually seen, and making it impossible to be certain in advance of when a specific month will begin (in particular, the exact date on which Ramadan will begin is not known in advance). In Saudi Arabia, the new King Abdullah Centre for Crescent Observations and Astronomy in Mecca has a clock for addressing this as an international scientific project. In Pakistan, there is a \"Central Ruet-e-Hilal Committee\" whose head is Mufti Muneeb-ur-Rehman, assisted by 150 observatories of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, which announces the sighting of the new moon. Since its creation in 1974, the status of the Central Ruet-e-Hilal Committee has been controversial as it refused the \"Witnesses\" (Shahadats) from other sects. An attempt to unify Muslims on a scientifically calculated worldwide calendar was adopted by both the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research in 2007. The new calculation requires that conjunction must occur before sunset in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and that, in the same evening, moonset must take place after sunset. These can be precisely calculated and therefore a unified calendar is imminent if it becomes adopted worldwide.", "The new moon is the beginning of the month in the Chinese calendar. Some Buddhist Chinese keep a vegetarian diet on the new moon and full moon each month.", "The new moon signifies the start of every Jewish month, and is considered an important date and minor holiday in the Hebrew calendar. The modern form of the calendar is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the predominantly solar Gregorian calendar. The Jewish calendar is calculated based on mathematical rules designed to ensure that festivals are observed in their traditional season. Passover always falls in the springtime. This fixed lunisolar calendar follows rules introduced by Hillel II and refined until the ninth century This calculation makes use of a mean lunation length used by Ptolemy and handed down from Babylonians, which is still very accurate: ca. 29.530594 days vs. a present value (see ) of 29.530589 days. This difference of only 0.0000005, or five millionths of a day, adds up to about only four hours since Babylonian times. The messianic Pentecostal group, the New Israelites of Peru, keeps the new moon as a Sabbath of rest. As an evangelical church, it follows the Bible's teachings that God sanctified the seventh-day Sabbath, and the new moons in addition to it. See Ezekiel 46:1, 3. No work may be done from dusk until dusk, and the services run for 11 hours, although a large number spend 24 hours within the gates of the temples, sleeping and singing praises throughout the night.", "In the Bahá'í Faith, effective from 2015 onwards, the \"Twin Holy Birthdays\", referring to two successive holy days in the Bahá'í calendar (the birth of the Báb and the birth of Bahá'u'lláh), will be observed on the first and the second day following the occurrence of the eighth new moon after Naw-Rúz (Bahá'í New Year), as determined in advance by astronomical tables using Tehran as the point of reference. This will result in the observance of the Twin Birthdays moving, year to year, from mid-October to mid-November according to the Gregorian calendar." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 35089, 4, 143516, 4, 7068, 2831, 111, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 4, 3934, 10, 41710, 29681, 14449, 4, 60496, 13, 33646, 25, 7, 67373, 43924, 509, 2843, 604, 124287, 5, 1840, 114210, 82953, 87, 35628, 83, 10, 7158, 28779, 56, 23, 1919, 10002, 7108, 4, 70, 1392, 128512, 6661, 15619, 102995, 5, 4687, 26859, 7158, 214, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 17262, 136, 80723, 23189, 99, 300, 86, 5369, 10332, 4, 136, 69405, 100512, 65771, 136, 23742, 40368, 48807, 130412, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 611, 4, 60496, 13, 33646, 509, 133291, 100, 70, 143516, 19, 7175, 100, 70, 9571, 30870, 152150, 7, 23, 353, 46487, 5, 1840, 2965, 16750, 509, 382, 927, 3687, 23, 70, 70163, 71, 5, 4687, 98438, 71, 23, 756, 43606, 80244, 7, 5, 4687, 23742, 604, 5117, 6661, 15619, 6, 202052, 23, 14487, 55482, 60496, 13, 33646, 7068, 134729, 297, 472, 86, 13, 19881, 674, 82649, 3129, 93544, 604, 1810, 111, 130412, 24189, 72399, 52489, 4687, 23742, 70, 6661, 15619, 128512, 44759, 450, 6789, 34003, 678, 136659, 53333, 91375, 3387, 5, 1913, 70, 5726, 30870, 152150, 7, 2412, 23742, 17262, 86761, 40501, 7, 136, 10, 115392, 4, 70, 5117, 30870, 152150, 40501, 7, 17669, 100, 142, 67945, 46485, 1295, 143516, 5, 438, 3789, 117776, 117745, 13, 28779, 56, 1556, 17669, 23742, 22759, 40501, 7, 707, 17262, 86761, 40501, 7, 99, 10, 11001, 152150, 7, 5, 60496, 13, 33646, 19667, 959, 47, 98438, 23, 70, 7565, 78280, 136, 142156, 297, 98, 70, 70163, 71, 5, 4687, 51339, 297, 5299, 23, 70, 7565, 78280, 11675, 136, 7068, 23742, 70, 86761, 40501, 7103, 70, 6626, 9, 16428, 6, 202052, 5, 4687, 7068, 23742, 10, 115392, 40501, 23, 70, 1601, 9, 724, 4, 1660, 50155, 11555, 11, 1845, 11210, 58248, 14, 5, 581, 11737, 45712, 509, 70, 6, 202052, 4, 23, 3129, 60496, 13, 33646, 23742, 604, 17932, 86761, 40501, 4, 653, 118201, 538, 186, 26518, 239, 3408, 63910, 944, 11137, 18, 5, 1840, 2704, 91375, 53, 509, 23, 70, 6051, 18, 6, 202052, 4, 10, 193984, 615, 6460, 94131, 99255, 111, 115392, 125597, 271, 141258, 115559, 1681, 5, 60496, 13, 33646, 23742, 70, 6661, 15619, 128512, 44759, 13438, 23, 88847, 1284, 156304, 70, 25632, 34003, 4743, 47, 472, 86, 13, 54053, 23, 18374, 4, 604, 22759, 927, 23, 1492, 21775, 4, 136, 96055, 63964, 54053, 23, 18982, 44211, 3293, 143434, 4821, 47, 186, 70, 4734, 6602, 1295, 9571, 47, 3295, 450, 2412, 509, 959, 125296, 71, 237, 44, 441, 516, 1888, 66, 39170, 3613, 669, 111, 70, 42552, 1242, 24372, 1286, 3501, 543, 21775, 16065, 7, 1295, 130412, 4, 2412, 176377, 47, 6661, 15619, 130412, 99, 159, 35828, 33, 136, 122799, 136659, 127, 23, 70, 6051, 18, 6, 202052, 23, 18374, 44211, 1913, 70, 6661, 161912, 7, 23, 22482, 73584, 2412, 23742, 17262, 86761, 40501, 7, 4, 8, 61518, 8035, 23, 99825, 16227, 5, 4687, 23742, 70, 7565, 78280, 136, 65771, 538, 123823, 71, 604, 8999, 44759, 7, 23, 6, 202052, 136, 70163, 71, 5, 360, 70, 3295, 34003, 4, 60496, 13, 33646, 23742, 70, 6661, 15619, 128512, 44759, 100, 70, 50960, 1733, 4, 1284, 2843, 509, 23, 4792, 190, 23, 756, 201, 80244, 7, 4, 26719, 14012, 106, 23, 6, 202052, 5, 4687, 23742, 604, 5117, 6661, 15619, 45712, 7, 23, 6051, 18, 6, 202052, 1737, 4, 1601, 9, 724, 136, 7565, 78280, 23, 30739, 1913, 70, 3295, 30870, 152150, 7, 23, 85626, 2412, 23742, 10, 86761, 40501, 23, 24793, 25, 7, 117745, 13, 70163, 71, 5, 9925, 509, 604, 22759, 927, 152150, 86761, 40501, 4, 20662, 604, 70, 2684, 65771, 117776, 7158, 56, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 152150, 34242, 5, 3293, 17164, 509, 5423, 98, 543, 22482, 65942, 4734, 23552, 142, 56816, 7103, 65782, 25, 7, 52980, 3675, 51575, 62, 6144, 13384, 4, 159690, 111, 70, 453, 25, 7, 1601, 9, 724, 4, 100512, 70, 5117, 165548, 13, 7158, 56, 23, 453, 25, 7, 130412, 47, 19916, 22759, 152150, 86761, 40501, 7, 5, 4687, 2843, 100512, 70, 5117, 117745, 13, 7158, 56, 47, 19916, 70, 44, 43488, 7, 3613, 669, 111, 70, 42552, 58, 70318, 99, 70, 239, 3408, 223, 6661, 39170, 54530, 23, 65942, 23, 2831, 100, 604, 163846, 674, 111, 6, 69986, 45712, 7, 23, 12638, 80244, 20271, 70, 6602, 5, 786, 13, 47, 456, 64240, 214, 232796, 4, 60496, 13, 33646, 1556, 959, 98438, 71, 16792, 70, 93192, 111, 70, 3295, 34003, 5, 1301, 84751, 4, 2412, 171530, 604, 90223, 674, 10, 6602, 14432, 98, 953, 7071, 56434, 1059, 1916, 70560, 2517, 24503, 1295, 604, 232796, 5, 4687, 23742, 138, 128512, 6661, 15619, 44759, 7, 12, 103844, 6052, 136, 30739, 360, 4078, 2412, 509, 17932, 128512, 4, 1660, 17262, 26847, 50155, 159690, 141258, 115559, 1681, 46, 70, 19336, 525, 60212, 17721, 106, 271, 136, 116, 2208, 3687, 23, 24793, 25, 7, 6661, 15619, 32692, 5, 15, 4153, 34975, 5379, 41419, 3232, 42659, 17859, 31947, 21209, 19, 23, 70, 128512, 8999, 45364, 390, 10, 92142, 111, 17262, 26847, 237, 5299, 5, 16, 60496, 13, 33646, 2843, 23742, 70, 6, 202052, 34003, 44759, 17262, 20028, 4, 70, 5701, 5369, 450, 2412, 23742, 70, 128512, 44759, 7, 5, 4687, 2843, 2806, 765, 23742, 70, 34003, 9044, 3038, 100, 70, 70163, 71, 80244, 22759, 20028, 15, 38824, 4, 88847, 73584, 3295, 247, 1284, 70, 80244, 9044, 3038, 100, 70, 70163, 71, 509, 959, 70318, 297, 47, 24793, 20271, 604, 80997, 4, 8035, 49814, 4734, 23, 25499, 4687, 23742, 10, 3622, 111, 496, 6661, 15619, 45712, 7, 4, 26719, 99, 19713, 1632, 23, 11907, 80244, 12, 387, 23, 6, 202052, 4, 305, 23, 70163, 71, 4, 116, 23, 6051, 18, 6, 202052, 4, 106, 23, 1601, 9, 724, 4, 136, 106, 23, 7565, 78280, 5, 2161, 106, 18982, 3640, 70, 143516, 19, 7158, 56, 26038, 127319, 47, 604, 5117, 29041, 5, 4687, 99764, 10, 5117, 16186, 678, 604, 15546, 25299, 98, 604, 3610, 15426, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 823, 3296, 60496, 13, 33646, 15, 74, 103122, 190, 18982, 24427, 16, 83, 10, 36770, 6661, 15619, 117745, 13, 7158, 28779, 56, 136, 22759, 9, 6032, 152150, 86761, 125597, 271, 1295, 143516, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 152150, 7, 4, 2412, 23742, 43606, 86761, 40501, 7, 99, 70, 6661, 161912, 7, 5, 360, 6661, 15619, 130412, 4, 2412, 23742, 6, 95037, 939, 11651, 45712, 7, 4, 17262, 128512, 44759, 7, 4, 17262, 6, 202052, 44759, 7, 4, 136, 22759, 15, 309, 161818, 16, 70163, 71, 44759, 7, 5, 60496, 13, 9120, 25, 7, 163846, 9035, 23, 23182, 7158, 214, 765, 12441, 3060, 6868, 4597, 7, 4, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 136, 145042, 7158, 28779, 1314, 47, 28601, 604, 237, 70, 158036, 117776, 7158, 28779, 56, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career.", "Early years.", "2002 Winter Olympics.", "Later career.", "World Cup.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Born in Zagreb, Croatia, then part of Yugoslavia, into a winter sports family, Kostelić's father Ante was also her trainer. Her older brother Ivica is a ski racer in his own right, the 2011 overall World Cup champion. She started skiing at the age of three and began training at nine years old, and quickly became successful and won several junior competitions. At the age of 16, Kostelić was selected for the Croatian team for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. Her best result was 8th place in the combined. She competed in all five disciplines. She won her first World Cup slalom in December 1999. Kostelić then suffered knee ligament damage which kept her out of competition until late 2000. She won the World Cup overall title that 2001 season with eight further victories.", "At the 2002 Winter Olympics she won three gold medals and a silver, the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia. No other female alpine racer has ever won four medals or three gold medals at a single Olympics. Kostelić chose not to compete in the downhill and concentrated on the combined. She performed well in the downhill run and then won the gold medal after the two-run slalom. She then won a silver medal in the super-G, just behind Daniela Ceccarelli. The next race was the slalom, in which Kostelić won her second gold medal, narrowly beating Laure Péquegnot. Her final victory was in the giant slalom, a substantial 1.32 seconds ahead of silver medalist Anja Pärson.", "Kostelić won the World Cup overall title again in 2003, but missed the following season due to knee surgery in October, her fourth in ten months, and thyroid surgery in January 2004. This caused 2004 to be the only year from 1998 to 2006 that she was not recognized as \"Croatian Sportswoman of the Year.\" After more than 18 months aways from competition, she returned to World Cup competition at Sölden and finished eighth in the giant slalom in October 2004. At the World Championships in February 2005, she won three gold medals, despite being in ill health. She won the downhill and successfully defended her world titles in slalom and combined. In the 2006 season, Kostelić won the World Cup overall title for the third time, but also was in Top 5 in all 4 disciplines, including number 1 in slalom. She won her first World Cup races in giant slalom (2), super-G and downhill in 2006. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino she won a gold medal in women's alpine combined. That was her fourth Olympic gold medal, making her the most successful female skier in the history of the Olympic Games. This record was set on 18 February 2006, only half an hour after Norway's Kjetil André Aamodt, winner of the men's super-G, became the first Alpine skier in men's competition to win four Olympic gold medals. She also became the first alpine skier to win the \"Sportswoman of the Year\" award at the Laureus World Sports Awards in 2006, in part for her accomplishment of winning races in each discipline during the year. Due to recurring injuries, Kostelić has not competed since the conclusion of the 2006 season. As expected, she announced her retirement a year later on 19 April 2007, citing persistent pain from her injuries.", "She won 3 overall World Cup titles: 2001, 2003 and 2006. In 2005 she was second overall, just three points behind winner Anja Pärson – the smallest difference between 1st and 2nd place in women's World Cup history. (In 2011, Maria Riesch beat Lindsey Vonn in the overall world cup by a margin of three points as well.) Kostelić also won the slalom season title three times, the same years that she won the overall titles. She also would have won the season trophy for the combined discipline four times (2001, 2003, 2005, 2006), but the discipline trophy for the combined was not awarded to women during her career, being added only in 2007. She won a total of 30 World Cup races, including at least one in every discipline: 20 in slalom, 6 in combined, 2 in giant slalom, 1 in super-G, and 1 in downhill.", "On 1 January 2019 the Croatian skier gave birth to her first child. She shared a first photo with her baby boy on her Twitter account." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 42878, 9907, 77699, 55080, 297, 6863, 5117, 56002, 23, 144326, 53, 1295, 1372, 1104, 5016, 14487, 143359, 99, 70, 99082, 111, 90223, 71, 18543, 12349, 93324, 139814, 203091, 19, 19210, 13, 5, 360, 163055, 4, 19210, 13, 1902, 1810, 2256, 71, 1919, 6528, 100, 10, 14361, 33636, 214, 42878, 33946, 7, 23, 142, 9803, 31330, 47, 150180, 7, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 9113, 19774, 102, 5, 1650, 7, 10, 464, 509, 47, 113054, 10, 117396, 12008, 23, 27759, 100, 155629, 297, 42878, 7, 4, 136, 47, 28282, 10, 13651, 100, 211656, 136, 68894, 144483, 17721, 2856, 136, 70, 56101, 16930, 5, 19210, 13, 34739, 70, 99082, 4, 136, 23, 11994, 143359, 10, 60322, 50080, 449, 70, 5117, 41714, 111, 70, 42878, 9907, 32528, 47, 186, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 77699, 25, 35968, 7, 100512, 1286, 53560, 23, 70, 2577, 111, 53697, 177986, 1295, 70, 56101, 27759, 4, 136, 70, 19085, 68872, 47, 204797, 23, 1238, 141775, 111, 70, 23, 215131, 112664, 6637, 442, 2806, 63769, 10, 3525, 68894, 5426, 23, 3129, 77699, 5809, 186, 10, 13036, 19085, 5, 3311, 66007, 4, 10, 91853, 142096, 17721, 70, 71644, 90, 12441, 390, 2016, 11395, 133, 4, 2750, 7565, 20706, 297, 3835, 108219, 1363, 4, 136, 70, 3525, 21870, 64370, 2750, 204797, 71, 108219, 1363, 4, 136, 28601, 297, 70, 7398, 68879, 111, 2265, 17690, 237, 10, 2837, 117474, 1295, 15889, 8780, 5, 7345, 46294, 11, 50675, 5064, 344, 4, 2750, 37842, 47, 37110, 184, 83009, 42878, 7, 390, 15571, 22548, 139274, 176377, 1295, 25134, 36941, 23, 64911, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 70, 71644, 13, 21115, 12441, 390, 143893, 11395, 133, 4, 139274, 100512, 13918, 111, 77699, 5, 24372, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 4, 70, 19085, 100512, 137272, 678, 139274, 4, 2750, 47143, 297, 6863, 51, 161818, 41205, 57724, 136, 47989, 5, 1529, 100, 4806, 142, 144, 87587, 678, 70, 16584, 143, 7834, 209410, 23, 23031, 47, 78431, 100, 122785, 1363, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 25971, 14612, 67, 4, 136, 38109, 100, 42878, 7, 17368, 9782, 45, 991, 115089, 6620, 707, 44, 6489, 395, 5739, 528, 58, 237, 70, 55516, 100, 108219, 1363, 5, 360, 61242, 4, 7103, 70, 47219, 7, 111, 35206, 1055, 99, 4841, 1162, 4841, 3168, 4, 139274, 45890, 297, 70, 108219, 1363, 5, 360, 18782, 4, 10, 14012, 111, 119893, 4, 169230, 9369, 2864, 1858, 4, 164733, 24782, 1236, 4, 136, 2501, 3675, 289, 799, 127, 882, 4, 199747, 297, 47, 5423, 1257, 70, 43062, 10185, 31016, 5, 581, 16584, 143, 7834, 112664, 3365, 127966, 71, 136, 77699, 509, 65450, 5, 581, 6, 58944, 111, 139274, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 136, 1919, 44, 6489, 395, 5739, 528, 58, 4927, 111, 98834, 12441, 47, 8060, 1295, 7374, 1506, 130892, 5871, 14832, 14, 181626, 4, 87993, 217, 16035, 3467, 16578, 799, 127, 882, 4, 16930, 34426, 165178, 4, 7712, 59967, 49104, 7712, 4, 7712, 16933, 36176, 138917, 7712, 4, 4841, 157218, 32329, 16930, 519, 16917, 9254, 14, 4, 32877, 177, 3962, 129355, 69729, 11, 4, 49934, 6471, 90595, 129355, 4, 3291, 2107, 2198, 24315, 16917, 93, 4, 136, 185944, 62, 8516, 176869, 75100, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 479, 330, 49725, 15889, 8780, 4, 139274, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 4, 136, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 81887, 7, 99, 1615, 18601, 1916, 377, 824, 60212, 7, 4, 51, 185188, 41159, 4, 234694, 4, 136, 167821, 136, 82, 127, 6402, 91853, 7, 4, 77699, 100512, 10, 37772, 7844, 136, 73944, 21115, 5, 106073, 6863, 43032, 3542, 156531, 660, 538, 83009, 4, 442, 1902, 43032, 1295, 3789, 42615, 7, 4, 25313, 61112, 4, 136, 82, 127, 6402, 136, 147158, 9523, 94407, 5, 1913, 70, 77699, 54566, 132739, 56002, 1379, 70, 79390, 2408, 111, 16035, 3467, 16578, 799, 127, 882, 4, 16915, 76, 43062, 10185, 15, 277, 131801, 23, 215131, 16, 509, 159978, 71, 237, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 69236, 4, 8, 18347, 2852, 1381, 18982, 28730, 237, 44, 27559, 7676, 43062, 10185, 803, 13689, 58, 15, 4153, 215131, 10013, 194, 581, 5701, 6602, 4, 160556, 87, 1033, 12060, 509, 14700, 2118, 71, 1295, 70, 24372, 42878, 23, 215131, 23, 40191, 4, 70, 42878, 9907, 77699, 100512, 70, 73944, 68894, 19085, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 360, 50940, 4, 23, 70, 5117, 4537, 81843, 34658, 7103, 213867, 329, 4, 70, 19085, 52113, 6328, 47, 14537, 23, 70, 15889, 366, 150, 11533, 136, 2684, 11341, 27047, 54889, 5, 1650, 34658, 14537, 15889, 538, 24189, 27193, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 8, 88981, 297, 390, 70, 30382, 102, 5798, 150, 1363, 5, 1650, 176377, 47, 14537, 23, 15643, 136, 79986, 71, 24189, 13501, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 24145, 13438, 8, 88981, 297, 5, 581, 19085, 100, 4806, 70, 27759, 23, 12898, 99, 70, 10336, 111, 10, 5798, 150, 1363, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 23, 28090, 59782, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 38425, 4, 16035, 3467, 16578, 799, 127, 882, 509, 70, 121, 121147, 57724, 111, 70, 19085, 5, 77699, 21647, 297, 14537, 23, 33532, 150, 112, 91375, 3387, 23, 70, 4537, 81843, 7, 111, 59782, 1104, 12744, 4, 44321, 4, 136, 38576, 5, 133698, 1919, 1492, 3408, 4, 799, 127, 882, 29479, 297, 102880, 35509, 98, 24927, 161740, 1830, 25297, 15032, 4, 136, 204797, 71, 10, 17664, 297, 111503, 7440, 70, 27759, 9, 81988, 6259, 3835, 8916, 552, 9, 54376, 297, 678, 70, 14375, 8916, 5, 1529, 18822, 71, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 62822, 136, 99162, 95845, 7, 509, 20531, 47, 70, 34754, 136, 5744, 15032, 111, 70, 42878, 111503, 5, 581, 799, 127, 882, 27759, 8951, 297, 77021, 102917, 538, 3934, 22799, 3835, 8916, 95845, 7, 2451, 824, 583, 4, 193, 191, 4, 552, 289, 4, 136, 14537, 2451, 119204, 1916, 2363, 34754, 678, 57527, 90, 136, 48431, 1419, 102880, 5, 799, 127, 882, 28, 12846, 37534, 40, 25667, 8780, 4, 2265, 48242, 25313, 41361, 7, 35509, 98, 11341, 9, 33926, 33, 25297, 15032, 4, 136, 10, 351, 9, 143420, 297, 136, 351, 9, 2271, 20549, 11, 43315, 110613, 44930, 24372, 7224, 7655, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 77699, 3163, 89829, 22420, 219, 139274, 237, 57724, 645, 5919, 147, 658, 44208, 14, 5, 76556, 13438, 4, 39624, 66, 341, 5, 65797, 1122, 509, 150222, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 42878, 9907, 77699, 15, 16, 15, 8852, 441, 4, 27983, 35839, 70, 77699, 31016, 707, 42856, 77699, 16, 83, 10, 68894, 19085, 23, 5596, 678, 38134, 21329, 712, 74855, 7, 5, 215624, 297, 23, 143359, 4, 442, 509, 70, 5117, 5744, 15889, 1419, 112664, 47, 74216, 23, 70, 56101, 145359, 23, 14237, 136, 36941, 5, 28090, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 41866, 7103, 23031, 4, 1379, 70, 133465, 111, 15571, 22548, 139274, 4, 77699, 100512, 70, 7893, 57724, 111, 70, 42878, 23, 215131, 112664, 5, 77699, 12441, 5596, 47, 23, 215131, 1295, 32774, 130891, 4, 136, 113138, 538, 79507, 71, 3789, 2874, 9, 22796, 93, 289, 15889, 1419, 112664, 7, 23, 70, 56101, 145359, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Pre-independence.", "Foundation.", "Early years.", "Congress as a mass movement.", "Post-independence.", "Nehru/Shastri era (1947–1966).", "Indira era (1966–1984).", "Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–1998).", "Sonia/Rahul era (1998–present).", "Election symbols.", "Current structure and composition.", "Ideology and policies.", "Economic policy.", "Healthcare and education.", "Security and home affairs.", "Foreign policy.", "Presence in various states.", "List of Prime Ministers.", "List of Prime Ministers (former Congress members)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "", "The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta. Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be", "At the beginning of the 20th century, Congress' demands became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government, and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would allow a new political system in which Congress could be a major party. By 1905, a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new extremists who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by", "Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi became president of Congress. After the First World War, the party became associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon. He formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate, and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or \"satyagraha\" as the tool for agitation. In 1923, after the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, and Motilal Nehru, resigned to set up the Swaraj Party. The Khilafat movement collapsed and Congress was split. The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his \"satyagraha\" art of revolution led to support from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Jayaprakash Narayan, Jivatram Kripalani, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and the party's attempts at eradicating caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, Congress became a forceful and dominant group. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, and ethnic and linguistic groups. At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as \"Purna Swaraj Diwas\" (Independence Day). The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the", "After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the first general election held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977, when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989, when it was once again defeated. The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in", "From 1951 until his death in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru was the paramount leader of the party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962. During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialisation, and advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector co-existed with the private sector. He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies. Nehru embraced secularism, socialistic economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a non-aligned and non-confrontational foreign policy", "After Shastri's death, Congress elected Indira Gandhi as leader over Morarji Desai. Once again, politician K. Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result. In 1967, following a poor performance in the general election, Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left. In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues. The two major issues were Gandhi supporting the independent candidate, V. V. Giri, rather than the official Congress party candidate, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, for the vacant post of the President of India. The second issue was Mrs. Gandhi's abrupt nationalization of the 14 biggest banks in India, which resulted in the resignation of the finance minister, Morarji Desai. Later in the year, the Congress party president, S. Nijalingappa, expelled her from the party for indiscipline. Mrs. Gandhi as a counter-move launched her own faction of the INC.", "In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination. In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the legislature. His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy. Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual. Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions. The Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004. On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the Tamil Tigers. He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi. The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in", "The 1998 general election saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then. To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party. She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs, and had stayed away from politics. After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), led by Sharad Pawar. The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere. The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress. Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government in 1999, Congress' tally further plummeted to just 114 seats. Although the leadership structure was unaltered as the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed, Gandhi began to make such strategic changes as abandoning the party's 1998 Pachmarhi resolution of \"ekla chalo\", or \"go it alone\" policy, and formed alliances with other like-minded parties. In the intervening years, the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states. For the 2004 general election, Congress forged alliances with regional parties including the NCP and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of the common massesan ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed for Congress during her presidencywith slogans such as \"Congress ka haath, aam aadmi ke saath\" (\"Congress hand", ", the election symbol of Congress, as approved by the Election Commission of India, is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together; this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag. The hand", "Congress was structured in a hierarchical manner by Mahatma Gandhi when he took charge as the president of the party in 1921. The party was a \"broad church\" during the independence movement; however, Jawarlal Nehru's descendants have turned the party into a \"family firm\" with hereditary succession. At present, the president and the All India Congress Committee (AICC) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference; in every Indian state and union territory—or \"pradesh\"—there is a Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), which is the state-level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels, and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the national president. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership. The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the \"National Herald\". Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold any organizational elections after 1972. The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs. The delegates elect Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, consisting of senior party leaders and office bearers. The AICC takes all important executive and political decisions. Since Indira Gandhi formed Congress (I) in 1978, the President of the Indian National Congress has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the organisation, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman, and Congress' choice for Prime Minister of India. Constitutionally, the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been bypassed by the Working Committee, which has elected its own candidate. The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader is the Chief Minister. Other directly affiliated groups include: the National Students Union of India (NSUI), the Indian Youth Congress – the party's youth wing, the Indian National Trade Union Congress, All India Mahila Congress, its women's division, and Congress Seva Dal—its voluntary organisation. All India Congress Minority Department also referred as Minority Congress is the minority wing of the Congress party. It is represented by the \"Pradesh Congress Minority Department\" in all the states of India.", "Congress is a social democratic and social liberal party that supports the values of freedom, tolerance, secularism, equality, and individual rights. Congress espouses progressivism and welfare of weaker sections. It operates on the ideology of Gandhian socialism and Social democracy. Its political position is centre-left, which involves supporting mixed economy, social security and a system of progressive taxation. Throughout much of the Cold War period, Congress supported a foreign policy of nonalignment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either. US support for Pakistan led the party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971. In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led \"UPA I\" government executed several key pieces of legislation and projects, including the Rural Health Mission, Unique Identification Authority, the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme, and the Right to Information Act.", "The history of economic policy of Congress-led governments can be divided into two periods. The first period lasted from independence, in 1947, to 1991 and put great emphasis on the public sector. The second period began with economic liberalization in 1991. At the beginning of the first period, the Congress prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector. He believed that the establishment", "The Congress government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) established in 1961 as a literary, scientific and charitable Society under the Societies' Registration Act. In 2005, The Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers.", "Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was created by the UPA government soon after the", "Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This includes the peace process with Pakistan, and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries. The party has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations. Relations with Afghanistan have also been a concern for Congress. During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence. India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan. When in power between 2004 and 2014, Congress worked on", "The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the States and union territories of India., the Congress (INC) is in power in the states of Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Rajasthan, where the party has majority. In Puducherry, it shares power with alliance partner Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In Maharashtra, it shares power as a junior ally with alliance partners Nationalist Congress Party, Shiv Sena and other smaller", "The Congress has governed a majority of the period of independent India (for 55 years), whereby Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Manmohan Singh are country's longest serving Prime Ministers.", "A majority of non-Congress prime ministers of" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 118149, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 509, 88303, 390, 4396, 3284, 23, 122815, 17368, 10, 9384, 7068, 35839, 44, 128897, 9, 24658, 9, 2347, 9, 184, 257, 58, 136, 509, 19882, 678, 35829, 289, 190, 707, 382, 111649, 62783, 2926, 7, 5, 106073, 39395, 4396, 3284, 118149, 7, 3542, 959, 66161, 44, 408, 275, 9, 5465, 830, 16792, 70, 118149, 6777, 959, 765, 10, 38980, 4, 117, 40, 4, 1836, 3542, 70, 100, 13, 9, 142117, 7, 47, 8244, 16474, 5, 581, 152349, 4969, 14380, 111, 220474, 181653, 38980, 9, 5465, 118149, 7, 237, 39395, 237, 91234, 4, 21208, 390, 41310, 4734, 2363, 59671, 9, 1507, 3299, 509, 10, 38980, 9, 5465, 5, 10660, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 70, 38980, 9, 5465, 108802, 23, 55591, 678, 2363, 44, 105272, 583, 26828, 58, 3299, 4, 3129, 107003, 70, 38980, 47, 186, 139, 3674, 47, 17203, 70, 87907, 5, 581, 39864, 1363, 111, 70, 5117, 5744, 38980, 9, 5465, 108802, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 83, 22299, 297, 47, 25297, 51517, 40933, 8643, 115656, 13305, 5510, 4, 2750, 4, 678, 185118, 31681, 58987, 56, 4, 82775, 10, 38980, 9, 5465, 118149, 100, 70, 22392, 15366, 33734, 23, 60775, 5, 8643, 115656, 13305, 5510, 509, 14432, 33284, 297, 390, 3789, 51517, 7, 6044, 237, 161597, 97222, 5014, 2750, 82775, 70, 36159, 36549, 111, 131, 7, 136, 118149, 7, 100, 8357, 1950, 272, 1515, 5, 581, 337, 34204, 100, 6097, 117001, 3542, 61475, 538, 181653, 390, 70, 115364, 43960, 33734, 15, 12689, 441, 194, 581, 14380, 181653, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 118149, 136, 60091, 337, 34204, 100, 40368, 80939, 142901, 4295, 6044, 237, 171524, 4, 17652, 4, 984, 61007, 126449, 5, 4, 136, 8357, 1950, 272, 1515, 24189, 31100, 3229, 1836, 3542, 59038, 71, 390, 70, 21, 3055, 5, 175176, 509, 150222, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 8244, 647, 36439, 117989, 337, 34204, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 581, 131703, 111, 70, 1733, 84046, 128512, 118149, 140909, 47, 98, 11192, 102966, 5, 503, 19514, 70, 38980, 645, 70, 87907, 136, 12912, 10, 425, 133, 9638, 4126, 40368, 74261, 5773, 70, 140909, 111, 70, 1152, 18770, 4, 74261, 3129, 5809, 7068, 186, 49814, 47, 70, 140909, 111, 70, 49473, 12960, 120260, 70, 158208, 111, 70, 64194, 118149, 28032, 70, 39220, 55356, 17475, 5, 8643, 115656, 13305, 5510, 33407, 297, 70, 4331, 23, 58020, 5, 4396, 3284, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 70, 87907, 9, 24658, 9, 2347, 9, 184, 257, 9384, 678, 2363, 13293, 345, 23, 55591, 4, 3129, 100512, 10, 41147, 133, 111, 345, 5, 294, 5, 33816, 7, 136, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 116338, 8305, 6661, 5550, 1995, 136, 5299, 3934, 70, 27631, 7, 5, 22392, 9, 919, 107, 22553, 79852, 65508, 71, 6863, 5117, 139, 1916, 38980, 9, 5465, 4331, 23, 42610, 4, 3129, 107003, 70, 64194, 38980, 47, 139, 18, 40225, 100, 17203, 47, 70, 87907, 5, 360, 35014, 382, 98687, 25251, 15, 223, 214, 70, 7082, 4331, 2320, 247, 70, 38980, 9, 5465, 4331, 114864, 70, 80939, 25, 7, 160298, 37382, 47, 186, 16610, 56, 3501, 23, 70, 101805, 289, 70767, 4, 7440, 73, 70, 87907, 83, 158012, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 38980, 4, 127918, 390, 10, 124001, 707, 25193, 10366, 6, 44462, 450, 9803, 7, 47, 63769, 87907, 17203, 5, 1650, 7, 16610, 56, 160298, 37382, 114864, 38980, 9, 5465, 36137, 118149, 7, 47, 765, 10, 16610, 56, 128512, 140909, 4, 2685, 1272, 6, 190358, 100, 51713, 49473, 7, 47, 186, 11814, 5, 1326, 22729, 9, 136, 57646, 9, 693, 939, 18652, 9, 707, 128652, 9, 14263, 133, 118149, 7, 4, 70, 38980, 9, 5465, 4331, 144570, 40715, 140909, 100, 70, 38980, 136, 87907, 4, 23, 10, 34475, 160298, 37382, 4, 136, 127298, 114864, 10, 117396, 140909, 100, 70, 118149, 14361, 707, 72367, 16128, 5, 360, 15044, 18507, 382, 98687, 25251, 136, 22729, 9, 136, 57646, 9, 693, 939, 31318, 43315, 118149, 7, 4, 70, 38980, 9, 5465, 9, 128897, 4331, 76199, 70, 8244, 647, 3299, 142, 92940, 23, 22311, 34, 814, 41159, 645, 10, 101805, 289, 3299, 5, 3493, 16792, 8244, 16474, 621, 137567, 22729, 56, 3501, 101805, 16765, 4, 1836, 831, 27983, 256, 202, 17305, 22023, 72367, 7, 4, 34475, 105950, 55215, 80939, 57888, 66038, 15, 75166, 115055, 7, 16, 136, 55215, 162515, 57888, 66038, 15, 69657, 115055, 7, 194, 262, 61518, 70, 8244, 647, 4331, 7, 25, 8035, 164917, 23, 4537, 4, 645, 9, 2347, 9, 52562, 98687, 25251, 831, 7464, 186, 89554, 46979, 20051, 678, 11001, 707, 7271, 92, 11958, 7, 5, 22376, 4, 92635, 111, 10, 6, 44462, 76199, 11522, 108625, 939, 47, 70, 27941, 136, 10, 107137, 56, 174548, 4567, 223, 4, 136, 207583, 34390, 7, 70, 40225, 44948, 13162, 7, 5, 6561, 127472, 83, 450, 70, 16610, 56, 160298, 37382, 23, 70, 8244, 647, 36137, 9, 173964, 7, 76199, 10, 166904, 56, 51894, 3501, 8382, 678, 101805, 289, 38980, 7, 4, 237, 70, 27941, 25, 7, 40, 257, 83, 36917, 70, 12912, 10, 425, 133, 5, 360, 70, 19340, 7, 4, 8244, 16474, 11814, 47, 186, 3560, 56904, 4, 6637, 70, 87907, 83, 105237, 35064, 5, 3293, 509, 142, 5526, 177229, 4420, 7068, 12, 123024, 110, 3075, 23, 70, 38980, 509, 17721, 2248, 136, 2510, 40041, 132, 284, 247, 105233, 142, 51, 94005, 53, 4488, 65998, 5, 4, 7082, 4989, 62488, 118149, 7, 22691, 142, 14566, 110, 3075, 17366, 111, 1496, 1104, 5757, 40041, 132, 284, 16, 99, 11192, 7514, 38352, 4, 12960, 28811, 4989, 62488, 118149, 7, 4, 756, 88303, 237, 10, 8244, 647, 4, 22691, 10, 17366, 111, 1496, 1104, 12424, 40041, 132, 284, 194, 1301, 11192, 7514, 38352, 7, 621, 10, 161549, 77546, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 903, 23718, 831, 186, 21455, 297, 237, 183234, 5, 88949, 111, 2363, 49878, 12912, 4331, 4, 39395, 8244, 647, 36137, 9, 173964, 7, 1902, 207583, 124632, 37511, 242554, 7, 3501, 101805, 289, 98687, 25251, 5, 18799, 38980, 9, 5465, 4331, 7, 4, 23, 15044, 36137, 9, 173964, 7, 136, 22729, 9, 136, 57646, 9, 693, 939, 115774, 4, 765, 52295, 71, 37511, 242554, 7, 207583, 645, 39395, 115774, 4, 1284, 27983, 7464, 765, 77546, 24911, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 3501, 2363, 5744, 101805, 289, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 30438, 9, 5465, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 38980, 645, 87907, 15, 9688, 647, 247, 38980, 40225, 15, 1062, 5, 294, 5, 247, 49878, 951, 13, 15, 441, 98516, 247, 707, 40225, 6226, 15, 15766, 247, 83, 10, 14361, 20623, 111, 118149, 4, 5324, 4, 707, 131, 450, 1556, 10, 79259, 12912, 4, 44, 150632, 2577, 58, 707, 10, 36137, 9, 44462, 4, 678, 70, 38980, 111, 70, 118149, 129842, 36917, 15, 748, 40225, 111, 16, 70, 12912, 10, 425, 133, 5, 3293, 69822, 7, 678, 10, 101805, 289, 118149, 7440, 70, 87907, 83, 6, 121147, 297, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 27941, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Design aspects.", "Perception of safety." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 using a format then called \"engine-under-the-seat\" and was available with optional 5 or 8 horsepower motors. Although early Autocar trucks were not exactly \"cab-over\", since the truck did not have a cab, per se, they were the fore-runners to COEs. The Sternberg company of Wisconsin produced cab-over trucks as early as 1907, though by 1914 only their seven-ton model was a cab-over. They reintroduced the cab-over layout in 1933 with their \"Camel Back\" model, which allowed the cab to be tilted to access the engine. The introduction of the first modern cab-over layout in the United States is credited to industrial designer Viktor Schreckengost, who, with engineer Ray Spiller, designed a cab-over truck for the White Motor Company in 1932. Schreckengost was later joined by other designers such as Raymond Loewy who designed the Metro series of vans and trucks for International Harvester. The bodies for these vehicles were initially produced by the Metropolitan Body Company (MBC). The company produced a wide variety of truck and commercial bodies for several vehicle manufacturers such as Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge Bros., and International Harvester until 1948 when they were purchased by the latter. MBC was instrumental in the development of COE route delivery bodies in the 1930s. The laws of the time limited overall truck length to on highways. Setting the cab over the engine and front axle shaved several feet off the length of the tractor, feet which could then be added to the length of the trailer while keeping the dimensions of the entire truck within the permissible limit. Schreckengost patented the design in 1934. Autocar reintroduced the engine-under-the-seat format with their Model U in 1933, which became a staple of U.S. roads and the U.S. military through World War II and well into the 1950s. White-Freightliner introduced its first tilting cab-over design in 1958, which allowed the entire cab to tilt forward for access to the engine.", "In Class 8 tractors (using the US designation), the cab-over design allows the vehicle's wheelbase to be shorter than in the conventional arrangement, wherein the engine is placed in front of the cab, covered by a horizontal or sloping hood that opens to allow engine access. Its shorter wheelbase allows cab-over semi trucks to have a shorter overall length, thereby allowing for longer trailers to be used. For light- and medium-duty solid- or rigid-axle trucks, the cab-over design requires less length for the cab and engine, in a given wheelbase, and therefore allows a greater length for the truck body or load area. In both class 8 tractors and light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, the cab-over-engine design gives the COE model an advantage in maneuverability over a conventional model. And since COEs are generally lighter than conventionals, they can often haul heavier loads, given equal gross vehicle weight rating (GVWRs) and gross combination weight rating (GCWRs). Despite the COE designs' being smaller in general, over-the-road tractors can still be fully equipped with single or bunk beds. Also, lack of a hood gives better visibility to the driver and a tighter turning radius, and significantly reduces the forward blind spots. One critique is that the shorter wheelbase in the COE semi-trucks gives a rougher ride than those with conventional cabs, as the driver's seat is above the front axle. In the 1970s, COEs used to be noisier, because the engine is directly below. This was an important consideration back then: Interior noise in the cab was between 80 and 90 db(A), creating an unhealthy work environment., US long distance trucks provide an interior noise level of 60–70 db(A) at highway speed, while European long distance trucks, all built as a COE, provide a level of 60–65 db(A). As highway speeds are a slightly higher in the US, this performance can be viewed as equivalent. Because of their flat front design, early COE semi-trucks had significantly worse aerodynamics than conventional tractors. Modern cab-over designs, in both semi-trucks and light- and medium-duty models, have improved aerodynamics significantly over early models, but often still have higher drag coefficients than their modern conventional-design counterparts. This works against fuel economy, and offsets some of the improvement in fuel consumption garnered from the lighter weight of the cab-over truck when running less than fully loaded. Although the tilting cab gives comparatively unobstructed access to the engine, its deployment causes unsecured items in the cab and sleeper (if equipped) to fall onto the windshield or under the instrument panel. Vehicles without a tilting cab will usually be equipped with removable floor panels through which mechanics can access and service the engine. In Europe, Mercedes-Benz was the last manufacturer to use such panels instead of a tilting cab, with the very last non-tilting cabs produced well into 1983.", "Truck occupant safety depends on survival space within the cab, with \"rollover\" being the most significant heavy truck accident causing occupant casualties. Decision-making is based on human perception in first place, results of statistics might not be present. Motor placement before or under the cab does not have much influence on the results of rollovers. Behind the danger of a rollover, heavy truck on heavy truck accidents are the second most relevant reason for occupant casualties. With a 1980s USA conventional, the result of such accident was: Frame, front axle and wheels would go under the truck in front, while the motor got pushed into the cab (which was very small in a 1980s conventional). Contrary to these real-world results, the motor in front, which would crush the truck driver in an accident, was nonetheless perceived as \"protection\", and this perception was an important factor for the adoption of these trucks in the US, during the 1980s. Both conventionals and cabovers need structural protection against rollovers, and special protection against massive objects at the height of another truck body. The survival space should be able to move backward on the frame. Today (2017), crash tests have been adopted all over the world (the most important ones still being similar to the Swedish tests of the 1960s), and the 1970s/80s safety advantage of European trucks no longer exists therefore. In military use, the COE design increases the chance of crew injury or death in the event of running over a landmine. This is because the tire that detonates the mine is directly below/beside the driver." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5744, 9351, 100, 70, 26349, 23, 153549, 19, 83, 154567, 15, 73, 49919, 67, 3173, 16, 136, 310, 1484, 11, 15, 49919, 67, 3173, 247, 97160, 309, 37534, 237, 136, 5, 360, 84414, 177, 153549, 19, 442, 83, 51529, 237, 310, 365, 3208, 136, 310, 59664, 4, 97160, 309, 37534, 237, 136, 5, 154567, 509, 75935, 23, 157612, 939, 237, 10, 160600, 46512, 53, 23, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 891, 538, 1651, 5, 1650, 7, 5117, 9351, 509, 44, 67362, 81382, 58, 15, 4, 2843, 70, 9351, 23, 5744, 70500, 107, 13048, 11, 247, 91084, 44, 17032, 8876, 4, 39575, 33, 58, 136, 144681, 10, 153648, 111, 15700, 23, 15386, 79357, 9351, 5, 581, 92264, 136, 5744, 160600, 9351, 83, 44, 45475, 59664, 7, 58, 15, 9364, 22728, 106997, 235, 44, 284, 202, 69376, 2658, 830, 94309, 4935, 3867, 22728, 106997, 44, 284, 202, 69376, 76, 58, 6, 247, 136, 83, 70, 31344, 111, 70, 42845, 44, 67362, 59664, 830, 89176, 9351, 44, 42272, 2477, 58, 15, 289, 991, 11814, 23, 3789, 46876, 7, 16, 136, 111, 70, 228908, 13, 14941, 44, 45475, 59664, 740, 133698, 70, 180, 139891, 1615, 70, 26349, 111, 154567, 509, 51529, 23, 43563, 1495, 237, 44, 45475, 365, 273, 740, 786, 13, 47, 6863, 99716, 19069, 98, 70, 107361, 9523, 27414, 4, 41866, 70, 9631, 111, 154567, 4, 3129, 3173, 7, 10, 6083, 182, 3422, 4, 154567, 95699, 34, 138518, 10, 88551, 3687, 23, 54704, 289, 157612, 939, 237, 10, 3647, 100, 52350, 390, 5941, 3395, 7, 5, 154567, 83, 90698, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 162708, 23, 153549, 136, 70, 10776, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 70, 142, 45964, 160600, 7, 23, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 77269, 136, 24, 4806, 44, 284, 202, 69376, 19, 740, 1650, 83, 2843, 1632, 111, 40368, 46512, 3387, 98, 70, 891, 538, 9893, 184085, 4, 119056, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 390, 436, 188, 133, 1176, 44, 132, 10429, 229772, 4830, 25413, 14, 4, 4958, 740, 360, 69407, 111, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 5655, 4759, 63043, 297, 224, 16797, 1295, 70, 15083, 25758, 74, 30646, 214, 40814, 90, 1295, 8302, 2864, 5550, 5, 64511, 20787, 48461, 289, 60525, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 9874, 32262, 138840, 21228, 16686, 58, 136, 5389, 31, 66695, 25, 44, 65183, 21986, 112, 2647, 830, 2843, 41392, 5655, 4759, 5, 581, 26349, 149976, 237, 142, 5526, 11469, 111, 70, 12610, 145359, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 2831, 111, 56273, 6563, 10070, 5, 5655, 4759, 24073, 45475, 59664, 18939, 100512, 142, 56877, 289, 1957, 23, 70, 190, 927, 142642, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 51529, 333, 10534, 7, 621, 44, 4645, 596, 25385, 58, 23, 201, 10057, 136, 44, 8912, 720, 58, 23, 6, 158976, 15, 217732, 13, 7325, 43602, 4, 44, 568, 12097, 42, 52638, 30823, 1605, 830, 25714, 4, 6, 149729, 1104, 2839, 17727, 5, 581, 45, 45407, 184, 99, 450, 1733, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 249, 5007, 4267, 867, 7668, 5, 360, 361, 9185, 4, 442, 509, 3398, 3355, 297, 678, 70, 8394, 48850, 891, 538, 42, 52638, 4, 47, 70, 58186, 59438, 2182, 111, 73138, 31, 8705, 4, 136, 14373, 442, 83, 959, 119056, 23, 2499, 44, 122116, 40705, 13, 241, 100711, 78204, 316, 58, 111, 450, 84084, 5, 581, 333, 10534, 12259, 1902, 31895, 2809, 15811, 11856, 297, 100, 21208, 70, 104315, 1779, 1902, 2809, 23, 139355, 111, 903, 23295, 100, 3060, 1733, 4, 4908, 59664, 83, 959, 119056, 23, 70, 44, 122116, 40705, 13, 56877, 7945, 316, 58, 111, 70, 104315, 19, 58186, 59438, 2182, 111, 17490, 33771, 5, 133698, 70, 12610, 14922, 4, 10, 42845, 1957, 509, 170920, 136, 5177, 4063, 24073, 20861, 14624, 38459, 7515, 497, 11048, 128, 1573, 10, 14083, 830, 87, 4, 49537, 16, 41392, 7, 40368, 111, 6863, 333, 10534, 7, 5, 5655, 4759, 4, 110, 51713, 8035, 10, 148205, 289, 333, 10534, 12259, 4, 83, 18925, 145870, 390, 70, 129574, 84084, 237, 10, 39976, 1957, 4, 10, 166, 4902, 111622, 333, 10534, 111, 150474, 4, 8035, 157167, 67175, 1295, 10, 160600, 39976, 1957, 35839, 5655, 4759, 390, 70, 4527, 100, 442, 111, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 44, 67362, 51394, 1076, 223, 830, 12960, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 118861, 70, 5655, 4759, 23, 5177, 837, 13, 11, 15, 568, 4370, 66, 200955, 16, 83, 44, 284, 10391, 143355, 740, 581, 45, 45407, 184, 509, 109650, 538, 14359, 2822, 237, 42845, 39976, 333, 10534, 12259, 5655, 4759, 4, 707, 101832, 76, 23, 17065, 101426, 89176, 74, 1295, 60487, 442, 509, 15, 16765, 16, 24, 4806, 5655, 59664, 23, 42845, 136, 64, 748, 89176, 4, 16792, 55591, 442, 25, 7, 4734, 5655, 4759, 23, 42845, 4, 5655, 59664, 23, 89176, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 333, 10534, 12259, 1295, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 142642, 24189, 70, 104315, 19, 79986, 5, 581, 26349, 112730, 10, 88551, 31486, 23, 70, 79612, 7, 20271, 70, 534, 927, 136, 427, 927, 202032, 90, 17721, 70, 42845, 111413, 117604, 111, 63457, 20102, 4, 3129, 170920, 10, 42845, 333, 10534, 12259, 4, 136, 70, 3311, 5935, 10325, 145359, 5, 180, 139891, 6226, 509, 170920, 23, 154567, 25632, 6863, 141621, 23, 616, 2489, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 154567, 100512, 10, 44, 1462, 9860, 58, 11698, 23, 27976, 92788, 241, 395, 1974, 1379, 70, 9351, 44, 45475, 365, 273, 740, 147466, 442, 24209, 10, 30337, 55283, 139355, 23, 611, 5039, 136, 70, 26349, 509, 14359, 2822, 47, 70, 71047, 47126, 23, 611, 12183, 4, 141753, 10, 53548, 111, 70, 1735, 9860, 111, 4908, 59664, 23, 70, 44, 34530, 25983, 58, 15, 93136, 3956, 16, 111, 3342, 885, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 70, 26349, 1902, 1672, 84428, 23, 109261, 16037, 74, 2685, 509, 10, 129574, 366, 4745, 4, 3129, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 111, 150474, 5, 133698, 70, 39395, 14922, 111, 180, 139891, 79986, 4, 154567, 100512, 142, 21640, 11469, 27585, 297, 98, 10, 11192, 21950, 111, 52350, 17721, 171827, 14713, 136, 70, 180, 139891, 11341, 5, 360, 616, 4046, 4, 70, 71047, 47126, 8060, 297, 70, 9615, 19929, 111, 10, 845, 114686, 26908, 75412, 23, 1143, 36520, 1340, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 154567, 707, 310, 1484, 11, 15, 16, 83, 10, 14834, 2481, 23, 70, 127067, 25617, 111, 153549, 678, 142, 25902, 3674, 43904, 111, 11777, 4, 1019, 3768, 23, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 86757, 27585, 111, 70, 12840, 5264, 10821, 14834, 2481, 40, 257, 111, 70, 47064, 111, 154567, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Antiquity.", "Middle Ages.", "Independence of Albania.", "Geography.", "Topography.", "Climate.", "Demographics.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Transport.", "Culture.", "Tourism.", "Education.", "Sports.", "Popular culture.", "Twin towns – sister cities.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The modern name for the city in Albanian is Vlorë (indefinite form) and Vlora (definite form), pronounced as and. In Gheg Albanian it is known as Vlonë and Vlona, pronounced as and. Vlorë was created in antiquity as a Greek colony in the territory of Illyria. Its first name was \"Aulón\" (, also the name in modern Katharevousa), meaning \"channel, glen\" and possibly a translation of another indigenous name. The medieval and modern Greek name is \"Avlonas\" (Αυλώνας \"Aulōnas\", accusative Αυλώνα \"Aulōna\" ), and is the source of the Latin \"Aulona\", Italian name \"Valona\" (also used in other languages) and of the obsolete English \"Avlona\". During the Ottoman era the city of Vlorë was known in Turkish as \"Avlonya\".", "", "Due to its strategic position on the Adriatic Sea, especially the Bay of Vlorë, which forms a natural harbor, Vlorë occupied a significant place in classical antiquity as a base for trade by many peoples. Vlorë is considered as one of the oldest cities in Albania and the region. The city was founded by the ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC and named \"Aulōn\". It is also one of several colonies on the Illyrian coast, mentioned for the first time by Ptolemy \"(Geographia III xii, 2)\". In terms of Greek mythology the inhabitants of Aulon claimed descent from the Nostoi; returning heroes from Trojan War. Other geographical documents, such as the \"Tabula Peutingeriana\" and Hierocles' \"Synecdemus\", also mention Aulon. The city served as an important port of the Roman Empire, when it was part of Epirus Nova. Aulon (\"Avlona\") became an episcopal see in the 5th century. Among the known bishops are \"Nazarius\" in 458 and \"Soter\" in 553 (Daniele Farlati, \"Illyricum sacrum\", VII, 397–401). The diocese at that time belonged to the papal Pentarchy. In 733, it was annexed with the eastern Illyricum, to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and yet it is not mentioned in any \"Notitiae Episcopatuum\" of that Church. The bishopric had probably been suppressed for though the Bulgarians had been in possession of this country for some time, Avlona is not mentioned in the \"Notitiae episcopatuum\" of the Bulgarian Patriarchate of Achrida. During the Roman period, a Latin see was established and Eubel (\"Hierarchia catholica medii aevi\", I, 124) mentions several of its bishops. Aulon, no longer being a residential bishopric, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, a suffragan bishop of Durrës, being distinguished from a Greek titular see called Aulon by the use for it of the adjective \"Aulonitanus\", while the adjective regarding the Aulon in Euboea (Ionian Greece) is \"Aulonensis\". The diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric Aulon, or Valona in Curiate Italian; from 1925 it was (als) named Aulona in Latin and/or Italian, since 1933 it's only Aulon in Latin, Aulona in Italian. It was a bishopric from the fifth century until the Bulgarian rule.", "The city played a significant role in the conflicts during the 11th and 12th centuries between the Latin Norman Kingdom of Sicily, which established a Latin bishopric, and the Byzantine Empire. Ottoman control was established in Vlorë following its capture in 1417. As part of the Ottoman Empire, Vlorë became a \"sanjak\" centre in Rumelia Eyalet under the name \"Avlonya\". Later it become a Venetian possession in 1690 and the city was restored to the Ottomans in 1691, becoming a kaza of the Sanjak of Avlona in the \"vilayet\" (province) of Janina. At the time the city had about 10,000 inhabitants; there was a Catholic parish, which belonged to the Archdiocese of Durrës. During the early period of Ottoman rule, Vlorë became an international port centered on a high volume of trade between western Europe and the Ottoman state. In 1426, the Ottomans supported the settlement of a Jewish community involved in mercantile activities. The community underwent population growth in subsequent decades with Jews migrating from Corfu, Venetian ruled lands, Naples, France and the Iberian Peninsula. Following their expulsion and arrival from Spain, the Ottoman state settled Jewish expellees in Vlorë toward the latter part of the fifteenth century. Ottoman censuses for 1506 and 1520 recorded the Jewish population as consisting of 528 families and some 2,600 people in Vlorë. The Jews of Vlorë were involved in trade and the city imported items from Europe and exported spices, leather, cotton fabrics, velvets, brocades and mohair from the Ottoman cites of Istanbul and Bursa. The Vlorë Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in Durrës in 1596. After the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the deterioration of security along the Ottoman controlled Adriatic and Ionian coasts, the numbers of Jews within Vlorë decreased. In 1851 it suffered severely from an earthquake. The Jewish community of Yanina renewed the Jewish community of Vlorë in the nineteenth century.", "On November 28, 1912, Ismail Qemali declared the Albanian National Awakening in Vlorë, during the First Balkan War. The city became Albania's first capital following its independence, but was invaded by Italy in 1914, during the World War I. The city remained occupied by Italian forces until an Albanian rebellion forced the Italians out of Albania in 1920. Italy invaded Vlorë again in 1939. The city remained under Italian occupation until Italy surrendered to the allies in 1943. Subsequently, Nazi Germany occupied the city until 1944. The city was liberated in 1944 by communist forces under Enver Hoxha. During the World War II, Sazan Island became the site of a German and Italian submarine base and naval installations; these installations were heavily bombed by the Allies. After World War II, with Albania falling under communist rule, the port was leased out to the Soviet Union for use as a submarine base. During 1960 and 1961 it served as a theater in the aftermath of the fall out between Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha and Nikita Khrushchev. Albania denounced the USSR as'revisionist' and took Chinese side in the Sino-Soviet split. In April 1961 the Soviet Union, resenting being pushed out after considerable investment in the naval facilities at nearby Pasha Liman Base threatened to occupy Vlora with Soviet troops, and cut off all Soviet economic, military and technical aid to Albania. The threat was not carried out, as a result of the simultaneous international developments, chief among them the Cuban missile crisis. Hoxha, realizing the vulnerability of Albania after the USSR invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, ordered hundreds of thousands of concrete bunkers to built, in a fit of paranoia. They still litter the Albanian landscape. Under Hoxha, Vlorë served an important recruiting centre for the Sigurimi, the Albanian secret police. In 1997, Vlorë was the center of the Albanian civil war of 1997 after the collapse of several fraudulent investment schemes that led to the downfall of the Sali Berisha administration.", "", "Vlorë is located in southern Albania and the administrative center of the homonymous municipality seat of Vlorë County. It is situated on the Bay of Vlorë, an inlet on the Adriatic Sea, almost surrounded by the Ceraunian Mountains. The Port of Vlorë is closer in proximity than any other to the port of Bari, Apulia in southeastern Italy, and is just from Salento's coasts. Sazan Island is nearby, strategically located at the entrance to the Bay of Vlorë. The town is surrounded by gardens and olive groves. Valonia oak (\"Quercus macrolepis\"), the mass name for acorn cups obtained in the neighboring oak forests and (because of its chemical derivatives) used by tanners, derives its name from Valona, the ancient name of Vlorë. A motorway is being constructed linking the city with Fier and Albania as a whole. One of the most panoramic routes of the Albanian Riviera starts to the south of town stretching up to Sarandë in southernmost Albania.", "Vlorë has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: \"Csa\") with cool wet winters and hot, dry summers with temperatures exceeding in July and August. Vlore has a relatively high precipitation for the dry subtropical zone that is found, the values can be high in the end of the spring, but dry in the summit of the summer, although the other months may not be so low. The difference between the driest and wettest month can reach 184 mm. Usually the year is quite sunny except in the wettest months, being one of the sunniest places in the Eastern Mediterranean.", "The present municipality was formed by 2015 local government reform, which merged these former municipalities: Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë and Vlorë; they became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is Vlorë. The total population is 104,827 (2011 census), in a total area of. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 79,621. The new municipality extends from the Vjosë river delta near Novoselë up to Llogara Pass including the town of Orikum.", "In Albania, a secular state with no state religion, the freedom of belief, conscience and religion is explicitly guaranteed in the constitution of Albania. Vlorë is religiously diverse and possesses many places of worship catering to its religious population whom are traditionally adherents of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. During the 19th and early 20th century, Albanian speaking Muslims were the majority population of Vlorë while there was a small number of Greek-speaking families, Albanian Orthodox, Jews, and an even smaller number of Catholics. In 1994 the ethnic Greek community of the city numbered 8,000 people. A Greek school was operating in the city in 1741. According to the 2011 census, Islam is the biggest religion in Vlorë with 43.3% of the inhabitants identifying as Muslims and 0.8% as Bektashis. Christianity is the second largest religion of Vlore and is divided between the Eastern Orthodox who were 9.1% and Roman Catholic Church who were 1.4%. The census did not include specific municipality level data for other groups, but the data for the county of Vlorë (which includes also other municipalities) showed it had the second highest percentage of atheists in Albania, with the first being the county of Gjirokastër (6.01% compared to 6.3%).", "The city of Vlorë remains a major seaport and commercial centre, with a significant fishing and industrial sector. The surrounding region produces petroleum, natural gas, bitumen and salt. The city is also the location of important installations of the Albanian Navy. It has grown in importance as an agricultural center with very large-scale planting of olive and fruit trees, and as a center of the food processing, oil and bitumen export industries. Historically, the surrounding district was mainly agricultural and pastoral, producing oats, maize, cotton, olive oil, cattle, sheep, skins, hides and butter. These commodities are exported. Vlorë is a vibrant coastal city with a well-developed and modern housing infrastructure. The city offers a variety of residential areas ranging from the coast and going inland. Vlorë is divided into three economic zones. The \"Free Economic Zone TEDA\" Vlorë has a strategic location, some away from the capital Tirana. The A2 is part of Pan-European Corridor VIII and adjacent to the Adriatic Ionian Motorway, including a direct exchange with the National Road 8, away. The Tirana International Airport is away from the city and is suitable for transportation of cargo and passengers. There is an existing railway infrastructure passing through the area. Vlorë has access to the Port of Durrës () and the Port of Vlorë (), the two largest ports in Albania. The \"Land and Environmental Information\" is located in a flat, saline land, partially covered by \"Soda\" Forest. The area is suitable for industrial and environmentally friendly development. The \"Industrial development inside the zone\" eligible activities that can be developed in \"TEDA\" are: industrial, processing, commercial, goods storage, light industry, electronics, auto parts manufacturing and port related activities. The \"Labor market\": Official data from 2014 set the employable labor force in Vlora at 125,954, of which 84,836 are currently employed. 35% of the labor force in Vlora has a high school degree, while 17% has a university degree. Vlora boasts the second largest university in Albania, \"Ismail Qemali\" and several vocational education schools. According to the World Bank, Vlorë has made significant steps of starting a business in 2016. Vlorë ranks 7 among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe before the capital Tirana, Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "The A2 motorway is a four-lane motorway stretching between Fier and Vlorë along the Adriatic sea coast of Albania. On 3 February 2015, the Albanian Government received the full amount of the funding for the Vlorë Bypass long linking A2 with coastal SH8 along the Albanian Riviera. It is expected to start around mid/late 2015 and be completed in 2016 or early 2017. Vlorë Bypass consists of a long route composed of a new single carriageway highway, numerous new bridges and 8 at grade junctions. The project starts from the Roundabout at the end of the Double Carriageway Levan Vlora. The Ministry of Transportation has announced the construction of Vlorë International Airport. The project includes the construction of a marina and agri-tourism site and is expected to finish by 2023. The new airport is expected to have a major impact on economic growth and tourism. It will be the third largest airport in Albania after Tirana International Airport and Kukes International Airport. The city is served by Vlorë Railway Station, though the rail service is now very limited. The Port of Vlorë is the second largest in the country. Vlorë comprises a dry cargo port, the Vlorë 1 petroleum port and a fishing harbour. The Port is conceived as part of the Lungomare Project, stretching from the harbor to the Forest of Sodë. Part of this project is the construction of a yacht port, while the new Trans-Balkan road, which has been completed, will be added a second segment that starts from the existing road to the port. The rehabilitation of the port, expected to end by the end of 2016, includes the construction of the area for freight, and a passenger terminal. Vlora will have for the first time a modern port for both freight and passengers, to become a catalyst of the economic and tourist development of Albania.", "In Vlorë there are three functioning museums: the Independence Museum, the Historic Museum and the Ethnographic Museum of Vlorë. Each museum discovers different characteristics of the Vloran history. Vlora host also the Shevqet Musaraj Library. Vlorë is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The architecture is influenced by Illyrian, Greek, Roman, Italian and Communist architecture. In the 21st century, Vlorë has turned into a modern city, with modern new buildings and many green spaces. The Lungomare Vlora Waterfront Project is currently under construction.", "Tourism has become a major industry in recent years, with many hotels, recreational centers, and vast beaches. The city has a good view over the Bay of Vlorë, which is considered the frontier between the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea. The Island of Sazan is close by, at the entrance to the bay. Italy is just away. With 300 sunny days per year Vlore is a good location to stay for business or vacations. Some nearby beaches include Palasë, Dhermi, Vuno, Himara, Qeparo and Borsh. The bay offers good conditions for navigation at sea and anchorage of ships. Other attractions include food, wine, mountains and sports.", "Vlora is home of the second largest university in Albania.The University of Vlora Ismail Qemali University was created in 1994 as a Technological University. It started with a few hundred students and today is the second biggest university in Albania with nearly 15 000 students. It retains a focus on technology, but has expanded in the areas of economics and finance, education, medicine, and law. UV is the leading research university in Albania. It is the most productive university in Albania in organizing research conferences, inviting researchers from leading institutions, and sending its own researchers abroad. Some of the more important areas of research are mathematics, computer science, and engineering. It has also active groups in Albanian literature, economics and finance, folk music and dance, education, etc. Vlora Conference Center is a leader in organizing conferences in Albania and has organized conferences yearly at the University of Vlora. Its board is composed of internationally known scientists. There are three internationally known journals based in the University of Vlora. They are the highest quality journals of any Albanian speaking university. Albanian Journal of Mathematics, Albanian Journal of Mechanical Engineering There is also a scientific journal published quarterly in Albanian: Buletini Shkencor i Universitetit te Vlorës Since 2008 it gives home to the Academicus International Scientific Journal, a scientific publication in English language, peer-reviewed, founded by Arta Musaraj. Many summer schools and training sessions are organized at the University. Vlora is a tourist destination and this makes it very attractive for organizing international conferences. In addition, University of Vlora has programs in naval engineering and navigation. Studying the Bay of Vlora has been one of the main projects of the navigation department in the last few years. The Bay of Vlora is an important place in world history with important events such as Caesar's battles, medieval times, World War I, and World War II, etc. In the bay is one of the oldest military naval bases in the world which continues to be used to this day. The Naval Base of Pashaliman was the only Russian base in the Mediterranean in the 1950s, and was the hot spot of conflict between the Russians and the Albanians in 1961 when Albania pulled out of the Warsaw Treaty. The Department of Navigation is mapping all the ships sunk in the bay area, and is doing research in the area of marine archeology in the ancient town of Orikum (Oricum). Researchers from UV participate in congresses and conferences all over the world. UV has joint projects and exchange programs with some of the best universities in the world and very actively is trying to expand further such programs. Besides the state university there are two private universities: Universiteti Pavarësia Vlorë, established in 2009; and Akademia e Studimeve të Aplikuara \"Reald\", which started as primary school and high school, and since 2011 operates also as a university.", "The citizens of Vlorë enjoy many kinds of sports. The most popular is football. Vlorë has two professional teams: KS Flamurtari Vlorë and Vlora City FC. Flamurtari currently plays in the Albanian Superliga, while Vlora FC competes in the Albanian First Division. Other sports played in Vlorë include basketball, volleyball, handball, athletics and swimming.", "Vlorë appears in the video game \"Tom Clancy's EndWar\" as a possible battlefield. In the game, a major oil refinery is located there, which receives oil from the Black Sea.", "Vlorë is twinned with:", "Attribution:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2177, 16604, 509, 103122, 23, 6163, 46401, 91243, 4, 1446, 15477, 4, 1284, 165249, 23, 1345, 1151, 4, 2356, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 136, 49049, 184721, 4, 157082, 5, 4687, 1556, 120552, 4, 28820, 127, 136, 92265, 6, 7154, 38904, 5, 4687, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 10, 1632, 9, 372, 75846, 127451, 23, 49049, 184721, 23, 10, 27226, 9, 73, 45738, 14449, 5, 1840, 67373, 4, 148527, 204990, 46736, 105397, 15, 67884, 2240, 53, 382, 4, 47114, 1104, 62329, 27417, 616, 4, 103219, 4, 6079, 237, 10, 63645, 4, 136, 604, 42732, 4, 64372, 46736, 105397, 15, 40062, 335, 3668, 555, 16, 6079, 23, 10, 129574, 106820, 681, 481, 136, 509, 25550, 297, 23, 24668, 6, 104241, 5, 2177, 16604, 25, 7, 27863, 168265, 71, 3229, 2412, 509, 22759, 5369, 10332, 4, 136, 2412, 509, 165249, 237, 142, 4734, 29041, 390, 604, 42732, 5, 2177, 16604, 25, 7, 36541, 9351, 32497, 1295, 10, 29041, 44462, 128911, 11627, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 2177, 16604, 44632, 297, 237, 604, 42732, 41361, 71, 2119, 39, 1779, 5, 4687, 26859, 5367, 214, 3229, 2412, 509, 6626, 5369, 10332, 390, 97751, 1916, 26818, 1295, 160020, 1294, 119556, 3716, 47, 627, 1230, 571, 4, 39644, 4, 136, 57289, 56312, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 2177, 16604, 105945, 29966, 214, 353, 4935, 15672, 8395, 7, 136, 10, 89829, 4000, 538, 23, 23182, 6, 104241, 7, 5, 1913, 32070, 59671, 4, 2177, 16604, 118775, 98, 70, 113976, 7639, 44, 58, 678, 15672, 1380, 27201, 136, 39329, 19893, 50939, 1272, 4, 136, 2412, 6079, 10, 11531, 1295, 5367, 56, 70535, 5, 24372, 20461, 1363, 214, 23, 70, 113976, 7639, 44, 4657, 12729, 2320, 4612, 3815, 830, 2177, 16604, 6079, 15901, 3238, 161460, 25, 7, 28980, 5962, 44, 4332, 16711, 18, 58, 136, 44, 62467, 73, 111, 9572, 929, 7, 740, 1061, 191, 7103, 4, 44, 3957, 2331, 3962, 17686, 12176, 53, 17367, 58, 5470, 297, 604, 4, 44854, 214, 604, 47, 51339, 5, 1913, 32070, 103155, 4, 2412, 51339, 297, 98, 44, 4613, 44616, 58, 20271, 10, 44, 35953, 7, 9, 76228, 9, 161417, 58, 50094, 23, 55021, 1913, 32070, 37195, 4, 2177, 16604, 509, 122399, 10, 17164, 35142, 4, 1284, 604, 42732, 69347, 442, 7565, 6637, 2412, 18822, 71, 2177, 16604, 509, 5792, 27150, 100, 10, 19612, 80997, 5, 24372, 108975, 214, 98, 67842, 22120, 45831, 4, 70, 117344, 25, 7, 2016, 11337, 13576, 4, 51339, 214, 127325, 10186, 122046, 25, 7, 44, 568, 34870, 3134, 23, 2583, 136, 1215, 58, 136, 28813, 449, 98, 70, 113976, 7639, 4, 44, 190474, 25, 7, 17006, 86526, 297, 71930, 58, 15, 2400, 214, 47, 64372, 262, 82166, 432, 247, 17164, 108558, 89811, 177592, 5470, 297, 604, 136, 37170, 604, 47, 20461, 1363, 100, 10074, 64330, 89916, 5, 133698, 604, 20461, 1363, 100, 160794, 2548, 1728, 1681, 4, 2548, 1728, 1681, 30745, 604, 450, 70, 52101, 111, 1919, 269, 329, 4, 70, 72399, 5367, 56, 62, 289, 62776, 4, 1902, 91048, 604, 47, 4049, 5, 4687, 509, 181141, 47, 70, 67967, 4, 136, 1902, 182304, 104227, 678, 108558, 7, 581, 9626, 38507, 7, 136, 99837, 11412, 2594, 619, 17038, 73, 5, 2177, 16604, 25, 7, 6867, 53397, 4, 44, 16604, 6201, 46736, 105397, 830, 17164, 297, 23, 103844, 66139, 29256, 7, 111, 57289, 136, 627, 1230, 571, 52336, 4, 26719, 4727, 92, 118350, 25, 7, 31017, 44, 55668, 14525, 6565, 538, 830, 17158, 11, 14631, 25, 7, 13501, 44, 23389, 62, 73, 25, 18, 203623, 4865, 2583, 984, 15, 23389, 25, 7, 40469, 2583, 10842, 6872, 2583, 984, 1650, 16, 830, 15901, 3238, 161460, 25, 7, 28015, 44, 62467, 73, 111, 9572, 929, 7, 58, 136, 31060, 44, 3957, 13038, 9925, 21763, 667, 24908, 830, 581, 55583, 38869, 19725, 25, 36327, 44, 81779, 84347, 830, 8694, 15959, 76648, 25, 7, 29172, 44, 73903, 1084, 1363, 830, 136, 581, 37446, 22062, 7, 25, 26527, 44, 40798, 19770, 205540, 740, 360, 88847, 99, 32070, 427, 4, 2177, 16604, 181141, 678, 10074, 64330, 89916, 136, 930, 59745, 136, 80723, 20697, 678, 108558, 7, 100, 604, 5117, 7156, 5, 2177, 16604, 25, 7, 86761, 9, 84563, 47314, 34377, 11001, 44, 178381, 15, 724, 126, 13538, 16, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 44211, 117371, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 54452, 4, 2177, 16604, 352, 1299, 12225, 98, 604, 5117, 17669, 9742, 4, 70, 313, 11067, 320, 131007, 53, 144334, 678, 7426, 13950, 5367, 56, 4221, 2242, 37968, 1681, 4, 26177, 72720, 34965, 44389, 25706, 169, 4, 30700, 12924, 8753, 3786, 2844, 31251, 4, 136, 7003, 7426, 6057, 7, 78201, 30438, 98825, 136, 667, 14437, 5, 18852, 34377, 9742, 7, 390, 169661, 136, 212803, 26530, 21816, 8108, 604, 4, 442, 118066, 99, 300, 86, 45210, 7, 4, 72134, 99, 163816, 25, 7, 23924, 143, 350, 40550, 136, 86658, 99, 25134, 17779, 107, 42834, 43573, 604, 5368, 35461, 111, 49049, 184721, 5, 14847, 70, 11001, 157578, 14012, 1632, 98, 70, 12321, 86429, 4792, 1112, 116287, 4, 2412, 100512, 4, 99, 32070, 6, 95037, 8927, 4, 70, 27150, 525, 2639, 22104, 47, 765, 10, 14012, 9, 3630, 11001, 23, 21629, 5, 581, 5117, 11001, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 11345, 2356, 69891, 99, 70, 4821, 69882, 2692, 13703, 54530, 4, 3129, 7228, 2177, 16604, 70, 27150, 525, 69882, 2692, 13703, 60992, 45103, 13, 5, 1840, 5117, 7156, 4, 70, 133782, 316, 9, 1428, 2069, 44, 16604, 16604, 830, 509, 121447, 23, 86097, 16320, 6048, 99, 14012, 22759, 98, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 136, 14012, 1492, 98, 70, 4792, 627, 1230, 571, 64, 841, 3442, 9, 841, 2146, 37340, 7, 4, 143092, 483, 26738, 71200, 7, 23, 6863, 5117, 5895, 136, 58359, 214, 70, 2663, 100, 939, 111, 70, 17274, 37340, 7, 110373, 5, 360, 14487, 86097, 2412, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 213342, 2356, 69891, 111, 70, 42552, 136, 12321, 86429, 4792, 1112, 43609, 111, 70, 42552, 99, 70, 211441, 13703, 54530, 5, 4687, 83, 2843, 70, 27150, 525, 22104, 47, 186, 27154, 3674, 99, 70, 211441, 13703, 54530, 5, 1840, 17932, 11001, 4, 121447, 23, 6088, 86097, 70, 86761, 9, 1428, 2069, 44, 111753, 53, 1650, 25, 7, 2583, 58, 46, 3129, 66139, 673, 8079, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17650, 76, 114589, 133, 46736, 105397, 15, 57332, 14487, 387, 4, 11704, 247, 51529, 23182, 538, 237, 2177, 16604, 4, 83, 142, 15672, 5367, 56, 4, 11531, 70035, 4, 136, 215542, 5, 9202, 297, 23, 49049, 184721, 4, 157082, 4, 2412, 80723, 51339, 214, 23, 5367, 214, 130412, 7, 136, 4000, 12348, 45831, 1295, 10, 27150, 32070, 5, 360, 88847, 54877, 108558, 89811, 177592, 156672, 604, 7103, 2412, 98438, 71, 98, 70, 113976, 7639, 44, 190474, 25, 7, 17006, 86526, 297, 71930, 58, 136, 37170, 604, 47, 20461, 1363, 100, 1919, 17164, 67967, 10074, 64330, 89916, 5, 171855, 181141, 678, 2856, 450, 5701, 6602, 4, 2177, 16604, 121447, 604, 28, 5416, 35801, 223, 34377, 12275, 7156, 70, 25632, 6602, 23, 18237, 44211, 1650, 16320, 12225, 99, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "1998–2005: Beginning and \"JoJo\".", "2006–2009: \"The High Road\", acting and label trouble.", "2010–2013: \"Can't Take That Away from Me\" and \"Agápē\".", "2014–2018: Label changes, \"III.\", \"Mad Love\" and re-releasing albums.", "2019–present: Move to Warner and \"Good to Know\".", "Artistry.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "JoJo was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, but raised in Keene, New Hampshire, and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She has Irish, Polish and French ancestry. She grew up in a one-bedroom apartment in Foxborough in a low-income family. Her father, Joel Maurice Levesque (January 8, 1955–November 14, 2015), sang as a hobby, and her mother, Diana Levesque (née Blagden) sang in a Catholic church choir and was trained in musical theater. JoJo's parents divorced when she was four years old, and she was raised as an only child by her mother. JoJo's stage name comes from a childhood nickname. As a child, JoJo listened as her mother practiced hymns. She started singing when she was two years old by imitating everything from nursery rhymes to R&B, jazz, and soul tunes. As a child, JoJo enjoyed attending Native American festivals and acted locally in professional theaters. At age seven, JoJo appeared on the television show \"\" with American comedian and actor Bill Cosby, and she sang a song from singer Cher. After auditioning in the television show \"Destination Stardom\", JoJo sang Aretha Franklin's 1967 hit \"Respect\" and \"Chain of Fools\". Soon after, \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" contacted her, inviting her to perform. At age eleven, she performed on \"Maury\" during a \"kids-with-talent\" episode in 2002.", "", "At age six, JoJo was offered a record deal, but her mother turned it down because she believed JoJo was too young for a music career. After appearing on various talk shows, the McDonald's Gospelfest, performing Whitney Houston's \"I Believe in You and Me\" and competing on the television show, \"America's Most Talented Kids\" (losing to Diana DeGarmo), record producer Vincent Herbert contacted her and asked her to audition for Blackground Records. During her audition for Barry Hankerson, Hankerson told her that the spirit of his niece, the late singer Aaliyah, had brought her to him. She was signed to the label, and had recording sessions with producers The Underdogs and Soulshock & Karlin. JoJo's live demo, \"Joanna Levesque\", recorded in 2001, features covers of soul and R&B songs, including Mack Rice's 1965 \"Mustang Sally\", Etta James's 1989 \"It Ain't Always What You Do (It's Who You Let See You Do It)\", Aretha Franklin's 1968 \"Chain of Fools\" and 1969 \"The House That Jack Built\", The Moonglows' 1956 \"See Saw\", Stevie Wonder's 1972 \"Superstition\", and The Temptations' 1975 \"Shakey Ground\". In 2003, at age 12, JoJo signed with Blackground Records and Da Family and began working with producers for her first album. JoJo's gold-certified debut single \"Leave (Get Out)\" was released in 2004. Before the album's release, JoJo embarked on her first ever tour, the Cingular Buddy Bash with pop rock singer Fefe Dobson, hip hop duo Young Gunz, alternative metal band Zebrahead, and teen pop stars Ryan Cabrera and Busted. Like debut tours by Tiffany and Britney Spears before her, it stopped at nine malls, starting at Atlanta's Northlake Mall and ending at South Shore Plaza near her hometown of Foxborough. When the single reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, she became, at age thirteen, the youngest solo artist to have a number-one single in America. The first single was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, which made JoJo the youngest MTV Video Music Award nominee. Her first album, the platinum-selling \"JoJo\", was released in 2004, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 and number ten on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, selling 95,000 copies in its first week and reaching the top forty of the UK Albums Chart. In December 2004, she was nominated for Female New Artist of the Year and Mainstream Top 40 Single of the Year at the Billboard Music Awards. She is also the youngest artist to be nominated at the Billboard Music Awards. Her second single, released in September 2004, the gold-selling \"Baby It's You\" – which features rapper Bow Wow – peaked at number twenty-two in the U.S. and number eight in the UK. The final single from the album, \"Not That Kinda Girl\", was released in 2005 and peaked at number eighty-five in Germany. In 2005, JoJo participated in \"Come Together Now\", a charity single to benefit the victims of the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. That year, she was requested by First Lady Laura Bush to perform at the 2004 Christmas in Washington special, broadcast by TNT and hosted by Dr. Phil and his wife Robin McGraw. JoJo hosted and performed at the Hope Rocks Concert in 2005 to benefit City of Hope National Medical Center, and co-hosted the 2006 TV Guide Channel's countdown to the Grammy Awards. In 2005, she was offered a role on the Disney Channel television series \"Hannah Montana\", but she turned down the role in favor of developing her music career.", "In 2006 JoJo was cast opposite Emma Roberts and Sara Paxton in \"Aquamarine\", playing Hailey. The film opened on March 3, 2006, opening at number five with $7.5 million. Her second major film, \"RV\", a comedy starring Robin Williams, was released on April 28, 2006. It opened at number one and grossed $69.7 million. JoJo had to audition for the part five times, and eventually replaced an actress who had already been cast in the role. JoJo's second album, \"The High Road\", was released on October 17, 2006. The album debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 108,000 units. It was produced by Scott Storch, Swizz Beatz, J. R. Rotem, Corey Williams, Soulshock & Karlin and Ryan Leslie. It received mainly positive reviews. In the summer of 2006, the lead single from her second album, \"Too Little Too Late\", was released to radio stations. \"Too Little Too Late\" broke the record for the biggest jump into the top three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, moving from number 66 to number three in one week; this record was previously held by Mariah Carey with her 2001 single \"Loverboy\", which went from number 60 to number two. The album's second single, \"How to Touch a Girl\", experienced less success. It charted just outside the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and peaked at number 76 on the \"Billboard\" Pop 100. \"Anything\", was released as a third single to little success. The album sold over 550,000 copies and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2006. On July 20, 2007, JoJo's version of \"Beautiful Girls\" by Sean Kingston leaked on the internet titled \"Beautiful Girls Reply\". It debuted at number thirty-nine on the \"Billboard\" Rhythmic Top 40 chart one month later. In late 2007, JoJo stated that she would be writing songs for her third album, to be released when she turned 18. She said she wanted her fans to \"see growth\" in her music. In an April 2008 interview, JoJo stated that she was writing and producing an upcoming album in Boston and Atlanta. On August 30, 2008, JoJo posted her own version of the song \"Can't Believe It\", originally performed by T-Pain. On June 3, 2009, JoJo stated on her YouTube account that she was waiting for her record label to sign a distribution deal to release her album. In a few months time, nearly 20 of her songs were leaked through a YouTube channel. In August 2009, it was reported that JoJo filed a lawsuit in New York against her record label Da Family Entertainment for putting her in musical limbo. She reportedly sought $500,000 for her troubles and to be released from her contract. JoJo was released from her contract in October 2009 and a deal was reached with Blackground Records to have JoJo's third album distributed by Interscope Records. In late 2009, JoJo appeared on Timbaland's \"Shock Value II\" as a featuring artist on the song \"Lose Control\". She later appeared on \"Timothy Where You Been\" with the Australian band Jet as a background vocalist. On September 10, JoJo revealed that she would be traveling to Toronto to film a small screen adaptation of Lola Douglas' \"True Confessions of a Hollywood Starlet\" and play the role of Morgan Carter, with Valerie Bertinelli and Shenae Grimes. It was broadcast on Lifetime Television on August 9, 2008, and released on DVD on March 3, 2009.", "\"Can't Take That Away from Me\" was released as JoJo's first mixtape in September 2010 and spawned the single \"In the Dark\". In late 2010, JoJo made cameo appearances in music videos for Keri Hilson and Clinton Sparks. In January 2011, JoJo was cast in an episode of CBS's \"Hawaii Five-0\" as Courtney Russell, the daughter of a Tsunami Warning Center scientist who goes missing on the eve of a big storm hitting the Honolulu coast. In February 2011, JoJo uploaded a video to YouTube announcing that she was shooting a video for a new song, titled \"The Other Chick\" and that she had changed the title of the album from \"All I Want Is Everything\" to \"Jumping Trains,\" stating that she had desires to \"represent something different; something fresh\". Her actual first lead single \"The Other Chick\" was supposed to release digitally but the label decided to make it as a buzz single and the decision for a lead single is still in hold. In June 2011, she released a remix of rapper Drake's song \"Marvin's Room\", renamed \"Marvin's Room (Can't Do Better)\" through Rap-Up's YouTube channel. JoJo rewrote the song from a female perspective to express a frustration towards an ex-lover and his supposed new girlfriend. Drake himself expressed his appreciation for her interpretation. On August 29, 2011, \"Disaster\" was released to U.S. radio. The song saw her continue in a similar style to her previous hits, which was praised by critics for not \"jumping on the synthpop bandwagon\", but also criticized for not showing much progression after a five-year hiatus. \"Disaster\" debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 87, but fell off the chart the next week. This gave JoJo her first charting single since \"Too Little Too Late\" in 2006. The single failed to impact any chart internationally. In support of the single, she opened for the Joe Jonas & Jay Sean Tour. JoJo gave her first televised performance of the song on \"Good Day Dallas\" on September 29, and later performed on a small promotional tour for \"Pinktober\" in order to raise money for breast cancer research during the month of October. A music video for the song premiered on JoJo's website in November 2011. In August 2011, JoJo signed a promotional deal with HeartSoul clothing to become the new face for their Fall/Winter collection. In December 2011, JoJo signed a deal with skin care brand Clearasil to become the new spokeswoman for Clearasil's PerfectaWash. In October 2012, JoJo was cast and began working on the film \"G.B.F.\" JoJo was cast as Soledad Braunstein who is the President of the Gay Straight Alliance. The film was shot in Los Angeles over 18 days by director Darren Stein. In early 2012, JoJo toured with Big Time Rush for 5 dates of their Better With You Tour. A promotional single, \"Sexy to Me\", was made available for purchase on February 28, 2012 on iTunes and Amazon. JoJo, wanting to go in a new direction with the album, released \"Demonstrate\", produced by Noah \"40\" Shebib, on July 17, 2012. Its release as a single was eventually scrapped for reasons unknown despite a music video already having been filmed. After Blackground Records lost their distribution deal through Interscope Records in late 2012, resulting once again in the delay of the release of an album, JoJo began recording new material specifically for a new mixtape to be released by the end of the year, as she \"didn't want to keep the fans waiting for new music any longer\". On November 15, 2012, she announced the release of a mixtape, titled \"Agápē\", which means \"unconditional love\" in Greek. The project was released for free through digital download on her 22nd birthday on December 20, 2012. In support of the mixtape, JoJo embarked on her first headlining North American tour, The Agápē Tour. \"We Get By\", was released as the lead single from the mixtape on November 15, 2012. \"André\" was released as the second single from the mixtape on November 30, 2012, with the music video for the song premiering on March 21, 2013 through \"Complex\" magazine.", "On July 30, 2013, it was reported that JoJo had filed a lawsuit against her labels Blackground Records and Da Family for \"irreparable damages to her professional career\". Minors cannot sign contracts that last more than seven years under New York State law and thus she claims that as her contract was signed in 2004, her deal should have expired in 2011. In December 2013 both of JoJo's and Blackground's attorneys agreed to drop the case as both parties came to an agreement outside court. On January 14, 2014, it was announced that JoJo was released from her multi-year battle with the label and signed a new recording contract with Atlantic Records. On February 14, she released an extended play, titled \"#LoveJo\", featuring covers of three classic songs, which were all produced by Da Internz. On March 16, 2014, she performed at SXSW. On August 5, 2015, JoJo's website under Atlantic was relaunched. On August 20, 2015, JoJo released three singles simultaneously on the \"III.\" extended play, which she referred to as a \"tringle\", as a preview of her third studio album. In support of the release, JoJo embarked on the I Am JoJo Tour, her first world tour, in November 2015. On December 18, 2015, JoJo released the sequel to \"#LoveJo\", titled \"#LoveJo2\". In June 2016, Fifth Harmony announced that JoJo would be one of the opening acts on their The 7/27 Tour. On July 27, 2016, JoJo released the lead single \"Fuck Apologies\", featuring rapper and label mate Wiz Khalifa. \"Mad Love\", JoJo's third studio album was released on October 14, 2016, ten years following the release of \"The High Road\". The album entered and peaked the Billboard 200 Chart at number 6. In January 2017, JoJo embarked on the Mad Love tour, a four-month concert tour of North America and Europe. In August 2017, JoJo announced her departure from Atlantic, in conjunction with announcing her new music venture, Clover Music, in a joint deal with Interscope. In April 2018, she announced the Leaks, Covers, & Mixtapes tour, which began on May 29. On December 20, 2018, the date of her 28th birthday, JoJo announced plans to re-release her debut album with re-recorded vocals. The following day, JoJo re-released her debut and second albums, as well her singles \"Demonstrate\", and \"Disaster\"—all with re-recorded vocals and slightly reworked production.", "As of January 2019, per \"Billboard\", Clover Music is no longer affiliated with Interscope, and will now associate with Warner Records. On February 12, 2019, JoJo announced the release of a new single \"Say So\", which features R&B singer-songwriter PJ Morton, two days later on February 14. \"Say So\" was included in Morton's album \"Paul\", as the lead single. On October 10, 2019, via Instagram, JoJo announced that she'll release a new single \"Joanna\" at midnight, followed by the music video premiering the next day. On October 25, JoJo collaborated with Alabama rapper and new Warner Records signee Chika under a new single \"Sabotage\", which is the first single of her new album. JoJo announced a new album via Instagram, \"Good to Know,\" which was released on May 1, 2020. A tour supporting the album is set to begin in November 2020. The lead single \"Man\" was released on March 13, 2020.", "Musically, JoJo is considered to be primarily a pop and R&B artist; however, the majority of her singles tend to lean more-so towards the former as a marketing tool. \"Prefix\"'s Norman Meyers observed that \"As an adolescent white girl singing mainstream R&B, her singles have leaned toward pop to snag sales... But the list of producers on \"The High Road...\" shows that Jojo is more concerned with harder beats and soulful sounds.\" JoJo is a mezzo-soprano and her singing voice has been widely acclaimed by music critics, one of whom ranked it among \"the best in the game\", while her R&B recordings have been compared to the likes of R&B singers Brandy and Monica. Describing her as a \"vocal phenom\", \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Leah Greenblatt enthused that JoJo is \"capable of Mariah Carey-style upper-register flourishes\". Vocally, critics frequently draw comparisons between JoJo and singers Kelly Clarkson and Beyoncé, while \"Slant Magazine\"'s Sal Cinquemani remarked that the singer \"could very well be the next Teena Marie\". At times some of her material and use of melisma has been criticized for being overproduced and overused, respectively. Emma Morgan of Yahoo! Music dismissed JoJo as \"mercilessly multi-tracked à la J. Lo, her voice encoded flatteringly as she too-many-notes her way through a succession of R'n'B beats and hooks that owe everything to studio wizardry and little to simple songwriting\", lacking experience and soul. While admitting that JoJo is \"surprisingly adept at frenzied, sexually possessed hollering\", Alex Macpherson of \"The Guardian\" believes that the singer \"is, however, at her best when compulsively dissecting emotional situations straight out of high-school movies via the medium of big, heartfelt choruses\". Pegging JoJo as \"a teen-pop star with an R&B singer's voice\", Kelefa Sanneh of \"The New York Times\" continued, \"she can outsing much of the competition, but it also means more ballads... and more not-quite-credible lovesick lyrics.\" JoJo's earliest memories of singing are performing songs by Etta James, Ella Fitzgerald, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston for customers in hair salons. Her mixtape, \"Agápē\", was influenced by musicians Joni Mitchell and James Taylor. Upon making her mainstream debut in 2004, critics immediately noticed that JoJo's vocal prowess and material exceeded her age. When she released her single \"Demonstrate\" in 2012, critics observed that both the singer's voice and lyrics had matured alongside her. Subsequently, JoJo's second mixtape \"Agápē\" drew attention from both critics and the singer's own family due to its mature content; \"Agápē\" features lyrical references to drinking, drug abuse and sex, which were absent from her previous \"G-rated\" releases. The mixtape also addresses her conflict with her record label. JoJo's early image followed popular trends related to hip hop culture at the time. The cover of JoJo's first album features the singer donning a T-shirt and cap, which Sal Cinquemani of \"Slant Magazine\" dismissed as \"contrived and calculated\". Matt Collar of AllMusic wrote, \"Jojo is an assured and likeable performer who can somehow embody the yin-yang persona of a suburban cheerleader slinging hip-hop attitude.\" According to Jenny Eliscu of \"Rolling Stone\", the singer \"has become a role model to suburban adolescents who talk gangsta but still carpool to school in mom's Kia Sorento.\"\"The Guardian\"s Alex Macpherson commented that \"In an era of boozy Amys, gobby Lilys and flashing Britneys, a pop star as wholesome as JoJo seems almost quaint.\" Writing for \"Prefix\", Norman Meyers believes that JoJo \"could have been a \"Mean Girls\" extra, but she has talent\" and \"comes off more like a pint-size Mariah Carey or Christina Aguilera than a hip-shaking Britney clone\".", "JoJo lived in Edgewater, New Jersey with her mother, until age 18, when she moved out on her own to Boston for a year. She now resides in Los Angeles. JoJo dated American soccer player Freddy Adu from May 2005 until September 2006. The couple met on the MTV show \"Fake ID Club\" while JoJo was hosting it. JoJo made an appearance in the commentary box at a New England Revolution home game when they were playing D.C. United. In November 2006, \"The Washington Post\" reported that the couple had split up. JoJo revealed on \"American Top 40\" with Ryan Seacrest that she and Adu were still good friends. In August 2009, JoJo graduated from high school and stated that she would stay focused on future projects. She was accepted to Northeastern University but did not attend; she considered majoring in cultural anthropology. Aside from singing and acting, JoJo is also a supporter of various charitable organizations such as Boys and Girls Club of America, World Vision, She's the First, Make A Wish Foundation, and others." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 111, 8035, 72856, 99, 15520, 4, 70, 109923, 111, 98416, 57724, 169170, 109808, 1681, 186683, 7413, 7, 6863, 3917, 5368, 4, 17997, 71, 390, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 22729, 23, 70, 7620, 5, 717, 70, 1601, 1084, 60744, 98416, 7, 4, 70, 22729, 83, 51592, 237, 10, 24092, 1295, 70, 2355, 7, 5, 76556, 98, 6, 134369, 4, 1836, 7413, 10, 12096, 111, 150143, 4, 3129, 135179, 47, 186, 70, 31344, 111, 70, 759, 824, 93905, 22729, 5, 169170, 9803, 7, 70, 150143, 136, 7413, 7, 10, 3525, 57332, 15546, 25299, 5, 1529, 123055, 70, 29041, 38692, 9, 2870, 62, 13, 6920, 7, 9, 1681, 4, 7103, 38692, 4, 70, 83429, 13, 3430, 111, 139808, 4, 136, 62, 13, 6920, 4, 70, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 15520, 4, 6637, 764, 16916, 7, 38692, 2870, 47, 186, 10, 18466, 1295, 70, 3430, 7, 5, 169170, 51776, 38692, 2870, 1379, 1919, 517, 237, 1919, 30666, 5844, 775, 5, 1301, 38692, 2870, 55993, 7, 1257, 4, 764, 83, 193844, 1672, 1919, 59665, 7, 136, 27983, 362, 39989, 29367, 390, 1919, 280, 1314, 100, 959, 8035, 10, 44, 30544, 58, 98416, 5, 2161, 1919, 37195, 927, 101207, 4, 169170, 76199, 4049, 6626, 114453, 17662, 114700, 7, 39958, 1295, 70, 150143, 764, 509, 14037, 23, 5, 6561, 83, 10, 55, 8420, 7228, 1295, 44, 2347, 12924, 450, 22027, 25, 18, 32316, 740, 581, 55, 8420, 19095, 7, 38692, 2870, 98, 1919, 5117, 156578, 4, 136, 68557, 7, 1919, 87714, 136993, 678, 450, 111, 62, 1686, 1883, 15, 31047, 22690, 58386, 194, 14847, 38692, 2870, 83, 77488, 76456, 4, 70, 3789, 18466, 105876, 7, 4049, 47, 19922, 142, 10332, 25151, 62368, 4, 2750, 122273, 7, 47, 38692, 2870, 1919, 59665, 7, 136, 29568, 182324, 5, 1529, 14192, 7, 4049, 450, 764, 25, 7, 1632, 111, 70, 4568, 613, 33328, 25251, 111, 10, 21115, 111, 39713, 71407, 175961, 32628, 9, 3814, 1314, 2750, 21449, 47, 70, 23208, 23, 33938, 111, 3525, 48302, 97264, 5, 18763, 3395, 765, 6782, 1601, 84832, 14537, 7, 1884, 151134, 70, 233239, 166577, 111, 26866, 678, 2363, 7086, 74, 14537, 7, 450, 38692, 2870, 66570, 37202, 959, 47, 765, 5, 38692, 2870, 30698, 7, 1672, 1919, 2773, 27863, 136, 9963, 1021, 9319, 4, 136, 70, 47353, 450, 107671, 297, 1919, 127319, 5, 581, 10332, 332, 28288, 7, 47, 1615, 184, 38692, 2870, 25, 7, 98323, 111, 2363, 190647, 136, 70, 51359, 764, 1660, 97384, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 450, 442, 1221, 186, 11522, 100, 38692, 2870, 47, 55993, 1257, 237, 10, 44, 33176, 58, 98416, 25299, 678, 110, 1601, 84832, 14537, 7, 5, 38692, 2870, 4, 49903, 4, 136622, 47, 55993, 1257, 237, 193844, 136, 148960, 71, 1672, 1919, 29568, 182324, 237, 17669, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 903, 19732, 169170, 109808, 1681, 14792, 136, 90410, 289, 420, 70, 9266, 83, 19667, 19, 237, 1919, 39457, 42, 5, 90410, 289, 420, 119140, 297, 538, 1927, 90, 47, 2046, 31351, 111, 38692, 2870, 4, 6637, 20, 1104, 237, 764, 178308, 98911, 7, 30309, 46, 38692, 2870, 83, 142, 50782, 42, 136, 959, 111, 98416, 59714, 5, 360, 50081, 4, 90410, 289, 420, 12319, 7, 120332, 33, 297, 6637, 38692, 2870, 83, 169170, 25, 7, 6, 150621, 5, 360, 70, 29459, 6032, 4, 38692, 2870, 25, 7, 76755, 678, 62, 1686, 1883, 4, 90410, 289, 420, 25, 7, 76849, 4, 85493, 7, 136, 90254, 1755, 5, 51404, 604, 32599, 90, 54, 959, 765, 5045, 79507, 98, 604, 67373, 4, 2412, 83, 19048, 47, 30098, 38692, 2870, 1295, 24233, 47219, 15, 1272, 604, 67373, 25, 7, 3535, 16, 8305, 604, 27354, 1363, 136, 4949, 34, 2481, 5, 581, 5117, 7156, 111, 70, 36549, 4034, 7, 3060, 5369, 14432, 4, 3229, 38692, 2870, 83, 21771, 142, 25171, 4, 136, 90410, 289, 420, 97025, 90, 10, 1774, 47, 67153, 4049, 7103, 14823, 214, 3642, 53894, 70, 5161, 1919, 76849, 1556, 100, 38692, 2870, 6183, 83, 5, 581, 7156, 7, 58055, 111, 40368, 13765, 46552, 7, 136, 5941, 9157, 9, 11, 51684, 43515, 5, 581, 1702, 927, 21950, 20, 44, 5464, 33692, 56284, 58, 20, 509, 70, 4568, 1632, 59121, 390, 16162, 3000, 10699, 282, 5, 3293, 50094, 27585, 7, 10932, 38692, 2870, 38940, 10366, 70, 22074, 13, 111, 2365, 73, 136, 90791, 88669, 23, 70, 4734, 5368, 764, 93002, 12, 70, 98416, 54427, 111, 1919, 30666, 297, 67373, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 30098, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 6897, 4, 49903, 4, 2177, 1414, 8110, 153350, 10, 1909, 208, 73, 678, 10, 23552, 9, 124938, 136, 30957, 1919, 11374, 54799, 1919, 14449, 25, 7, 30646, 47, 23166, 42077, 5, 581, 13765, 3564, 7, 678, 10, 124, 1297, 1284, 100094, 4889, 19256, 17721, 38692, 2870, 136, 2177, 1414, 3129, 38692, 2870, 42856, 61924, 7, 237, 70, 199566, 3917, 10, 55993, 19, 29041, 8110, 5646, 12, 47, 5423, 1810, 98, 1919, 10002, 60875, 23, 6897, 5, 360, 70, 188676, 11389, 111, 70, 36549, 4, 70, 7156, 7, 3542, 121447, 23, 10, 12921, 12989, 4, 72134, 678, 70, 7156, 7, 111, 38692, 2870, 7, 156206, 5, 581, 5117, 7156, 23, 70, 36549, 44, 2729, 61707, 58258, 4937, 979, 13, 58, 83, 14012, 1039, 23, 70, 188676, 36549, 5, 360, 146864, 14012, 1039, 37620, 15, 72789, 16, 3542, 5117, 91376, 390, 70, 80299, 56, 5337, 11856, 13, 678, 70, 5361, 9351, 242, 50886, 2327, 25, 4, 31895, 47, 566, 5743, 70, 5700, 36549, 44, 11935, 66, 740, 1061, 191, 70, 9351, 3542, 98816, 4420, 47, 44, 20800, 1478, 289, 58, 6637, 25075, 1015, 111321, 7, 34739, 645, 70, 36549, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 21950, 7, 3542, 59121, 390, 990, 3132, 4311, 67, 5, 32255, 7156, 7, 61475, 538, 32153, 98, 2177, 1414, 43257, 3501, 38692, 2870, 5, 44, 20800, 1478, 289, 4, 123829, 111, 70, 96814, 58, 509, 91376, 390, 7650, 592, 33734, 193612, 7, 23, 21735, 678, 5, 39194, 14137, 24890, 1556, 186, 6967, 456, 35662, 214, 70, 36549, 72134, 678, 44, 441, 102656, 111, 70, 96814, 58, 136, 44, 284, 1686, 1883, 58, 23, 25499, 4426, 3267, 2740, 2389, 5, 44, 3957, 6300, 7092, 297, 13965, 34814, 7, 7, 58, 15, 16, 20, 138521, 7, 44, 2729, 61707, 58258, 4937, 979, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38692, 2870, 83, 10, 28820, 127, 9, 80172, 34958, 115135, 131259, 12877, 36549, 390, 70, 41267, 66, 6, 70035, 16162, 3000, 10699, 282, 136, 70, 28820, 127, 6, 48461, 22104, 241243, 12015, 14, 44275, 5, 1650, 70163, 7, 40368, 2856, 90, 136, 37254, 7, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 83429, 13, 759, 927, 25443, 136, 82055, 5073, 115135, 47, 41664, 127663, 4, 136, 6044, 30773, 7, 237, 43334, 23134, 4, 92973, 136, 156578, 43515, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Fictional character biography.", "Collected editions.", "Jean Van Hamme (story) and Grzegorz Rosiński (art).", "English version.", "Other media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After of being lost at sea, the ship of Viking leader Leif Haraldson suddenly finds its way home, guided by a mysterious light in the fog. To the supersticious Vikings, the light is seen as a sign from the gods. Once on shore, they find a sort of capsule, which appears to be the source of the mysterious light. Leif opens the capsule and finds a newborn baby boy. He names the child Thor-gal Aegirs-son, after Thor, the Norse God of Thunder, and Aegir, the ruler of the sea, because he considers Thorgal to be a gift from the Gods. Leif takes Thorgal under his care as his adoptive son. As Thorgal grows up, he is curious about his origins and often ostracized by his peers for not being a \"real\" Viking. On his sixth birthday, Leif gives him two strange artifacts taken from the capsule he was found in. One is a jewel made from \"the metal that doesn't exist\". The jewel brings Thorgal on his first adventure, and binds his fate forever with that of Aaricia (his future wife). When Thorgal is twelve, the other gift prompts him to visit an old wiseman, who reveals to Thorgal his origins and true identity. He tells him that he's one of the last survivors of a group of technologically advanced space-farers who came to the planet in search of new energy sources. His people have great supernatural powers like changing the molecular composition of matter with their mind; powers that Thorgal himself seems not to have. Thorgal learns about his real parents and grandfather, and the events that preceded his birth. The old man decides to erase Thorgal's memory of their encounter and the knowledge he just learned, believing that it will be better for Thorgal to grow up as a \"normal\" Viking boy with no supernatural powers. Thorgal, however, continues to grow up as curious and conflicted about his true identity as ever. Soon after this event Leif Haraldson dies and Gandalf the Mad is chosen as his successor. Gandalf repeatedly tries to get rid of Thorgal, because -– as he constantly reminds everyone – Thorgal is an outsider and not of Viking blood. In reality, Gandalf feels threatened because Thorgal is Leif's heir. In the meantime, Thorgal's relationship with Aaricia, Gandalf's daughter, develops and strengthens. While her wishes do not have much influence on her father, she is able to save Thorgal from certain death (by her father's hand) through her determination and ingenuity. The first album of the series starts some years later, when Thorgal is already an adult, and Gandalf devises a plan to kill him after realizing how deep the love his daughter has for Thorgal really is.", "The albums consist of several story arcs and many stand-alone stories.", "The 29th volume - \"Sacrifice\" - was the last one written by Jean Van Hamme. This episode centers around Thorgal escaping the curse of Odin and finding peace in the only home he knows: the Viking village of his adopted father. In order to save his father's life, however, Jolan must strike a bargain with a half-God and enter his services upon his family's return to Midgard. The story ends with a somber but understanding farewell between Thorgal and Jolan which Thorgal simply defines as the inevitable way a grown child must take: to set out on his own path in life. In the Danish version of the series, the albums were released in a different order, starting with the albums of Thorgals youth. The first album in the series \"La Magicienne Trahie\" is number 22 in the Danish series. In Denmark number 22-23 (1-2) were first published by the publisher Interpresse with the special name 'Cormak', probably to imitate the popular series \"Conan\". Soon the name were changed back to \"Thorgal\" because Carlsen Comics took over the series. Subsequent volumes were written by Yves Sente. These albums initially focus on Jolan rather than Thorgal.", "\"Thorgal, Child of the Stars\" was published by Donning Company Publishers in 1986 with. Cinebook Ltd has begun reprinting the series starting with \"Child of the Stars\" and \"Aaricia\" in 2007. <br>0. \"The Betrayed Sorceress\" () - Collects \"La Magicienne Trahie\" and \"L'Ile des Mers gelées\" [1 and 2]) The 2008 Cinebook edition of \"The Land of Qa\" was edited to remove a woman's naked breast (page 27).", "In 2002 Le Lombard published a video game for Microsoft Windows, entitled\" \" and developed by Cryo Interactive Entertainment. In 2016 there is announced that comic is going to be a series directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck. The script was started in 2017 and it stands as in development in 2018 on imdb." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 46517, 100, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 21449, 21334, 538, 1295, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 10002, 55681, 5281, 136, 764, 49086, 6897, 5, 360, 10, 14432, 33683, 2412, 112017, 297, 47, 38043, 10, 6897, 111, 57913, 136, 48683, 128431, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 136, 237, 10, 16750, 20949, 75412, 23, 10, 36549, 111, 162753, 272, 151618, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 142, 81887, 47, 36356, 4092, 1295, 903, 279, 60744, 42154, 133, 4, 3129, 509, 10, 16750, 111, 10, 8, 5293, 4126, 29041, 44462, 5, 119926, 1419, 71407, 4, 70, 7156, 45, 74789, 71, 1295, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 205794, 107265, 9, 7, 26079, 297, 627, 1230, 571, 3934, 70, 26177, 9, 58052, 42659, 7, 136, 79507, 7, 450, 1902, 7228, 604, 34377, 4, 12839, 25, 7, 44, 52231, 25, 7, 70, 201, 1662, 2953, 4, 10, 5962, 5, 3293, 83, 41866, 36875, 23, 70, 5117, 11001, 4, 44, 919, 1191, 538, 59061, 7341, 740, 2552, 8079, 70077, 135179, 98, 70, 28560, 44, 1456, 35593, 87, 25, 272, 873, 33, 58, 237, 5299, 4, 136, 27081, 79507, 7, 831, 186, 49782, 87420, 70, 7156, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 6863, 34754, 4, 70, 7156, 175100, 70, 4393, 44759, 23213, 48511, 20, 438, 5455, 46406, 136, 509, 47, 186, 10, 40, 37631, 47, 8272, 25, 7, 44, 16305, 53, 740, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 7068, 9, 141395, 5122, 3674, 450, 70, 7156, 2806, 186, 70, 17932, 23, 10, 1927, 4867, 53, 136, 186, 134629, 390, 142, 7156, 44759, 71, 23213, 48511, 335, 3986, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 70, 5117, 11001, 509, 134598, 47, 186, 10, 11531, 35839, 44, 122232, 8694, 50373, 58, 241599, 10, 29892, 1295, 49191, 9, 1511, 136, 18226, 299, 144013, 24374, 98, 101275, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 95, 344, 297, 47, 17664, 103050, 7, 10932, 18237, 103844, 6626, 21775, 8108, 70, 7156, 509, 80889, 71, 47, 186, 121447, 136, 221419, 538, 6777, 959, 3249, 70, 2704, 59226, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 7311, 129745, 43658, 111, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 509, 161549, 12921, 1295, 70, 14432, 4, 51521, 54452, 5, 62, 108171, 40956, 119140, 297, 87420, 70, 28271, 111, 70, 11389, 99201, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 2874, 9, 57311, 2408, 5367, 7, 44, 16305, 53, 821, 5, 335, 3986, 4, 438, 5455, 46406, 3890, 5, 581, 5117, 80299, 111, 142, 62, 34926, 8347, 28412, 297, 23, 3164, 13703, 44583, 47, 99837, 4, 10, 17997, 47, 627, 1230, 571, 136, 57289, 4, 111, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 121742, 19, 538, 6275, 297, 903, 1810, 237, 2174, 442, 3542, 2831, 111, 70, 8561, 7156, 4, 159029, 442, 44, 162, 1614, 17991, 136, 158, 38242, 2517, 237, 10, 74729, 47617, 5962, 1242, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 75204, 137567, 24491, 98865, 1295, 35778, 7, 5, 1913, 36939, 59869, 1771, 4, 3129, 95486, 7, 10, 3638, 29367, 66038, 1810, 111, 805, 47, 98865, 1295, 154909, 104345, 7, 4, 70, 7156, 75204, 142, 83080, 47763, 111, 14154, 4, 35509, 98, 427, 98865, 5, 3164, 158257, 30391, 1261, 1500, 66310, 75870, 297, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 81273, 47, 33022, 33444, 2886, 68944, 4, 32562, 450, 2412, 44, 10557, 10, 200, 14155, 218024, 100, 105233, 10314, 15145, 4, 6117, 2594, 4, 136, 57289, 9, 46632, 33740, 627, 1230, 571, 4889, 5, 1840, 19612, 83, 1286, 3501, 49782, 5, 1650, 83, 29131, 4, 136, 95771, 7, 2806, 186, 7941, 9, 11856, 297, 47, 959, 613, 18280, 42, 47, 604, 11969, 8206, 1242, 213185, 100, 44, 3957, 62, 5, 856, 5, 7687, 830, 148097, 144416, 19, 18822, 71, 44, 571, 3986, 102678, 21578, 56462, 136, 1286, 20648, 297, 3501, 17669, 5, 2460, 162, 1916, 110518, 237, 5941, 108558, 7, 237, 52336, 4, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 378, 164, 268, 10, 85633, 47, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 37772, 111, 3357, 2481, 136, 70, 195734, 2481, 111, 604, 37831, 450, 70, 17116, 12319, 7, 237, 3357, 136, 24833, 2182, 237, 70, 2684, 26498, 117905, 22759, 9, 125728, 53397, 1242, 44, 155581, 25500, 674, 192438, 58, 7, 6765, 40218, 13, 29131, 450, 44, 161063, 70, 64614, 9, 102446, 297, 163198, 21533, 2481, 111, 70, 11001, 970, 919, 1191, 538, 59061, 7341, 63, 47, 18831, 73, 297, 23884, 136, 13625, 7008, 92136, 9, 129857, 627, 1230, 571, 4, 70, 6024, 9, 102446, 56, 70767, 7, 621, 14700, 66, 29888, 14373, 24814, 4, 136, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 25944, 53, 61375, 1556, 8306, 45730, 297, 11522, 1242, 12452, 231998, 1295, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 2804, 70, 17164, 44, 55247, 7, 335, 3986, 1286, 23, 23996, 678, 604, 74855, 7, 4, 1286, 61585, 297, 136, 43542, 100, 604, 11737, 5423, 111, 127125, 4, 24668, 136, 120262, 4, 142, 60223, 57289, 6, 68332, 6496, 23, 10, 6338, 32070, 1242, 160794, 80490, 7, 1295, 44, 3957, 72136, 67949, 58, 35839, 442, 44, 571, 3986, 25, 7, 2684, 6, 239530, 7156, 17669, 4, 136, 3853, 70, 69277, 6468, 450, 831, 24911, 1690, 1230, 275, 7565, 3688, 117181, 133, 678, 373, 44287, 42659, 7, 1242, 581, 73962, 25, 7, 12452, 46056, 75094, 509, 208806, 40715, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 4, 90791, 70, 17164, 44, 20549, 9, 63033, 297, 830, 127308, 214, 70, 52336, 44, 20266, 294, 58, 136, 44, 68551, 289, 62, 7514, 58, 12960, 32562, 44, 67890, 4935, 130812, 25, 7, 10, 4785, 206, 4, 959, 47, 41392, 10, 24911, 740, 1775, 1121, 40218, 509, 51, 464, 11856, 297, 390, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 1286, 63274, 1771, 52336, 4, 32562, 23, 44, 46568, 5753, 58, 41260, 450, 4, 44, 2179, 56, 2886, 4, 335, 3986, 831, 186, 75076, 1916, 136, 502, 151645, 74, 17723, 4, 2412, 32497, 5773, 189534, 136, 12608, 1242, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 34377, 297, 136, 16320, 12225, 99, 14012, 6626, 98, 70, 44, 58, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 830, 70, 51521, 7156, 7, 116287, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 98, 6088, 305, 4, 6789, 46, 17932, 4734, 47, 62, 289, 62776, 25, 7, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 50960, 7156, 5, 581, 7156, 54324, 1702, 617, 4, 163151, 25072, 7, 23, 6863, 5117, 5895, 111, 54452, 5, 44, 5021, 5455, 46406, 58, 509, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 167375, 34377, 5895, 7156, 40575, 4, 24189, 442, 509, 613, 13409, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 438, 5455, 46406, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 15672, 627, 1230, 571, 182304, 22104, 23213, 821, 5, 335, 3986, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 390, 6, 155900, 98, 8055, 29835, 55197, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Conception.", "Critical reception.", "Commercial performance." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The inspiration for \"No More Drama\" came largely from Blige's own confused and hectic life. In a later interview she confessed to living a life of alcohol and drug abuse at the time, and as a result getting involved in a series of abusive relationships. The album was an attempt to break free from this vicious circle, which was a result of a deprived childhood. Stylistically, the album diverged from Blige's typically blues-soaked R&B into the hip-hop beats and influences that had made her debut, 1992's \"What's the 411?\", a hit. This is especially evident in the first single, \"Family Affair\". Rapper Eve appears on the track \"Where I've Been\" as well, and urban influences can be heard throughout the album. Early in its development, the album carried the full title Mary Jane - No More Drama and was to be a sequel to 1999's \"Mary\". Blige's then-manager hinted that the album would be the second in a trilogy and be followed by an album titled Mary Jane Blige. During this time, the first single was supposed to be a song called \"Rock Steady\" featuring a rap from Jay-Z and Lenny Kravitz on guitar. The song was leaked to mixtapes around June 2001, two months before the album was scheduled to be released and subsequently did not make the final cut on the album. The original advance copy of \"No More Drama\" was slightly different from the later, official release. A vocal loop repeated throughout the whole of the version included with the intention of anti-piracy sings \"Mary J. Blige, No More Drama!\". The first publish of an AMG review printed in All Music Guide to Soul, a guide to R&B and soul, of \"No More Drama\" mistakenly pointed this out as if it were part of the actual album, calling it \"as subtle and congruent as a consistent drum hit.\"", "\"No More Drama\" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 12 reviews. AllMusic editor Liana Jonas complimented Blige's ability to write relatable lyrics, writing that she \"has a killer instinct for creating gritty, thick, and soul-infused R&B fare. Her music is more than heard. It is felt, and audiences would be hard-pressed to not surrender to her groove.\" Writing for \"The A.V. Club\", Nathan Rabin believed \"Blige sounds happier and more relaxed than ever. Boasting nearly as many producers as songs, \"No More Drama\" [is] a testament to Blige's force of personality and the authenticity of her vision that the disc feels as personal and intimate as the most heartfelt four-track demo.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\"s David Browne felt that \"from the Dre-produced theatricality of the single ”Family Affair” to refined funk and crisp quiet-storm R&B, the multi-producer arrangements are expansive yet warm, and Blige's pushy rasp has never sounded better.\" Robert Marriott from \"Rolling Stone\" said the record \"presents Blige more in touch with her roots, more grounded and ready for her next set of challenges, musical and otherwise, an analog soul thriving in a digital age.\" Barry Walters from \"The Village Voice\" called it \"Blige's most rhythm album ever, and even the ballads that can drag r&b down here bristle with bumping beats.\" The newspaper's Robert Christgau was somewhat less enthusiastic, finding the record \"front-loaded\", highlighting the songs \"PMS\" and \"Steal Away\" while writing \"positive attitude's a bitch, not to mention a drag\". Ethan Brown was unimpressed by Blige's more optimistic songs, writing in \"New York\" magazine that, \"miserable, Blige can be penetrating and profound; happy, she comes off generic and bland.\"", "\"No More Drama\" debuted and peaked at number two on the \"\"Billboard\" 200\", the official albums chart in the United States, on September 6, 2001 – second only to Aaliyah's self-titled third album. The album sold 294,351 units in its first week of release. \"No More Drama\" was Blige's highest debut week album sales, until it was surpassed by \"The Breakthrough\" (2005), which sold 729,000 copies in its first week. By the end of 2001, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and became the seventy-third best-selling album of that year in the United States. The album's commercial performance was reinforced by the subsequent release of a reissue. The release of the special edition helped \"No More Drama\" to re-enter the top ten in February 2002, gaining more than 200 percent in sales at a total of 61,000 copies. The same month, \"No More Drama\" was certified double platinum by the RIAA. As of August 2003, the album has sold 1.9 million copies in the US, while the special edition moved an additional 1.1 million units. In Germany, the album was her most successful one in her career in this country, reaching #13 and staying in the German Albums Chart for 35 weeks Estimated worldwide sales for the album are at 6,500,000." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 543, 8894, 4, 70, 5117, 2741, 4398, 109622, 22046, 31667, 4, 70, 38720, 63367, 223, 87652, 31667, 4, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 117604, 111, 70, 32964, 602, 29203, 90, 5, 503, 164, 21068, 150556, 7, 621, 7228, 17368, 40, 3119, 41382, 7, 8, 13158, 53, 297, 43573, 2741, 408, 6402, 58555, 4, 100244, 1810, 100, 124735, 40, 52104, 60089, 20271, 2741, 408, 6402, 47353, 4, 23, 17311, 16487, 100, 4989, 14922, 22313, 238, 59897, 25251, 4, 3129, 26073, 1697, 192, 112664, 8305, 2741, 408, 6402, 120565, 7, 5, 179794, 8, 5037, 2320, 97204, 96853, 70, 4527, 111, 20787, 112, 9523, 53088, 6044, 237, 17366, 214, 4, 139, 18, 4, 177488, 4, 55291, 136, 62488, 72350, 9035, 8305, 139, 18, 29089, 7, 4, 3622, 29398, 7, 136, 241, 31246, 7, 5, 3293, 2843, 96853, 6, 88858, 15268, 150556, 7, 136, 360, 80478, 5, 179794, 8, 5037, 2320, 117414, 7, 1697, 192, 1257, 19256, 214, 12, 124735, 1697, 192, 100677, 27489, 7, 11876, 4188, 23, 70, 2741, 408, 6402, 27585, 25, 7, 71579, 5, 27967, 28, 54916, 1543, 186, 12983, 297, 678, 98154, 26719, 168627, 19914, 9, 10023, 1974, 48502, 2955, 29089, 7, 15, 9688, 155775, 4, 5036, 1601, 5281, 297, 390, 70, 7665, 13223, 9713, 247, 3129, 7968, 53, 13105, 70, 169424, 111, 2741, 408, 6402, 106500, 6044, 237, 2906, 11443, 6, 143961, 13, 74, 707, 390, 20100, 9, 2822, 48502, 49042, 137366, 15, 919, 94125, 194, 8942, 1283, 5281, 9060, 28, 54916, 4, 136, 1286, 106480, 65572, 23, 9060, 166577, 7, 4, 1543, 26073, 142, 566, 96819, 2741, 408, 6402, 72, 2037, 1363, 5, 61727, 13, 65572, 621, 12983, 297, 17368, 182342, 29089, 7, 136, 66339, 214, 65572, 23, 70, 42, 2749, 183871, 111, 2741, 408, 6402, 21, 9248, 136, 30270, 7, 4, 3129, 1543, 117414, 1257, 277, 214, 103488, 5, 233557, 7, 621, 38134, 538, 11814, 47, 12983, 2741, 38938, 90, 4, 237, 1836, 63769, 10, 21334, 16128, 47, 186, 12983, 297, 72546, 5, 10660, 831, 72350, 70, 93403, 111, 142, 10, 1495, 12266, 282, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 1632, 1295, 29807, 145, 159174, 11, 21956, 77684, 25, 7, 1532, 72, 2037, 1363, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 15969, 28, 54916, 5, 360, 80478, 136, 70, 42, 2749, 86898, 177, 831, 12983, 21334, 4, 35006, 329, 538, 27623, 3674, 58555, 7440, 442, 2806, 186, 5792, 135587, 47, 76104, 13984, 7, 98, 70, 61585, 5, 64511, 20787, 34053, 7, 21533, 53088, 15, 219945, 289, 4, 64002, 939, 136, 214706, 150556, 7, 16, 26698, 97204, 14838, 41039, 21094, 136, 8932, 555, 15549, 23, 39746, 54613, 53, 4, 64002, 939, 190312, 90, 707, 214706, 10, 31079, 538, 103510, 7, 450, 1543, 117414, 2741, 38938, 9, 18442, 37534, 193857, 214, 136, 1697, 192, 1257, 19256, 214, 5, 7832, 118, 48461, 51422, 7, 96853, 7968, 53, 35401, 120, 179665, 136, 60984, 40370, 7, 136, 1740, 6097, 47, 8337, 2741, 38938, 72, 2037, 1363, 103510, 7, 4, 678, 25902, 3674, 105823, 7, 111, 108938, 103488, 136, 13267, 111, 72, 2037, 5256, 5, 5976, 4398, 25443, 1556, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 32692, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 182304, 111, 10, 2741, 408, 6402, 72, 2037, 1363, 1543, 186, 98, 10, 58982, 178829, 607, 297, 47, 1672, 6, 144274, 335, 10854, 14037, 99, 70, 54311, 4353, 75708, 1764, 99, 25909, 1803, 572, 130356, 92, 23, 224616, 11, 4, 176672, 5, 3293, 178829, 1556, 2809, 29481, 297, 237, 10, 8, 1434, 10763, 111, 142, 72, 2037, 1916, 2741, 38938, 4, 678, 10, 234737, 111, 18276, 7, 35064, 45831, 10, 138241, 16320, 12225, 2741, 38938, 23, 72, 2037, 1363, 4, 678, 10, 59444, 99, 6863, 3647, 15, 197271, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 5036, 9655, 903, 206019, 194, 581, 2741, 38938, 1543, 186, 40101, 36323, 930, 5467, 4, 707, 6863, 164917, 108, 6958, 38648, 4, 1215, 45589, 169, 930, 5467, 5, 581, 54704, 289, 8999, 111, 200955, 136, 70, 39395, 12610, 145359, 189050, 2741, 38938, 90, 237, 15271, 111, 67842, 2355, 7, 5, 160600, 7, 90698, 450, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 4, 70, 2355, 111, 11476, 4, 11736, 35064, 70, 2741, 38938, 1775, 76, 4, 100, 9966, 70, 142172, 7, 111, 3786, 223, 5, 581, 160600, 2565, 11814, 47, 98363, 2741, 38938, 90, 509, 44, 126, 76, 830, 707, 44, 88394, 11, 830, 7103, 1840, 11, 66695, 4, 70, 775, 111, 3786, 223, 5, 581, 12610, 30260, 10421, 8726, 4, 23, 29481, 214, 70, 160600, 759, 24948, 7, 4, 34658, 450, 70, 6051, 18, 357, 43252, 6862, 509, 373, 46572, 9149, 10519, 1775, 76, 390, 70, 2355, 988, 7, 94100, 11, 237, 1992, 4745, 674, 100, 214267, 1830, 26548, 70, 2355, 7, 74, 70, 101120, 25, 7, 7853, 79298, 7, 3542, 1919, 9983, 1183, 71, 13625, 90, 4, 70, 42009, 90, 1919, 71191, 136, 70, 59897, 25251, 1919, 673, 49725, 26548, 70, 1909, 7, 111, 1919, 101085, 5, 357, 43252, 6862, 25, 82953, 276, 6020, 509, 373, 46572, 9149, 10519, 38720, 63367, 223, 390, 1529, 14612, 525, 223, 4, 136, 70, 59714, 111, 3789, 8, 88981, 297, 6051, 933, 5299, 297, 1257, 23, 70, 13000, 2828, 107, 66, 117657, 7, 206990, 38720, 63367, 223, 5, 581, 160600, 6, 119598, 56, 31678, 37421, 66695, 15, 238, 5, 6, 88925, 11565, 1197, 335, 10854, 16, 24124, 70, 8999, 101637, 71, 3934, 22759, 12830, 289, 84616, 4, 111, 64883, 4, 5345, 4, 31143, 136, 27646, 5, 5976, 38938, 90, 4, 31678, 37421, 66695, 76104, 297, 4, 3542, 70, 155390, 111, 48325, 289, 31143, 5, 22387, 31, 25212, 48141, 450, 86723, 7, 111, 8010, 136, 91097, 7401, 7, 86608, 23, 23, 3355, 18391, 118, 2661, 102134, 2449, 8305, 153224, 60791, 66, 96113, 7, 5, 360, 70, 6, 168867, 7, 111, 70, 109270, 16854, 9248, 10, 18410, 96113, 111, 11476, 4, 70, 44, 683, 63273, 11727, 32784, 50828, 830, 3129, 61590, 7, 756, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 2741, 38938, 90, 5, 126562, 17991, 90698, 1379, 64330, 11476, 237, 70, 16750, 111, 44, 2347, 27, 7151, 10763, 111, 70, 32382, 3229, 442, 12266, 449, 90, 3934, 653, 118201, 46692, 7, 1242, 38660, 112730, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 2741, 38938, 187136, 7, 24189, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 5, 128270, 13, 26766, 4, 10, 12610, 6, 119598, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5976, 4398, 25443, 15, 289, 991, 160093, 297, 32336, 4398, 25443, 16, 83, 70, 35187, 111, 2741, 38938, 90, 4, 60984, 4, 1697, 192, 4, 136, 62548, 700, 109622, 4, 20787, 34053, 7, 21533, 136, 20787, 34610, 21533, 11521, 21004, 12470, 15, 3784, 4398, 8780, 194, 581, 13579, 44, 3784, 4398, 25443, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 42845, 2565, 44, 19393, 4398, 740, 48138, 4398, 509, 70, 142, 45964, 12610, 2355, 111, 11476, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Modern volcanology.", "History.", "Greco-Roman philosophy.", "Renaissance observations.", "Interaction with religion and mythology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In 1841, the first volcanological observatory, the Vesuvius Observatory, was founded in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Seismic observations are made using seismographs deployed near volcanic areas, watching out for increased seismicity during volcanic events, in particular looking for long period harmonic tremors, which signal magma movement through volcanic conduits. Surface deformation monitoring includes the use of geodetic techniques such as leveling, tilt, strain, angle and distance measurements through tiltmeters, total stations and EDMs. This also includes GNSS observations and InSAR. Surface deformation indicates magma upwelling: increased magma supply produces bulges in the volcanic center's surface. Gas emissions may be monitored with equipment including portable ultra-violet spectrometers (COSPEC, now superseded by the miniDOAS), which analyzes the presence of volcanic gases such as sulfur dioxide; or by infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Increased gas emissions, and more particularly changes in gas compositions, may signal an impending volcanic eruption. Temperature changes are monitored using thermometers and observing changes in thermal properties of volcanic lakes and vents, which may indicate upcoming activity. Satellites are widely used to monitor volcanoes, as they allow a large area to be monitored easily. They can measure the spread of an ash plume, such as the one from Eyjafjallajökull's 2010 eruption, as well as SO emissions. InSAR and thermal imaging can monitor large, scarcely populated areas where it would be too expensive to maintain instruments on the ground. Other geophysical techniques (electrical, gravity and magnetic observations) include monitoring fluctuations and sudden change in resistivity, gravity anomalies or magnetic anomaly patterns that may indicate volcano-induced faulting and magma upwelling. Stratigraphic analyses includes analyzing tephra and lava deposits and dating these to give volcano eruption patterns, with estimated cycles of intense activity and size of eruptions.", "Volcanology has an extensive history. The earliest known recording of a volcanic eruption may be on a wall painting dated to about 7,000 BCE found at the Neolithic site at Çatal Höyük in Anatolia, Turkey. This painting has been interpreted as a depiction of an erupting volcano, with a cluster of houses below shows a twin peaked volcano in eruption, with a town at its base (though archaeologists now question this interpretation). The volcano may be either Hasan Dağ, or its smaller neighbour, Melendiz Dağ.", "The classical world of Greece and the early Roman Empire explained volcanoes as sites of various gods. Greeks considered that Hephaestus, the god of fire, sat below the volcano Etna, forging the weapons of Zeus. The Greek word used to describe volcanoes was \"etna\", or \"hiera\", after Heracles, the son of Zeus. The Roman poet Virgil, in interpreting the Greek mythos, held that the giant Enceladus was buried beneath Etna by the goddess Athena as punishment for rebellion against the gods; the mountain's rumblings were his tormented cries, the flames his breath and the tremors his railing against the bars of his prison. Enceladus' brother Mimas was buried beneath Vesuvius by Hephaestus, and the blood of other defeated giants welled up in the Phlegrean Fields surrounding Vesuvius. The Greek philosopher Empedocles (c. 490-430 BCE) saw the world divided into four elemental forces, of Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Volcanoes, Empedocles maintained, were the manifestation of Elemental Fire. Plato contended that channels of hot and cold waters flow in inexhaustible quantities through subterranean rivers. In the depths of the earth snakes a vast river of fire, the \"Pyriphlegethon\", which feeds all the world's volcanoes. Aristotle considered underground fire as the result of \"the...friction of the wind when it plunges into narrow passages.\" Wind played a key role in volcano explanations until the 16th century. Lucretius, a Roman philosopher, claimed Etna was completely hollow and the fires of the underground driven by a fierce wind circulating near sea level. Ovid believed that the flame was fed from \"fatty foods\" and eruptions stopped when the food ran out. Vitruvius contended that sulfur, alum and bitumen fed the deep fires. Observations by Pliny the Elder noted the presence of earthquakes preceded an eruption; he died in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE while investigating it at Stabiae. His nephew, Pliny the Younger gave detailed descriptions of the eruption in which his uncle died, attributing his death to the effects of toxic gases. Such eruptions have been named Plinian in honour of the two authors.", "\"Nuées ardentes\" were described from the Azores in 1580. Georgius Agricola argued the rays of the sun, as later proposed by Descartes had nothing to do with volcanoes. Agricola believed vapor under pressure caused eruptions of'mointain oil' and basalt. Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) witnessed eruptions of Mount Etna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulfur, bitumen and coal. Johannes Kepler considered volcanoes as conduits for the tears and excrement of the Earth, voiding bitumen, tar and sulfur. Descartes, pronouncing that God had created the Earth in an instant, declared he had done so in three layers; the fiery depths, a layer of water, and the air. Volcanoes, he said, were formed where the rays of the sun pierced the earth. Science wrestled with the ideas of the combustion of pyrite with water, that rock was solidified bitumen, and with notions of rock being formed from water (Neptunism). Of the volcanoes then known, all were near the water, hence the action of the sea upon the land was used to explain volcanism.", "Tribal legends of volcanoes abound from the Pacific Ring of Fire and the Americas, usually invoking the forces of the supernatural or the divine to explain the violent outbursts of volcanoes. Taranaki and Tongariro, according to Māori mythology, were lovers who fell in love with Pihanga, and a spiteful jealous fight ensued. Māori will not to this day live between Tongariro and Taranaki for fear of the dispute flaring up again. In the Hawaiian religion, Pele ( Pel-a; ) is the goddess of volcanoes and a popular figure in Hawaiian mythology. Pele was used for various scientific terms as for Pele's hair, Pele's tears, and Limu o Pele (Pele's seaweed). A volcano on the Jovian moon Io is also named Pele. Saint Agatha is patron saint of Catania, close to mount Etna, and an important highly venerated (till today) example of virgin martyrs of Christian antiquity. In 253 CE, one year after her violent death, the stilling of an eruption of Mt. Etna was attributed to her intercession. Catania was however nearly completely destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Etna in 1169, and over 15,000 of its inhabitants died. Nevertheless, she was invoked again for the 1669 Etna eruption and, for an outbreak danginering Nicolosi in 1886. The way she is invoked and dealt with in Italian Folk religion, a sort of quid pro quo way approach to saints, has been related (in the tradition of James Frazer) to earlier pagan believes. In 1660 the eruption of Vesuvius rained twinned pyroxene crystals and ash upon the nearby villages. The crystals resembled the crucifix and this was interpreted as the work of Saint Januarius. In Naples, the relics of St Januarius are paraded through town at every major eruption of Vesuvius. The register of these processions and the 1779 and 1794 diary of Father Antonio Piaggio allowed British diplomat and amateur naturalist Sir William Hamilton to provide a detailed chronology and description of Vesuvius' eruptions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10776, 5036, 51529, 237, 803, 70412, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 23, 479, 9, 225635, 20028, 390, 70, 891, 538, 9893, 1927, 372, 51529, 47, 70, 12610, 7, 237, 44, 76114, 7752, 13, 830, 4839, 27575, 6917, 16143, 1473, 23, 893, 45964, 160600, 15, 194, 581, 9351, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 2565, 44, 1081, 1495, 11063, 58, 91084, 44, 964, 10534, 58, 23, 153549, 19, 136, 1295, 44, 647, 4994, 11063, 1934, 58, 23, 160600, 5, 104315, 19, 22288, 7, 111, 70, 103155, 927, 142642, 7639, 70, 59444, 1379, 70, 9351, 44, 19273, 8748, 33, 8961, 740, 581, 10776, 111, 803, 70412, 509, 1614, 11832, 297, 1379, 70, 12426, 7352, 17574, 187, 1430, 100711, 106154, 111, 143604, 532, 23, 209, 2947, 4, 136, 1632, 6602, 14432, 75204, 70, 10778, 111, 142, 56877, 2182, 678, 6863, 27585, 23, 70, 35935, 350, 6, 19364, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 4, 105866, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 70, 205277, 111, 61464, 91318, 5, 581, 9879, 106820, 111, 70, 803, 70412, 241, 100711, 106154, 509, 450, 111, 2907, 5, 56174, 15, 194, 581, 40, 257, 111, 70, 241, 100711, 106154, 2806, 14432, 186, 456, 116292, 297, 4, 1284, 70, 59444, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 10267, 122009, 6863, 9351, 5, 1460, 1495, 69663, 83, 91067, 71, 237, 39395, 237, 70, 809, 18266, 33, 927, 142642, 1379, 70, 9351, 44, 18144, 1579, 12455, 740, 3311, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 37195, 8927, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 1902, 140528, 6863, 158, 75616, 111, 153549, 5, 9626, 70, 79986, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 1460, 1495, 69663, 15, 92733, 44, 4657, 4134, 9, 14, 73831, 830, 3129, 131148, 44, 15363, 6488, 262, 4134, 58, 23, 180, 139891, 43563, 1495, 16, 509, 10, 19336, 16839, 59444, 4, 645, 2420, 246, 24243, 390, 70, 150679, 136, 1286, 42009, 30885, 1236, 262, 1299, 15, 4, 44, 91127, 46429, 803, 70412, 74054, 3129, 18925, 400, 90, 1660, 645, 70, 217891, 19, 132988, 5, 581, 43904, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 509, 39555, 64557, 22458, 390, 423, 17168, 5, 360, 172457, 142, 180, 139891, 56197, 22824, 509, 88303, 23, 1460, 1495, 69663, 4, 185517, 1257, 47, 6, 112694, 79063, 1314, 5, 581, 803, 70412, 10776, 4, 26719, 1460, 1495, 69663, 4, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 75, 22876, 5180, 26548, 180, 139891, 180210, 450, 3542, 74918, 2852, 87420, 153549, 23, 70, 39395, 64972, 7, 5, 153549, 19, 187, 4806, 8753, 7, 15, 16, 141621, 71, 1460, 1495, 69663, 1295, 70, 71047, 47126, 98, 8055, 611, 4, 62977, 5, 360, 70, 7103, 125458, 111, 70, 36356, 2037, 111, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 4, 10, 80380, 19, 187, 1176, 205491, 71, 803, 70412, 136, 30957, 297, 1460, 1495, 69663, 23, 39395, 14487, 62977, 5, 153549, 19, 84616, 38857, 685, 70, 26349, 98, 6088, 387, 4, 70351, 5, 62, 104315, 19, 187, 1176, 205491, 71, 1460, 1495, 69663, 98, 18982, 106, 4, 64104, 5, 581, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 145359, 4, 142, 6, 25958, 111, 104315, 4, 91048, 142, 187, 1176, 47, 1460, 1495, 69663, 98, 7071, 427, 4, 64104, 136, 81810, 71, 23, 1992, 14, 4935, 18276, 9, 5992, 6977, 136, 71924, 17514, 87420, 70, 10776, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 41, 1181, 4000, 39746, 7154, 5, 581, 104315, 1779, 136, 5489, 2955, 9, 30513, 41300, 72004, 45807, 71, 70, 16128, 23, 6088, 24531, 5, 89176, 84616, 205491, 71, 153549, 23, 34578, 4, 58359, 214, 1460, 1495, 69663, 98, 7071, 6281, 153549, 19, 84158, 271, 2878, 1462, 7, 38857, 685, 1460, 1495, 69663, 98, 6088, 483, 4, 40464, 5, 581, 25632, 18374, 4, 70, 2878, 1462, 7, 8, 88981, 297, 21786, 14, 156928, 84616, 23, 142, 187, 4806, 133868, 100, 6226, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 360, 20414, 26748, 4, 30839, 84616, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 26349, 4, 1284, 3542, 14700, 2118, 71, 14432, 450, 5701, 31150, 5, 106313, 214, 136475, 23, 70, 803, 70412, 10776, 24189, 39395, 6088, 4, 137802, 70, 84158, 271, 9, 68131, 27686, 9907, 20846, 2320, 126140, 15, 16, 23, 6226, 5, 1460, 1495, 69663, 59335, 538, 1902, 10, 32845, 206, 111, 94960, 11, 66807, 32129, 56013, 12535, 5, 1650, 509, 155738, 23, 505, 390, 12989, 111, 70, 15889, 185236, 111, 43154, 100, 747, 17704, 137578, 47, 23356, 5570, 7, 5, 581, 156531, 660, 3173, 111, 6, 177133, 23, 70, 10776, 83, 101120, 6, 177133, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 130473, 53, 70665, 136, 21334, 41170, 111, 100, 525, 5, 360, 70, 103724, 111, 803, 2844, 28127, 6626, 111, 70, 6, 95037, 8927, 15889, 9201, 7, 23, 153549, 4, 3350, 8593, 9907, 5227, 4, 136, 3970, 2055, 9, 72583, 217, 1881, 58806, 5227, 3129, 18645, 101120, 6, 177133, 23, 70, 41710, 136, 51065, 4, 26719, 194637, 214, 4, 122395, 4, 7158, 214, 4, 6, 130899, 4, 8834, 6402, 7, 4, 1926, 1916, 4, 87200, 214, 4, 3021, 5, 581, 59052, 4, 105866, 186, 8752, 70, 4537, 37526, 1294, 10696, 4, 18276, 7, 10, 42486, 111, 4000, 84659, 7, 4, 172783, 7, 4, 98483, 98154, 136, 33680, 7134, 13, 6, 238402, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 14012, 111, 115774, 111, 4000, 6, 159958, 5, 540, 1255, 2071, 34, 1029, 192217, 83, 10, 44987, 7655, 66, 9, 191, 538, 48800, 13315, 71, 678, 68524, 33, 15, 16, 1360, 90, 5, 581, 42, 2749, 23911, 7401, 31576, 7, 136, 2906, 254, 10437, 101086, 7, 15, 16, 23, 70, 193280, 939, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 621, 10, 79442, 100, 34003, 289, 6, 177133, 4, 102917, 538, 1295, 28032, 153549, 4, 1284, 2843, 47, 10, 199, 2189, 192961, 1295, 208244, 214, 76726, 5, 10660, 621, 456, 7077, 297, 47, 747, 3459, 67, 3060, 16227, 37348, 5, 581, 101086, 7, 621, 105866, 10, 16610, 62488, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 1257, 86429, 33233, 70, 7359, 343, 3129, 127877, 8305, 70, 86991, 111, 1460, 1495, 69663, 5, 581, 5201, 2896, 112730, 23, 1460, 1495, 69663, 83, 101740, 5, 581, 26349, 25, 7, 5201, 7175, 83, 6, 118058, 3970, 14508, 1460, 1495, 69663, 136, 6863, 5368, 83932, 83, 3970, 14508, 88260, 678, 10, 177399, 111, 6, 102525, 6, 42706, 22230, 5, 581, 235561, 1294, 11938, 25, 7, 5368, 67675, 83, 70, 70960, 464, 239, 143, 39170, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1460, 1495, 69663, 15, 16, 83, 10, 59444, 23, 803, 70412, 47064, 4, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 153549, 5, 1913, 70, 918, 4000, 27759, 17690, 442, 100512, 10, 1614, 428, 25826, 111, 70, 14834, 2481, 803, 70412, 5, 581, 43904, 99, 70, 1392, 149039, 7, 509, 17480, 2588, 418, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Education.", "Tertiary.", "Tourism.", "Sports.", "Transportation.", "Bus.", "Train.", "Highways." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The region now known as Dibër was inhabited in pre-Christian times by the Illyrian tribe known to the Romans as \"Penestae\", Πενέσται in Ancient Greek (). The name of Peshkopi is derived from the word \"peshkop\" meaning \"bishop\" in Albanian and from \"Episkopè\" in Greek. Bulgarian maps of the eleventh century show the town under the name \"Presolengrad\". The region of Dibër was subsumed under the Orthodox archepiscopate of Ohrid in 1019, and one year later received the status of an episcopate with its center in the Bulke ward of Peshkopi, located in what is now the neighborhood of Dobrovë. The central church of the Dibër Episcopate was that of St. Stephen (). The seat of the Episcopate would later be relocated, but the town of Peshkopi retained its name. Peshkopi is referenced as early as the fifteenth century under the name \"Peskopia\". By the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had completed its conquest of Albania. Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Peshkopi (then \"Debre-i Zir\", which meant \"Lower Debre\" in Ottoman Turkish) was a small market town, overshadowed by the larger and more flamboyant Debar (, \"Greater Dibër\"), which today lies just over the Macedonian border. The population of Peshkopi was almost completely Muslim by 1583. In 1873 an Ottoman barracks was built in Peshkopi, housing up to 8,000 soldiers. The Dibër region, including Peshkopi, took part in the uprisings against Ottoman authority that were occurring throughout Albania in the early 1910s. Albanian armed bands () captured Peshkopi from the Ottomans on August 16, 1912. In the aftermath of the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, a Serbian army invaded Dibër and entered Peshkopi in early December 1912. Albanian forces retook the city on September 20, 1913. A Bulgarian army invaded Peshkopi on January 1, 1916. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, an ally of Bulgaria, brought an army to Peshkopi on April 12, 1916 and engaged in punitive house-burnings and executions throughout the region in an attempt to quell local resistance. The Bulgarians and Austro-Hungarians departed the area in September 1918. Italian forces invaded Albania in 1939, reaching Peshkopi on April 15. Albanian Communist partisans retook Peshkopi on September 9, 1943. The following October, the partisans defeated Balli Kombëtar forces in an armed battle for control of the city. In July 1944, German forces occupied the city, but were expelled later that same month. Fighting continued in the Dibër region until early September, leaving the Communist-dominated National Liberation Army () in control.", "", "Peshkopi briefly had a branch of Aleksandër Moisiu University. It was closed in 2017 by order of the national Ministry of Education for alleged failure to meet standards.", "The predominant form of tourism in the region is mountain tourism, due to the hilly terrain and large amount of forest. In the district of Dibra lie two of the thirteen national parks in Albania, Lurë National Park, and Korab-Koritnik Nature Park which offer mountain tourism in the winter and summer, including climbing, walking, skiing, trekking, picnics, hunting, kayaking, etc. The museum, located beside the general secondary school, houses a collection of local costumes, carpets, kitchen equipment and filigree jewelry, as well as a number of models of local architecture. Elez Isufi Boulevard is a pedestrian-only street lined with linden () trees. Thermal mineral water springs and sulphur baths () in the vicinity of Peshkopi are a draw for seasonal tourism, primarily from within Albania, but also to a lesser extent from neighboring countries. They are reputed to alleviate some health issues. The baths are located a short distance east of the city, upstream along the creek which runs through the middle of Peshkopi.", "The main sport played in Peshkopi is football. The city's main team is KF Korabi Peshkopi and its home stadium is Korabi Stadium with a capacity of 6,000 spectators. The multidisciplinary club's home arena is the Bashkim Lala Sports Palace, which has a capacity of over 2,000 spectators. KF Korabi currently plays in the Albanian First Division. They were runners-up in the 1961, 2015–16 Albanian First Division going in to the Albanian Superliga.", "", "Peshkopi is served by bus lines to and from Tirana and Durrës. These depart in the morning on a fixed schedule. There are also minibuses and vans () serving a wider set of destinations, which depart when sufficiently full. Minibuses to Tirana and Durrës are generally somewhat more expensive than the equivalent bus route.", "There is no train service to Peshkopi.", "The main road to Peshkopi is SH6 (State Road 6). A new highway called the Arbër Highway () is currently under construction. It is projected to link Tirana with Debar, North Macedonia and will connect with SH6." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 111, 70, 26349, 23, 153549, 19, 83, 44, 571, 13164, 58, 707, 44, 33189, 1888, 830, 3129, 83, 31895, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 25074, 139903, 1771, 44, 571, 2353, 141, 8961, 58, 15, 2632, 81482, 547, 12315, 9430, 16, 707, 44, 80172, 8961, 58, 248, 44, 6766, 150, 8961, 58, 15, 86643, 12315, 248, 26487, 89, 12315, 4, 91084, 44, 173473, 6406, 58, 23, 70, 25134, 187414, 238, 46876, 7, 247, 1379, 3129, 9351, 442, 509, 51529, 23, 160600, 4, 104315, 19, 4, 42845, 136, 187414, 238, 60525, 20271, 70, 19694, 136, 239, 67, 102256, 62, 4188, 5, 9925, 9351, 509, 79516, 71, 237, 44, 80172, 102161, 85, 58, 15, 28696, 22506, 15495, 67832, 15349, 16, 23, 160600, 5, 1650, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 26349, 44, 142238, 38982, 13, 399, 58, 15, 4, 44, 115411, 111, 8332, 4453, 56, 18939, 707, 44, 142238, 4453, 1283, 58, 23, 42845, 4, 12960, 20271, 70, 39395, 3311, 5935, 10325, 145359, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 59444, 509, 44, 683, 202, 5372, 846, 34740, 58, 15, 4, 44, 115411, 111, 21694, 5372, 399, 51029, 360, 70, 47806, 111, 2609, 3466, 70, 26349, 509, 51529, 237, 44, 80172, 55896, 45, 16554, 58, 24073, 26951, 27641, 66, 217339, 13, 74054, 12960, 23, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 442, 509, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 80172, 8961, 9, 14, 106094, 1783, 71, 58, 24073, 56475, 72173, 217339, 13, 18939, 47, 157167, 1495, 442, 1295, 217339, 13, 5, 79817, 400, 90, 98, 70, 7108, 4620, 111, 70, 96113, 2027, 316, 4, 10, 16610, 62488, 1295, 70, 6275, 7440, 442, 83, 33284, 297, 390, 70, 19146, 7992, 96113, 5, 581, 10332, 26349, 11698, 58055, 7, 111, 17262, 63920, 12, 29269, 145, 15, 191, 70, 37702, 133, 130473, 247, 109958, 6153, 15, 257, 70, 57616, 111, 70, 37702, 133, 130473, 16, 136, 2016, 12056, 15, 191, 70, 25737, 4620, 111, 70, 2027, 316, 194, 1650, 1556, 10, 180187, 111, 34923, 33976, 7, 111, 11192, 107653, 82451, 136, 186768, 33946, 5, 581, 6520, 13, 100, 525, 7, 36917, 70, 26349, 4, 98, 70, 25193, 13569, 111, 70, 47, 144784, 717, 4514, 42, 101120, 7, 4, 22691, 10, 4420, 138810, 111, 95307, 3189, 474, 5, 581, 180, 92442, 96113, 1556, 59226, 10, 483, 1837, 9, 80036, 53894, 7563, 429, 8305, 70, 46844, 34165, 13950, 98, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 70, 118666, 53, 47, 3173, 10, 127841, 10821, 6083, 100, 87463, 4, 10932, 3129, 70, 59444, 509, 88303, 98, 40368, 96113, 8025, 5170, 5, 129551, 47, 142, 153549, 19, 37254, 4, 70, 717, 4514, 42, 101120, 509, 7311, 538, 10, 6051, 18, 4, 2750, 5775, 46526, 678, 15700, 6051, 18, 15, 227772, 16, 35839, 129608, 14, 27402, 645, 10, 27150, 46667, 5, 10660, 152388, 12638, 3789, 136, 70, 23040, 3568, 157272, 23, 604, 120, 21816, 4, 3129, 7068, 100512, 70, 2027, 316, 96113, 5, 101057, 129608, 14, 27402, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 17932, 6051, 18, 4, 83, 98, 70, 25737, 4620, 111, 70, 7563, 429, 4, 36917, 70, 103724, 111, 2016, 12056, 5, 79817, 83, 51529, 47, 153549, 1779, 237, 70, 26349, 111, 44, 62068, 36917, 15700, 3773, 58, 15, 11, 21373, 28, 6295, 1448, 83, 68018, 190659, 47, 527, 658, 37302, 2816, 247, 707, 44, 3957, 6406, 111, 32964, 32238, 223, 2940, 50478, 7, 740, 1650, 509, 502, 164779, 297, 10, 242, 55668, 13, 316, 6406, 25, 390, 70, 28214, 1290, 357, 814, 174278, 23, 18237, 40418, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 17164, 297, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 70, 26349, 16156, 927, 142642, 77269, 16, 3542, 70, 142, 45964, 160600, 1927, 372, 111, 70, 1858, 52015, 102, 13, 707, 262, 425, 6723, 14, 4, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 1614, 51588, 111, 70, 134217, 72173, 7, 4, 136, 70, 10776, 509, 51529, 237, 44, 73347, 52015, 1814, 58, 7103, 2856, 5, 18799, 79817, 36, 143414, 3387, 70, 1764, 111, 44, 142238, 38982, 13, 399, 58, 15, 247, 3129, 7311, 538, 509, 10, 9615, 19929, 111, 70, 262, 425, 6723, 14, 136, 14432, 10, 217891, 19, 37515, 16200, 23, 127067, 9022, 891, 538, 1651, 5, 581, 14037, 214, 5622, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 102971, 2174, 103978, 37412, 83, 70, 14037, 56, 442, 1556, 2809, 42459, 297, 450, 8332, 38982, 13, 399, 509, 14037, 297, 7103, 764, 34739, 6226, 111, 70, 10776, 10932, 138, 2592, 77269, 5, 360, 1781, 77269, 442, 509, 141621, 71, 390, 70, 12610, 83841, 223, 51181, 223, 62, 112990, 223, 4, 2750, 1954, 297, 70, 58982, 7, 136, 6627, 89921, 70, 11280, 43904, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 59444, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 2234, 22819, 12912, 6815, 111, 70, 3311, 5935, 10325, 145359, 25632, 70, 6817, 111, 70, 171827, 12610, 145359, 136, 4, 33233, 678, 5045, 111, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 57116, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 442, 134729, 297, 1295, 119140, 297, 116000, 5245, 390, 69125, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 12610, 136, 39395, 3311, 5935, 10325, 14922, 4, 70, 26349, 509, 51529, 237, 44, 683, 202, 5372, 846, 34740, 740, 581, 23972, 104315, 19, 145359, 1379, 20703, 3378, 87, 141621, 71, 70, 59444, 23, 70, 483, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 75204, 70, 187414, 238, 9351, 44, 80172, 1065, 14, 268, 8961, 58, 24073, 173473, 6406, 74054, 873, 102161, 85, 15, 28696, 188263, 67832, 15349, 16, 23, 160600, 4, 3129, 70560, 297, 87420, 70, 92264, 14922, 4, 151134, 47, 44, 571, 13164, 58, 1379, 180, 139891, 79986, 5, 581, 59444, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 59444, 7, 23, 70, 104315, 19, 10776, 30683, 39, 9034, 3760, 433, 5, 581, 104315, 19, 23607, 42, 12701, 15429, 613, 18280, 2822, 70, 26349, 47, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 148021, 1995, 23, 209, 1819, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 47143, 297, 23, 3311, 5935, 10325, 44540, 24189, 70, 77648, 104315, 19, 145359, 38857, 685, 70, 26349, 23, 5390, 363, 20271, 70, 79986, 111, 50744, 1643, 5, 133698, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 442, 77736, 47, 11617, 87, 786, 9381, 4, 70, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 262, 53370, 2182, 111, 56273, 6563, 5, 3311, 5935, 10325, 31678, 56, 748, 11617, 32896, 17743, 14, 14071, 232, 9325, 120820, 47, 70, 153549, 19, 119893, 111, 79817, 136, 150474, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 79817, 15, 4, 6, 247, 83, 70, 14610, 927, 142105, 26349, 390, 43904, 111, 70, 47806, 111, 153549, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 206990, 79817, 47064, 4, 1632, 111, 427, 209716, 54529, 3387, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 3311, 1831, 4, 442, 83, 144477, 111, 50198, 8699, 2470, 20401, 4, 65272, 111, 241739, 4, 127067, 111, 178464, 136, 28, 4438, 111, 100621, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Geography.", "History.", "Ancient.", "Medieval.", "Modern.", "Economy.", "Landmarks.", "Sights.", "Demographics.", "Education.", "Climate.", "Sports." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name of the city in Albanian is \"Berat\" or \"Berati\", which is probably derived from the Old Slavonic \"Bělgrad\" (Бѣлградъ) or \"Belgrad\" / \"Beligrad\" (Белград / Белиград, meaning \"White City\" in the South Slavic languages), under which name it was known in Greek, Bulgarian, Latin and Slavic documents during the High and Late Middle Ages. That name was rendered as \"Bellegrada\" (Βελλέγραδα) in Greek. It is believed to have been the site of the ancient city \"Antipatreia\" (, \"City of Antipater\") or \"Antipatrea\" in Latin, while during the early Byzantine Empire the name of the town was \"Pulcheriopolis\" (, \"City of Pulcheria\"). In the Republic of Venice the city was known as \"Belgrado di Romania\" (\"Rumelian Belgrade\"), while in the Ottoman Empire it was also known as \"Belgrad-i Arnavud\" (\"Albanian Belgrade\") to distinguish it from Belgrade.", "Berat lies on the right bank of the river Osum, a short distance from the point where it is joined by the Molisht river. The old city centre consists of three parts: Kalaja (on the castle hill), Mangalem (at the foot of the castle hill) and Gorica (on the left bank of the Osum). It has a wealth of beautiful buildings of high architectural and historical interest. The pine forests above the city, on the slopes of the towering Tomorr mountains, provide a backdrop of appropriate grandeur. The Osumi river has cut a 915-metre deep gorge through the limestone rock on the west side of the valley to form a precipitous natural fortress, around which the town was built on several river terraces. According to an Albanian legend, the Tomorr mountain was originally a giant, who fought with another giant (mountain) called Shpirag over a young woman. They killed each other and the girl drowned in her tears, which then became the Osum river. Mount Shpirag, named after the second giant, is on the left bank of the gorge, above the district of Gorica. Berat is known to Albanians as the city of \"One above another Windows\" (a similar epithet is sometimes applied to Gjirokastra), or \"The City of Two Thousand Steps\". It was proclaimed a 'Museum City' by the dictator Enver Hoxha in June 1961.", "", "The earliest recorded inhabitants of the city (6th century BC) were the ancient Greek tribe of the Dassaretae or Dexarioi, the northernmost subgroup of the Chaonians, and the region was known as \"Dessaretis\" after them. Modern Berat occupies the site of \"Antipatreia\" (), which originally was a settlement of the Dexarioi and later a Macedonian stronghold in southern Illyria. The founding date is unknown, although if Cassander is the founder it has been suggested that Antipatreia was founded after he took control of the region around 314 BC. In 200 BC it was captured by the Roman legatus Lucius Apustius, who razed the walls and massacred the male population of the city.", "The town became part of the unstable frontier of the Byzantine Empire following the fall of the western Roman Empire and, along with much of the rest of the Balkan peninsula, it suffered from repeated invasions by Slavs. During the Roman and early Byzantine period, the city was known as \"Pulcheriopolis\". The First Bulgarian Empire under Presian I captured the town in the 9th century, and the city received the Slavic name \"Bel[i]grad\" (\"White City\"), Belegrada (Βελέγραδα) in Greek, which persisted throughout the medieval period, changing to \"Berat\" under Ottoman rule. The town became one of the most important towns in the Bulgarian region Kutmichevitsa. The Bulgarian governor Elemag surrendered the city to the emperor Basil II in 1018, and the city remained in Byzantine hands until the Second Bulgarian Empire retook the city in 1203 during the rule of Kaloyan. During the 13th century, it fell to Michael I Ducas, the ruler of the Despotate of Epirus. Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sent letters to the Albanian leaders of Berat and Durrës in 1272 asking them to abandon their alliance with Charles I of Naples, leader of the Kingdom of Albania, who had captured and incorporated it at the same period in the Kingdom of Albania. However, they sent the letters to Charles as a sign of their loyalty. In 1274 Michael VIII recaptured Berat and after being joined by Albanians who supported the Byzantine Empire, marched unsuccessfully against the Angevin capital of Durrës. In 1280-1281 the Sicilian forces under Hugh the Red of Sully laid siege to Berat. In March 1281 a relief force from Constantinople under the command of Michael Tarchaneiotes was able to drive off the besieging Sicilian army. Later in the 13th century Berat again fell under the control of the Byzantine Empire. In 1335 Albanians from Epirus Nova invaded the area of Berat and appeared in Epirus for the first time, while in 1345 (or maybe 1343) the town passed to the Serbian Empire. After its dissolution in 1355 Berat came under suzerainty of its former governor, John Komnenos Asen (1345-1363), Alexander Komnenos Asen (1363-1372) and Zeta of Balša II (1372-1385). In 1385 Berat was captured by the Ottomans, before the Battle of Savra. According to some sources, the Ottomans probably remained in Berat for some time with intention to use it as foothold to capture Valona. By 1396, the Albanian Muzaka family took over control of Berat which became the capital of the Principality of Berat. In 1417 Berat became a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1455 Skanderbeg, a commander with an Albanian force of 14,000 and small number of Catalan soldiers unsuccessfully tried to capture Berat from an Ottoman force of 40,000.", "During the early period of Ottoman rule, Berat fell into severe decline. By the end of the 16th century it had only 710 houses. However, it began to recover by the 17th century and became a major craft centre specializing in wood carving. During the first part of the sixteenth century, Berat was a Christian city and did not contain any Muslim households. The urban population of this period (1506-1583) increased little with the addition of 17 houses. Following their expulsion and arrival from Spain, a Jewish community existed in Berat that consisted of 25 families between 1519–1520. Toward the latter part of the sixteenth century, Berat contained 461 Muslim houses and another 187 belonged to newcomers from the surrounding villages of Gjeqar, Gjerbës, Tozhar, Fratar and Dobronik. Conversion to Islam of the local urban population in Berat had increased during this time and part of the newcomer population were also Muslim converts who had Islamic names and Christian surnames. Factors such as tax exemptions for Muslim urban craftsmen in exchange for military service drove many of the incoming rural first generation Muslim population to Berat. Followers of Sabbatai Zevi existed in Berat among Jews during the mid sixteenth century. The Berat Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in Durrës in 1596. From 1670 onward, Berat became a Muslim majority city and of its 30 neighbourhoods, 19 were populated by Muslims. Factors attributed to the change of the urban religious composition in Berat was pressure to covert in some neighbourhoods and a lack of Christian priests being able to provide religious services. By the early seventeenth century, urban life in Berat started to resemble Ottoman and Muslim patterns. In the 18th century, Berat was one of the most important Albanian cities during the Ottoman period. In the early modern era the city was the capital of the Pashalik of Berat founded by Ahmet Kurt Pasha. Berat was incorporated in the Pashalik of Yanina after Ibrahim Pasha of Berat was defeated by Ali Pasha in 1809. In 1867, Berat became a sanjak in Yannina (Yanya) vilayet. Berat had replaced a declining Vlorë as centre of the sanjak (province) in the nineteenth century. The sanjak of Berat and the city itself were under the dominance of the Albanian Vrioni family. The Jewish community of Yanina renewed the Jewish community of Berat in the nineteenth century. A Greek school was operating in the city already from 1835. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Orthodox Christians in Berat numbered some 5,000 people of whom 3,000 spoke the Aromanian language and the rest the Albanian language. During the 19th century, Berat played an important part in the Albanian national revival. Christian merchants in Berat supported the Albanian movement. Berat became a major base of support for the League of Prizren, the late 19th century Albanian nationalist alliance, while the city was also represented in the formation of southern branch of the league in Gjirokastër. During the Second World War, Jews were concealed in the homes and basements of 60 families from the Muslim and Christian communities in Berat. From 23 to 30 October 1944, the second session of the Council of National Liberation of Albania was held in Berat, where the National Liberation Movement-controlled Anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee became the Provisional Democratic Government of Albania, with Enver Hoxha as its prime minister and minister of defence.", "By the 18th century the economy and society of Berat was closely connected to the city's craft guilds partly related to various tax exemptions that existed since the late Middle Ages. By 1750 there were twenty-two guilds, the most important of which were the tanners', the cobblers' and other leather-working guilds. Other guilds included metal-working, silver-smithing and silk-making ones.", "The coexistence of religious and cultural communities over several centuries, beginning in the 4th century BC into the 18th century is apparent in Berat. The town also bears testimony to the architectural excellence of traditional Balkan housing construction, which date to the late 18th and the 19th centuries. Some of the landmarks of that historical period could be seen in the Berat Castle, churches of the Byzantine era such as the Church of St. Mary of Blaherna (13th century), the Bachelors' Mosque, the National Ethnographic Museum, the Sultan's Mosque (built between 1481 and 1512), Leaden Mosque (built in 1555) and the Gorica Bridge. Berat Castle is built on a rocky hill on the right bank of the river Osum and is accessible only from the south. After being burned down by the Romans in 200 BC the walls were strengthened in the 5th century under Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, and were rebuilt during the 6th century under the Emperor Justinian I and again in the 13th century under the Despot of Epirus, Michael Komnenos Doukas, cousin of the Byzantine Emperor. The main entrance, on the north side, is defended by a fortified courtyard and there are three smaller entrances. The fortress of Berat in its present state, even though considerably damaged, remains a magnificent sight. The surface that it encompasses made it possible to house a considerable portion of the town's inhabitants. The buildings inside the fortress were built during the 13th century and because of their characteristic architecture are preserved as cultural monuments. The population of the fortress was Christian, and it had about 20 churches (most built during the 13th century) and only one mosque, for the use of the Muslim garrison, (of which there survives only a few ruins and the base of the minaret). The churches of the fortress have been damaged through the years and only some remain. The Church of St. Mary of Blachernae dating from the 13th century, has 16th century mural paintings by Nikollë Onufri, son of the most important post-medieval Albanian painter, Onufri. In a small tree - planted square, on a hillside inside the walls of the fortress, stands the 14th century Church of the Holy Trinity. It is built in the form of a cross and has Byzantine murals. Outside the ramparts is the Church of St. Michael (Shën Mehill), built in the 13th century. This church is reached by a steep but perfectly safe path. Near the entrance, after a guardhouse, is the little Church of St. Theodore (Shen Todher), which have wall paintings by Onufri himself. The most interesting is the cathedral of St. Nicholas, which has been well restored and is now a museum dedicated to Onufri. Onufri was the greatest of the 16th century painters in Albania. Not only was he a master of the techniques of fresco and icons, but he was the first to introduce a new colour in painting, shiny red, which the French called \"Onufri's Red\". In addition, Onufri introduced a certain realism and a degree of individuality in facial expression. The first inscription recording Onufri's name was found in 1951, in the Shelqan church. The Kastoria church has a date 23 July 1547 and a reference to Onufri's origin : \"I am Onufri, and come from the town of Berat\". Onufri's style in painting was inherited by his son, Nikolla (Nicholas), though not so successful as his father. In Onufri's museum can be found works of Onufri, his son, Nikolla and other painters'. There are also numbers of icons and some fine examples of religious silversmith's work (sacred vessels, icon casings, covers of Gospel books, etc.). Berat Gospels, which date from the 4th century, are copies (the originals are preserved in the National Archives in Tirana). The church itself has a magnificent iconostasis of carved wood, with two very fine icons of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The bishop's throne and the pulpit are also of considerable quality. Near the street running down from the fortress is the Bachelors' Mosque (Xhami e Beqareve), built in 1827. This has a handsome portico and an interesting external decoration of flowers, plants, houses, etc. The 'Bachelors' were the young shop-assistants (in practice generally unmarried), whom the merchants in Berat used as their own private militia. The King Mosque (), the oldest in the town built in the reign of Bayazid II (1481–1512), is notable for its fine ceiling. It is museum in the modern period. The Lead Mosque (Xhamia e Plumbit), built in 1555 and so called from the covering of its cupola. This mosque is the centre of the town. The Halveti Tekke (Teqe e Helvetive) is thought to have been built in the 15th century. It was rebuilt by Ahmet Kurt Pasha in 1782. It belongs to the Khalwati Sufi order. It is composed of the prayer hall with a square plan, a small ambience for special religious services and a gracious portico in front of the entrance to the prayer hall. In the prayer hall is a mafil carved in wood and decorated. On the eastern side of the prayer hall is the mihrab decorated with stone stalactites. The inner walls have been decorated with eight frescoes, depicting dwelling houses, Muslim religious buildings and landscapes. The walls below the frescoes are covered by holes that improve the acoustics in the prayer hall. The ceiling of the prayer hall is made of wood and is decorated with paintings valued as the most beautiful of the time. The ceiling has been decorated in the Baroque style adopted in Islamic art and is covered with 14 carat gold plates. The inner decorations were carried out by Master Dush Barka. Attached to the prayer hall is a room in which once was the mausoleum of Ahmet Kurt Pasha and his son. The portico of the tekke has five stone columns which were taken from the ancient Greek city of Apollonia. Above the main door in the portico is an inscription dedicated to the values of the tekke and to Ahmet Kurt Pasha. Monuments dating to the late Ottoman period from the Albanian Vrioni family exist such as the gate to a former palace and a tomb, other monuments are from the Vlora family. Near of tekke is purported to be the grave of Sabbatai Zevi, a Ottoman Jew who had been banished to Dulcigno (present day Ulcinj) who created controversy among his followers upon his conversion to Islam. A Jewish history museum named \"Solomon Museum\" is located in southern Berat and contains exhibits about the Holocaust in Albania and the survival of Jews during the war in the country.", "The town is still renowned for its historic architecture and scenic beauty and is known as the \"\"Town of a Thousand Windows\"\", due to the many large windows of the old decorated houses overlooking the town. It is unclear whether it really means \"Thousand\" (një mijë) or \"One over Another\" (një mbi një) windows. Indeed, the quarter is built in a very steep place and windows seem to be one over another. Similar views can be seen in Melnik, Bulgaria, Gjirokastër in Albania, as well as Catanzaro in Italy, where an Albanian minority once lived. The Citadel overlooks the river and the modern city as well as the old Christian quarter across the river. It is a well preserved area containing narrow streets, Turkish houses and Orthodox churches. Modern Berat consists of three parts divided by the Osum River: Gorica (\"little mountain\" in Old Church Slavonic), Mangalem and Kalaja, the latter being a residential quarter within the old Byzantine citadel that overlooks the town. The town also has a 15th-century mosque and a number of churches of the Albanian Orthodox Church, whose autocephaly was proclaimed there in 1922. Several of the churches house works by the renowned 16th century painter Onufri. Berat National Ethnographic Museum opened in 1979. It contains a diversity of everyday objects from throughout Berat's history. The museum contains non-movable furniture which hold a number of household objects, wooden case, wall-closets, as well as chimneys and a well. Near the well is an olive press, wool press and many large ceramic dishes, revealing a glimpse of the historical domestic culture of Berat's citizens. The ground floor has a hall with a model of a medieval street with traditional shops on both sides. On the second floor is an archive, loom, village sitting room, kitchen and sitting room. Gorica Bridge, which connects two parts of Berat, was originally built from wood in 1780 and was rebuilt with stone in the 1920s. The seven-arch bridge is long and wide and is built about above the average water level. According to local legend, the original wooden bridge contained a dungeon in which a girl would be incarcerated and starved to appease the spirits responsible for the safety of the bridge.", "", "Albanian University in Berat is a private institution, independent and secular Higher Education, which operates the state fee. Licensed by the Council of Ministers, no. 697 dated 18.06.2009, he opened the doors in the academic year 2009- 2010, offering programs in two faculties: Faculty of Social Sciences Programs in Science Teaching Legal, Political Science and Psychology General Administration and the Faculty of Economics with Learning programs in Banking and Finance-Business Administration. During the first academic year, about 1,000 students attended studies. A year later, this new institution offering undergraduate degrees in study programs: Preschool Teacher Education, Primary Education Teacher, English Language, Nursing, Engineering Computer and Information Technology, thus finalizing the 2010–2011 academic year with the opening of two new faculties: Faculty of Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Architecture and Inxhinierive.Academic Year 2010-2011 finds the University Berat with about 2600 students in the first cycle of study. Since the first year of its inception, the institution pointed at the center of academic life, the promotion of intellectual product and melting learning and research. Through presentations, research and exchange, the University directs and encourages the identification and development of projects that will once again consolidate its primary purpose, scientific development and research toward better quality.", "Berat experiences a Mediterranean climate. Due to its location in a rain shadow of Mount Tomorr the summer in Berat is much warmer than the rest of Mediterranean.", "The football (soccer) club is KS Tomori Berat." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 123378, 2600, 927, 509, 30666, 297, 3229, 2412, 509, 43606, 13312, 10332, 390, 17223, 13, 37700, 123378, 2600, 927, 136, 138171, 119537, 123378, 2600, 927, 4, 15044, 165045, 185118, 7, 1295, 13177, 1098, 1172, 15555, 4, 238215, 4, 10, 165473, 275, 111, 35860, 433, 4, 136, 24, 4806, 94084, 158231, 123378, 2600, 927, 5, 4687, 1556, 11341, 71, 450, 2412, 83, 111, 1632, 128274, 70535, 76328, 13, 6, 7154, 38904, 5, 1913, 142, 39395, 32070, 4, 2412, 51339, 297, 738, 11337, 52336, 100, 4000, 106820, 90, 5, 62, 51339, 214, 127308, 111, 604, 29041, 44462, 509, 10, 2639, 170894, 99, 70, 174715, 171403, 155358, 15889, 108870, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 427, 4, 7440, 2412, 51339, 297, 70, 99882, 13, 11531, 44, 27591, 474, 4221, 126, 96129, 33, 740, 581, 681, 6563, 9842, 7, 4, 44, 568, 25, 39, 4734, 201, 74261, 534, 4, 1284, 87, 25, 39, 7730, 47, 179030, 58, 15, 98914, 35613, 12421, 83, 23, 155955, 194, 24372, 25975, 26518, 1295, 13177, 1098, 1172, 15555, 49952, 19694, 19188, 4, 7440, 2412, 42938, 297, 23, 10696, 11301, 7, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 29966, 297, 238215, 6406, 12535, 4, 7440, 2412, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 21413, 192, 49039, 48941, 15, 6766, 102, 180, 187840, 19, 16, 6217, 748, 2481, 5, 4687, 85168, 297, 10, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 24668, 163198, 13, 23, 11704, 136, 10, 31347, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 6264, 23718, 23, 12839, 4, 35187, 214, 1379, 54479, 196592, 136, 52114, 4, 171230, 72607, 19256, 5, 51404, 99, 180, 48674, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 98438, 71, 23, 62607, 9191, 10840, 4, 6, 69986, 70, 44759, 111, 44, 135261, 180, 48674, 58, 136, 509, 70, 17932, 6, 142117, 9, 2037, 23, 70, 16771, 238215, 9191, 1236, 23, 84771, 360, 12839, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 42938, 297, 23, 10, 12275, 182304, 111, 44, 3957, 17006, 32506, 9593, 143, 740, 51404, 2412, 509, 23, 40466, 136, 20697, 98186, 604, 31347, 7, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 51339, 297, 99, 70, 150387, 146613, 23, 238215, 6406, 4, 54940, 3789, 18150, 163198, 90, 4, 23, 31486, 7, 1884, 18237, 23, 44, 724, 53, 51775, 830, 29730, 24861, 23, 44, 3957, 42413, 111, 13703, 830, 25408, 23, 44, 10752, 5453, 7, 4, 1250, 5453, 7, 58, 136, 1371, 17332, 39, 23, 44, 3957, 18813, 136, 87, 740, 1301, 2412, 140528, 604, 31347, 25, 7, 79385, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 42938, 297, 23, 40368, 108171, 130412, 7, 136, 509, 24, 4806, 44, 840, 18, 64004, 214, 1257, 9, 2940, 9, 277, 214, 5367, 56, 58, 23, 70, 115364, 16556, 9907, 70615, 20461, 5256, 4, 3129, 21449, 678, 10, 4393, 191225, 16070, 47, 176547, 25, 7, 62903, 111, 196420, 141, 64624, 5, 32964, 40859, 8108, 10696, 26859, 4, 49903, 4, 2412, 23409, 47, 2356, 5753, 6406, 47, 4358, 10, 34391, 25813, 5, 51404, 2685, 4, 2412, 20461, 1363, 297, 100, 70, 13867, 62323, 37837, 11356, 23923, 36049, 111, 70, 24668, 44, 284, 93, 2749, 34734, 11050, 7, 58, 136, 4163, 70, 31486, 111, 19128, 4523, 52927, 510, 23923, 5, 4687, 69347, 7565, 70, 191225, 16070, 136, 109133, 47, 2356, 5753, 47, 54, 70, 7639, 136, 237360, 10, 80997, 23, 24668, 163198, 13, 5, 24372, 44, 284, 93, 2749, 34734, 11050, 7, 830, 123378, 2600, 927, 136475, 47, 108975, 23, 18150, 163198, 13, 36049, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 111753, 90, 23, 33119, 7, 58, 99, 581, 6955, 68332, 13, 76115, 23, 4211, 86, 11, 34740, 4, 136, 44, 683, 1121, 5928, 58, 15, 162, 161055, 74, 2843, 9742, 214, 23, 102126, 23, 903, 31486, 247, 2843, 35971, 31486, 7, 23, 9791, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 36049, 7, 1884, 27669, 11, 23, 44, 3957, 212014, 1224, 830, 136, 23913, 53, 23, 44, 72295, 12133, 111, 70, 25844, 14534, 58, 15, 837, 927, 23, 13211, 194, 360, 10586, 4, 2412, 118775, 237, 3905, 11, 6333, 927, 23, 70, 162856, 115095, 76115, 33734, 36049, 111, 143339, 1357, 25, 7, 2060, 318, 6827, 44, 294, 15644, 73, 830, 85168, 214, 604, 5117, 44, 46568, 5753, 19114, 58, 8347, 4, 678, 3419, 21110, 18, 4293, 32562, 44, 163728, 73, 123378, 2600, 927, 25, 7, 19185, 9, 3454, 86, 4949, 13388, 83, 8, 20016, 7844, 740, 4687, 7228, 604, 199506, 34377, 23, 70, 31576, 111, 10586, 237, 1914, 60744, 157580, 34, 2149, 23, 70, 24668, 44, 68551, 583, 47231, 58, 390, 2734, 820, 136, 241, 5125, 4, 100, 3129, 2412, 23742, 10, 146613, 6661, 60992, 5, 360, 9571, 2412, 118775, 23, 70, 6406, 11588, 186485, 7, 38, 36541, 71, 20428, 111, 70, 14787, 136, 58716, 8022, 1495, 9494, 24668, 44, 71713, 6669, 1257, 70, 14298, 58, 237, 14245, 18186, 1264, 136, 75935, 31486, 7, 23, 70, 7311, 138319, 11588, 76115, 36049, 111, 25031, 21079, 25, 7, 44, 284, 2356, 6163, 73, 740, 3419, 41447, 7779, 6488, 4, 23, 44, 97054, 2721, 141, 830, 54397, 12, 44, 23389, 25, 7, 51, 5062, 538, 35672, 1221, 105950, 63822, 123378, 2600, 927, 23, 70, 31486, 111, 242, 4645, 27771, 391, 5, 4, 70, 259, 14, 87463, 5, 25, 58, 360, 8272, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 51339, 297, 23, 70, 199506, 15226, 1405, 111, 44, 23562, 25, 107, 10, 18621, 1572, 4, 71305, 40218, 58, 237, 70, 44759, 62816, 25, 7, 10176, 114015, 4, 6565, 538, 4, 10, 62816, 450, 509, 959, 13379, 23, 70, 7311, 36049, 5, 4687, 23742, 70, 59689, 136, 46406, 262, 1042, 70318, 7, 100, 11345, 106594, 71, 9852, 87463, 23, 10, 108341, 5, 147466, 450, 6602, 4, 2412, 6057, 2822, 98, 199506, 23, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 131259, 11301, 44, 647, 18695, 1250, 4680, 5256, 830, 134629, 390, 6057, 2852, 237, 225573, 21413, 2661, 23, 70, 44, 7768, 30854, 7, 3890, 36049, 111, 44, 20320, 10, 86120, 10013, 2583, 4171, 6872, 181109, 58, 23, 5, 24372, 903, 4, 123378, 2600, 927, 65450, 604, 1733, 17721, 36541, 136, 1910, 707, 1346, 31486, 7, 136, 121447, 604, 5117, 2639, 7156, 4, 44, 124480, 14804, 39379, 2016, 58, 133206, 5, 360, 5726, 4, 2412, 51339, 297, 23, 70, 6406, 11588, 186485, 7, 38, 44, 963, 927, 92937, 28784, 1294, 144334, 740, 360, 18374, 88847, 2412, 176377, 47, 199506, 15, 11, 46327, 70, 1735, 22600, 9790, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 63822, 158231, 123378, 2600, 927, 15, 74, 103122, 94084, 158231, 123378, 2600, 927, 4, 20414, 744, 4, 28015, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 215542, 136, 5367, 56, 4, 678, 22299, 7, 23, 24668, 163198, 13, 4, 1346, 136, 113976, 5, 360, 8272, 4, 2412, 23742, 10, 59689, 60992, 100, 604, 23718, 237, 6565, 538, 40218, 23, 44, 23562, 25, 107, 10, 18621, 1572, 4, 71305, 40218, 58, 98, 199506, 5, 360, 88847, 123378, 2600, 927, 75204, 38134, 60322, 100, 62038, 1916, 70, 31486, 111, 19059, 1127, 23, 70, 24668, 44, 36119, 76622, 830, 26719, 10, 110, 91407, 100, 15700, 59689, 5, 1840, 113976, 31486, 7, 765, 99201, 7714, 86077, 8643, 3838, 23, 189227, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 10542, 601, 214, 58, 136, 166291, 159, 157, 685, 98, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Theatre.", "Television.", "Film.", "Other media.", "Recordings and concerts.", "Special events and appearances.", "Personal life.", "Awards and honors." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Chenoweth was adopted when she was five days old by Junie Smith Chenoweth and Jerry Morris Chenoweth, both chemical engineers from Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, a suburb of Tulsa, and named Kristi Dawn Chenoweth. She has stated that she is of one quarter Cherokee ancestry. At an early age, she performed gospel songs for local churches. A performing highlight of her childhood was a solo appearance at the Southern Baptist Convention national conference at the age of 12, where she performed the Evie song \"Four Feet Eleven\". The chorus begins, \"I'm only 4 feet 11, but I'm going to Heaven\" (Chenoweth is in height). After graduating from Broken Arrow Senior High School, where she participated in school plays, Chenoweth attended Oklahoma City University, where she was a member of Gamma Phi Beta (Beta Omicron) sorority. She earned a bachelor's degree in musical theatre in 1990 and a master's degree in opera performance in 1992, studying under voice instructor and mentor, Florence Birdwell. While at OCU, Chenoweth competed in beauty pageants, winning the title of \"Miss OCU\" and was the second runner-up in the Miss Oklahoma pageant in 1991. In 1992, Chenoweth participated in a studio recording of \"The Most Happy Fella\". While she was in college and working towards her masters, Chenoweth performed at the Lyric Theatre in Oklahoma City, among other regional theatres, in roles like June in \"Gypsy\", Liesl in \"The Sound of Music\", Fran in \"Promises, Promises\" and Tuptim in \"The King and I\". As she completed her master's degree, Chenoweth participated in several vocal competitions and was named \"most promising up-and-coming singer\" in the Metropolitan Opera National Council auditions, which came with a full scholarship to Philadelphia's Academy of Vocal Arts. Two weeks before school started, however, she went to New York City to help a friend move. While there, she auditioned for the 1993 Paper Mill Playhouse production of the musical \"Animal Crackers\" and got the role of Arabella Rittenhouse. She turned down the scholarship and moved to New York to do the show and pursue a career in musical theatre.", "", "After \"Animal Crackers\", Chenoweth continued to appear in regional theatre productions, such as \"Babes in Arms\" at The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, and \"Phantom\" (as Christine; also touring in Germany in this role), also taking roles in Off-Broadway productions like Luisa in \"The Fantasticks\", and Kristy in \"Box Office of the Damned\" (both in 1994). In 1997, she appeared as Hyacinth in the Roundabout Theater Company production of Moliere's farcical \"Scapin\", earning her first \"New York Times\" review, with Ben Brantley writing \"Kristin Chenoweth's sob-prone ingenue is delightful\". She made her Broadway debut in the spring of 1997 as Precious McGuire in the musical \"Steel Pier\" by Kander and Ebb, for which she won a Theatre World Award. In 1998 she appeared in the City Center Encores! staged concert of the George and Ira Gershwin musical \"Strike up the Band\" as Anne Draper and created roles in the original Lincoln Center Theater production of William Finn's \"A New Brain\". Ben Rimalower, in \"Playbill\", wrote: \"It's unlikely anyone will equal Kristin Chenoweth in the role of 'Nancy D., the waitress.'\" In 1999, Chenoweth performed in the Broadway revival of \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\" as the title character's little sister, Sally, a character that was not present in the original production. She won the Tony and Drama Desk awards for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Later that year, she starred on Broadway in the short-lived comic play \"Epic Proportions\", followed by starring as Daisy Gamble in the \"Encores!\" production of \"On a Clear Day You Can See Forever\" in. After this, Chenoweth split her time between stage and TV or film roles and released her first solo album, \"Let Yourself Go\" (2001). In 2002, she performed in the City Center Encores! \"10th Anniversary Bash\". In October 2003, she returned to Broadway (after the San Francisco tryout) in \"Wicked\", the musical about the early years of the witches of Oz, in the joint-leading role of Glinda, the Good Witch of the North. She was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award as Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her performance, losing to her co-star Idina Menzel (who played Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West). Chenoweth was also nominated for the Drama Desk Award and the Drama League Award for this role. Ben Rimalower, in \"Playbill\", wrote that, for Glinda, \"the gold standard was unquestionably and indelibly set\" by Chenoweth's performances. After playing Glinda for nine months, Chenoweth left \"Wicked\", on, 2004, soon joining the cast of \"The West Wing\" in Los Angeles. The \"Wicked\" cast album earned a 2005 Grammy Award. Chenoweth played Cunegonde in the New York Philharmonic revival of \"Candide\", directed by Lonny Price, in. The production was also broadcast on PBS's \"Great Performances\". A performance of the rarely sung duet \"We Are Women\", between Cunegonde and the Old Lady (played by Patti Lupone), was included in the production. From December 2006 to March 2007, Chenoweth starred on Broadway as Eve in a revival of \"The Apple Tree\" with co-stars Brian d'Arcy James and former fiancé Marc Kudisch. She received nominations for the Drama Desk Award and the Drama League Award. She hosted that year's Drama Desk Awards ceremony. She appeared in the Encores! semi-staged production of Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II's \"Music in the Air\" in 2009. Chenoweth was scheduled to return to The Metropolitan Opera in 2010 to play Samira in John Corigliano's opera \"The Ghosts of Versailles\". The Met canceled the expensive production in 2008 as the U.S. economy weakened. Chenoweth starred as Fran Kubelik in the 2010 Broadway revival of the musical \"Promises, Promises\", opposite Sean Hayes, which opened on, 2010. The songs \"I Say a Little Prayer\" and \"A House Is Not a Home\" were added for her to sing. Chenoweth and Hayes remained in the cast until the show closed on January 2, 2011, although she missed performances from December 29, 2010, to January 1, 2011, to perform a New Year's Eve concert at Walt Disney Concert Hall on December 31, 2010. She played televangelist Tammy Faye Bakker in a reading of the musical \"Rise\" in 2011. Chenoweth played Lily Garland in a Broadway revival of \"On the Twentieth Century\", opposite Peter Gallagher, which began previews on February 12 and opened on March 12, 2015, for a 22-week limited engagement through July 19, 2015, at the Roundabout Theatre Company. Ben Brantley of \"The New York Times\" wrote that Chenoweth \"uses [her character's] histrionics to create one of the most virtuosic portraits in song ever on Broadway. The vocal vocabulary she deploys here ranges from jazz-baby brass to operatic silver, often in a single number, and she switches among them with jaw-dropping ease. And every perfectly weighted note is set off by an impeccably exaggerated gesture.\" She was nominated for a Tony Award and won a Drama Desk Award for her performance.", "After a guest appearance on \"LateLine\", a role in the short-lived television series \"Paramour\" (1999), and several roles in television films such as \"Annie\" (as Lily St. Regis), Chenoweth starred in her own NBC sitcom, the semi-autobiographical \"Kristin\" in 2001. It was short-lived, with thirteen episodes filmed, but only six aired before it was canceled. Chenoweth appeared in the lead role of Marian in the 2003 television film, \"The Music Man\", opposite Matthew Broderick. She also guest-starred on such shows as \"Frasier\" (2001), \"Sesame Street\" (2002 and several times afterward) and \"Ugly Betty\" (2007). In 2004, Chenoweth began playing the recurring role of media consultant Annabeth Schott in \"The West Wing\". For her performance, she was nominated twice, along with the cast, for a Screen Actors Guild Award. She appeared in the final two seasons of the program through 2006. Chenoweth had been considered originally for the role of Ainsley Hayes, but she had already accepted her role in \"Wicked\". From 2007 to 2009, Chenoweth played Olive Snook in the television series, \"Pushing Daisies\". For her performance, she received critical acclaim and was nominated two years in a row for an Emmy Award, winning in 2009 as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series was canceled after two seasons. In 2009, Chenoweth lent her voice to the animated comedy series \"Sit Down, Shut Up\", as Miracle Grohe, a science teacher who does not believe in science. The series lasted just thirteen episodes. Later that year, Chenoweth began a recurring role as April Rhodes in \"Glee\", singing several songs, earning enthusiastic notices. The character is a former member of the glee club who never finished high school and ended up hitting rock bottom. A review in \"USA Today\" observed, \"Her presence may not make much sense, but if it means hearing Chenoweth sing, we can put up with any explanation the show cares to offer.\" She received a Satellite Award for Outstanding Guest Star. In 2010, Chenoweth returned to \"Glee\" as April Rhodes, singing more songs. The \"Los Angeles Times\" review commented, \"the best part about 'Home' was undoubtedly the return of Kristin Chenoweth as April. From her spunky duet of Fire with Schue, to the heart-achingly lonely coo of 'One Less Bell to Answer' which segued into a fantastic reprise of 'A House Is Not a Home' and of course her bone-chilling take on Home I fell in love with her again.\" She was nominated for both 2010 and 2011 Emmy Awards for her performances on \"Glee\". Chenoweth returned again to \"Glee\" in \"Rumours\" in 2011, and for its 100th episode in 2014. In 2011, Chenoweth joined the cast of a pilot for ABC called \"Good Christian Bitches\" as a character named Carlene Cockburn. ABC picked up the show and changed the title to \"GCB\". The series debuted in 2012 but lasted only one season; Chenoweth generally sang a song in each episode. In 2012, she guest-starred in an episode of the sitcom \"Hot in Cleveland\", titled \"The Gateway Friend\". Chenoweth played a recurring role as a political reporter in the fourth season of \"The Good Wife\" (2012). However, she soon left the show because of serious injuries suffered on the set, where she sustained a skull fracture, broken nose, spinal and rib injuries, and cracked teeth. She appeared in the 2012 season opener and returned in a short scene for another episode. In 2013 and 2014, she made two appearances as Brittany Gold on the TV series, \"Kirstie\". Chenoweth played Maleficent in the live-action Disney Channel original movie, \"Descendants\". The \"Entertainment Weekly\" reviewer said that \"Chenoweth stole much of the show\". It drew the largest cable TV movie audience of 2015 to that date. later that year, Chenoweth appeared in an episode of \"I Get That a Lot\", posing as a waitress, and co-hosted the \"69th Tony Awards\", for which she was nominated for another Emmy Award. Chenoweth played Velma Von Tussle in NBC's \"Hairspray Live!\" in 2016. In 2017, Chenoweth played the role of Easter in the Starz TV series \"American Gods\". In 2018 on \"Trial & Error\", she appeared as Lavinia Peck-Foster, an eccentric heiress accused of her husband's murder, who hires Josh Segal and Associates to defend her. She participated in a 2018 NBC broadcast, \"A Very Wicked Halloween\", hosting and singing \"Popular\" and other numbers to celebrate the 15th anniversary of \"Wicked\" on Broadway. The same year, she appeared as a guest on another NBC special, \"Darci Lynne: My Hometown Christmas\". In March 2019, Chenoweth appeared on British TV as a judge on an ITV special \"All Star Musicals\". She and Elaine Paige also both performed \"I Know Him So Well\".", "Chenoweth made her film debut in \"Topa Topa Bluffs\" in 2002 playing \"Patty\". After a few years away from film, she returned to the big screen in the 2005 film version of \"Bewitched\", directed by Nora Ephron, as Maria Kelly. In 2006, Chenoweth played supporting roles in five films, \"The Pink Panther\", \"RV\", \"Running with Scissors\", \"Deck the Halls\", and \"Stranger Than Fiction\". On February 24, 2008, Chenoweth sang \"That's How You Know\" from the film \"Enchanted\" at the 80th Academy Awards in the Kodak Theater. She also voiced Rosetta, the garden fairy in the 2008 animated film \"Tinker Bell\". Later that year, Chenoweth appeared in the 2008 holiday romantic comedy film \"Four Christmases\", playing the sister of Reese Witherspoon's character. In 2009, Chenoweth starred as a \"suicidal prostitute\" in the indie drama \"Into Temptation\", written and directed by Patrick Coyle. The film was screened at the Newport Beach Film Festival and was later released on DVD. Also in 2009, Chenoweth reprised her voice role of Rosetta in \"Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure\" and filmed the Disney comedy \"You Again\" (released in 2010). She voiced Gabi, a poisonous frog, in the 2014 animated film, \"Rio 2\". In 2015, she appeared with Jennifer Lopez and Ryan Guzman in the thriller film \"The Boy Next Door\" and voiced Fifi, Snoopy's love interest, in \"The Peanuts Movie\". She voiced Princess Skystar in the 2017 animated film \"\" and voices Abby the Mouse in the animated movie \"The Star\" (2017).", "Chenoweth often appeared on \"A Prairie Home Companion\". On August 27, 2008, Chenoweth released an internet video with Funny or Die called \"Intervention with Kristin Chenoweth\". The video parodied A&E's show \"Intervention\", with Chenoweth starring as a singing, dancing interventionist. The song in the video was composed by Andrew Lippa, with lyrics by Amy Rhodes, who also wrote the script for the video. Chenoweth admitted that she was hesitant about performing the lyrics. In 2010, she appeared in a three-minute video short for \"Glamour Magazine\" titled \"iPad or Bust\". She posed for the cover and a photo spread in the March 2006 edition of \"FHM\" magazine. In 2011, Chenoweth released her first televised music video on Country Music Television, directed by Roman White, for her song \"I Want Somebody\". The video for the single peaked at #19 on CMT's Top 20 Countdown.", "Chenoweth has a distinctive speaking voice, one she has compared to that of Betty Boop. She is a classically trained coloratura soprano, able to sing the note \"F6\" (also known as \"F above High C\"). Among other early recordings, Chenoweth participated in a studio cast recording of \"The Most Happy Fella\" in 1992. She was also in the cast recordings of \"A New Brain\" (1998) and \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\" (1999) and a studio cast recording of \"110 in the Shade\" (1999). In 2000, she was featured on the album \"Grateful: The Songs of John Bucchino\". The next year, with Mandy Patinkin, she was featured on the album titled \"Kidults\". Also in 2001, she released her debut solo album \"Let Yourself Go\", which was a collection of standards from the musicals of the 1930s. One of the tracks featured a duet with Jason Alexander. In, Chenoweth performed songs from the album in concert for Lincoln Center's American Songbook concert series. Ben Rimalower, in \"Playbill\", praised the album as \"a joyous affair\". The same year, she appeared as Fanny Brice in the Actor's Fund Benefit Concert of the musical \"Funny Girl\" in New York City. In 2003 in London, she performed a solo concert as part of the \"Divas at the Donmar\" series for director Sam Mendes. Later that year, she sang Glinda in the cast recording of \"Wicked\" and the soundtrack recording of Disney's \"The Music Man\". Rimalower wrote that Chenoweth \"sparkles\" on the album. In 2004, she released her second album \"As I Am\", which was a Christian music album containing various spiritual songs. The album peaked at number 31 on the U.S. Christian Albums Chart. The same year, Chenoweth gave a concert at Carnegie Hall. On January 19, 2007, Chenoweth performed a solo concert at The Metropolitan Opera in New York titled Kristin Chenoweth Live At The Met, making history as only the third musical theatre star ever to present a solo concert at that location, following Barbara Cook and Yves Montand. The same year, she was featured in songs with Nathan Gunn on an album titled \"Just Before Sunrise\". The next year, she released her third solo studio album, titled \"A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas\". The album included a duet with John Pizzarelli, and there are several modern holiday tunes, but many traditional carols as well, including \"The Lord's Prayer\". This album has been her best-seller, reaching number 77 on the U.S. Billboard Albums Chart, climbing to number 7 on the U.S. Holiday Albums chart, and number 1 on the U.S. Heatseekers chart. Ben Rimalower, in \"Playbill\", observed that the album \"proved an ideal showcase for [Chenoweth's] many gifts\". Among many other solo concerts around the U.S., Chenoweth performed her own concert in 2009 with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra at the Fox Theatre. In August 2010, during her nights off from \"Promises, Promises\", Chenoweth recorded her fourth album, a country-pop CD titled \"Some Lessons Learned\". Released on September 13, 2011, the album contains songs by Diane Warren, Dolly Parton and Lady Antebellum's Hillary Scott, among others. Chenoweth co-wrote two of the songs. In advance of the album, Chenoweth released the song \"I Want Somebody (Bitch About)\". Ben Rimalower, writing in \"Playbill\", thought that the album \"may be Chenoweth's most accomplished\". From the TV show \"GCB\", in 2012, Chenoweth released \"Blessed Be the Ties that Bind\", \"Jesus Take the Wheel\", \"Prayer of St. Francis\" (which was also on \"Some Lessons Learned\") and \"This Little Light of Mine\". Chenoweth conducted her first U.S. concert tour in the summer of 2012. The reviewer for BroadwayWorld.com wrote: \"Kristin shines on stage.\" Less than four months after her July 2012 injury on the set of \"The Good Wife\", Chenoweth returned to the concert stage for a short series of dates in California, where she performed \"a sagely programmed 90-minute set, which merged pop, Broadway, gospel and country with perky, unforced-feeling remarks. Chenoweth's range, timbre and versatility are in peak form, with astonishing top notes, equalized registers and a delicious ability to variegate attack from number to number.\" In 2013, Chenoweth performed at the Sydney Opera House as part of an Australian concert tour. In 2014, Chenoweth returned to Carnegie Hall with an autobiographical concert, where she sang \"as good a rendition of Much More' as we're ever likely to hear\". She also made her London solo concert debut at the Royal Albert Hall, where a reviewer's five-star review noted: \"Chenoweth undeniably knows how to engulf a venue, not only with her (sometimes surprisingly) powerful, operatic voice but also with her irresistible personality that audience was in the palm of her hands for the duration of the evening\". She joined Andrew Lippa in his oratorio \"I Am Harvey Milk\" at Avery Fisher Hall on October 6, 2014. In 2014, Chenoweth released an album titled \"Coming Home\". The album charted at No. 48 on the Billboard 200 chart. Her Coming Home Tour continued into 2017. Chenoweth released her next album, \"The Art of Elegance\", in 2016, which debuted at No. 36 on the \"Billboard 200\" and No. 1 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart. One of the songs on the album, \"I'm a Fool to Want You\", was nominated for a Grammy Award for its arrangements. She gave a series of concerts at Broadway's Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, titled \"\", in 2016. In 2017, she gave a concert at the London Palladium, where she \"put on a spectacular show and simultaneously formed a heartfelt connection with her fans.\" Chenoweth released the album \"For the Girls\" on September 27, 2019, which features covers of songs by female performers from various genres that have influenced her. She collaborated with Dolly Parton, Reba McEntire, Jennifer Hudson and Ariana Grande on the album. In support of the album, she presented a concert series titled \"\" at the Nederlander Theatre from November 8 to 17, 2019.", "Chenoweth and the cast of the Broadway musical \"Wicked\" performed the song \"One Short Day\" in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In the 2005 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Chenoweth performed the song \"Oklahoma\" while riding aboard the \"Oklahoma Rising\" float. The float was making the first of three annual appearances commemorating the state of Oklahoma's statehood centennial in 2007. She was the star performer of the opening ceremony of the 2007 Tournament of Roses Parade. She sang \"Our Good Nature\", an original composition written to coincide with the Oklahoma centennial celebration and the theme of the parade. In the 2008 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, she performed the song \"The Christmas Waltz\" from her \"A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas\" album while riding aboard the \"Care Bears Winter Fun-Derland\" float. She sang with Il Divo as part of Il Divo's Christmas Tour on, 16 and 17, 2009, in New York City and in Boston. She has sung the U.S. national anthem at various sporting events, including the 2010 New York Yankees home opener, at Candlestick Park for the NFL's NFC Conference Championship on January 22, 2012, at the Arizona Cardinals' season opener in 2016 and their game at University of Phoenix Stadium against the Seattle Seahawks on November 9, 2017. Also in 2010, Chenoweth hosted the 15th Annual Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards on VH1. In 2013, Chenoweth co-hosted the Oscars Red Carpet Live immediately prior to the 85th Academy Awards and also sang the closing number of the ceremony, \"Here's to the Losers\", with host Seth MacFarlane, in which, paraphrasing the original Frank Sinatra song, the two poked genial fun at nominees who had not received awards. Chenoweth was the solo performer in the Live from Lincoln Center feature \"The Dames of Broadway... All of 'Em!!!\" In July, she hosted the fifth Just For Laughs gala in Montreal. She also appeared in the 2013 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade performing the song \"New York, New York\" while riding aboard Royal Caribbean's \"A World at Sea\" float. In 2015, she co-hosted the Tony Awards. She appeared as a guest with Andrea Bocelli on some of his 2017–2018 American tour stops. In December 2018, Chenoweth was the guest artist for the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square's Christmas Concert in Salt Lake City, Utah.", "In 2009, Chenoweth wrote a memoir entitled \"A Little Bit Wicked: Life, Love, and Faith in Stages\", describing her life and career, including her adoption, her turn in \"Wicked\" and her time in Hollywood. Chenoweth has spoken publicly about her religious faith; she describes herself as a \"non-judgmental, liberal Christian\". According to \"The New York Times\", when Chenoweth \"assured her theater fans that she supports gay rights, her Christian base was outraged; she was disinvited from performing at a Women of Faith conference in \". Chenoweth released an album in, \"As I Am\", a mixture of hymns and contemporary Christian music, with adult contemporary arrangements. To promote the album, she made an appearance on \"The 700 Club\", which upset some of her gay fans. She later said she thought that the \"Pat Robertsons and Jerry Falwells of the world are scary\" and that she regretted appearing on the show. Chenoweth has dated several men in Hollywood, including producer Dana Brunetti, actors Seth Green, Lane Garrison and Marc Kudisch (to whom she was engaged from 1998 to 2001), and producer/writer Aaron Sorkin. In Sorkin's \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\", the character of the Christian Harriet Hayes bears significant resemblances to Chenoweth, and the relationship between Hayes and \"East coast liberal Jewish atheist\" (Hayes' description) Matt Albie is modeled after that of Chenoweth and Sorkin. For example, Chenoweth's decision to appear on \"The 700 Club\" and her falling out with Women of Faith were depicted with the Hayes character. Chenoweth suffers from Ménière's disease, an inner-ear disorder that can cause vertigo, headaches and nausea, among other symptoms. She has said that during some performances, she leaned on her co-stars to keep her balance, and that it has caused her to miss performances. In May 2010, Chenoweth wrote in response to an article in \"Newsweek\" by Ramin Setoodeh, an openly gay writer. Setoodeh thought that her Tony-nominated \"Promises, Promises\" co-star, Sean Hayes, \"comes off as wooden and insincere\" in playing the straight character Chuck and that Jonathan Groff has a similar credibility problem in the TV show \"Glee\". He questioned whether any openly gay actor could acceptably portray a straight character. Chenoweth called the article \"horrendously homophobic\" and criticized Setoodeh's view as rationalizing \"the same kind of bullying\" that gay youths face in high school. Chenoweth argued that audiences \"come to the theater to go on a journey\" and do not care about an actor's sexual orientation. The story was picked up by major media, including \"The New York Times\" and the \"Los Angeles Times\".", "Chenoweth was awarded an honorary doctorate in Performing Arts from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in 2009, where she was the commencement speaker. Oklahoma City University, where she received her undergraduate and master's degrees, awarded her an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 2013. In 2010, Chenoweth was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. In 2011, she won the GLAAD Vanguard Award. In 2012, the Broken Arrow Performing Arts Center named its theatre the Kristin Chenoweth Theatre. Chenoweth received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2015. In 2015, she was inducted as an honorary member of the Sigma Alpha Iota music fraternity's Sigma Theta chapter at Eastman School of Music." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 87, 10669, 8268, 1111, 18, 5076, 509, 103122, 98, 4347, 496, 4, 32158, 4, 23, 147037, 4, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 4687, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 2356, 101033, 24189, 1672, 32070, 138, 4, 3229, 604, 14449, 109133, 47, 4843, 232, 3509, 4, 2356, 5753, 4, 98, 14407, 18481, 5, 1840, 27863, 621, 75526, 13, 18217, 4969, 4, 10, 70, 13631, 1419, 4, 136, 211524, 1111, 18, 5076, 4, 10, 249, 19616, 40575, 669, 5, 4687, 1556, 10, 27150, 56, 114015, 24, 4806, 5917, 5, 1111, 5076, 83, 111, 845, 114686, 604, 14, 16852, 4, 136, 604, 9963, 99547, 7, 66399, 27686, 1295, 49002, 5, 1111, 5076, 29966, 297, 821, 5, 6921, 6496, 9631, 4086, 48325, 6635, 19188, 23, 8950, 73, 22751, 4, 2356, 5753, 4, 136, 7068, 4843, 232, 3509, 25, 7, 572, 5, 571, 5, 170028, 102256, 19188, 136, 4843, 232, 3509, 19694, 19188, 5, 14847, 1111, 5076, 509, 423, 5369, 10332, 4, 604, 27863, 168265, 71, 4, 136, 2412, 80723, 20697, 237, 10, 81141, 136, 1909, 491, 169, 34152, 5367, 56, 4, 10, 12447, 450, 2412, 136475, 87420, 604, 1733, 99, 2356, 5753, 12535, 25, 7, 111116, 19188, 111, 70, 64624, 4, 7440, 2412, 85168, 297, 10, 147697, 111, 67455, 64624, 79385, 23, 46406, 23, 86591, 87, 10669, 98816, 70, 10010, 2069, 111, 604, 613, 11627, 47, 44, 29638, 5076, 58, 47, 11522, 44961, 70, 92217, 1363, 450, 70, 1111, 18, 5076, 14449, 1902, 30666, 297, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 4687, 509, 23902, 678, 39329, 16173, 167599, 8108, 1836, 79786, 25842, 23, 44, 1052, 2517, 740, 360, 505, 4, 20271, 142, 33683, 678, 120552, 2356, 5753, 1104, 77007, 11531, 70035, 113417, 25365, 1495, 4, 764, 122273, 297, 450, 4, 23, 12839, 4, 1111, 5076, 17164, 297, 10, 53397, 100, 4049, 111, 70, 11531, 44, 4153, 14804, 65386, 7, 830, 3129, 23409, 98, 47, 19916, 70, 13867, 114529, 5986, 185631, 100, 120552, 5367, 56, 1520, 22669, 132809, 76, 9486, 5, 1111, 5076, 509, 72090, 3650, 6873, 100, 70, 182304, 5, 360, 11857, 4, 1111, 5076, 20461, 1363, 297, 100, 44, 1052, 2517, 830, 3129, 100512, 604, 5117, 23182, 163198, 13, 12447, 136, 604, 199506, 34377, 5, 44, 1052, 2517, 58, 142096, 9791, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 99, 70, 2356, 5753, 146613, 68309, 98, 18982, 29620, 11891, 4, 1284, 442, 109133, 47, 199506, 25, 7, 13666, 56, 146613, 4743, 47, 6863, 5700, 2481, 5, 1326, 604, 23718, 237, 23788, 107, 33, 59520, 23, 70, 7311, 37702, 111, 70, 24668, 4, 1111, 5076, 75204, 10, 59689, 110, 91407, 237, 11345, 106594, 71, 9852, 87463, 23, 10, 108341, 388, 214, 47, 35512, 786, 7162, 13650, 100, 44, 571, 2852, 23, 242, 85, 438, 3075, 4, 166980, 23, 242, 85, 58372, 740, 1840, 2704, 23718, 23, 70, 24668, 509, 98, 20414, 106, 4, 98600, 77168, 214, 70, 36272, 111, 44, 1052, 2517, 830, 1111, 5076, 121447, 604, 5117, 2639, 7156, 233234, 44, 294, 30394, 87, 4171, 25, 18, 873, 50605, 58, 98, 38436, 89916, 4, 1111, 5076, 2843, 62038, 3674, 70, 31486, 111, 151912, 3038, 23, 44, 14168, 6947, 111, 242, 13023, 58, 99, 18621, 175870, 16556, 13038, 23, 62448, 14, 19774, 4, 6057, 2822, 237, 4687, 2439, 23, 70, 2356, 5753, 6406, 11588, 186485, 7, 38, 36049, 111, 44, 6495, 481, 58, 136, 118775, 98, 199506, 237, 2022, 1679, 164, 23, 44, 284, 1683, 740, 1111, 5076, 85168, 297, 10, 46406, 262, 1042, 60992, 110, 91407, 100, 604, 23718, 237, 37958, 23, 70, 147037, 146613, 7687, 25, 7, 3576, 9791, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 36049, 111, 60701, 1261, 7495, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 33384, 31016, 740, 1840, 3789, 9791, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 22299, 7, 26698, 70, 479, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 11675, 111, 44, 1052, 2517, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 3453, 14985, 7465, 179554, 7, 740, 360, 88847, 1111, 5076, 6057, 2822, 678, 215542, 136, 5367, 56, 63822, 123378, 2600, 927, 98, 199506, 23, 44, 36119, 76622, 830, 10, 24668, 390, 56174, 8643, 35710, 169, 136, 17686, 701, 84783, 669, 35509, 54799, 139256, 53, 5695, 34, 2149, 25, 7, 21261, 44, 58, 175454, 5, 1111, 5076, 75204, 70, 4821, 59689, 60992, 100, 11345, 165507, 214, 9852, 87463, 23, 10, 108341, 100, 604, 196, 1517, 16300, 111, 540, 14612, 402, 4, 70, 198146, 297, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 10542, 5, 133698, 604, 5551, 77968, 67, 23718, 111, 44, 36119, 76622, 58, 98, 18982, 382, 4, 73584, 2412, 77736, 8305, 10, 63819, 1911, 136, 116546, 297, 10, 92319, 57230, 5, 581, 182260, 56282, 297, 604, 1295, 51339, 214, 23, 604, 2704, 7639, 98, 18982, 3569, 1111, 5076, 6777, 4, 49903, 4, 3249, 10, 5361, 1810, 9, 4390, 9, 7840, 56134, 170894, 99, 450, 23718, 4, 51339, 297, 604, 4568, 11531, 4, 23, 10, 4842, 28560, 68879, 4, 136, 75204, 10, 43606, 9, 67403, 13, 135203, 3361, 1830, 5, 1111, 5076, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 540, 14612, 402, 9157, 1272, 17779, 7, 13920, 131806, 5, 77168, 214, 44, 36119, 76622, 830, 1111, 5076, 118775, 9791, 9, 571, 52562, 7514, 23, 70, 16934, 76115, 25, 7, 36049, 111, 44, 81779, 4865, 87, 151615, 11, 6872, 830, 10, 11617, 4939, 239, 51379, 11684, 9, 2278, 14534, 24668, 124901, 11675, 134620, 23, 14487, 73584, 100, 3129, 2412, 75204, 46406, 262, 1042, 60992, 136, 46406, 19175, 60992, 27154, 5256, 5, 4687, 158323, 71, 604, 59689, 60992, 9, 69986, 31486, 237, 540, 14612, 402, 23, 70, 10542, 18878, 36049, 111, 44, 36119, 76622, 58, 3229, 442, 142096, 99, 9020, 25, 7, 107184, 31485, 146613, 98, 6088, 361, 4, 30739, 133698, 604, 11675, 4, 2412, 509, 70, 167375, 9, 138925, 117776, 51339, 56, 23, 70, 10542, 18878, 99, 3650, 133446, 117, 5895, 5, 1111, 5076, 122799, 604, 10542, 18878, 11675, 98, 14487, 496, 4, 30739, 4687, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 540, 14612, 402, 9157, 1272, 149982, 540, 4086, 5, 1111, 5076, 112730, 70, 31486, 111, 171230, 23, 70, 952, 271, 9, 47141, 28784, 1294, 20428, 111, 44, 98914, 7, 7, 58, 99, 70, 25674, 24748, 19449, 4, 9020, 4, 1295, 4347, 427, 47, 17480, 43304, 33233, 8752, 149982, 540, 4086, 4, 16173, 167599, 4, 136, 146393, 14854, 761, 5, 360, 43304, 1111, 5076, 10336, 2256, 71, 70, 17170, 23923, 146613, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 87, 10669, 8268, 1111, 5076, 15, 74, 2819, 103122, 4347, 496, 4, 32158, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 215542, 4, 5367, 56, 4, 136, 11531, 70035, 5, 1111, 5076, 49175, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 3229, 2412, 62038, 3674, 70, 31486, 111, 23788, 107, 33, 59520, 23, 70, 199506, 24668, 44, 1052, 2517, 740, 1840, 23718, 85168, 297, 604, 10, 59689, 60992, 110, 91407, 23, 98543, 4687, 158323, 71, 70, 62816, 23, 70, 24668, 25, 7, 4078, 1346, 6, 202444, 5, 360, 88847, 1111, 5076, 62038, 3674, 70, 31486, 111, 540, 14612, 402, 23, 70, 199506, 24668, 44, 36119, 76622, 830, 10, 23718, 100, 3129, 2412, 23742, 70, 4821, 59689, 60992, 100, 11345, 9852, 87463, 23, 10, 108341, 5, 1111, 5076, 176377, 47, 199506, 237, 72542, 142672, 80225, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Theater career.", "Music career.", "Film and television career.", "Artistry.", "Personal life.", "Charity." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Idina Kim Mentzel was born on May 30, 1971, in Manhattan, New York City. She grew up in New Jersey until about age 3, when her family moved to Syosset, New York, on Long Island. Her parents are Helene Goldberg, a therapist, and Stuart Mentzel, a pajama salesman. She has a younger sister named Cara. Menzel is of Jewish heritage, and her grandparents emigrated from Russia. Menzel attended J. Irving Baylis Elementary School in Plainview, New York, and then Syosset's H.B. Thompson Middle School and Syosset High School. When Menzel was 15 years old, her parents divorced, and she began working as a wedding and bar mitzvah singer, a job that she continued throughout her time at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Drama in 1992. Idina changed the spelling of her surname to \"Menzel\" to better reflect the pronunciation that the Mentzel family had adopted in the United States. She was friends with actor Adam Pascal before they worked together in \"Rent\". In 2017, during an interview with Irish New York–based songwriter Jimmy Walsh, he revealed that, in 1992, Menzel recorded a demo for him of the song \"In Your Eyes\", which went on to win the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest for Irish singer Niamh Kavanagh. Menzel was paid $75 for the recording.", "", "In 1995, Menzel auditioned for \"Rent\", which became her first professional theatre job and her Broadway debut. \"Rent\" opened Off-Broadway at the New York Theatre Workshop on January 26, 1996, but it moved to Broadway's Nederlander Theatre due to its popularity. For her performance as Maureen Johnson in the original cast of the musical, Menzel received a Tony nomination as Best Featured Actress in a Musical losing to Ann Duquesnay for \"Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk\". Her final performance in the musical was on July 1, 1997. Following the success of \"Rent\", Menzel released her first solo album entitled \"Still I Can't Be Still\" on Hollywood Records, Menzel also originated the role of Dorothy in \"Summer of '42\" at Goodspeed Opera House in Connecticut, starred as Sheila in the New York City Center Encores! production of \"Hair\" and appeared on Broadway as Amneris in \"Aida\". Menzel earned a Drama Desk Award nomination for her performance as Kate in the Manhattan Theatre Club's 2000 Off-Broadway production of Andrew Lippa's \"The Wild Party\". Her other Off-Broadway credits include the pre-Broadway run of \"Rent\" and \"The Vagina Monologues\". In 2003, Menzel starred with actress and singer Kristin Chenoweth on Broadway in \"Wicked\", a musical by Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman based upon Gregory Maguire's novel \"\" (1995). Menzel received the 2004 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. During her penultimate performance of \"Wicked\" on January 8, 2005, she fell through a trap door and cracked a lower rib. The injury prevented her from performing in her final show on January 9. Menzel did, however, make a special out-of-costume appearance at that performance, performed her last song, in a red tracksuit, and received a five-minute standing ovation. Menzel was replaced by Elphaba standby Shoshana Bean. Following \"Wicked\", Menzel appeared Off-Broadway in the Public Theater's production of \"See What I Wanna See\", a Michael John LaChiusa-penned musical whose run ended in December 2005, for which she received Drama Desk Award and Drama League Award nominations. She reprised her Tony Award-winning role as Elphaba in the West End production of \"Wicked\" when it opened at London's Apollo Victoria Theatre on September 7, 2006. During her run, she was the highest-paid female performer in the West End at $30,000 per week. Menzel finished her West End run on December 30, 2006. She was succeeded by Elphaba standby Kerry Ellis. Menzel played the role of Florence in the 21st-anniversary concert of \"Chess\" at the Royal Albert Hall, London, from May 12 to 13, 2008, alongside Kerry Ellis, Adam Pascal, and Josh Groban. In 2008, Menzel headlined the Powerhouse Theatre's reading of Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik's musical \"Nero\" from July 11 to 13, performing the role of Nero's mistress, Poppea. She was joined by \"Glee\" costar Lea Michele as Claudia Octavia, Jeffrey Carleson as Nero, and Michael Arden as Octavia's brother, Brittanicus. By February 28, 2013, Menzel was cast to star as Elizabeth in the new Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey Broadway musical \"If/Then\". Directed by Michael Greif (whom Menzel previously worked within the original production of \"Rent\"), it had its world premiere at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., starting with previews on November 5, 2013, until November 24, 2013. Following the out-of-town tryout, the show moved to the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway and began previews on March 4, 2014. It officially opened on March 30, 2014. For her performance, Menzel was nominated for her second Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical, losing to Jessie Mueller for \"\". \"If/Then\" closed on Broadway on March 22, 2015, after 29 previews and 401 regular performances. Menzel reprised the role of Elizabeth (along with original Broadway cast members Lachanze, James Snyder, and Anthony Rapp) on the first seven stops of the National Tour of \"If/Then\" from October 2015-January 2016. She departed the show (along with LaChanze and Snyder) on the last day in Costa Mesa, California, on January 24, 2016. Her replacement was Jackie Burns (who previously served as Menzel's standby in the Broadway production) starting January 27, 2016, in Dallas, Texas. In 2018 she participated in a workshop for \"Jagged Little Pill\".", "Menzel performed at the 1998 Lilith Fair summer concert festival and continues to write and perform original music. She has toured extensively and frequently performs in various venues throughout New York City. She produced and released her debut album, \"Still I Can't Be Still\", for Hollywood Records in 1998. One single from the album, \"Minuet,\" made the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Tracks chart at number 48 in October 1998. Following the album release, she embarked on her Still I Can't Be Still Tour, but after selling fewer than 10,000 copies in the US and missing the Billboard 200, Menzel's label put the album out of print, and she was dropped from the label. However, the album was re-released once she began to rise to greater fame with her Tony-winning performance in \"Wicked\". Her second album, \"Here\", was released independently by Zel Records in 2004. Menzel contributed to the soundtrack of \"Desperate Housewives\" in 2005. She also appears on Ray Charles's album \"Genius and Friends,\" which was also released in 2005, on the track \"I Will Be There.\" In 2007, she appeared on the \"Beowulf\" soundtrack singing the end credits song, \"A Hero Comes Home.\" Also, in 2007, Menzel's powerful singing voice led her to be asked to accompany the baritone British \"X Factor\" runner-up, Rhydian Roberts, on his debut album, duetting on the song \"What If\". Her third solo album, \"I Stand\", was released on January 29, 2008. It includes many new songs, including the lead single, \"Brave\", the title track \"I Stand,\" and a song released on EP, \"Gorgeous.\" The album debuted at number 58 on the \"Billboard\" 200, making it the first solo album by Menzel to make the charts. There are five versions of this album: the original version, the special limited edition, the iTunes version, the Barnes & Noble edition, and the Borders edition. Menzel wrote many of the songs on her album. On April 1, 2008, Menzel kicked off her 2008–2009 \"I Stand\" tour in support of her new album performing four sold-out legs. The concert at Rose Hall at Lincoln Center in New York City was filmed for the PBS television series \"Soundstage.\" Menzel was joined by special guests, superstar Josh Groban and saxophonist Ravi Coltrane. On November 11, 2008, Menzel released \"Hope,\" written by Paul Hampton, benefiting Stand Up to Cancer. On November 27, 2008, she performed \"I Stand\" on the M&M Chocolate float as part of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. On July 19, 2010, Menzel performed \"Defying Gravity\" and \"What I Did For Love\" in front of President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at \"A Broadway Celebration: In Performance at the White House.\" The concert aired on PBS on October 20, 2010. In April 2010, Menzel returned to the concert stage embarking on her \"Barefoot at the Symphony Tour\" in which she was accompanied by major symphony orchestras. Her performances included collaborations with the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and the North Carolina Symphony, and featured symphonic arrangements by New York composer and producer Rob Mounsey. In October 2011, Menzel returned to London to perform a one-night-only concert in the United Kingdom at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra with Marvin Hamlisch conducting. Menzel's concert stop in Toronto was filmed at The Royal Conservatory of Music on November 17 and 18, 2011, for her second PBS special. She was accompanied by the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony with Marvin Hamlisch conducting and special guest Taye Diggs, Menzel's husband. \"Idina Menzel Live: Barefoot at the Symphony\" was released as a live CD and DVD and aired on PBS in March 2012, with Musical Director Rob Mounsey producing. Menzel announced she would continue live performances in 2012. The first date she announced was July 8, 2012, at Ravinia Festival near Chicago, Illinois. She made her Carnegie Hall solo debut (originally on October 29, 2012). However, due to Hurricane Sandy's impact on New York City, it was postponed until January 13, 2013. Menzel toured Australia in June 2013 with shows in South Australia, Melbourne, Brisbane, and two at the Sydney Opera House. On June 17, 2014, during a at New York City's Radio City Music Hall, Menzel confirmed that she was working on a Christmas album that would contain original material to be released later that same year. In that concert, she performed one of the original tunes from the album, \"December Prayer\". The album, \"Holiday Wishes\", was released on October 14, 2014. The album has so far peaked at number 10 on the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming her highest-charting album as a solo lead artist. \"Holiday Wishes\" also marked the first that a woman had three different albums (the cast recording to \"Frozen\" and \"If/Then\") peak within the top 20 within ten months of the release date. \"Holiday Wishes\" also become the second-ever Christmas album to chart before Halloween during the SoundScan Era after Garth Brooks's 1992 album \"Beyond the Season\". On November 26, 2014, Menzel announced through her Facebook page that she would be touring during the summer of 2015, making it her first global tour and first time playing shows in Europe and Asia. Menzel was honored with the Breakthrough Artist award at the 2014 \"Billboard\" Women in Music awards ceremony. Menzel sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On August 5, 2016, Menzel announced she would release her eponymous fifth album, on September 23. Of the release, Menzel stated: \"I poured my heart out and used my music as a place to kind of figure some things out. It's a really personal album.\"", "After minor roles in \"Kissing Jessica Stein\" and \"Just a Kiss\", Menzel had supporting roles in \"The Tollbooth\" and \"Water\" in 2004. Her first major role in a major film was in 2005 when she reprised her role as Maureen Johnson in the film adaptation of \"Rent\". She was nominated for several critics circle awards for the part. In 2007, she played Nancy Tremaine in the film \"Enchanted\". Menzel had a recurring guest star role in the television series \"Glee\" playing Shelby Corcoran, the coach of the rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline. When the series first premiered, \"Glee\" fans (known collectively as 'Gleeks') had noted a strong physical resemblance between Menzel and Lea Michele, who portrays the character of Rachel Berry. According to her then-husband, actor Taye Diggs, Menzel had expressed interest in possibly guest-starring as the biological mother of Rachel. The character was introduced in the episode \"Hell-O\". Lea Michele and Idina Menzel sing together \"I Dreamed a Dream\" from \"Les Misérables\" and \"Poker Face\" originally by Lady Gaga. Menzel returned to \"Glee\" in season 3 episode \"I Am Unicorn\", her role this time as a teacher causing trouble for Rachel, Quinn, Puck, and former flame Will Schuster. In 2013, Menzel starred as Elsa in the animated musical film \"Frozen\". Menzel's performance received praise from film critics. The film became the highest-grossing animated film of all time, and one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Menzel gained particular notice for her song \"Let It Go\", which won an Academy Award and a Grammy Award and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. She is also featured in the song \"For the First Time in Forever\" and its reprise. She has since reprised her role of Elsa in most of her appearances including video games such as the \"Disney Infinity\" series and \"Kingdom Hearts III\", the 2015 short film \"Frozen Fever\", the 2017 featurette short film \"Olaf's Frozen Adventure\", the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\", and for the 2019 sequel \"Frozen II\". Menzel was invited to perform \"Let It Go\" at the 86th Academy Awards in March 2014, where the song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. When John Travolta announced her before she sang the song, he incorrectly introduced her as \"Adele Dazeem\". The slip-up became a popular Internet meme. According to a source for E!, Menzel was not upset about the mishap. In response to the misnaming, she reportedly printed up satirical playbills that promoted her name as Adele Dazeem, noting her past work in \"Nert\" (\"Rent\"), \"Wicked-ly\" (\"Wicked\") and \"Farfignugen\" (a play on the word \"Fahrvergnügen\", referring to \"Frozen\"). Three days after the ceremony, Travolta publicly apologized to Menzel for mispronouncing her name. At the 87th Academy Awards, Menzel presented the award for Best Original Song alongside Travolta where she jokingly introduced him as Glom Gazingo. Travolta then finally pronounced her name correctly when he appeared on stage. Menzel starred as C.C. in the Lifetime TV movie remake of the film \"Beaches\", which aired on January 21, 2017. She was announced to star on the Ellen DeGeneres–produced sitcom \"Happy Time\", but, as of October 15, 2019, this project appears to have been shelved. In November 2019, Menzel and Kristen Bell, who play sisters in Disney's \"Frozen\" franchise, received neighboring stars—Menzel's was the 2682nd and Bell's was the 2681st—on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Idina Menzel stars across Adam Sandler in \"Uncut Gems\".", "Menzel is usually classified as a mezzo-soprano. Writing for the \"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\", Sharon Eberson wrote, \"Possessing a voice that could be categorized as coquettish to flat-out belter and everything in between—and with a stage presence to match—she usually is labeled a mezzo-soprano. But why pigeonhole someone so intriguingly offbeat? Ms. Menzel interprets songs as much as an actress as a singer, and therein lies her connection to the music and her fans.\" Describing Menzel as a loud, \"full-volume soprano\" similar to Broadway actress Ethel Merman, Stephen Holden of \"The New York Times \"wrote of Menzel's voice, \"The sound she creates when she belts in her high soprano register is a primal cry embedded in her being that insists that we listen and pay attention.\" Holden continued, \"Depending on the song, [her voice] can sound babyish and demanding, or it can sound grand and imperial.\" Describing Menzel as a singer with a \"husky voice, which sometimes veers toward shrieking until she effortlessly reins herself in or, amazingly, kicks it up another notch,\" Melissa Ruggieri of \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\" concluded that she possesses \"a superior instrument\" both in-studio and live. On her own vocal technique, Menzel revealed that she prefers to avoid moving her shoulders while singing, telling \"The Philippine Star\", \"I actually try to take a smaller breath for a bigger, longer note because there's less air that will come pummeling out.\" Professionally trained as a classical singer from age eight, Menzel decided to pursue other genres, specifically R&B and jazz, when she entered high school. Upon becoming a wedding singer, Menzel was eventually exposed to a wide variety of genres, ranging from jazz and to Motown.", "Menzel married actor Taye Diggs on January 11, 2003. They met in 1995 during the original production of \"Rent\", in which Diggs portrayed the role of Benjamin Coffin III, the landlord. On September 2, 2009, she gave birth to their son, Walker Nathaniel Diggs. In late 2013, it was reported that Menzel and Diggs had separated after ten years of marriage. Their divorce was finalized on December 3, 2014. Menzel began dating actor Aaron Lohr and they appeared together in April 2015 at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner. In August 2015, Menzel and Lohr bought a home located in Encino, Los Angeles, California. They both starred in the 2005 film adaptation of the Tony and Pulitzer Prize-winning Broadway musical \"Rent\", as well as the Off-Broadway musical, \"See What I Wanna See\". On September 23, 2016, Menzel announced that she and Lohr were engaged. They were married over the weekend of September 22, 2017. Menzel identifies as a feminist, saying, \"I love that I play all of these strong women. But they're not just strong— they're women who have a really deep vulnerability and need to go through a journey in order to harness their power.\"", "Menzel was an honorary chair of the Imperial Court of New York's Annual Charity Coronation Ball, Night of A Thousand Gowns, on March 21, 2009. Other honorary chairs for the evening's charity event included Elton John, Patti LuPone, John Cameron Mitchell, Joan Rivers, and Robin Strasser. On May 17, 2009, Menzel performed at a special benefit concert in Atlanta, Georgia, to raise money for the Pace Academy Diversity Program in coordination with the Ron Clark Academy. The event resulted in the funding of two scholarships for Ron Clark Academy students to attend Pace Academy. The event was organized and hosted by Philip McAdoo, a former \"Rent\" cast member and current Diversity Program Director at Pace Academy. In 2010, Menzel founded the A BroaderWay Foundation with then-husband Taye Diggs as a means of supporting young people in the arts. A BroaderWay sponsors camp programs, theater workshops, and innovative educational programming, and offers scholarships and opportunities to experience professional performances. In Summer 2011, Camp BroaderWay welcomed young girls from under-served metro New York communities to a 10-day performing arts camp, run by Menzel and a team of acclaimed professional Broadway artists including Taye Diggs. During this camp, the girls collaborated with Broadway artists to write an original musical that was performed at a theatre in New York. The camp was held at Belvoir Terrace Summer Camp in Lenox, Massachusetts. Menzel has long-championed LGBT rights by partnering with organizations like The Trevor Project, the Give A Damn Campaign (filming a public service announcement and designing a T-shirt) and the NOH8 Campaign, posing for one of their trademark duct-taped silence photos. In April 2014, Menzel presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Bryan Cranston, Fran Drescher, and Denzel Washington, after raising donations at her Broadway show \"If/Then\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 4252, 73, 4, 98848, 98, 14487, 21567, 28980, 4, 47, 27863, 1295, 33965, 37599, 4, 183505, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 66933, 1919, 29041, 44462, 17721, 4252, 73, 136, 6499, 7, 1883, 4, 7440, 70, 4794, 89916, 12275, 7, 621, 105866, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 36663, 47, 186, 22008, 23, 70, 8999, 111, 20947, 19612, 5, 13794, 214, 1810, 20697, 237, 10, 3474, 69131, 1681, 136, 10, 809, 3055, 4, 764, 80723, 1919, 24668, 80997, 237, 10, 22828, 390, 5808, 214, 68036, 23, 117406, 5, 18763, 34377, 509, 23, 10, 11938, 43573, 4252, 73, 35839, 44, 1456, 26995, 59907, 740, 1529, 79786, 2843, 23, 10, 19336, 11938, 35839, 102960, 5670, 23, 32221, 318, 60765, 104, 25, 568, 13567, 11, 38774, 1785, 144477, 1295, 4252, 73, 16, 1295, 22059, 24189, 10932, 12839, 136, 23, 10, 11938, 35839, 636, 73416, 23, 70, 166361, 120304, 38666, 23, 4252, 73, 5, 1529, 509, 45606, 18, 22828, 111, 142, 89176, 20947, 24, 4806, 14976, 23463, 99398, 31, 1295, 13867, 47, 82490, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 25, 7, 5117, 54452, 509, 44, 5021, 3075, 13676, 1314, 104384, 830, 10, 41929, 9, 284, 9, 8752, 71, 17164, 678, 10, 28560, 390, 11555, 13, 27967, 98, 70, 3789, 5609, 4, 3129, 83184, 297, 70, 438, 3075, 13676, 56, 67967, 4, 1379, 70, 48225, 111, 87, 20408, 13038, 108558, 66053, 95022, 31, 7422, 58940, 3771, 5, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 2806, 21342, 20697, 678, 27967, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 196755, 27860, 17793, 25, 7, 36049, 7175, 23, 70, 25632, 5369, 5, 1301, 10, 22828, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 83, 51529, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 44, 80381, 13, 1314, 111, 170027, 66, 109816, 29888, 67022, 4, 58, 58055, 214, 111, 163504, 1771, 102678, 136, 42845, 136, 170027, 66, 43671, 90, 5, 1301, 10, 17164, 108558, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 25, 7, 4527, 7, 70, 74189, 5264, 44, 724, 8452, 13975, 56128, 764, 27198, 7, 10, 63847, 4, 7311, 538, 73872, 297, 100, 70, 20947, 7, 4, 3934, 10, 36272, 100, 70, 154909, 3835, 5, 24372, 36272, 90, 1884, 70, 28560, 44, 294, 1177, 126, 538, 830, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 7175, 111, 7422, 58940, 3771, 4, 70, 4537, 31095, 111, 4794, 89916, 136, 186683, 157578, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 5962, 121, 988, 5, 18763, 11001, 44, 919, 19917, 830, 91376, 23, 11891, 678, 335, 1542, 1052, 438, 3075, 13676, 56, 4, 70, 67967, 75935, 390, 4794, 89916, 100, 170027, 11, 161838, 18276, 4, 157578, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 40575, 23, 98848, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 390, 1919, 11001, 44, 724, 8452, 25, 7, 89702, 73, 740, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 121447, 70, 11531, 44, 159064, 25, 7, 4843, 39, 75189, 53, 58, 678, 627, 5, 284, 5, 919, 5, 390, 196755, 27860, 17793, 4, 10, 34391, 1295, 4794, 89916, 5, 18763, 129058, 13452, 509, 70, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 7156, 44, 724, 8452, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 830, 58055, 214, 111, 953, 28560, 7, 4, 3129, 54324, 645, 6, 198077, 71200, 7, 5, 24372, 1919, 6, 58944, 47, 36272, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 25, 7, 24668, 20623, 98816, 4, 678, 1919, 45730, 141753, 1286, 43671, 238, 4, 99, 4122, 7514, 17721, 18276, 136, 161838, 4, 678, 1286, 51120, 136, 43671, 10821, 1389, 416, 2449, 136, 40715, 107250, 29888, 6, 239530, 7, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 87, 20408, 82393, 5, 360, 10586, 4, 764, 121447, 70, 11001, 44, 724, 73, 182508, 830, 134629, 390, 44, 23562, 42, 11954, 15, 647, 19375, 42, 16, 58, 153314, 4, 44, 33177, 402, 88161, 58, 146783, 4, 136, 44, 571, 143, 22446, 22446, 58, 146783, 5, 1529, 14432, 121447, 70, 7156, 44, 82250, 549, 329, 15612, 14, 57860, 830, 3129, 70541, 297, 43606, 51, 179193, 297, 28560, 7, 5, 17106, 903, 98352, 1363, 4, 764, 85168, 297, 10, 133782, 316, 17116, 136, 509, 70318, 297, 44, 110601, 103687, 56, 23, 8272, 58, 99, 70, 89176, 67022, 54530, 5, 360, 18374, 4, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 121447, 15700, 5962, 11001, 4, 233234, 44, 7251, 126340, 42261, 740, 360, 8272, 4, 1919, 7156, 44, 866, 25, 226569, 239256, 58, 15, 233707, 71, 23, 6789, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 16, 99201, 1105, 28560, 7, 98, 6626, 7915, 7, 4, 678, 70, 5962, 11531, 44, 866, 25, 226569, 239256, 58, 172915, 4049, 47, 70, 209, 927, 19069, 23, 70, 40575, 121, 112, 23, 98848, 74, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 764, 85168, 297, 15700, 211886, 53092, 5, 18763, 8272, 11001, 44, 571, 143, 22446, 22446, 58, 100512, 10, 13036, 5962, 23, 14713, 5, 1529, 151552, 70, 11001, 237, 44, 11, 63847, 87, 54397, 47644, 111, 756, 70, 3395, 2750, 22120, 136, 22120, 15490, 54433, 23937, 3890, 360, 88922, 1919, 456, 55898, 111, 70, 17348, 7354, 2420, 434, 11531, 44, 3957, 41231, 19298, 58, 54324, 106, 158887, 71200, 7, 23, 102126, 136, 1781, 4, 9508, 71200, 7, 23, 9942, 5, 1529, 2843, 121447, 70, 7156, 7, 44, 618, 3240, 157, 4221, 7, 58, 15, 212840, 3576, 16, 136, 44, 618, 3240, 157, 4221, 7, 20, 26201, 4, 5976, 5, 116, 58, 15, 120152, 27417, 3576, 194, 360, 103844, 764, 121447, 44, 866, 25, 226569, 239256, 26201, 830, 58055, 214, 111, 17262, 52336, 12, 6626, 3525, 11389, 7, 111, 44, 866, 25, 42347, 239256, 58, 136, 44, 14256, 5174, 122169, 68523, 14, 830, 10, 11001, 7228, 23, 133258, 678, 241, 246, 43932, 3419, 35931, 5, 44, 14256, 5174, 122169, 68523, 14, 58, 157578, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 121, 988, 23, 98848, 136, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 112730, 52336, 23, 70, 15889, 136, 21640, 19612, 33120, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 70318, 297, 678, 44, 110601, 22828, 9, 10752, 39367, 56, 111, 70, 42552, 58, 99, 70, 44, 80852, 33672, 54530, 58, 23, 98848, 5, 360, 103844, 764, 2843, 121447, 70, 5962, 44, 73903, 830, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 10, 133258, 678, 24748, 4043, 15, 66, 89176, 19612, 22104, 247, 3129, 23742, 4049, 70, 70318, 7, 44, 110601, 67022, 103687, 56, 58, 99, 70, 436, 17199, 15, 33135, 19, 13703, 60992, 16, 136, 44, 179947, 60992, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 183964, 157, 24445, 7, 23968, 45, 152424, 157, 15, 74, 103122, 14487, 21567, 28980, 247, 51529, 390, 1919, 36541, 9351, 138014, 391, 25, 284, 8797, 23968, 15, 247, 83, 142, 89176, 22828, 4, 456, 62015, 56, 4, 5367, 56, 136, 17164, 108558, 5, 360, 21735, 4, 764, 26859, 1919, 80997, 237, 10, 22828, 25927, 592, 87, 20408, 20947, 5, 18763, 129058, 116287, 36272, 90, 26698, 44, 571, 143, 22446, 22446, 830, 44, 7251, 126340, 42261, 830, 10, 29256, 111, 17348, 7354, 2420, 434, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 41231, 19298, 830, 44, 2729, 171956, 830, 44, 73903, 2858, 4, 116, 4, 8439, 58, 136, 44, 866, 25, 42347, 11259, 830, 756, 23, 70, 14922, 8272, 47, 55197, 581, 150522, 2256, 111, 44, 866, 25, 42347, 11259, 58, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Career.", "1990s.", "2000s.", "2010s." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Born in Turin, Italy on December 17, 1967, to parents from Salerno, Campania, D'Agostino spent his childhood between Turin and Brescia, where the Media Records studios are located. As a child, D'Agostino wanted to be someone in the world of disco music. Starting out working as a stonemason and a fitter, he began his musical career as a DJ by organizing parties in clubs. His debut was in a club near Turin called \"Woodstock\". He worked also in a small club called Palladio in Cascinette d'Ivrea (30 km north from Turin) from 1987 until around 1992 and in a club called Le Palace in the Valentino Castle Garden in Turin. He was resident DJ of an Italian disco named Ultimo Impero from 1993 to 1998.", "", "D'Agostino's first release was \"Noise Makers Theme\", a double-A-sided record with a track by Daniele Gas on the other side, which launched the Noise Maker label, under the direction of Italo House producer Gianfranco Bortolotti. D'Agostino would continue working with Gas, as well as Mauro Picotto's production team in the following years. As a DJ, D'Agostino is known as one of the \"pioneers of Mediterranean Progressive Dance,\" consisting of minimalistic sounds and Latin and Mediterranean melodies. As a record producer, D'Agostino's uses the pseudonym \"Gigi Dag\"; he transforms a piece, originally destined for the discos, into a success for the mainstream public. After successes like the track \"Sweetly\", he joined the team of Bortolotti, the general manager of Media Records and suddenly reached the top of the hit parades. His single \"FLY\", published in 1996 with BXR Noise Maker, the label created by Media Records for Mediterranea progressive house, reached the top of the sales in Italy. This was followed by his single \"Gigi's Violin\". Subsequently, D'Agostino released the song \"Angel's Symphony\" with R.A.F. by Mauro Picotto, a friend from Media Records. His biggest project was the self-titled album \"Gigi D'Agostino\", consisting of 19 tracks, which sold over 60,000 copies. After his rise to success, D'Agostino's musical style changed, with his sound becoming more melodic, at midway between house and progressive, with more energetic and melodious sonorities and less obsessive rhythms, also known as Italo dance. In 1997, he released the single \"Gin Lemon\", followed by \"Your Love (Elisir)\" (1998), \"Cuba Libre\" (1999), and \"Bla Bla Bla\" (1999). He later released the album \"Eurodance Compilation\", which contained five unpublished tracks. With this compilation, he earned a platinum disc and was awarded \"Best Producer in 1999\" at the Italian Dance Awards. In October, D'Agostino released another hit single, entitled \"Another Way\". In 1999, his album \"L'Amour Toujours\" (released in 2001 in the United States) included 23 tracks on two CDs, with the hit song \"L'Amour Toujours\" bringing him to the 10th position in the sales parade in Italy; as a result, he earned another Platinum Disc. His 1999 single \"Bla Bla Bla\" became a major hit in Europe. He described the single as \"a piece I wrote thinking of all the people who talk and talk without saying anything!\"", "In 2000, his remake of the Nik Kershaw song \"The Riddle\" sold 1,000,000 copies in Germany and 200,000 copies in France. He also released the albums \"Tecno Fes\" (August 2000) and \"Tecno Fes - EP, Vol. 2\" (December 2000). In 2001, he released \"L'Amour Toujours EP\", consisting of three songs: two new versions of \"L'amour Toujours\" and \"Un Giorno Credi\", a single made in collaboration with Edoardo Bennato. \"Un Giorno Credi\" reached the top of the parades in Italy and became one of the most played songs in the national and international music networks. He was also awarded with \"Best DJ-Producer of the Year\" at the \"Red Bull Awards\" in Italy. In 2001, he also released the hit \"Super\", as a result of a collaboration with Albertino (an Italian music artist), which won him the awards \"Best Dance Producer\" at the PIM (Italian Music Award) and \"Public Award\" at the Danish DJs Award in Copenhagen, Denmark. In December of that year, he released \"Il Grande Viaggio\", a compilation of his favourite songs, including old electronic pieces and new rhythms and melodies. As a result, he was awarded with \"Best Dance Producer\" at the Italian Dance Awards. D'Agostino stated during an interview with MTV that he enjoys cycling with his pigs in Rome. In 2003, he released the song \"Ripassa\" in the EP \"\", a hit which is very important for his next productions. This song helped influence Lento Violento, a subgenre that had yet to be distinguished. On 15 July 2004, his compilation \"Euro Dance\" won Platinum certification with 120,000 copies sold in just a few weeks. In December 2004, D'Agostino released his fourth studio album, \"L'Amour Toujours II\". D'Agostino has played in some well-known clubs throughout Europe, including in Italy, Spain, France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic at the Karlovy Lázně, Germany, Switzerland, and England (in 1996, he played at the Ministry of Sound in London with Mauro Picotto). In 2006, he created his own new record label called \"Noisemaker Hard\" to differentiate the style of music released under his older record label, \"Noisemaker\". In 2007, D'Agostino released \"Lento Violento...e altre storie\", a compilation which contains two CDs and his new 35 Lento Violento songs. Most important \"hits\" of the album are \"Cammino\" (a collaboration with Dimitri Mazza) and \"Vorrei Fare una Canzone\" (a collaboration with Gerolamo Sacco) according to YouTube views. After some months, he released the compilation \"La musica che pesta\" under the name \"Lento Violento Man\", which contains two CDs for a total of 38 unmixed tracks. From 2005 until January 2010, he had radio programs, on the Italian \"Radio m2o Musica allo Stato Puro\" (in English: \"Music at the Pure State\"), called \"Il Cammino di Gigi D'Agostino\" and \"Quello che mi piace \". They consist of DJ sets played by Gigi, and featured new remixes of his songs and songs by Italian and international artists.", "In August 2011, he released a digital single \"Stay With Me\". This was released a few months after he postponed the release of his upcoming album \"Mondo Reale\". In May 2017, CBC News reported that his music is popular in the remote Canadian Inuit community of Arviat, where D'Agostino's \"slicing, bass-heavy beats have a lot in common with the music of traditional Inuit drum-dancing.\" In 2018, along with Dynoro, Gigi released \"In My Mind\" which became an international hit." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10176, 59552, 73, 509, 5117, 151552, 390, 30839, 6083, 1419, 67538, 51661, 16200, 1326, 1515, 23, 729, 13556, 5, 48752, 289, 1614, 16711, 3387, 621, 51529, 4, 1284, 10, 134995, 40865, 1363, 111, 6097, 83, 7464, 10, 26866, 111, 167956, 5, 581, 136346, 50986, 7, 111, 70, 1614, 16711, 3387, 44, 647, 5, 347, 5, 141796, 164, 58, 136, 44, 52283, 1459, 80681, 143, 43967, 3245, 3915, 43362, 58, 621, 23, 70, 42486, 111, 70, 25946, 111, 2356, 138059, 1413, 17523, 171742, 1046, 634, 5, 581, 35011, 9, 36361, 8079, 297, 59552, 73, 83, 68018, 90698, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 4, 68018, 10, 117781, 114149, 4, 136, 68018, 10, 6, 178851, 5, 18852, 8382, 111, 756, 59552, 5425, 4, 70, 10176, 59552, 73, 25, 7, 148, 5180, 765, 126809, 3934, 147505, 21777, 11814, 100, 192298, 5, 581, 10176, 59552, 73, 205794, 55993, 7, 47, 17721, 43156, 136, 56104, 642, 6958, 7, 1672, 22410, 5279, 98, 83080, 15, 134693, 96, 275, 194, 581, 10336, 136, 1407, 56, 63920, 621, 57571, 23, 134855, 4, 678, 14865, 67, 9, 7134, 53, 67896, 29256, 933, 30958, 214, 47, 35011, 1379, 86, 10519, 4, 1295, 70, 581, 10176, 59552, 73, 91566, 7, 33233, 70, 64194, 184085, 2256, 111, 2356, 138059, 15, 216561, 70, 18032, 3915, 18481, 7, 247, 136, 127067, 9022, 28173, 15, 216561, 166904, 538, 6, 91578, 80836, 7, 98, 201994, 18481, 194, 133836, 46512, 3387, 32316, 23, 2356, 25134, 82588, 4, 31485, 4, 9598, 73925, 4, 25134, 28173, 4, 65925, 28173, 136, 70, 27971, 1824, 9631, 148503, 31667, 5, 59784, 59552, 5425, 765, 2843, 2809, 113771, 1295, 54766, 15, 136913, 1836, 621, 51529, 237, 44, 10366, 3449, 4043, 74306, 58, 707, 44, 10366, 3449, 4043, 80218, 18939, 15, 29598, 143, 4841, 5708, 7263, 11891, 4, 11356, 11, 8, 36220, 94671, 4, 1735, 23643, 4, 611, 11994, 10586, 16, 136, 25134, 36941, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 51, 119488, 36766, 6097, 263, 6468, 3542, 307, 30962, 933, 5, 1301, 3525, 46512, 3387, 21342, 47, 186, 134053, 4, 166904, 25902, 1636, 111, 70, 8999, 43904, 13656, 1392, 3542, 10932, 138, 55577, 9, 10715, 4, 9508, 85825, 5, 9578, 5584, 4, 10176, 59552, 73, 43904, 7, 23, 2356, 138059, 765, 2809, 8, 7612, 162, 214, 5, 31384, 46512, 3387, 765, 24209, 1119, 2311, 15390, 136, 27060, 21342, 47, 186, 99, 10512, 5, 31384, 3525, 46512, 3387, 765, 2809, 170920, 23, 27081, 58555, 5, 581, 114149, 83, 133836, 10176, 59552, 73, 46512, 3387, 102917, 538, 32316, 98, 207485, 90695, 7, 4, 7440, 1836, 621, 30312, 1295, 1592, 289, 18930, 7655, 289, 1653, 4597, 7, 136, 14135, 100898, 7154, 5, 156637, 3387, 621, 14037, 1295, 13791, 56174, 7, 23, 144477, 9022, 2356, 25134, 82588, 10932, 70, 127067, 9022, 184085, 47, 79231, 1236, 133, 4, 65925, 28173, 5, 1326, 66398, 59552, 5425, 765, 46505, 25958, 2809, 51592, 237, 2060, 144477, 237, 25134, 6982, 4, 44109, 55233, 136, 26520, 92, 9631, 4, 65925, 28173, 5, 893, 9667, 12060, 297, 43904, 111, 10176, 59552, 5425, 32316, 7, 99, 1572, 538, 4, 23, 87547, 25, 7, 23924, 1950, 38648, 5, 581, 43904, 83, 30312, 1379, 70, 541, 89023, 6003, 1283, 510, 297, 24990, 3387, 78771, 1363, 25515, 11857, 136, 1556, 2809, 145755, 23, 213246, 678, 10, 213188, 5586, 16792, 70, 6602, 52489, 581, 43904, 24145, 14012, 297, 23, 70, 75281, 7, 4, 1284, 1556, 227204, 71, 47, 10932, 1496, 80836, 7, 111, 263, 6468, 5, 581, 62, 43904, 111, 1672, 6, 26738, 91566, 214, 80836, 7, 32316, 7, 98, 126055, 33, 18481, 5, 581, 46512, 53, 1556, 124735, 1295, 2101, 80836, 7, 23, 360, 25134, 28173, 4, 5941, 10176, 59552, 73, 46512, 53, 206398, 7, 765, 2809, 207487, 36880, 70, 11341, 5, 360, 3060, 50218, 4, 46512, 3387, 765, 206398, 71, 47, 1119, 2311, 10763, 15, 216561, 70, 199204, 13, 18481, 7, 4, 10542, 18481, 4, 170174, 18481, 4, 167392, 33, 18481, 136, 40368, 46512, 3387, 98, 171827, 30267, 15938, 31, 18481, 247, 12960, 27060, 765, 206398, 71, 1295, 9598, 9051, 66, 10176, 59552, 73, 43904, 25902, 1636, 37457, 1295, 106, 166628, 74668, 28086, 2389, 91566, 214, 80836, 7, 111, 3129, 40715, 3501, 581, 142105, 46512, 53, 111, 10176, 59552, 5425, 23, 31485, 83, 105866, 99, 165458, 18481, 4, 7440, 70, 17431, 538, 242, 6276, 112, 25, 111, 59552, 5425, 36880, 79428, 1760, 18919, 1556, 2809, 10, 13036, 135474, 78869, 4, 136, 1286, 78684, 10, 13036, 17467, 1363, 71834, 4, 16792, 70, 23031, 7, 5, 165458, 18481, 83, 5368, 47, 142, 25902, 3674, 138, 79674, 581, 142105, 46512, 53, 111, 10176, 59552, 5425, 23, 65925, 28173, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 105866, 98, 80483, 73, 18481, 4, 7440, 142, 25902, 3674, 75534, 80836, 7, 91280, 20271, 41710, 5, 80483, 5425, 621, 2843, 51529, 47, 91280, 98, 38666, 18481, 136, 3980, 48308, 18481, 3129, 28127, 144477, 111, 80483, 73, 18481, 5, 52455, 90695, 7, 33233, 65925, 28173, 25, 7, 127067, 9022, 184085, 621, 47041, 47, 8060, 10176, 59552, 73, 46512, 3387, 4, 21208, 70, 10778, 111, 6097, 43904, 7, 83, 21334, 538, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 893, 15426, 111, 10176, 59552, 5425, 98, 873, 182403, 18481, 91376, 23, 61786, 14012, 297, 2856, 23, 2363, 137107, 5, 98684, 214, 6083, 64370, 23, 7582, 21735, 25902, 3674, 70, 46512, 53, 99, 387, 91566, 214, 80836, 7, 5, 581, 15426, 24, 4806, 15700, 193984, 46512, 53, 427, 43222, 1295, 873, 182403, 18481, 136, 70, 5701, 62488, 1295, 117081, 3805, 4293, 5, 59784, 59552, 5425, 621, 51529, 47, 91566, 98, 3060, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 178570, 78599, 40752, 519, 4, 26719, 39076, 53, 18481, 7440, 5155, 9, 3996, 26783, 135474, 7, 831, 21455, 70, 85825, 5, 62, 59552, 73, 46512, 53, 32316, 7, 98, 276, 1035, 1098, 18481, 23, 18813, 14787, 42413, 43573, 99041, 53, 5, 165837, 289, 15426, 7, 111, 10176, 59552, 5425, 98, 2356, 18764, 67, 18481, 99, 70, 113008, 111, 62723, 32547, 136, 98, 131904, 184, 11, 18481, 43573, 6653, 14089, 2843, 32316, 5, 10542, 133836, 10176, 59552, 5425, 765, 2809, 14037, 47, 100, 4588, 237, 2060, 237, 3252, 43222, 144477, 111, 161237, 1507, 15, 49760, 927, 111, 1575, 3915, 136, 26520, 92, 9631, 194, 59784, 59552, 5425, 621, 45, 474, 6236, 136, 1884, 5941, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 10176, 59552, 73, 24073, 52283, 1459, 80681, 143, 43967, 18939, 83, 70, 19336, 525, 114149, 111, 59552, 73, 5, 1650, 55993, 7, 47, 142, 83080, 111, 23, 155955, 136, 23, 140909, 4, 21208, 29458, 72350, 9035, 285, 53, 390, 1614, 16711, 3387, 5, 1650, 83, 14037, 98, 70, 184085, 59801, 111, 127067, 9022, 28173, 136, 2356, 138059, 4, 678, 7722, 115923, 1295, 54766, 5, 360, 28173, 4, 1836, 621, 27983, 35839, 44075, 53, 59552, 5425, 6637, 111, 2363, 19336, 13267, 5, 360, 2356, 138059, 4, 1836, 621, 1286, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 10176, 57571, 59552, 5425, 707, 57571, 59552, 5425, 36, 14775, 47, 2363, 14865, 67, 9, 143802, 12266, 192, 429, 74, 1836, 621, 2843, 51529, 390, 2363, 145130, 3929, 9351, 12, 43547, 16197, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Taxonomy.", "Description.", "Distribution and habitat.", "New Zealand.", "Australia.", "New South Wales.", "Jervis Bay Territory.", "South Australia.", "Tasmania.", "Victoria.", "Western Australia.", "Behaviour.", "Range.", "Feeding.", "Parasites.", "Reproduction.", "Nesting.", "Timing.", "Native predators.", "Mass mortalities.", "Relationship with humans.", "Direct exploitation.", "Tourism.", "Threats.", "Prey availability.", "Introduced predators.", "Human development.", "Human interference.", "Interactions with fishing.", "Oil spills.", "Plastic pollution.", "Climate change.", "Conservation.", "Management of introduced predators.", "Habitat restoration.", "Zoological exhibits.", "Mascots and logos." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The little penguin was first described by German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781. Several subspecies are known, but a precise classification of these is still a matter of dispute. The holotypes of the subspecies \"E. m. variabilis\" and \"Eudyptula minor chathamensis\" are in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. The white-flippered penguin is sometimes considered a subspecies, sometimes a distinct species, and sometimes a morph.", "Like those of all penguins, the little penguin's wings have developed into flippers used for swimming. The little penguin typically grows to between tall and usually weighs about 1.5 kg on average (3.3 lb). The head and upper parts are blue in colour, with slate-grey ear coverts fading to white underneath, from the", "The little penguin breeds along the entire coastline of New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands), and southern Australia (including roughly 20,000 pairs on Babel Island). Australian colonies exist in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia and the Jervis Bay Territory. Little penguins have also been reported from Chile (where they are known as \"pingüino pequeño\" or \"pingüino azul\") (Isla Chañaral 1996, Playa de Santo Domingo, San Antonio, 16 March 1997) and South Africa, but it is unclear whether these birds were vagrants. As new colonies continue to be discovered, rough estimates of the world population circa 2011 were around 350,000-600,000 animals.", "Overall, little penguin populations in New Zealand have been decreasing. Some colonies have become extinct and others continue to be at risk. Some new colonies have been established in urban areas. The species is", "Australian little penguin colonies primarily exist on offshore islands, where they are protected from feral terrestrial predators and human disturbance. Colonies are found from Port Stephens in northern New South Wales around the southern coast to Fremantle, Western Australia. Foraging penguins have occasionally been seen as far north as Southport, Queensland and Shark Bay, Western Australia.", "An endangered population of little penguins exists at Manly, in Sydney's North Harbour. The population is protected under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and has been managed in accordance with a Recovery Plan since the year 2000. The population once numbered in the hundreds, but has decreased to around 60 pairs of birds. The", "A population of about 5,000 breeding pairs exists on Bowen Island. The colony has increased from 500 pairs in", "In South Australia, many little penguin colony declines have been identified across the state. In some cases, colonies have declined to extinction (including the Neptune Islands, West Island, Wright Island, Pullen Island and several colonies on western Kangaroo Island), while others have declined from", "Tasmanian little penguin population estimates range from 110,000–190,000 breeding pairs of which less than", "The largest colony of little penguins in Victoria is located at Phillip Island, where the nightly 'parade' of penguins across Summerland Beach has been a major tourist destination, and more recently a major conservation effort, since the 1920s. Phillip Island is home to an estimated 32,000", "The largest colony of little penguins in Western Australia is believed to be located on Penguin Island, where an estimated 1,000 pairs nest during winter. Penguins are also known to nest on Garden Island and Carnac Island which lie north of Penguin Island. Many islands along Western Australia's southern coast are likely to support little penguin colonies, though the status of these populations is largely unknown. An account of little penguins on Bellinger Island published in 1928 numbered them in their thousands. Visiting naturalists in November 1986 estimated the colony at 20 breeding pairs. The account named another substantial colony 12 miles from Bellinger Island and the same distance from Cape Pasley. Little penguins are known to breed on some islands of the Recherche Archipelago, including Woody Island where day-tripping tourists can view the animals. A penguin colony exists on Mistaken Island in King George Sound near Albany. Historical accounts of little penguins on Newdegate Island at the mouth of Deep River and on Breaksea Island near Torbay also exist. West Australian little penguins have been found to forage as far as 150 miles north of Geraldton (south of Denham and Shark Bay).", "Little penguins are diurnal and like many penguin species, spend the largest part of their day swimming and foraging at sea. During the breeding and chick-rearing seasons, little penguins leave their nest at sunrise, forage for food throughout the day and return to their nests just after dusk. Thus, sunlight, moonlight and artificial lights can affect the behaviour of attendance to the colony. Also, increased wind speeds negatively affect the little penguins' efficiency in foraging for chicks, but for reasons not yet understood. Little penguins preen their feathers to keep them waterproof. They do this by rubbing a tiny drop of oil onto every feather from a special gland above the tail.", "Tagged or banded birds later recaptured or found deceased have shown that individual birds can travel great distances during their lifetimes. In 1984, a penguin that had been tagged at Gabo Island in eastern Victoria was found dead at Victor Harbor in South Australia.", "Little penguins feed by hunting small clupeoid fish, cephalopods and crustaceans, for which they travel and dive quite extensively including to the sea floor. Researcher Tom Montague studied a Victorian population for two years in order to understand its feeding patterns. Montague's analysis revealed a penguin diet consisting of 76% fish and 24% squid. Nineteen fish species were recorded, with pilchard and anchovy dominating. The fish were usually less than 10 cm long and often post-larval or juvenile. Less common little penguin prey include: crab larvae, eels, jellyfish and seahorses. In New Zealand, important little penguin prey items include arrow squid, slender sprat, Graham's gudgeon, red cod and ahuru. Since the year 2000, the little", "Little penguins play an important role in the ecosystem as not only a predator to parasites but also a host. Recent studies have shown a", "Little penguins reach sexual maturity at different ages. The female matures at two years old and the male at three years old. Between June and August, males return to shore to renovate or dig new burrows and display to attract a mate for the season. Males compete for partners with their displays. Breeding occurs annually, but the timing and duration of the breeding season varies from location to location and from year to year. Breeding occurs during spring and summer when oceans are most productive and food is plentiful. Little penguins remain faithful to their partner during a breeding season and whilst hatching eggs. At other times of the year they tend to swap burrows. They exhibit site fidelity to their nesting colonies and nesting sites over successive years. Little penguins can breed as isolated pairs, in colonies, or semi-colonially.", "Penguins' nests vary depending on the available habitat. They are established close to the sea in sandy burrows excavated by the birds' feet or dug previously by other animals. Nests may also be made in caves, rock crevices, under logs", "The timing of breeding seasons varies across the species' range. In the 1980s, the first egg laid at a penguin colony on Australia's eastern coast could be expected to come as early as May or as late as October. Eastern Australian populations (including at Phillip Island, Victoria) lay their eggs from July to December. In South Australia's Gulf St. Vincent, eggs are laid between April and October and south of Perth in Western Australia, peak egg-laying occurred in June and continued until mid-October (based on observations from the 1980s). Male and female birds share incubating and chick-rearing duties. They are the only species of penguin capable of producing more than one clutch of eggs per breeding season, but few populations do so. In ideal", "Predation by native animals is not considered a threat to little penguin populations, as these predators' diets are diverse. Large native reptiles including the tiger snake and Rosenberg's goanna are known to take little penguin chicks and blue-tongued lizards are known to take eggs. At sea, little penguins are eaten by long-nosed fur seals. A study conducted by researchers", "A mass mortality event occurred in Port Phillip Bay in March 1935. The event coincided with moulting and deaths were attributed to fatigue. Another event occurred at Phillip Island in Victoria in 1940. The population there was believed", "Little penguins have long been a curiosity to humans and to children in particular. Captive animals are often exhibited in zoos. Over time attitudes towards penguins have evolved from direct exploitation (for meat, skins and eggs) to the development of tourism ventures, conservation management and the protection of both birds and their habitat.", "During the 19th and 20th centuries, little penguins were shot for \"sport\", killed for their skins, captured for amusement and eaten by ship-wrecked sailors and castaways to avoid starvation. Their eggs were also collected for human consumption by indigenous and non-indigenous people. In 1831, N. W. J. Robinson noted that penguins were typically soaked in water for many days to tenderise the meat before eating. One of the colonies raided for penguin skins was Lady Julia Percy Island in Victoria. The following directions for preparing penguin skin were published in \"The Chronicle\" in 1904:'F.W.M.,' Port Lincoln. — To clean penguin skins, scrape off as much fat as you can with a blunt knife. Then peg the skin out carefully, stretching it well. Let it remain in the sun till", "At Phillip Island, Victoria, a viewing area has been established at the Phillip Island Nature Park to allow visitors to view the nightly \"penguin parade\". Lights and concrete stands have been erected to allow visitors to see but not photograph or film the birds (this is because it can blind or scare them) interacting in their colony. In 1987, more international visitors viewed the penguins coming ashore at Phillip Island than visited Uluru. In the financial year 1985-86, 350,000 people saw the event, and at that time audience numbers were growing 12% annually. In Bicheno, Tasmania, evening penguin viewing tours are offered by a local tour operator at a rookery on private land. A similar sunset tour is offered at Low Head, near the mouth of the Tamar River on Tasmania's north coast. Observation platforms exist near some of Tasmania's other little penguin colonies, including", "", "Food availability appears to strongly influence the survival and breeding success of little penguin populations across their range. Variation in prey abundance and distribution from year to year causes young birds to be washed up dead from starvation or in weak condition. This problem is not constrained to young birds, and has been observed throughout the 20th century. The breeding season of 1984-1985 in Australia was particularly bad, with minimal breeding success. Eggs were deserted prior to hatching and many chicks starved to death. Malnourished penguin carcasses were found washed up on beaches and the trend continued the following year. In April 1986, approximately 850 dead penguins were found washed ashore in south-western Victoria. The phenomenon was ascribed to lack of available food. There are two seasonal peaks in the discovery of dead little penguins in Victoria. The first follows moult and the second occurs in mid-winter. Moulting penguins are under stress, and some return to the water in a weak", "Introduced mammalian predators present the greatest terrestrial risk to little penguins and include cats, dogs, rats, foxes, ferrets and stoats. Due to their diminutive size and the introduction of new predators, some colonies have been reduced in size by as much as 98% in just a few years, such as the small colony on Middle Island, near Warrnambool, Victoria, which was reduced from approximately 600 penguins in 2001 to less than 10 in 2005. Because of this threat of colony collapse, conservationists successfully pioneered an experimental technique using Maremma Sheepdogs to protect the colony and fend off would-be predators, with numbers reaching 100 by 2017. Uncontrolled dogs or feral cats can have sudden and severe impacts on penguin colonies (more than the penguin's natural predators) and may kill many individuals. Examples of colonies affected", "The impacts of human habitation in proximity to little penguin colonies include collisions with vehicles, direct harassment, burning and clearing of vegetation and housing development. In 1950, roughly a hundred little penguins were allegedly burned to death near The Nobbies at Port Phillip Bay during a grass fire lit intentionally by a grazier for land management purposes. It was later reported that the figure had been overstated. The matter was resolved", "Penguins are vulnerable to interference by humans, especially while they are ashore during moult or nesting periods. In 1930 in Tasmania, it was believed that little penguins were competing with mutton-birds, which were being commercially exploited. An \"open season\" in which penguins would be permitted to be killed was planned in response to requests from members of the mutton-birding industry. In the 1930s, an arsonist was believed to have started a fire on Rabbit Island near Albany, Western Australia- a known little penguin rookery. Visitors later reported finding dead penguins there with their feet burned off. In 1949, penguins on Phillip Island in Victoria became victims of human cruelty, with some kicked and others thrown off a cliff and shot at. These acts of cruelty prompted the state government to fence off the rookeries. In 1973, ten dead penguins and fifteen young seagulls were found dead on Wright Island in Encounter Bay, South Australia. It was believed that they were killed by people poking sticks down burrows before scattering the dead bodies around. In 1983 one penguin was found dead and another injured", "Some little penguins are drowned when amateur fishermen set gill nets near penguin colonies. Discarded fishing line can also present an entanglement risk and contact can result in physical injury, reduced mobility or drowning. In 2014, a group of 25 dead little penguins was found on Altona Beach in Victoria. Necropsies concluded that the animals had died after becoming entangled in net fishing equipment,", "Oil spills can be lethal for penguins and other sea birds. Oil is toxic when ingested and penguins' buoyancy and the insulative quality of their plumage is damaged by contact with oil. Little penguin populations have been significantly affected during two major oil spills at sea: the \"Iron Baron\" oil spill off Tasmania's north coast in 1995 and the grounding of the \"Rena\" off New Zealand in 2011. In 2005, a 10-year post-mortem reflection on the \"Iron", "Plastics are swallowed by little penguins, who mistake them for prey items. They present a choking hazard and also occupy space in", "Heat waves can result in mass mortality episodes at nesting sites, as the penguins have poor physiological adaptations towards losing heat. Climate change is recognised as a threat, though currently it is assessed to be less significant than others. Efforts are being made to", "Little penguins are protected from various threats under different legislation in different jurisdictions. The table below may not be exhaustive.", "On land, little penguins are vulnerable to attack from domestic and feral dogs and cats. Attacks at Encounter Bay, on Kangaroo Island, at Manly in Tasmania and in New Zealand have resulted in significant impacts to different populations. Management strategies to mitigate the risk of attack include establishing dog-free zones near penguin colonies and introducing regulations to ensure dogs to remain on leashes at all times in adjacent areas. Little penguins on Middle Island off Warrnambool, Victoria were subject to heavy predation by foxes, which were able to reach the island at low tide by a tidal sand bridge.", "Several efforts have been made to improve breeding sites on Kangaroo Island, including augmenting habitat with artificial burrows and revegetation work. The Knox School's habitat restoration efforts were filmed and broadcast in 2008 by \"Totally Wild\". In 2019, concrete nesting \"huts\" were made for the little penguins of Lion Island in the mouth of the Hawkesbury River in New South Wales, Australia.", "Zoological exhibits featuring purpose-built enclosures for little penguins can be seen in Australia at the Adelaide Zoo, Melbourne Zoo, the National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra, Perth Zoo, Caversham Wildlife Park (Perth), Ballarat Wildlife Park, Sea Life Sydney Aquarium and the Taronga Zoo in Sydney. Enclosures include nesting boxes or similar structures for the animals to retire into, a reconstruction of a pool and in some cases, a transparent aquarium wall to allow patrons to view the animals underwater while they swim. A little penguin exhibit exists at Sea World, on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In early March, 2007, 25 of the 37 penguins died from an unknown toxin following a change of gravel in", "Linus Torvalds, the original creator of Linux (a popular operating system kernel), was once pecked by a little penguin while on holiday in Australia. Reportedly, this encounter encouraged Torvalds to select Tux as the official Linux mascot. A Linux kernel programming challenge called the Eudyptula Challenge has attracted thousands of persons; its creator(s) use the name \"Little Penguin\". Penny the Little Penguin was the mascot for the 2007 FINA World Swimming Championships held in Melbourne, Victoria." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3288, 100587, 136, 16500, 56623, 271, 56174, 8643, 35710, 169, 134053, 5695, 34, 2149, 25, 7, 11857, 21261, 44, 36119, 76622, 12, 581, 16505, 136, 19114, 111, 70, 198146, 297, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 10542, 58, 12960, 98, 166021, 4, 136, 24124, 6863, 38516, 100, 10, 155034, 6, 202444, 5, 33306, 4, 5695, 34, 2149, 1902, 121447, 70, 38109, 47, 53900, 134896, 4, 3129, 1902, 203251, 47, 85493, 10, 6867, 9, 44713, 60213, 1346, 5, 360, 9571, 4, 8643, 35710, 169, 117, 37316, 48141, 5695, 34, 2149, 47, 54452, 70, 38109, 47, 10, 36541, 36049, 12960, 2843, 20662, 2367, 8643, 35710, 169, 35839, 142, 44, 464, 126365, 297, 6221, 11, 58, 47, 53900, 108558, 34890, 22387, 18, 47, 92154, 8643, 35710, 169, 25, 7, 10002, 179140, 6, 202444, 5, 908, 37316, 48141, 4, 22387, 18, 181141, 98, 237, 124416, 108558, 111, 70, 13452, 678, 53900, 136, 6765, 47002, 5, 581, 21261, 4, 151552, 237, 10, 68894, 4, 2265, 4, 136, 82, 127, 21533, 6868, 6635, 98, 70, 31425, 111, 4127, 136, 28, 5115, 4, 51776, 3687, 23, 70, 6557, 111, 62468, 4, 23, 70, 5369, 105207, 47, 151912, 3038, 25, 7, 30780, 141, 5, 581, 13765, 27585, 7, 98, 540, 14612, 402, 4, 70, 1239, 24658, 271, 26995, 4, 18775, 4, 136, 38781, 53, 23040, 111, 50419, 27245, 9, 99433, 21722, 2750, 55993, 7, 1257, 47, 24209, 70, 92702, 93905, 198146, 297, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 10542, 136, 30888, 1127, 4, 70, 34923, 4, 96948, 4, 5700, 23040, 2750, 55993, 7, 1257, 47, 24209, 19059, 1127, 70, 18621, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 25134, 5, 581, 13765, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 43606, 12921, 40059, 7, 35509, 98, 70, 23577, 31913, 136, 13379, 7, 47353, 4, 124850, 4, 136, 113949, 1295, 142104, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 76648, 7844, 221479, 111, 62468, 58, 15, 155385, 16, 136, 6863, 34578, 1346, 6, 202444, 23, 3525, 48322, 5, 1650, 83, 82775, 47, 5423, 70, 155255, 47644, 1672, 2367, 442, 6183, 83, 47, 186, 44, 36119, 76622, 830, 136, 36766, 4127, 91177, 7, 678, 6494, 50339, 621, 70, 5701, 237, 6494, 91177, 7, 678, 6494, 50339, 5, 8643, 35710, 169, 90698, 3642, 2965, 47, 158, 118435, 70, 21261, 25, 7, 168, 184, 136, 96704, 297, 23577, 3934, 10, 82091, 26499, 5, 717, 903, 3564, 4, 764, 57119, 3674, 678, 2775, 1176, 60992, 1104, 69986, 6, 70035, 17686, 701, 84783, 669, 47, 85493, 70, 1810, 2256, 111, 70, 23577, 645, 70, 15411, 111, 10, 6602, 12960, 41714, 678, 108558, 34890, 22387, 18, 47, 18831, 1212, 70, 118990, 141, 1810, 2256, 111, 70, 7639, 4, 25927, 592, 142, 7311, 36541, 63847, 43257, 3501, 105233, 10, 81113, 6, 202444, 111, 5695, 34, 2149, 25, 7, 4488, 5, 51404, 70, 144888, 134629, 5695, 34, 2149, 25, 7, 6528, 111, 456, 113965, 70, 13765, 111, 70, 34578, 1346, 1295, 70, 80280, 111, 6863, 5201, 23228, 73, 4, 70, 13765, 2256, 111, 70, 36541, 6, 202444, 44, 519, 90, 2060, 10, 28394, 58, 1295, 70, 21261, 5, 1301, 84783, 669, 139999, 71, 23, 142, 33683, 678, 44, 97054, 2721, 141, 830, 44, 23389, 509, 378, 54084, 34, 2149, 25, 7, 268, 230451, 6528, 47, 5646, 903, 1256, 297, 26366, 136, 14192, 8966, 1295, 604, 6275, 111, 21455, 4, 136, 47, 765, 70, 6626, 43198, 17007, 186, 17155, 120126, 360, 70, 6557, 111, 62468, 4, 70, 62468, 72004, 621, 456, 513, 14, 21896, 645, 70, 8, 5453, 111, 540, 14612, 402, 4, 70, 198146, 297, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 10542, 5, 19059, 1127, 70, 18621, 52334, 206, 45252, 90, 540, 14612, 402, 25, 7, 11015, 4, 7440, 73, 540, 14612, 402, 25, 7, 42732, 1902, 1902, 142, 103086, 678, 10, 26983, 2069, 40575, 669, 4, 7103, 540, 14612, 402, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 70, 23607, 42, 111, 180008, 875, 1760, 4, 60899, 1810, 111, 59444, 5, 1301, 604, 42732, 1556, 903, 103086, 4, 604, 100306, 76199, 604, 10, 50997, 15296, 38308, 4, 136, 2412, 23417, 7, 442, 5, 4687, 24209, 7, 181036, 136, 76199, 127319, 47, 10, 15546, 23040, 678, 50997, 21722, 24073, 5021, 6561, 2501, 474, 1779, 70, 198146, 297, 51029, 893, 62468, 3378, 26458, 7, 19059, 1127, 2174, 2412, 136, 540, 14612, 402, 3542, 23902, 5, 4687, 36456, 7, 450, 1836, 3542, 4, 105207, 19059, 1127, 47, 14192, 2856, 70, 13765, 111, 3642, 1836, 100512, 2965, 23902, 5, 62, 159153, 4034, 7, 678, 10, 28302, 99, 70, 40466, 4, 8294, 169, 12535, 4, 3229, 540, 14612, 402, 54410, 7, 678, 604, 67373, 136, 27150, 56, 114015, 4, 799, 1192, 75287, 24073, 4657, 147, 25074, 8294, 169, 51029, 786, 13, 47, 604, 50997, 21722, 4, 540, 14612, 402, 25, 7, 67373, 3332, 35066, 604, 136, 147568, 7, 1919, 52490, 1830, 98, 799, 1192, 75287, 4, 2750, 83, 72761, 538, 238335, 136, 4527, 7, 10, 160298, 100983, 4, 4743, 47, 10, 127319, 72104, 450, 162466, 71, 47, 31384, 6032, 14432, 4, 540, 14612, 402, 25, 7, 177986, 47, 70, 221479, 25, 7, 63647, 1556, 85168, 297, 604, 70, 44759, 6, 26, 36119, 76622, 52334, 206, 111, 70, 10542, 26, 5, 19059, 1127, 1556, 24209, 70, 24491, 3835, 12912, 111, 70, 221479, 25, 7, 63647, 4, 34475, 70, 44759, 204, 724, 57942, 70, 18621, 26, 136, 19069, 297, 390, 581, 221479, 237, 70, 64857, 25, 7, 86841, 26548, 540, 14612, 402, 24073, 5021, 6561, 2501, 474, 1779, 70, 198146, 297, 58, 15, 107, 93781, 16, 194, 62, 24234, 108870, 47, 176016, 3698, 53, 4036, 25, 7, 164306, 237, 84495, 73, 111, 70, 56050, 15, 11, 19069, 764, 68186, 71, 47, 7413, 540, 14612, 402, 16, 83, 112784, 76622, 390, 70, 131126, 25, 7, 20381, 76622, 107282, 7, 1672, 540, 14612, 402, 4, 26719, 10, 13765, 450, 2412, 831, 186, 21501, 3674, 390, 7401, 5, 3698, 53, 4036, 83, 23, 89921, 202, 10821, 136, 959, 122991, 71, 390, 19059, 1127, 25, 7, 51636, 6620, 450, 540, 14612, 402, 14602, 959, 3444, 47, 186, 14037, 5, 1529, 83, 53333, 27162, 2822, 3229, 43706, 282, 5919, 416, 2661, 3398, 85018, 7, 1919, 90364, 47, 19059, 1127, 136, 127877, 5773, 5, 19059, 1127, 81887, 7, 47, 13695, 10, 290, 56, 7844, 12912, 100, 70, 24234, 4, 1284, 123019, 92154, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 198146, 297, 83, 10, 6052, 199506, 24668, 390, 56174, 8643, 35710, 169, 136, 12877, 390, 17686, 701, 84783, 669, 5, 1650, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 11857, 139256, 53, 5695, 34, 2149, 21261, 44, 830, 68034, 10, 456, 113965, 111, 70, 54704, 33418, 21261, 4, 44, 3957, 76648, 7844, 221479, 111, 62468, 58, 390, 339, 5, 17819, 142104, 136, 70, 34578, 36159, 9, 137923, 23004, 9, 82419, 56, 1346, 44, 3957, 221479, 111, 62468, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Inception and development.", "Synopsis.", "Act I.", "Act II.", "Musical numbers.", "Music and recordings.", "Music analysis.", "Recordings.", "Productions.", "Original Broadway production.", "North American productions.", "London.", "UK/Ireland tours.", "International tour.", "Australian productions.", "Subsequent international productions.", "Adaptations and anniversary tributes.", "Response.", "Awards and nominations.", "Critical reception.", "Commercial reception.", "\"Behind the Emerald Curtain\".", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered Maguire's 1995 novel \"Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West\" while on vacation, and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation. However, Maguire had released the rights to Universal Pictures, which had planned to develop a live-action feature film. In 1998, Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production while also making what Schwartz called an \"impassioned plea\" to Universal producer Marc Platt to realize Schwartz's own intended adaptation. Persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone. The novel, described as a political, social, and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years leading to Dorothy's arrival. The story centers on Elphaba, the misunderstood, smart, and fiery girl of emerald-green skin who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda, the beautiful, blonde, popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good Witch of the South. The story is divided into five different sections based on the plot location and presents events, characters, and situations from Baum's \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be \"Wicked\", and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results. Schwartz considered how best to condense the novel's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. To this end, he collaborated with Emmy Award–winning writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show, spinning an original stage piece rather than creating a strict adaptation of Maguire's work. While the draft followed Maguire's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the storyline of the stage adaptation \"goes far afield\" from the novel. As Holzman observed in an interview with \"Playbill\", \"It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates", "", "In the Land of Oz, the Ozians are rejoicing over the demise of Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda the Good Witch discusses Elphaba's past, wherein Elphaba's mother had had an affair with a travelling salesman, after Elphaba's father, the governor of Munchkinland, goes out of town. As her mother has this affair, her lover gives her a green elixir, and she drinks it. She becomes pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl with green skin (\"No One Mourns the Wicked\"). An Ozian asks Glinda if she and Elphaba were friends. She admits that they were, leading Glinda to tell them the story of how they became best friends. A flashback starts with a scene at the college, Shiz University, when Elphaba arrives with her father and younger sister, Nessarose (\"Dear Old Shiz\"). Due to her green skin, Elphaba's father resents her and showers his affection on Nessarose, who is physically disabled and uses a wheelchair, due to a birth defect that contributed to", "Sometime later, Elphaba's opposition to the Wizard's regime has earned her the title ’Wicked Witch of the West’. Glinda has become the positive public front of the Wizard's regime, given the title ‘Glinda the Good’ and positioned by The Wizard as the nation's defender against Elphaba (\"No One Mourns the Wicked\" (reprise)). A press conference to celebrate Fiyero's appointment as captain of the guard (a position he accepted to find Elphaba) is hijacked by the crowd's panicked rumors about Elphaba, including a story that she can be melted by water. Fiyero is incredulous and not convinced by Glinda's insistence that Elphaba does not want to be found. He is further angered when Madame Morrible announces his engagement to Glinda and runs off. Glinda attempts to keep a cheerful front for the press, but clearly realizes her dream life has come at a great price (\"Thank Goodness\"). Elphaba pays a visit to Nessarose, now governor of Munchkinland following the death of their father. Nessarose has taken away the rights of the Munchkins in a desperate attempt to keep Boq at her side. Elphaba tries to convince her sister to side with her against the Wizard, but", "Source: Playbill Note: \"Wicked Witch of the East\" is the only major piece to be omitted from", "", "The score of \"Wicked\" is heavily thematic, bearing in some senses more resemblance to a film score than a traditional musical score. While many musical scores employ new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap, Schwartz integrated a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production. Some of these motifs indicate irony – for example, when Glinda presents Elphaba with a \"ghastly\" hat in \"Dancing through Life\", the score reprises a theme from \"What is this Feeling?\" a few scenes earlier, in which Elphaba and Glinda had espoused their mutual loathing. Two musical themes in \"Wicked\" run throughout the score. Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works, the first – Elphaba's theme – came from \"The Survival of St. Joan\", on which he worked as musical director. \"I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it,\" he remarked in an interview in 2004. The chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a major theme of the show's orchestration. By changing the instruments that carry the motif in each instance, Schwartz enables the same melody to convey", "A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on December 16, 2003, by Universal Music. All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of \"The Wizard and I (Reprise)\" and \"The Wicked Witch of the East\". The short reprise of \"No One Mourns the Wicked\" that opens Act II is attached to the beginning of \"Thank Goodness\". The music was arranged by Stephen Oremus, who was also the conductor and musical director and James Lynn Abbott, with orchestrations by William David Brohn. The recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005 and was", "", "\"Wicked\" officially opened on June 10, 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28, in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN. The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Robert Morse as the Wizard, Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero, Michelle Federer as Nessarose, Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible, John Horton as Doctor Dillamond, and Kirk McDonald as Boq. Stephanie J. Block, who originally read the role of Elphaba in", "In 2005, the first national tour of \"Wicked\" (called the \"Emerald City Tour\" by the producers) started in Toronto, Ontario, and went on to visit numerous cities throughout the United States and Canada. Previews began on March 8, and officially opened on March 31. The original touring cast included Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Stephanie J. Block as Elphaba, Derrick Williams as Fiyero, Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Logan Lipton as Boq, and David Garrison as the Wizard. The tour concluded at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on March 15, 2015, with Jennifer DiNoia as part of the tour's final cast. Following a limited engagement of the first national tour from April 29 to June 12, 2005, a sit-down production opened at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago immediately following the tour. The cast included Ana Gasteyer as Elphaba, Kate Reinders as Glinda, Rondi Reed as Madame Morrible, Kristoffer Cusick as", "The West End production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7, and officially opened on September 27, 2006. The production celebrated its fifth anniversary in 2011 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members. The London production was tailored slightly for a British audience, including minor creative changes to dialogue, choreography and special effects. A majority of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of \"Wicked\". The changes include Elphaba meeting", "The show began its first UK/Ireland tour on September 12, 2013 at the Palace Theatre in Manchester, where it is played to November 16. It then toured the UK and Ireland before concluding in Salford on July 25, 2015. The original cast consisted of Nikki Davis-Jones as Elphaba,", "\"Wicked\"'s first international tour opened on July 13, 2016 at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England. Jacqueline Hughes stars as Elphaba. with Carly Anderson as Glinda", "An Australian production officially opened on July 12, 2008, with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne. Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba, with Lucy Durack as Glinda. The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero, Anthony Callea as Boq, Rob Guest as the Wizard, Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible, Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond. Guest unexpectedly died months into the Melbourne season, with the role being taken up by Bert", "A condensed thirty-minute version of the musical played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. Australian Jemma Rix was part of the original cast, alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan. The show, which opened on July 12, 2006, featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but Fiyero, Madame Morrible, Boq, Nessarose and Doctor Dillamond were absent and there were considerable changes in sets and costumes. The final performance took place on January 11, 2011. A Japanese production by the Shiki Theatre Company opened in Tokyo, Japan, on", "A film adaptation of \"Wicked\" had been discussed since 2004, though producers were waiting for a dip in the stage musical's earnings. By 2012, Universal Studios was reported to be producing the film with Stephen Daldry as director and Winnie Holzman, who wrote the musical's book, to pen the screenplay. Universal announced in 2016 that the film would be released in theaters in December 2019, with Daldry still attached to direct it, and the script to be co-written by the musical's creators, Holzman and Schwartz. In May 2017, Schwartz stated that the film would feature \"at least two\"", "", "The original Broadway production of \"Wicked\" was nominated for 10 Tony Awards in 2004, including Best Musical; Book; Orchestrations; Original Score; Choreography; Costume Design; Lighting Design; Scenic Design while receiving two nominations for Best Actress – for Menzel and Chenoweth. Menzel won the Best Actress award, and the show also won the Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume Design, notably losing Best Book, Original Score and ultimately Best Musical to \"Avenue Q\". The same year, the show won 6 Drama Desk Awards out of 11", "In its out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, audience reaction was mostly positive, and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the state of its book, score, and choreography. Dennis Harvey of \"Variety\" commented positively of the \"sleekly directed\", \"snazzily designed\", and \"smartly cast\" production, yet still disapproved of its \"mediocre\" book, \"trite\" lyrics, and \"largely generic\" music while Karen D'Souza of the \"San Jose Mercury News\" wrote that \"Style over substance is the real", "Since its opening in 2003, the original Broadway production of \"Wicked\" has broken the house record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times. It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week, making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway. With a $14 million capitalization, the Broadway production took 15 months to break even, earning back its initial investment by December 21, 2004. In its first year, it grossed more than $56 million. In the week ending January 1, 2006, \"Wicked\" broke the record, previously held by the musical \"The Producers\", for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934. It has gone on to break its own record numerous times, reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006, $1,839,950, during the 2007 Christmas week, $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29, 2009,", "The success of the Broadway production has led to the development of an auxiliary show, \"Behind the Emerald Curtain\", created by Sean McCourt—an original Broadway production cast member who played the Witch's Father, among other roles, in addition to understudying the Wizard and Doctor Dillamond, before taking over the latter principal role—and Anthony Galde, who was a long-running swing in the Broadway company from 2004 to 2012. The tour features a ninety-minute behind-the-scenes look at the props, masks, costumes and sets", "The success of \"Wicked\" has made several of the show's songs popular and has resulted in references to the show, characters, and songs in popular culture. The Broadway production has been featured in episodes of television programs, including \"Brothers & Sisters\" and \"The War at Home\". For filming purposes, the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles doubled for the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway in \"Ugly Betty\" in an episode titled \"Something Wicked This Way Comes\" in which Betty, the show's protagonist, goes to see \"Wicked\" on a date and accidentally stops the show. In the previous episode \"Brothers\", Betty gets tickets to see \"Wicked\" and discusses with a friend how much she relates to Elphaba's outcast status in a popularity and beauty-oriented environment; In addition, \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Donnie Fatso\" sees Homer Simpson and Moe Szyslak accidentally sneak into a Springfield production of the show while the \"South Park\" episode \"Broadway Bro Down\" features \"Wicked\" and other musicals and have these shows contain subliminal messaging. In the episode, these messages persuade women into performing oral sex upon their spouse or boyfriend. in the \"Family Guy\" episode (S15E09) \"How the Griffin stole Christmas,\" jokes that all gays in town went to see the \"Wicked\" premiere in Quahog. The television series \"Glee\" has featured covers of songs from \"Wicked\" four times: firstly in the \"Wheels\" episode where two students (Rachel and Kurt) compete for a lead solo, using the song \"Defying Gravity\"; secondly, in the episode \"New York\" where the same students duet on the Gershwin stage and sing \"For Good\"; in the series’ 100th episode, where three students sing \"Defying Gravity\" together; and in the series' penultimate episode, the same students sing \"Popular\". In the series \"New Girl\", a main character (Winston) sings the songs \"Popular\" and \"Defying Gravity\" on a trip to Mexico. A clip of the song \"Popular\" also plays in the 2009 movie \"Zombieland\". Entertainer John Barrowman sang a version of \"The Wizard and I\" (retitled \"The Doctor and I) on his 2008 tour of the UK, with adapted lyrics referring to his \"Doctor Who\" and \"Torchwood\" character Jack showing affection for The Doctor. Kerry Ellis, who played Elphaba in the West End and on Broadway, recorded \"I'm Not that Girl\" for the fifth anniversary edition of the original Broadway cast recording. She also recorded her own rock version of \"Defying Gravity\". Both songs were produced by British musician Brian May and were featured on her extended play \"Wicked in Rock\" (2008) and debut album \"Anthems\" (2010). She performed her version of \"Defying Gravity\" at the 2008 \"Royal Variety Performance\", alongside May on guitar. A dance remix of her rock version of \"Defying Gravity\" was later released in 2011. Louise Dearman, who has played both Elphaba and Glinda in the West End, released an acoustic version of \"Defying Gravity\" for the \"Wicked\" edition of her album \"Here Comes the Sun\". Her former co-star and London Elphaba Rachel Tucker also covered \"Defying Gravity\" on her debut album \"The Reason\" (2013). Rapper Drake and singer Mika both sampled the musical's song in their songs \"Popular\" and \"Popular Song\" respectively. American band Wheatus released an EP \"The Lightning EP\" (within their series \"Pop, Songs & Death\") that was inspired by \"Wicked\", with heavy influences throughout including lyrics in \"Real Girl\" such as ‘You were the perfect colour, Bright green lady\" ‘ with Elphaba and Scarecrow-like characters in the video. The cover art for the album was also bright green and included an Elphaba-style hat. Media as diverse as the anime series \"Red Garden\", the daytime drama \"Passions\" and the \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" graphic novels have all parodied \"Wicked\" songs and characters. At the start of the second of three episodes of the miniseries \"Tin Man\" (another adaptation of Baum's Ozian universe), protagonist DG refers to her father as \"Popsicle\" vice the more common names ‘Pop’ or ‘Pappi’, echoing Galinda in her letter home at the start of \"What is this Feeling?\". Also, in the second episode of the ABC Family drama series \"Huge\", one of the characters wears a \"Shiz University\" athletic Dept T-shirt, while \"Wicked\" and its \"long lines\" have been mentioned in the Nickelodeon series \"iCarly\". The Broadway musical \"Shrek the Musical\" parodies the show's Act I finale with \"What's Up, Duloc?\"; character Lord Farquaad re-enacts \"Defying Gravity\" by proclaiming \"No one's gonna bring me down\" followed by the legato belt while atop his castle. The end of the song \"Killer Instinct\" in \"Bring It On the Musical\" parodies the closing notes of \"No One Mourns the Wicked.\" The Oscar-winning song \"Let It Go\" from the successful 2013 Disney film \"Frozen\", that also won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, had been compared to \"Defying Gravity\" due to its similar theme and similar singing style, and was sung by the original Elphaba Idina Menzel. Willemijn Verkaik voiced the Dutch and German versions of the role of Elsa in \"Frozen\" and sang \"Let It Go\" in these two languages. This became another role originally played by Idina Menzel that Verkaik played, following her success in the German, Dutch and English language productions of \"Wicked\". When \"Frozen\" came to Broadway, the song \"Monster\" (sung by Cassie Levy, who also played Elphaba) was compared to \"No Good Deed\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 73281, 14, 33713, 7908, 9588, 90, 109312, 144477, 111, 70, 59444, 111, 391, 2353, 8004, 19, 5, 581, 65272, 1238, 69266, 111, 70, 130473, 127877, 7565, 47, 70, 32547, 540, 372, 4, 3129, 3688, 99, 70, 73281, 14, 33713, 7908, 30957, 7, 6863, 53894, 538, 30041, 5281, 4, 653, 118201, 118666, 53, 8305, 70, 540, 372, 13552, 34165, 71175, 7, 5, 717, 70, 144477, 4, 70, 130473, 83, 876, 167457, 390, 70, 23684, 776, 12035, 429, 23, 3129, 70, 44, 15363, 5829, 4922, 160, 6448, 830, 38162, 1295, 70, 48225, 111, 49513, 102496, 135166, 24073, 15363, 31, 133097, 74054, 86608, 7, 7565, 3934, 70, 540, 372, 5, 2161, 70, 127067, 5609, 111, 70, 130473, 37385, 916, 83, 142, 150556, 6275, 51529, 237, 70, 31678, 56, 748, 25, 7, 29805, 24073, 8139, 127405, 223, 40121, 58, 707, 44, 441, 430, 433, 6741, 7117, 203112, 51029, 2161, 70, 540, 372, 4, 35064, 70, 2288, 4517, 4, 13950, 53, 130473, 8752, 400, 90, 70, 19336, 54427, 111, 42225, 7403, 24073, 2729, 34, 372, 18939, 3129, 83, 2831, 111, 391, 2353, 8004, 19, 136, 70, 1119, 41745, 272, 135094, 111, 70, 540, 372, 11469, 111, 42225, 7403, 5, 360, 70, 44, 31583, 38970, 4969, 195878, 58, 70, 391, 2353, 8004, 19, 1154, 9606, 1104, 397, 2353, 8004, 19, 9, 10752, 151548, 797, 10921, 29634, 40059, 111, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 13315, 4, 24145, 2831, 111, 70, 36770, 66724, 19, 23924, 1177, 48850, 85736, 7514, 4, 314, 933, 8305, 70, 127067, 25617, 1238, 69266, 111, 70, 130473, 5, 581, 5117, 51529, 52702, 7, 1257, 70, 83227, 56, 4969, 621, 119056, 237, 39395, 237, 543, 3882, 5, 14847, 70, 130473, 509, 7228, 1286, 81522, 23, 159992, 390, 151992, 23351, 9169, 4, 442, 509, 35839, 70, 151992, 235025, 24073, 5267, 36400, 80430, 185566, 51029, 360, 111994, 70, 5117, 17666, 142096, 3688, 5, 581, 115392, 81141, 111, 70, 66724, 19, 6, 88940, 748, 136, 352, 11856, 23, 176447, 509, 70, 46505, 111, 70, 72, 58994, 111, 10, 19096, 34165, 3365, 316, 19, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 43585, 111, 70, 130473, 3129, 509, 24, 4806, 31678, 56, 748, 25, 7, 29805, 24073, 8139, 127405, 223, 40121, 51029, 360, 100439, 70, 6, 193022, 1830, 51529, 237, 44, 7623, 275, 54987, 58, 24073, 7623, 372, 60818, 6056, 18939, 509, 88303, 5, 62, 10588, 7279, 1295, 33418, 509, 35839, 70, 44, 32759, 60768, 33, 7510, 7, 740, 24372, 18608, 70, 17666, 509, 64183, 7565, 5, 28090, 70, 31678, 56, 748, 25, 7, 29805, 2685, 83, 10, 75073, 944, 21455, 645, 70, 4950, 73, 111, 391, 2353, 8004, 19, 237, 2060, 237, 70, 155955, 7, 111, 70, 43573, 1272, 15881, 211462, 19, 10091, 15534, 5, 3293, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 21455, 214, 26847, 23, 211462, 19, 236386, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 73281, 14, 33713, 7908, 15, 289, 991, 44, 605, 47493, 42, 102144, 4, 341, 47493, 42, 1297, 92, 830, 30839, 12, 44, 31583, 38970, 4969, 18939, 83, 10, 23180, 130473, 43573, 391, 2353, 8004, 19, 24073, 618, 126, 15439, 18939, 23, 70, 211462, 19, 236386, 23, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Location and area.", "History.", "Views." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Stoličná hora rises immediately north of the town of Děčín. The west flank of the hill runs down to the River Elbe, which here at the Stoličná hora enters its deeply incised, narrow valley through the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. To the north, the hill is bounded by the Lauben Gorge in which the \"Loubsky potok\", coming from the direction of Ludvíkovice (\"Loosdorf\"), flows down into the Elbe. On the south side of the hill plateau is an observation point known as the Emperor's View (\"Kaiseraussicht\" or \"Císařský výhled\"). On the Elbe, below the steep, rocky hillside lies the small village of Loubí (\"Laube\") which is part of Děčín and the extensive facilities of the Elbe port of Loubí. In the \"Quaderberg Tunnel\" the Děčín vychod–Děčín-Prostřední Žleb section of the railway line, once part of the former Austrian Northwestern Railway, cuts through the southwest flank of the hill.", "The first known treks up the Quaderberg are mentioned as early as 1828. When the hill was made more accessible in 1864 by Leopold Strnad, it was called the Leopold Heights (\"Leopoldshöhe\"). In 1870 the first restaurant opened here. The silver wedding of the Austrian emperor and empress in 1879 was the occasion of the erection of a sandstone column on the southern aspect of the hill which was named Emperor's View (\"Kaiseraussicht\"). In 1890 the pavilion known as \"Elbwarte\" (\"Elbe Lookout\") was built. A rest stop from 1900 was called the \"Karolinenfels\". After 1945 the restaurant was torn down.", "From the Emperor's View there is a picturesque view over the basin of Děčín as far as the heights of the nearby Central Bohemian Uplands. This is one of the best viewing points in Bohemian Switzerland." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 34754, 111, 142, 6, 172211, 83687, 7, 15044, 76407, 136, 10975, 56065, 47, 51339, 70, 32354, 7, 84751, 1295, 450, 17311, 88996, 5, 4396, 31494, 13, 6, 172211, 25, 7, 621, 8035, 126809, 25632, 70, 310, 9, 51734, 5, 169549, 538, 70, 12768, 83, 47, 64832, 13, 10, 88551, 41170, 111, 1733, 136, 71834, 47, 85493, 46002, 88996, 7, 390, 25632, 5570, 7, 1884, 17408, 1381, 4046, 5442, 1650, 83, 41207, 450, 10, 88996, 83, 126809, 89554, 1295, 206597, 5, 581, 4331, 83, 137567, 17, 720, 45023, 136, 136912, 7, 621, 7228, 47, 15044, 70, 76407, 136, 10975, 5, 581, 34754, 111, 2684, 6, 172211, 25, 7, 621, 175100, 1810, 390, 59646, 106, 194223, 7, 35509, 98, 71679, 5256, 62952, 390, 70, 143452, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 70, 34754, 105823, 4, 142901, 4295, 51339, 185688, 21855, 24040, 7, 136, 3789, 137578, 51422, 7, 47, 105556, 137578, 13736, 7, 450, 831, 37105, 47, 51, 115840, 27289, 707, 27941, 8668, 53, 7154, 5, 5443, 41745, 272, 134234, 136, 44622, 1363, 69924, 621, 175100, 1810, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 118479, 2831, 35707, 1405, 9433, 47, 21647, 159454, 111, 70, 76407, 136, 10975, 5, 2161, 9, 24351, 52070, 7, 707, 180, 48969, 4358, 22691, 29458, 2053, 62548, 47, 3129, 5426, 707, 82761, 165523, 707, 143434, 10, 137578, 20271, 11675, 1733, 136, 4358, 51339, 121461, 7, 5, 31384, 3395, 1543, 32599, 47, 2811, 40383, 2363, 6, 172211, 221, 237, 47, 186, 19048, 47, 15190, 1286, 123309, 2481, 47, 442, 5, 17006, 6, 172211, 25, 7, 6097, 13312, 49903, 1380, 46979, 20051, 678, 48431, 56776, 7, 3129, 56282, 72095, 1295, 2811, 151138, 70, 61404, 707, 121122, 110537, 5, 581, 48431, 56776, 7, 621, 7228, 23, 10, 3917, 450, 4, 3229, 75723, 16274, 297, 4, 185553, 7, 391, 155900, 400, 41159, 5, 3293, 23, 21543, 30482, 2811, 151138, 70, 6, 172211, 390, 75723, 1353, 1916, 70, 48431, 85325, 40494, 2174, 16940, 1379, 142, 131527, 47, 70, 391, 155900, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 65133, 6226, 25072, 15, 172211, 16, 83, 2499, 6, 55720, 69819, 5426, 23, 1809, 31494, 13, 65133, 7, 450, 6226, 7, 1632, 707, 1286, 111, 70, 39108, 289, 76519, 707, 1614, 16751, 7, 23, 10, 80939, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design and development.", "Testing and validation.", "Tuning." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The development of an ECU involves both hardware and software required to perform the functions expected from that particular module. Automotive ECU's are being developed following the V-model. Recently the trend is to dedicate a significant amount of time and effort to develop safe modules by following standards like ISO 26262. It is rare that a module is developed fully from scratch. The design is generally iterative and improvements are made to both the hardware and software. The development of most ECU's are carried out by Tier 1 suppliers based on specifications provided by the OEM.", "As part of the development cycle, manufacturers perform detailed FMEAs and other failure analyses to catch failure modes that can lead to unsafe conditions or driver annoyance. Extensive testing and validation activities are carried out as part of the Production part approval process to gain confidence of the hardware and software. On-board diagnostics or OBD help provide specific data related to which system or component failed or caused a failure during run time and help perform repairs.", "Some people may wish to modify their ECU so as to be able to add more functionality to it. Most ECU's these days however come equipped with protection locks which prevent users from modifying the circuit or exchange chips. The protection locks are made in a way that, when circumvented, triggers DMCA liability. This in effect makes modifying the ECU by circumventing the protection illegal except if done under an exception to the DMCA." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 55441, 111, 17116, 9, 50986, 30316, 90, 80723, 23, 30715, 23, 70, 100439, 7, 5, 360, 115275, 4, 70, 10082, 104588, 15366, 33734, 82775, 30316, 90, 450, 54811, 136, 160404, 71, 23, 10, 21373, 3917, 47, 10, 5744, 17116, 9, 2844, 350, 5426, 3853, 21208, 70, 17116, 509, 6117, 19, 136, 10, 114457, 34704, 3674, 70, 30316, 13, 7922, 5, 64511, 4331, 7, 3542, 959, 138155, 707, 38134, 538, 19882, 23, 2258, 7, 100, 15700, 1496, 5369, 5, 144053, 7844, 38415, 80723, 23, 1831, 5868, 90, 8108, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 136, 3853, 70, 30839, 81709, 32216, 509, 112031, 71, 678, 17116, 7, 23, 37719, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 39713, 21533, 42658, 80723, 47, 54410, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 105207, 47, 10, 130306, 32837, 1363, 111, 14597, 2481, 99, 70, 49795, 744, 133250, 7, 111, 636, 73546, 45712, 4, 3129, 56065, 30316, 214, 1295, 11192, 38352, 7, 40368, 20028, 117, 30455, 5, 581, 146991, 28779, 214, 7175, 23742, 4, 17368, 17116, 30316, 13, 46979, 20051, 2258, 7, 4, 678, 5045, 111, 70, 22299, 8035, 34475, 47, 70, 30316, 90, 25, 14597, 23718, 645, 43876, 7, 46979, 20051, 678, 47617, 30316, 90, 5, 74227, 36049, 55441, 111, 17116, 30316, 90, 80723, 23, 30715, 23, 70, 100439, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 72941, 1264, 9, 50986, 153532, 17116, 30316, 13, 509, 33407, 297, 390, 120025, 92, 25031, 10082, 104588, 23, 1919, 188377, 31461, 53, 23, 115275, 136, 11814, 65771, 538, 98, 10082, 104588, 2258, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 84046, 44126, 111, 12924, 7, 23, 903, 14922, 131148, 450, 764, 1902, 47, 4527, 552, 8079, 237, 70, 30316, 214, 57646, 1030, 1916, 98, 70, 17116, 5, 581, 70425, 11341, 111, 70, 33816, 7, 99, 903, 1733, 4, 110, 1286, 3501, 115, 8946, 4, 166904, 28560, 7, 4, 131148, 450, 70, 552, 8079, 4323, 107, 69405, 20662, 70, 5426, 566, 14170, 70760, 5, 360, 56694, 4, 70, 120469, 2926, 75457, 14380, 65508, 71, 10, 3173, 111, 17116, 30316, 13, 98, 70, 12912, 160298, 581, 5117, 4527, 111, 17116, 30316, 90, 23, 28779, 214, 509, 23, 59782, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 335, 25656, 60457, 423, 7, 17368, 10, 45327, 214, 9, 102446, 297, 5423, 4, 10, 5117, 100, 10, 72791, 6561, 2258, 5, 853, 150, 2886, 72941, 1264, 9, 50986, 17116, 30316, 90, 14432, 118775, 23, 49795, 98, 581, 5117, 46889, 36049, 4527, 111, 70, 5744, 1809, 31494, 13, 17116, 30316, 13, 509, 23, 47114, 4, 98, 70, 228268, 41869, 4, 3129, 60213, 71, 72941, 1264, 9, 50986, 12912, 17116, 30316, 90, 54940, 6863, 5941, 76106, 7, 5, 32255, 17116, 7, 3542, 6, 121147, 297, 23, 24351, 43573, 70, 179965, 4, 136, 3542, 14537, 297, 390, 70, 80939, 25, 7, 9879, 152945, 1771, 5426, 5, 3293, 3299, 23409, 98, 47, 74703, 22410, 19879, 25072, 7, 645, 387, 5369, 678, 70, 5701, 30316, 13, 169581, 5, 581, 73359, 190, 8894, 4, 678, 22759, 9, 434, 144009, 17116, 30316, 90, 4, 134629, 23, 36327, 5, 4699, 316, 11727, 80788, 3674, 10, 36327, 14107, 363, 678, 17116, 30316, 90, 47, 70, 3835, 4, 1284, 70, 5117, 36049, 2258, 7, 678, 45327, 214, 12912, 9, 3827, 238, 30316, 90, 3542, 7228, 23, 6088, 36327, 5, 53092, 30316, 90, 24372, 10, 12417, 46799, 1274, 19481, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 88303, 15700, 36049, 153532, 46979, 20051, 678, 17116, 30316, 90, 20, 70, 36102, 83112, 13, 10075, 56, 92959, 14, 15, 2347, 3419, 428, 425, 5426, 509, 35829, 289, 98, 3060, 111, 70, 3789, 83112, 13, 10075, 56, 115774, 194, 43643, 17116, 581, 5117, 2926, 75457, 7, 47, 4527, 17116, 30316, 90, 3542, 28779, 214, 117001, 5, 66160, 27991, 102, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 18645, 10, 12912, 17116, 30316, 13, 2926, 75457, 47, 70, 3835, 98, 10, 19336, 105994, 23, 31017, 4, 98, 2363, 581, 30316, 13, 17116, 15, 748, 2062, 1290, 16, 83, 70, 47014, 1916, 2831, 111, 10, 160298, 25, 7, 17116, 30316, 13, 10, 89845, 38526, 4, 26548, 3129, 70, 30316, 13, 7922, 7, 621, 190659, 5, 581, 4912, 83, 205794, 4224, 53, 193, 191, 4, 10, 3173, 111, 37702, 193, 191, 5, 581, 4331, 111, 70, 17116, 7, 41110, 7, 208806, 5, 31384, 621, 42856, 18652, 4, 1284, 27060, 621, 24808, 2600, 71, 1810, 678, 7675, 707, 131, 90, 33284, 214, 25842, 70, 17116, 25, 7, 6626, 5470, 71579, 7, 15, 16345, 25958, 99201, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 176050, 9433, 194, 581, 57888, 136, 14537, 111, 70, 80939, 83324, 7, 70, 3871, 100, 91987, 3674, 17116, 7, 5, 581, 44, 202934, 27686, 58, 17116, 4331, 112397, 47, 109091, 106154, 70, 139392, 71, 80097, 136, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 98, 70, 1286, 9, 1106, 14677, 538, 72367, 297, 12912, 17116, 7, 5, 53092, 7, 100, 2926, 75457, 7, 4, 333, 75457, 7, 4, 136, 5941, 2258, 7, 27983, 765, 108564, 7, 707, 121892, 59226, 8305, 70, 17116, 5, 3293, 83, 16940, 100, 11522, 80097, 109091, 254, 2320, 4, 47, 36442, 71579, 9, 36448, 45, 20595, 2317, 4, 47, 34390, 110, 3075, 4, 47, 34390, 46889, 4, 707, 100, 7481, 102942, 7, 5, 69623, 3674, 17116, 7, 765, 35299, 8770, 86723, 7, 36279, 71, 3934, 70, 17116, 47, 36442, 23, 49146, 6496, 115, 271, 136, 9060, 5, 69623, 1916, 83, 70, 12601, 2822, 55300, 23, 2684, 28779, 214, 65998, 7, 47, 87388, 9060, 136, 7401, 136, 47, 2722, 94901, 30316, 13, 7922, 7, 5, 31384, 17116, 7, 621, 15044, 199474, 297, 136, 24897, 3674, 5, 69623, 3674, 17116, 7, 621, 137567, 959, 11814, 98, 5570, 117001, 6637, 1836, 69405, 95549, 7565, 30316, 13, 7922, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 903, 49146, 1405, 111, 4912, 83, 48588, 141, 47, 45712, 117001, 16792, 442, 13695, 7, 70, 7922, 7, 32977, 136, 71864, 7, 12508, 42, 41274, 111, 2363, 71579, 7, 5, 2161, 70, 33816, 4, 199474, 297, 707, 24897, 3674, 17116, 7, 7464, 765, 10, 24491, 21543, 23, 36311, 27289, 6637, 70, 108564, 7, 707, 121892, 56282, 10, 1346, 111, 7401, 33976, 1257, 17721, 70, 17116, 136, 70, 7922, 7, 5, 32964, 63847, 17116, 7, 15, 516, 22230, 16, 621, 10, 17116, 7440, 70, 27585, 931, 128396, 2831, 111, 70, 17116, 83, 142901, 71, 84797, 538, 1295, 70, 1810, 56, 5129, 10763, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 17116, 30316, 13, 83, 10, 10644, 111, 30316, 13, 450, 4527, 7, 70, 72941, 21777, 47, 6, 30590, 6659, 80836, 7, 111, 7922, 7, 26548, 10, 17116, 707, 44, 516, 1290, 58, 47, 28282, 5129, 10763, 5, 3293, 22631, 72803, 7, 70, 2062, 22062, 111, 10, 91, 44645, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 80939, 10, 425, 133, 4, 40101, 47, 34390, 6863, 47014, 43315, 38352, 707, 47, 16401, 442, 29398, 6635, 5, 581, 48302, 111, 78112, 83, 117176, 71, 3934, 509, 67, 80097, 3129, 8110, 186, 45, 20595, 5281, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design.", "History.", "Early experiments.", "First use in racing.", "Mass production.", "In the U.S..", "Motorcycles.", "Brake disc.", "Calipers.", "Pistons and cylinders.", "Brake pads.", "Common problems.", "Squeal.", "Judder or shimmy.", "Dust.", "Brake Fade." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Development of disc-type brakes began in England in the 1890s. In 1902, the Lanchester Motor Company designed brakes that looked and operated in a similar way to a modern disc-brake system even though the disc was thin and a cable activated the brake pad. Other designs were not practical or widely available in cars for another 60 years. Successful application began in airplanes before World War II, and even the German Tiger tank was fitted with discs in 1942. After the war, technological progress began to arrive in the 1950s, leading to a critical demonstration of superiority at the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans race, which required braking from high speeds several times per lap. The Jaguar racing team won, using disc brake equipped cars, with much of the credit being given to the brakes' superior performance over rivals equipped with drum brakes. Mass production", "", "Development of disc brakes began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars. However, the limited choice of metals in this period meant that he had to use copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly making the system impractical. In 1921, the Douglas motorcycle company introduced a form of disc brake on the front wheel", "The first use of disc brakes in racing was in 1951, one of the BRM Type 15s using a Girling-produced set, a first for a Formula One car. Reliable caliper-type disc brakes later appeared in 1953 on", "The first mass production use of the modern automotive disc brake was in 1955, on the Citroën DS, which featured caliper-type front disc brakes among its many innovations. These discs were mounted inboard near the transmission, and were powered by the vehicle's central hydraulic system. This model went on to sell 1.5 million units over 20 years with the same brake setup. The Jensen 541, with four-wheel disc brakes, followed in 1956. Triumph exhibited a 1956 TR3 with disc brakes to the public, but the first production cars with Girling front-disc brakes were made in September 1956. Disc brakes", "After a 10-year hiatus, the United States built another production automobile equipped with disc brakes - the 1963 Studebaker Avanti (the Bendix system was optional on some of the other Studebaker models). Front disc", "The first motorcycles to use disc brakes were racing vehicles. MV Agusta was the first to offer a front disc brake motorcycle to the public on a small scale in 1965, on their", "The brake disc (or rotor) is the rotating part of a wheel's disc brake assembly, against which the brake pads are applied. The material is typically gray iron, a form of cast iron. The design of the discs varies somewhat. Some are simply solid, but others are hollowed out with fins or vanes joining together the disc's two contact surfaces (usually included as part of a casting process). The weight and power of the vehicle determines the need for ventilated discs. The \"ventilated\" disc design helps to dissipate the generated heat and is commonly used on the more-heavily loaded front discs. Discs for motorcycles, bicycles, and many cars often have holes or slots cut through the disc. This is done for better heat dissipation, to aid surface-water dispersal, to reduce noise, to reduce mass, or for marketing cosmetics. Slotted discs have shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing dust and gas. Slotting is the preferred method in most racing environments to remove gas and water and to deglaze brake pads. Some discs are both drilled and slotted. Slotted discs are generally not used on standard vehicles because they quickly wear down brake pads; however, this removal of material is beneficial to race vehicles since it keeps the pads soft and avoids vitrification of their surfaces. On the road, drilled or slotted discs still have a positive effect in wet conditions because the holes or slots prevent a film of water building up between the disc and the pads. Two piece discs (rotors) are a disc where the center mounting part of the disc is manufactured separately from the outer friction ring. The central section used for fitment is often referred to as the bell or hat and is commonly manufactured from an alloy such as a 7075 alloy and hard anodised for a lasting finish. The outer disc ring or rotor usually is manufactured from grey iron but in special applications can be from steel. Originating from Motorsport but now common in high performance applications and aftermarket upgrades. Two piece discs can be supplied as a fixed assembly with regular nuts, bolts and washers or a more complicated floating system where drive bobbins allow the two parts of the brake disc to expand and contract at different rates therefore reducing the chance a disc will warp from overheating. Key advantages of a two piece disc are a saving in critical un-sprung weight and the dissipation of heat from the disc surface through the alloy bell (hat). Both fixed and floating options have their drawbacks and advantages, floating discs are prone to rattle and collection of debris and best for suited to Motorsport whereas fixed is best for road use.", "The brake caliper is the assembly which houses the brake pads and pistons. The pistons are usually made of plastic, aluminium or chrome-plated steel. Calipers are of two types, floating or fixed. A fixed caliper does not move relative to the disc and is thus less tolerant of disc imperfections. It uses one or more pairs of opposing pistons to clamp from each side of the disc, and is more complex and expensive than a floating caliper. A floating caliper (also called a \"sliding caliper\") moves with respect to the disc, along a line parallel to the axis of rotation of the disc; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad until it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake pad so pressure is applied to both sides of the disc. Floating caliper (single piston) designs are subject to sticking failure, caused by dirt or corrosion entering at least one mounting mechanism and stopping its normal movement. This can lead to the caliper's pads rubbing on the disc when the brake is not engaged or engaging it at an angle. Sticking can result from infrequent vehicle use, failure of a seal or rubber protection boot allowing debris entry, dry-out of the grease in the mounting mechanism and subsequent moisture incursion leading to corrosion, or some combination of these factors. Consequences may include reduced fuel efficiency, extreme heating of the disc or excessive wear on the affected pad. A sticking front caliper may also cause steering vibration. Another type of floating caliper is a swinging caliper. Instead of a pair of horizontal bolts that allow the caliper to move straight in and out respective to the car body, a swinging caliper utilizes a single, vertical pivot bolt located somewhere behind the axle centerline. When the driver presses the brakes, the brake piston pushes on the inside piston and rotates the whole caliper inward, when viewed from the top. Because the swinging caliper's piston angle changes relative to the disc, this design uses wedge-shaped pads that are narrower in the rear on the outside and narrower on the front on the inside. Various types of brake calipers are also used on bicycle rim brakes.", "The most common caliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston within a cylinder, although high performance brakes use as many as twelve. Modern cars use different hydraulic circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a safety measure. The hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force.", "Brake pads are designed for high friction with brake pad material embedded in the disc in the process of bedding while wearing evenly. Friction can be divided into two parts. They are: adhesive and abrasive. Depending on the properties of the material of both the pad and the disc and the configuration and the usage, pad and disc wear rates will vary considerably. The properties that determine material wear involve trade-offs between performance and longevity. The brake pads must usually be replaced regularly (depending on pad material, and drivestyle),", "", "Sometimes a loud noise or high pitched squeal occurs when the brakes are applied. Most brake squeal is produced by vibration (resonance instability) of the brake components, especially the pads and discs (known as \"force-coupled excitation\"). This type of squeal should not negatively affect brake stopping performance. Techniques include adding chamfer pads to the contact points between caliper pistons and the pads, the bonding insulators (damping material) to pad backplate, the brake shims between the brake pad and pistons, etc. All should be coated with an extremely high temperature, high solids lubricant to help reduce squeal. This allows the metal to metal parts to move independently of each other and thereby eliminate the buildup of energy that can create a frequency that is heard as brake squeal, groan, or growl. It is inherent that some pads are going", "Brake judder is usually perceived by the driver as minor to severe vibrations transferred through the chassis during braking. The judder phenomenon can be classified into two distinct subgroups: \"hot\" (or \"thermal\"), or \"cold\" judder. Hot judder is usually produced as a result of longer, more moderate braking from high speed where the vehicle does not come to a complete stop. It commonly occurs when a motorist decelerates from speeds of around to about, which results in severe vibrations being transmitted to the driver. These vibrations are the result of uneven thermal distributions, or \"hot spots\". Hot spots are classified as concentrated thermal regions that alternate between both sides of a disc that distort it in such a way", "When braking force is applied, the act of abrasive friction between the brake pad and the disc wears both the disc and pad away. The brake dust that is seen deposited on wheels, calipers and other braking system components consists mostly of disc", "Brake fade is a phenomenon which decreases the braking efficiency. It causes the braking power to reduce and you feel that the brakes are not being applied with the force they were being" ] }